Judul: Analysis of Indonesian Export Efficiency in the ASEAN Region,  Before and After the ASEAN Economic Community
Abstrak: Perdagangan internasional memiliki peran penting dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi di wilayah Association of South East Ation Nation (ASEAN). Integrasi perdagangan melalui kesepakatan ASEAN Economic Community memiliki keuntungan dapat menjangkau akses pasar yang lebih luas, mencapai tingkat efisiensi dan daya saing ekonomi yang lebih tinggi, serta penyerapan tenaga kerja yang lebih besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi efisiensi ekspor barang Indonesia ke 9 negara mitra dagang di kawasan ASEAN sebelum dan sesudah ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah stochastic frontier gravity model. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa variabel PDB riil negara mitra dagang, PDB riil Indonesia, populasi, dan trade openness berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap efisiensi ekspor. Sedangkan variabel jarak ekonomi memiliki pengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap efisiensi ekspor. Variabel riil exchange rate, landlocked, dan dummy AEC berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap efisiensi ekspor Indonesia. Nilai efisiensi ekspor Indonesia selama periode penelitian selalu mengalami penurunan. Negara mitra dagang yang memiliki nilai efisiensi diatas rata-rata efisiensi ASEAN adalah Filipina, Kamboja, Brunei, dan Myanmar. Sedangkan negara Laos, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand, dan Vietnam memiliki nilai efisiensi dibawah rata-rata ASEAN., International trade has an important role in economic growth of the Association of South East Nations (ASEAN). Trade integration through the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) agreement has the advantage of being able to reach wider market access, achieve higher levels of efficiency and economic competitiveness, as well as greater employment. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the efficiency of Indonesian goods exports to 9 trading partner countries in the ASEAN region before and after the ASEAN Economic 3 Community (AEC). The method used in this research is the stochastic frontier gravity model. The results of the analysis show that the variables of real GDP of trading partner countries, Indonesia's real GDP, population, and trade openness have a positive and significant effect on export efficiency. Meanwhile, the economic distance variable has a negative and significant effect on export efficiency. The real exchange rate, landlocked, and dummy AEC variables have a negative and insignificant effect on the efficiency of Indonesia's exports. The value of Indonesia's export efficiency during the study period has always decreased. Trading partner countries that have efficiency values above the ASEAN average efficiency are the Philippines, Cambodia, Brunei, and Myanmar. Meanwhile, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam have efficiency values below the ASEAN average.
Keyword: AEC, ASEAN, Efficiency, Export of goods, Stochastic frontier gravity model

Judul: Efficiency and Determinants of Export Inefficiency of Indonesia’s Five Largest Agricultural Commodities to Several ASEAN Countries
Abstrak: Perdagangan internasional memainkan peranan penting dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi ASEAN. Pembentukan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) merupakan salah satu upaya untuk peningkatan arus perdagangan internasional. Sektor pertanian menjadi sektor penting sebagai penyumbang surplus terhadap neraca perdagangan Indonesia dan mampu bertahan di tengah ketidakpastian global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis nilai efisiensi ekspor sebelum dan sesudah kesepakatan MEA serta determinan ekspor dan inefisiensi ekspor lima komoditas pertanian terbesar Indonesia ke beberapa negara ASEAN periode 2003-2022. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata efisiensi ekspor lima komoditas pertanian terbesar Indonesia setelah kesepakatan MEA sebesar 45,25 persen yakni turun 12,34 persen dari sebelum kesepakatan MEA. Variabel GDP riil Indonesia dan jarak ekonomi berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap ekspor pertanian Indonesia, sedangkan GDP riil mitra dagang berpengaruh positif dan signifikan. Secara rata-rata, variabel trade openness, nilai tukar riil, business freedom, government effectiveness, liner shipping connectivity index, dan dummy communication language berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap inefisiensi ekspor pertanian Indonesia, sedangkan tax burden dan dummy Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan., International trade played an important role in ASEAN economic growth. The establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) was one of the efforts to increase international trade flows. The agricultural sector was significant as a contributor to the surplus on Indonesia’s trade balance and managed to survive amid global uncertainty. This study aimed to analyze the value of export efficiency before and after the AEC agreement, as well as the determinants of export and export inefficiency for Indonesia’s five largest agricultural commodities to several ASEAN countries during the period 2003-2022. The method used in this study was the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model. The analysis results showed that the average value of export efficiency for Indonesia’s top five agricultural commodities after the AEC agreement was 45,25 percent, which decreased by 12,34 percent compared to before the AEC agreement. Indonesia’s real GDP and economic distance variables had a negative and significant effect on Indonesian agricultural exports, while the real GDP of trading partners had a positive and significant impact. On average, variables such as trade openness, real exchange rate, business freedom, government effectiveness, liner shipping connectivity index, and communication language dummy had a negative and significant effect on the inefficiency of Indonesia’s agricultural exports, while tax burden and the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) dummy variable had a positive and significant impact.
Keyword: ASEAN, Efisiensi ekspor, MEA, Model perbatasan stokastik, Pertanian

Judul: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Posphate
Abstrak: Biphasio calsium phosphate (BCP), which was a mixture of hydroxypatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP), was synthesized by hydrothermal method followed by sintering process. Hydroxyapatite was produced by using natural calcium source CaO from hen's eggshell and (NH4)2HPO4 as phosphate souce, other hydroxyapatite sample was produce by using synthetic calcium source Ca(OH) and H3PO4 as phosphate source.
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