Judul: Evaluation of Balanced Urea and Nitrate Ratio with Slow  Release Urea Nitrate (SRUN) as Ruminant Feed Additive: In Vitro
Abstrak: Rendahnya kandungan protein dari bahan pakan menjadi salah satu faktor penghambat peningkatan produktivitas ternak ruminansia. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya suplementasi protein pada pakan ternak ruminansia agar protein pada ternak dapat terpenuhi sehingga ternak berproduksi secara optimal. Urea dan nitrat merupakan sumber NPN yang biasa diberikan pada pakan tambahan ruminansia. Urea merupakan NPN yang digunakan sebagai pengganti pakan protein murni, karena memiliki harga yang terjangkau dan dapat menekan biaya pakan ternak. Sedangkan Nitrat (NO3 - ) adalah penghambat metana yang efektif dan sumber NPN potensial untuk ternak, bertindak sebagai penyerap H2 dan menambahkan nitrogen berbasis amonia ke rumen. Pemanfaatan urea dan nitrat dalam nutrisi ruminansia terbatas karena hidrolisisnya yang cepat menjadi amonia dalam rumen, sehingga perlu dilakukan teknologi pelapisan atau coating dengan polimer lain seperti zeolit dengan metode SRUN yang dapat mengontrol degradasi urea-nitrat dan pelepasan NH3 ke dalam rumen. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan inovasi SRUN, serta mengevaluasi imbangan rasio urea-nitrat sebagai pakan aditif ruminansia yang berfungsi untuk stimulator sintesis protein mikroba rumen dengan metode in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 11 perlakuan dan 4 kelompok sebagai ulangan. Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dan diuji lanjut dengan uji Duncan menggunakan software SPSS 25. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaruh berbeda nyata (P<0,05) terhadap parameter yaitu kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik, pH, produksi gas total, gas metan, NH3, dan sintesis protein mikroba. Hasil terbaik seluruh parameter seperti kecernaan, pH, produksi gas, gas metan, NH3, sintesis protein, populasi mikroba, mikroba, dan VFA ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan P2 dan P10. Disimpulkan bahwa perlakuan P2 (P0 + Coating nitrat 2%) dan P10 (P0 + Coating urea:nitrat (2:1) 4%) dapat menjadi agen mitigasi metana dan menjadi stimulator sintesis protein mikroba rumen., The low protein content of feed ingredients is one of the inhibitors for increasing the productivity of ruminants. Therefore, there is a need for protein supplementation in ruminant feed so that the protein in livestock can be fulfilled and produced optimally. Urea and nitrate are NPN sources that are usually given to ruminant feed additives. Urea is an NPN that is used as a substitute for pure protein feed, because it has an affordable price and can reduce the cost of animal feed. Nitrate (NO3 - ) is an effective methane inhibitor and a potential NPN source for livestock, acting as an H2 sink and adding ammonia-based nitrogen in the rumen. Utilization of urea and nitrate as ruminant feed is limited due to the rapid hydrolysis into ammonia in the rumen. So, it is necessary to apply coating technology using polymers such as zeolite using the SRUN method, which can control the degradation of urea-nitrate and the release of NH3 into the rumen. This study aims to develop innovative SRUN, as well as evaluate the balance of the urea-nitrate ratio as a feed additive for ruminants which functions as a stimulator of rumen microbial protein synthesis using in vitro methods. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) with 11 treatments and 4 groups as replications. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and further tested with Duncan's test using SPSS 25 software. The results showed a
Keyword: ammonia, coating urea-nitrate, non-protein nitrogen, zeolite

Judul: Slow Release Urea Nitrate with Starch Polymer Coating Technique for Fermentation and Rumen Digestibility In Vitro, Slow Release Urea Nitrate with Starch Polymer Coating Technique for Fermentation and Rumen Digestibility In Vitro
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh teknik penyalut polimer amilum yang dilakukan secara in vitro pada urea-nitrat sebagai bahan pakan aditif bagi ruminansia. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 kelompok. Perlakuan terdiri dari P0 = ransum kontrol; P1 = P0 + urea tanpa penyalut; P2 = P0 + urea-nitrat tanpa penyalut; P3 = P0 + urea-nitrat dengan penyalut pati sagu; P4 = P0 + urea-nitrat dengan penyalut pati singkong. Parameter yang diamati yaitu kecernaan bahan kering (KCBK), kecernaan bahan organik (KCBO), pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), konsentrasi amonia (NH3), sintesis protein mikroba, total gas produksi dan produksi gas metan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ransum perlakuan tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap KCBK, KCBO, pH, VFA, sintesis protein mikroba, total produksi gas dan produksi gas metan, tetapi berpengaruh nyata terhadap konsentrasi NH3. Penambahan urea-nitrat dengan penyalut pati singkong dapat menurunkan konsentrasi amonia dan tidak berdampak terhadap fermentasi, kecernaan rumen dan produksi gas metan., This research aimed to evaluate the effect of starch polymer coating techniques carried out in vitro on urea-nitrate as a feed additive for ruminants. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) with 5 treatments and 4 groups. The treatment consisted of P0 = control ration; P1 = P0 + uncoated urea; P2 = P0 + uncoated urea-nitrate; P3 = P0 + urea-nitrate with sago starch coating; P4 = P0 + urea-nitrate with cassava starch coating. Observed parameters were dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia concentration (NH3), microbial protein synthesis, total gas production and methane production. The results showed that the treatment ration had no significant effect (P>0.05) on DMD, OMD, pH, VFA, protein synthesis microbes, total gas production and methane production, but had a significant effect on NH3 concentrations. The addition of urea-nitrate coating with cassava starch can reduce ammonia concentrations and has no impact on fermentation, rumen digestibility and methane gas production.
Keyword: ammonia, coating urea-nitrat, in vitro, methane, starch

Judul: Penggunaan Teorema Homeomorphy 2-Manifold dan Teorema Euler Poincare pada Torus 𝑇�� dan Simplicial Complex 𝐾��
Abstrak: Two dimensional topological spaces are said to be homeomorphic if they have the same topological invariant, where one of topological invariant used is an Euler characteristic. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem and Euler Poincare’s Theorem are used to distinguish two topological spaces. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem uses Euler characteristic to identify two dimensional topological spaces. Euler Poincare’s Theorem is an alternative way to find Euler characteristic with Betti number, which is topological invariant as well. The objective of this paper is to investigate the homeomorphism of torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾�����. Topological space torus and simplicial complex 𝐾����� have the same Euler characteristic, which is two. Based on Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem topological space torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾����� is homeomorphic.
Keyword: simplicial, torus, Euler, homeomorphism, topology