Judul: Aplikasi Probiotik Bacillus cereus BR2 dan Prebiotik Mannanoligosakarida (MOS) untuk Pencegahan Infeksi Aeromonas hydrophila pada Ikan Lele (Clarias gariepinus)
Abstrak: Salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam budidaya ikan lele (Clarias gariepinus) adalah serangan penyakit bakterial. Bakteri yang sering menyerang yaitu Aeromonas hydrophila. Upaya alternatif yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan pemberian probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh pemberian probiotik Bacillus cereus BR2 dan prebiotik MOS melalui pakan untuk pencegahan infeksi A. hydrophila pada ikan lele. Penelitian ini terdiri atas lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan yaitu A (B. cereus BR2 109 CFU L-1 1%), B (MOS 0,4%), C (B. cereus BR2 109 CFU L-1 1% + MOS 0,4%), K+ dan K- (tanpa suplementasi). Ikan uji yang digunakan adalah ikan lele sangkuriang dengan ratarata bobot 21,05±0,24 g dan panjang 15,08±0,27 cm. Ikan dipelihara selama 30 hari di dalam akuarium berukuran 60x30x40 cm3 dengan kepadatan 10 ekor per akuarium (450 ekor m-3). Selama 30 hari pemeliharaan, ikan diberi pakan komersil yang telah disuplementasi dengan FR 4% sebanyak 3 kali sehari secara at satiation. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kelangsungan hidup, kinerja pertumbuhan, dan respons imun ikan lele yang diberi pakan suplementasi probiotik B. cereus BR2 dan prebiotik MOS lebih baik dan berbeda nyata (P<0,05) dibandingkan kontrol. Pemberian pakan suplementasi dengan kombinasi keduanya atau sinbiotik memberikan hasil terbaik untuk mencegah infeksi A. hydrophila pada ikan lele.
Keyword: Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus BR2, Clarias gariepinus, mannanoligosaccharides (MOS)

Judul: Aplikasi Probiotik Bacilllus cereus BR2 untuk Peningkatan Kinerja Produksi dan Respons Imun Ikan Lele dalam Mencegah Infeksi Aeromonas hydrophila
Abstrak: Motile aeromonads septicemia (MAS) merupakan salah satu penyakit bakterial yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila. Penanggulangan bakteri A. hydrophila dapat menggunakan probiotik dari genus Bacillus. Salah satu jenis bakteri Bacillus yang biasa digunakan adalah jenis bakteri Bacillus cereus. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh pemberian probiotik B. cereus BR2 dalam dosis yang berbeda terhadap kinerja produksi dan respons imun untuk pencegahan infeksi A. hydrophila pada ikan lele (Clarias sp.). Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan yang terdiri dari A (B. cereus BR2 104 CFU mL-1), B (B. cereus BR2 106 CFU mL-1), C (B. cereus BR2 108 CFU mL-1), K+ dan K- (tanpa suplementasi). Ikan uji yang digunakan adalah ikan lele (Clarias sp.) dengan panjang 15.82±0.27 cm dengan bobot 26.73±0.03 g. Ikan dipelihara selama 30 hari dan uji tantang selama 10 hari. Pakan diberikan tiga kali sehari secara at satiation. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinerja produksi dan respons imun ikan lele yang diberi pakan probiotik B. cereus BR2 dengan kepadatan 108 CFU mL-1 lebih baik dan berbeda nyata (P<0.05) dibandingkan kontrol. Pemberian pakan suplementasi dengan probiotik B. cereus BR2 108 CFU mL-1 memberikan hasil terbaik untuk mencegah infeksi A. hydrophila pada ikan lele.
Keyword: Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus BR2, Clarias sp., immune response, production performance

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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