Judul: Effect of Different Varieties and Type of Scion on The Growth of Avocado Plant (Persea americana Mill.)
Abstrak: Ketersediaan tanaman alpukat masih rendah, baik secara kuantitas maupun kualitas sehingga perlu dilakukan pengembangan guna mendapatkan bibit berkualitas, unggul, dan masif dalam waktu yang relatif singkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh perbedaan varietas dan tipe cabang batang atas terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman alpukat (Persea americana Mill.). Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan dua faktor, yaitu faktor satu merupakan penggunaan tiga varietas batang atas (varietas Miki/Cipedak, varietas Sindangreret lonjong, dan varietas Solok) dan faktor dua merupakan fase pertumbuhan cabang batang atas (flush 1/internode pucuk; dan flush 2/internode kedua) dengan 5 satuan percobaan setiap ulangan, 3 ulangan untuk setiap perlakuan. Data diukur menggunakan analisis uji-F dan bila nyata diuji lanjut menggunakan Duncan’s Multiple Range Test taraf 5%. Penggunaan batang atas berbeda varietas nyata meningkatkan diameter batang bawah. Batang atas varietas Sindangreret lonjong memiliki rataan pertumbuhan diameter batang bawah tertinggi sebesar 6,34 cm, penggunaan batang atas varietas Miki menghasilkan pertumbuhan diameter terkecil sebesar 5,63 cm, sedangkan penggunaan batang atas varietas Solok menghasilkan pertumbuhan diameter yang tidak berbeda dengan kedua varietas. Fase pertumbuhan batang atas nyata mempengaruhi waktu pecah tunas, persen hidup, diameter batang atas, dan tinggi batang atas. Penggunaan batang atas fase flush 2 menghasilkan kecepatan tumbuh diameter dan tinggi batang atas lebih tinggi, sementara penggunaan fase flush 1 mempercepat waktu pecah tunas dan menghasilkan persen hidup lebih tinggi. Tidak terdapat interaksi nyata pada kedua faktor., The availability of avocado plants is still low, both in quantity and quality, so development is requisited to obtain quality, superior, and massive seeds in a relatively short time. This research aims to study the effect of different varieties and types of scion on the growth of avocado plants (Persea americana Mill.). The research used a factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors, i.e., factor one was the use of three scion varieties (Miki/Cipedak variety, Sindangreret lonjong variety, and Solok variety) and factor two was the growth phase of the scion branches (flush 1/apical shoot internode; and flush 2/second internode) with five experimental units per repetition, three repetitions for each treatment. Data were measured using Anova and, if significant, tested further using Duncan's Multiple Range Test at a 5% level. The scion of different varieties significantly increases the diameter of the rootstock. The scion of the oval Sindangreret variety had the highest average rootstock diameter growth of 6.34 cm, the use of the scion of the Miki variety resulted in the smallest diameter growth of 5.63 cm, even so the use of the scion of the Solok variety resulted in diameter growth that was no different from the two varieties. The growth phase of the scion significantly influences the time of bud break, survival percentage, diameter of the scion, and height of the scion. Scion flush phase 2 results in a higher growth rate in diameter and height of the scion, while the flush phase 1 speeds up the time of bud break and produces a higher survival percentage. There is no significant interaction between the two factors.
Keyword: age phase, auxin, cytokinin, scion, success rate, grafting

Judul: Evaluation of the Use of Inorganic, Organic, and  Biofertilizers on the Growth of Avocado Plants (Persea americana Mill.) at  Superavo Orchard, Subang
Abstrak: Peningkatan jumlah produksi alpukat dipengaruhi oleh efektivitas pemupukan. Pemupukan adalah hal terpenting dalam pertanian untuk meningkatkan nutrisi tanaman, mencapai tinggi hasil, dan perubahan lingkungan tanah. Efektivitas kombinasi pupuk anorganik dan pupuk hayati diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas tanaman serta memperkecil peluang terjadinya degradasi lahan. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan faktor tunggal berupa pemupukan. RAK ini mempunyai sembilan taraf perlakuan, yaitu: 1) kontrol (tanpa pupuk NPK dan hayati), 2) pupuk NPK 100%, 3) pupuk NPK 50%, 4) pupuk NPK 100% + pupuk hayati 100%, 5) pupuk NPK 100% + pupuk hayati 50%, 6) pupuk NPK 50% + pupuk hayati 100%, 7) pupuk NPK 50% + pupuk hayati 50%, 8) pupuk hayati 100%, 9) pupuk hayati 50%. Perlakuan ini diulang sebanyak lima ulangan. Pupuk dasar yang digunakan, yaitu pupuk kandang sebanyak 1,25 kg/pohon. Hasil siginifikan terjadi pada laju tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang tersier, N-total, dan aktivitas invertase tanah. Secara keseluruhan perlakuan terbaik adalah kombinasi dari pupuk NPK dan pupuk hayati khususnya pada perlakuan P3, yaitu kombinasi antara NPK 100% dan pupuk hayati 100%. Hal ini terlihat pada pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman alpukat serta hasil analisis kimia dan biologi tanah yang meningkat., Increasing the amount of avocado production is influenced by the effectiveness of fertilization. Fertilization is the most important thing in agriculture to improve plant nutrition, achieve high yields, and change the soil environment. The effectiveness of the combination of inorganic fertilizer and biofertilizer is needed to improve the quality and quantity of plants and reduce the chances of land degradation. The experimental design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with a single factor in fertilization. This RAK has nine treatment levels, namely: 1) control (without NPK and biofertilizer), 2) 100% NPK fertilizer, 3) 50% NPK fertilizer, 4) 100% NPK fertilizer + 100% biofertilizer, 5) NPK fertilizer 100% + 50% biofertilizer, 6) 50% NPK fertilizer + 100% biofertilizer, 7) 50% NPK fertilizer + 50% biofertilizer, 8) 100% biofertilizer, 9) 50% biofertilizer. This treatment was repeated five times. The basic fertilizer used, namely manure as much as 1.25 kg/tree. Significant results occurred in plant height, the number of tertiary branches, total N, and soil invertase activity. Overall, the best treatment was a combination of NPK fertilizer and biological fertilizer, especially in the P3 treatment, namely a combination of 100% NPK and 100% biological fertilizer. This can be seen in the vegetative growth of avocado plants and the soil's chemical and biological analysis, which have increased.
Keyword: Effectiveness, Fertilization, Soil chemical properties analysis, Soil  biological analysis

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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