Judul: Plasmid-R dan Kaitannya dengan Epidemiologi Penyakit
Abstrak: Plasmid adalah DNA berserat ganda yang berbentuk lingkaran dan mempunyai kemampuan untuk bereplikasi sendiri tanpa tergantung dari replikasi kromosom. Gen yang dibawa oleh plasmid tidak mutlak diperlukan bagi kelangsungan hidup bakteri, sehingga biasanya bakteri dapat hidup tanpa plasmid. Pada bakteri ditemukan berbagai jenis plasmid. Salah satu jenis plasmid yang banyak ditemukan di alam adalah plasmid-R. Plasmid ini mengatur resistensi terhadap antibiotik dan terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu "resistant transfer factor" dan determinan resistensi. Penularan resistensi antibiotik oleh plasmid pada umumnya melalui konjugasi. Akibatnya suatu populasi bakteri dengan cepat menjadi resisten. Penularan dapat terjadi di antara bakteri dari satu species, berbeda species maupun berbeda genus.
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Judul: Deteksi Gen Penyandi Resistensi Antibiotik pada Escherichia coli dan Salmonella sp. yang Diisolasi dari Beberapa Peternakan Unggas di Jawa Barat.
Abstrak: Industri perunggasan menggunakan antibiotik sebagai pencegahan, pemacu pertumbuhan dan pengobatan penyakit infeksi bakerial. Oleh karena itu banyak menimbulkan bakteri resisten. Escherichia coli dan Salmonella sp. adalah bakteri penting pada hewan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi E. coli dan Salmonella sp., menguji sensitivitas dan deteksi gen penyandi resistensi E. coli and Salmonella sp.. Seratus lima sampel swab kloaka unggas digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri menggunakan kaldu tetrationat (khusus Salmonella sp.), kemudian dikultur pada media agar selektif (agar Mac Conkey dan eosin methylene blue untuk E.coli, Salmonella-Shigella untuk Salmonella sp.), pengujian biokimia dan pewarnaan Gram. Isolat bakteri dikonfirmasi dengan amplifikasi gen uspA E. coli dan invA Salmonella sp. menggunakan PCR. Tetrasiklin, oksitetrasiklin, ampisilin, gentamisin, asam nalidiksat, siprofloksasin, enrofloksasin, eritromisin dan kloramfenikol adalah antibiotik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer digunakan untuk mendeteksi resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik. Hasil uji sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa E. coli resisten terhadap tetrasiklin (92.3%), oksitetrasiklin (92.3%), ampisilin (100%), gentamisin (61.6%), asam nalidiksat (94.3%), siprofloksasin (69.2%), enrofloksasin (65.4%), eritromisin (96.2%) dan kloramfenikol (0%). Salmonella sp. resisten terhadap tetrasiklin (75%), oksitetrasiklin (75%), ampisilin (75%), gentamisin (12.5%), asam nalidiksat (100%), siprofloksasin (12.5%), enrofloksasin (0%), eritromisin (100%) dan kloramfenikol (0%). Hasil deteksi gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik pada E. coli dan Salmonella sp. berturut-turut yaitu tetA (83.3% dan 33.3%) positif, blaTEM (100% dan 100%) positif, aac(3)-IV (3.1% dan 0%) positif, gyrA (100% dan 100%) positif ermB (6% dan 0%) positif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa E. coli dan Salmonella sp. dapat diisolasi dari swab kloaka unggas. Semua isolat E. coli resisten terhadap ampisilin. Semua isolat Salmonella sp. resisten terhadap asam naidiksat dan eritromisin. Gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik yaitu tetA, blaTEM, aac(3)-IV, gyrA dan ermB genes terdeteksi pada isolat E. coli dan gen tetA, blaTEM dan gyrA terdeteksi pada isolat Salmonella sp..
Keyword: antibiotik, resisten, Escherichia coli, gen, Salmonella sp

Judul: Improvement The Quality of Vanilla Trought Continued Sweating On The Drying Process Solar Dryer
Abstrak: Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia ) is one of the country's foreign exchange sources. Indonesia became the second largest vanilla producer in the world after Madagascar with a total production of 2,119 tons. Indonesia is also one of the vanilla exporter countries in the world whose export volume and value continues to grow. In 2019, the value of Indonesian vanilla export volume act to 261 tons with a sales value of S$ 69,610,000. Vanilla is exported to various countries in the form of whole, piece and ground (powder). The most vanilla export destination countries are USA, Canada, Japan, Australia and some of Europian countries such as Germany, France, Italy, and Netherlands. The problem faced in Indonesian vanilla exports is that there is a high difference in quality at the exporter level. This is caused by many factors, including harvesting age, curing process and the drying method. The curing and drying process determines the quality of vanilla. In the curing process, biochemical processes occur that cause quality changes in vanilla pod. The curing process in each vanilla producing country is developed in different ways, but in general the vanilla processing consists of four stages, namely killing, sweating, drying and conditioning, however this research is focused on the stage of sweating. In Indonesia, the drying process is done by sun drying, which takes a long time and produces low quality vanilla. Drying with a mechanical dryer (Green House Effect Solar Dryer) has been done so it can shorten the drying time, but the quality of the vanilla still does not meet SNI. Therefore, a proper curing process using a GHE dryer is required in order to obtain vanilla quality that meets SNI. This study aims to analyzed the effect of the sweating continued on the drying process with GHE drying method on the quality of vanilla. Vanilla that has been harvested as much as 30 kg was carried out killing process by soaking in the water at 60-65°C for 2 minutes. And then continued with the initial sweating process namely vanilla were wrapped in black clothes and stored in the styrofoam boxes for sweating process in the room temperature for 48 hrs. After that, the drying process was carried out with three different treatments namely GHE dryer with no sweating process (P1), drying with GHE dryer combined with sweating in the first two nights (P2), drying with GHE dryer combined with sweating in the first four nights (P3), and drying with sun drying of farmers produce (control). The quality parameters tested include size, weight loss, organoleptic tests (aroma and color), moisture content and vanillin content. Curing process treatment with sweating continued in the drying process using the green house effect solar dryer had a significant effect on weight loss, aroma and vanillin content but had no significant effect on color. Continued addition of sweating during the first nights of drying provides the best quality in vanillin content, color and aroma. Drying with green house effect solar dryer provided better quality results than traditional drying with a shorter drying time of 12 days, while traditional drying is
Keyword: quality, postharvest, sweating, drying, vanilla