Judul: Dampak pengeluaran pemerintahan terhadap pertumbuhan dan distribusi pendapatan di sumatera utara
Abstrak: Desentralisasi fiskal yang ditandai oleh pemberian kewenangan yang lebih besar kepada daerah untuk mengelola sendiri daerahnya dan meningkatnya dana anggaran ke daerah sebagai wujud adanya desentralisasi fiskal. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis: (1) dampak pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap sektor produksi, institusi rumah tangga, dan nilai tambah faktor produksi, (2) distribusi pendapatan antar rumah tangga, (3) keterkaitan antar sektor, (4) jalur struktural sektor pemerintahan, dan (5) simulasi kebijakan. Model yang digunakan adalah Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi (SNSE) dalam bentuk matriks 53 x 53 sektor dan menggunakan data sekunder yang bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik dan instansi lainnya. Hasil analisis pengganda menunjukkan bahwa setelah desentralisasi fiskal pengeluaran pemerintah memberikan dampak yang lebih besar terhadap sektor produksi, institusi rumah tangga, dan nilai tambah faktor produksi dibandingkan sebelum desentralisasi fiskal. Distribusi pendapatan menunjukkan terjadinya pengurangan ketimpangan pendapatan diantara golongan rumah tangga setelah desentralisasi fiskal. Keterkaitan antar sektor menunjukkan keterkaitan kedepan sektor pemerintahan lebih besar dibandingkan keterkaitan kebelakang. Analisis jaringan struktural pada sektor pemerintahan menunjukkan jalur melalui faktor produksi tenaga kerja memperoleh dampak yang lebih besar terhadap golongan rumah tangga dibandingkan melalui jalur modal. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran rutin, pembangunan dan dana dekonsentrasi memberikan dampak positif terhadap sektor produksi, institusi rumah tangga, dan nilai tambah faktor produksi. Artinya, peningkatan pengeluaran pemerintah diikuti oleh peningkatan kinerja perekonomian daerah. Simulasi peningkatan pengeluaran pembangunan pemerintah dan investasi swasta (investasi) untuk sektor tanaman bahan makanan memberikan dampak terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan sekaligus pemerataan pendapatan atau pro growth with equity. Simulasi peningkatan investasi untuk sektor perkebunan memberikan dampak terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, tetapi belum memberikan pemerataan pendapatan antar rumah tangga. Simulasi peningkatan investasi untuk sektor perikanan memberikan dampak terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi yang rendah, dan belum mampu menjadikan sektor ini sebagai salah satu tulangpunggung perekonomian. Simulasi subsidi langsung tunai ke rumah tangga miskin memberikan dampak peningkatkan pendapatan rumah tangga miskin dan pertumbuhan ekonomi atau pro poor growth.
Keyword: Government expenditure, Economic growth, Fiscal decentralization, Income distribution, SAM, Linkage between sectors, Structural path

Judul: Dampak desentralisasi fiskal terhadap kinerja perekonomian daerah Kabupaten dan Kota di Provinsi Sumatera Utara: suatu pendekatan ekonometrika
Abstrak: The history of economic development has shown that New Order built the strong governmental within the political stability as it is a necessary condition to accelerate development in all sectors especially in economic sector. In term of political stability, the government built the centralized political and governmental structure. However, the centralized development couldnot fairly distribute the output of development. The development was dominated by central region. Moreover, in provincial region, development was concentrated in its city, only few in some districts, besides that, there is not a fairly distributed between district. Disparity of economic development already pushed the regional autonomy movement. The movement accomodated by Government and Representatives by issues the Law No.22 Year 1999 and Law No.25 Year 1999. The research objectives are (1) to describe the fiscal performance before and after fiscal decentralization policy (2) to analyze the factors which influence districts and municipalities fiscal and economy performance (3) to evaluate the impact of fiscal decentralization policy and changes of non fiscal variable on district and municipalities fiscal and economy performance, and (4) to forecast the impact of fiscal decentralization on districts and municipalities fiscal and economy performance in 2006-2008 . Constructed North Sumatera’s Fiscal decentralization Econometric Model consists of three blocks that is (1) distric fiscal block (2) invesment and infrastructure block, and, (3) economic performance block. Using pool data (cross section 17 districts, and municipalities and time series 1990-2003). Model is estimated by 2SLS (two stage least squares) method, SYSLIN procedure and historical simulation and forecasting by SIMNLIN procedure. The research concludes that (1) districts and municipalities sources before and after fiscal decentralization policy are dominated by central government equalization transfer fund (2) the central government equalization transfer is determined by level of economy, social and physical condition of the districts and municipalities, on the other hand the income level and job opportunities are influenced by the degree of investment certainty and wage level (3) the increase General Transfer Fund (Dana Alokasi Umum) to the districts and municipalities has raised the level of income, job opportunities and distribution of income (especially in the districts), and (4) the increase of General Transfer Fund (Dana Alokasi Umum) in the future will be expected rise up the government revenue and expenditure, income, job opportunities and distribution of income (especially in districts). Policy Implications are (1) the government should reduce the routine expenditure and allocate them to be development expenditure because it results in region fiscal and economic performance positively (2) the government should managed wage policy properly and carefully, because inappropriate wage policy will cause to most of fiscal and economic performance, and (3) should decrease transaction cost in order to alleviate fiscal deficit and the central government should relocate higger revenue source to the region.
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Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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