Judul: Uji Kinerja Surfaktan MES (Metil Ester Sulfonat) dari Stearin Sawit untuk Enhanced Water Flooding
Abstrak: Surfactant has been widely used for the application of Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) by decreasing the interfacial tension. Recently, most of the surfactants that are still used are petrochemical surfactants. MES surfactant is a surfactant derived from renewable resources that can replace petrochemical surfactant and has many advantages. The study was conducted by formulating the surfactant solution, testing performance of the surfactant formula, and testing the core flooding. The results of the study showed that palm stearin MES surfactant was compatible to the water injection of Ty field. The formulation generated average number of interfacial tension formula up to 7.88E-03 dyne/cm, so the formulation met the expected number of IFT for EOR. The thermal stability test showed that palm stearin MES surfactant is heat resistant. It was proven by the low of IFT number increasing and the decreasing of both viscosity and density. Phase behavior showed that the phase between oil and surfactant were in the type II (-) or low phase. Core flooding test was done by differentiation of surfactant solution injection of 0.1PV, 0.2PV, 0.3PV and soaking for 12 hours. The Incremental recovery that is obtained after the surfactant solution injection was between 12-14% OOIP. Statistical analysis showed that the variation of pore volume that was injected has no significant effect to the oil recovery, but it increased with increasing of surfactant volume that was injected. Therefore, stearin MES surfactant has good performance to be applicated for enhanced waterflooding in the Ty field.
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Judul: Production and formulation of methyl ester sulfonate-based surfactant from palm olein for enhanced oil recovery application
Abstrak: The remaining oil in a reservoir that cannot be produced using the natural driving force (primary recovery) is about 50 to 80% of the initial oil volumes (IOIP). A secondary recovery technique such as waterflooding can only increase the recovery as much as 5 to 20% of the IOIP. Therefore, a method known as Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) has to be implemented in the reservoir in the effort to recover much more oil. One of the EOR methods is surfactant injection. The injection of surfactant solution is aimed to significantly reduce the capillary forces in the reservoir by lowering the oil-water interfacial tension within the pore spaces. Once the capillary force is diminished, the reservoir oil is much easier to be displaced and moved toward the production wells. This is an excellent opportunity to develop a type of vegetable oil-based surfactants. One of potential surfactant types to develop is methyl ester sulphonate surfactant (MES). This study was aimed at producing MES surfactant and formula-based methyl ester sulfonate surfactant from palm olein to be applied for in the process of improving oil recovery using carbonate formation fluids. Results of the study showed that the best condition was achieved in a sulphonation process done in 3-4 hours with the flowrate of dry air of 1.8 kg/hour and a purification performed without the addition of methanol in a pH of 8. The best MES surfactant-based formula for EOR applications on the formation of carbonate was the one with the composition of 0.3% MES surfactant, 0.3% Na2CO3, and 15,000 ppm salinity. MES surfactant produced from this formula had more heat resistance, higher salinity, and higher hardness than the commercial surfactants did. Results of the performance test of surfactant-based formula showed that the MES surfactant formula was compatible with formation water and injection water. The formed phase was a lower phase which was relatively stable on a heating up to day 77 (reservoir temperature of 70 and 112 °C) with a range of interfacial tension of 10-2 dynes/cm. The adsorption reached 152.86 μg active matter/g core and the incremental oil recovery using synthetic core of 8-19% and using native core of 9.1%. Surfactant solution coreflooding test with bottom-up flow direction resulted in a greater oil recovery (16%) than that with top-down flow direction. This was caused by the influence of gravity.
Keyword: Palm Olein

Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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