Judul: Model Deep Learning Untuk Deteksi Penyakit Pada Tanaman Paprika (Capsicum Annuum L.), Tomat (Solanum Lycopersicum) Dan Strawberry (Fragaria Sp.).
Abstrak: Penyakit yang menyerang tanaman dapat memberikan dampak yang serius terhadap produktivitas tanaman jika tidak dikendalikan dengan tepat. Cara efektif mengendalikan penyakit serta meningkatkan hasil panen adalah melakukan identifikasi dini penyakit tanaman secara akurat. Melihat perkembangan tersebut, metode deep learning sangat berpotensi untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan model deep learning untuk mendeteksi penyakit pada tanaman paprika (Capsicum Annuum L.), tomat (Solanum Lycopersicum) dan strawberry (Fragaria Sp.). Penelitian ini menggunakan deep learning dengan algoritma YOLOv7 yang terdiri dari tahapan: (1) pengumpulan dataset, (2) pengolahan dataset, (3) pelabelan dataset, (4) training dataset, (5) uji model hasil training, dan (6) implementasi model. Training deep learning terhadap 9813 dataset dengan 4 kelas parameter penyakit yaitu bercak daun, hangus daun, hawar daun, dan virus kuning keriting dilakukan dengan menggunakan algoritma YOLOv7 dan YOLOv7-X. Hasil pengujian model deep learning untuk deteksi penyakit dengan menggunakan algoritma YOLOv7 dan YOLOv7-X menunjukkan tingkat akurasi sebesar 98,90% dan 98,98%, presisi 97,83% dan 98,12%, dan nilai recall 98,07% dan 98,63%. Berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa model cukup stabil dalam mendeteksi penyakit dengan tepat sehingga model deep learning untuk deteksi penyakit pada tanaman paprika, tomat, dan strawberry dapat digunakan., Diseases that affect plants can have a serious impact on crop productivity if not properly controlled. An effective way to control disease and increase crop yields is by conducting early identification of plant diseases accurately. Based on these problems, the deep learning method has the potential to be developed in Indonesia. The aim of this study is to develop a deep learning model for detecting diseases of pepper plants (Capsicum Annuum L.), tomatoes (Solanum Lycopersicum), and strawberries (Fragaria Sp.). This research consists of several activities such as (1) datasets collections, (2) datasets pre-processing, (3) datasets labeling, (4) training deep learning models, and (5) testing and validating model. The model was developed using a deep learning model with YOLOv7 and YOLOv7-X algorithms using 9813 datasets with 4 classes of disease parameters, namely bacterial spot, leaf scorch, leaf blight, and yellow leaf curl virus. The results of the deep learning model test for plant diseases detection using YOLOv7 and YOLOv7-X algorithms showed accuracy rates of 98.90% and 98.98%, precision of 97.83% and 98.12%, and recall values of 98.07% and 98.63%, respectively. These results indicate that the deep learning model was capable to detect bell pepper, tomato, and strawberry plant with high accuracy and precision.
Keyword: confusion matrix, deep learning, disease detection, YOLOv7

Judul: Model Pembelajaran Mendalam untuk Deteksi dan Klasifikasi     Penyakit Pisang Berdasarkan Gambar Daun
Abstrak: Fungal diseases are among the main reasons for low productivity in banana farming. Black Sigatoka and fusarium wilt race 1 are the major fungal diseases that threaten banana production. black Sigatoka is a fungal disease caused by a wind-bone fungus, Mycosphaerella fijiensis Morelet. On the other hand, fusarium wilt is another fungal disease originating from soil caused by a fungus named Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). The spread of these diseases is accelerating in many countries and threatens the production of bananas globally. Early detection of fungal diseases is essential and one of the possible approaches is using machine vision. Due to its high accuracy, deep learning is the most widely used algorithm in machine vision for many solutions. Its ability to model the data into multiple levels of abstraction makes it suitable for many agricultural solutions. Furthermore, deep learning can be trained with a vast amount of data. However, deep learning requires a high computational resource, challenging many agricultural solutions implemented on low-computing devices such as edge, mobile, and IoT devices. Therefore, this research proposes deep-learning models for detecting and classifying banana diseases based on leaf images. The study proposes the use of lightweight deep learning algorithms instead of off-shelf algorithms. Lightweight deep learning algorithms have a small architecture which make them suitable for low computing resources devices. The research is conducted in two stages: the first stage focuses on identifying the diseases using deep learning where default algorithms are trained. In this stage, four lightweight deep learning utilized namely mobileNetv2, mobileNetv3-small, ShuffleNetv2, and SqueezeNet. The choice of algorithms is based on the popularity of the algorithm in the research community. The second stage focuses on modification of the algorithms to increase the performance of the models. Modifications introduced include the addition of a convolutional block attention module (CBAM). CBAM is a lightweight attention module that enhances both channel and attention features. In both stages, sequential model based optimization (SMBO) is used for automatic hyperparameter tuning (HPO). SMBO is a variant of Bayesian optimization that selects the parameters sequentially. This makes SMBO to be faster than other optimization algorithms. The study used a dataset of images representing three classes: healthy, black Sigatoka, and fusarium wilt race 1. The dataset was collected in Northern Tanzania for a period of six months by the Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). The preprocessing conducted after acquiring the dataset includes resizing, removing the stem images, splitting, and augmentation. The model's performance is measured by calculating accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score as well as measuring model complexity. The results indicated that for stage one, mobileNetv2 outperforms all other models with 97,73% accuracy,97,74% precision, 97,73% recall, and 97,73% f1 score, while shuffleNetv2 had poor performance with an accuracy of 84,21%, precision of 84,76%, recall of 84,21%, and f1-score of 84,03%. SqueezeNet is a light model with a size of 2,78 MB, while mobileNetv3-small is the heaviest model with a size of 8.74 MB. However, all models had trouble distinguishing between black sigatoka and fusarium wilt race
Keyword: banana, CBAM, deep learning, HPO, SMBO

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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