Judul: Vocal Communication of Wild Crested Macaque (Macaca nigra).
Abstrak: Communication is an important aspect in the life of primates. In general, communication in primates involves the visual, auditory, and olfactory system. However, the vocal communication is an effective mode of communication since it may reach further than any other mode, especially for primates living in the forest habitat. Communication has important roles for the social life of primates such as individual or group identity, providing information of the presence of food and predators, and facilitating social interactions in primate social groups. This research was carried out on wild Macaca nigra, which is one of the seven macaque species endemic to Sulawesi. The species is characterised by a high level of social tolerance. Vocal communication studies on tolerant species are very limited compared to other, more despotic macaque species. The purpose of this study was to determine the variation of vocalizations of M. nigra and the social contexts in which the calls are issued. This study aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the complex social communication of these macaques and indirectly, contributes to the conservation and management of it, both in the wild and in captivity. A total of 1369 call units were generated from 328 sequences of calls. The calls were categorized based on their acoustic structure and the contexts in which they were uttered. Descriptive statistics of the acoustic parameter measurements are presented. This study found 11 call types emitted by M. nigra. Based on the physical structure of acoustics, the calls are categorized as tonal calls, non-tonal calls and complex calls (combination of tonal and non-tonal parts). M. nigra emitted the calls in all five main social contexts: affiliation, group cohesion (incl. group movement), agonism, predation and mating behaviour, whereas the loud call was uttered in several different contexts including non-social one. The calls were emitted by all individual, except the calls during mating behaviour and loud calls. Females and males had distinct call structure and calling time during mating behaviour. The loud call was issued only by adult males. One of the vocalizations can be considered as discrete signals while the others calls show high degrees of grading into each other. The discrete signals include calls in the group cohesion. The graded call signals were issued in the context of affiliation, agonism, the presence of predators and calls related to sexual behaviour. The ability of receiver to assess various clues and the usage of multimodal by the sender would influence the individual’s response to the graded signals. As a tolerant species, M. nigra showed high variation of calls compared to other monkey species. The call variation differences were likely influenced by various factors such as the character of species, behaviour and habitats. Vocal communication data on the species M. nigra can complement the data supporting the taxonomic determination and conservation activities of the species. The calls might give information regarding the emotional state of animals, which is important in ecotourism activities and captive animal management.
Keyword: Macaca nigra, vocalization, graded, social context, conservation, species management

Judul: Identification of Male Status Based on Male Proximity Scores in Crested Macaques (Macaca nigra Desmarest 1822)
Abstrak: Crested macaque (Macaca nigra) is critically endangered species as categorized by International Union for Conservation of Nature. Consortship is a common strategy in primates living in multimale-multifemale (MM-MF) groups. Consorting has been shown to significantly increase reproductive success and reproductive skew of males. Current theory and these limited qualitative observations suggest the hypothesis that following functions as a means for males to gain access to fertile females. The aim of this study was to investigate consort and follower status based on quantitative observation. The study was carried out on free-ranging crested macaques living on two habituated groups. Males were classified as either “consort males,” “followers,” and “non-followers” based on proximity maintanance every 15 minute uses scan sampling. Tactics used by followers were classified: 1) individual challenge, 2) coalitionary challenge, 3) abandoned takeover, and 4) opportunistic takeover. The proportion of successful takeovers by followers was calculated by dividing the number of takeovers by followers by the total number of observed takeovers. High-ranking male in a freeranging group consorting females was most frequently before the day of detumescence. Two tactics were used by both follower and non follower. The proportion of successful takeovers by followers was calculated by dividing the number of takeovers by followers by the total number of observed takeovers. The proportion of followers is higher than average on D-5 and earlier, D-4, and D-3. Only two of the four consort takeover tactics were used by followers (Figure 2). For abandoned, which made up 40% of consort takeovers tactic used by followers. Individual tactic which made up 11.5% of consort takeover tactic. Overall, 25.4% of consort takeovers were executed by males who were followers of the targeted consortships. This study contributes to our understanding of alternative mating strategies by examining a little studied alternative mating strategy in primates. This study provide the first quantitative data demonstrating that following is an alternative mating strategy in crested macaque (Macaca nigra).
Keyword: consortship, dominance, alternative strategy, male proximity score, Macaca nigra

Judul: Pembuatan Film Tipis Cu2ZnSnS4 sebagai Lapisan Penyerap Cahaya pada Sel Surya Menggunakan Metode Elektrodeposisi
Abstrak: Thin film of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is an alternative semiconductor used as light absorber layer on solar cell. CZTS can replace silicon that commonly used as commercial semiconductor. The advantage of using CZTS as absorber layer is due to the abundance of its chemical composer on earth, and its high value of absorption coefficient. The absorber layer was made by using electrodeposition method on ITO glass substrates. The films were deposited at room temperature using potentiostatic mode with a potential of –1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes. After that, the films were annealed at two different temperatures, 180 ºC and 500 °C, for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, the polycrystalline thin film obtained fall into kesterite crystal phase. This type of crystal was obtained when the CZTS was annealed at 500 °C in H2S/N2 atmosphere. The value of optical band gap energy for the CZTS thin film was 2.2 eV with the film thickness about 1.228–6.366 μm. The sample of CZTS with electrodeposition time of 45 minutes and annealing temperature of 500 °C showed the best result and in conformity with absorber layers criteria for solar cells.
Keyword: semiconductor, ITO glass, CZTS thin film, electrodeposition