Judul: Spatial Distribution of Activity Trace of the Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847) on the JICA Trail Way Kambas National Park
Abstrak: Populasi gajah sumatera menurun cepat sejak 50 tahun terakhir disebabkan karena deforestasi, perburuan, serta konflik dengan manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis jejak aktivitas gajah sumatera, mengetahui bentuk sebaran spasial jejak aktivitas gajah sumatera, serta menganalisis hubungan antara jejak aktivitas dengan karakteristik habitat gajah sumatera. Pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan metode jalur transek dan analisis vegetasi. Pengamatan dilakukan secara simultan pada 4 jalur transek sepanjang 1 km. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jejak aktivitas gajah sumatera yang teramati berupa feses, tapak, gesekan, bekas caling, lintasan dan tempat istirahat. Jenis jejak aktivitas yang paling banyak dijumpai berupa feses. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa bentuk sebaran spasial jejak aktivitas gajah sumatera ialah mengelompok. (Ip = 0.5). Aktivitas gajah sumatera tidak dilakukan secara acak, cenderung lebih menyukai hutan lahan sekunder dengan topografi (datar), jarak dari sumber air (250-500 m), dan jarak dari permukiman (1000-1500 m)., The Sumatran elephant population has declined rapidly since the last 50 years due to deforestation, hunting, and conflicts with humans. This study aims to identify the types of traces of Sumatran elephant activity, determine the form of spatial distribution of traces of Sumatran elephant activity, and analyze the relationship between activity tracks and habitat characteristics of Sumatran elephants. Data were collected using the transect method and vegetation analysis. Observations were carried out simultaneously on 4 transect lines along 1 km. The results showed that the traces of Sumatran elephant activity were observed in the form of feces, footprints, friction, caling marks, tracks and resting areas. The most common type of activity trace is feces. The results also show that the form of the spatial distribution of the Sumatran elephant's activity traces is clustered. (IP = 0.5). Sumatran elephant activities are not carried out randomly, tend to prefer secondary forest land with topography (flat), distance from water sources (250- 500 m), and distance from settlements (1000-1500 m).
Keyword: activity trace type, sumatran elephant, spatial distribution, way kambas national park

Judul: Spatial Distribution of Traces of Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847) Activity in Pemerihan Resort Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park
Abstrak: Penurunan populasi gajah Sumatra mengindikasikan pentingnya kajian penelitian terkait jejak aktivitas gajah Sumatra. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis jejak aktivitas, menduga bentuk sebaran spasial jejak aktivitas, dan menganalisis hubungan jejak aktivitas dengan karakteristik habitat gajah Sumatra di Resort Pemerihan. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengamatan langsung pada jalur transek sepanjang 1 km dan studi literatur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis jejak aktivitas gajah Sumatra terdiri dari feses dan tapak. Jejak aktivitas yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah feses di hutan sekunder. Bentuk sebaran spasial jejak aktivitas gajah Sumatra adalah mengelompok dengan nilai IM=2,61. Sebaran spasial jejak aktivitas gajah Sumatra hubungan dengan karakteristik habitat yaitu tipe tutupan lahan (hutan sekunder), kelas topografi (datar), jarak dari sumber air (<1000 m), dan jarak dari permukiman (1000-2000 m). Pengelolaan habitat dan populasi gajah Sumatra melalui pengayaan pakan dan kegiatan penangkaran diperlukan sebagai bentuk upaya konservasi gajah Sumatra., The decline in the sumatran elephant population indicates the importance of research studies related to the traces of Sumatran elephant activities. This study aims to identify the types of activity traces, estimate the shape of the spatial distribution of activity traces, and analyze the relationship between activity traces and the characteristics of the Sumatran elephant habitat at Pemerihan Resort. The method used is direct observation on a 1 km transect line and literature study. The results showed that the types of traces of Sumatran elephant activity consisted of feces and footprints. The most traces of activity found were feces in secondary forest. The form of the spatial distribution of the Sumatran elephant's activity traces is clustered with a value of IM=2,61. The spatial distribution of Sumatran elephant activity traces is related to habitat characteristics, namely land cover type (secondary forest), topographic class (flat), distance from water sources (<1000 m), and distance from settlements (1000-2000 m). Management of the habitat and population of Sumatran elephants through enrichment of feed and captive activities is needed as a form of Sumatran elephant conservation efforts.
Keyword: activity traces, Pemerihan Resort, spatial distribution shape, Sumatran elephant

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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