Judul: Kesenjangan Produktivitas Pertanian dan Konvergensi di Asia: Analisis Spasial
Abstrak: The agricultural productivity gap worldwide has long been an unresolved issue and has attracted the attention of many scholars to explore the possibilities of agricultural productivity convergence. This study aims to examine the dynamics of the agricultural productivity gap in 17 Asian countries from 1999 to 2019 and investigate its conditional convergence. By using the Theil coefficient concentration index, it is evident that the majority of the agricultural productivity gap stems from the differences between group income class classification rather than within the group, with a decreasing trend towards the end of the period. Meanwhile, by incorporating Geographically Weighted Panel Regression (GWPR) to obtain both global and local models, the results indicate support for the hypothesis of conditional convergence for all countries yet with a very slow pace. Agricultural mechanization is seen to drive agricultural productivity growth, with a more significant effect on lower-income countries while crises have been proven to adversely impact the majority of lower income countries. Export of agricultural product contribute to the agricultural productivity growth only in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Cambodia, and Vietnam, while there is no evidence of the role of increasing human development index and agricultural producer price to the growth., Kesenjangan produktivitas pertanian secara global telah lama menjadi masalah yang belum terselesaikan dan menarik perhatian banyak akademisi untuk memprediksi kemungkinan terjadinya konvergensi produktivitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dinamika kesenjangan produktivitas pertanian di 17 negara Asia dari tahun 1999 hingga 2019 dan menyelidiki konvergensi kondisionalnya. Dengan menggunakan indeks konsentrasi koefisien Theil, terlihat jelas bahwa sebagian besar kesenjangan produktivitas pertanian berasal dari perbedaan antar kelompok kelas pendapatan daripada perbedaan negara dalam satu kelompok pendapatan yang sama. Sementara itu, dengan memasukkan Geographically Weighted Panel Regression (GWPR) untuk mendapatkan model global dan lokal, hasil penelitian menunjukkan dukungan terhadap hipotesis konvergensi kondisional untuk semua negara, namun dengan kecepatan yang sangat lambat. Mekanisasi pertanian terlihat mendorong pertumbuhan produktivitas pertanian, dengan pengaruh yang lebih signifikan terhadap negara-negara berpenghasilan rendah, sementara krisis terbukti berdampak buruk bagi sebagian besar negara berpenghasilan rendah. Ekspor produk pertanian berkontribusi terhadap pertumbuhan produktivitas pertanian hanya di Indonesia, Malaysia, Filipina, Kamboja, dan Vietnam, sementara tidak ada bukti peran peningkatan indeks pembangunan manusia dan harga produsen pertanian terhadap pertumbuhan.
Keyword: agricultural productivity gap, convergence, Geographically Weighted Panel Regression (GWPR), spatial analysis, theil index

Judul: Disparity, convergence, and determinant of regional labour productivity in Indonesia
Abstrak: Generally, economic development has focused on an effort to increase economic growth which is closely related to national income both in total and per capita term. It aims to improve citizen’s welfare as a final goal. The result of economic growth is expected to be distributed evenly throughout the citizen so that the socio-economic issues such as unemployment, poverty, income distribution inequality, etc can be solved through the principle of trickle-down effect mechanism (Todaro and Smith, 2006). Indonesia consists of 33 provinces with different economic structures according to the various factors endowments possessed. It encourages regional disparities in economic performance because of the differences in the speed of economic growth among provinces, where output of provinces rich with factor endowments is certainly greater than provinces with factor endowment scarcity. Labour productivity disparity is a phenomenon experienced by Indonesia during the period 1987-2011. Prediction of the convergence is expected to reduce that inequality. This requires the condition in which provinces with lower labour productivity grow faster than provinces with higher labour productivity. Weighted coefficient of variation values of labour productivity in aggregate, agriculture, and manufacturing sectors state that labour productivity disparity in Eastern Indonesia is more unequal than in Western Indonesia with labour productivity in manufacturing sector is more unequal than in agriculture sector. Estimation model of labour productivity convergence in aggregate, agriculture, and manufacturing sector with Sys-GMM dynamic panel approach meet the appropriate dynamic panel data model’s criteria which is unbiased, consistent, and valid. Coefficient estimators of lag labour productivity variable both in aggregate, agriculture, and manufacturing sector model with Sys-GMM approach which are smaller than one state that the process of convergence occurs related to labour productivity disparity in aggregate, agriculture, and manufacturing sector in Indonesia. Speed of convergence and half time convergence of aggregate labor productivity in Indonesia are slower than in agriculture and manufacturing sector. Then, in comparison between agriculture and manufacturing sector, speed of convergence and half-time convergence of labor productivity in agriculture sector are slower than in manufacturing sector. The convergence models above also provide information on several factors that affect regional labour productivity in Indonesia in aggregate, agriculture, and manufacturing sector with the assumption that they provide the same effect on every province both Western and Eastern Indonesia. Intervention on these factors should be done so convergence process can be accelerated. Lag labour productivity, restricted physical capital stock, restricted human capital stock, total trade, and real wage have positive effect on aggregate labour productivity in Indonesia. Furthermore, lag labour productivity, physical capital stock, human capital stock, total trade, and real wage have positive effect while the depreciation rate has negative impact on agriculture and manufacturing sector labour productivity in Indonesia. Although government must implement fair policies to all people to prevent the emergence of social jealousy related to disparity problem, government should prioritize to overcome labour productivity disparity in Eastern Indonesia than in Western Indonesia due to the disparity condition which is worse in Eastern Indonesia both in aggregate, in agriculture, and manufacturing sectors. Intervention should focus on provinces with lower labour productivity so that their
Keyword: labour productivity disparity, agriculture, manufacturing, dynamic panel

Judul: Photosensor producing based on ferroelectric material of Ba0,5Sr0,5TiO3 doped by Ferrium Oxide (Fe2O3) on a P-Type Silicon Substate Si (100) applied as a digital camera with a single pixel image sensor
Abstrak: Thin film Ba0,5Sr0,5TiO3 (BST) doped with Fe2O3 was grown on p-type silicon substrate (100) using chemical solution deposition (CSD). It used the solvent 2-methoxyethanol with annealing temperature of 850°C and the doping treatment Fe2O3 of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 % of the mass formed BST. Pure BST had the highest absorption of 600 nm of light wavelength. Additions Fe2O3 moves highest absorption in the range of 560 nm. Fe2O3 addition was strengthening thin film sensitivity to the effects of light. In general, doping Fe2O3 10% was result the best absorbance and current-voltage of BST thin film. Electrical properties of thin films BST include dielectric, photoconductivity, and dissipation energy. Based on the current-voltage (I-V) analysis, pure BST and doped BST showed photodiode properties. Dielectric values obtained in the range from 23.32 to 243. Based on electrical conductivity data and energy dissipation, BST thin films have shown photodiode characteristics and are therefore suitable as light sensors. The image sensor in a digital camera is also a light sensor. This BST thin film has been scientifically proven to be a light sensor and also it can be applied as an image sensor. This is a novelty image sensor based on thin film Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3.
Keyword: barium strontium titanate, thin film, photodiode, image sensor, digital camera