Judul: Sebaran Spons Laut Berdasarkan Kedalaman pada Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems (MCEs) di Perairan Lombok Utara, Provinsi NTB
Abstrak: Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems (MCEs) adalah komunitas terumbu karang yang bergantung pada cahaya mulai dari 30-40 meter dan meluas ke bagian bawah zona photic mencapai kedalaman 150 meter. Spons merupakan komponen penyusun utama MCEs yang memiliki banyak manfaat namun keberadaannya kurang dipahami. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi serta mengetahui hubungan kedalaman dan sebaran genus spons pada MCEs dan menguji perbedaan nyata genus yang ditemukan terhadap kedalaman di Perairan Lombok Utara, Provinsi NTB menggunakan metode Underwater Photo Transect (UPT). Pengambilan data dilakukan pada tanggal 3-5 September 2020. Berdasarkan identifikasi ditemukan 32 genera spons yang tersebar di 3 Stasiun pada perairan Lombok Utara. Semakin dalam, jumlah genus yang ditemukan pada ketiga stasiun penelitian semakin banyak. Hal tersebut membuktikan sebaran komunitas spons pada Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems (MCEs) di Perairan Lombok Utara dipengaruhi oleh kedalaman. Hasil uji ANOVA menunjukkan beberapa genus spons yang berbeda nyata antar kedalaman yaitu Callyspongia, Theonella, Clathria, Stylotella, dan Spirastrella., Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems (MCEs) are light-dependent coral reef communities ranging from 30-40 meters and extending to the bottom of the photic zone to a depth of 150 meters. Sponges are the main component of MCEs that have many benefits but their existence is poorly understood. This study was conducted to identify and determine the relation between depth and distribution of sponge genera in Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems (MCEs) and to examine the significant differences affected by depth between sponges genera found in North Lombok Waters, NTB Province using the Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method. Field data were collected on 3-5 September 2020. Based on the identification results, 32 genera of sponges were found spread over three stations in the waters of North Lombok. The deeper, the more genera found at the three research stations. It indicates that the distribution of sponge communities in MCEs in North Lombok Waters is influenced by depth. Based on the ANOVA test, several genera of sponges show significant differences between depths, namely Callyspongia, Theonella, Clathria, Stylotella, and Spirastrella.
Keyword: Kedalaman, Lombok Utara, Mesophotic Coral Ecosystems, Spons

Judul: The Diversity and Distribution of Sponge at Three Different Islands in the Makassar Strait, Indonesia
Abstrak: Kondisi ekosistem terumbu karang secara global semakin memburuk akibat aktivitas manusia dan peningkatan sedimentasi dari daratan. Hal tersebut dapat berdampak buruk pada organisme penyusunnya, termasuk spons yang dapat menyebabkan kepunahan. Oleh karena itu, perlu diketahui data keanekaragaman, distribusi, dan komposisi spons yang ada di suatu wilayah, untuk dapat menentukan tindakan konservasi yang tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keanekaragaman dan distribusi spons di tiga pulau di Selat Makassar, yaitu Pulau Gusung Toraja, Barrang Caddi, dan Pannikiang. Pengambilan data spons dilakukan dengan SCUBA diving menggunakan metode Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) dengan transek seluas 0.58 m x 0.44 m. Pengamatan dilakukan pada transek garis sepanjang 20 meter pada kedalaman 5 meter. Masing-masing pulau dibagi menjadi empat stasiun sehingga total 12 stasiun pengamatan. Selain pengamatan di lapangan, fragmen spons juga diambil untuk diidentifikasi lebih lanjut di laboratorium. Sebanyak 3978 individu dari 137 morfospesies spons tercatat dalam penelitian ini. Jumlah spesies dan individu terbanyak diperoleh di Pulau Pannikiang (92 spesies, 2129 individu), disusul Barrang Caddi (59 spesies, 1498 individu), dan di Gusung Toraja (39 spesies, 351 individu). Perbedaan morfologi dan luasan terumbu merupakan salah satu faktor utama yang berpengaruh terhadap keanekaragaman spons di masing-masing pulau. Pulau Pannikiang memiliki keanekaragaman spons terbesar (H’=3.35), disusul Barrang Caddi (H’=3.25), dan di Gusung Toraja (H’=3.19). Tingginya keanekaragaman di Pannikiang dapat disebabkan karena luas wilayah dan area terumbunya terbesar dibandingkan kedua pulau lainnya, serta dikelilingi oleh hutan bakau. Selain itu, keanekaragaman spons juga dipengaruhi oleh kondisi substrat. Pulau Gusung Toraja yang memiliki keanekaragaman terendah akibat substratnya yang didominasi oleh sedimen pasir dan lumpur. Kondisi substrat tersebut juga berpengaruh terhadap morfologi spons. Tercatat sepuluh morfologi yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini, dengan tipe yang dominan adalah encrusting. Tipe encrusting merupakan morfologi spons yang lebih tahan terhadap tekanan yang tinggi akibat sedimentasi dan arus yang kuat dibandingkan morfologi lainnya. Hasil analisis nMDS dan ANOSIM menunjukkan perbedaan komposisi spesies spons di Pannikiang yang terletak di antara kedua pulau lainnya, sementara pulau Barrang Caddi dan Gusung Toraja tidak berbeda signifikan (p=0.3508). Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persebaran spons di Selat Makassar tidak bergantung pada kedekatan jarak antar pulau., The condition of coral reef ecosystems globally is getting worse due to human activities and increased sedimentation from the mainland, which can harm the organisms that compose it, including sponges, and cause extinction. Therefore, it is necessary to know the diversity, distribution, and composition of sponges in an area to determine appropriate conservation measures. This study aimed to analyze the diversity and distribution of sponges in three islands in the Makassar Strait i.e. Gusung Toraja Island, Barrang Caddi Island, and Pannikiang Island. The collection of sponge was carried out by SCUBA diving, using Underwater Photo Transect (UPT) method with a 0.58 m x 0.44 m transect area. Observations were made on a 20 meter line transect at a depth of 5 m..Each island was divided into four stations, so a total of 12 stations were observed. In addition to field observations, sponge fragments were also taken for further identification in the laboratory. There were 3978 individuals belongs to137 morphospecies of sponges were reported in this study. The highest number of
Keyword: Biodiversitas, Morfologi, Porifera, Similaritas, Spermonde

Judul: The Dynamic of HIV Virus Infection as a Result of Protease Inhibitor Therapy.
Abstrak: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is defined as symptoms of deterioration human immune system caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The virus damages the leucocytes; therefore, once a person infected by the HIV, his/her immune system will be paralyzed and eventually will not be able to survive from any disease. HIV is transmitted in many ways, such as having unsafe sex, using unsterilized syringe, blood transfusion, and many more. So far, there has not been discovered yet a way or a medicine that can totally cure this disease. However, reverse transcriptase inhibitor therapy, protease inhibitor, or combination of those two can decline the growth of virus inside the body of the infected person. Therefore, the immune system will be enhanced back to normal phase. In this paper, will analyze the effect of protease inhibitor therapy on the dynamics of virus inside the blood with different value of effectiveness. There are two mathematical models of protease inhibitor therapy to consider, i.e. perfect and imperfect protease inhibitor. The perfect protease inhibitor therapy hinders the virus to grow well and not to infect healthy leucocytes. On the other hand, the imperfect one cannot completely detained the virus growth.
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