Judul: The impact of fiscal policy in the agricultural sector of economy, labor, income distribution and poverty
Abstrak: This study aims to analyze the impact of fiscal policy on the agricultural sector, in the form of input subsidies (fertilizer and seeds) and output subsidies (food) to the economy, labor, income distribution and poverty. The methods of analysis used are the Econometrics, the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) Methods. The data used are the Input-Output Tables in 2008, Social Accounting Matrix in 2008, National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS) in 2008. Policy simulations carried out were (1) fertilizer subsidies, (2) seeds subsidies, (3) food subsidies, and (4) combination of the all simulations. The impact of fertilizer and seeds subsidies policy can encourage real GDP from the expenditure side by rising productivity in aggregate output in both the short and long term, while the increase in food subsidies can rise real GDP from the expenditure side were moved by real household consumption. Fiscal policy in the agricultural sectors was able to have a positive on output of agricultural commodities, negative impact on output prices, and positive labor absorption in the short and long term based on rural and urban area. Redistribution of income and welfare happened to all poor households. The impact on poverty incidence, poverty depth and severity of poverty shows poverty reduction contained in the short and long term on poor households, the rural areas tend to be higher than in urban areas. In terms of macro economy requires that the reduction of poverty needs economic growth, so the both can not be separated. The implications are to maintain the policy which improved can increase subsidies magnitude and optimize the implementation so more effective, improving labor market and job creation which is labor intesive in both rural and urban areas, and needs the combination of micro-macro economic policies.
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Judul: Employment Creation and Poverty Reduction through Agricultural and Rural Development A Political Economic Analysis of Fiscal Policy
Abstrak: The problems of poverty and unemployment are more severe in rural than in wban areas. These problems are difficult to solve if development strategy lacking emphasis on agricultural and rural sector. The government, via fiscal policy, can directly or indirectly affect the development of agricultural and rural sector, which in turns reduces poverty and unemployment. This study aims at analyzing the impacts of government expenditures on poverty and unemployment within a political-economy framework. To reach this objective, a simultaneous equations model containing 22 structural equations and 9 identity equations, is constructed and estimated using the 2SLS method. Simulations of a set of policy scenarios are undertaken based on estimated parameters of the model. Estimated parameters of the model suggest that government regime affects significantly GDP and poverty. Political economy of the Post New- Order regime tends to bring about decreases in agricultwal and nonagricultural GDP, resulting in increases in mral and wban poverty. Results of the simulation analysis indicate that an increase in government expenditure on infrastructure can improve the growth and labor absorption, which then reduce unemployment. A policy mix between government expenditure on agricultural development and wage policy is potential to decrease the number of poor people in rural areas.
Keyword: kebijakan fiskal

Judul: Isolasi komponen hemotoksin bisa ular kobra (Naja naja sputatrix)
Abstrak: Elisa ular adalah racun yang diproduksi oleh kelenjar bisa dan digunakan ular untuk mempertahankan dinat mencari mangsa. Bisa ini merupakan campuran dari berbagai komponen. Enzim adalah kompoth utama selain air. Enzim pada bisa ular sangat beragam jenis dan fungsinya. Fosfolipase dan arginin ipadase adalah enzim yang sering terdapat dalam bisa ular dan telah digunakan pada penanganan penyak seperti trombosis Penttian ini bertujuan mengisolasi komponen dari bisa ular kobra dan mengujinya menggunakan sel darah merah sapi 4% untuk aktivitas hemolisis dan bekuan fibrin sapi untuk aktivitas fibrinolisis. Uji aktivitas dilakukan terhadap ekstrak kasar dan fraksi kolom bisa ular. Fraksi kolom diperoleh dari pemurutan ekstrak kasar menggunakan kromatografi filtrasi gel (Sephadex G-75) untuk memperoleh fraksa paksu dengan serapan tertinggi pada A. 280 nm. Ekstrak kasar dan fraksi kolom dengan serapan tertinggi dilakukan pengukuran kandungan protein, Fraksi aktif hasil uji aktivitas selanjutnya ditentukan berat molekulnya (BM) dengan elektroforesis SDS PAGE. Basaglar kobra merupakan cairan pekat berwarna kuning dengan kadar air 71.45%. Dari hasil uji aktivitas diperoleh bisa ular hanya memiliki aktivitas hemolisis sel darah merah sapi secara langsung. Aktivitas ini ditunjukkan oleh fraksi kolom nomor 15 dan 16 tetapi tidak dalam ekstrak kasar. Penurunan konsentrasi ekstrak kasar tidak mempengaruhi terhadap adanya aktivitas hemolisis. Hal ini diduga karena mungkin terdapat inhibitor dalam ekstrak kasar bisa. Inhibitor memiliki BM yang berbeda dengan enzim hemalisis sehingga dapat dipisahkan menggunakan filtrasi gel. Berdasarkan hasil elektroforesis diperolch enzim bemolisis terdapat dalam ekstrak kasar dan tersebar pada fraksi kolom nomor 15 dan 16 dengan BM sekitar 27300 Da
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