Judul: The Potential Use of Electric-Based Private Vehicles as an Effort to Control Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Bogor City
Abstrak: Pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim yang dihadapi masyarakat dunia merupakan akibat dari meningkatnya konsentrasi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) di atmosfer. Salah satu penyumbang terbesar emisi GRK ialah sektor transportasi, khususnya di wilayah perkotaan yang memiliki aktivitas transportasi yang sangat tinggi. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk menurunkan emisi GRK dari sektor ini diantaranya ialah dengan mengganti kendaraan berbahan bakar minyak dengan kendaraan listrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis minat masyarakat menggunakan kendaraan listrik dan menghitung potensi penurunan emisi GRK dari penggunaan kendaraan listrik. Pengumpulan data tentang minat masyarakat dilakukan melalui wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner dan dianalisis dengan model regresi logistik. Perhitungan emisi GRK menggunakan metode (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa minat untuk beralih ke kendaraan listrik dipengaruhi secara nyata oleh usia dan besar dukungan pemerintah terhadap penggunaan kendaraan listrik. Minat yang tinggi untuk pindah ke kendaraan listrik adalah dari kelompok masyarakat berusia muda, dan ketersediaan infrastruktur pendukung seperti kemudahan akses tempat pengisian listrik dengan daya yang besar dan subsidi pemerintah yaitu keringanan pajak kendaraan. Saat ini rata-rata emisi karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan oleh kendaraan bermotor roda dua sebesar 12,40 kg/minggu, sementara mobil 38,87 kg/minggu. Potensi penurunan emisi dari penggunaan kendaraan listrik di Kota Bogor dapat mencapai 65%., Global warming and climate change faced by global community is caused by the increase of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) in the atmosphere. One of the most significant contributors to GHG emissions is the transportation sector, especially in urban areas with high transportation activities. One of the efforts to reduce GHG emissions from this sector is to replace oil-fueled vehicles with electric vehicles. This study aims to analyze public interest in using electric vehicles and to calculate the potential emission reduction from the use of electric vehicles. Data on public interest is collected through interviews using questionnaires and analyzed using logistic regression. The calculation of GHG emissions used the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Tier 2 method. The results showed that the public interest to move to electric vehicles is significantly influenced by age and government supports. The high interest to move to electric vehicles is from young people, and availability of supporting infrastructure such as easy access to electric charging points with large power and government subsidies, namely vehicle tax breaks. At present, average carbon dioxide emissions produced by motor vehicles amounted to 12,40 kg/week, while cars were 38,87 kg/week. The potential emission reduction from the use of electric vehicles in Bogor City can reach 65%.
Keyword: transportasi, IPCC Tier 2, emisi kendaraan, regresi logistik, analisis skenario

Judul: Behavioral Economic of Communities on Utilizing Online Transportation and the Impact on CO2 Emissions in Bogor City
Abstrak: In general, the higher the level of economic activities and the number of population, the greater the needs for convenient transportation. The increasing public demand for accessibility, and on time as well as rapid public transportation lead to the development of online transportation services in Indonesia. Online transportation services can be found in almost all regions in Indonesia, including in Bogor City. Beside popular as public transportation for travel, online transportation services are also used by communites to fulfill their daily needs, such as purchasing food and delivering goods. The increasing of online transportation services used will induce to the escalation of online trasportation trips which then can provide negative externalities to the environment. Based on these problems, the objectives of this study are: 1) to analyze the economic behavior of the vehicle owners in Bogor City in the use of transportation, including online transportation; 2) estimate the impact of online transportation use on CO2 emissions in Bogor City. The sampling technique used for this study is accidental sampling. The data obtained is thus analyzed with agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), correspondent analysis, multinomial logistic regression, and Tier-1 method based on IPCC 2006. Based on the results, there are several driving factors that can increase the opportunities of using personal transportation including online transportation on weekdays, i.e. safety reason and the number of private vehicles owned, and the reason for weekends are the convenience of transportation modes, time considering and number of private vehicles owned. Online transportation services are also used by the communities for ordering food. This because people already have private vehicles for mobility, and use of online transportation services for ordering food is considered very easy. Based on the number of online transportations i.e 121,188 units/day, and the use of BBM from online transportation i.e., 2.46 liters/day, then CO2 emissions resulted could reach 242,712.36 tonnes/year., Peningkatan aktivitas perekonomian dan aktivitas masyarakat di Kota Bogor diiringi dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan transportasi untuk kemudahan mobilisasi. Adanya peningkatan permintaan masyarakat untuk transportasi umum yang cepat, mudah diakses, dan tepat waktu menjadi salah satu pendorong berkembangnya jasa transportasi online di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia, termasuk di Kota Bogor. Selain untuk memenuhi kebutuhan perjalanan menuju destinasi tujuan, jasa transportasi online juga dimanfaatkan masyarakat untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan sehari-hari, seperti pembelian makanan dan pengantaran barang. Peningkatan akses penggunaan jasa transportasi online ini tentunya juga akan berdampak pada tingginya jumlah perjalanan kendaraan yang dapat memberikan eksternalitas negatif terhadap lingkungan, seperti pencemaran udara. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1) menganalisis perilaku ekonomi masyarakat dalam penggunaan transportasi, terutama jasa transportasi online di Kota Bogor; dan 2) mengestimasi dampak penggunaan transportasi online terhadap emisi CO2 di Kota Bogor. Teknik penentuan responden dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode accidental sampling. Data survei dianalisis dengan metode agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC), analisis koresponden, regresi logistik multinomial, dan dengan metode Tier-1 berdasarkan IPCC 2006. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, diketahui faktor pendorong yang dapat meningkatkan peluang masyarakat dalam menggunakan transportasi yang bersifat personal, termasuk transportasi online pada hari kerja yaitu alasan keamanan dalam menggunakan moda transportasi dan jumlah kendaraan pribadi yang dimiliki. Sedangkan faktor pendorong yang dapat
Keyword: Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering (AHC), Behavioral economic, Multinomial logistic regression, Tier-1

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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