Judul: Examination of Land Degradation based on Erosion Potential using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (A Study Case of Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia)
Abstrak: Soil erosion is a serious environmental problem in the world. With the generally high erosion rate in many parts of the world, efforts should be directed towards curtailing its hazard. This requires quantitative data to identify critical areas where urgent conservation is needed. Traditional approaches based on runoff plots are expensive, time consuming and generate point-based data. A comparative study was conducted to estimate soil loss under landscapes, major land uses and slope gradients in Bandung Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. The soil erosion model, i.e. the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) was applied in GIS and remote sensing (RS) environment. GIS based spatial analysis model is used to answer questions about what exists now or exists at some points in the past. Perhaps most importantly, it can be used to predict what will happen or has happened in another location or at another point in a certain time. A GIS provides these capabilities by means of its spatial analysis function. Erosion that is caused by rain and human’s activities can be assessed with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation in ton/hectare/year units based on soil loss rate of a certain area. RUSLE involves erosivity from rain, erodibility from soil properties, slope conditions, land conservation, and cultivation system factors on a land. The classification of land cover in study area was conductive by using Landsat satellite image of different years, i.e.1989, 1993, 1998 and 2003. Changes in land use/ cover was led to increase the rate of erosion by water in the Bandung regency which could be concluded from the statistical analysis of the annual result from RUSLE. The potential eroded area by districts in the study area can be examined. Human factor, land use and cover change, is the most dominant factor in RUSLE equation for prediction of land degradation was shown in the sensitivity analysis of land use/cover change by years. According to the outcome of this research, deforestation and the agricultural practice for vegetable farming in the study area were causing problems of land degradation. Intensification of agriculture area and residential area are major factors of land degradation in the study area. Finally, this research can be concluded that 1825 hectare of land in the Bandung regency is continuously suffered high and very high erosion in four different period of land cover type. That area need to be recognized as “rehabilitant area” and must be maintained with the way of high soil conservation practice. The forested area which located more than 40 percent slope gradient in the study area is needed to be identified as highly value conservative forest area. Erosion must be noticed in a land degradation management and RUSLE can help farmers not only to assess erosions on their lands but also to policy maker for implementing the land use planning.
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Judul: Study on the dynamic land use impact in Wanggu watershed to sedimentation to Kendary Bay in South East Sulawesi
Abstrak: The dynamic of land use in Wanggu Watershed had been causing land degradation disruption of hydrological function of the watershed and sedimentation in Kendari Bay. These degradations were indicated by the increasing of river fluctuation and erosion was higher than the local tolerable soil losts. The impact of erosion had further decreased land productivity, farmer’s income, and also increasing sedimentation in Kendari Bay as well. The objectives of this research were 1) to identify the biophysical characteristics of Wanggu watershed. 2) to study the impact of land use dynamic on erosion, run off, river flow fluctuation and sedimentation in Kendari Bay, 3) to develope land use models and agrotechnologies that can increase soil infiltration capacity, decrease run off coefficient, river flow fluctuation, rate of erosion and sedimentation in Kendari Bay, 4) to formulate land use planning and agrotechnology model in Wanggu watershed to guarantee sustainable land management. This research was carried out in September 2009 to August 2010. The result of this research showed that forested land characteristics were much better than those with other land uses particularly the characteristics that related to hydrological function of watershed. There were a continuous decrease forest land (1.1% per year) and bushes land (0.8% per year) but on the other hand a continuous increase of mixed plantation land (1.1% per year), dry land use (0.4% per year) and settlement area (0.4% per year). These dynamic giving the impact to increase erosion rate (12.7 tons/ha), surface run off (262.7 mm), run off coeficient (0.13) since 1992-2010, and in turn increase sedimentation rate in Kendari Bay. The source of those sediment come from land erosion 104.000 m3 per year (9,3%), from waste 21.310 m3 per year (2%), and river bank erosion-infrastructure-landslide 954.000 m3 per year (88,7%), to make total sedimentation in Kendari Bay was 1.071.000 m3 per year. The existing land use of Wanggu watershed in 2010 could not guarantee sustainable land management. The alternative land use planning for sustainable Wanggu watershed management is 33 % forest, 44 % mixed plantation,9% dry field, 1% bush and 13% settlement. The land use management in mixced plantation should be under Agrosilvopastoral with perennial crops (cacao, pepper, citrut fruit, banana, teak, elephant grass+3 cows), and in dry field should be under multiple cropping system(corn + cassava + peanut) - (green beans + legume + tomato). To increase productivity of both systems, the using of chemical fertilizers, manure, and compost should be applied as necessary.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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