Judul: Pendekatan Lognormal pada Perhitungan Indeks Daya Beli Sebagai Salah Satu Komponen Indeks Pembangunan Manusia
Abstrak: Lognormal method is an alternative approach that can be used if there is skewness in data. Expenditure per capita, which is used for calculating Purchasing Power Index (PPI) as a component of Human Development Index (HDI), is an example of a data that is skewed to the right. Lognormal transformation that is applied on data that is skewed to the right can be used to improve the symetry of skewed data and overcome non normality problems. In this study, the lognormal approach has been used in the calculation of PPI as an alternative method of Central Bureau of Statistic (CBS). In province of West Java, BPS method obtained an average PPI of 58.920 and HDI of 71.323, while lognormal method obtained an average PPI of 59.240 and HDI of 71.430. The difference between the results that are not too large, indicating that lognormal approach can be used as an alternative for PPI calculation.
Keyword: Central Bureau of Statistic, Human Development Index, Lognormal Approach, Purchasing Power Index.

Judul: Pendugaan Indeks Standar Hidup Layak dengan Pendekatan Sebaran Lognormal
Abstrak: Human Development Index (HDI) is formed by three components such as health, education, and decent living. To calculate the process of decent living index BPS increased the average household expenditure per capita by 20%. The increase was due to the average household expenditure from SUSENAS (Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional) was assumed to be under estimate. The distribution of the average household expenditure per capita, that is used to calculate the decent living index, is heavily skewed to the right. Therefore, it is more appropriate to use a lognormal approach. Thus, we need to examine the method used by BPS and lognormal approach as an alternative method through simulation. Based on the evaluation, if the data has a high variance, the lognormal approach is better than the method used by BPS. In additional to the simulation, the approach was implemented on the data of household expenditure per capita in DKI Jakarta province at 2010 by using lognormal approach. Results show that the decent living index is slightly larger than the result from BPS publication, the difference is due to the different approach used to calculate the decent living index. Ilustration on the Atkinson formula was done to get an evaluation on Atkinson formula to determine the maximum achievement of decent living index that can be achieved by provinces in Indonesia. Results show that by using the adjustment of the Atkinson formula it will be difficult for provinces in Indonesia to reach the maximum decent living index. Ilustration show that the decent living index provinces in Indonesia will only be a round 0.70.
Keyword: a decent living index, Atkinson formula, expenditure per capita, Human Development Index (HDI), Lognormal

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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