Judul: Analysis of the Effect of Trade Openness on Economic Growth in Indonesia: Approach Autoregressive Distributed Lag
Abstrak: Setiap negara saat ini mengadopsi sistem perekonomian yang terbuka, baik dari sisi perdagangan maupun sisi keuangan. Negara dengan sistem perekonomian terbuka ialah negara yang turut andil dalam kegiatan luar negeri berupa ekspor dan impor pada barang dan jasa. Keterbukaan perdagangan dipandang sebagai hal penting untuk menunjang kebutuhan domestik dan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi yang membuat negara saling bekerjasama. Dilihat dari tren rasio keterbukaan perdagangan Indonesia yang cenderung menurun tidak sejalan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia yang cenderung meningkat. Studi empiris mengenai pengaruh keterbukaan perdagangan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan hal yang menarik untuk diteliti kembali. Ada beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan mengenai topik ini, dengan hasil temuan yang berbeda. Kebanyakan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya lebih memfokuskan hanya pada satu indikator keterbukaan perdagangan, sedangkan indikator keterbukaan perdagangan belum ada ukuran yang pasti. Setiap indikator keterbukaan perdagangan menangkap efek yang berbeda. Penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa indikator keterbukaan perdagangan (ekspor ditambah impor, ekspor, dan impor). Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis pengaruh keterbukaan perdagangan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dalam jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Jenis data penelitian adalah data sekunder dalam deret waktu tahunan (time series) dari tahun 1980 sampai tahun 2019. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). Dari penelitian ini, model yang memiliki pengaruh indikator keterbukaan perdagangan terbesar terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi adalah indikator keterbukaan perdagangan (ekspor ditambah impor). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan antara keterbukaan perdagangan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dalam jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Dalam jangka panjang terdapat pengaruh yang negatif dan tidak signifikan antara Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia, sedangkan dalam jangka pendek terdapat pengaruh positif. Untuk modal manusia memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia pada jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini, perlu adanya peningkatan keterbukaan perdagangan (ekspor ditambah impor), adanya impor (didominasi bahan baku) dapat meningkatkan ekspor dan harus didukung peningkatan nilai tambah pada barang atau jasa yang diproduksi di Indonesia, dan peningkatan pada jumlah masyarakat yang mengenyam pendidikan tingkat Perguruan Tinggi (PT)., Every country is currently adopting open economic system, both in terms of trade and finance. The country with an open economic system has a country that participates in foreign activities in the form exports and imports of goods. Trade openness is seen as important to support domestic needs and encourage economic growth that makes countries cooperate with each other. The trend of Indonesia’s trade openness ratio which tends to decrease, it has not tren with Indonesia’s economic growth which tends to increase. Emperical studies on the effect of trade openness on economic growth are interesting to be re-examined. Empirical studies examining the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Indonesia are common. Some studies only use the export ratio to indicate trade openness, while the proxy indicator for trade openness does not have a definite measure. Each trade openness indicator captures a different effect. This study employs several trade openness measures (export plus import, export, and import). This study aims to anaylze the effect of trade openness on economic growth in Indonesia, both in the short and long term, using various trade openness indicators. The type
Keyword: ARDL, Export, FDI, Import, School enrollment tertiary

Judul: Dampak Perkembangan Keuangan dan Keterbukaan Perdagangan terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia periode 1980-2012
Abstrak: This paper analyzes the impact of financial development and trade openness as well as causality and the response of economic growth in Indonesia during 1980-2012. The data used in the study are GDP per capita, money supply, domestic credit banking, export and import. Analysis of the data using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Granger Causality Test. The results shows that Indonesia's economy is supporting growth driven trade hypothesis. Long-term economic growth is influenced positively by the money supply and export, as well as negatively affected by domestic bank credit and imports. The development of financial and trade openness shocks responded negatively by economic growth.
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Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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