Judul: Sintesis Oksida Grafena dari Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum verum) sebagai antibakteri. Dibimbing
Abstrak: Perkembangan penelitian material baru mengalami kemajuan hingga saat ini, salah satunya ialah oksida grafena. Oksida grafena merupakan material tipis yang berbentuk poliaromatik. Oksida grafena berpotensi besar dalam berbagai aplikasi, salah satunya adalah antibakteri. Kayu manis digunakan sebagai bahan dasar sintesis oksida grafena yang merupakan sumber karbon dari bahan alam. Oksida grafena disintesis menggunakan modifikasi metode Hummers. Penelitian ini menunjukkan spektrum ultraviolet adanya puncak serapan pada 227.9 nm. Spektrum inframerah memperlihatkan gugus O-H, C=C, C-OH, dan C-O. Hasil analisis difraksi sinar X menggambarkan puncak 2θ pada sudut 25.38o dengan nilai kristalinitas 26.57%. Berdasarkan analisis particle size analyzer, oksida grafena memiliki ukuran 95.41 nm. Bakteri yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu Staphylococcus aureus sebagai gram positif dan Escherichia coli sebagai gram negatif. Hasil pengujian antibakteri ditandai dengan terbentuknya zona bening sehingga oksida grafena memiliki aktivitas antibakteri.
Keyword: antibakteri, kayu manis, metode Hummers, oksida grafena

Judul: Sintesis Oksida Grafena dari Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) sebagai Antibakteri dan Antioksidan
Abstrak: Oksida grafena merupakan produk nanoteknologi yang memiliki banyak keunggulan dan saat ini masih terus dikembangkan dalam berbagai penelitian. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan senyawa oksida grafena berbahan dasar gambir sebagai antibakteri dan antioksidan. Oksida grafena dari arang tersebut berhasil disintesis menggunakan modifikasi metode Hummers. Hasil spektrum ultraviolet terdapat puncak serapan pada 224,8 nm. Gugus fungsi beroksigen yang muncul pada spektrum inframerah menandakan oksida grafena berhasil terbentuk. Hasil analisis difraksi sinar X menggunakan puncak 2θ pada sudut 25,04°. Hasil uji Raman menunjukkan adanya tiga puncak yaitu puncak D, puncak G, dan puncak 2D pada bilangan ~1373 cm-1, ~1592 cm-1, dan ~2866 cm-1. Diameter zona hambat pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli sebesar 8,82 mm lebih kecil dari bakteri Staphylococcus aureus sebesar 9,21 mm. Nilai IC50 oksida grafena metode DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil) adalah 220,77 μg/mL, termasuk tingkat antioksidan sedang dan IC50 oksida grafena metode FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) adalah 64,24 μg/mL, termasuk tingkat antioksidan kuat., Graphene oxide is a nanotechnology product with many advantages and is currently still being developed in various studies. This study aims to produce graphene oxide compounds based on gambier as antibacterial and antioxidant. Graphene oxide from charcoal was successfully synthesized using a modification of the Hummers method. The ultraviolet spectrum result showed an absorption peak of 224,8 nm. Oxygen functional groups that appear in the infrared spectrum indicate that graphene oxide has been successfully formed. The results of X-ray diffraction analysis used a 2θ peak at an angle of 25,04°. Raman test results showed three peaks, namely D peak, G peak, and 2D peak at ~1373 cm-1, ~1592 cm-1, and ~2866 cm-1. The diameter of the inhibition zone for Escherichia coli bacteria was 8,82 mm. It was 9,21 mm smaller than that of Staphylococcus aureus. The IC50 value of graphene oxide by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method was 220,77 μg/mL, including moderate antioxidant levels and the IC50 value of graphene oxide by the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method was 64,24 μg/mL, including intense antioxidant levels.
Keyword: antibacterial, antioxidant, gambier, graphene oxide, Hummers method

Judul: Exchange Market Pressure and Central Bank Intervention for Three ASEAN Countries
Abstrak: Two of the exchange rate systems which are adopted by many countries are the floating and the fixed exchange rate system. Both the exchange rate systems have different characteristics. Countries that implement fixed exchange rates system tend to set their domestic currency exchange rate at a certain point. On the contrary, countries which implement floating exchange rate system tend to let their domestic currency exchange rate to move flexibly and thus their value will always change according to the demand and supply of the currency in the foreign exchange market. Countries which implement floating exchange rate system are facing the risk of fluctuation in the exchange rate of their domestic currency against foreign currencies. The currency exchange rate fluctuation may be caused by economic problems such as a financial crisis. A country can also be potentially affected by other countries’ earlier financial crisis. This effect could potentially happen if these countries are in the same region, such as ASEAN. The 1997 ASEAN economic crisis was an example of a country’s financial crisis could affect other countries. At that time, some countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand had to change their currency exchange rate system from the fixed exchange rate system to the floating exchange rate system due to the high costs which has to be incurred if they were to enforce the fixed exchange rate system. During 2002 until 2012, the domestic exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand against the U.S. dollar had tended to fluctuate. If the domestic currency exchange rate fluctuated excessively then the central bank would intervene to stabilize the exchange rate in the foreign exchange market. The pressure on domestic currency exchange rate pressures has forced the central bank to intervene. The amount of those pressures can be analyzed by calculating the Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) index. Apart from that, the time when interventions are done by the central bank can be known based on EMP by calculating the Exchange Market Intervention (EMI) index. The purposes of this study were to determine the level of international pressure on the currency exchange market and monetary authorities intervene in three ASEAN countries, as well as to determine the effect of the monetary authorities intervene on the exchange rate of the domestic currency against the U.S. dollar in those three ASEAN countries. Based on the EMP index calculation results which are obtained during 2002 to 2012 period, the exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand’s domestic currency had always fluctuated and the results of the EMP index indicated that each country were under diverse level of currency exchange rate appreciation and depreciation pressures. Thailand was the country with the highest currency exchange rate pressure compared to Indonesia and Malaysia. The results on the intervention index calculation showed that Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand have intervention index between zero and one and more than one. We can also see from the intervention index that Indonesia and Thailand implement the controlled floating currency exchange rate instead of the freely floating one. Based on the calculation of the currency exchange rate by comparing
Keyword: exchange rate, exchange market pressure, intervention