Judul: Protein supplement engineering in rice straw and bran based ration for beef cattle
Abstrak: Tiga percobaan telah dilakukan yang bertujuan untuk memformulasi suplemen protein terbaik (SPN) melalui kombinasi CASREA dan SOYXYL pada ransum berbasis jerami dan dedak padi untuk sapi pedaging. Percobaan 1 dirancang untuk memformulasi dan mengevaluasi suplemen protein CASREA yang memiliki karakteristik terdegradasi di rumen dengan laju diperlambat untuk menstimulasi pertumbuhan mikrobial rumen. Perlakuan dalam percobaan terdiri dari macam Casrea dan waktu inkubasi (batch culture method) yang dirancang dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial 4x3. Macam Casrea adalah: Casrea1 (berbasis 32% urea dan 58% ubi kayu, tanpa ekstrusi), Casrea2 (berbasis 22% urea dan 68% ubi kayu, terekstrusi), Casrea3 (berbasis 27% urea dan 63% ubi kayu, terekstrusi), dan Casrea4 (berbasis 32% urea dan 58% ubi kayu, terekstrusi) dan waktu inkubasi adalah: 2, 4, dan 6 jam. Rekayasa CASREA dengan ekstrusi terbukti efektif menurunkan (p<0.05) laju pelepasan NH3 rumen, tetapi meningkatkan sintesis protein mikrobial rumen (MPS) dan kecernaan protein (PD). Rekayasa CASREA melalui ekstrusi 22% urea dan 68% ubi kayu menghasilkan MPS dan PD tertinggi.
Keyword: degradable protein, rumen microbial protein, bypass protein, performance of cattle

Judul: In Vitro Digestibility and Ruminal Fermentation in Dairy Cattle Rations Based on NFC from Cassava Meal and Protected Soybean by Formaldehyde
Abstrak: Rasio Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) dan Rumen Undrgradable Protein (RUP) yang ideal diketahui mampu meningkatkan produktivitas ternak sapi perah. Kedelai merupakan salah satu bahan pakan konsentrat yang memiliki kandungan protein kasar tinggi dan asam amino yang lengkap, namum karena sifatnya yang mudah terdegradasi dalam rumen dibutuhkan upaya untuk memproteksi protein pada kedelai, salah satunya dengan penambahan formaldehid. Ketersediaan energi juga harus diperhatikan untuk digunakan dalam proses sintesis protein mikroba. Mineral sulfur dibutuhkan untuk mensintesis asam amino bersulfur seperti metionin dan sistein. Penelitian bertujuan mengevaluasi tingkat kecernaan dan fermentabilitas ransum yang menggunakan komponen Non-Fiber Carbohydrates (NFC) asal gaplek dan kedelai terproteksi menggunakan formaldehid 1% secara in vitro menggunakan metode Tilley dan Terry (1963). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan, pengelompokkan berdasarkan waktu pengambilan cairan rumen dijadikan sebagai ulangan. Data dianalisis dengan analisis varian (ANOVA) dan uji kontras ortogonal menggunakan aplikasi SPSS versi 25. Hasil evaluasi ransum secara in vitro menunjukkan bahwa penambahan NFC asal gaplek, kedelai terproteksi formaldehid, dan suplementasi sulfur dalam ransum tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P>0,05) terhadap fermentabilitas rumen in vitro. Kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik meningkat (P<0,05) pada ransum yang ditambahkan NFC asal gaplek., An ideal ratio of Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) and Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP) is known to increase the productivity of dairy cattle. Soybean contains high crude protein and complete amino acid, besides that most of the protein components in soybeans degraded quickly in rumen so we need to protect the protein. Energy availability is required to support the microbial protein synthesis process. Sulfur also needed to synthesize sulfuric amino acids like methionine and cysteine. This study aimed to evaluate the digestibility and fermentability of dairy cattle ration with the addition of Non-Fiber Carbohydrates (NFC) sources from cassava meals and protected soybeans by formaldehyde using Tilley and Terry’s (1963) in vitro method. The experimental design was a randomized block design with 5 treatments and 4 repeats, grouping based on the rumen fluid collection time. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and contrast’s multiple range test using the SPSS 25th version. The result of the in vitro rations evaluations showed that the addition of NFC, protected soybean, and sulfur supplementation in rations had no significant effect (P>0.05) on rumen fermentability. Dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility increased (P<0.05) in the ration that was added with NFC from cassava meals.
Keyword: formaldehid, gaplek, kedelai, sulfur, cassava meal, formaldehyde, soybean, sulfur

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite