Judul: The Impact of Goverment Expenditure on Income Inequality in Special Region of Yogyakarta Province
Abstrak: Ketimpangan pendapatan menjadi sumber berbagai masalah sosial. Salah satu upaya pemerintah dalam menangani permasalahan ketimpangan pendapatan yaitu melalui kebijakan fiskal dari sisi pengeluaran guna menerapkan fungsi alokasi yang mempraktikan tujuan pembangunan yang memihak kepada masyarakat miskin melalui fasilitas aktivitas ekonomi, pendidikan, kesehatan dan lainnya. Di Provinsi DI Yogyakarta pengeluaran ini cenderung meningkat selama tahun 2013-2019 namun ketimpangan pendapatan diantara masyarakatnya justru cenderung meningkat sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak pengeluaran pemerintah fungsi ,ekonomi ,kesehatan, pendidikan, dan perlindungan sosial terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan kabupaten/kota di Provinsi DI Yogyakarta periode 2013- 2019. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode data panel dinamis. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran pemerintah yang dapat menurunkan tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan diantara masyarakat adalah pengeluaran bidang ekonomi, pendidikan dan perlindungan sosial., Income inequality is a source of various social problems. One of the government's efforts in dealing with the problem of income inequality is through fiscal policy from the expenditure side in order to implement the allocation function that practices development goals that favor the poor. Through facilities for economic activity, education, health and others. In DI Yogyakarta Province, this expenditure tends to increase during 2013-2019 but income inequality among the people tends to increase, so this study aimsto analyze the impact of government spending on functions, economy, health, education, and social protection on income inequality in districts/citiesin DI Province. Yogyakarta period 2013-2019. In thisstudy, the dynamic panel data method was used. This study shows that government expenditures that can reduce the level of income inequality among the community are spending on the economy, education and social protection.
Keyword: goverment spending, income inequality, panel data

Judul: The Influence of Regional Financial Independence and Regional Expenditures on Poverty in the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta
Abstrak: Kemiskinan menjadi masalah kompleks dalam pembangunan perekonomian daerah. Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta menempati urutan pertama sebagai wilayah dengan persentase penduduk miskin paling banyak di Pulau Jawa. Pengelolaan fiskal yang dilaksanakan oleh pemerintah daerah dari segi penerimaan dan pembiayaan selanjutnya bertujuan untuk pembangunan ekonomi dan pengentasan kemiskinan. Tujuan penelitian ini yakni untuk mengetahhui dan menganalisis kondisi kemandirian keuangan daerah dan belanja daerah terhadap kemiskinan di lima Kabupaten/Kota Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta pada rentang tahun 2010 hingga 2020. Adapun jenis data merupakan data sekunder dengan metode analisis deskriptif dan kuantitatif serta menggunakan model estimasi regresi data panel. Berdasarkan hasil analisis kemandirian keuangan daerah yang direpresentasikan dengan rasio PAD dan Belanja Kesehatan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penurunan tingkat kemiskinan, rasio Dana Perimbangan berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan, Belanja Pendidikan berpengaruh negatif tidak signifikan, dan Belanja Perumahan dan Fasilitas umum berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kemiskinan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta., Poverty is a complex problem in regional economic development. The Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta ranks first as the province with the highest percentage of poor people on Java Island. Fiscal management carried out by local governments in terms of revenue and financing is further aimed at economic development and poverty alleviation. This study aims to the effect of regional financial independence and regional expenditure on poverty in five Regencies/Cities of the Special Region of Yogyakarta in the range of 2010 to 2020. The type of data is secondary data with analytical-descriptive methods and quantitative as well as using panel data regression estimation model. The results show that regional financial independence that represented by local revenue ratio and health expenditures have significant negative impact on poverty. Then, the ratio of Balanced Funds has a positive and insignificant impact, Education Expenditures have a negative and insignificant impact, and Housing and Public Facilities Expenditures have a significant positive impact on poverty in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.
Keyword: Poverty, Regional Financial Independence, Regional Expenditures, Local Revenue Ratio, Balanced Fund Ratio

Judul: Inducible and constitutive synthesis of penicillinase by staphylococcus aureus
Abstrak: When tested quantitatively for the production of penicillinase, eighteen of one hundred and twenty-two naturally occurring penicillin-resistant staphylococci were classified as constitutive or microconstitutive. Fourteen of the constitutive strains were not typable, the other four were lysed by group III phage. The inducible and constitutive strains of Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to concentrations of mercuric chloride that inhibited strains sensitive to penicillin. Transfer of the penicillinase determinant by transduction from a microconstitutive strain to a sensitive strain resulted in recombinants that produced inducible penicillinase.
Keyword: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcal penicillinase, Bacteriophage