Judul: Strategi Pemberian Fasilitas Kredit Modal Kerja Kepada Pengusaha Industri Kecil Menengah Berorientasi Ekspor, (Kasus Di BNI Jakarta)
Abstrak: Pada pertengahan tahun 1997 perekonomian Indonesia diluluhlantakkan dengan terjadinya krisis ekonomi berkepanjangan yang memiliki skala makro yang ditandai dengan melonjaknya kurs tukar Dollar Amerika Serikat (USD) terhadap Rupiah (IDR). Dilain pihak, Industri Kecil dan Menengah (IKM) tetap bertahan bahkan cenderung untuk tumbuh dan berkembang, yaitu menyerap lebih dari 35 juta tenaga kerja yang separuhnya bergerak di bidang pertanian. Sampai dengan saat ini hampir 60% pendapatan domestik bruto berasal dari IKM pertanian dan perdagangan. Jumlah tenaga kerja yang terserap juga mengalami peningkatan, yaitu 20% per tahun terdiri dari industri kecil 15,9% per tahun dan industri menengah 4,1%. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karakteristik dan perilaku UKM yang berpengaruh terhadap penentuan pola pembiayaan yang paling sesuai dengan karakteristik UKM, mengkaji kendala-kendala dalam pemberian pembiayaan modal kerja kepada UKM, serta menyusun strategi bagi BNI dalam meningkatkan pangsa pasar dan menghadapi persaingan di industri perbankan. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode diskriptif kualitatif dan analisis strengths, weaknesses, opportunities dan threats (SWOT). Berdasarkan hasil pengisian kuesioner pada para nasabah UKM di BNI, dapat dikatakan bahwa 84,5% pengusaha UKM lebih sesuai dan cocok dengan pola pemberian fasilitas kredit modal kerja untuk membiayai usahanya. Responden menyatakan adanya kemudahan akses dalam mengajukan pembiayaan ke BNI dan pelayanan yang diberikan memegang peranan penting hubungan antara UKM dengan lembaga perbankan sebesar 82,5% dan yang menyatakan terdapat kendala sebesar 77,5%.
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Judul: Feasibility Study and Strategy Development of “Kredit Usaha Rakyat” at PT. Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) Tbk)
Abstrak: Small and Medium Enterprises Sector (SMEs) are considered to have contributed quite dominant in supporting economic growth in Indonesia, but the portion of credit to SMEs is still considered low, the average is 34.20% in the last three years. Especially for BNI KUR (Kredit Usaha Rakyat), per share of 9.86% in October 2010 when compared with other implementing banks. Related to the low absorptive capacity of SMEs to bank credit implies still many problems in the financing of SMEs who need to look for the threads. The purpose of this study is to analyze the behavior characteristics and SMEs as well as compliance with credit schemes/patterns of the most appropriate financing, analyzing the obstacles and constraints in the distribution of KUR BNI to the perpetrators of SMEs and to develop effective strategies to increase the share of BNI KUR. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed to the debtor at some branches of KUR BNI debtor as many as 100 people in 10 (ten) cities in Indonesia by using the services of third parties. Sampling techniques used in research is purposive sampling methods, ie deliberately selecting the studied samples as a respondent. While the secondary data sourced from documents and literature relating to the distribution pattern of KUR. The method of analysis in this study were (1) Qualitative Descriptive Analysis, (2) Chi square (𝑥2), 3) Analysis of Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT), and (4) Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix. In accordance with characteristic and behaviors of SMEs are still experiencing limitations in administrative and managerial skills because the educational background that is still relatively low, the pattern of KUR is considered to be in accordance with SMEs. Until now the distribution of KUR BNI still encountering many obstacles, including lack of uniform understanding among relevant parties so that the impact on KUR absorption by SMEs. BNI specifically, the spotlight is still a lack of outlets so that the prospective debtor credit processors (especially in the area) is relatively difficult to reach the outlet of BNI. The other main obstacle is the lack of promotion of BNI in disseminating and promoting the officers in addition to processing credit KUR that still need to be added. The observations show that KUR accordance with SMEs is 84% and the states agree there is still a constraint of 79%. Both of these conditions is reinforced by Chi square test that produces a real level. Based on the SWOT analysis, which is the strength (Strength) BNI KUR are (1) Corporate Image BNI position is strong, (2) Office Network BNI widespread and adequate capital support. The weakness (Weakness) is the lack of credit processing outlets, lack of promotion and lack of processing power KUR Credit. The opportunities (Opportunities) is a market share of financing KUR, the regional autonomy policy, and government policies towards SMEs. While that is a threat (threats) is a widespread BRI outlets to the country, local government support to the BPD and the aggressiveness of BPR. Based on the above conditions, then the IE matrix which refers to the total value amounting to 3.15 matris
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Judul: Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Chlorotalonil Residue in Grapes
Abstrak: The use of chlorothalonil in grapes as a pest control agent, could bring potential harm for health and the environment. Therefore it is necessary to test the residue of chlorothalonil pesticides in grapes as part of food safety control. Pesticide residue testing generally uses HPLC, GC-MS/MS dan LC-MS/MS. Although have high sensitivity, these technique require very expensive equipment, long analysis times, high sample volumes of reagents and competent testing personnel. Meanwhile, pesticide residues testing in the field generally required fast procedure, portable, and easy to use. Therefore, this research aims to develope testing methods for chlorothalonil pesticide residues with electrochemical sensors which can be an alternative method for testing chlorothalonil pesticide residues in grapes. In this study, a differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique was chosen using a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with graphene oxide (GO) and poly 3,4- ethylenedioxythiopene (PEDOT:PSS). In this study GO synthesis was carried out using the modified Hummers method. The characterization results using Raman and FTIR spectroscopy showed the successful synthesis of GO from graphite. The results showed that the modified GCE treatment GO/PEDOT:PSS was significantly different from the unmodified GCE (p<0,05). The addition of composites to the modified electrode improved the performance of the sensor in detecting chlorothalonil. Meanwhile, the peak current of chlorothalonil reduction in GCE modified with GO and PEDOT:PSS composites with various ratios gave results that were not significantly different (p>0,05). Furthermore, the GO/PEDOT:PSS composite ratio (1:1) was determined as the best composite composition in this study. Chlorothalonil is only slightly soluble in Britton Robinson Buffer (BRB), so it is necessary to explore the use of electrolyte combinations with organic solvents. In this experiment, the ratio of BRB:ACN (1:1) was the optimum electrolyte ratio and pH 9 as the optimum pH. Analytical performance parameters observed in this study were reproducibility and stability resulted in %RSD < 5% which shows acceptable results. Based on the result of selectivity test from GCE/GO/PEDOT:PSS was selective for chlorothalonil from interferences such as ascorbic acid, calcium, calium, magnesium, natrium, and sucrose with the effect result of interference to chlorothalonil has not significantly different (p>0,05). In addition, there was a linear relationship in the chlorothalonil concentration range of 10-200 µM with a correlation coefficient of 0,9966 and a detection limit was 3 µM and a quantitation limit was 8 µM. Good accuracy was also demonstrated by the %recovery obtained from 97.77 – 103,61% and successful detection of chlorothalonil in grapes by the standard multiple point addition method of 273 µM or equivalent to 29,03 mg/kg. As a result of the confirmation test using GC-MS/MS, the detection result of the residual concentration of chlorothalonil in the grapes was 0.03 mg/kg. The measurement result of the electrochemical method were higher and significantly different from those with GC-MS/MS. The concentration values detected in this experiment were quite high above the allowable MRL (Maximum Residu Limit) and still give the respon false positive result. This is possible due to the interference of the complex matrix effect in the grape samples. Optimizing this electrochemical test, require a more extensive matrix effect test. However, the electrochemical
Keyword: Chlorothalonil, electrochemical sensor, graphene oxide, pesticide