Judul: A Study on Sustainability of Small Holder Dairy Farming on Agroforestry System: Case Study in Lembang West Java Province, Indonesia.
Abstrak: Dairy farming practices is one of the empowerment agriculture sectors in Asia, due to Labor and nutrition fact on milk. The fastest dairy farming development found in Java island, noted as the most populated island in Indonesia. Todays, farmers conduct endeavor varied ways in filling forage demand for the dairy cattle, one of them by Agroforestry system. An appropriate management on Agroforestry system is highly required in enhancing forage production. However, the information of potency that might be occuring not clearly understood, therefore the broad objection of this research is to explore the potency of Agroforestry system due to sustainability of small scale dairy farming. The observation of Agroforestry system was conducted in Lembang (West Java). Several plots have been designed West Java and As 78 of farmers have been involved. We observed, more than 36% of dairy farmers attempted the forage by utilizing forest area. We calculate the highest forage yield was gained in low-density forage (21.01 Mg/ha, 12% shading level). The lower forage yield (7.09 Mg/ha) was found in middle density plot, since it higher levels of shade (78%). In general discussion, it could be seen that in higher density plot showed higher nutrients compound specially in DM, fiber, protein and fat. Experimental field has been design to understand the effect of shading treatment to the forage. In field experiment research there were two kinds of variety forage used; P. purpureum (King Grass) and S. Splendida. Pointed on the influence of shading levels, we were stressing on several treatments; un-shaded (0%) and shade treatments. The artificial shading treatment (60% and 80%) was applied for this research. Organic fertilizer was used as the secondary factor. As 30 Mg/ha, 20 Mg/ha and 10 Mg/ha of organic fertilizer were conducted. We were simulating for 40d, 50d and 60d of the harvest time. Therefore, totally 81 plots have been designed for this research. As 31.1% of forage yield was slowly decreasing as increasing shading intensities.Underneath shading condition such as 60% and 80%, the forage yield required higher organic fertilizer. In 40 and 50 days of plantation, the additional 30 Mg/ha organic fertilizer presences the highest forage yield underneath limitation of sun availability. The plant height was gradually increasing with the higher number of levels of shade. Chlorophylls content were the other respond showed by plant as the effect of shading treatment. It could be obtained that as 29.03% and 23.41% of chlorophyll content was increasing rapidly on P. purpureum, and S. splendida respectively. The average of DM production was depleting as 28.69% for S. splendida, this amount was lower compared with P. purpureum (36.50%). Ash compound was significantly influenced ash content (p<0.05). We also observed that levels of shade has a significantly effect due to fat content on P. purpureum (P<0.05). The average of data gained showed that fat content was increase for 16.35% as the raising of levels of shade in S. splendida. The less number of irradiance accepted by plants, showed the increment of protein content (%) (p<0.05). The average of crude protein content was increasing for 26.95% in P. purpureum and
Keyword: Dairy Farming, Agroforestry, Sustainability

Judul: Upaya Peningkatan Produksi Susu Sapi Perah dengan Pencampuran Bungkil Inti Sawit dan Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles dalam Konsentrat
Abstrak: National milk yield can not supply the national milk consumption. One alternative to improve national milk yield is by increasing the dairy cattle productivity through better feeding management. West Java is one of the centers of development of dairy cattle for milk yield. It provides about 34.81% of the national milk yield. The largest population of dairy cattle in West Java is in Lembang. The average milk yield in Lembang is higher than the average national milk yield. To maintain high milk yield, addition of high quality feed such as concentrates is very important for dairy cattle. Palm kernel cake (PKC) is a by-product of the palm oil industry. As a local feed, it has a very high potential to be used as an alternative of energy and protein feed sources. Even though the price is low, there is still limited research that has been done concerning its effect on dairy cattle production. Using good quality of local feed for dairy cattle has two benefits, it decreases production costs while increasing farmer’s income as well as improving animal production. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a feedstuff that can be used as a protein and energy source. Distillers dried grains with solubles is imported feed but the price is lower than soybean meal. Concentrate feed mixed by PKC and DDGS, was expected to increase production and quality of milk of dairy cows in Lembang. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of concentrate mix by using PKC and DDGS on milk yield in Lembang, West Java. This experiment was expected to increase milk yield, to decrease feed costs and to increase dairy farmers income in Lembang. Twenty two lactating dairy cows devided into 4 groups: R0, R1, R2 and R3. Each group consisted of 5 and 6 lactating dairy cows with different lactating periods. R0 was fed by basal diet as control, R1 was fed by basal diet and 1kg DDGS, R2 was fed by basal diet and 2 kg PKC and 1kg DDGS, and R3 was fed by basal diet and 3 kg PKC. Parameters observed and measured were physiological status, feed intake and milk yield. Physiological status including rectal temperature, respiration rate and heart rate were measured every week; feed intake was measured every day by calculating the difference in feed given; consumption of dry matter; chest circumference (cm) measured using a measuring tape taken before, during and after the experiment and converted into body weight (kg); daily milk yield recorded daily in the morning at 04.00 to 06.00 am and 03.00 to 05.00 pm; milk quality was measured every two weeks by taken 200 ml of milk sampled before, during and after the experiment; mastitis test was measured by IPB-1 reagent performed before, during and after the study. The study design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which consisted of four treatments with five to six replications. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance General Linear Model. The differences among the results, were tested by Duncan test. vii The experiment showed that there was no significant effect
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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