Judul: Ketersediaan dan Kualitas Air di DAS Cisadane
Abstrak: From time to time, conversion of land in Cisadane watershed is increasing. This activity interface the function of land, especially th egreen area in Cisadane watershed that regulates availability of water in Cisadane watershed. The land conversion makes the availability of water and dry and wet season become significant. The increasing of population in Cisadane watershed makes the water supply decreasing because the rate of infiltration is decreasing. The land conversion also makes the increasing of polluting agent into the water. In final, the land conversion makes the supply and demand of water in Cisadane watershed not in balance condition, neither the quantity nor the quantity. Because every water demandhas different condition of quality and quantity to fulfil, a research to study the water quality and availibility in Cisadane watershed is needed.
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Judul: Pengaruh Perubahan Tutupan Lahan dan Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Air terhadap Kualitas Air Sungai di Daerah Aliran Sungai Cisadane Segmen Hulu
Abstrak: Increasing the number of residents in the Cisadane watershed area upstream segment cause high river water use and land cover changes. This negative impact on the incidence of pollution load and the source of pollutants/waste that may affect the water quality of rivers and indirectly affect the level of river water pollution. The water quality is very depend on the effort to meet the needs of water for each utility. Therefore, research on the effects of land cover change and water resources utilization of river water quality in the Cisadane watershed upstream segment needs to be done. This research was conducted in the Cisadane watershed area upstream from June to August 2009. Equipments used, such as water quality data, land cover, population, utilization of river water, debit, and livestock. The instrument used is a Arcview 3.2 program and MINITAB release 14. Data processing is done by analysis of land cover change, analysis of changes in water quality, pollution load, pollution load carrying capacity, the analysis of public understanding, and study the influence of land cover changes on water quality. During the period 2005-2008 land cover changes in the Cisadane watershed area upstream shown by the decrease of forest area (72.88%), shrubs (88.18%), open land (91.14%), and the fields ( 97.52%), and increasing plantation area (102.46%), and residential (34.21%).Utilization of river water in the Cisadane watershed area upstream was quite high. For 93% of the 190 families interviewed using Cisadane River for MCK. Pollutant sources that can be seen is garbage (16%) and wastewater (30%). The dominant pollution load comes from domestic waste (4067.86 tons/month 4129.80 BOD and TSS) and livestock waste (3.24 tons/month of BOD and 17.05 tons/month TSS). This pollution load exceeds the capacity for BOD pollution load of each month and it ranged from 2484 tons/month to 3801 tons/month, while for TSS pollution load capacity not exceeding pollution load for each month. Changes in land cover and use of river water affects river water quality. This can be demonstrated by increasing in TDS (18 mg/l), BOD (20.8 mg/l), phosphate (0.303 mg/l), and COD (38 mg/l) which tends to exceed water quality standards. If viewed based on key parameters of water quality (BOD, COD, TSS), the correlation of test results on the α level 0.1 also could be concluded that there is a relationship between changes of land cover with water quality, although the significance level is relatively small. The icreasing of water quality parameters caused the decrease of Water Quality Index from 85,58 to 73,66, but the condition of the waters is still relatively moderate to good.
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Judul: Anatomi otot-otot ekspresi wajah monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis)
Abstrak: Hewan primata banyak digunakan untuk penelitian biomedis karena memiliki kemiripan anatomi dengan manusia. Evolusi dari otot wajah mamalia yang berhubungan dengan ekspresi wajah dan komunikasi visual terutama pada hewan pimata dalam hal ini otot-otot daerah kelopak mata serta mulut memegang peranan penting (Bennet et al., 1995). Monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) adalah slah satu jenis hewan primata di antara 5 hewan primata yang paling banyak digunakan untuk penelitian biomedis (Anonimus, 2000; Anonimus, 2002). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari morfologi otot-otot ekspresi wajah beserta origo dan insersionya untuk melengkapi data dasar anatomi otot pada M. fascicularis. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga ekor preparat monyet ekor panjang yang telah diawetkan dalam larutan formalin 10% dan sebuah tengkorak kepala beserta tulang rahang bawah monyet ekor panjang. Pengamatan yang dilakukan meliputi morfologi otot beserta origo dan insersionya, dan hubungannya dengan variasi ekspresi wajah yang mampu dilakukan monyet ekor panjang, kemudian membandingkannya dengan literatur anatomi manusia, beberapa hewan primata lain, hewan herbivora dan karnivora. Dari hasil pengamatan, pada susunan otot ekspresi wajah monyet ekor panjang ditemukan lima kelompok otot: 1). Kelompok otot kulit kepala yaitu: m. occipitofrontalis (gabungan m. frontalis dan m. occipitalis). 2). Kelompok otot hidung yaitu: m. nasolabialis. 3). Kelompok otot mulut yaitu: m. nasolabialis, m. zygomaticus major, m. zygomaticus minor, m. levator anguli oris, m. depressor anguli oris, m depressor labii inferioris, m. mentalis, m. buccinatorius, m. orbicularis oris dan m. platysma. 4). Kelompok otot telinga yaitu: m auricularis posterior, m. auricularis superior dan m. auricularis anterior. 5). Kelompok otot kelopak mata yaitu: m. orbicularis oculi, m. corrugator supercilii dan mlevator palpebrae superioris. Setiap kelompok otot memiliki berbagai karakteristik baik morfologi maupun origo dan insersio yang berbeda dengan primata. lain, kuda, sapi dan anjing. Hal tersebut menghasilkan variasi fungsi otot yang berbeda sesuai dengan perilaku dan pola hidup.
Keyword: Macaca fascicularis, long-tailed macaque, monkey