Judul: Analisis Target Strength Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man) Menggunakan Akustik Split Beam di Sungai Mahakam
Abstrak: Fresh water giant prawn is one of the most abundant species of the high quality economic. Unfortunately water quality condition was changed and it’s feeding ground and nursery ground. This Population declined by indicated fishermen catches were tends to decrease, one of them is fresh water giant prawn. On the other hand, information of the spatial dispersal is limited and the identification of fresh water giant prawn still used by visual. This research tried to estimate target strength value of fresh water giant prawn influenced by biological factors associated with the ontogeny (total length, carapace length and weight) and physiology (gravid and non-gravid). The research was conducted by using stationary position and controlled the acoustic method in Mahakam River, East Kalimantan. The hydroacoustic instrument used was Simrad EY 60. Five samples of prawns were measured for memories 50 kB and 200 region on echogram each of. The variables of ontogeny were analyzed by simple regression model, principal component analysis and z test. The results showed that target strength of each samples were -64,45; -65,30; -65,15; -65,21; and -55,27 dB, respectively. The regression (r2) between target strength with carapace length were 0,9103; total length 0,4704 and weight 0,3633, respectively. Calculation of principal component analysis (PCA) is used the fourth variable (target strength, total length, carapace length and weight) reduced to 2 variables. Then two new variables can explain 99.8% of the total variability of the four variables. PCA biplot graph shows that have a carapace length greater closeness when compared with the other variables. Samples 2, 3, and 4 have similar characteristics, but samples 1 and 5 do not have similar characteristics with each other. Z test results are tcalculate> ttabel then H0 rejected. This result show the sample gravid and non-gravid are not the same, because the t value falls in the region of the right of criticism. The gravid conditions suspected exerts a greater influence on the value of the target strength than the conditions non-gravid. The conclusion are value of the target strength on fresh water giant prawn influenced by the length of the carapace (ontogeny) and gravid condition (physiology).
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Judul: Analisis pendugaan target strength terhadap ukuran panjang ikan dalam kondisi terkontrol di perairan pulau kongsi, Kepulauan Seribu
Abstrak: Indonesia is a rich country in aquatic resources, but has not been maximized. One of the way to explore the resources by using the hidroacoustic method. The main parameter of this method is target strength (TS), so this research aims to compare the value of TS of fish lape and determine the value of the average terget strength (TS) of fish lape. Acoustic data obtained from the BPPL in echogram and size of long fish lape data in MS-excel. Data processing is done in two stages by analyzing and processing of acoustic data in Echoview 4.8 and Simrad ER 60 and then tabulating the result in MS-excel. The next step is to analyze the value of TS in MS-excel to obtain an average value of fish TS. The result obtained in this research is a positive linear relationship between the average TS to fish length, where the correlation coefficient is equal to 0,87. The greater the legth of fish lape, then the value of the average TS of fish will be greater as well. TS value of the average four fish lape obetained that is equal to 57,76 dB.
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Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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