Judul: Analysis of Four Species Prey-Predator Model
Abstrak: Kompleksitas interaksi mangsa-pemangsa yang terjadi dalam suatu ekosistem dapat digambarkan ke dalam bentuk jaring-jaring makanan dengan memetakan jenis makanan yang dimakan oleh suatu organisme. Dalam karya ilmiah ini direkonstruksi model mangsa-pemangsa dengan empat spesies, terdiri dari dua mangsa, satu pemangsa tengah, dan satu pemangsa puncak. Dengan melakukan simulasi numerik, didapatkan tiga belas titik tetap dengan jenis kestabilan yang beragam. Simulasi numerik juga dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh perubahan nilai laju pertumbuhan kedua mangsa terhadap populasi mangsa dan pemangsa. Dengan batas nilai tertentu, peningkatan laju pertumbuhan kedua mangsa akan mengatasi kepunahan setiap populasi, baik populasi mangsa maupun pemangsa dalam suatu sistem tertentu. Untuk beberapa kasus, titik tetap mengalami perubahan sifat kestabilan dari spiral stabil menjadi spiral tak stabil. Perubahan kestabilan pada titik tetap menyebabkan terbentuknya siklus limit yang mengindikasikan terjadinya bifurkasi Hopf pada kasus tersebut., The complexity of prey-predator interactions that occur in an ecosystem can be described in the form of food webs by mapping the type of food consumed by an organism. This scientific research reconstructed prey-predator models with four species, consisting of two preys, one middle predator, and one apex predator. By performing numerical simulations, thirteen fixed points with various types of stability were obtained. Numerical simulations were also carried out to observe the effect of changes in the growth rate values of both preys on prey-predator populations. With a certain value limit, an increase in the growth rate of both preys can resolve the extinction of each population, both prey and predator populations in an ecosystem. For several cases, the fixed point changes its stability properties from a stable spiral to an unstable spiral. The changes of stability properties at fixed points cause the formation of a limit cycle that indicates the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation.
Keyword: food webs, four species, limit cycle, prey-predator, stability

Judul: Analysis of predator-prey model of holling-tanner type II with prey refuge and the harvesting population
Abstrak: Dalam tulisan ini dipelajari model mangsa-pemangsa Holling-Tanner tipe II dengan menambahkan spesies mangsa yang terlindung dan pemanenan spesies mangsa dan pemangsa yang dikembangkan oleh Das et al. (2013). Dari model ini, diperoleh tiga titik tetap. Kestabilan titik tetap pertama dapat bersifat sadel atau simpul takstabil, sedangkan titik tetap kedua bersifat sadel. Titik tetap ketiga dapat bersifat spiral takstabil, spiral stabil, atau simpul stabil bergantung nilai parameter mangsa yang terlindung dan pemanenan populasi. Bifurkasi Hopf terjadi pada titik tetap ketiga. Semakin kecil mangsa yang terlindungi mengakibatkan populasi pemangsa meningkat tidak stabil dengan solusinya limit cycle. Sebaliknya, semakin tinggi mangsa yang terlindungi mengakibatkan populasi mangsa dan pemangsa menuju stabil dengan pemangsa cukup kecil. Hal ini terjadi pula pada dinamika populasi akibat usaha pemanenan mangsa. Sedangkan pada usaha pemanenan pemangsa, semakin kecil pemanenan pemangsa mengakibatkan populasi pemangsa meningkat tidak stabil dengan solusinya limit cycle. Semakin tinggi pemanenan pemangsa mengakibatkan populasi pemangsa menuju kepunahan dan populasi mangsa meningkat stabil., This paper studied a mathematical predator-prey model of Holling-Tanner type II incorporating prey refuge and harvesting to both prey and predator species that was previously investigated by Das et al. (2013). This model provides three fixed points, where depending on the parameters values, stability of the first fixed point can be a saddle or unstable node, that of the second always be a saddle, and the third fixed point could be an unstable spiral, stable spiral or node depending on two parameters of protected prey and harvesting populations. Hopf bifurcation occurs on the third fixed point, where a decrease on the size of protected prey can affect the predator populations to be unstable and its solution approaching a limit cycle. Otherwise, an increase on the size of protected prey can affect the prey and predator populations to be stable with a fairly small predators. The same situation occurs also in the population dynamics when a harvesting effort is incurred on prey population. Whereas a decrease on the harvested predator population can result to an unstable growth of predator population with the existence of a limit cycle. In the opposite direction, the predator will be extinct and the prey grows steadily. Keywords: Hopf bifurcation, Holling-Tanner type II, prey refuge, harvesting populations, predator-prey
Keyword: bifurkasi Hopf, Holling-Tanner tipe II, mangsa yang terlindung, pemanenan populasi, mangsa-pemangsa

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4