Judul: Detection of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) Genome Segment Using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique
Abstrak: Penyakit mulut dan kuku (PMK) merupakan penyakit penting pada ternak yang disebabkan oleh virus RNA untai tunggal positif yang disebut Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) anggota famili Picornaviridae. Wabah PMK kembali terjadi di Indonesia pada April 2022 dan pertama kali dilaporkan di Provinsi Jawa Timur, setelah sebelumnya menyandang status bebas PMK tanpa vaksinasi sejak tahun 1990 dari World Organisation of Animal Health (WOAH). Gejala klinis PMK mirip dengan penyakit lain, sehingga dibutuhkan diagnosis konfirmasi antara lain menggunakan teknik reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) dengan prinsip amplifikasi segmen genom. Penelitian ini bertujuan menerapkan RT-PCR konvensional untuk melacak segmen genom FMDV pada sampel swab mulut dan kuku dari 18 ekor sapi suspek PMK di Kabupaten Bogor. Amplifikasi menggunakan dua pasang primer 1F/1R dan FM8/FM9 tidak menunjukkan pita amplikon sepanjang 328 base pair (bp) dan 644 bp, secara berurutan. Beberapa kemungkinan dapat memengaruhi hasil negatif tersebut. Pertama, virus sudah tidak ada pada lesi di mukosa mulut maupun bekas luka pada kuku atau jumlah virus berada di bawah ambang deteksi dari teknik ini jika sapi tersebut pernah terinfeksi FMDV. Kemungkinan lainnya adalah lesi tersebut bukan disebabkan oleh infeksi FMDV., Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an important disease of livestock caused by positive sense single-stranded RNA virus known as Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) belonging to Picornaviridae family. Outbreaks of FMD reemerged in Indonesia in April 2022 and first reported in East Java Province, after previously having “FMD-free without vaccination” status since 1990 from the World Organization of Animal Health (WOAH). Clinical signs of FMD are similar to other vesicular diseases, confirmatory diagnosis such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by amplifying FMDV genome region is necessary. This study aimed to apply conventional RT-PCR to detect the genomic region of FMDV in mouth and hoof swabs collected from 18 FMD suspected cattle in Bogor area. Amplification using two pairs of primers 1F/1R and FM8/FM9 did not produced an amplicon band of 328 base pair (bp) and 644 bp, respectively. Several things can influence the negative result. First, the virus is no longer present in the oral or hoof lesions or the amount of virus is below the detection threshold of this technique if the cow wasinfected with FMDV. Another possibility is the lesions were not caused by FMDV.
Keyword: FMDV, primer, RT-PCR, genome, vesicular

Judul: Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) on Productivity of Dairy Cows in Pangalengan Subdistrict and its Management Strategy
Abstrak: Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku (PMK) menjadi masalah yang besar untuk sentra peternakan sapi perah di Kecamatan Pangalengan karena dampaknya terhadap penurunan produktivitas sapi perah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi dampak PMK dan strategi penanganan pada ternak sapi perah anggota Koperasi Peternakan Bandung Selatan (KPBS) Pangalengan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survei kepada peternak anggota KPBS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 50 responden 46% anggota KPBS berusia >45 tahun, 66% tingkat pendidikan terakhir Sekolah Dasar (SD), 34% memiliki pengalaman beternak selama 21-30 tahun. Sebelum wabah PMK, total populasi ternak responden sejumlah 218 ekor. Saat wabah terjadi, 66% (143 ekor) diantaranya terjangkit PMK, 34% (75 ekor) lainnya dinyatakan bebas PMK. Produksi susu harian mengalami penurunan, sebelum wabah didapatkan 1926 kg hari-1, fase saat wabah berlangsung turun 51% menjadi 942 kg hari-1, fase setelah wabah produksi susu mengalami kenaikan menjadi 1695 kg hari-1. Produksi susu menurun karena kebutuhan nutrien induk sapi perah tidak tercukupi disebabkan mulut melepuh dan kuku kaki yang lepas, akibatnya hewan ternak tidak bisa makan. Pencegahan yang dilakukan peternak yaitu dengan pembatasan terhadap lingkungan luar, vaksinasi, sanitasi dan praktik biosekuriti. Tindakan penanganan yang dilakukan pada ternak terinfeksi PMK yaitu penyemprotan obat pada bagian tubuh ternak yang luka dengan tujuan agar luka tersebut bisa cepat kering., Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a major problem for dairy farming centers in Pangalengan Subdistrict because of its impact on reducing dairy cattle productivity. This study aims to evaluate the impact of FMD and management strategies on dairy cattle members of Koperasi Peternakan Bandung Selatan (KPBS). The research was conducted using a survey method to KPBS members. The results showed that out of 50 respondents, 46% of KPBS members were >45 years old, 66% were elementary school graduates, and 34% had 21-30 years of experience. Before the FMD outbreak, the total livestock population of respondents was 218 heads. During the outbreak, 66% were infected with FMD, 34% were FMD-free. Daily milk production decreased, before the outbreak it was 1926 kg day-1, during the outbreak it decreased by 51% to 942 kg day-1, after the outbreak milk production increased to 1695 kg day-1. Milk production decreases because the nutrient needs of dairy cows are not met due to mouth blisters and loose toenails, as a result the cattle cannot eat. Prevention is by limiting the external environment, vaccination, sanitation and biosecurity practices. The treatment for FMD infected livestock is spraying medicine on the wounded body part with the aim that the wound dries quickly.
Keyword: Dairy Cows, FMD, KPBS Pangalengan

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4