Judul: Karakterisasi genetik dan antigenik virus avian influenza yang diisolasi dari peternakan itik komersial di Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang
Abstrak: Itik adalah reservoir dari virus avian influenza (AI) tetapi pada kejadian wabah virus AI di Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang angka kematian itik sangat tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi virus avian influenza yang diisolasi pada saat terjadi wabah AI pada tahun 2016. Dua puluh lima sampel usap kloaka dikumpulkan secara acak dari tujuh peternakan itik komersial di Sidenreng Rappang selama wabah AI pada tahun 2016. Sampel dari masing-masing peternakan dikumpulkan ke dalam satu pool sampel, sehingga pada akhirnya ada tujuh sampel pooling. Sampel diisolasi pada telur ayam embrio spesifik antibodi negatif (SAN), kemudian dilanjutkan dengan identifikasi virus AI subtipe H5 dan N1 dengan menggunakan reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Produk PCR yang diperoleh diurutkan untuk gen hemaglutinin (HA) yang menggunakan primer H5- 1: 5'-GCC ATT CCA CAT ACA CCC-3' dan H5-3: 5'-CTC CCC TGC TCA TTG CTA-3' untuk menentukan patogenitas dan clade dari virus ini. Hasil RT-PCR menunjukkan bahwa ketujuh isolat tersebut adalah virus AI subtipe H5N1. Hasil pengurutan gen HA pada daerah cleavage site dari semua isolat menunjukkan pola "P-Q-R-E-R-R-R-K-R-G-L-F". Berdasarkan hasil pengurutan nukleutida, semua isolat virus AI termasuk highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) clade 2.3.2. Relasi antigenik antar virus ditentukan dengan menggunakan rasio Archetti Horsfall (R). Nilai R antar isolat virus AI berkisar antara 0,18-0,71. Hasil penelitian kami mengindikasikan bahwa virus HPAI clade 2.3.2 telah beredar di Sidenreng Rappang dan karena adanya variasi antigenik di antara virus yang beredar, maka perlu dilakukan program pengendalian virus AI pada peternakan itik petelur di Sulawesi Selatan.
Keyword: Avian Influenza, Antigenic relation, Duck, Sidenreng Rappang, Chicken eggs, Polymerase

Judul: Kajian Persistensi dan Penularan Virus Avian Influenza di Peternakan Itik menggunakan Teknik Real Time RT-PCR
Abstrak: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been a major threat to poultry industry and human health in Indonesia over the past several years. The existence of backyard and free-range duck raising system has been hypothesized to play role in the disease circulation. This study investigated H5 virus infection and circulation occurring in three types of free-range duck farms in Indramayu District, West Java, Indonesia from September 2009 to March 2010. One hundred and eighty pairs of cloacal-oropharyngeal swab samples from sentinel ducks placed in six farms of the three farm types were collected every month for seven months period and screened in pools for influenza A virus. In addition to the sentinel ducks, 30 non-sentinel ducks were included at the first and the last sampling month. Of the total 648 pool samples collected for seven months, 91 pools (14%) were found influenza A positive at repeated events. The virus was more commonly found on type 1 farms followed by type 2 and 3 farms. The individual swab samples of influenza A positive pools were tested for H5 subtype. Of the total 91 pools of influenza A positive samples, 455 individual samples were tested for H5 subtype and 50 (11%) individual samples were found H5 positive. The H5 subtype was found at certain points of sampling time and was more commonly found in type 2 farms followed by type 1 and was not found on type 3 farms. The H5 virus was likely to be transmitted within duck farm but was unlikely to be maintained for a long time.
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Judul: Enhancement of photon absorbtion on BaxSr1-xTiO3 thin films semiconductor using photonic crystals.
Abstrak: In this research, has been conducted BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) thin films manufacturing for mole fraction x = 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, and 0.55; and concentration of 1 molar using chemical solution depositon (CSD) method. The materials, which are used in this research, are barium acetate [Ba(CH3COO)2, 99%], strontium acetate [Sr(CH3COO)2, 99%], titanium isopropoxide [Ti(C12O4H28), 97.999%], gallium trioxide [Ga2O3], 2-methoxyethanol [H3COOCH2CH2OH, 99%] and 1 x 1 cm of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass as substrate. Two BST thin films are made that for BST thin films which are doped by 10% galium (BGST) as p-type layer and pure BST solution as n-type. BST solution is made by reacting barium acetate [Ba(CH3COO)2, 99%], strontium acetate [Sr(CH3COO)2, 99%] and titanium isopropoxide [Ti(C12O4H28)] into 2-methoxyethanol solvent [H3COOCH2CH2OH, 99%] in accordance with mass gram for each x value. While, BGST solution is made in the same way as BST solution, plus adding gallium at 10% of the mass of BST. Once all materials are reacted, then vibrated using ultrasonic for 90 minutes, and followed by coating BGST / BST on the TCO substrate. Once the layer is formed, then annealed for 15 hours at temperature of 500 °C with increasing rate of 1.67 oC/minute. Characterizations of BST thin films with or without photonic crystals include the absorbance and transmittance in the visible light spectrum, as well as the electrical photoconductivity characterizations. From BST thin films without photonic crystals indicate that our thin films have light absorption area on almost the entire range of the visible light spectrum even to the infrared range with absorption value over than 67.6%, in addition, it can be seen that the maximum absorbance of BST thin films for all mole fractions lie in blue to green light spectrum region, 457 nm ≤ λ ≤ 570 nm and the minimum in yellow to red light spectrum region, 570 nm ≤ λ ≤ 678 nm. The largest absorbance is found at x = 0.25 with average absorbance value of 92.04% and maximum and minimum absorbance peaks at wavelength of 500.89 and 657.72 nm, respectively. At x = 0.35, average absorbance value decreased to 83.55% with maximum and minimum peaks at 505.73 and 613.68 nm, respectively. Then increased to 91.16% at x = 0.45 with maximum and minimum peaks at 506.04 and 618.56 nm, respectively. At x = 0.55, average absorbance value decreased to 80.12% with maximum and minimum peaks at 507.85 and 608.79 nm, respectively. Moreover, it can be seen that the addition of barium mole fraction leads to wider maximum absorbance or minimum transmittance peaks and narrower minimum absorbance or maximum transmittance peaks in the same range of the green and blue & red light spectrums, respectively. BST thin films with photonic crystals show increasing in absorption for all x values in the range of 3.04 into 13.33%. At x = 0.25, average absorbance percentage increased 3.96% from 92.4 into 95.68%, for x = 0.35 average percentage increased 7.07% into 89.45 from 83.55%. Furthermore, average absorbance of BST thin films at x = 0.45 increased 3.04% from 91.16 into 93.93% and x = 0.55 has
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