Judul: Study of the Potential Functional Milk of Lactation Dairy Goats that Receive Flaxseed Oil Supplementation
Abstrak: Minyak flaxseed adalah minyak yang kaya akan asam lemak tidak jenuh (C18:3,ω-3). Penggunaan minyak flaxseed sebagai pakan fungsional yang berpengaruh pada produk akhir susu untuk meningkatkan kesehatan manusia sehingga menghasilkan susu khusus yang lebih sehat sebagai pangan fungsional. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji potensi susu sebagai functional food dan level aman suplementasi minyak flaxseed yang diamati melalui efek suplementasi minyak flaxseed dalam ransum kambing perah laktasi menggunakan analisis integrasi data berbagai studi terkait. Data yang digunakan sebanyak 37 titik data dari 16 artikel penelitian yang menggunakan berbagai tingkat suplementasi minyak flaxseed. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis regresi dengan software SPSS versi 26. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi minyak flaxseed tidak mempengaruhi produksi susu, kadar protein dan kadar laktosa susu, namun nyata (P≤0,05) meningkatkan kadar lemak, asam lemak tidak jenuh (UFA), total CLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid), asam lemak omega-3 (C18:3,ω-3), menurunkan asam lemak jenuh (SFA), menurunkan rasio ω-6/ω-3, dan memiliki nilai indeks aterogenik yang rendah. Dari studi ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa suplementasi minyak flaxseed hingga 2,5% di dalam ransum kambing perah dapat menghasilkan susu kambing fungsional dengan karakteristik rendah lemak jenuh, tinggi lemak tidak jenuh dan mengandung komponen bioaktif penunjang kesehatan manusia., Flaxseed oil is an oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids (C18:3,ω-3). The use of flaxseed oil as a functional feed has an effect on the final milk product to improve human health so as to produce healthier special milk as a functional food. The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of milk as a functional food and the safe level of flaxseed oil supplementation as observed through the effect of flaxseed oil supplementation in rations of lactating dairy goats using data integration analysis from various related studies. The data used were 37 data points from 16 research articles using various levels of flaxseed oil supplementation. Data were analyzed using regression analysis with software version 26. The results of data analysis showed that flaxseed oil supplementation did not affect milk production, protein content and milk lactose levels, but significantly (P≤0.05) increased levels of fat, unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), total CLA (Conjugated Linoleic Acid), omega-3 fatty acids (C18:3,ω-3), reduce saturated fatty acids (SFA), reduce the ω-6/ω-3 ratio, and have a low atherogenic index value. From this study it can be concluded that supplementation of flaxseed oil up to 2.5% in dairy goat rations can produce functional goat milk with the characteristics of low saturated fat, high unsaturated fat and containing bioactive components that support human health
Keyword: CLA, dairy goat, flaxseed oil, functional milk, milk fatty acid profile

Judul: Modifikasi Biohidrogenasi Rumen dan Suplementasi Asam Lemak Tidak Jenuh untuk Meningkatkan Asam Linoleat Terkonjugasi dalam Susu
Abstrak: Recently, people have become increasingly aware of their health by consuming bioactive compounds such as Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) found in CLA-rich milk. Various factors, such as the type of feed, environmental conditions, fatty acid content, and biohydrogenation processes in the rumen, influence the synthesis of CLA in milk. To date, there has been limited research on optimizing feed selection, environmental conditions, fatty acid (FA) content in the feed, and protection against biohydrogenation in the rumen to produce CLA-rich milk. In general, this research aims to produce CLA-rich milk through a series of studies with specific objectives: (1) Selecting the type of forage, its environmental origin, and in vitro fermentation biohydrogenation processes that have the potential to provide precursors and the best conditions for CLA synthesis, (2) Choosing the supplementation of high unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) oils and their inclusion levels in the diet that do not disrupt rumen fermentation and digestion, and (3) Testing the diet with the best forage type and protected oil supplements to achieve the highest milk production and CLA content. This research's first phase was to select the type of grass, its origin, and harvest age that contains the best FAs for healthy milk fat synthesis. Forage was the primary and most cost-effective source of FAs, including CLA, which influences milk FAs. The first phase of the research aims to analyze fermentation, digestibility, biohydrogenation, nutritional composition, and FAs of diets consisting of elephant grass (EG) and king grass (KG). The forage was obtained from highland (Pangalengan Regency) and lowland (Dramaga Regency) areas, with three different harvest ages (1, 1.5, and 2 months). The diets were then analyzed for their nutrition and FAs. In vitro research was conducted to analyze in vitro fermentation, biohydrogenation, and digestibility. The treatments showed significant differences in NH3 levels, ranging from 5.31 to 8.86 mM. The highest NH3 levels were found in diets containing highland EG harvested at 1.5 months. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) values ranged from 58.27 – 64.39 %, and organic matter digestibility (OMD) values ranged from 61.07 – 67.18 %. Different digestibility values were found for different harvest ages, with an interaction between elevation and harvest age. This aligns with the content of cellulose, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and lignin in the grass. The highest digestibility was found in EG at 1.5 months. Diets containing KG significantly produced higher C18:0 and trans C18:1 than diets containing EG. The lower content of C18:0 and trans C18:1 in EG diets was likely due to partial biohydrogenation processes. Inhibition of the biohydrogenation process was suspected to be caused by the phenolic content in EG grass. Thus, it can be concluded that highland EG at 1.5 months was a potential diet to support healthier FA production in milk. The study's second stage was to choose the high UFA oil supplementation used. High UFA supplementation oil is believed to improve milk FA, including CLA. The study aimed to analyze the effect of oil high in UFA supplementation on the fermentation and digestibility of the ration. The ration contains 40 % EG and 60 % commercial
Keyword: biohydrogenation products, calcium soap, digestibility, fatty acid, lemuru oil

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf