Judul: Hematological Study in Mice (Mus musculus) post Amyloid Beta 40 and 42 Immunization as Alzheimer's Disease Markers
Abstrak: Salah satu penyakit pada lansia yang beresiko terjadi di Indonesia adalah penyakit Alzheimer. Upaya diagnosis untuk pencegahan dini berupa terapi definitif sejauh ini belum ditemukan. Upaya diagnosis yang tepat menuntut akurasi dalam pemilihan marka biologis, metode uji yang handal serta hewan model yang tervalidasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran hematologi pada mencit BALB/c setelah diimunisasi dengan antigen amyloid beta 40 (Aβ40) dan amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) sebagai marka penyakit Alzheimer. Penelitian ini menggunakan 30 ekor mencit BALB/c umur 6 minggu dengan kisaran berat 30-40 g. Mencit dibagi ke dalam tiga kelompok (n=10 ekor), terdiri dari kelompok perlakuan Aβ40 (diimunisasi dengan antigen Aβ40), kelompok Aβ42 (diimunisasi dengan antigen Aβ42), dan kelompok kontrol (tidak diimunisasi, baik dengan antigen Aβ40 maupun Aβ42). Masing-masing antigen Aβ diberikan dengan dosis 100 uL/ekor (titer 15.000 pg/mL). Sebelum imunisasi, masing-masing anigen Aβ dicampur dengan Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant dengan perbandingan 1:1. Imunisasi dilakukan pada minggu pertama (hari ke-0), minggu kedua (hari ke-7), minggu ketiga (hari ke-14) dan minggu keempat (hari ke-21). Pengambilan sampel darah dilakukan pada hari ke-24 pada semua kelompok perlakuan dengan metode retro-orbital menggunakan tabung kapiler sebanyak 500 uL/ekor untuk dianalisis terhadap parameter hematologi. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa jumlah total leukosit, jumlah eritrosit, dan nilai red blood cell distribution width/RDW pada kelompok yang diimunisasi Aβ40 nyata lebih tinggi (p<0,05), sedangkan pada kelompok yang diimunisasi Aβ42 menunjukkan jumlah total leukosit, kadar hemoglobin/Hb, dan nilai mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration/MCHC yang nyata lebih rendah (p<0,05) dan jumlah eritrosit yang nyata lebih tinggi (p<0,05) dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Pemberian antigen Aβ40 dan Aβ42 pada mencit BALB/c memengaruhi beberapa parameter hematologi (jumlah total leukosit, jumlah eritrosit, dan nilai RDW pada kelompok Aβ40, dan jumlah total leukosit, kadar Hb, dan nilai MCHC pada kelompok Aβ42). Namun demikian nilainya masih dalam kisaran referensi nilai normal., Alzheimer’s disease is a common threat to Indonesia’s elderly population. Thus far, no definitive therapy for prevention of the disease has been discovered. The development of an early diagnosis technique requires an accurate biomarker, a reliable method of diagnosis, and validated animal models. The objective of this experiment was to study the profile of hematological parameters of BALB/c mice after immunization with amyloid beta 40 (Aβ40) and amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) antigens as Alzheimer's disease markers. Thirty BALB/c mice, 6 weeks old, weighing 30 to 40 grams were used in this experiment. The mice were divided into three groups (n=10 for each group), consisting of the Aβ40 group (immunized with Aβ40 antigen), the Aβ42 group (immunized with Aβ42 antigen) and the control group (was not immunized, both with Aβ40 and Aβ42 antigens). Each amyloid antigen (Aβ40 and Aβ42) was given at a dose of 100 µL/head (titre 15,000 pg/mL). Prior to immunization, each amyloid antigen was mixed with incomplete Freund’s adjuvant in a ratio of 1:1. Immunization was carried out on the 0, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. On the 24th day, blood samples were collected from the retro orbital vein of each mouse using a capillary tube of 500 µL/head for hematology analysis. Results of this experiment showed that the total leukocyte count, erythrocyte count, and red blood
Keyword: amyloid beta, hematology, immunization, mice, Alzheimer's disease

Judul: Study of Amyloidopathy on Mice Liver after Immunization of Amyloid Beta 42 (Aβ42) as a Marker of Alzheimer's Disease
Abstrak: Peptida amiloid beta 42 (Aβ42) dikenal sebagai biomarker dini penyakit Alzheimer. Antibodi Aβ42 menjadi bahan antibodi spesifik atau antibodi monoklonal yang dapat dijadikan kit diagnostik penyakit Alzheimer berbasis ELISA. Antibodi diproduksi di hewan mencit melalui teknik imunisasi amiloid sehingga didapatkan antibodi monoklonal dari organ limpa pada mencit. Studi ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari amyloidopathy pada organ hati mencit pascaimunisasi antibodi amiloid beta 42 (Aβ42) sebagai marka penyakit Alzheimer. Studi ini menggunakan 20 ekor mencit lalu dibagi menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok yang diimunisasi dengan Aβ42 dan kelompok kontrol. Mencit perlakuan diberikan vaksin dengan titer 15.000pg/mL dan diinjeksikan 100l/ekor melalui rute subkutan. Pengamatan histopatologi organ hati menggunakan pewarnaan Hematoksilin Eosin. Temuan lesio dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan semikuantitatif tipe ordinal. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa terdapat lesio infiltrasi sel radang dan nekrosis pada mencit perlakuan. Hasil pengamatan studi ini diharapkan dapat melengkapi informasi terkait efek dari imunisasi Aβ42 terhadap organ hati mencit sebagai hewan model., Amyloid peptide beta 42 (Aβ42) is known as an early biomarker of Alzheimer's disease. Antibody Aβ42 is a specific antibody or a monoclonal antibody that can be used as an ELISA-based Alzheimer's disease diagnostic kit. Antibodies are produced in mice through the amyloid immunization technique; monoclonal antibodies will be obtained from the spleen organ in mice. This study was conducted to study amyloidopathy in the liver of mice after immunization with amyloid beta 42 (Aβ42) antibody as a marker of Alzheimer's disease. This study used 20 mice and divided them into two groups. The group immunized with Aβ42 and the control group. This study uses 15.000pg/ml vaccine titter and injected to 10 mice via the subcutaneous route with 100l/mice dose. Histopathological observations of liver organs using Haematoxylin Eosin staining and the lesion was then analysed using ordinal type descriptive and semi-quantitative analysis. The results showed that there were inflammatory cell infiltration lesions and necrosis in immunized mice. The results of this study are expected to provide information regarding the effects of Aβ42 immunization on the liver of mice as animal models.
Keyword: Alzherimer's disease, amyloidosis, hystopathology, liver, mice

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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