Judul: Upaya Penanggulangan Diabetes dengan Berbagai Komponen Bioaktif
Abstrak: Diabetes melitus merupakan salah satu penyakit metabolisme yang menjadi masalah di seluruh dunia. Diabetes melitus ditandai oleh adanya kondisi hiperglikemia yang berkelanjutan dan dapat menimbulkan stres oksidatif yang akan menyebabkan komplikasi. Penanggulangan diabetes telah dilakukan melalui perbaikan gaya hidup maupun dengan terapi insulin dan obat oral antidiabetes. Penanggulangan tersebut memiliki kekurangan, seperti penggunaan insulin memerlukan biaya yang cukup tinggi dan penggunaan obat oral antidiabetes dapat menimbulkan efek samping, sehingga diperlukan alternatif dengan memanfaatkan komponen bioaktif yang relatif lebih aman. Penelitian ini bertujuan meninjau berbagai komponen bioaktif yang dapat berperan dalam mengatasi penyakit diabetes berserta mekanismenya dalam upaya penanggulangan diabetes. Metode yang digunakan berupa studi pustaka dengan mengumpulkan dan menelaah pustaka yang berkaitan dengan diabetes melitus dan penanggulangannya menggunakan komponen bioaktif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa komponen bioaktif yang memiliki potensi sebagai antidiabetes melalui berbagai mekanisme seperti peningkatan produksi dan sekresi insulin, peningkatan sensitivitas reseptor terhadap insulin, penghambatan absorpsi glukosa pada saluran gastrointestinal, dan inhibisi stres oksidatif yang disebabkan oleh diabetes melitus., Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that has become a problem throughout the world. It is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and can be the cause of oxidative stress that could lead to complication. Management of diabetes has been done through lifestyle improvements, insulin therapy, and oral antidiabetic drugs. These management has its downside as insulin requires a high cost and oral antidiabetic drugs usage can cause side effects; therefore, alternatives are needed by utilizing bioactive compounds that are relatively safer. This review study aims to elaborate various bioactive components that can play a role in overcoming diabetes and their mechanisms in diabetes control. The method used was a literature study by collecting and reviewing literature related to diabetes mellitus and its management using bioactive components. The results showed that several bioactive components have potential as antidiabetics through various mechanisms such as increasing insulin production and secretion, increasing insulin receptor sensitivity, inhibiting glucose absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, and inhibiting oxidative stress caused by diabetes mellitus.
Keyword: bioactive compounds, diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress

Judul: Upaya Penanggulangan Kondisi Hiperkolesterolemia dengan Berbagai Komponen Bioaktif
Abstrak: Hiperkolesterolemia merupakan salah satu faktor risiko utama penyakit kardiovaskular, masalah kesehatan penyebab kematian nomor satu di dunia. Upaya penanggulangan kondisi hiperkolesterolemia selain dengan mengurangi konsumsi diet kaya kolesterol dan kalori juga dapat dilakukan dengan meregulasi metabolisme kolesterol tubuh dengan berbagai komponen bioaktif antihiperkolesterolemia. Studi pustaka ini bertujuan menyajikan hasil kajian dan analisis mengenai penanggulangan kondisi hiperkolesterolemia dengan berbagai macam komponen bioaktif menurut sumber, efikasi, dan mekanismenya. Studi ini menggunakan metode kajian/studi literatur dengan menelusuri berbagai karya tulis ilmiah daring terkait hiperkolesterolemia dan antihiperkolesterolemia. Hasil studi pustaka menunjukkan bahwa kondisi hiperkolesterolemia merupakan onset terjadinya stres oksidatif yang dapat ditanggulangi dengan antioksidan. Berbagai temuan komponen bioaktif antihiperkolesterolemia memiliki variasi sumber dan efek terhadap profil kolesterol. Komponen bioaktif ini dapat diklasifikasikan menurut mekanisme kerjanya berupa inhibisi absorbsi kolesterol, inhibisi biosintesis kolesterol, peningkatan ekskresi kolesterol, peningkatan transport balik kolesterol, dan peningkatan katabolisme kolesterol. Beberapa komponen bioaktif terlibat dalam mekanisme ganda. Pengembangan berbagai komponen bioaktif tersebut dapat dijadikan alternatif pengobatan hiperkolesterolemia terhadap penggunaan obat-obatan kontemporer yang terbukti memberikan banyak efek samping. Kata kunci: hiperkolesterolemia, komponen bioaktif, stres oksidatif, Hypercholesterolemia is the one of risk factor of cardiovascular disease, the number one health problem cause of death worldwide. The management of hypercholesterolemia beside with reduce cholesterol and calory intake can do either with regulate the cholesterol metabolism with various antihypercholesterolemic bioactive compounds. This literature study aims to presents the result of study and analysis about the management of hypercholesterolemia with various of bioactive compounds. This study have done by searching scientific paper on the online media about hypercholesterolemia and antihypercholesterolemia. The results of study show hypercholesterolemia is an onset for stres oxidative that can be overcome with antioxidant. The findings of antihypercholesteromic bioactive compounds come from various sources with different effects on cholesterol profile. These various bioactive compounds can be classified on its mechanism, they are inhibition of cholesterol absorbtion, inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis, increase of cholesterol excretion, increase of cholesterol reverse transport, and increase the cholesterol catabolism. Some of these bioactive compounds involve in multiple mechanisms. The advancement of these bioactive compounds are needed to make it as the alternative medicine for hypercholesterolemia to handle the side effects that found in contemporary medicines.
Keyword: hiperkolesterolemia, komponen bioaktif, stres oksidatif, bioactive compound, hypercholesterolemia, oxidative stress

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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