Judul: Evaluasi Introduksi Musuh Alami untuk Pengendalian Hama Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) pada Tanaman Lamtoro di Bogor.
Abstrak: Kutu loncat lamtoro, Heteropsylla cubana, adalah hama invasif yang masuk ke Indonesia pada bulan Maret 1986, tepatnya di Daerah Ciawi, Kabupaten Bogor. Hama tersebut telah dikendalikan dengan mengintroduksi dan melepaskan musuh alami, yaitu kumbang predator, Curinus coeruleus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), dan parasitoid nimfa, Psyllaephagus yaseeni Noyes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Sejak dilepaskan di lapangan, kemampuan menetap dan keefektifan kedua musuh alami tersebut belum dievaluasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi kemampuan menetap dan persebaran C. coeruleus dan P. yaseeni sebagai agens pengendali hayati kutu loncat lamtoro di Bogor. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melakukan survei di 13 kecamatan di Kabupaten Bogor untuk mengamati keberadaan dan persebaran kumbang predator C. coeruleus, parasitoid nimfa P. yaseeni, dan hama H. cubana. Hasil survei menemukan bahwa H. cubana menyerang tanaman lamtoro di semua daerah yang diamati (13 kecamatan di Bogor) dengan kepadatan populasi rata-rata 59 ekor/3 pucuk. Larva dan imago dari kumbang predator C. coeruleus ditemukan pada 7 dari 13 titik pengamatan. Tidak ada indikasi parasitisasi oleh P. yaseeni di setiap titik pengamatan. Beberapa musuh alami lain ditemukan berasosiasi dengan kutu loncat lamtoro di Bogor. Evaluasi introduksi musuh alami kutu loncat lamtoro menunjukkan bahwa kumbang predator C. coeruleus berhasil ditemukan di setiap arah mata angin lokasi pengamatan, sedangkan parasitoid nimfa P. yaseeni tidak ditemukan di semua lokasi pengamatan.
Keyword: introduksi musuh alami, lamtoro, parasitoid, pengendalian hayati, predator

Judul: Inventarisasi dan penelitian pendahuluan aspek biologi musuh alami Heteropsylla cubana crawford (Homoptera : Psyllidae)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menginventarisasi spesies- spesies musuh alami H. cubana di daerah sekitar Bogor, mempelajari kemampuan makan dan siklus hidup predator, serta mempelajari patogenisitas fungi parasit serangga. Hasil inventarisasi di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa di daerah sekitar Bogor ditemukan spesies-spesies musuh alami H. cubana, antara lain Menochilus sexmaculatus (F.), Calli- neda sedecimnotata (F.), Coccinella arcuata (F.), Coelopho- rang Oecophylla smaragdina F. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae); belalang sembah (Orthoptera: Mantidae); capung (Odonata); laba-laba (Arachnida); dan fungi parasit Fusarium sp. (Mo- niliales Tuberculariaceae) serta Hirsutella sp. (Aphyllo- ra inaequalis F. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae); semut rang- phorales Clavariaceae). Hasil uji makan di laboratorium terhadap larva dan imago M. sexmaculatus dan C. sedecimnotata pada mangsa be- rupa telur, nimfa instar kesatu dan kedua H. cubana, serta nimfa Semiaphis sp., menunjukkan bahwa kedua spesies Cocci- nellidae tersebut kurang mempunyai preferensi terhadap mangsa berupa telur dan nimfa H. cubana. Hasil pengamatan siklus hidup M. sexmaculatus dan C. sedecimnotata pada mangsa berupa nimfa H. cubana dan nim- fa Semiaphis sp., menunjukkan bahwa kedua spesies Cocci- nellidae tersebut tidak dapat menyelesaikan siklus hidupnya dengan mangsa nimfa H. cubana. Imago kedua spesies Coccinellidae tersebut pada mangsa nimfa H. cubana hanya mampu bertahan hidup selama 4.3 hari. Hasil uji patogenisitas fungi parasit pada H. cubana menunjukkan bahwa Fusarium sp. dan Hirsutella sp. berfungsi sebagai musuh alami H. cubana.
Keyword: Natural enemies, Heteropsylla cubana

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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