Judul: Mapping The Distribution of Coffee Leaf Rust Disease (Hemileia vastatrix) and It's Controls in Indonesia
Abstrak: Tanaman kopi (Coffea sp.) merupakan komoditas perkebunan ekspor terbesar keempat di Indonesia, bahkan Indonesia telah menjadi produsen kopi terbesar keempat di dunia. Sejak abad ke-16 kopi telah ditanam di Indonesia dan terus mengalami perkembangan hingga saat ini. Namun kopi di Indonesia terserang penyakit karat daun yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan 20-70% dan belum dapat teratasi dengan sempurna hingga saat ini. Berbagai pengendalian telah dilakukan seperti penggunaan klon tahan, penyemprotan dengan pestisida kimiawi maupun nabati, kultur teknis. Berbagai pengendalian tersebut belum maksimal dan memberi dampak yang berbeda di setiap daerah maupun setiap musim/iklimnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan memetakan persebaran dan perkembangan penyakit karat daun pada kopi serta pengendalian yang pernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data produksi kopi, luas lahan, luas serangan penyakit karat daun kopi, kondisi iklim dan pengendalian yang dilakukan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi pertimbangan pengendalian karat daun kopi yang efektif di Indonesia, sehingga dapat meningkatkan produktivitas kopi Indonesia dengan maksimal. Penyakit karat daun kopi telah menyebar hampir di seluruh wilayah Indonesia dengan kejadian tertinggi di sentra produksi kopi jenis Arabika, dan pengendalian yang telah dilakukan belum efektif., The coffee plant (Coffea sp.) is the fourth largest export plantation commodity in Indonesia, and makes Indonesia become the fourth largest coffee producer in the world. Since the 16th century, coffee has been grown in Indonesia and it has been developed until now. Unfortunately, there is one of coffee’s disease which cause 20-70% damage, namely coffee leaf rust which caused by Hemileia vastatrix and never completely resolved until now. Various controls such as technical culture, the use of resistant clones, biological controls, biological fungicides, and the application of fungicides have been carried out, but have not been maximized and have different impacts in each region and each season/climate’s condition. This study aims to map the distribution and development of the coffee leaf rust and to learn the controls that have been carried out in Indonesia. The literature review was conducted by collecting data of coffee production, coffee’s land area, area of coffee leaf rusts attack ,climate conditions and controls have been carried out in Indonesia. This literature review is expected to be a consideration for effective coffee leaf rust control in Indonesia, so that can maximize the productivity of Indonesia’s coffee. Coffee leaf rust has been spread in all region in Indonesia, which Arabica coffee’s production center became the highest incidence rate and the controls’d been done in Indonesia are not yet effective.
Keyword: Arabika, fungisida, iklim, kultur teknis

Judul: Mapping The Distribution of Coffee Leaf Rust Disease (Hemileia vastatrix) and It's Controls in Indonesia
Abstrak: Tanaman kopi (Coffea sp.) merupakan komoditas perkebunan ekspor terbesar keempat di Indonesia, bahkan Indonesia telah menjadi produsen kopi terbesar keempat di dunia. Sejak abad ke-16 kopi telah ditanam di Indonesia dan terus mengalami perkembangan hingga saat ini. Namun kopi di Indonesia terserang penyakit karat daun yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan 20-70% dan belum dapat teratasi dengan sempurna hingga saat ini. Berbagai pengendalian telah dilakukan seperti penggunaan klon tahan, penyemprotan dengan pestisida kimiawi maupun nabati, kultur teknis. Berbagai pengendalian tersebut belum maksimal dan memberi dampak yang berbeda di setiap daerah maupun setiap musim/iklimnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan memetakan persebaran dan perkembangan penyakit karat daun pada kopi serta pengendalian yang pernah dilakukan di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data produksi kopi, luas lahan, luas serangan penyakit karat daun kopi, kondisi iklim dan pengendalian yang dilakukan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi pertimbangan pengendalian karat daun kopi yang efektif di Indonesia, sehingga dapat meningkatkan produktivitas kopi Indonesia dengan maksimal. Penyakit karat daun kopi telah menyebar hampir di seluruh wilayah Indonesia dengan kejadian tertinggi di sentra produksi kopi jenis Arabika, dan pengendalian yang telah dilakukan belum efektif., The coffee plant (Coffea sp.) is the fourth largest export plantation commodity in Indonesia, and makes Indonesia become the fourth largest coffee producer in the world. Since the 16th century, coffee has been grown in Indonesia and it has been developed until now. Unfortunately, there is one of coffee’s disease which cause 20-70% damage, namely coffee leaf rust which caused by Hemileia vastatrix and never completely resolved until now. Various controls such as technical culture, the use of resistant clones, biological controls, biological fungicides, and the application of fungicides have been carried out, but have not been maximized and have different impacts in each region and each season/climate’s condition. This study aims to map the distribution and development of the coffee leaf rust and to learn the controls that have been carried out in Indonesia. The literature review was conducted by collecting data of coffee production, coffee’s land area, area of coffee leaf rusts attack ,climate conditions and controls have been carried out in Indonesia. This literature review is expected to be a consideration for effective coffee leaf rust control in Indonesia, so that can maximize the productivity of Indonesia’s coffee. Coffee leaf rust has been spread in all region in Indonesia, which Arabica coffee’s production center became the highest incidence rate and the controls’d been done in Indonesia are not yet effective.
Keyword: Arabica, fungicides, climate, technical culture

Judul: Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Made of Eggshells Through A Hydrothermal Method
Abstrak: Biphasic Calcium Phosphate mixed of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate. A hydrothermal method of synthesizing by mixing CaO as calcium source and (NH4)2HPO4 as phosphate source with distilled water. CaO got from calcination process made of eggshells. All samples were synthesized using hydrothermal reactor then followed by sintering process. The molar ratio of Ca and P for all samples was 0.5 M : 0.3 M. Hydrothermal temperature and sintering temperature were variated they are 250 ºC, 300 ºC for hydrothermal and 800 ºC, 900 ºC, 1000 ºC for sintering, higher treatment temperature, tricalcium phosphate appears. Final results of synthesis were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared. X-ray Diffraction patterns was ecompared with database Join Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards and found tricalcium phosphate and hydoxyapatite.
Keyword: biphasic calcium phosphate, hydrothermal, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate