Judul: Specific Primary Design for Detection of Shark Species Utilization Prionace glauca and Carcharhinus spp. Using Real-Time PCR Method
Abstrak: Permintaan pasar internasional terhadap hiu yang semakin meningkat, mengakibatkan angka penangkapan beberapa spesies hiu semakin meningkat pula. Spesies Prionace glauca dan Carcharhinus spp. termasuk spesies hiu dilindungi yang masuk dalam daftar IUCN redlist dan Apendix II CITES. Autentikasi menggunakan biomolekuler dengan memanfaatkan DNA perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat primer spesifik secara in silico berbasis gen marka COI dan cyt b pada kelompok hiu yang terancam punah (Prionace glauca dan Carcharhinus spp.) serta aplikasinya secara in vitro untuk autentikasi produk hasil perikanan dengan teknik real-time PCR. Penelitian dilakukan dengan merancang desain primer spesifik spesies target, preparasi sampel, isolasi DNA, amplifikasi DNA, pengujian kualitas dan kuantitas DNA, dan analisis menggunakan real-time PCR. Perancangan primer spesies target Prionace glauca marka gen cyt b dan primer degenerate Carcharhinus spp. marka gen COI berhasil dilakukan secara in silico. Efisien kondisi real-time PCR sampel Prionace glauca dan Carcharhinus spp. telah sesuai dengan standar pengujian menggunakan metode qPCR., International market demand for sharks is increasing, resulting in the number of catches of several shark species also increasing. Prionace glauca and Carcharhinus spp. including protected shark species that are included in the IUCN redlist and CITES Appendix II. Authentication using biomolecular by utilizing DNA is necessary. This study aims to produce in silico specific primers based on COI and cyt b marker genes for endangered sharks (Prionace glauca and Carcharhinus spp.) and to apply them in vitro to authenticate fishery products using real-time PCR techniques. The research was carried out by designing target species-specific primers, sample preparation, DNA isolation, DNA amplification, DNA quality and quantity testing, and analysis using real-time PCR. Primary design of target species Prionace glauca marker cyt b gene and degenerate primer Carcharhinus spp. COI gene markers were successfully carried out in silico. Efficient real-time PCR conditions of Prionace glauca and Carcharhinus spp. complies with testing standards using the qPCR method.
Keyword: CITES, hiu, in silico, IUCN redlist, primer spesifik, shark, specific primer

Judul: Application of Mitochondrial Gene Markers and Real-Time PCR for the Identification of Isurus spp. and Lamna nasus Species
Abstrak: Hiu merupakan spesies predator yang berperan penting dalam ekosistem laut dan memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi. Eksploitasi bagian hiu yang meliputi sirip, sisik, gigi, tulang rawan, kulit, hati, daging, dan ekor sulit diidentifikasi secara visual sehingga perlu dilakukan identifikasi secara molekuler guna mengetahui produk hiu diperjual-belikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang primer spesifik berbasis marka gen mitokondria pada ikan hiu spesies Isurus spp. dan Lamna nasus serta aplikasinya dalam autentikasi produk perikanan berbasis real-time PCR. Penelitian dilakukan secara in silico untuk perancangan desain primer spesifik dan secara in vitro untuk isolasi DNA sampel, pengujian kuantitas dan kualitas DNA, amplifikasi DNA, dan analisis real-time PCR. Pasangan primer kedua spesies yang termasuk ke dalam daftar CITES II dengan marka gen yang berbeda berhasil dibuat. Primer yang digunakan dapat mengamplifikasi DNA dan memiliki selisih Ct antara DNA target dan non target sehingga terbukti dapat mengidentifikasi spesies hiu target., Sharks are predator species that play an important role in marine ecosystems and have high economic value. The exploitation of shark parts, including fins, scales, teeth, cartilage, skin, liver, meat, and tails, is difficult to visually identify, necessitating molecular identification to determine traded shark products. This study aims to design species-specific primers based on mitochondrial gene markers for shark species Isurus spp. and Lamna nasus, and their application in real-time PCR-based fisheries product authentication. The research was conducted in silico for specific primer design and in vitro for DNA sample isolation, DNA quantity and quality testing, DNA amplification, and real-time PCR analysis. The primer pairs of species included in the CITES II list with different genetic markers has been successfully created. The primers used were able to amplify DNA and showed a Ct difference between the target and non-target DNA, proving their ability to identify the target shark species.
Keyword: primers, real-time PCR, sharks

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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