Judul: Land Optimization of Cocoa Based Farming for Agricultural Sustainable Development in Krueng Seulimum Watershed Aceh Province.
Abstrak: Changes in land use in the watershed at present tend to increase due to the construction activity and population growth rate which have the quite high and those cause negative impacts on hydrological wathershed condition. Changes in land use in the Krueng Seulimum watershed to agriculture and farming without application of agro technology have led to high attrition and low land productivity, and those are shown by the low production of cocoa in the up-stream, sedimentation and high fluctuation in the down-stream. This study aims firstly, to assess the characteristics of the land and agro-technology applied to the cocoa crop in the Krueng Seulimum watershed, secondly, to analyze the rate of erosion and surface run off on cocoa based farming land in the Krueng Seulimum watershed, thirdly, to analyze the optimal land allocation for cocoa and agro-technology based farming to reduce erosion and increase the income of farmers in the Krueng Seulimum watershed, and finally, to formulate sustainable cocoa based farming in the Krueng Seulimum watershed. This study used the survey and field measurement methods that were started with mapping land units. Map of land units was used as the basic unit in analysis of land capability class, soil suitability, erosion prediction, Etol and determination of respondent farmer sample for farming analysis. Bio-physical land data collection such as soil properties, soil characteristics , and climate were used for analysing of land capability class, land suitability evaluation, prediction of erosion and Etol. Socio-economic data collection likes characteristics of farmers, farm land, means of production, crop production, cultivation techniques, and others, were conducted through field surveys and interviews with respondent farmers for farming analysis. To determine the effect of soil and water conservation technologies for runoff and erosion, it was conducted the erosion plot experiments in the field. Analysis of erosion criteria and farming income used the optimization of sustainable cocoa-based farming with a dual purpose program. Determination analysis of sustainable cocoa-based farm with making decision tools used the criteria of land suitability, erosion rates under tolerable erosion conditions, the income should be above the needs of decent living. The results showed that the Krueng Seulimum watershed consists of 24 units of land (SL). The land is classified as class III , IV and VI with the main limiting factors as follow: the slope factor (l), erosion (e) , soil erodiblity (KE) and the rocks on the surface soil (b). Most of the cocoa farming lands belong to the quite suitable class (S2) and marginally suitable class (S3). In general, the use of land in Seulimum Krueng watershed is in accordance with the land capability and land suitability. Result of run off and erosion measurements on experimental plots showed that the type of cocoa + areca farming got the lowest runoff and erosion (AP = 16.00 mm and erosion = 400.7 kg ha-1) and straw mulching treatment 18 kg plot-1 (5 tons ha-1) in each treatment also had apparent influence to run off and erosion on the type of cocoa + areca + mulch farming (AP = 7.29 mm and erosion = 141.8 kg
Keyword: land use, cocoa, erosion, income, agro-technology

Judul: Sustainable Farming System Planning Based On Cocoa In Way Semah Sub Watershed Lampung Province
Abstrak: Cocoa is a leading commodity in Lampung Province after coffee, because the cocoa plantations are widespread in almost district. One of the center of cocoa is Way Semah Sub Watershed which is including Pesawaran District administratively. However, cocoa productivity is still low because there is no arrangement of sustainable farming system based on cocoa. Thus have implication for lower average farmer’s income. Moreover, there is no soil conservation actions in actual farming systerm This study aimed to identify land use characteristics and to analyze the agrotechnologies and to compose sustainable farming system planning based on cocoa in Way Semah Sub Watershed. The rcommended agrotechnologies were meet sustainable farming system citeria : (1) the farming system which haspredicted erosion was lower than tolerable soil loss (ETol); (2) the farmer’s income was higher than a decent income; and (3) the agrotechnologies must be applicable and replicable by farmers. In this study, Land capability was evaluated using Klingebiel and Montgomery method, erosion was predicted using USLE (the Universal Soil Loss Equation ) equation developed by Wischmeier and Smith, and farming system was analyzed using cash flos analysis method. There is 4 (four) farming system type in intensive study site : cocoa monoculture (UT1), cocoa-coconuts (UT2), cocoa-coconuts-tangkil (UT3), and cocoa-trees-fruit plants. Result of this study showed that predicted erosion in actual agrotechnologies and cropping patterns was higher than ETol. It ranged from 89.90 to 425.80 tons hectare-1year-1 while ETol ranged from 18.42 to 32.30 tons hectare-1 year-1. Total farmer’s income were lower (Rp15 995 000 to Rp22 880 000 householder-1year-1) than a decent income (Rp.30.000.000 householder-1year-1). To increase farmer’s income, the source of income such as livestock was introduced into the existing farming system. Result of agrotechnologies simulation showed that conservation techniques of split pitch decrease predicted erosion ranged from 7.55 to 24.53 tons hectare-1year-1 and planting a shade plants result1.31 to 4.26 tons hectare-1year-1 lower than ETol. Fertilizer and livestock increase cocoa productivity and farmer’s income (Rp23 775 000 to Rp33 675 000 householder-1year-1) higher than a decent living.
Keyword: watershed, erosion, cocoa

Judul: Transisi Fasa Materi Hadronik ke Materi Kuark pada Inti Bintang Neutron.
Abstrak: Bintang neutron terdiri dari beberapa lapisan yang disusun oleh materi nuklir yang berbeda dengan kerapatan yang semakin tinggi ketika mendekati pusat bintang. Inti luar bintang neutron disusun oleh materi hadronik (nukleon, lepton, dan hyperon), sedangkan inti dalam bintang neutron disusun oleh kuark-kuark bebas (up, down, strange) yang saling berinteraksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari bagaimana transisi dari inti luar ke inti dalam bintang neutron dengan menggunakan pendekatan RMF (Relativistic Mean Field) untuk materi hadronik dan CIDDM (Confined Isospin Density Dependent Mass) untuk materi kuark. Tekanan transisi diperoleh ketika potensial kimia barion materi hadronik dan materi kuark bernilai sama. Nilai tekanan transisi dengan parameter SU6-TM1 sekitar 87 MeV/fm3 dan diperoleh massa maksimum bintang neutron yaitu 1.92M dengan jari-jari sekitar 8.62 km. Nilai tekanan transisi dengan parameter SU6-G2 sekitar 53 MeV/fm3 dan massa maksimum bintang neutron yaitu 1.88M dengan jari-jari sekitar 8.16 km. Jenis transisi fasa adalah orde satu ditandai dengan diskontinuitas dalam kerapatan energi (adanya mixed phase). Parameter-parameter pada model nuklir yang digunakan menyebabkan perbedaan kekakuan persamaan keadaan (EOS) dari materi hadronik dan materi kuark sehingga nilai tekanan transisi dari fasa hadronik ke fasa kuark juga berbeda.
Keyword: bintang neutron, persamaan keadaan, transisi fasa