Judul: Penentuan Retensi Optimal Reasuransi Stop Loss dengan Metode Optimasi Value at Risk
Abstrak: Tidak semua risiko dari pemegang polis ditanggung sendiri oleh perusahaan asuransi, terutama risiko yang nilainya besar. Risiko tersebut biasanya ditanggungkan kembali ke perusahaan asuransi lain melalui reasuransi. Salah satu jenis reasuransi yang sering digunakan adalah reasuransi stop loss. Pada reasuransi ini, perusahaan asuransi akan menetapkan batas retensi, yaitu batas maksimum risiko atau uang pertanggungan yang dapat ditanggung sendiri oleh perusahaan asuransi. Penentuan nilai retensi optimal ini sangat penting bagi perusahaan asuransi. Salah satu metode yang bisa digunakan adalah metode optimasi Value at Risk. Pada penelitian ini, berhasil ditentukan syarat-syarat agar retensi optimal ada sehingga nilai retensi optimal nya dapat ditentukan. Pada metode ini, safety loading factor dan distribusi aggregate loss perusahaan asuransi merupakan faktor penting dalam penentuan retensi optimal.
Keyword: Reasuransi Stop Loss, Retensi Optimal, Value at Risk

Judul: Asuransi Optimal dan Kebijakan Reasuransi dalam Proses Risiko
Abstrak: Insurer has a risk to bankrupt because the distribution of its claim size has a thick tail. This means that the probability of a big claim is relatively high. For this situation, insurer divides a part or all risk of to other insurer (reinsurance) to minimize the expected maximal losses. Insurer can optimize insurance policies, reinsurance, or both. When insurer optimizes insurance policies for minimizing the expected maximal losses, insurer limits its claim size to be paid by insured. When insurer optimizes reinsurance, insurer do not limit the claim size submitted by insured but insurer just paid a part from the claim submitted by insured and the rest being paid reinsurance. When insurer uses the combination polices, insurer limits the claim size submitted by insured and insurer paid a part from the claim it and the rest being paid by reinsurance. The result of optimizes insurance policies, reinsurance, or both is a stop loss policy to minimize the expected maximal losses.
Keyword: reinsurance., insurance policies, insurance, risk

Judul: Hybrid solar cells of ZnO nanoparticles/chlorophyll was modified metal ions (Zn2+ and Cu2+ )
Abstrak: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a n-type semiconductor with a wide the energy band (Band Gap) is 3.37 eV at room temperature and 3.34 eV at low temperature with a large exiton binding energy is 60 meV. ZnO has been synthesized by hydrothermal method, resulting in a decrease in particle size over the duration of the hydrothermal changes. Crystallographic structure of ZnO were characterized using XRD, has shown the characteristic pattern of a hexagonal wurtzite structure, the crystallite size increases to changes in particle size. Changes in particle size has also led to a change in the absorption peak of ZnO as has been demonstrated posted under test using the optical properties of UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Changes of this uptake has also led to changes in the energy band gap, which increases its band gap energy of the particle size. In electronic applications, especially in solar cells. Chlorophyll is considered less effective, because of their very nature are easily degraded as a result of several reactions which are acid, lighting and temperature. The results of the stability test using a halogen lamp 34 W/m2 for 5 hours, that the substitution of chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form more stable than natural chlorophyll. The characterization of the optical properties, the combination of ZnO / chlorophyll in the form of hybrid films has led to a shift in the absorption region of ZnO becomes more widely from the UV to Visible. ZnO/chlorophyll has absorption range of 350-515 nm, ZnO / Zn-feofitin 332-401 nm and 332-632 nm for Cu-feofitin. The combination of ZnO/chlorophyll and CuSCN as a solid electrolite in hybrid solar cell, a modified chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form a more stable I-V curve. It is characterized by its fill factor value greater than natural chlorophyll. Nevertheless, solar cells with natural chlorophyll has been able to produce higher efficiency values of chlorophyll were substituted.
Keyword: Hydrothermal, ZnO/Chlorophyll modified, Hybrid Solar Cell