Judul: Uji Sensitivitas Antibiotika Pada Bakteri Salmonella sp. dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa Terhadap Beberapa Jenis Antibiotika
Abstrak: Salmonella sp. dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa merupakan bakteri patogen yang mampu menyebar ke ternak dalam bentuk patogen. Infeksi pada ternak bekorelasi dengan penggunaan antibiotik dalam pengobatan dan pencegahan terhadap infeksi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji tingkat sensitivitas Salmonella sp. dan Pseudomonas aeroginosa terhadap antibiotika: azithromysin, cefepime, tetasiklin, streptomisin, asam nalidiksad, dan gentamisin. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan uji difusi yang mengunakan bakteri isolat dari rektal swab. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Salmonella sp. resisten terhadap azythromisin sementara itu isolat Pseudomonas aeroginosa resisten terhadap tetrasiklin dan gentamisin….
Keyword: Antibiotika, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Sensitivitas, Pathogenic bacteria, Livestock colony, Bacterial infections, Resistance, Dis diffussion test

Judul: Deteksi Molekuler Gen Penyandi Resistensi Antibiotika pada Salmonella spp dari Peternakan Ayam di Bandung dan Purwakarta
Abstrak: Resistensi antibiotika kini telah menjadi masalah serius di dunia kesehatan.Penggunaan antibiotika pada ternak menjadi salah satu faktor yang berperan pada penyebaran bakteri resisten di lingkungan.Salmonella merupakan salah satu agen bakteri yang dapat menyebar ke manusia melalui makanan atau foodborne disease.Resistensi terhadap Salmonella diakibatkan penggunaan antibiotika yang kurang bijaksana salah satunya sebagai pencegahan.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan isolasi dan identifikasi Salmonella spp serta mendeteksi keberadaan gen resistensi antibiotika pada Salmonella spp asal peternakan ayam di Bandung dan Purwakarta. Sebanyak 70 isolat diambil dari peternakan ayam layer dan breeder di Bandung dan Purwakarta. Tiga puluh tiga isolat positif Salmonella spp berdasarkan hasil uji biokimia dan 21 isolat dikonfirmasi sebagaiSalmonella spp dengan menggunakan PCR. Semua isolat diuji menggunakan antibiotika ampisilin, tetrasiklin, gentamisin, eritromisin, asam nalidiksat, oksitetrasiklin, kloramfenikol dan enroflokassin dengan menggunakan metode disk diffusion. Gen resistensi antibiotika yang dideteksi adalah ampC, tet(A) dan tet(B) dengan menggunakan single polymerase chain reaction (PCR). gen qnr(A), qnr(B) dan qnr(S) dideteksi dengan menggunakan multiplex PCR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan seluruh isolat Salmonella spp yang berasal dari daerah Bandung dan Purwakarta terhadap Tetrasiklin 100%, Oksitetrasiklin dan Ampisilin 95.2%, Asam Nalidiksat 90.4%, Eritromisin 85.7%, Enrofloksasin 76.2%, Gentamisin 47.6%, Kloramfenikol 38.1%. Adapun gen penyandi resistensi pada isolat Salmonella spp yang berhasil dideteksi, diantaranya ampC (95.2%), tet(A) 61.9%, tet(B) 38.1%, qnr(A) 28.5%, qnr(B) 14.3%, qnr(S) 23.8%, qnr(A) dan qnr(B) 14.3%, qnr(A) dan qnr(S) 9.5%. Hasil uji sensitifitas dan deteksi gen resistensi menunjukkan hampir keseluruhan isolat resisten terhadap beberapa antibiotika.
Keyword: antibiotika, gen, resistensi, Salmonella

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite