Judul: Studi Efikasi Propolis Cair Trigona spp Sebagai Imunomodulator
Abstrak: Propolis adalah produk yang dihasilkan oleh serangga (lebah madu). Lebah menghasilkan beberapa produk seperti madu, royal jeli, polen dan propolis. Propolis disebut sebagai lem lebah, merupakan substansi resin, berwarna kecoklatan kehitaman yang dibuat lebah dengan mengumpulkan getah resin dari pohon-pohon kemudian mencampurnya dengan nectar dan membentuk substansi wax lilin di sarangnya. Secara kimia propolis mengandung bahan-bahan yang sangatlah kompleks, lebih dari 200 komponen telah teridentifikasi. Propolis membantu meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh secara alami, karena propolis yang kaya akan kandungan polifenol, dapat membantu meningkatkan produksi serta aktifitas sel-sel imun. Sistem kekebalan tubuh harus selalu dalam keadaan seimbang, jika respon imunnya kurang maka perlu ditingkatkan dan kalau respon imunnya terlalu tinggi perlu diturunkan. Namun, ada kalanya tubuh tidak berhasil menormalkan sistem imunnya sendiri. Cara menormalkan sistem imun tubuh dari luar adalah dengan imunomodulator. Propolis dengan komponen senyawa-senyawa kimianya menunjukkan bermacam-macam efek biologis dan aktivitas farmakologis salah satunya imunomodulator. Tujuan penelitian ini antara lain yaitu untuk (1) mengidentifikasi profil fitokimia sampel propolis Trigona spp. yang diperoleh dari 3 (tiga) daerah di Indonesia, (2) mengkaji efikasi ekstrak propolis cair Trigona spp. terhadap kemampuan fagositosis makrofag dan memproduksi metabolit NO, (3) mengkaji efikasi ekstrak propolis cair Trigona spp. terhadap respon imun yang diukur melalui produksi sitokin TNF-α, IFN-γ dan IL-2 makrofag, dan (4) mengkaji efikasi ekstrak propolis cair Trigona spp. terhadap kemampuan meningkatkan respon antibodi pada hewan model tikus Sprague Dawley. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratorik yang dilakukan dalam dua tahap penelitian, yaitu Tahap 1 melakukan pengujian kandungan fitokimia propolis cair yang berasal dari provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Kalimantan Selatan, dan Banten dengan desain penelitian komparatif deskriptif sedangkan, Tahap 2 melakukan pengujian propolis cair secara in vivo menggunakan hewan coba dengan desain Rancangan Acak Lengkap pada 3 taraf perlakuan pemberian propolis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengujian kandungan fitokimia ekstrak etanol propolis Trigona spp. masing-masing yang berasal dari wilayah Sulawesi Selatan teridentifikasi mengandung 12 (dua belas) senyawa volatil (octadecane, (Z)-9-Octadecen-1-ol, pentatriacontane, limonene, tricosane, 1-heptacosanol, heptacosane, 1-hexadecanol, 1-hexadecene, dioctyl adipate, hexadecane dan asam 2-methyl-butanoat); wilayah Kalimantan Selatan mengandung 8 (delapan) senyawa volatil (tricosane, asam hexadecanoat, tetratetracontane, asam asetat, methyl-silane, 1-(acetyloxy)-2-propanone, asam 2-oxo-methyl ester propanoat dan 1-(acetyloxy)-2-butanone); dan wilayah Banten mengandung 8 (delapan) senyawa volatil (nonacosane, tetratetracontane, bis(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate, asam hexadecanoat, tricosane, limonene, pentadecane, dan 2,6-dimethyl-phenol). dst...
Keyword: propolis, Trigona spp. bee, immune response, immunomodulatory

Judul: Pengaruh Propolis Trigona spp Asal Pandeglang Terhadap Beberapa Isolat Bakteri Usus Sapi dan Penelusuran Komponen Aktifnya
Abstrak: Propolis has been shown to have antimicrobial activity.This research dealts with analysis of effect of Trigona spp propolis on some bacterial isolated from cattle intestine and analysis of propolis active components. In the first step, propolis was extracted from bee hives by maceration technique using ethanol 70 percent. In the second step, propolis was subjected to antibacterial activity tests against pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from cattle intestine using agar diffusion method. The third step was phytochemycal analysis to test the presence of terpenoid, alkaloid, and flavonoid using Harborne method. The fourth step was analysis of active compounds of propolis through fractination using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography methods. The fifth step, examination of antibacterial activity from factions to E. coli bacteria. And the last step was determination of active agents from the fraction of propolis which had higher antibacterial activity, by GC-MS technique. The results showed that yield of propolis was 17.23%. Antibacterial activity tests showed that propolis inhibited growth of pathogenic bacteria was 64.102 %, and non pathogen bacteria was 35.89%. The results of phytochemical analysis showed that propolis contained tanin, flavonoid and steroid. Determination of active agents showed the presence of eight fractions. Test on antibacterial activity of fractions to E. coli bacteria, showed that fraction C has the highest antibacterial activity. GC-MS analysis showed that fraction C contained 24 compounds. The biggest compound from fraction C was similar to 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, ( 3.beta). This compound had retention time of 40.25 minute and wide area of 49.91%. This compound can inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Keyword: Trigona spp, Propolis, Cattle intestine bacteria, Antibacterial agent, Active compounds

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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