Judul: Aktivitas protease dan kandungan asam laktat pada yoghurt yang dimodifikasi Bifidobacterium bifidum
Abstrak: Yoghurt merupakan minuman hasil fermentasi dari susu murni. Yoghurt probiotik merupakan salah satu produk pangan fungsional melalui penambahan bakteri probiotik seperti B. bifidum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur aktivitas protease dan kandungan asam laktat pada yoghurt yang dibubuhi B. bifidum. Parameter yoghurt yang dimodifikasi dengan B. bifidum adalah kadar asam laktat dan aktivitas protease selama dua puluh lima hari penyimpanan. Kadar asam laktat diukur dengan metode titrasi asam basa, sedangkan aktivitas protease diukur dengan metode modifikasi Lowry. Yoghurt diuji tingkat penerimaannya oleh konsumen dengan uji organoleptik.
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Judul: Aktivitas protease dan kandungan asam laktat pada yoghurt yang dimodifikasi Bifidobacterium bifidum dan diinokulasi pseudomonas fluorescens
Abstrak: Main health benefical related to yoghurt is its ability to improve lactose digestion and to control the pathogenic bacteria in digestion tract. This benefical health is threatened by natural existence of contaminant in milk especially P. fluorescens, that reduces shelf life of milk. The aim of this research is to determine the antagonistic nature of B. bifidum in inhibiting growth P. fluorescens and the effect of B. bifidum on protease activity and lactic acid content of yoghurt inoculated by P. fluorescens. Antagonism test of B. bifidum to P. fluorescens is conducted using turbidimetric method. Total titratable acid was measured to determine the percentage of lactic acid content by using acid base titration principle. Protease activity was measured with modification of Lowry method. The result of antagonism test showed that B. bifidum can inhibit P. fluorescens with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2%. Lactic acid content of yoghurt with formula 1:1:0, 1:1:0.5, 1:1:1, and 1:1:1.5 on 0 day was 0.3747%, 0.3654%, 0.3732%, and 0.347% respectively and then increased during 25 day storage to 0.5709%, 0.5202%, 0.6638%, and 0.5945% respectively. Addition of B. bifidum decreased protease activity indicated by less protease activity of yoghurt modified by B. bifidum till 15 day storage compared to yoghurt without B. bifidum.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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