Judul: Optimasi Biosintesis Nanopartikel Perak oleh Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus
Abstrak: Nanopartikel perak banyak dimanfaatkan di bidang kesehatan dan industri, misalnya sebagai antibakteri, antifungi, antivirus, antiinflamasi, deteksi apoptosis dan terapi kanker. Biosintesis nanopartikel perak dengan menggunakan mikroorganisme mulai dikembangkan karena bersifat ramah lingkungan, non toksik, murah, dan mudah. Kontrol distribusi ukuran partikel selama sintesis merupakan kriteria yang penting dalam biosintesis nanopartikel perak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan optimasi biosintesis nanopartikel perak dengan variasi waktu inkubasi kultur, suhu reaksi biosintesis nanopartikel perak dan pH. Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp.bulgaricus ditumbuhkan pada media Mann Rogose and Sharp cair pada suhu 42 oC dan agitasi 150 rpm dengan variasi waktu inkubasi 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, dan 72 jam. Optimasi suhu reaksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan variasi suhu 28, 40, 50 dan 60 oC. Optimasi pH dilakukan dengan menggunakan variasi pH 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 dan 8.0. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh perbedaan lama inkubasi bakteri terhadap biosintesis nanopartikel perak. Optimasi biosintesis nanopartikel perak diperoleh pada suhu reaksi 60 oC dengan ukuran nanopartikel perak 2.1 nm dan pH 8.0 dengan ukuran nanopartikel perak 8.3 nm.
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Judul: Pemanfaatan Metabolit Ekstraseluler Lactobacillus delbrueckii Subsp. bulgaricus dalam Pembentukan Nanopartikel Perak
Abstrak: The Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using microorganisms as well as metabolites have been developed with consideration of the hazardous waste free environment. The objective of this research was to biosynthesis the silver nanoparticles with the extracellular metabolites of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) being reduced on the extracellular level with help of de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) medium which contained with metabolism compound product of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus which then formed the silver nanoparticles as a metal. The existence of silver nanoparticles inside the MRS medium was detected by UV-Vis that based on specific absorption spectrum of silver nanoparticles on the 400 nm wavelength. The Analysis of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) showed that there were organic components that plays role in the silver nanoparticles formation. The protein reductor of AgNO3 ions was presumed to be the organic component that contained in the metabolites of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and plays role in the formation of silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, particle size analysis provides the information about the average size of the formed silver nanoparticles, that was equal to 2.7 nm
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite