Judul: Studi biologi dan ekologi populasi phaedonia inclusa (stal) (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) di lokasi transmigrasi domoga (Sulawes Utara)
Abstrak: Phaedonia inclusa merupakan salah satu hama kedelai penting di Jawa, yang muncul belum lama ini di Dumoga (Sulawesi Utara). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai (i ) beberapa sifat biologi dan pengaruh varietas kedelai terhadap sifat biologi tersebut, (ii) atribut populasi dilaboratorium, (iii) pola pertumbuhan populasi dan strategi ekologi-P.inclusa di Dumoga.
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Judul: Biologi dan perilaku Anoplocnemis phasiana (Fabricus) (Hemiptera : Coreidae) pada tanaman kedelai varietas wilis
Abstrak: A. Phasiana dahulunya belum merupakan serangga hama tanaman kedelai, tetapi sekarang sudah merupakan Pengetahuan mengenai biologi, ditim- pada salah satu hama utama. perilaku dan neraca kehidupan serta kerusakan yang bulkannya sangat penting untuk diketahui sebagai masukan untuk tindakan pengendalian hama tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan dalam empat tahap yaitu Biologi dan neraca kehidupan, (2) Preferensi makan, Fitotoksimia dan (4) Kemampuan merusak. (1) (3) Pada penelitian biologi didapatkan bahwa telur mene- tas setelah 10 11 hari dengan rataan 10.56 hari dan sta- dia nimfa berkisar 34 58 hari dengan rataan 41.86 hari. Lama hidup imago jantan lebih panjang dingkan dengan imago betina (74.81 hari). (86.62 hari) diban- Telur mulai di- letakkan 35 hari setelah jadi imago dengan lama peneluran 41.19 hari dan periode pascapeneluran 5.60 hari. Rataan keperidian 100.81 butir dengan rataan persen. Imago betina untuk meletakkan fertilitas 86.59 telurnya lebih memilih tangkai daun dibandingkan dengan bagian lainnya. tanaman Hasil penghitungan parameter demografi didapatkan bahwa laju reproduksi bersih (R) sebesar 25.11, laju per- tambahan intrinsik (r) sebesar 0.21 dan lama generasi (T) 15.68 minggu. Pada penelitian preferensi makan didapatkan bahwa baik nimfa instar-3 ataupun imago lebih memilih makan pada pucuk tanaman kedelai umur 30 hari dibandingkan dengan bagian tanaman lain atau tanaman yang lebih tua. Gejala kelayuan pada pucuk hanya terjadi apabila baik nimfa instar-3 atau imago mengisap pada pucuk (< 3 cm) dan tidak terjadi apabila mengisap batang (≥ 3 cm). Kemampuan merusak imago 6.67 pucuk tanaman tiap minggu apabila tidak dilakukan penggantian tanaman yang rusak dan 3.37 pucuk tanaman tiap minggu apabila dilakukan penggantian yang rusak..
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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