Judul: Operational Cost Analysis of Degraded  Forest Rehabilitation Using Gap Planting Technology in the Gap Planting Research  Area of PT. Sarmiento Parakantja Timber
Abstrak: Tanam rumpang adalah salah satu teknologi yang digunakan untuk merehabilitasi hutan terdegradasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini, yaitu mengetahui biaya operasional merehabilitasi hutan terdegradasi pada areal penelitian tanam rumpang di PT. Sarmiento Parakantja Timber, Kalimantan Tengah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode time study, analisis biaya, serta Uji Independent sample t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa untuk kegiatan operasional rehabilitasi rumpang membutuhkan 86,19 HOK/ha. Rata-rata biaya aktual operasional tanam rumpang sebesar Rp 35.407.765,45/ha. Proporsi biaya operasional terdiri dari tahun pertama 63%, tahun kedua 22%, dan tahun ketiga 15%. Topografi datar-landai dengan sedang mempengaruhi biaya operasional tanam rumpang., Gap planting is one of technology used to rehabilitate degraded forests. The objective of this research was to determine the operational costs of rehabilitating degraded forests in the research area of gap planting in PT Sarmiento Parakantja Timber, Central Kalimantan. The methods used in this research consist of time study method, cost analysis, and statistical test with Independent sample t-test. The results showed that the operational activities of gap rehabilitation needed 86.19 Mandays/ha. The average actual cost of gap planting operational amounted to Rp 35,407,765.45/ha. The proportion of operational costs is 63% in the first year, 22% in the second year, and 15% in the third year. Topography in the gap affects the operational cost of gap planting.
Keyword: cost, operational, forest rehabilitation, gap planting

Judul: Cost Analysis of Maintenance of White Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) in the Gap Planting Research Plot Area of PT. Sarmiento Parakantja Timber
Abstrak: Tanam rumpang merupakan salah satu metode untuk merehabilitasi hutan dan lahan terdegradasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui biaya kegiatan pemeliharaan jabon putih pada areal rumpang dalam areal plot penelitian PT. Sarmiento Parakantja Timber. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari metode time study, analisis biaya, dan uji statisik menggunakan Uji Independent sample t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan untuk menyelesaikan kegiatan pemeliharaan rumpang dengan luas 3,2 ha membutuhkan waktu 8-9 hari dengan jumlah pekerja sebanyak 3-4 orang. Tenaga kerja yang diperlukan untuk menyelesaikan kegiatan pemeliharaan rumpang yaitu sebesar 7,15 HOK per ha. Rata-rata biaya aktual pemeliharaan yaitu sebesar Rp. 2.627.124,41/ha, sedangkan biaya standar pemeliharaan sebesar Rp. 2.861.007,53/ha. Proporsi biaya pemeliharaan terbesar pada kegiatan pemupukan sebesar 81%, diikuti oleh penyiangan sebesar 13%, dan pendangiran sebesar 6%. Kondisi topografi datar-landai dan topografi sedang-curam di areal rumpang tidak mempengaruhi biaya total pemeliharaan aktual maupun standar., Gap planting is one method used to rehabilitate degraded forests and land. The purpose of this study was to determine the cost of maintaining white jabon in the gap area in the research plot area of PT. Sarmiento Parakantja Timber. The method used in this study consisted of a time study method, cost analysis, and statistical tests using the independent sample t-test. The results showed that it took 8-9 days to complete maintenance activities in an area of 3.2 ha with a total of 3-4 workers. The labor required to complete the maintenance of the gap is 7.15 HOK per ha. The average actual cost of maintenance is Rp. 2,627,124.41/ha, while the standard maintenance cost is Rp. 2,861,007.53/ha. The biggest proportion of maintenance costs was 81% for fertilizing activities, followed by 13% for weeding and 6% for post planting soil tillage . Condition of flat-sloping topography and moderate-steep topography in the gap area do not affect the actual or standard total maintenance costs.
Keyword: cost, maintenance, orest rehabilitation, gap planting

Judul: Durability of Specific Immunoglobulin (Ig) Y Againts Influenza and Covid-19 in Sunscreen
Abstrak: The benefit of specific immunoglobulin Y (Ig Y) as an active ingredient in personal care products such as sunscreen has not been properly studied. Our study aims to evaluate the reliability of specific IgY against influenza and the COVID-19 virus in a sample sunscreen product. Specific IgY influenza and COVID-19 viruses were inserted in the sample sunscreen at two concentrations of 0.1% and 0.25%. Three treatments were observed: control (C) sunscreen without IgY, treatment 1 (T1) sunscreen with 0.1% IgY, and treatment 2 (T2) sunscreen with 0.25% IgY. Organoleptic observations were carried out to monitor changes in aroma, color, and texture, and sunscreen sampling was done every week for 6 weeks. The durability of IgY was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a neutralization assay. Organoleptic observation from weeks 1 to 6 showed consistency in its aroma, color, and texture. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralization assay (NA) results of the T1 and T2 groups showed negative results except for sample T1 at week 5, which showed a positive result in the Influenza A ELISA. Based on the results, it seems that IgY concentrations of 0.1% or 0.25% were not optimal. However, this negative result might be due to low concentration of the IgY and the presence of beeswax, which inhibits IgY and causes it to dissolve in distilled water, thus preventing it from being detected in the assay.
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, Sunscreen, Influenza, COVID-19, Biological Activity