Judul: Development of organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis regeneration of pineapple (Ananas comosus (l.) Merr.) And early detection to reduce somaclonal variation.
Abstrak: Pineapple is a unique plant belongs to facultative CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) photosynthesis. It is highly potential to be planted on suboptimal land. Conventionally, it can be propagated from many propagules but their reproductive time is not uniform and this availability is commonly limited in cultivar Smooth Cayenne. Today micropropagation is being used commercially in the pineapple industry abroad but in Indonesia, the industries survive with conventional vegetative propagation because of somaclonal variation. The main goal of the study was to obtain the effective regeneration method of pineapple with high level of seedling production and low level of somaclonal variation, included the artificial seed formation method, the early detection method of somaclonal variation for eliminating undesirable traits during micropropagation, and the method to reduce the level of somaclonal variation during micropropagation. This study was devided into six chapters, included the study of morhogenetic system (with solid and liquid media); direct organogenesis induced by auxin and cytokinin (IAA, IBA, NAA, and BA); indirect organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis induced by 2,4-D, picloram, adenine sulfate, and N-organic compounds; encapsulation and minimal growth induced by paclobutrazol, mannitol, and reduced temperature; morphological and molecular characterization by using RAPD markers; and early detection to reduce of somaclonal variation. Generally, this study has some novelities in the in vitro characterization, the information of the non dead-end mechanism of rooted pineapple explants, the information of the complete events of somatic embryogenesis, the conservation method by minimal growth, and the large number of variants. The result showed that the direct and indirect organogenesis generated high shoot multiplication level. The use of mannitol (4%) was better than paclobutrazol for storing the encapsulated explants for 4 months. The morphological characterization could easily differentiate the normal and the abnormal variants (off-types). The direct organogenesis showed the lower level of variation (1.6%) compare to the indirect organogenesis (2%) and somatic embryogenesis (31.1%). The RAPD analysis strengthened the occurence of somaclonal variation. The use of the new in vitro cultures could reduce somaclonal variation. In conclusion, the direct organogenesis was the effective regeneration method for mass propagation. The morphological characterization of in vitro cultures can be applied as guidance for early detection and elimination of undesirable variants in mass propagation. The in vitro conservation method by mannitol can be applied to store pineapple cultures for medium-term period. The use of the new in vitro population could reduce the level of somaclonal variation.
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Judul: The Effect of Cytokinin and Auxin Treatment in the Multiplication Through in vitro Phase to Acclimatization of Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L) Merr.) cv. Smooth Cayenne.
Abstrak: The mass propagation of pineapple are hampered by low multiplication rate in natural way, therefore in vitro propagation is an alternative to overcome mass production. To support mass propagation then we need the best acclimatization way to support multiplication phase to achieved the highest mass propagation rate. The objective of this research was to elucidate the effect of Cytokinin (BA) and Auxin (NAA) that had been applied during multiplication of sub culture I and sub culture II through in vitro phase to acclimatization of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) cv. Smooth Cayenne. This research was conducted in greenhouse laboratory at Center for Tropical Fruits Studies, IPB Baranangsiang, Bogor, since July until November 2006. This research used 20 combination of treatment from two factors for each subculture 1 and subculture 2. Each subculture conducted in six groups to accomodate difference planlet’s acclimatization readiness. The first factor was 0,00μM, 4,40μM, 8,80μM, 13,32μM, and 17,76μM of BA, and the second factor was 0,00μM, 0,50μM, 1,00μM, 2,00μM of NAA. Number of leaves and plant’s height were examined every week until 13th week after acclimatization. Examination data were statistically analyzed using Complete Randomized Block Design and the means were compared with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) procedure at 5% level of significance. The result showed that treatment of 17,76μM BA and 2,00μM NAA, and its interactions have the highest score for subculture 1. The result of 2,00μM NAA showed the highest performance for subculture 2. Overall performance showed that subculture 1 has better growth rate than subculture 2.
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Judul: Integration of Islamic Stock Markets of OIC Countries Before and During the Russia-Ukraine War Crisis
Abstrak: Pasar saham yang terintegrasi memberikan dampak negatif seperti percepatan co-movement (pergerakan bersama) yang rentan terhadap guncangan ekonomi, maupun krisis pasar global ke pasar domestik. Salah satu krisis yang terjadi pada tahun 2022 adalah perang Rusia-Ukraina yang berdampak pada pasar saham, termasuk pada saham syariah yang dipercaya lebih tahan terhadap guncangan krisis global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti perkembangan, integrasi dan respon lima pasar saham syariah negara OKI pada perang Rusia-Ukraina. Metode yang digunakan adalah VAR/VECM pada indeks DJIMMT25, SPSADS, SPSUAEDS, JII, DJIMT, SPBMIR, dan SPBMIU. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pergerakan yang sama pada pasar saham UAE dan Arab Saudi, sedangkan Turki mengalami tren positif selama perang. Pasar saham syariah negara OKI selama periode perang Rusia-Ukraina terkointegrasi, sementara pasar saham Malaysia memengaruhi pasar saham syariah empat negara OKI lainnya. Hasil IRF menunjukkan terdapat efek permanen pada volatilitas pasar saham syariah negara OKI akibat guncangan yang diberikan. Namun, respon volatilitas relatif kecil karena kontribusi guncangan lebih didominasi oleh pasar saham itu sendiri, An integrated stock market has negative impacts, such as accelerating co-movement, which is vulnerable to economic shocks and global market crises on the domestic market. One of the crises in 2022 was the Russia-Ukraine war which impacted the stock market, including Sharia stocks which were believed to be more resistant to the shocks of the global crisis. This study examines the development, integration, and response of OIC countries five Islamic stock markets in the Russia-Ukraine war. The method used is VAR/VECM on the DJIMMT25, SPSADS, SPSUUAEDS, JII, DJIMT, SPBMIR, and SPBMIU indices. The results show the same movement in the UAE and Saudi Arabia stock markets, while Turkey experienced a positive trend during the war. The Islamic stock market of the OIC countries during the Russia-Ukraine war was cointegrated. In contrast, the Malaysian stock market influenced the Islamic stock markets of the other four OIC countries. The IRF results show a permanent effect on the volatility of the Islamic stock market in OKI countries due to the shocks given. However, the volatility response is relatively small because the stock market itself dominates the contribution of shocks.
Keyword: co-movement, OIC, Rusia-Ukraine war, sharia stock market integration