Judul: Results of Processing Coffee Husk Waste into Biochar and Biosmoke as Feed Additive for Broiler Chicken
Abstrak: Kulit kopi merupakan limbah perkebunan yang berpotensi menjadi bahan pakan dengan mengolahnya menjadi produk bioindustri (biochar dan biosmoke). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh pemberian biochar dan biosmoke limbah kulit kopi dalam pakan dan minum terhadap performa, kualitas karkas, dan vili usus ayam broiler. Penelitian ini menggunakan 240 ekor DOC (day old chicken) ayam broiler serta menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari P0 (tanpa pemberian biochar dan biosmoke), P1 (pemberian biochar 1%), P2 (pemberian biochar 0,5% dan biosmoke 0,5%), serta P3 (pemberian biosmoke 1%). Data dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengolahan limbah kulit kopi menjadi biochar dan biosmoke menurunkan kandungan serat sehingga berpotensi menjadi aditif pakan ternak. Pemberian ransum yang mengandung biochar dan biosmoke limbah kulit kopi dengan konsentrasi yang berbeda tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap performa ayam broiler. Biochar dan biosmoke dapat digunakan sebagai acidifier yang dapat meningkatkan kesehatan saluran pencernaan dan mempengaruhi usus halus., Coffee husk is a plantation waste that has the potential to become a feed ingredient by processing it into bio-industrial products (biochar and biosmoke). This study aims to evaluate the effect of giving biochar and biosmoke of coffee husk waste to feed and drinking on performance, carcass quality, and intestinal villi of broiler chickens. This study used 240 day old chicken (DOC) broiler chickens and used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments were P0 (without giving biochar and biosmoke), P1 (giving 1% biochar), P2 (giving 0.5% biochar and 0.5% biosmoke), P3 (giving 1% biosmoke). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan test. The results show that processing coffee husk waste into biochar and biosmoke reduces fiber content so that it has the potential to become an animal feed additive. The provision of rations containing biochar and biosmoke of coffee husk waste with different concentrations did not significantly affect the performance of broiler chickens. Biochar and biosmoke can be used as acidifiers that can improve digestive tract health and affect the small intestine.
Keyword: biochar, biosmoke, carcass, intestinwwal vili, performance

Judul: Uji Sifat Fisik Biochar Limbah Kulit Kakao Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Saluran Pencernaan Ayam Kampung
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji sifat fisik biochar dari limbah kulit kakao dan pengaruhnya terhadap saluran pencernaan ayam kampung. Sebanyak 160 ekor DOC ayam kampung jenis Sentul terseleksi yang dipelihara hingga panen umur 63 hari (9 minggu), sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian sebanyak 16 ekor yang terdiri dari 2 ekor ayam jantan dan 2 ekor ayam betina dari masing-masing perlakuan. Penelitian ini terdiri dari perlakuan P0 (pakan komersial), P1 (pakan penelitian tanpa biochar), P2 (pakan penelitian mengandung biochar 1%), dan P3 (pakan penelitian mengandung biochar 2%). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Pengukuran peubah yang diamati meliputi kadar air, aktivitas air, berat jenis, ukuran partikel dari biochar dan pakan perlakuan, serta bobot badan akhir, panjang dan bobot saluran pencernaan ayam kampung umur 63 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sifat fisik biochar limbah kulit kakao dan pakan perlakuan tidak berbeda nyata terhadap berat jenis. Hasil nilai kadar air yang berkisar antara 7,078%-10,78% dan aktivitas air yang berkisar antara 0,65-0,76 menunjukkan bahwa kadar air pada pakan penelitian ini masih dibawah standar dan aman untuk penyimpanan sesuai dengan standar SNI tahun 2013 yang menyatakan bahwa kadar air maksimum yaitu 14%, sedangkan nilai rataan aktivitas air, berat jenis dan ukuran partikel termasuk dalam kisaran normal. Pemberian pakan komersial, pakan mengandung biochar, dan pakan tanpa mengandung biochar tidak memberikan pengaruh pada panjang dan bobot saluran pencernaan ayam kampung., This study aimed to examine the physical properties of biochar from cocoa shell waste and its effect on the digestive tract of native chickens. A total of 160 selected Sentul native chicken DOCs were kept until harvest at 63 days (9 weeks), the sample used in this study consisted of 16 chickens consisting of 2 male chickens and 2 female chickens from each treatment. This study consisted of treatments P0 (commercial feed), P1 (research feed without biochar), P2 (research feed containing 1% biochar), and P3 (research feed containing 2% biochar). The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications. Measurement of the observed variables included water content, water activity, specific gravity, particle size of biochar and treatment feed, as well as final body weight, length and weight of the digestive tract of native iv chickens aged 63 days. The results showed that the physical properties of cocoa husk waste biochar and treated feed were not significantly different with respect to specific gravity. The results of the water content values ranging from 7.078%- 10.78% and water activity ranging from 0.65-0.76 showed that the water content in the feed of this study was still below the standard and safe for storage according to the 2013 SNI standard which states that the maximum water content is 14%, while the average value of water activity, specific gravity and particle size are in the normal range. The treats of commercial feed, feed containing biochar, and feed containing non-biochar did not affected the length and weight of the digestive tract of native chickens.
Keyword: biochar, chicken digestive tract, cocoa shell, particle size

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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