Judul: Substitution of Soybean Meal with Maggot as a Source of Ruminant Protein on In Vitro Digestibility and Fermentability
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh perbedaan media hidup terhadap kandungan nutrien maggot Black Soldier Fly (BSF) dan mengevaluasi penggunaan tepung maggot sebagai sumber protein substitusi bungkil kedelai pada ransum ternak ruminansia terhadap fermentabilitas dan kecernaan ransum yang diuji secara in vitro. Budidaya maggot menggunakan media feses, media limbah rumah tangga, dan media roti. Kandungan protein yang tinggi pada maggot, yang digunakan untuk substitusi bungkil kedelai. Perlakuan pada penelitian yaitu P1= Sumber Protein Bungkil Kedelai + Bungkil Kelapa, P2= Substitusi 50% Protein Bungkil Kedelai, P3= Substitusi 100% Protein Bungkil Kedelai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap pH, KcBK, KcBO, dan VFA, namun berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap NH3. Maggot pada media feses menghasilkan nilai kandungan protein yang paling tinggi. Berdasarkan nilai fermentabilitas, tepung maggot dihasilkan dari media feses dapat menggantikan sumber protein bungkil kedelai tanpa memberikan hasil yang negatif terhadap fermentabilitas dan kecernaan rumen secara in vitro., This research is aimed to evaluate the effect of different live media on the nutritional content of maggot Black Soldier Fly (BSF) and evaluate the use of maggot flour as a protein source to replace soy bean meal in cattle rations ruminants towards fermentability and digestibility of rations that are tested by in vitro. Maggot cultivation uses feces media, household waste media, and bread media. High protein content in maggot, which is used as a substitute for soybean meal. The treatment in this research is P1 = Soy Bean Meal Protein Source + Cocos nucifera, P2 = Substitution of 50% Soy Bean Meal Protein Source, P3 = Substitution of 100% Soy Bean Meal Protein Source. The results showed that the treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on pH, KcBK, KcBO, and VFA, but had a significant effect (P<0.05) on NH3. Maggot in feces media produced the highest protein content value. The administration of maggot flour based on its fermentability value, maggot flour produced from feces substrate can replace soybean meal protein sources without give negative on towards fermentability and digestibility of the ration by in vitro.
Keyword: Black soldier fly, , digestibility, fermentabilty, in vitro

Judul: Fermentability Test (In Vitro) Ration Containing Maggot with Tea Dregs and Sago Dregs Media as a Source of Ruminant Protein
Abstrak: Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi komposisi kimia, kecernaan dan fermentabilitas ransum mengandung maggot dari media tumbuh ampas teh dan ampas sagu secara in vitro. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 3 perlakuan 4 ulangan. Ransum perlakuan terdiri atas P1 = Sumber protein bungkil kedelai + Bungkil kelapa, P2 = Sumber protein maggot media ampas teh + Bungkil kelapa, P3 = Sumber protein maggot media ampas sagu + Bungkil kelapa. Peubah yang diamati pada penelitian ini yaitu, komposisi kimia maggot dan peubah pada pH, NH3, VFA total, koefisien cerna bahan kering dan koefisien cerna bahan organik. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan menggunakan ANOVA dan Uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan sumber protein berupa bungkil kedelai, maggot ampas teh dan maggot ampas sagu tidak memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda nyata (P>0,05) terhadap pH, VFA total, kecernaan bahan kering dan kecernaan bahan organik, tetapi signifikan terhadap konsentrasi NH3 pada perlakuan P2 dengan media ampas teh (P<0.05). Data kandungan protein pada maggot dan bungkil kedelai setara, dimana hasil pada penelitian maggot ampas teh memiliki protein sebesar 42,75% dan ampas sagu 47,61%. Dapat disimpulkan penggunaan maggot dari media ampas teh dapat menggantikan bungkil kedelai sebagai sumber protein pada ransum tanpa memberikan hasil yang negatif terhadap fermentabilitas dan kecernaan in vitro.
Keyword: Larva Black Soldier Fly, fermentabilitas, in vitro, kecernaan, mikroba rumen

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite