Judul: Efektivitas Penggunaan Probiotik Terhadap Produksi dan Kualitas serta Kadar Aflatoksin M1 pada Susu Sapi Perah
Abstrak: Aflatoxins are toxic compounds produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. The aflatoxins M1 in the milk are affected by the amount of aflatoxin B1. The utilization of lactic acid bacteria probiotic (LAB) in poultry was effectively to reduce the aflatoxin, but the use of probiotics for reducing the aflatoxin M1 levels have not been widely reprorted. The aims of this study was to determine the feeding effect of diets containing probiotics for aflatoxin M1 level, production and milk quality. The study comprised two phases, namely :1) The preparation of lactic acid bacteria probiotic (in vitro), 2) In vivo phase that using encapsulated and non-encapsulated probiotics in lactating dairy cows. The probiotic of lactic acid bacteria was consisted of encapsulation and non-encapsulated. That probiotics quality were determined by total colony and storability test at room temperature for 0, 2 and 4 weeks. The lactic acid bacteria used combination of Lactobaccillus achidophillus FNCC 0051, Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 and Streptococcus thermophillus FNCC 1-9 03). The in vivo test used 9 dairy cows on 1 th, 2nd and 5th lactation phase. Each lactating phase used 3 cows and fed the diet without probiotic (R0), diet containing 109 cfu/g capsulation probiotic (R1) and diet containing 108 cfu/g encapsulation pribiotic (R3).The parameters measured were milk production, milk quality and aflatoxin M1 levels. ANCOVA test was used to analyze the milk production. Milk quality was analized by Analysis of Variance. Aflatoxin M1 level was presented in descriptive form. The results of non-encapsulation and encapsulation probiotic colonies were 1.3 x 109 (cfu / g) and 0.63 x 109 (cfu / g). The results of in vivo test showed that the addition non-encapsulation and encapsulation probiotic did not affect milk production, milk quality, protein content, fat content, lactose, and SNF. Dairy cows were given non-encapsulation and encapsulation probiotic reduced aflatoxin M1 levels in milk until the limit of detection (0.025 ppb). The conclusion of this study was the use non-encapsulation and encapsulation probiotic did not significantly effect milk production and quality but can reduced the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk of dairy cow.
Keyword: Aflatoxin M1, encapsulation, dairy cow, lactic acid bacteria, probiotics

Judul: Efektivitas Pemberian Probiotik Terenkapsulasi terhadap Produksi dan Kualitas Susu Sapi Perah
Abstrak: The high demand of milk is not-fulfilled by the ability of farmers to produce quality milk. The objectives of this research were to examine the effect of encapsulated probiotic supplementation on yield, quality and level of M1 aflatoksin contamination of dairy cow. This research used three species of lactic acid bacteria, i.e Lactobacillus acidophyllus, Bifidobacterium longum, dan Streptococcus thermophylus, such as rumen microbe (MR4) which have ability to degrade M1 aflatoxin. Sodium alginate, lactose, canola oil, Hi-maize and lechitin were used as a coating. Ten cows of Friesien Holland were divided into two treatment groups i.e control and probiotic supplementation 0.2% dry matter. The result showed that encapsulation improved microbe viability during freezedrying processing. The addition of probiotic significant increased (P<0.05) milk production up to 29.21% and improved the quality of milk fat up to 9.62%. The density, lactose, solid and protein were similar among treatments.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), supplementation, probiotics, encapsulation, aflatoksin

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf