Judul: Effect of simulated ship transport on the susceptibility of the Green Mussel Perna viridis to heat stress
Abstrak: Pergerakan organisme dipengaruhi oleh penyebaran alami dan aktivitas manusia. Spesies yang terbawa memiliki sebaran yang melebihi distribusi batas normal oleh pengaruh tertentu (vector). Pergerakan organisme secara alami memiliki pergerakan yang terbatas. Spesies yang terbawa dapat mempengaruhi kerentanan pada stress yang baik disengaja maupun tidak disengaja. Spesies yang terbawa karena pengaruh alam seperti organisme yang bergerak akibat pergerakan arus dan beberapa organisme ada yang dapat bermigrasi ke area yang lain yang dapat melalui pergerakan arus; spesies yang terbawa akibat pengaruh aktivitas manusia baik disengaja seperti perdagangan ikan hias, aktivitas budidaya atau kegiatan manusia yang tidak disengaja seperti masukan air ballast dalam kapal (Baker et al. 2007). Air ballast digunakan untuk menjaga keseimbangan kapal dan beberapa organisme memiliki kemampuan untuk menempel pada permukaan atau dinding dari tanki air ballast kapal tersebut (Mead et al., 2011). Pada umumnya spesies yang terbawa oleh kapal sering terjadi dan ini terkait dengan padatnya aktivitas perjalanan kapal kargo yang ukurannya lebih dari 10.000 GT selama tahun 2007 (Kaluza et al., 2010). Menurut data dari Global cargo ship network (GCSN), pergerakan kapal mencapai lebih dari 80% yang membawa barang-barang ke seluruh dunia. Masalahnya bahwa pergerakan kapal ini tidak hanya membawa barang-barang, akan tetapi juga membawa organisme yang ada dalam badan atau tanki air ballast kapal (Kölzsch and Blasius, 2011). Pertanyaannya adalah apa yang terjadi pada spesies yang terbawa selama transportasi kapal? Spesies yang terbawa terdapat berbagai mekanisme (vector) yang tersedia untuk membawa organisme yang bersifat invasi akibat pengaruh perjalanan kapal dan menyebar dalam jumlah yang besar; akan tetapi hanya dalam jumlah kecil yang dapat bertahan dan menjadi pesaing (competitor) dengan spesies asli dalam mendapatkan makanan di lingkungan yang baru, sehingga ini disebut sebagai spesies yang invasif (invasive species). Spesies yang berinvasif dianggap sebagai spesies pendatang atau tidak asli yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan ekosistem, sehingga berdampak pada perekonomian setempat, dan juga kesehatan masyarakat (Bax et al., 2003; ISAC, 2006).
Keyword: Global cargo ship network (GCSN), Mussel Perna viridis, Brachidontes exustus and Perna viridis (Trinidad), Diplosoma listerianum and Didemnum vixellum (Wales)

Judul: Pengaruh simulasi transportasi kapal terhadap kerentanan Kerang Hijau Perna viridis pada stress suhu yang meningkat.
Abstrak: The introduced species are species which exceed their natural distribution limits (native range) by a certain mode of introduction (vector). Natural movements are responsible to limited extent. These introduction of a species could influence the susceptibility of a species to environmental stress no matter if introduced purposely or unpurposely. Introduction of species can happen caused by natural movement i.e. organism can movement influenced by current and some organism can migrate to one area to other area; and human activity either purposely i.e. aquarium trade, aquaculture or unpurposely such as accidentally through fouling on ship hulls (Baker et al., 2007). But dominant vector which have large contribution on species introduction is transport by ship hulls and ballast water tanks (Mead et al., 2011). Ballast water tank used to keep the balancing of the ship and some organism has ability to attach on the wall of ship hulls. Introduction species by ships mostly happened where a lot of traffic journey of cargo ship bigger than 10.000 GT during 2007 (Kaluza et al., 2010). Based on data from Global cargo ship network (GCSN), shipping moves over 80 % of the world the goods. The problem is that ships do not only bring the goods but also bring species in the ship hulls and ballast water tank (Kölzsch and Blasius, 2011). The question is what happened to transport condition? For introduction of species, there are a wide variety of transfer mechanisms (vectors) available for hitchhiking of marine invaders to travel and spread in large amount of individuals; but only small amount of individuals can be robust and act as competitors to get food supply in the new environment, it called invasive species. Marine invasive species are defined as non-native species that cause or are likely to cause harm to ecosystems, economies, and or public health (Bax et al., 2003; ISAC, 2006). Based on Lenz et al (2011), they compare native and non-native marine invertebrates regarding their tolerance to stress. Six Bivalve (native named first): Brachidontes exustus and Perna viridis (Trinidad), P. perna and Isognomon bicolor (Brazil), Saccostrea glomerata and Crassostrea gigas (New Zealand); two Ascidians: Diplosoma listerianum and Didemnum vixellum (Wales); and two Crustaceans: Gammarus zaddachi and G. tigrinus (Finland) has been investigated. They found that non native are more resistant towards environmental stress, such as desalination, warming and hypoxia, than taxonomically related and ecologically similar native species. Kleunen et al. (2010) said that tolerance towards abiotic stress is a key trait that determines the invasiveness of species. Furthermore, this was surprise and therefore pronounced differences in tolerant towards stress exist between different species. One possible explanation for this observation are adverse condition during transport, e.g. in the ship hulls and ballast water tanks of cargo vessels. The introduction of species more increased since past century (Mead et al., 2011), and needed mimicking ship transport to know whether that species can vii increase their tolerance during transport. The objective for this experiment is to investigate whether P. viridis can increase their tolerance during transport. The experimental approach have connection with simulated ship transport and be rather
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Judul: Sintesis dan Pencirian Natrium Titanat (Na2Ti2O4(OH)2) Berbahan Dasar Titanium Dioksida
Abstrak: TiO2 can be utilized as basic material for synthesis of sodium titanate (Na2Ti2O4(OH)2). This research was purposed to synthesize and characterize sodium titanate from TiO2 rutile powder as a basic material. Sodium titanate was synthesized by hydrothermal process at temperature 130 °C by mixing TiO2 rutile powder with 5 M and 10 M NaOH solution, then each was calcinated at temperature 700 °C. The energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that sodium titanate has been successfully synthesized. This result was also supported by functional group analysis with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrofotometer showing the existence of Ti-O-Na vibration band at 989.42 cm-1. The formation of sodium titanate was depend on the reaction condition such as temperature, reaction time, and NaOH concentration. Scanning electron microscope image indicated that sodium titanate synthesized at 130 °C in 20 hours reaction time with 10 M NaOH had crystal size of 99.37 nm.
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