Judul: Carbon Stock and Footprint of Cacao Agroforest in Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi.
Abstrak: Cacao is one of the commodities that play an important role in supporting economic and social development both in tropical and subtropical countries. However, it also acts as one of the significant contributor of carbon emissions. The facts that the cocoa industry is a greenhouse gas contributor has led to various efforts towards environment friendliness of the cacao farm management system. In this study, we conducted field observation with objectives to: 1) measure the rate of carbon stock and carbon footprint in two cacao cultivation systems, and an agroforest and monoculture system, 2) comprehend the contribution of biophysical aspects to the rate of carbon stocks and carbon footprints, 3) determine both the implication of the two systems to the environmentally friendly management of the cacao farm. The method was a combination between the questionnaire and the direct observation. Ten cacao agroforests and ten cacao monoculture cultivation farms were randomly selected in four Polewali Mandar villages. On the selected farm, a questionnaire-based interview was conducted to collect all information regarding the farm, its history, management practice including on-farm supply chain (fertilizer, pesticide, and fuel use). Field observation was conducted to find more information related to that farm. A field inventory was implemented on each farm using the sampling plot with the core plot of 20 x 20 m to collect the biomass data for carbon stock analysis. Some of the biophysical aspects such as light intensity, shade, and soil characteristic also were collected in this study. The result showed that cacao agroforests accumulated better total carbon stock than that of cacao monoculture system, namely 134.43±14.27 Mg C ha-1 and 104.7± 9.29 Mg C ha-1, respectively. On the other hand, cacao monoculture system enhanced significantly total carbon footprint higher than cacao agroforest, namely 1914.4±212.0 kg CO2e ha-1 and 932.1±251.6 kg CO2e ha-1, respectively. Shade trees, trees density, and soil organic were biophysical aspects showing a significant positive correlation between the level of carbon stock, while shade trees had a significantly negative correlation with the carbon footprint level. Cacao agroforests are considered as a climate-friendly management system due relatively to the ability for storing a high level of carbon stock and securing low carbon footprint.
Keyword: cacao agroforest, carbon stock, carbon footprint, climate friendliness

Judul: Function Of Some Ecosystem Components At Natural Forest And Cacao Agroindustry Sustem At The Margin Of Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi
Abstrak: Cacao agroforestry is a traditional form of agriculture practiced by the people of Central Sulawesi. These agroforestry systems vary from a simple system, following selective cutting of forest trees, to a more sophisticated planting design. The aims of this research were (1) to determine litterfall dynamics, leaf-litter decomposition, and fine root biomass, (2) to determine active fraction on soil macro-organic matter (SOM) in natural forest and cacao agroforestry systems, and (3) to assess nitrogen resorption and nitrogen use efficiency (N NUE) and implication for cacao establishment. The field studies were conducted in three types of cacao agroforestry systems at the northeastern margin of Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP). Field study sites covering in natural forest (NF) and in three cacao agroforestry systems that is cacao was planted under remaining forest cover (CF1), under planted trees (CF2), and between shade trees Gliricidia sepium (CP). The parameters are nitrogen soil content, fine root biomass, soil macro-organic matter by size and density fractionation, soil surface organic layer by quadrant, litterfall production by litter trap, and rate of decomposition by litter bag, nitrogen use efficiency in cacao plant and ecosystem scale, and nitrogen resorption.
Keyword: litterfall dynamics, leaf-litter decomposition, find-root biomass, nitrogen resorption, Central Sulawesi

Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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