Judul: Identification of SNPs in Exon 17 of the Receptor Tyrosine  Kinase (KIT) Gene in Bali Cattle
Abstrak: Menurut Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI), sapi bali jantan umumnya memiliki rambut berwarna merah atau hitam, sedangkan betina memiliki warna rambut merah. Setiap penyimpangan dari warna tersebut menunjukkan adanya kelainan pada warna rambut sapi bali. Gen KIT diketahui memengaruhi warna rambut sapi bali. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi apakah terdapat SNP pada gen KIT yang dapat menyebabkan warna rambut albino pada sapi bali menggunakan metode direct sequencing. Analisis PCR dilakukan pada suhu annealing 61 °C dan hasil produk PCR dikirim ke laboratorium 1st Base di Selangor, Malaysia untuk analisis sekuensing, data sekuensing dianalisis menggunakan MEGA10 2.6, FichTV, dan BioEdit 7.2. Hasil sekuensing pada gen KIT ekson 17 menunjukkan tidak ada SNP pada sapi bali normal dan albino. Kesimpulannya, gen KIT ekson 17 bersifat monomorfik sehingga tidak dapat dijadikan sebagai penanda yang membedakan warna rambut normal dan albino pada sapi bali., According to the Indonesia National Standard (SNI), male bali cattle typically have dark reddish or blackish hair, while females exhibit a reddish hair color. Any deviation from these colors indicates an abnormality in the bali cattle’s hair color. The KIT gene is known to influence the hair color of bali cattle. This research aims to identify whether there are SNPs in the KIT gene that can result in albino hair coloration in Bali cattle using direct sequencing methods. PCR analysis was conducted at an annealing temperature of 61 °C, and the PCR product outcomes were sent to the 1st Base laboratory in Selangor, Malaysia for sequencing analysis, the sequencing data were analyzed using the MEGA10 2.6, FinchTV, and BioEdit 7.2. The sequencing result of the KIT gene exon 17 shows no SNPs in normal and albino bali cattle. In conclusion, the study found that the KIT gene exon 17 is monomorphic and therefore cannot be used as a distinguishing marker for normal and albino hair coloration in bali cattle.
Keyword: albino, bali cattle, exon 17, KIT gene, SNPs

Judul: Analisis Keragaman Intron 2 Partial dan Ekson 3 Gen KIT pada Sapi Bali Menggunakan Metode Direct Sequencing
Abstrak: Sapi bali merupakan sapi asli Indonesia dengan warna rambut jantan dewasa hitam dan betina kemerahan. Abnormalitas warna rambut pada sapi bali seperti pola white spotted dan albino diduga disebabkan salah satunya oleh gen KIT. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keragaman gen KIT intron 2 partial dan ekson 3 dan hubungannya dengan warna rambut pada sapi bali. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Genetika Molekuler, FAPET IPB. Sampel darah sapi bali sebanyak 48 sampel terdiri 15 sampel white spotted, 13 albino, dan 20 normal. SampeldiperolehdariBPTU-HPTSerdangDenpasarBali,danLombok. Analisis keragaman gen KIT menggunakan metode direct sequencing dengan panjang sekuen target 448 bp. Data hasil sekuen gen KIT dianalisis menggunakan program MEGA7.0.26 dan BioEdit72.50. Hasil analisis menunjukkan fragmen ekson 3 gen KIT pada sapi bali monomorfik, namun ditemukan SNP g.70208534A>G di fragmen intron 2 bersifat polimorfik tetapi SNP tidak dapat digunakan sebagai marka abnormalitas warna rambut normal. Simpulan, keragaman ekson 3 gen KIT pada sapi bali bersifat tidak beragam atau monomorfik, namun pada intron 2 partial ditemukan SNP g.70208534A>G beragam atau polimorfik.
Keyword: gen KIT, sapi bali, SNP, warna rambut

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
Keyword: