Judul: Evaluasi Kesesuaian Makanan Pendamping Air Susu Ibu (MP-ASI) Bubuk Instan dan Biskuit serta Persepsi Konsumen terhadap Klaim Kandungan Gizinya
Abstrak: Pada usia 6 hingga 24 bulan merupakan masa pertumbuhan kritis di mana kondisi bayi rentan terhadap penyakit dan diperlukan MP-ASI yang memiliki kandungan zat gizi yang mencukupi kebutuhan anak untuk mencapai pertumbuhan optimal. Di pasar MP-ASI bubuk instan dan biskuit merupakan dua jenis MP-ASI yang paling banyak ditemui dan produk ini memiliki klaim kandungan gizi pada bagian depan kemasan. Klaim pada kemasan memiliki peran sebagai sarana komunikasi produsen dalam menginformasikan kandungan zat gizi beserta fungsinya bagi kesehatan konsumen. MP-ASI bubuk instan dan biskuit merupakan subjek penelitian yang bertujuan untuk dievaluasi kesesuaiannya dengan standar nasional dan internasional, diidentifikasi klaim kandungan gizinya serta persepsi dan perilaku konsumen terhadap klaim kandungan gizinya. Empat merek MP-ASI bubuk instan dan empat merek MP-ASI biskuit dipilih sebagai subjek dalam penelitian ini. Pemilihan ini berdasarkan lokasi produksi (produksi di Indonesia) dan memiliki nomor MD dari Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan (BPOM) dan (2) klaim kandungan gizi yang unik. Apabila ditemukan dua atau lebih produk dari merek sama dan memiliki klaim kandungan gizi yang sama persis namun variannya berbeda, maka hanya dipilih satu dari antara beberapa produk sebagai subjek penelitian. Dari hasil seleksi berdasarkan kriteria tersebut didapatkan sembilan varian MP-ASI bubuk instan dan lima varian dari empat merek MP-ASI biskuit. Dalam penentuan kesesuaian, kandungan zat gizi pada MP-ASI bubuk instan dan biskuit didata dari informasi nilai gizi yang tertera pada label kemasan. Nilai zat gizi yang memenuhi nilai minimal standar atau berada pada interval nilai minimal dan maksimal dinilai ‘sesuai’. Zat gizi yang terdapat pada panduan, namun tidak terkandung pada produk dijelaskan dengan keterangan ‘NA’ atau not available serta tidak diikutsertakan dalam perhitungan persentase kesesuaian. Kemudian, klaim kandungan gizi dari semua sampel yang menjadi subjek penelitian didata dan dihitung zat gizi yang paling sering muncul sebagai klaim kemudian dihubungkan dengan permasalahan gizi di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan 86.20% kandungan gizi MP-ASI biskuit dan 93.65% MP-ASI bubuk instan sesuai dengan SNI 2005. Sebesar 68.57% kandungan gizi pada MP-ASI biskuit belum sesuai dengan rekomendasi Codex Alimentarius, sedangkan 88.46% kandungan gizi pada MP-ASI bubuk instan sudah sesuai dengan rekomendasi. Klaim yang paling banyak muncul adalah zat besi, kalsium, protein, vitamin A, dan serat pangan. Tiga dari lima klaim kandungan gizi erat kaitannya dengan permasalahan gizi di Indonesia yaitu Anemia Gizi Besi (AGB), Kekurangan Energi Protein (KEP), dan Kekurangan Vitamin A (KVA). Persepsi dan perilaku konsumen diidentifikasi melalui survei berbasis online kepada 180 responden Ibu di wilayah Jabodetabek (Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi) yang memiliki anak usia 6 sampai 24 bulan dan konsumen v MP-ASI bubuk instan dan biskuit. Melalui survei responden diketahui bahwa 31.67% responden memilih klaim kandungan gizi sebagai prioritas pertama dalam menentukan pembelian MP-ASI. Kemudian sumber serat menjadi klaim yang dianggap paling penting oleh 35.71% pada MP-ASI bubuk instan dan 36.62% responden pada MP-ASI biskuit. Lebih dari 90% responden mengatakan bahwa klaim kandungan gizi menentukan keputusan pembelian dan pembelian berulang baik pada produk MP-ASI bubuk instan maupun MP-ASI biskuit. Pada MP-ASI bubuk instan, klaim kandungan gizi digunakan oleh 55.56% responden sebagai sumber informasi kandungan gizi dan 41.67% menggunakannya sebagai bahan perbandingan antar produk. Sedangkan pada MP-ASI biskuit, sebanyak 71.11% responden
Keyword: biskuit, bubuk instan, klaim kandungan gizi, MP-ASI

Judul: Kajian Kesesuaian Produk Makanan Pendamping Air Susu Ibu (MP-ASI) terhadap Standar Nasional Indonesia dan Kontribusi terhadap Kecukupan Gizi Bayi/Anak
Abstrak: Formulated complementary foods have an important role on the nutritional status of infant/young children. Indonesia has enacted four standard (SNI) related to the formulated complementary foods which are instant powder, biscuit, ready to be consumed and ready to be prepared form. According to the Government Regulation, SNI is voluntarily implemented but it could be mandatory with respect to the consumer safety, security, health, environment and/or economic consideration. The objectives of this study were : (a) to review nutrient content declared on the label of registered complementary foods compared with the SNI, (b) to review the percentage of Recommended Daily Allowance declared on the label compared to the nutrition need of infant/young children, (c) to understand the consumer concern on the label and consumption pattern of infant/young children and (d) to review the contribution of formulated complementary foods on nutrition need of infant and young children. Data collected include references, regulations and standards related to complementary feeding, survey result, label of registered complementary foods. The study showed that the percentage of complementary foods which did not meet the level of certain nutrient required by the standard for the local instant powder, imported instant powder, biscuit and ready to be prepared form were 32 %, 87 %, 67 %, and 100 % respectively. Whereas, the percentage of complementary foods which did not meet overall nutrient requirements stated on the standard, either nutrient that should be contained therein or voluntarily added, for the local instant powder, imported instant powder, biscuit and ready to be prepared form were 68 %, 100 %, 73 %, and 100 %, respectively. Serving size of complementary foods compared to the reference amounts for the local instant powder, imported instant powder, biscuit and ready to prepared form were 100 – 333 %, 213 – 313 %, 257 – 743 % and 100 – 163 %, respectively. Survey result showed that 28 % infant and young children consumed the complementary food instant powder and the frequency of consumption was 2,7 times per day. Biscuit was consumed by 44 % infant and young children and the frequency of consumption was 1,6 times per day. Infant and young children need some nutrients such as energy, protein, fat, linoleic acid, carbohydrate, beta carotene total carotene folic acid, potassium, sodium, phosphor, magnesium, zinc, selenium and iodine from other sources to fulfill the recommended daily intake.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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