Judul: Patogenitas, ras patologi (patovar) dan biovar Pseudomonas solanacearum E.F. Smith dari tanaman cengkeh
Abstrak: Penyakit layu bakteri pada tanaman cengkeh adalah pe- nyakit yang sangat ditakuti oleh petani cengkeh di Sumate- ra Barat, karena dapat mematikan tanaman. Penyakit ini telah menyebar ke propinsi Sumatera Utara, Bengkulu, Lam- pung, Jawa Barat dan Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi bakteri P. solanacearum dari tanaman cengkeh sakit dan mengetahui patogenisitas, ras patologi (patovar) dan biovar (sifat- sifat biokimia) isolat-isolat tersebut. Untuk menguji patogenisitas isolat-isolat E. solana- cearum yang diperoleh, digunakan bibit cengkeh jenis Zan- zibar berumur lebih kurang 8 bulan yang berasal dari penangkar bibit di Cikeretek Bogor. Pada pengujian ras patologi (patovar), digunakan tanaman kacang tanah vari- tas Chico yang diperoleh dari Balittan Bogor, benih tomat varitas Gondol Hijau dari Sub-Balai Hortokultura Segunung, benih kentang varitas Granola dari penangkar benih di Lem- bang Bandung, benih tembakau varitas Togog dari Biotrop Bogor, bibit jahe varitas Gajah dari kebun percobaan Fa kultas Pertanian IPB Bogor dan bibit pisang dari kebun rakyat di Bogor. Isolat P. solanacearum diperoleh dari bagian tanaman cengkeh sakit, terutama akar. Tanaman cengkeh sakit ber- asal dari Sumatera Barat, Jawa Barat dan Lampung. Seba- gai pembanding, digunakan isolat P. solanacearum dari ta- naman kacang tanah yang diperoleh dari kacang tanah layu di kebun percobaan Cikeumeuh Bogor dan isolat P. solana- cearum dari tomat, kentang, cabe, kecipir dan pisang dari Jurusan Ilmu Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertani- an IPB Bogor.
Keyword: Clove, Pseudomonas solanacearum, Eugenia caryophyllus

Judul: Patogenitas, Ras Patologi (Patovar) Dan Biovar Pseudomonas Solanacearum E.F. Smith Dari Tanaman Cengkeh
Abstrak: Penyakit layu bakteri pada tanaman cengkeh adalah penyakit yang sangat ditakuti oleh petani cengkeh di Sumate- ra Barat, karena dapat mematikan tanaman. Penyakit ini telah menyebar ke propinsi Sumatera Utara, Bengkulu, Lampung, Jawa Barat dan Jawa Tengah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi bakteri P. solanacearum dari tanaman cengkeh sakit dan mengetahui patogenisitas, ras patologi (patovar) dan biovar (sifat- sifat biokimia) isolat-isolat tersebut. Untuk menguji patogenisitas isolat-isolat P. solana- cearum yang diperoleh, digunakan bibit cengkeh jenis Zanzibar berumur lebih kurang 8 bulan yang berasal dari penangkar bibit di Cikeretek Bogor. Pada pengujian ras patologi (patovar), digunakan tanaman kacang tanah varitas Chico yang diperoleh dari Balittan Bogor, benih tomat varitas Gondol Hijau dari Sub-Balai Hortokultura Segunung, benih kentang varitas Granola dari penangkar benih di Lembang Bandung, benih tembakau varitas Togog dari Biotrop Bogor, bibit jahe varitas Gajah dari kebun percobaan Fa-kultas Pertanian IPB Bogor dan bibit pisang dari kebunrakyat di Bogor. Isolat P. solanacearum diperoleh dari bagian tanaman cengkeh sakit, terutama akar. Tanaman cengkeh sakit berasal dari Sumatera Barat, Jawa Barat dan Lampung. Seba- gai pembanding, digunakan isolat P. solanacearum dari tanaman kacang tanah yang diperoleh dari kacang tanah layu di kebun percobaan Cikeumeuh Bogor dan isolat P. solana- cearum dari tomat, kentang, cabe, kecipir dan pisang dari Jurusan Ilmu Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Fakultas Pertanian IPB Bogor…dst
Keyword: Clove, Pseudomonas solanacearum, Eugenia caryophyllus

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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