Judul: Role of Glucomannan-Activated Charcoal as Hypocholesterolemic in Sprague Dawley.
Abstrak: Cholesterol is a metabolites that contain sterol fat. It is important for every cell of the body in order to perform its function such as the formation of vitamin D, cortisol hormones and reproductive hormones. Increase concentration of cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia is a predisposed condition of cardiovascular disease. Based on previous studies have reported that glucomannan and activated charcoal can lower cholesterol, but a combination of the two in a formulation has not been reported. Glucomannan which is one of the most important chemical components in the tubers of Amorphophallus is a polysaccharide composed of units of D-glucose and D-mannose. Ties that make up the form of glucomannan polymer is a β-1,4-glycosides. Activated charcoal is a material that has the ability as an adsorbent, are amorphous, and has the configuration of carbon atoms shaped plates bonded carbon atoms with covalent bonds in the hexagonal sides. The objective of this study was to examined the role of various formulation of glucomannan from Amorphophallus and activated charcoal to reduce cholesterol levels in adult male rats of Sprague Dawley strain. Stages of this research is the isolation of glucomannan from Amorphophallus flour, activated charcoal manufacture, formulation and characterization using instruments, in vivo testing, and cholesterol analysis. Experimental animals used in this study was 35 adult male Sprague Dawley with body weight ranged from 160 to 200 g. Animals were divided into 7 treatment groups consuming high-fat diet (HFD) and glucomannan, HFD and teak sawdust activated charcoal, HFD and coconut fiber activated charcoal, HFD and glucomannan-activated charcoal 1:1, HFD and glucomannan-activated charcoal 2:1, HFD and glucomannan-activated charcoal 1:2 and HFD without treatment as control group. Total plasma cholesterol was analyzed at baseline and end of study after 5 weeks of treatment. The results of the analysis of Fourier transform infrared showed that the isolated glucomannan has the same functional group with standard glucomannan. The results of the analysis of pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy indicate that the relative percentage of sugar in the glucomannan derivatives isolated by 14.2% and glucomannan flour standard 15.5%. The results of the analysis of X-ray diffractometer indicates the degree of crystallinity of teak sawdust activated charcoal powder was 32.8% and coconut activated carbon fibers by 40.3%. The results of the analysis of scanning electron microscope showed that coconut fiber activated charcoal has uniform pore shape better than teak sawdust activated charcoal. The conclusion of this research that the highest decrease in cholesterol level was in the treatment group HFD and glucomannanactivated charcoal 1:1, with a decrease in total cholesterol levels by 37.4%, decreased levels of low density lipoprotein by 49.7%, and decreased triglyceride levels by 18.3% .
Keyword: cholesterol, glucomannan, activated charcoal, Sprague Dawley

Judul: Role of Glucomannan-Activated Charcoal as Hypocholesterolemic in Sprague Dawley.
Abstrak: Cholesterol is a metabolites that contain sterol fat. It is important for every cell of the body in order to perform its function such as the formation of vitamin D, cortisol hormones and reproductive hormones. Increase concentration of cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia is a predisposed condition of cardiovascular disease. Based on previous studies have reported that glucomannan and activated charcoal can lower cholesterol, but a combination of the two in a formulation has not been reported. Glucomannan which is one of the most important chemical components in the tubers of Amorphophallus is a polysaccharide composed of units of D-glucose and D-mannose. Ties that make up the form of glucomannan polymer is a β-1,4-glycosides. Activated charcoal is a material that has the ability as an adsorbent, are amorphous, and has the configuration of carbon atoms shaped plates bonded carbon atoms with covalent bonds in the hexagonal sides. The objective of this study was to examined the role of various formulation of glucomannan from Amorphophallus and activated charcoal to reduce cholesterol levels in adult male rats of Sprague Dawley strain. Stages of this research is the isolation of glucomannan from Amorphophallus flour, activated charcoal manufacture, formulation and characterization using instruments, in vivo testing, and cholesterol analysis. Experimental animals used in this study was 35 adult male Sprague Dawley with body weight ranged from 160 to 200 g. Animals were divided into 7 treatment groups consuming high-fat diet (HFD) and glucomannan, HFD and teak sawdust activated charcoal, HFD and coconut fiber activated charcoal, HFD and glucomannan-activated charcoal 1:1, HFD and glucomannan-activated charcoal 2:1, HFD and glucomannan-activated charcoal 1:2 and HFD without treatment as control group. Total plasma cholesterol was analyzed at baseline and end of study after 5 weeks of treatment. The results of the analysis of Fourier transform infrared showed that the isolated glucomannan has the same functional group with standard glucomannan. The results of the analysis of pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy indicate that the relative percentage of sugar in the glucomannan derivatives isolated by 14.2% and glucomannan flour standard 15.5%. The results of the analysis of X-ray diffractometer indicates the degree of crystallinity of teak sawdust activated charcoal powder was 32.8% and coconut activated carbon fibers by 40.3%. The results of the analysis of scanning electron microscope showed that coconut fiber activated charcoal has uniform pore shape better than teak sawdust activated charcoal. The conclusion of this research that the highest decrease in cholesterol level was in the treatment group HFD and glucomannanactivated charcoal 1:1, with a decrease in total cholesterol levels by 37.4%, decreased levels of low density lipoprotein by 49.7%, and decreased triglyceride levels by 18.3%
Keyword: cholesterol, glucomannan, activated charcoal, Sprague Dawley

Judul: Studi kasus migran pedagang kaki lima di pasar Senen, Jakarta Pusat
Abstrak: Sejak Jakarta menjadi ibukota negara RI, Jakarta tidak pernah sepi dari arus migrasi penduduk. Masuknya para migran ke Jakarta disebabkan karena pertumbuhan fisik yang nyata, yaitu dari pembangunan gedung perkantoran, fasilitas hiburan dan lainnya, memberi daya tarik bagi orang bukan penduduk Jakarta. Termasuk di antara migran adalah kaum golongan kecil yang berasal dari kalangan sirkuit bawah desa. Alasan utama migrasi di sirkuit bawah, yaitu khususnya yang akhirnya bekerja sebagai pedagang kaki lima di Pasar Senen ini pindah ke Jakarta, adalahJakarta menawarkan kesempatan kerja bagi siapa saja yang mau bekerja. Karena di desa tak ada pekerjaan yang dapat menampung golongan muda, kaum migran meninggalkan desa menuju Jakarta. Pola migrasi masuk ke Jakarta tidak dipengaruhi oleh kemungkinan golongan muda mampir di kota-kota kecil sebelum tiba di Jakarta. Keberanian dan tekad bulat meninggalkan desa asal didorong pula oleh sumber cerita tentang Jakarta (saudara/kenalan) yang juga mengalami bahwa setiba di Jakarta mereka akan langsung bekerja. Pendidikan rendah, tidak memiliki ketrampilan, orang petani/buruh tani, merupakan bagian kecil latar tua belakang sosial migran pedagang kaki lima. Memperoleh pekerjaan apa saja asal halal pada mulanya, tempat tinggal dimana saja, modal kecil dan pendapatan harian yang rendah juga mewarnai hidup para migran pedagang kaki lima di Jakarta. Namun sekalipun demikian mereka tetap hidup, bahkan dapat mengirim uang ke desa asal, pulang ke desa minimum setahun sekali dan sedikit-sedikit mampumenabung. Bekerja sebagai pedagang kaki lima sudah ditekuni selama lebih dari lima tahun bahkan ada yang lebih dari tujuh tahun. Inipun dimulai setelah minimum selama dua tahun migran mengerjakan apa saja di Pasar Senen: yang penting dapat uang dan bisa hidup di Jakarta. Bahkan modal membuka usaha kaki lima diperoleh dari selama bekerja mula-mula itu. untuk pengumpulan upah Sekalipun terdapat kenaikan tingkat kehidupan sosial di kota dibandingkan dari desa, kaum migran pedagang lima di Pasar Senen ini tetap berada bawah kota. di kaki bawah sirkuit Ikatan-ikatan baru di kota hampir tidak terjadi kecuali ikatan-ikatan kedaerahan yang terus dipertahankan.
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