Judul: Identifikasi dan Seleksi Jamur Pelapuk Kayu Yang Toleran Terhadap Kreosot
Abstrak: Kreosot secara luas digunakan sebagai pengawet kayu sejak tahun 1865. Kreosot efektif menghambat pertumbuhan bcrbagai organismc perusak kayu. Namun, senyawa hidrokarbon aromatik polisiklik (HAP) yang terkandung di dalam kreosot merupakan polutan lingkungan dan umumnya bersifat sitotoksik, mutagenik. dan beberapa kasus karsinogenik. Pada saat ini ada beberapa organisme yang dapat mendegradasi senyawa HAP, terutama jamur pelapuk kayu (JPK), sepeni Lentinus lepideus. Pacla penelitian im dilakukan skrining JPK yang toleran terhadap kreosot. Jamur pelapuk kayu yang diuji toieransinya diperoleh dati berbagai lokasi. yaitu Kebun Raya Bogor, Kampus IPS Baranangsiang, daerah sekitar Baranangsiang. dan Taman Nasional Pangrango. Cibodas.
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Judul: Pengamatan lapang jamur pelapuk kayu di areal bekas kebakaran hutan : Studi kasus di HPH PT Maandau Abadi, Propinsi Riau
Abstrak: Kebakaran hutan merupakan salah satu ancaman yang besar bagi kelestarian hutan bila hutan tidak dipelihara dan dilindungi secara benar. Bahaya kerusakan akibat kebakaran hutan terutama terhadap pohon atau tegakan, dapat mengakibatkan adanya pelukaan yang akan menyebabkan pertumbuhan pohon terganggu serta memudahkan hama dan penyakit berkembang. Hadi (1992) menyatakan bahwa jamur merupakan kelompok jasad paling utama yang menyebabkan pohon-pohon hutan menjadi sakit bila dibandingkan dengan bakteri, virus, mikoplasma atau nematoda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis jamur pelapuk kayu yang berkembang di areal bekas kebakaran hutan dan faktor-faktor fisik lingkungan yang mendukung pertumbuhan dan perkembangan jamur pelapuk kayu di lokasi penelitian. Penelitian dilaksanakan di areal bekas kebakaran hutan dan di areal hutan yang tidak terbakar pada bulan April sampai bulan Mei 1998. Pengumpulan jamur pelapuk kayu dilakukan dengan cara sensus yaitu mengambil setiap jenis jamur makrofungi yaitu jamur pelapuk kayu yang mempunyai tubuh buah yang dapat dilihat secara makroskopis di lapangan. Pengukuran kondisi fisik lingkungan (suhu udara, kelembaban relatif dan kadar air substrat) dilaksanakan di sekitar tempat tumbuh jamur baik di areal bekas kebakaran hutan maupun di areal hutan yang tidak terbakar.
Keyword: Fungicides

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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