Judul: Model Optimasi Fermentasi Curah Aseton - Butanol - etanol oleh Clostridium acetobutylicum Menggunakan Substrat Hidrolisat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit
Abstrak: Tandan kosong kelapasawit (TKKS) adalah lirnbah Iignoselulosik yang terdapat dalam jumlali yang melimpah di Indonesia dan berpotensi sebagai bahan baku industri. Salali satu pemanfaatan TKKS adalah dengan menghidrolsisnya sehingga diperoleh liidrolisat yang kemudian digunakan sebagai substrat fermentasi untuk memproduksi pelarut aseton, butanol dan etanol menggunakan mikroba Clostridium acetobutylicun~. Dengan adanya beberapa keterbarasan produksi pelarut, antara lain mahalnya biaya proses awal evaporasi hidrolisat dan pemurnian. maka perlu dipilili proses fermentasi yang optimal sehingga diperoleli bahan pelarut maksimal
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Judul: Kajian produksi aseton butanol etanol oleh clostridium acetobutylicum dengan substrat hidrolisat tandan kosong kelapa sawit
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendesain salah satu alternatif pemanfaatan tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS). Tandan kosong yang merupakan limbah padat utama yang dihasilkan pada proses produksi minyak sawit dikonversi menjadi pelarut melalui fermentasi anaerobik. Keseluruhan penelitian terdiri dari tiga tahapan, yaitu penentuan kondisi terbaik fermentasi aseton-butanol-etanol (ABE) dengan media glukosa 50 g/1, produksi hidrolisat kimiawi TKKS, dan fermentasi ABE dengan substrat hidrolisat kimiawi TKKS pada kondisi terpilih. Kondisi terbaik pada penelitian dengan media glukosa 50 g/1 diperoleh pada perlakuan dengan pH awal 6,0, suhu 35 °c, dengan kecepatan agitasi 200 rpm. Pada kondisi tersebut diperoleh total pelarut 16,3 g/1 dan rendemen 34,40 persen setelah 72 jam fermentasi. Hidrolisis kimiawi TKKS dilakukan dengan menggunakan H2 so 4 0,3 M pada suhu 96 °c selama 5 jam. Hidrolisat kimiawi yang mengandung total gula setara glukosa 45,5 g/1 tersebut digunakan sebagai substrat fermentasi ABE. Fermentasi ABE dengan substrat hidrolisat TKKS dilakukan secara curah pada suhu 35 °c, 200 rpm, pH awal media 6,0 dan kondisi anaerob. Pada fermentasi curah tersebut diperoleh total pelarut sebesar 11,69 g/1 dan rendemen 28,45 persen setelah 72 jam. Parameter kinetika fermentasi anaerobik tersebut meliputi laju pertumb'uhan spesifik 0,14 jam-1 dan laju spesifik pembentukan pelarut 0,19 jam-1. Bina Ratna Setyawati. 91.313/TIP. Study of Acetone-ButanolEtanol Production by Clostridium acetobutylicum from Empty Oil Palm Bunch Hydrolizate.
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Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua