Judul: Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kasar flavonoid daun gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb)
Abstrak: Infection of diseases could be caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Eschericia coli that can be prevented by antibiotics. The use of antibiotic in high concentration causes some strains of S.aureus and E.coli become resistant. This situation will encourage the exploration of new antibacterial sources that are available in large quantities and lower resistance effect. The solution is to utilize the antibacterial potency of the leaves of gambir. The objective of this study is to examine the antibacterial activity of crude extract of flavonoids in gambir leaves. Extraction of flavonoids have been done by maceration storey method and obtained aquous extract, chloroform extract and hexane extract. The potential of those extracts have been examined to inhibit the growth of E. coli dan S. aureus by agar diffusion method. The results showed that aquous extract had antibacterial activity. Based on the phytochemical analysis, the aquous extract contained flavonoid. Bacteriostatic was determined by agar diffusion method, meanwhile the bactericidal was determined by measurement of the optical density of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) at wavelength of 600 nm. The crude extract of flavonoids in gambir leaves are bacteriostatic against Eschericia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%. Inhibition against Eschericia coli and Staphylococcus aureus occurred at concentration of 1% and classified as weak, while the concentration of 3%, 5% and 7% was classified as strong. The crude extract flavonoid have bactericidal activity at concentration 9%.
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Judul: Antibacterial activities assay of aqueous fraction of gambir leaves (Uncaria gambir Roxb) by microdilution and its components analysis.
Abstrak: The potency of gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) leaves as a traditional medicine had known since long time ago. This is the reason for some researchers to evaluate the antibacterial activities of gambir leaves. The method that usually used for antibacterial assay is agar-diffusion which has some weakness, i.e. need more time and materials. Nowadays, microdilution become antibacterial assay method that has been developed in many countries. Microdilution gives a useful technique to determine MIC of some different samples, and require only a little number of the sample. This method also used for wide variety of microorganisms, not expensive, and gives a reproducible result. This research aimed to determine minimal inhibitory of aqueous fraction of Gambir leaves by microdilution method and identified its components by pyrolisis GC-MS. Gambir leaves extracted with methanol-water solution, and then being separated by using hexane and chloroform. Gambir leaves extraction produce three fractions, i.e. chloroform, hexane, and aqueous fraction which has yield 0.048 %, 0.031 % , and 3.033 % respectively. Fraction which is used for further analysis is aqueous fraction. The minimal inhibitory concentration of aqueous fraction of Gambir leaves toward E.coli and S.aureus growth is 0.05 mg/mL, whereas minimal bactericidal concentration was not observed within the concentration ranges of the fractions tested (0.01-40 mg/mL). Identification result by pyrolisis GC-MS showed that aqueous fraction of gambir leaves contain pyrocathecol which is composer fragment of catechin.
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Judul: Peramalan enso dan pemodelan hubungan enso dengan curah hujan monsoon
Abstrak: Curah hujan merupakan salah satu paramclcr iklim yang sangal bcrpcngaruh dalam bidang pcrlmlim1. Scdangkan ENSO atau El-Nino SouLl1rc11 Oscillation mcrupakan salah satu faktor global yang dapat mcmpengaruhi kcjadian dan pola curah hujan di Indonesia, khususnya wilayah dcngan tipc curah hujan monsoon. Peramalan pola dan nilai ENSO di masa yang akan datang pcrlu untuk dikctahui, schingga variabilitas kejadim1 curah hujan dapat ditindaklanjuti. Dalam pcnclitim1 ini dipclajari pcngaruh ENSO tcrhadap dacrah ·yang mcmiliki tipc cu rah hujan monsoon dcngan dua ta ha pan analisis. (I) Pcramalan ENSO dan (2) Pcmodclan ENSO dcngan Curah Hujan Monsoon. Pcrmnalan ENSO dcngan mcnggunakan mctodc Gcostatistika dcngan pcndckatan intcrpolasi dan ckstrapolasi analisis kcccndcrugan pcrmukaan, mcnghasilkan nilai pcramalan yang cukup baik bila dibandingkan dcngan pcndckatan mctodc Winters dcngan nilai R2 antara 14.57%1, 79.81%, dan ragam pcrmnalan 1.772146 - 5.295013. Karaktcristik model yang dihasilkan mcnunjukkan pola nilai tckanan dan suhu yang ccndcrung mcningkat dari tahun kc tahun bcrikutnya, kccuali tckanan Tahiti yang ccndcrung turun. Hubungan ENSO dcngm1 cuntl1 hujan monsoon untuk kc-crnun stasiun cukup baik bila didckati dengan rcgresi metode !mad.rat terkccil (OLS dan WLS) dibandingkan regrcsi komponcn utama (Principal Component Regression) . Model yang dihasilkan mcmiliki kcmampuan dcm validasi yang cukup b::iik. Nilai-nilai ramalan kc-cnam model yang ada mampu mcngikuli pola dala aktual untuk tmum I 998. Schingga model ini dapat digm1akan scbagai aJtcrnatif lain dalam pcramaJan curah hujan w1tuk kc-cnam stasiun di masa yang berikut..nya.
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