Judul: THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF IRRAWADDY DOLPHIN (Orcaellabrevirostris) IN THE PELA RIVER AND LAKE SEMAYANG, EAST KALIMANTAN
Abstrak: Lumba-lumba Irrawaddy (Orcaella brevirostris) adalah spesies lumba- lumba kecil dengan populasi yang ditemukan di perairan pantai dangkal Indo- Pasifik tropis dan subtropis, tetapi juga di tiga sistem sungai besar: Mahakam di Indonesia, Ayeyarwady di Myanmar, dan Sungai Mekong yang melintasi Vietnam, Kamboja, dan Laos. Spesies ini secara morfologi mempunyai ciri kepala bulat dan leher fleksibel. Beberapa individu memiliki lipatan posterior di leher dan lekukan di punggung yang memanjang dari lipatan leher hingga sirip punggung. Spesies ini memiliki sirip punggung dengan berbagai bentuk berbeda seperti segitiga, melengkung, terbelah dan bengkok dan terletak sekitar 60% dari panjang tubuh hingga rahang atas. Siripnya memiliki ujung depan yang cembung dan berukuran relatif besar, menempati sekitar seperenam dari total panjang tubuh dan sekitar setengah lebar tubuh. Spesies lumba-lumba Sungai Mahakam terdaftar sebagai spesies yang terancam punah dalam daftar merah IUCN untuk sebagian besar populasi pesisir namun ada beberapa populasi yang terdaftar sebagai sangat terancam punah, yang melibatkan semua sub-populasi sungai (Sungai Mahakam, Mekong dan Ayeyarwady) serta sub-populasi pesisir termasuk penduduk Songkhla (Thailand), Iloilo-Guimaras dan Malampaya (Filipina). Sebaran populasi Lumba-lumba Sungai Mahakam di Sungai Mahakam, yang secara lokal disebut Pesut Mahakam, terbatas pada ruas sungai sepanjang 195 km dari sungai utama, dimulai dari hulu 180 km dari Muara sungai Sungai Mahakam. Diantaranya adalah anak-anak sungai Kedang Rantau, Kedang Kepala, Belayan, Kedang Pahu, dan Ratah, serta Sungai Pela dan Danau Semayang. Sebaran dan perilaku hewan cetacea dapat dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, yaitu faktor biotik, aktivitas fisikokimia, klimatologi, dan faktor antropogenik. Misalnya perubahan suhu dan fluktuasi salinitas beberapa badan air mempunyai pengaruh besar terhadap sebaran (penampakan) dan perilaku Eubalaena glaciali, Delphinus delphis, Balaenoptera acutorostrata. Penelitian lain menemukan bahwa perilaku makan dan sosialisasi Orcaella brevirostris berkorelasi positif dengan suhu permukaan laut. Lumba-lumba diamati mencari makan ketika suhu air mencapai puncaknya pada siang hari (10-12 pagi). Penelitian lainnya dilakukan di Teluk Brunei, Malaysia. Perilaku mencari makan berkorelasi positif dengan peningkatan kedalaman dan tingkat kekeruhan air. Dalam penelitian yang dilakukan di Mahakam, padatnya lalu lintas kapal mempengaruhi kemunculan lumba-lumba sungai Mahakam. Saat ini informasi mengenai hubungan perilaku Lumba-lumba Sungai Mahakam dan korelasinya dengan faktor lingkungan di Sungai Pela dan Danau Semayang masih sangat terbatas. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pengaruh faktor lingkungan di Sungai Pela dan Danau Semayang terhadap perilaku. Penelitian observasional dilakukan di Sungai Pela yang terletak di Kecamatan Kota Bangun Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara dengan durasi penelitian selama dua bulan terhitung dari bulan Oktober 2021 sampai dengan November 2021, Pengamatan ini meliputi daerah Danau Semayang, Anak Sungai Pela, dan Muara sungai Sungai Pela. Analisis data dilakukan di Bagian Fungsi dan Perilaku Hewan Departemen Biologi. IPB pada bulan Januari 2023 sampai dengan April 2023. Pendugaan jumlah individu Lumba-lumba Sungai Mahakam dilakukan melalui identifikasi foto. Teknik ini melibatkan pengumpulan dan katalogisasi foto lumba-lumba dengan tanda khas pada sirip punggung yang memungkinkan identifikasi individu. Perhitungan jumlah individu yang teridentifikasi sebagai individu unik berdasarkan sirip punggungnya pada saat pengamatan di lokasi penelitian Danau Pela/Semayang adalah sebanyak 30 individu. Dari hasil perjumpaan terlihat bahwa Lumba-lumba Sungai Mahakam banyak ditemukan di kawasan Sungai Pela dan Danau Semayang, hal ini sesuai dengan penelitian sebelumnya yang mengindikasikan
Keyword: Faktor lingkungan, Lumba-lumba irrawaddy, perilaku, Behavior, environmental factors, mahakam river dolphin

Judul: Perspektif Kelestarian Pesut Mahakam (Orcaella brevirostris Gray, 1866) Berdasarkan Habitat serta Persepsi dan Sikap Mayrakat (Studi Kasus Masyarakat sekitar Danau Semayang dan Danau Melintang), Kinerja Pengelolaan dan Strategi Pengembangan Wisata Alam Situ Gunung Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango.
Abstrak: Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevistoris) is a protected spesies area and in Appendix I of CITES 2009. Objectives of this study were to analyze the relationship between perception and attitudes of the community with the habitat conditions of the irrawaddy dolphin in Semayang Lake and Melintang Lake for irrawaddy dolphin sustainability and also formulating efforts to conserve irrawady dolphin. This study was conducted in Semayang Lake, Melintang Lake, and its surrounding on July to August 2009. Tools and materials used in this study were a questionnaire, bottled water samples, the rope with weights, secchi disc, litmus paper, watches, net and motorboat. Data in this study consisted from two main types data, which were irrawady dolphins’s habitat characteristic and data of community perceptions and attitudes about irrawaddy dolphins. Enclosed questionnaires and interviews methods used to obtain data of perception and attitudes. likert scale used to analyze data of community perception. Descriptive analysis used to analyze community attitude data. Community perceptions of irrawady dolphins were positive, based on likert scale analysis. Government rules very affected in conservation action to irrawady dolphin;s conservation action and have highest value compared to another variables and the score was 523 with the average was 4, 36, and it’s mean that the community realized that government was very important to irrawaddy dolphin’s sustainability. Based on interview result to the community, there were some attitude which have negative impact to irrawaddy dolphin’s habitat which were throwing the garbage to the water. The depth of Semayang Lake was (1,15-2 m) and Melintang Lake was (0,75-1,5 m) and impossible for irrawady dolphin to live there due to their large body size. Fish productivity in both lake is very low, which were 1,8 kg/net/day in Semayang Lake and 2,25 kg/net/day for Melintang Lake. Water traffic frequency in mouth area of Pela River in holiday is higher (55 times/hour) than in working day (54 times/hour). Lack productivity of fish and water traffic caused Irrawady dolphins could not be found in both lake because irrawady dolphins preferred area which have a lot of fish and calm stream water. Based on problem above, there some action can be done for irrawaddy dolphins sustainability which are managing habitat, setting the habitat as a conservation area, dredging the lake, make alternative way in water traffic, law enforcement, and make law about fishing procedures. Delivering information to the community about environment health education can be done to change community attitude that related to irrawady dolphins sustainability. Knowledges about environment health is very important to raise people awareness about the importance of Irrawaddy dolphins.
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Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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