Judul: Evaluasi Triterpenoid sebagai Kandidat Antikanker Hati Melalui Penurunan Ekspresi miR-494 dan TNF-α dengan Pendekatan In Silico.
Abstrak: Karsinoma hepatoselular (HCC) menyumbang hingga 90% dari semua kanker hati primer di seluruh dunia. Sinobufagin diketahui menghambat miR-494 sebagai target HCC. Peningkatan ekspresi TNF-α menghasilkan respons yang buruk terhadap obat antikanker hati. Model dalam penelitian ini adalah sinobufagin, sikloartenol, dan fraksi etil asetat Ganoderma lucidum, yaitu 3–6. Target penambatan pada penelitian ini adalah Akt, ERK1, ERK2, PI3K, TNF-α, TNFR1, dan TNFR2. Sikloartenol dan fraksi 5 memenuhi aturan Veber, aturan 5 Lipinski, dan memiliki toksisitas sedang. Akt menjadi target potensial penambatan karena menghasilkan afinitas ikatan dari 3–6 yang memiliki kesesuaian dengan IC50 pada literatur. Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian secara in vitro. Akt memiliki inhibitor, yaitu AZD5363 (7). Sikloartenol kurang mampu menghambat Akt. Sebaliknya, fraksi 5 mampu menghambat Akt lebih baik dibandingkan sikloartenol, walaupun tidak sebaik sinobufagin dan fraksi 7, sehingga fraksi 5 berpotensi menjadi kandidat antikanker hati. Triterpenoid dengan kerangka dasar lanostana berpotensi menjadi kandidat antikanker hati.
Keyword: Akt, Ganoderma lucidum, karsinoma hepatoseluler, sikloartenol, triterpenoid

Judul: Virtual Screening With Ensemble Docking of Anti-Cancer  Compounds in XIAP Protein
Abstrak: Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) atau tumor hati merupakan penyebab kematian ketiga terbesar di dunia. Pada tahun 2020 terdapat 830.180 kasus kematian HCC dengan 8,9% terjadi di Indonesia. Sel-sel HCC menghindari apoptosis sehingga terjadi proliferasi berlebihan. Apoptosis dapat membunuh sel sel yang rusak atau abnormal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan senyawa yang berpotensi sebagai anti HCC, energi afinitas dan efisiensi ligan pada protein XIAP. Penelitian ini meliputi penapisan virtual dengan ensemble docking menggunakan Autodock Vina dan dievaluasi dengan Autodock4. Dari 534 ligan uji, 15 ligan uji menunjukkan afinitas pengikatan terbaik berdasarkan Autodock Vina, memenuhi analisis ADMET dan kemiripan obat. Evaluasi penambatan molekul dengan AutoDock4 menghasilkan parameter-parameter penting untuk menentukan kandidat obat yang potensial dan secara efektif dapat mengikat protein target pada konsentrasi rendah.
Keyword: XIAP, ADMET, penambatan molekul, energi afinitas, frekuensi kluster

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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