Judul: Survival of Vaname Shrimp Given Recombinant Viral Protein Inhibitor Through Feed With Different Frequency Against WSSV Infection
Abstrak: White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) merupakan patogen yang sangat sering menginfeksi udang. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efektivitas rekombinan viral inhibitor protein (VIP) melalui pakan dengan frekuensi berbeda terhadap tingkat kelangsungan hidup udang vaname yang diuji tantang dengan WSSV. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Agustus-Oktober 2022 di Labroratorium Marikultur, analisis respons imun di Laboratorium Reproduksi dan Genetika Ikan, Departemen Budidaya Perairan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan secara eksperimental menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan empat perlakuan dengan lima ulangan untuk uji tantang. Parameter uji yang diukur yakni tingkat kelangsungan hidup (TKH), total haemocyte count (THC), dan aktivitas phenoloxidase (PO). Data diolah menggunakan Microsoft Excel 2010 dan dianalisis dengan analisis ragam (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian ini menunujukkan bahwa pemberian VIP dengan frekuensi setiap hari memberikan hasil terbaik setelah diinfeksikan dengan WSSV yang menghasilkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup mencapai 45,33% dibandingkan (P<0,05) kontrol positif yang memiliki tingkat kelangsungan hidup terendah yakni 9,33%., White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a pathogen that often infects shrimp. This study aims to test the effectiveness of recombinant viral inhibitor protein (VIP) by feeding with different frequencies on the survival rate of vannamei shrimp challenged with WSSV. This research was conducted in August-October 2022 at Mariculture Laboratory, immune response analysis at Fish Reproduction and Genetics Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University. This research was carried out experimentally using a completely randomized design. The study was conducted using four treatments with five replications for the challenge test. The test parameters measured were survival rate (TKH), total haemocyte count (THC), and phenoloxidase (PO) activity. Data were processed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of this study showed that giving VIP with a daily frequency gave the best results after being infected with WSSV which resulted in a survival rate of 45.33% compared to (P<0.05) the positive control which had the lowest survival rate of 9.33%.
Keyword: lethal dose, recombinant, viral inhibitory protein, WSSV

Judul: Effect of Giving Recombinant Viral Inhibitor Protein (VIP) on Vannamei Shrimp with Different Doses After Infected with WSSV
Abstrak: Penyakit white spot akibat WSSV menjadi faktor besar yang dapat memengaruhi kemunduran industri budidaya udang vaname karena memiliki virulensi yang tinggi, yaitu menyebabkan mortalitas hingga 100% dalam waktu 3–10 hari sejak terinfeksi. Alternatif yang dapat dilakukan yaitu pemberian rekombinan viral inhibitor protein (VIP) untuk menghambat aktivitas WSSV secara langsung sehingga dapat menurunkan tingkat kematian pada udang. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan dosis VIP optimal yang diaplikasikan melalui pakan terhadap tingkat mortalitas dan respons imun udang vaname yang telah terinfeksi WSSV. Penelitian ini terdiri dari empat perlakuan dan enam ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari K- (tanpa VIP dan tanpa diuji tantang WSSV), K+ (tanpa VIP dan diuji tantang WSSV), V1 (dosis VIP 5 mg/kg pakan dan diuji tantang WSSV), dan V2 (dosis VIP 7,5 mg/kg pakan dan diuji tantang WSSV). Udang diuji tantang WSSV lalu dipelihara selama tujuh hari dengan kepadatan 50 ekor dalam 5 L air. Protein VIP diberikan pada satu hari setelah udang terinfeksi. Hasil penelitian secara signifikan (P<0,05) menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan VIP memiliki nilai TM yang lebih rendah dan respons imun yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan K+. Pemberian VIP 7,5 mg/kg pakan menunjukkan nilai TM dan respons imun terbaik., White spot disease due to WSSV is a major factor that can affect the decline of the vannamei shrimp aquaculture industry because it has high virulence, which causes mortality up to 100% within 3–10 days from infection. An alternative that can be use is by giving recombinant viral inhibitor protein (VIP) to inhibit WSSV activity directly so that it can decrease the mortality rate of shrimp from WSSV infection. This study aimed to obtain the optimal dose of VIP which was applied through feed to the mortality rate and immune responses of vannamei shrimp that had been exposed to WSSV. This study consisted of four treatments and six replications. The treatments consisted of K- (without VIP and not being challenged with WSSV), K+ (without VIP and challenged with WSSV), V1 (VIP dose 5 mg/kg feed and challenged with WSSV), and V2 (VIP dose 7,5 mg/kg feed and challenged with WSSV). Shrimp were challenged with WSSV and then maintained for seven days at a density of 50 individuals in 5 L of water. VIP protein was given one day after the shrimp was infected. The results showed significantly (P<0,05) that the VIP treatment had a lower MR value and a higher immune responses values compared to K+. Giving VIP 7,5 mg/kg of feed showed the best resistance and immune responses values.
Keyword: respons imun, tingkat mortalitas, VIP, WSSV

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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