Judul: Identification and multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction detection of viruses associated with mosaic symptom on patchouli (Pogostemon cablin Benth.).
Abstrak: Patchouli essential oil is one of sources of Indonesia foreign exchange, since Indonesia is the biggest supplier of patchouli oil in the world. One of obstacle on the patchouli production is viral infection. Virus(es) infecting patchouli plant has not been well known. Thus, the aim of presented work is to detect and identify virus(es) associated with mosaic symptom on patchouli either serologically or molecularly. Samples were collected from patchouli cultivation in Cicurug and Cijeruk (Sukabumi) and in Manoko (Lembang, Bandung) by taking 30 symptomatic and asymptomatic samples from each location. Serological test using four antisera to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV), Potyvirus and Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) were carried out to determine the incidence of virus infection. Further molecular detection of virus(es) was carried out by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and DNA sequencing. Multiplex RT-PCR was developed to provide rapid detection of those viruses used eight combination of primer concentrations (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII). Serology detections showed that BBWV2 and Potyvirus were detected in all sampling locations, CymMV was found in Cicurug and Manoko, while CMV was detected in Cicurug and Cijeruk. Potyvirus disease incidence was 100% in Manoko, 83.3% in Cicurug and 50.0% in Cijeruk. BBWV2 disease incidence was 100% in Manoko, 73.3% in Cicurug and 90.0% in Cijeruk. Disease incidence of CymMV in Manoko and Cicurug was 3.3% , while the incidence of CMV in Cicurug was 80.0% and 13.3% in Cijeruk. Each of primer pairs were able to amplify the coresponding viruses, which confirmed the serology detections. Nucleotide and amino acid sequence homology analysis showed that BBWV2 isolated from Manoko has a highest homology with BBWV2 from Singapore (natural host: Megakepasma erythroclamys / ME). BBWV2 from Manoko clustered with BBWV2 from Singapore (ME), China (pepper) and South Korea (red pepper) based on the nucleotide and amino acid sequences. CymMV from Manoko has a highest homology of nucleotide and amino acid sequences with CymMV from South Korea (Cymbidium). CymMV from Manoko clustered with CymMV from India (Phaius sp), Indonesia (Dendrobium), China (Cymbidium and vanilla), Thailand (Oncidium), Hawai (Dendrobium) and South Korea (Cymbidium) based on nucleotide sequence. While based on amino acid sequence, CymMV from Manoko clustered with CymMV from India (Phaius sp and vanilla), and Singapore (Dendrobium). Multiplex RT-PCR was succesfully amplified Potyvirus, BBWV2 and CymMV by using primer combination V, VI, VII and VIII. The multiplex RT-PCR can be applied to detect multiple viruses infection on patchouli simultaneously.
Keyword: Broad bean wilt virus 2, Cymbidium mosaic virus, mosaik, nilam

Judul: Keragaman, Kisaran Inang dan Efisiensi Penularan Bean common mosaic virus dengan Kutudaun pada Tanaman Kacang Panjang
Abstrak: Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) is one of the important viruses infecting yard long beans. Severe yellow mosaic symptoms different from common symptoms of BCMV was observed in 2008 in several yard long bean growing areas in West Java and Central Java found. This severe yellow mosaic symptom is caused by Bean common mosaic virus Blackeye Cowpea strain (BCMV-BlC) or double infection of BCMV-BlC and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). Information on characters of BCMV-BlC on yard long beans in Indonesia is very limited, despite its importance for the determination of virus control strategy. Therefore this study aims to determine the diversity, host range and transmission efficiency of BCMV-BlC using 3 aphid species . Leaf samples showing yellow mosaic symptoms were taken from yard long bean plants in 3 villages in Dramaga, Bogor, West Java i.e. Bubulak, Cangkurawok, and Situgede and 10 leaf samples from several areas in West Java [Bogor (Bojong), Subang, Indramayu and Cirebon], and Central Java (Tegal, Klaten, Solo, Magelang, Sleman, and Jogjakarta) collection of Plant Virology Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB. Leaf samples were detected by serological using antiserum of BCMV and molecular method using specific primer for BCMV coat protein (CP). Amplified DNA products was then used for nucleotide sequencing followed by sequence allignment and phylogenetic tree analysis. Limited host range study and transmission of BCMV-BlC using three species of aphids was done for BCMV-BlC Cangkurawok isolates. BCMV-BlC isolated by inoculation on indicator plants Chenopodium amaranticolor. Local lesions (LL) were taken and inoculated serially to C. amaranticolor for 3 times to purify the virus. Finally, LL was inoculated on bean cultivar Parade and used as sources of inoculum for further test. A host range study was conducted by inoculating BCMV-BlC mechanically using 18 plant species from 3 families. Transmission efficiency test was done using 3 aphid species i.e. Aphis craccivora Koch, A. gossypii Glover and A. glycines Matsumura with treatment of aphids numbers (1, 3, 5, 7 and 10). Both host range and transmission efficiency studies was conduxted using 15 plants per treatment. Parameter for both studies includes incubation period, type of symptoms and disease incidence. In addition to visual observation, infection of BCMV-BlC on test plants was confirmed by using Dot Immunobinding Assay (DIBA). Based on field observations, the symptoms can be differentiated into 2 groups. The first group consist of those symptoms showing mosaic with light green to bright yellow unevenly (heavy yellow mosaic), vein banding, malformation of leaves (leaf curl like crackers, pucker along the veins), leaf blister, and stunted growth. The second group are those symptoms showing mosaic pattern of light green to yellow (medium yellow mosaic) and vein banding. Molecular detection by RT-PCR are successfully amplified ~861 bp viral DNA from 8 out of 13 BCMV isolates. DNA analysis was able to allign sequence of BCMV collected from Cangkurawok, Cirebon, Subang, Tegal, Solo and Sleman, but was unable to allign the sequence of BCMV isolates from Bubulak and Bojong. Further analysis showed that 4 BCMV isolates (Cangkurawok, Subang, Solo and Sleman) has the highest homology to BCMV-BlC from Taiwan,
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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