Judul: Analysis of the potential greenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4) in intensive shrimp ponds business and public perception in its management in Kabupaten Tulang Bawang, Lampung Province
Abstrak: Aquaculture activities including shrimp aquaculture gives rise to waste that can disrupt the stability of the environment. The high of shrimp feeds in Nitrogen (N) and the retention of shrimps often are less than 25% of the input (N Briggs and Funge 1994; Boyd and Tucker 1998; Burford et al. 2003). Nitrogen that is left in the pond, generally, leached into the surrounding waters, either periodically to reduce the stress of shrimp, or at the time of harvest. Excess N can cause eutrophication of waters. Eutrophication in the pond waters resulted chemical change in a water, blooming algae, increasing of turbidity, lack of Dissolved Oxygen, as well as changes in the food chain (Ryther and Dunstan 1971; Paerl 1988; Kennish, 1992; Nixon 1995; Smith et al. 1999). The decomposition of organic substances of microbe in the bottom waters resulted in the release of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O, whereas N2O is an intermediate product of denitrification process. In addition, another problems faced by the aquaculture is the indirectly energy use in large quantities could result in the potential of greenhouse gases ( CO2 ). Research purposes 1 ) Analyze the magnitude of the potential greenhouse gas (CH4) of intensive shrimp ponds wastes 2) Analyze the magnitude of the potential greenhouse gas (CO2) on the use of energy on intensive shrimp ponds 3) Analyze the perception of people about global warming. Research is done at water-preaparation phase of intensive shrimp ponds ( 02.60 AW and 02.60.AK), and nearly-harvested phase of intensive shrimp ponds ( 02.55.AW and 02.55.AK ) owned by PT. Central Pertiwi Bahari, Kecamatan Dente Teladas, Kabupaten Tulang Bawang, Lampung Province in January 2011 - April 2011. The analysis of potential methane (CH4 ) was done in Laboratorium Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian, Jaken, Pati, Central Java. The results show that the potential greenhouse gas (CH4) from intensive shrimp ponds waste on SO 02.55. (nearly-harvested phase) was 0.45 – 1,08 mg/kg waste/year (FCR-1.3) and 0.42 - 1.00 mg/kg waste/year (FCR 1.4). Meanwhile, the potential greenhouse gas (CH4) from intensive shrimp ponds waste at SO.02.60 (waterpreparation phase) was 1.26 - 64,61 mg/kg waste/year (FCR 1.3) and 1.17 - 60.00 mg/kg waste/year (FCR 1.4). High methane production of shrimp ponds waste on SO. 02.60 (AW and AK) is affected by the pH values i.e. 6,61 - 7.06. The range of pH values greatly affects the methane-producing bacteria to produce methane gas. The potential of greenhouse gases (CO2) on the energy use at intensive shrimp ponds SO.02.55 (nearly-harvested phase) was 715,87 kg.CO2/day and on SO.02.60 ( waterpreparation phase) was 89,48 kg.CO2 /day. The energy use in the form of the pinwheel use gave an effect of the potential greenhouse gases ( CO2 ). From 39 respondents, as many as 58,97 % have heard a term of global warming. Meanwhile, 41,03 % never heard a term global warming. The level of education did not give a tangible affect against perception of the public about shrmp ponds waste management and global warming.
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Judul: Evaluasi Gas Rumah Kaca (CH4, CO2 dan N2O) dari Feses Sapi FH Laktasi yang Diberi Pakan Rumput Gajah dan Jerami Padi
Abstrak: Livestock sector is one of potential sector to produces greenhouses gases from feces. FH (Frisien Holstein) is one of the dairy cows mostly raised in Indonesia. Feces production of FH approximately 18.45-36.9 kg per day. Dairy cows feces produces the main greenhouse gases such as CH4, CO2 and N2O. Dairy cows feces either solid or liquid has the potential to emit CH4, CO2 and N2O. The aim of this experiment was evaluate the production of greenhouse gases from lactating dairy cow feces that fed with elephant grass (EG) and rice straw (RS). This experiment was conducted from September to December 2014 in KUNAK, Animal Waste Processing and PAU Laboratory of Bogor Agriculture University, and Greenhouse Gases Laboratory of BALINGTAN. BALINGTAN method in measuring greenhouse gases was used in this research. Feces were collected as much as 1 kg in 24 hours and incubated for 8 weeks to measure greenhouse gases. CRD (complete random design) repeated measurements was used with 3 treatments : RS (100% rice straw), EG (100% elephant grass) and RSEG (50% rice straw+50% elephant grass). Measured variables were greenhouse gases (CH4, CO2, N2O), proximate feed analysis, feces proximate analysis, total of feces organic matter, C organic feces, N feces, ammonia (NH3) concentration, feces weight in 24 hours, dairy cows body weights, and feed consumption. The result showed that CH4 gas production from lactating dairy cow feces had no significant effect in each treatment (P>0.05). There was no differences on the CO2 production (P>0.05) between RS, EG, and RSEG but N2O production was higher in RS (P<0.05) than EG and RSEG. Different feeding significantly affected CH4 gas production in the first week (P<0.05), while for the second week until the last week of the study was not significant effect (P>0.05). The first week of CH4 measurement, generated the highest production on dairy cows in RS treatment and followed by RSEG, while EG treatment produces CH4 lower than RS and RSEG. Furthermore, CO2 production in the first week to the third week showed an increase volume in all treatments. In the third week until the sixth week showed a decline in CO2 gas production and increased back on the last week of incubation. Peak production of CO2 gas in all treatments occurred in the third week, it demonstrated the high content of digestible organic matter such as energy and protein and the declined of CO2 production caused by decreasing of digestible substrate. Production of greenhouse gases associated with the substrate that used by the bacteria which is the fiber has longer degradation process so CO2 gas produced slower. Furthermore, the highest production of N2O gas was produced from RS treatment (P<0.05). Fluctuation of N2O gas production was influenced by the concentration of NH3, N content of feces and the role of microbes during the feces incubation process. Generally, the production of CH4 and CO2 produced from dairy cows lactating feces was higher than N2O. The greenhouse gases produced from feces was associated with organic matter content, easily digestible substrate, and length of fermentation. Lactating dairy cow feces with elephant grass and rice
Keyword: elephant grass, greenhouse gases, lactating dairy cows feces, rice straw

Judul: Invers Drazin dari Matriks Toeplitz Singular
Abstrak: Matriks Toeplitz adalah matriks yang setiap unsur pada diagonal utama bernilai sama dan setiap unsur pada subdiagonal yang bersesuaian dengan diagonal utama juga bernilai sama. Matriks singular adalah matriks yang tidak bisa ditentukan inversnya. Akan tetapi, dapat diupayakan untuk ditentukan inversnya menggunakan invers matriks yang diperumum. Invers Drazin merupakan salah satu jenis invers matriks yang diperumum. Pada karya ilmiah ini ditentukan invers Drazin dari matriks Toeplitz singular dengan menggunakan metode Leverrier Faddeev. Kemudian, ditentukan invers Drazin dari matriks Toeplitz singular yang direpresentasikan sebagai penjumlahan segitiga bawah dan segitiga atas matriks Toeplitz berdasar pada teorema Gohberg dan Semencul., Toeplitz matrix is a matrix in with element on the main diagonal has the same value and on the subdiagonal corresponding to the main diagonal also has the same value. Singular matrix is a matrix that has no inverse. However, it can be attempted to determine the inverse using a generalized inverse matrix. Inverse Drazin is a type of generalized matrix inverse. This paper discussed the inverse Drazin for a singular Toeplitz matrix using the Leverrier Faddeev method. Then, the Drazin inverse of the singular Toeplitz matrix which is represented as a sum of products of lower and upper triangular Toeplitz matrix based on Gohberg and Semencul theorem.
Keyword: inverse Drazine, singular Toeplitz matrix