Judul: Induksi keragaman genetik dengan sinar gamma pada jeruk siam pontianak (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) secara in vitro
Abstrak: Di antara berbagai jenis jeruk, jeruk siam mendominasi produksi jeruk di Indonesia. Tetapi, jenis jeruk ini masih memiliki jumlah biji yang relatif banyak, warna kulit yang kurang menarik, dan kulitnya sulit dikupas. Teknik pemuliaan konvensional pada jeruk memerlukan waktu yang cukup lama dan biaya yang besar, serta dibatasi oleh heterozigositas yang tinggi, tipe reproduktif melalui embrio nuselar dan juga juvenilitas. Pemuliaan mutasi dengan menggunakan mutagen fisik seperti sinar gamma merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk meningkatkan keragaman yang dapat mengubah satu atau lebih karakter tanpa mengubah karakteristik asalnya. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menghasilkan varietas unggul jeruk siam Pontianak yang memiliki karakter agronomi dan kualitas buah yang lebih baik. Percobaan ini telah dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap, mulai dari perbanyakan kalus embriogenik, iradiasi sinar gamma pada kalus, pendewasaan embrio somatik, perkecambahan embrio somatik, analisis keragaman genetik berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan analisis stomata sehingga diperoleh informasi bahwa pemberian mutagen sinar gamma dapat menyebabkan perubahan baik morfologi maupun jumlah kromosom.
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Judul: Induksi Keragaman Kalus Embriogenik Untuk Mendapatkan Mutan Putatif Jeruk Keprok Garut (Citrus reticulata L.) Melalui Iradiasi Sinar Gamma
Abstrak: Mandarin Citrus cv. Garut is one of local citrus which has some several superiority such as easy to peel, fresh and sweet flavour, yellowish green skin and containt 12-15 seeds per fruit, but can it not compete with citrus from other countries. Quality improvement have been the subject of citrus breeding programme. The objective of this research is to increase genetic variability of Mandarin Citrus cv. Garut through gamma rays irradiation on embryogenic callus. Callus was irradiated at doses of 0, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 Gy and regenerated through somatic embryogenesis. The result of radiosensitivity dose for Growth Reduction (GR50) analyzed by Curve Expert 1.4 software was 75.31 Gy. Observation on the growth of callus showed variation on morphology and weight of callus. At doses 0–50 Gy callus growth was not inhibited, but at doses 60–100 Gy callus growth was inhibited. Gamma irradiation also affected the formations of somatic embryos. After six weeks on maturation medium produced the highest of embryo somatic at dose of 20 and 100 Gy and on germination medium produced planlet highest at dose of 20 and 40 Gy. Based on morphological characters selected 10 regenerants with variability of 0–58% and genetic variability with ISSR markers by 0–26%. The number of mutan putative produced were M30/2, M50/1, M80/3 and M100/1 comformed by ISSR. After four week grafting between putative mutan shoots as scion and Japansche Citroen as rootstock it was obtainted the growth percentage 37.5-50% on Ex Vitro Grafting and 75% on In Vitro Grafting.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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