Judul: Land Optimization of Cocoa Based Farming for Agricultural Sustainable Development in Krueng Seulimum Watershed Aceh Province.
Abstrak: Changes in land use in the watershed at present tend to increase due to the construction activity and population growth rate which have the quite high and those cause negative impacts on hydrological wathershed condition. Changes in land use in the Krueng Seulimum watershed to agriculture and farming without application of agro technology have led to high attrition and low land productivity, and those are shown by the low production of cocoa in the up-stream, sedimentation and high fluctuation in the down-stream. This study aims firstly, to assess the characteristics of the land and agro-technology applied to the cocoa crop in the Krueng Seulimum watershed, secondly, to analyze the rate of erosion and surface run off on cocoa based farming land in the Krueng Seulimum watershed, thirdly, to analyze the optimal land allocation for cocoa and agro-technology based farming to reduce erosion and increase the income of farmers in the Krueng Seulimum watershed, and finally, to formulate sustainable cocoa based farming in the Krueng Seulimum watershed. This study used the survey and field measurement methods that were started with mapping land units. Map of land units was used as the basic unit in analysis of land capability class, soil suitability, erosion prediction, Etol and determination of respondent farmer sample for farming analysis. Bio-physical land data collection such as soil properties, soil characteristics , and climate were used for analysing of land capability class, land suitability evaluation, prediction of erosion and Etol. Socio-economic data collection likes characteristics of farmers, farm land, means of production, crop production, cultivation techniques, and others, were conducted through field surveys and interviews with respondent farmers for farming analysis. To determine the effect of soil and water conservation technologies for runoff and erosion, it was conducted the erosion plot experiments in the field. Analysis of erosion criteria and farming income used the optimization of sustainable cocoa-based farming with a dual purpose program. Determination analysis of sustainable cocoa-based farm with making decision tools used the criteria of land suitability, erosion rates under tolerable erosion conditions, the income should be above the needs of decent living. The results showed that the Krueng Seulimum watershed consists of 24 units of land (SL). The land is classified as class III , IV and VI with the main limiting factors as follow: the slope factor (l), erosion (e) , soil erodiblity (KE) and the rocks on the surface soil (b). Most of the cocoa farming lands belong to the quite suitable class (S2) and marginally suitable class (S3). In general, the use of land in Seulimum Krueng watershed is in accordance with the land capability and land suitability. Result of run off and erosion measurements on experimental plots showed that the type of cocoa + areca farming got the lowest runoff and erosion (AP = 16.00 mm and erosion = 400.7 kg ha-1) and straw mulching treatment 18 kg plot-1 (5 tons ha-1) in each treatment also had apparent influence to run off and erosion on the type of cocoa + areca + mulch farming (AP = 7.29 mm and erosion = 141.8 kg
Keyword: land use, cocoa, erosion, income, agro-technology

Judul: Effectiveness of soil and water conservation measures to reduce runoff and soil erosion on cacao plantation
Abstrak: Cacao plant is one of the major commodity of plantation in South East Sulawesi, especially in Konawe regency. Land management practices which is implemented by the local farmers on cultivating cacao, in many cases are not according to soil and water conservation principles. The research was aimed to study the effectiveness of several soil and water conservation practices on reducing runoff and soil erosion on cacao plantation with different land slopes and canopy coverages. The research was conducted in Amosilu village, Besulutu district, Konawe regency, the province of South East Sulawesi, from December 2006 to September 2007. The Experimental method in the field study was split plot design consisting three factors. The first factor was slope consisting two levels (10 – 15% and 40 – 45%) and the second factor was age of the cacao plant consisting two levels (5 to 7 month and 25 to 27 month) were used as main plots (P1 = 5 to 7 month and 10 – 15%; P2 = 25 to 27 month and 10 – 15%; P3 = 5 to 7 month and 40 – 45%; and P4 = 25 to 27 month and 40 – 45%), while the third factor, the vegetative conservation treatment was used as sub plots consisting three levels, i.e T1 = cacao with ground cover, T2 = upland rice and soybean rotation within cacao plant, T3 = upland rice and soybean rotation within cacao plant + Arachis pintoi as strip cropping. There was not interaction effect both cacao plant and slope treatment with vegetative conservation treatment on runoff and soil erosion with soil properties, exception on aggregate stability index. The result showed that vegetative conservation treatment (T3) with upland rice and soybean rotation within cacao plant with A. pintoi as strip cropping was best alternatif because it has been produced the lower rate of erosion (21,76 ton ha-1 year-1) compared tolerable soil loss value (22,44 ton ha-1 year-1) and improved of soil properties and has given a good benefit to famers from both upland rice and soybean.
Keyword: Arachis Pintoi, Strip cropping, Upland rice

Judul: Transisi Fasa Materi Hadronik ke Materi Kuark pada Inti Bintang Neutron.
Abstrak: Bintang neutron terdiri dari beberapa lapisan yang disusun oleh materi nuklir yang berbeda dengan kerapatan yang semakin tinggi ketika mendekati pusat bintang. Inti luar bintang neutron disusun oleh materi hadronik (nukleon, lepton, dan hyperon), sedangkan inti dalam bintang neutron disusun oleh kuark-kuark bebas (up, down, strange) yang saling berinteraksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari bagaimana transisi dari inti luar ke inti dalam bintang neutron dengan menggunakan pendekatan RMF (Relativistic Mean Field) untuk materi hadronik dan CIDDM (Confined Isospin Density Dependent Mass) untuk materi kuark. Tekanan transisi diperoleh ketika potensial kimia barion materi hadronik dan materi kuark bernilai sama. Nilai tekanan transisi dengan parameter SU6-TM1 sekitar 87 MeV/fm3 dan diperoleh massa maksimum bintang neutron yaitu 1.92M dengan jari-jari sekitar 8.62 km. Nilai tekanan transisi dengan parameter SU6-G2 sekitar 53 MeV/fm3 dan massa maksimum bintang neutron yaitu 1.88M dengan jari-jari sekitar 8.16 km. Jenis transisi fasa adalah orde satu ditandai dengan diskontinuitas dalam kerapatan energi (adanya mixed phase). Parameter-parameter pada model nuklir yang digunakan menyebabkan perbedaan kekakuan persamaan keadaan (EOS) dari materi hadronik dan materi kuark sehingga nilai tekanan transisi dari fasa hadronik ke fasa kuark juga berbeda.
Keyword: bintang neutron, persamaan keadaan, transisi fasa