Judul: Synchrony index of releasing N-protein and energy in the rumen as a basis of ruminant diet formulation with local feedstuffs
Abstrak: The experiments were conducted to prove the diet formulation technique which was based on the synchronization of releasing N-protein and energy in addition to energy and protein requrement in diet for efficiency of rumen microbial N synthesis and animal production. Exp. 1. Nylon bag technique was adopted to determine ruminal characteristic of protein and organic matter (OM) degradation of feedstuffs (forage and concentrate diet) for which the synchrony index of N-protein and OM fermented in the rumen might be determined based on synchronization ratio of 20 (I20), 25 (I25), and 30 g N/kg OM (I30) fermented in the rumen. Exp. 2. By using randomized block design, twelve local cattle were arranged into four groups according to average body weight of the animals. Each group was fed three types of diet that was different in synchronization ratio of supplying N-protein and fermented OM in rumen, namely 20 g N/kg OM (R20); 25 g N /kg OM (R25); and 30 g N /kg MO (R30). The diets had iso-energy and iso-protein contents and had the same synchrony index. Exp 3. By using randomized block design with a factorial of 3 x 2. The first factor was three diferent protein levels i.e. 10, 12, and 14 %; the second factor was two deferent levels of TDN (total digestible nutrients) (65 and 70 %). Eighteen local cattles were arranged into three groups according to average body weight of the animals. Each group was fed six types of diet that was different in level of CP or TDN. The diets had the same synchrony index, namely 0,560.
Keyword: N retention, intake of nutrients, digestibility of nutrients, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), rumen microbes

Judul: Reformulation of Dairy Cattle Ration Based on RDP/RUP Balance and Energy Adeqquacy: In Vitro Study
Abstrak: Rumen degradable protein (RDP) diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan mikroba yang optimal dan proses fermentasi, tetapi RDP harus diimbangi dengan energi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keseimbangan optimal antara RDP: RUP dan tingkat energi dalam ransum sapi perah dengan metode in vitro. Sumber inokulum rumen diambil dari dua fistula sapi perah Holstein Friesian. Perlakuan terdiri dari imbangan RDP: RUP yaitu 45:55, 50:50, 55:45 dan 60:40, dengan perlakuan TDN yaitu rendah, sedang dan tinggi. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok berpola faktorial. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA, jika terdapat perbedaan berbeda nyata di uji lanjut dengan Duncan dan di uji lanjut dengan Tukey jika terdapat interaksi antar kedua faktor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan imbangan RDP:RUP dengan level TDN dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi NH3, konsentrasi VFA total, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organi. Ransum dengan imbangan RDP:RUP dengan level high TDN dapat meningkatkan kecernaan nutrisi. Peningkatan ditunjukkan dengan manfaat dari ransum yang berbasis imbangan RDP:RUP dapat meningkatkan kecernaan nutrisi dan fermentabilitas sapi perah. Kata kunci: degradasi protein, fermentasi dan kecernaan., Rumen degradable protein (RDP) is required for optimal microbial growth and fermentation process, however RDP requirement must be balanced with energy. This study aims to find out the optimal balance between RDP:RUP and energy levels in dairy rations by in vitro method. The source of the inoculum was taken from two Friesian Holstein male rumen fistulas. Treatments consisted of RDP:RUP balance which were 45:55, 50:50, 55:45 and 60:40, while TDN treatments were low TDN, medium TDN and high TDN. The experimental design used a randomized block design of factorial groups. The data was analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's test if it differs markedly and Tukey test if there is interaction between the two factors. The results showed that ratio of RDP:RUP with TDN levels affected NH3, VFA’s, DMD and OMD. RDP:RUP balances with high TDN levels can improve nutritional digestability. The increase shown by the benefits of rations based on RDP:RUP balance can improve nutritional digestibility and fermentability of dairy cows. Keywords: degestibility, rumen degradable protein, rumen fermentation
Keyword: Degradasi protein, Fermentasi, Kecernaan

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh.
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. ,,,
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular.