Judul: Pengaruh Sektor Industri Manufaktur Terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan Tingkat Provinsi di Indonesia
Abstrak: Pembangunan ekonomi merupakan proses yang dilakukan suatu negara untuk mencapai kesejahteraan masyarakat. Pada proses pembangunan ekonomi di Indonesia terjadi perubahan struktur ekonomi di mana sektor industri manufaktur menjadi sektor penyumbang PDB Indonesia terbesar. Namun, dalam proses pembangunan ekonomi juga terdapat permasalahan ketimpangan pendapatan tingkat provinsi di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh sektor industri manufaktur dan faktor-faktor lainnya terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan tingkat provinsi di Indonesia dalam periode 2017-2021. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah regresi data panel dengan menggunakan Fixed Effect Model (FEM). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa PDRB sektor industri manufaktur, Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM), dan Indeks Pembangunan TIK (IP-TIK) berpengaruh negatif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Variabel jumlah penduduk berpengaruh positif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan, sedangkan Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan tingkat provinsi di Indonesia., Economic development is a process carried out by a country to achieve social welfare. In the process of economic development in Indonesia, there has been a change in the economic structure where the manufacturing sector has become one of the leading sectors contributing to Indonesia's GDP. However, in the process of economic development, there are problems with income inequality between regions in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the impact of the manufacturing sector and other factors on provincial level income inequality in Indonesia during the period 2017–2021. The method of this research was panel data regression using the Fixed Effect Model (FEM). The results indicate that the share of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) from the manufacturing sector, the Human Development Index (HDI), and the ICT Development Index have a significant negative effect on income inequality in Indonesia. The population has a significant positive effect on income inequality. On the other hand, the number of Foreign Direct investments (FDI) has no significant effect on income inequality in Indonesia.
Keyword: manufacturing sector, panel data, provincial level of income  inequality

Judul: The Effect of Trade Openness on Provincial Income Inequality in Indonesia
Abstrak: Hingga saat ini masih ada perbedaan pendapat pada penelitian-penelitian terdahulu mengenai pengaruh dari keterbukaan perdagangan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan secara nasional, khususnya pada negara yang sedang berkembang seperti Indonesia yang tingkat ketimpangannya masih tidak stabil dan cukup tinggi. Keterbukaan perdagangan dapat berpengaruh dengan sangat berbeda pada tingkat regional di Indonesia dengan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh keterbukaan perdagangan dan variabel lainnya terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan pada tingkat provinsi di Indonesia dengan menggunakan analisis data panel pada 34 provinsi periode 2015-2019. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa keterbukaan perdagangan, penanaman modal asing, rasio PDRB sektor pertambangan dan penggalian, dan rasio elektrifikasi secara signifikan meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan di tingkat provinsi Indonesia. Sedangkan PDRB per kapita berpengaruh signifikan menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan pada tingkat provinsi di Indonesia. Tingkat pengangguran terbuka tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan., Until now, there are still differences of opinion in previous studies regarding the effect of trade openness on national income inequality, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia, where the level of inequality is still unstable and quite high. Trade openness can have very different effects at the regional level in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of trade openness and other variables that influence income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia by using panel data analysis in 34 provinces for the 2015-2019 period. The estimation results show that trade openness, foreign direct investment, GRDP ratio of the mining and quarrying sector, and electrification ratio significantly increase income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia. Meanwhile, GRDP per capita has a significant effect on reducing income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia. Open Unemployment Rate has no significant effect on income inequality.
Keyword: panel data, provincial income inequality, provincial trade openness

Judul: Biology Of Columbia Lance Nematode (Hoplolaimus Columbus Sher) On Soybean Excised Root Culture
Abstrak: S. Supramana, S. A. Lewis,.J. D. Mueller, B. A. Fortnum, and R. E. Ballard. 2001. Biology of Columbia lance nematod. ~ (Hoplolaimus columbus Sher) on soybean excised root culture. Nematropica 31 :283-2~)O. Feeding, egg development and oviposition, embryology, and postembtyonic development or Hoplolaimus col'lmbuswere observed on soybean (cultivar Hutcheson) excised root culture in Gam borg's B5 medium (pH 5.7,1.3% agar). Petri plate sterile cultures were placed inverted on a heated microscope stage (30°C) and observations were conducted using a color video camera and a time lapse digital videoca:;sette recorder. Oocytes were obsetved in each gonad 38 hours after feeding commenced and all egg possessing a terminal stalk was laid 96 hours later. Eggs were deposited it, the one-celled stag~ and a total of 217 hours (9 days) was required for a"newly laid egg to develop into a hatching second-stage juvenile at 30°C. Postembryonic development consisted of threejuvenile stages and an adult female with prior feeding occurring before molts and oviposition. The nematode fed ectoparasiticallyon the subepidermal cells and endoparasitically in the cortex and outer vascular tissue and remained at the infection site for 2·9 days. Key words: Columbia lance nematode, embryology, excised root culture, feeding behavior, HOfilo{aimus columbus, life cycle, oviposition, postembryonic development, soybean.
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