Judul: Premium and Expense-Augmented Reserve for Contingent Life Insurance using Gamma-Gompertz Mortality Law
Abstrak: Produk asuransi jiwa contingent menawarkan uang pertanggungan ketika peristiwa yang disepakati dalam polis terjadi sesuai dengan urutan yang ditentukan. Dalam karya ilmiah ini, produk asuransi jiwa contingent dibeli oleh pasangan suami istri di usia pernikahan tertentu dengan uang pertanggungan yang akan dibayarkan saat suami atau istri terlebih dahulu meninggal. Hukum mortalitas Gamma-Gompertz digunakan untuk memodelkan kelangsungan hidup pasangan suami istri di Indonesia yang diasumsikan saling bebas. Premi asuransi contingent dibayarkan setiap tahun selama keduanya hidup. Penghitungan premi kotor menggunakan prinsip kesetaraan menghasilkan nilai premi yang meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya usia pernikahan saat asuransi dibeli. Peningkatan yang terjadi lebih signifikan pada produk asuransi contingent suami terlebih dahulu meninggal. Pada beberapa skenario usia pernikahan saat pembelian asuransi, terdapat cadangan manfaat-biaya yang harus dimiliki oleh perusahaan asuransi. Penghitungan cadangan menggunakan metode prospektif menghasilkan nilai cadangan yang meningkat untuk setiap tahun valuasi. Setiap tahunnya, peningkatan terjadi lebih cepat pada produk asuransi contingent suami meninggal terlebih dahulu., Contingent life insurance products provide the sum insured if the events stipulated in the policy occur in the order specified. In this scientific study, married couples purchase contingent life insurance products at a certain age of marriage, with the sum insured payable if either the husband or wife dies first. The Gamma-Gompertz mortality law is utilized to model the survival of assumedly independent married couples in Indonesia. The contingent insurance premium is paid annually for as long as both parties remain alive. Using the equivalence principle to calculate the gross premium results in a premium increase as the age of marriage increases at the time of insurance purchase. The increase is greater for contingent insurance products in which the husband dies first. In certain circumstances of marriage age at the time of insurance purchase, the insurance company must hold expense-augmented reserves. Calculating reserves using the prospective method yields a reserve value that increases for each valuation year. The contingent insurance in which the husband dies first increases at a greater rate each valuation year.
Keyword: contingent life insurance, expense-augmented reserve, Gamma-Gompertz mortality law, gross premium, married couple

Judul: Determination of Premium and Reserve Benefits of Term Life Insurance for Three Insureds with Combined Joint Life and Last Survivor Status
Abstrak: Asuransi jiwa berjangka adalah pertanggungan atas risiko meninggalnya peserta asuransi dalam jangka waktu tertentu. Asuransi jiwa multi life dengan status joint life memberikan santunan saat kematian pertama pada kelompok peserta, sedangkan status last survivor memberikan santunan saat kematian terakhir pada kelompok peserta. Karya ilmiah ini membahas tentang penentuan peluang kegagalan status, premi bersih tahunan, dan cadangan manfaat asuransi dengan menggunakan metode prospektif pada asuransi jiwa berjangka untuk suami, istri, dan anak laki-laki dengan status joint life antara anak laki-laki dengan status last survivor pasangan suami istri. Perhitungan dilakukan dengan beberapa skenario berdasarkan usia mulai asuransi dan masa pertanggungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peluang kegagalan status menurun ketika anak masih sangat muda dan meningkat setelahnya. Besar premi bersih tahunan menurun untuk beberapa skenario dengan usia awal termuda dan meningkat setelahnya. Nilai cadangan pada awal dan akhir kontrak bernilai nol, namun beberapa skenario memiliki cadangan negatif., Term life insurance is coverage for the risk of death of insurance participants within a certain period of time. Multi life insurance with joint life status provides compensation at the first death of the group of participants, while the last survivor status provides compensation at the last death of the group of participants. This scientific work discusses the determination of failure probability, annual net premium, and insurance benefit reserve using the prospective method in term life insurance for husband, wife, and son with joint life status between son and last survivor status of husband and wife. The calculation is done with several scenarios based on the starting age of insurance and the coverage period. The results show that the probability of failure status decreases when the child is very young and increases thereafter. The annual net premium decreases for scenarios with the youngest starting age and increases thereafter. The reserve value at the beginning and end of the contract is zero, but some scenarios have negative reserves.
Keyword: combined joint life and last survivor, insurance, premium, reserves

Judul: Heterologous Expression Of Endo-Β-Xylanase From Bacillus Pumilus Strain Bcrs-01 In Escherichia Coli.
Abstrak: Xylanases are glycoside hydrolase family 11 which depolymerise xylan in the plant cell wall, the most excessive form of hemicellulose. Endo-β-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are most important to breakdown β-1,4-glicoside bond of xylan to produce disaccaride xyloolygosaccaride (XOs) and xylose (monomer). Bovine rumen fluids have potential to obtain endo-β-xylanase produced of bacteria. The objectives of this study were to obtain xylanase producing bacteria and to express xynA gene encoding endo-β-xylanase from bacterium in Escherichia coli. Twenty nine isolate bacteria have been succesfully isolated from bovine rumen fluid in agar medium containing birchwood xylan. Isolate BCRS-01 bacterium was previously screened for the high production of xylanase. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, BCRS-01 showed high similarity (99%) to Bacillus pumilus (accession number NR043241). The crude xylanase had optimal activity at 55oC, pH 7.0. Furthermore, the crude xylanase exhibited broad pH stability from 4.0 to 10.0 and remained more than 60% and 40% of its activity after incubation at pH 4.0 until 10.0, respectively for 60 min. It also showed a stability at temperature 25-50oC since it retained 80% and 50% of its activity when incubated at 50oC or 30 and 60 min, respectively. The xylanase activity was strongly inhibited by Ca2+ and Cu2+ at concentration 10 mM, and as little as 1 mM for Mn2+. Therefore, this xylanase has potentially used as additive feeds in animal feed industry. The DNA sequence xynA gene encoded endo-β-xylanase was amplified and cloned into the expression vector pET-15by under the control of T7 promoter. The recombinant protein had succesfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. A protein recombinant of approximately, 26.7 kDa was observed on the SDS-PAGE analysis. Crude extract of recombinant endo-β-xylanase demonstrated activity of enzyme at 56 U mL-1 using birchwood xylan as a substrate at 55oC for 10 min.
Keyword: Bacillus pumilus, bovine rumen fluid, endo-β-xylanase, heterologous expression.