Judul: Efektivitas berbagai kombinasi campuran sambiloto (Andrographis Paculata), daun sirih (piper betle), dan daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava) melalui pakan untuk pencegahan penyakit mas pada ikan lele dumbo (clarias sp)
Abstrak: Ikan lele dumbo adalah ikan air tawar yang telah dibudidayakan secara intensif, tetapi sering kali ikan ini terserang penyakit MAS (motile aeromonad septicaemia) yang disebabkan oleh bakteri A. hydrophila, bakteri ini berukuran 0,8-0,9 µm x 1,5 µm, berflagela tunggal dan bersifat patogen oportunistik, Bakteri ini juga dapat menginfeksi hewan bertulang belakang seperti, katak, kura-kura, aligator dan manusia. Penanggulangan terhadap penyakit MAS biasa dilakukan dengan menggunakan antibiotik, seperti chloramphenicol, oxytetracyclin, erythromycin, oxolinic acid, streptomycin dan potentiated sulphonamide, yang sering dipakai dalam budidaya ikan. Di Indonesia didapatkan bahwa bakteri Aeromonas sp juga resisten terhadap antibiotik erythromycin, chloramphenicol, potentiated sulphonamide. Untuk me-ngurangi penggunaan antibiotik, maka dicari alternatif untuk mencegah ikan budidaya terjangkit penyakit MAS, salah satu alternatifnya adalah dengan memanfaatkan bahan alami yaitu daun sirih, sambiloto dan daun jambu biji.
Keyword: lele dumbo, daun sirih, sambiloto

Judul: Pencegahan Penyakit MAS (Motile Aeromonad Septicaemia) pada lkan Lele Dumbo (Clarias sp) Melalui Pemberisn Pakan yang Dicampur dengan Seduhan Sambiloto (Andrograpliis paniculata(Burm.f.) Nees), Daun Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L) dan Daun Sirih (Piper betle L)
Abstrak: Dalam perkembangan budidaya ikan lele dumbo ( Clarias sp.) secara intensif, terdapat banyak faktor pembatas yang dapat menghambat keberhasilan panen dan salah satunya adalah faktor penyakit. Salah satu penyakit yang sering menyerang ikan 1ele dumbo \.Clarias sp.) adalah penyakit MAS (Motile Aeromonad Septicaemia). Untuk mengatasinya ada dua cara yaitu pengobatan dengan antibiotik yang relatif lebih mahal, atau dengan melakukan pencegahan dengan pemberian seduhan bahan alami sarnbiloto (Andrographis paniculala(Bunn.t) Nees), daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L), dan daun sirih (Piper betle L) yang dicampurkan dalam pakan yang relatif lebih murah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas dosis seduhan kombinasi bahan alami sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata(Bunn.f.) Nees), daun jambu biji (Psidium guojava L), dan daun sirih (Piper hetle L) yang dicampurkan dalam pakan untuk pencegahan penyakit MAS pada ikan lele dumbo (Clarias sp.). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian bahan alami sambiloto (Andrographis paniculuta(Bunn.f.) Nees), daun jambu biji (Psidium g«ajava L), dan daun sirih ,piper belle L) yang dicampurkan dalam pakan pada penelitian pencegahan terbukti efektif untuk mencegah penyakit MAS dan dapat meningkatkan bobot tubuh lele dumbo (Clarias sp.). Kombinasi seduhan yang dicampurkan dalam pakan adalab campuran l gram sambiloto ditambah 0,5 gram daun jambu biji dan 0,5 gram daun sirih.
Keyword: 

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
Keyword: