Judul: Genetic Diversity of Clostridium bifennentans Strains by Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis and Their Toxicity to Mosquito Larvae
Abstrak: The genus of Clostndium is phylogenetically closely related to Bacillus, the only genus that generated commercially available bioinsecticides, known as Bt-toxin. The purpose of this study is to examine the presence Bt-like toxin in a number of isolates of Clostndium bifermentans, a clostridial species that has been used for many kind of industrial fermentation. One hundred fifty one clostridial isolates were screened out from various habitats such as : cow's intestine, rumen contents of water buffalo, rumen contents of sheep, river sediments, swamp sediments, lake sediments, mangrove forest floor and milk processing waste. Sixteen isolate were identified as Clostridium bifermentans based on its physiology and biochemical characteristics. These isolates were further characterized employing flourescein antibody technique. Ten isolates out of 16 showed positive flourescence appearance. These C. bfirmentans isolates shows the phenotiic diversity, due to the intensity of it capacity in gelatine hydrolyze.
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Judul: Penentuan Rasio C/N dan Pengembangan Produksi Bioinsektisida oleh Bacillus thuringiensis Menggunakan Media Kultivasi Limbah Industri Tahu
Abstrak: Development and application of local product biopesticide, especially based on B. thuringiensis (Bt) still has been considerable potential. This is supported by the local availability of Bt local strains and agro-based raw materials are abundant and not expensive. Research toward utilization of industrial waste of tofu as a medium of cultivation of Bt has been done. In the early stages the Bt strains are isolated and selected. Bt B2 bacteria from the culture collection, protein crystals form bipiramid and cubes, are strains with the highest toxicity against C. binotalis. The optimization of media formulation is performed on a scale of 500 ml with a variation of C/N ratio 3:1, 5:1, 7:1, 9:1 and 11:1. B2 strains provides optimum toxicity value at C/N ratio 7:1 with LC50 value of 0.90 mg/L or 8356 IU/mg. The results of cultivation on the bioreactor 3 L shows substrate utilization efficiency of 67.77 % with LC50 value of 3.56 g/ml or 2112 IU/mg. Characterization of δ-endotoxin with SDS-PAGE indicates protein pattern at all media formulations contain genes Cry 1 (144 kD) and Cry 2 (66.80 kD and 55.51 kD) and Cyt1Aa (25.27). Amino acid δ-endotoxin in 500 ml scale cultivation and 3 L bioreactor show the same composition as many as 15 kinds of amino acids but the quantity of amino acids on the 3 L bioreactor scale smaller than which on 500 ml. Determination of physical factors for the increasing scale on the 40 L bioreactor using a base power per unit volume (Pg/V) still provide power value per unit volume (Pg/V) of 0.037 HP/m3 (weak level of agitation impellers), aeration requirement is 0.7 VVM with agitation speed 111.57 rpm. Cultivation at 40 L bioreactor run at a pH range from 6.5 to 7.0 where the total number of maximum cells is 10.35± 0.03 x 10 8 cfu/ml with a maximum cell growth rate of 0.48 ± 0.01 hours-1, while the number of the highest spore of 3.90±0.06 x 108 cfu/ml with a maximum rate of spore growth is 0.25 ± 0.01 hours-1. Substrate utilization efficiency at 68.21 % with LC50 values is 3.19 g/ml or 2357 IU/mg.
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Judul: Pemasaran Mebel Kayu Jati Jepara
Abstrak: Industri perkayuan memegang peranan penting terhadap perolehan devisa dan pembangunan ekonomi negara. Sejalan dengan penuruan ketersediaan bahan baku untuk industri dan meningkatnya biaya tenaga kerja pada industri berbasis kayu maka mebel kayu merupakan industri kecil yang berpeluang untuk dikembangkan. Industri mebel kayu tidak hanya diharapkan untuk memperoleh devisa tetapi juga akan menstimulasi pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional karena memiliki nilai tambah yang tinggi, mempunyai keterkaitan yang cukup kuat dengan sektor lain, menciptakan lapangan kerja, memiliki pertumbuhan pasar yang baik, dan berdaya saing cukup tinggi. Data statistik UN COMTRADE (2008) mermperlihatkan bahwa sektor industri mebel terus mengalami peningkatan ekspor mebel dari tahun 2003 sampai tahun 2007. Negara tujuan ekspor mebel Indonesia yang utama adalah Amerika Serikat (37%), Jepang (12%), Inggris (8%) dan Belanda (8%), Jerman (7%), dan Perancis (7%). Selain itu, ekspor juga ditujukan ke negara-negara Italia, Belgia, Spanyol, dan Australia.
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