Judul: Model Penjadwalan Keberangkatan Bus dengan Strategi Alternating Deadheading: Studi Kasus PO Raya
Abstrak: Bus Departure scheduling is one of important aspects in managing a bus company in order to minimize the operational cost. This scheduling is formulated as a linear integer programming model. The purpose of this model is to arrange buses from each city to meet transportation demand. The strategy of the model is to develop bus scheduling using deadheading. The deadheading strategy will be used if there is an unbalancy in the number of buses operated in one or more cities. The model with deadheading is one of efforts to minimize the frequency of bus departure in order to increase efficiency of the bus operation.
Keyword: alternating deadheading, linear integer programming, bus scheduling

Judul: Model Integer Programming Untuk Pengoptimuman Jadwal Bus Menggunakan Algoritme Genetika
Abstrak: Jadwal bus memberikan informasi kepada penumpang mengenai kepastian keberangkatan bus. Jadwal optimal terjadi ketika jumlah perjalanan/rit/frekuensi keberangkatan bus dapat disesuaikan dengan permintaan penumpang. Saat puncak layanan frekuensi keberangkatan bus akan lebih besar bila dibandingkan dengan waktu non puncak. Jika jumlah perjalanan melebihi kondisi optimal akan mengakibatkan meningkatnya biaya operasional kendaraan. Sebaliknya, jika jumlah perjalanan lebih rendah dari kondisi optimal maka akan mengakibatkan penumpang tidak terlayani dengan baik. Dalam tulisan ini masalah jadwal bus optimal dimodelkan ke dalam bentuk integer programming dan diselesaikan menggunakan algoritme genetika. Model yang dikembangkan telah mempertimbangkan aspek standar pelayanan minimal perusahaan. Model disusun dengan menggunakan data-data variasi timetable, rute, partisi/pembagian waktu, jumlah penumpang, jumlah armada, kapasitas bus, waktu pemberangkatan, lama perjalanan, headway, load factor, jam kerja pegawai, pendapatan bus dan biaya operasi bus.Beberapa teknik yang ditambahkan dalam algoritme genetika meliputi pembangkitan kromososm di daerah feasible, elitism, rekontruksi kromosom dan pemusnahan kromosom pada generasi tertentu. Output yang dihasilkan dari algoritma genetika yang digunakan adalah timetable dengan jumlah perjalanan optimal. Hasil pemeriksaan terhadap solusi yang dihasilkan menunjukan bahwa model yang dikembangkan memiliki akurasi 99,10% dalam hal kedekatannya dengan solusi optimal. Efisiensi penggunaan algoritma genetika untuk masalah ini mencapai 99,99 %. Penggunaan model jadwal bus optimal dapat menghemat biaya operasional kendaraan dengan tetap mempertimbangkan standar pelayanan perusahaan.
Keyword: Algoritme Genetika, Integer Programming, Jadwal Bus

Judul: Extraction and Characteristic of Collagen and Nanoparticle Collagen from the Skin of Stingray Fish (Pastinachus solocirostris) as Ingredient of Cosmetics.
Abstrak: Isolation of collagen from the skin of stingray fish (Pastinachus solocirostris) has been successfully conducted with three stages: first soaked in 0.05 M NaOH with a sample/solution ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 6 hour, second soaked in 0.1 M acetic acid with a sample/solution ratio of 1:6 (w/v) for 2 hour, and third extraction with destilated water at temperature 40 C for 2 hour with a yield of 14.475 % (wet base). Nanoparticle collagen was made with desolvation method using etanol as a desolvating agent with a collagen solution/etanol ratio of 1:1. Yield of nanoparticle collagen was 9.64% (wet base) with particle size of 185.24 nm. Collagen and nanoparticle collagen is in the form of white powder with whiteness degree 72.48% and 60.03%, respectively. Protein is the major component in collagen and nanoparticle collagen (86.97% and 86.18%) with trace amount of ash (0.17% and 0.13%) and fat (0.19% and 0.25%), respectively. Based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns, amino acid composition, and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of both collagen and nanoparticle collagen were characterized as type I collagens. Nanostructural analysis of collagen and nanoparticle collagen by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows that both were separate aggregates. Other characteristics of collagen and nanoparticle collagen were: Tmax of 165.88 C and 156.63 C; Viscosity 292.33 cP dan 110 cP; pH 5.00 dan 4.93; respectively. Collagen has highest solubility at pH 7 and the isoelectric point at pH 6, 9, and 10. Therefore, nanoparticle collagen has highest solubility at pH 3 dan and the isoelectric point at pH 6. Collagen and nanoparticle collagen from skin of stingray fish (Pastinachus solocirostris) has a characteristic for a potential use as a cosmetic ingredient.
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