Judul: Hidrolisis Enzimatis Pod Kakao (Theobroma cacao) Untuk Produksi Etanol
Abstrak: Cacao beans as crops that have been used widely in the food industry as well. Cacao production in Indonesia in 2007 reached 532,000 tons. That amount continues to be increased because the government has projected cacao production in 2013 reached 1 million tons (Anonymous, 2009). This increase also resulted in increased waste produced by the cacao pod, so the cacao pod has a great potential to be developed into products that have added value. In addition to substitute ethanol consumption projection 5% premium (E5) in Indonesia from 2007-2010 on target about 5% and year 2011 to 2015 targeted approximately 10% (Dept. of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2007). The purpose of this research is to obtain the best concentration and duration of hydrolysis using cellulase enzymes to produce sugars from cacao pod to manufacture bioethanol and measuring the percent conversion and the yield produced from the fermentation process using sugar as enzyme hydrolysis of cacao pod. This research was conducted in four stages, namely the first phase of the characterization of raw materials. The second stage of degumming and delignification. The third phase of the fourth stage of hydrolysis and fermentation. Degumming done to eliminate pectin on cacao pod using Ca(OH)2. Delignification carried out to reduce lignin content and degree of crystallinity. Delignification of chemical compounds made with NaOH 0.68% and 30% H2O2. Hydrolysis of cacao pod using enzymatically treated with cellulase enzyme concentrations 10, 20, 30 and 40 IU/g substrate and the hydrolysis time of 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 hours. Analysis carried out include: reducing sugar content, total sugar content and dekstros equivalent. From the results of proximate analysis of materials used has a crude fiber content of 50.41%. Crude fiber fraction contained 28.78% cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin 8.70%, 42.90%. Before delignification lignin content of 42.90% and amounted to 31.00% after a delignification. On the use of 40 IU/g substrate during 48 hours of total sugar conversion result obtained the highest towards the raw materials used amounted to 3.2% (w/w) but the highest reducing sugar conversion is obtained for materials obtained after 60 hours of the registration 2.24% (w/w). Concentration of ethanol produced in fermentation processes for 0.16% (w/v) ethanol yield value of the cacao pod of 3.16% and the efficiency of substrate 62.5% (w/v).
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Judul: Kajian Pemanfaatan Pod Kakao (Theobroma cacao) melalui Hidrolisis Asam Lignoselulosa untuk Menghasilkan Etanol.
Abstrak: Cocoa is one of commodities that its role is important enough for the national economy. Cocoa commodity exports ranked third in the agriculture sector contributes foreign exchange, after the rubber and palm oil. Currently Indonesian cocoa production ranks third largest after the Ivory Coast and Ghana. In 2006 cocoa exports reached U.S. $ 975 million, an increase of 24.2% over the previous year (Suryani and Zulfebriansyah, 2005). Increased efforts in the field led to increased cultivation of cocoa pod waste. This is a challenge, given the amount of cocoa pod components for 73.73% of the cacao fruit (Siswoputranto, 1983). If the cocoa pod is not handled properly it will result in losses. In the research is studied on the acid hydrolysis using cocoa pod to produce ethanol. In addition to get the best treatment of acid hydrolysis that is affected by acid concentration and hydrolysis time and to get the highest yield of sugar and ethanol. This research was conducted in three main stages that were preliminary treatment of raw material preparation and characterization of raw materials, acid hydrolysis, and fermentation to produce ethanol. Hydrolysis of cocoa pod is done in two stages using sulfuric acid. In the first hydrolysis used sulfuric acid concentration of 1% with a time of hydrolysis for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 hours. In the second hydrolysis using acid with higher concentrations of 5, 10, 15, and 20% with hydrolysis time of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hours. Analysis was conducted on the reducing sugar, total sugar, dextrose equivalent, and fiber components of lignocellulose. Fermentation using two different substrates derived from the hydrolysis of the first stage and second stage. In fermentation measured volume of CO2 formed, ethanol content, total residual sugar, the efficiency of substrate utilization and product yield of ethanol. On the characterization of raw materials obtained value of cocoa pod ash content 1.87% (db), fat 3% (db), protein 2.25% (db), carbohydrate 92.89% (db), and 53.82% crude fiber (db). Crude fiber fraction containing cellulose 28.78% (db), hemicellulose 8.70% (db) and lignin 42.90% (db). In the first hydrolysis, the results of analysis showed that the highest reducing sugar of 27.31 mg/ml was produced from treatment of 1% sulfuric acid and hydrolysis time of 4 hours. The highest total sugar also produced from the same treatment with a value of 32.74 mg/ml. Dextrose equivalent values ranged from 50.63% to 84.32%. On analysis of lignocellulose after the first hydrolysis, there is a decrease of lignin content, hemicellulose, and cellulose so that its value in a row to 30.82%, 6.52% and 25.75%. In the second hydrolysis, the best treatment that produces the highest reducing sugar and total sugar by using 5% acid concentration and time of hydrolysis for 4 hours. This treatment produces reducing sugar 15.91 mg/ml and the total sugar 29.26 mg/ml. In the second hydrolysis dextrose equivalent values ranged from 47.08% to 89.67%. Lignocellulose fiber components of cocoa pod is decreasing because the second hydrolysis, so that the lignin content to 28.88%, 4.45% hemicellulose, and cellulose 21.98%.
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Judul: Penyebaran virus Newcastle-Disease (ND) pada burung liar
Abstrak: Banyak usaha yang telah dilakukan untuk mencegah dan mengendalikan terjadinya serangan wabah ND, seperti misalnya peningkatan sanitasi dan vaksinasi ND. Akan tetapi sam pai saat ini pengendaliannya belum dapat dilakukan secara tuntas. Banyak masalah yang menyebabkan kegagalan dari usaha untuk mengendalikan wabah ND, salah satu masalah yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam penanggulangan wabah ND adalah sumber dan penyebaran virus ND oleh burung liar (Ronohardjo, 1980). Walaupun telah diketahui bahwa burung liar mempunyai peranan dalam penyebaran penyakit unggas, tetapi harus diakui bahwa sedikit sekali informasi mengenai jenis burung yang mempunyai potensi sebagai sumber dan penyebar virus ND. Selain menyebarkan penyakit unggas, burung liar juga dapat menyebarkan penyakit mammalia (Ottis and Bachmann, 1983). ...
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