Judul: Pemurnian dan Karakterisasi Protease Ekstraseluler Isolat Bakteri Termofilik GP-04
Abstrak: A gram positive, rod-shaped, and aerobic thermophilic bacterium, designated as GP-04, was isolated from Gunung Pancar hot spring, near Bogor, West Java. Based on approximately 400 bases both 5 frames regions and 3 frames ends DNA sequences of 16s-rRNA gene, the isolate is determined to be closely related ± 90%) to Bacillus caldovelox. The isolate, produced significant amount of extracellular protease when grown in a modified Thermophilic Bacillus medium pH 7,O at 6s°C for 16 h in a batch mode fermentation. Crude protease was purified using 30% ammonium sulphate precipitation and column chromatography using Sephadex G-25 followed by DEAESephadex A-50.
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Judul: Isolasi Bakteri Termofil Penghasil Enzim Hidrolitik Ekstraseluler dari Sumber Air Panas Gunung Pancar
Abstrak: Delapan belas bakteri termofil aerob diisolasi dari sampel sumber air panas Gunung Pancar dengan kondisi kultivasi 70°C dan pH 7.5 pada media agar-agar Luria yang dimodifikasi (LA modifikasi). Isolat-isolat tersebut terdeteksi mempunyai aktivitas hidrolitik (proteolitik, amilolitik, kitinolitik, xilanolitik, dan lipolitik) terhadap makromolekul yang disuplementasikan pad a media LA modifikasi. Enam belas isolat tersebut menunjukkan ciri-ciri genus Bacillus, sedangkan dua isolat lainnya menunjukkan ciri-ciri Thermus. Aktivitas proteolitik dari empat isolat (GP-O I, GP-04, GI'-06, dan GI'-\ 0) tampak cukup besar pada media agar-agar susu skim. tetapi aktivitasnya rendah pada media cair, yakni hanya 0,05-0,37 unit per ml ekstrak kasar enzim. Suhu optimum aktivitas keempat protease tersebut ialah 70°C (GP-O \. GP-06, GP- 10) dan 80°C (GP- 04), sedangkan pH optimumnya ialah 7,5 (GP-O\. GI'-06, GP-IO) dan 8,5 (GP-04). Waktu paruh protease GP-04 dan GP-IO lebih dari 7,5 jam. pada suhu inkubasi 70°C. Amilase isolat GP-15 yang mirip dengan B-amilase beraktivitas optimum pada suhu 90°C, pH 8,5, dengan waktu paruhnya lebih dari 7,5 jam pada suhu inkubasi 70°C.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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