Judul: Feed Processing Based on Palm Kernel Meal-Indigofera in Mash, Silage, Pellet, and Wafer Forms for Sheep
Abstrak: Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) is a by-product (waste) from the extraction of palm kernel oil, which has the potential to be used as raw in the preparation of animal feed but has not been used optimally due to its low palatability and digestibility. The use of PKM needs to increase its usability as a quality feed product. Efforts to increase the effectiveness of PKM are supplementation with Indigofera zolingeriana by processing complete feed as quality feed. Feed processing effectively increases ingredients' use value, including their digestibility, palatability, and shelf life. Some of the processing that is commonly carried out is the processing of feed in the form of mash, pellets, wafers, and silage. This research was conducted in three stages. The first stage was the feed processing of completed feed based on PKM-Indigo in the form of mash, silage, pellets, and wafers, followed by testing the physical characteristics (moisture content, water activity, and bulk density) and chemical characteristics (dry matter, ash, crude protein, fat crude, crude fiber, total digestible nutrient, and nitrogen free extract). The design used in the first stage of the completed feed based on PKM- Indigo in the physical test was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 feed treatments with 4 replications each, the chemical content of the feed was analyzed descriptively. The second stage is testing the quality of the completed feed based on PKM-Indigo in vitro (NH3, VFA, KCBK, and KCBO). In vitro digestibility test was analyzed descriptively.The third stage is the in vivo evaluation of completed feed based on PKM-Indigo (daily body weight gain, feed efficiency, and income over feed costs) using a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 5 feed treatments and 4 groups as replicates. The data obtained from this study were analyzed using ANOVA (analysis of variance), and if they were significantly different, they were further tested using Duncan's test. The results showed that feed processing based on PKM-Indigo in the form of mash, silage, pellets, and wafers significantly (P<0,01) affected water content, water activity, and specific gravity. The lowest water content and water activity values were found in pelleted feed, namely 7,30% and 0,60% with a bulk density of 1,17 g mL-1. In vitro digestibility test was analyzed descriptively. Feed processing in the form of mash, silage, pellets, and wafers has a nutrient content that is in accordance with livestock needs. Complete feed based on PKM-Indigo in the form of mash, silage, pellets, and wafers in vitro showed that NH3, VFA, KCBK, and KCBO values were still in normal conditions. Completed feed feeding based on PKM-Indigo in the form of mash, silage, pellets, and wafers significantly (P<0,01) affected body weight gain, feed efficiency, and income over feed costs. Wafer feeding produced the best sheep performance with a daily body weight gain of 180,36 g/head/day, feed efficiency of 15,48%, and the highest profit of IDR 449.890.
Keyword: physicochemical, in vitro, feed processing, performance

Judul: Addition of Hydrolyzed Palm Kernel Meal (Palmofeed) Ration on  Lohmann Layer Productivity
Abstrak: Palmofeed merupakan hasil olahan dari bungkil inti sawit (BIS) yang terhidrolisis dimana berfokus dalam peningkatan kandungan protein dengan proses menurunkan kandungan serat yang terdapat didalam cangkang pada bungkil inti sawit lokal. Peningkatkan kualitas BIS dapat dilakukan tiga metode yaitu pengolahan fisik dengan penyaringan, pengolahan kimia dengan hot water extraction dan larutan asam, selanjutnya di reconditioning selama 24 jam, dan terakhir perlakuan biologi dengan menggunakan enzim mananase. Penggunaan BIS sebagai sumber protein untuk unggas masih terbatas yang disebabkan oleh sistem pencernaan unggas yang tak mampu mencerna pakan dengan serat yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bermaksud mengkaji kadar penambahan BIS dibandingkan palmofeed, dalam ransum ayam petelur strain Lohmann terhadap performa produksinya. Data diambil selama 6 minggu dengan rancangan percobaan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan dan 6 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari: P0 = 100% Ransum komersial (Kontrol), P1: 87,5% + 12,5% BIS, P2: 87,5% + 12,5% Palmofeed. Analisis data menggunakan sidik ragam (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pemberian 12,5% Palmofeed memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P<0.05) terhadap peningkatan dari bobot telur dibandingkan pemberian bungkil inti sawit (BIS) atau ransum kontrol. Pemberian Palmofeed pada taraf 12,5% terbukti lebih baik pada feed convertion ration dan income over feed cost, dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap konsumsi pakan, dan hen day production., Palmofed is a processed product from hydrolyzed palm kernel cake (BIS) which focuses on increasing protein content by reducing the fiber content contained in the shell of local palm kernel cake. There are three methods to improve the quality of BIS, namely physical processing by filtering, chemical processing with hot water extraction and acid solution, then reconditioning for 24 hours, and finally biological treatment using the enzyme mananase. The use of BIS as a source of protein for poultry is still limited due to the digestive system of poultry that is unable to digest feed with high fiber. This study intends to examine the level of addition of BIS compared to palmofed, in the ration of laying hens of the Lohmann strain on its production performance. Data were taken for 6 weeks with a completely randomized trial design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 6 replications. The treatment consisted of: P0 = 100% commercial ration (Control), P1: 87.5% + 12.5% BIS, P2: 87.5% + 12.5% Palmofeed. Data analysis used analysis of variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan's test. The results showed that the administration of 12.5% Palmofeed had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the increase in egg weight compared to the administration of palm kernel meal (BIS) or control rations. Palmofeed at the level of 12.5% is proven to be better in feed conversion ratio and income over feed cost, and has no effect on feed consumption and hen day production
Keyword: Bungkil inti sawit, henday production, manannase, palmofeed, performa ayam petelur

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh.
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. ,,,
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular.