Judul: Mempelajari Produksi Zat Warna Alami Angkak dengan Substrat Fermentasi Ampas Tapioka (Onggok) oleh Monascus purpureus Went.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan hendak memberi kan dan memperkenalkan alternatif lain memanfaatkan ongok sebagai substrat fermentasi Monascus puroureus !Jent. guns produksi z a t warna alami. Rancanean percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan faktorial tiga kali tiga . Faktor pertama ( A ) yaitu perbandingan karbohidrat onggok dibanding tepung kedelai,terdiri dari tiga taraf, yaitu A, dengan perbandingan 2 : 1, A 2 dengan perbandingan 2 : 2 dan A dengan perbandingan 2 : 3. 3 Faktor ke dua (B) yaitu kadar air awel substrat , terdiri dari tiga taraf , baik dari air awal 45 x , B2 kadar a i r awal 55 ?: dan B 3 kadar a i r awal 65 %.
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Judul: Penggandaan skala produksi pigmen angkak oleh Monascus purpureus menggunakan limbah tapioka dengan sistem fermentasi cair
Abstrak: Pemanfaatan onggok dan limbah cair tapioka sebagai medium fermentasi oleh Monascus purpureus merupakan suatu upaya untuk memberi nilai tambah limbah industri pangan. Kandungan pati dan bahan nutrisi lainnya dalam limbah tersebut masih cukup tinggi, sehingga memungkinkan untuk digunakan sebagai substrat bagi pertumbuhan sel-sel ka- pang, yang selanjutnya dapat memproduksi pigmen berwarna merah, yaitu angkak. Dari penelitian Ridawati (1993) diperoleh komposisi medium fermentasi untuk memproduksi pigmen angkak, yaitu onggok 28, NH4NO3 0.15% dan limbah cair tapioka dengan sistem fermentasi kultur cair. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan pada skala laboratorium tersebut, maka dikembangkan penelitian dalam skala lebih besar yaitu pada skala bioreaktor lima dan sepuluh liter. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan fermentor dengan pengaturan suhu konstan 30°C, pH awal medium 6,0, aerasi 1,5 vvm dan kecepatan agitasi 300 rpm. Proses fermentasi dilakukan selama 14 hari dengan analisis parameter obser- vasi setiap dua hari, yang meliputi analisis kadar pigmen, perubahan pH, kadar pati, kadar gula, bobot kering sel dan kelarutan pigmen dalam air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan intensitas adanya peningkatan pigmen merah dan kuning, baik ekstraseluler maupun intraseluler, dibandingkan dengan penelitian skala laboratorium. Adanya peningkatan tersebut diduga terjadi karena pengontrolan suhu dan pengaturan kecepatan aerasi dan agitasi dalam medium selama fermentasi berlangsung dapat dilakukan dengan baik. ...
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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