Judul: Implementasi modifikasi metode Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum pada Audio Watermarking
Abstrak: Today, through the development of technology, digital data is easier to make, manipulate, and even misused for harmful purposes, such as the falsification of property or copyright infringement. The misuses can be overcome by using digital watermarking technique. In this paper, wave audio files (.wav) used as digital data was given watermark using modified frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) method. The audio files were given watermark “Indonesia” with variant multiplier (scaling factor), spread to the audio files by hopping. The quality of watermarked audio was measured using signal to noise ratio (SNR) and questionnaire from 30 respondents. Analysis is concerned on the process of the running time of watermark insertion and detection, changes in quality watermarked audio related to the use of scaling factor and the bit error watermark detection results. To test the resilience of the watermark, watermarked audio were attacked using several operations. Based on the analysis results, increasing the value of scaling factor causes a decrease in the quality of watermarked audio, marked by the decline in value of SNR. The highest SNR value is 70.5147 dB for rock music. Based on the results of the questionnaire, 86.00 % of respondents said that watermarked audio volume the equal to the original audio files and 94.67 % of respondents said that noise were not heard from the watermarked audio were. For the bit error watermark, increasing the value of scaling factor causes a decrease in percentage of bit error watermark detection. The percentage of the highest bit error watermark occurs on instrument music (5.010 %). The results of resilience of the watermark test showed modified FHSS method was resistant against resampling operation, addition of noise with small amplitude and multiple watermarks, but this method was not resistant to cropping operations.
Keyword: Digital watermarking, Audio watermarking, FHSS, Spread spectrum, Watermark

Judul: Implementasi modifikasi metode frequency hopping spread spectrum pada audio watermarking
Abstrak: Today, through the development of technology, digital data is easier to make, manipulate, and even misused for harmful purposes, such as the falsification of property or copyright infringement. The misuses can be overcome by using digital watermarking technique. In this paper, wave audio files (.wav) used as digital data was given watermark using modified frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) method. The audio files were given watermark “Indonesia” with variant multiplier (scaling factor), spread to the audio files by hopping. The quality of watermarked audio was measured using signal to noise ratio (SNR) and questionnaire from 30 respondents. Analysis is concerned on the process of the running time of watermark insertion and detection, changes in quality watermarked audio related to the use of scaling factor and the bit error watermark detection results. To test the resilience of the watermark, watermarked audio were attacked using several operations. Based on the analysis results, increasing the value of scaling factor causes a decrease in the quality of watermarked audio, marked by the decline in value of SNR. The highest SNR value is 70.5147 dB for rock music. Based on the results of the questionnaire, 86.00 % of respondents said that watermarked audio volume the equal to the original audio files and 94.67 % of respondents said that noise were not heard from the watermarked audio were. For the bit error watermark, increasing the value of scaling factor causes a decrease in percentage of bit error watermark detection. The percentage of the highest bit error watermark occurs on instrument music (5.010 %). The results of resilience of the watermark test showed modified FHSS method was resistant against resampling operation, addition of noise with small amplitude and multiple watermarks, but this method was not resistant to cropping operations.
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Judul: Anatomi otot daerah manus monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis)
Abstrak: Macaca fascicularis dinamakan monyet ekor panjang karena ukuran ekornya panjang, kira-kira sama dengan panjang bagian kepala dan badannya (Napier dan Napier, 1967), selain itu M. fascicularis disebut juga "crab-eating monkey" karena kepiting merupakan salah satu jenis pakan yang paling disukai oleh monyet ini. Satwa primata merupakan hewan yang cocok sebagai hewan model untuk manusia karena kedekatan hubungan filogenetis serta kemiripan anatomis, fisiologis, biokimiawi dan respon farmakologisnya dengan manusia dibandingkan hewan percobaan lainnya (Sajuthi, 1984). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui susunan otot daerah manus beserta origo dan insersionya guna melengkapi data dasar anatomi otot pada M. fascicularis. Penelitian ini menggunakan enam kaki depan kiri dan tiga kaki depan kanan M. fascicularis yang telah diawetkan dalam formalin 10%. Pengamatan yang dilakukan meliputi morfologi dan susunan masing-masing kelompok otot lengkap dengan origo dan însersionya, kemudian membandingkan dengan literatur mengenai morfologi dan susunan otot daerah manus tangan manusia. Hasil pengamatan morfologi luar sebeluın dilakukan penguakan kulit terlihat bagian dorsal kaki depan monyet ekor panjang ditutupi oleh rambut yang berwarna coklat kehitam-hitaman. Sedangkan bagian distal tidak ditumbuhi rambut, berkulit tebal, mempunyai bungkul-bungkul yang terbagi dengan jelas dan mempunyai gambaran sidik telapak dan jari. Otot-otot mamus M. fascicularis terdiri atas tiga kelompok otot yaitu kelompok thenar, hypothenar dan palmar. Kelompok otot thenar terdiri atas empat otot yaitu m. abductor pollicis brevis, m. opponens pollicis, m. flexor pollicis brevis dan m. adductor pollicis. Keempat otot pada kelompok thenar ini berbeda origonya dengan manusia. Musculus abductor pollicis brevis pada M. fascicularis berorigo di os navicularis dan os sesamoideum. Pada manusia kedua tulang ini tidak ada. Pada manusia otot ini berorigo pada retinaculum flexorum, bungkul os scaphoideum, os trapezium dan berkas tendo dari m. abductor pollicis longus. Musculus opponens pollicis pada M. fascicularis berorigo di ligamentum carpi transversum dan tendo dari m. abductor pollicis longus. Pada manusia otot ini berorigo pada retinaculum flexorum dan bungkul os trapezium, Musculus flexor pollicis brevis pada M. fascicularis dan manusia terbagi menjadi dua caput yaitu caput superficial dan caput profundal. Kedua caput pada M. fascicularis memiliki origo yang berbeda dengan manusia. Caput superficial pada M. fascicularis berorigo di ligamentum carpi transversum, sedangkan caput profundal berorigo di proksimal os metacarpal II sisi radial dan os trapezoideum sisi ulnar. Pada manusia, caput superficial berorigo pada retinaculum flexorum dan os trapezium, sedangkan caput profundal pada os trapezoideum dan os capitatum. Musculus adductor pollicis pada M. fascicularis dan manusia terbagi menjadi dua caput yaitu caput obliquus dan caput transversum. Kedua caput pada M. fascicularis memiliki origo yang berbeda dengan manusia. Pada M. fascicularis, caput obliquus berorigo pada os trapezoideum sedangkan caput transversum berorigo pada proksimal os metacarpal II dan III. Pada manusia, caput obliquus berorigo pada os capitatum dan proksimal os metacarpal II dan III, sedangkan caput transversum berorigo pada os metacarpal III dan beberapa serabutnya akan bersatu dengan m. adductor pollicis caput obliquus dan m. interossea palmaris 1…dst
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