Judul: Systematic Literature Review of Global Mangrove EcosystemSoil Carbon Stocks Based on Geomorphic Setting
Abstrak: Ekosistem mangrove memiliki peran penting terkait dengan jasa lingkungan, salah satunya adalah dalam menyerap dan menyimpan karbon. Akan tetapi, ekosistem mangrove menghadapi berbagai ancaman yang membahayakan keberadaannya. Untuk mengkuantifikasi peran tersebut, penelitian melibatkan peninjauan (review) dan sintesis tentang besaran cadangan karbon tanah di ekosistem mangrove global. Cadangan karbon tanah dikelompokkan berdasarkan kondisi geomorfologi (Geomorphic Setting) ekosistem mangrove global. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini, yaitu tinjauan pustaka sistematis dengan menyaring judul, abstrak, dan teks lengkap. Artikel diperoleh melalui Web of Science dan Scopus, 147 terpilih dari 6.863 artikel yang diterbitkan antara tahun 1999-2024. Rata-rata cadangan karbon tanah global adalah 557,09 Mg C/ha. Cadangan karbon tanah terbesar berada di Ghana, yaitu 1.744,9 Mg C/ha. Sedangkan Venezuela memiliki cadangan karbon tanah terendah, yaitu 53,04 Mg C/ha. Distribusi empat jenis kondisi geomorfik yang dijumpai muara (Estuarine), delta (Deltaic), pesisir terbuka (Open Coast), dan lagun (Lagoonal) global memiliki persentase berturut 39%, 19%, 29%, dan 13%. Cadangan karbon tanah antara keempat jenis kondisi geomorfolog memiliki perbedaan yang cukup signifikan di setiap kedalamannya. Pada kedalaman, Mangroves provide several ecosystem services, including sequestration and storage of carbon. However, mangroves face various threats that endanger its sustainability. This research reviews and synthesizes soil carbon stocks of the global mangrove ecosystem to determine the differences among geomorphic setting. The method used in this research is a systematic literature review by filtering titles, abstracts and full texts. Articles were obtained via Web of Science and Scopus amounting 147, that were selected from 6,863 articles published between 1999-2024. The average global soil carbon stock is 557.09 Mg C/ha. The largest soil carbon stock value is in Ghana, amounting to 1,744.9 Mg C/ha while Venezuela has the lowest soil carbon stock of 53.04 Mg C/ha. Following the four types of geomorphic settings, estuarine, deltaic, open coast, and lagoonal, have percentages of 39%, 19%, 29%, and 13%, respectively. Soil carbon stock values between the four types of geomorphic settings have quite significant differences at each depth. At a depth of
Keyword: jasa lingkungan, karbon biru, kedalaman, lahan basah pesisir, perubahan iklim

Judul: Cadangan Karbon Biomassa di Atas dan di Bawah Permukaan Tanah Mangrove serta Persebaran Spesies Global: Tinjauan Pustaka Sistematis
Abstrak: Mangrove merupakan ekosistem yang mampu menjadi pelindung wilayah pesisir untuk menahan abrasi serta secara ekologis dapat menyerap serta menyimpan karbon dalam ekosistem ini, termasuk pada biomassa di atas dan di bawah permukaan tanah. Fungsi penyerapan dan penyimpanan karbon oleh mangrove berpotensi sebagai solusi untuk mitigasi perubahan iklim berbasis alam. Namun, hutan mangrove mengalami degradasi yang diakibatkan oleh beberapa aktivitas seperti urbanisasi, pembangunan pesisir, akuakultur (tambak) dan proyek reklamasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan tinjauan dan sintesis skala global mengenai cadangan karbon biomassa di atas dan di bawah permukaan tanah, serta menginventarisasi persebaran spesies mangrove. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode tinjauan pustaka sistematis, yaitu meninjau pustaka secara sistematis melalui penyaringan judul, abstrak, dan teks lengkap. Sebanyak 191 pustaka terjaring dari 6.864 pustaka yang sebelumnya diunduh dari laman Scopus dan Web of Science. Rata-rata cadangan karbon biomassa di atas pemukaan tanah secara global adalah 63,48 Mg C/ha, dengan wilayah Fiji sebagai wilayah yang memiliki nilai tertinggi (131,93 Mg C/ha). Rata-rata cadangan karbon biomassa di bawah permukaan tanah secara global senilai 31,71 Mg C/ha, dimana Colombia memiliki nilai tertinggi (117,30 Mg C/ha). Spesies mangrove secara global didominasi oleh Rhizophora spp., dengan keragaman spesies yang lebih bervariasi berada di wilayah Asia., Mangroves are ecosystem that can protect coastal areas from erosion and can ecologically absorb and store carbon in the ecosystem, including in the above-and below-ground biomass. The role of mangroves in carbon absorption and storage presents a potential natural-based solution to climate change mitigation. However, mangrove forests are facing degradation due to several activities, including urbanization, coastal development, aquaculture and reclamation projects. This research aims to review global carbon stocks especially in above-and below-ground biomass and inventory the distribution of mangrove species. The method employed in this study is a systematic literature review, involving the systematic screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts. A total of 191 pieces of literature were collected from the 6,863 pieces of literature retrieved from the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The average value of above-ground biomass carbon stocks globally is 63.48 Mg C/ha, with Fiji having the highest value (131.93 Mg C/ha). The average value of below-ground biomass carbon stocks globally is 31.71 Mg C/ha, with Colombia, recording the highest value (117.30 Mg C/ha). Globally, mangrove species are predominantly dominated by Rhizophora spp., with a more diverse species distribution observed in the Asian region.
Keyword: blue carbon, climate change, coastal, mitigation, wetlands

Judul: Antibodi anti-idiotipe sebagai kandidat vaksin rabies, Anti-idiotype andibody as a rabies vaccine candidate
Abstrak: Anti rabies serum (ARS) called antibody 1 (Ab1) was used as the antigen to immunize laying chickens. Anti-Ab1 chicken immunoglobulins (IgY), the antiidiotype antibodies against rabies (Ab2) was isolated from chicken blood every week for ten weeks. The highest titer of Ab2 was found at the third week after the last immunization. Immunoglobulin Y was separated by means of ammonium sulfate precipitation, then dialyzed using PBS pH 8.0 for 24 hours at 2 – 8 oC and purified using affinity chromatography column for IgY lead the proteins molecules with 185,000; 95,000 and 49,000 dalton in weigth. Purified IgY was used to immunize New Zealand White rabbit and the antibody response (Ab3) was detected using Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT). The Ab3 showed specific reaction with Ab2 as well as rabies virus. Interestingly, Ab2 and rabies virus express partial identity reaction. This lead the insight, that not all parts of Ab2 are internal image of rabies virus. The efficacy of Ab3 was detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indicated that the level of Ab3 titer is protective according to WHO standard (more than 0.5 IU/ml). The conclusion of this study is the anti-idiotype antibody can induce protective immune response against rabies virus and can be used as an alternative for rabies anti-idiotype vaccine. Key words : anti-idiotype vaccine, antibody, rabies
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