Judul: Antioxidant Activity and Phytochemicals Compound of Several Gynura Plants: Literature Review
Abstrak: Beberapa tanaman genus Gynura dilaporkan memiliki kemampuan biologis sebagai antioksidan, yaitu Gynura procumbens, G. bicolor, G. pseudochina, G. divaricata, dan G. medica. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan makna serta hubungan senyawa fitokimia, pelarut, metode ekstraksi terhadap aktivitas antioksidan secara in vitro pada beberapa tanaman Gynura. Penelitian dilakukan dengan membandingkan nilai IC50 atau persen aktivitas antioksidan (%AA) di berbagai literatur. Selain itu, mengevaluasi perlakuan pelarut, metode ekstraksi, dan pengujian antioksidan pada masing-masing tanaman Gynura. Pelarut terbaik yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini adalah etanol (polar). Metode ekstraksi terbaik pada tanaman G. procumbens dan G. pseudochina adalah maserasi, G. bicolor adalah sonikasi 40 oC, G.divaricata dan G. medica adalah refluks (95–100 oC), serta pengujian terbaik melalui mekanisme penangkapan radikal bebas menggunakan metode DPPH dan ABTS. Faktor lain seperti senyawa fitokimia juga ditentukan dengan menggolongkan senyawa tersebut ke dalam golongan flavonoid dan asam fenolat serta melihat senyawa sejenis yang teridentifikasi dari kelima tanaman. Senyawa fitokimia tersebut meliputi derivat asam sinamat (asam fenolat), kaempferol, dan kuersetin (flavonoid)., Some of the genus Gynura plants have reported having the biological ability as an antioxidant, such as G. procumbens, G. bicolor, G. pseudochina, G. divaricata, and G. medica. The purpose of this review is to determine the interpretation and connection between phytochemical compounds, solvent, extraction methods to antioxidant activities by in vitro assay in several Gynura plants. The evaluation was made by comparing IC50 value or percentage of antioxidant activity (%AA) in various literature. Focused on the solvent treatment, extraction method, and antioxidant assay in each Gynura plant. We found that the best solvent is ethanol (polar). The best extraction method in G. procumbens plant and G. pseudochina is maceration, G. bicolor is 40°C sonication, G. divaricata, and G. medica is reflux (95–100°C). The best antioxidant assay is the mechanism of trapping free radicals using DPPH and ABTS methods. Other factors such as phytochemical compounds were also determined by classifying compounds in flavonoid and phenolic acid groups, also observing similar compounds in all five Gynura. These phytochemical compounds are cinnamic acid derivative (phenolic acid), kaempferol, and quercetin (flavonoid). Keywords : antioxidan, extraction, gynura, secondary metabolite.
Keyword: antioxidan, extraction, gynura, secondary metabolite

Judul: Kandungan Fenolik dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Daun Gandarusa Hasil Optimasi Pelarut dengan Metode Sonikasi
Abstrak: Gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.) merupakan tanaman obat yang memiliki senyawa antioksidan untuk menangkal radikal bebas karena adanya kandungan metabolit sekunder seperti senyawa fenolik. Kandungan fenolik yang terekstrak serta nilai aktivitas antioksidan dapat dipengaruhi oleh pemakaian pelarut ekstraksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan pelarut terbaik antara air, etanol, dan asam asetat serta kombinasi ketiganya untuk ekstraksi daun tanaman gandarusa menggunakan metode sonikasi terhadap kadar total fenolik serta aktivitas antioksidan (metode DPPH dan FRAP) secara in vitro. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai verifikasi yang diperoleh terhadap kadar total fenolik dan aktivitas antioksidan tidak berbeda jauh dengan nilai prediksinya dari software Design-Expert metode simplex lattice design (SLD), yaitu sebesar 3,257 mg GAE/g bobot kering pada kadar total fenolik, 0,182 µmol TE/g bobot kering pada aktivitas antioksidan metode DPPH, dan 8,117 µmol TE/g bobot kering pada aktivitas antioksidan metode FRAP dengan nilai desirability sebesar 0,621. Hal ini dilihat dari nilai signifikansi (p-value) pada kadar total fenolik dan aktivitas antioksidan yang menunjukkan lebih besar dari 0,05., Gendarussa (Justicia gendarussa Burm. f.) is a medicinal plant that has antioxidant compounds to counteract free radicals due to the content of secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds. The extracted phenolic content and antioxidant activity value can be affected by the use of extraction solvent. This study aimed to determine the best solvent between water, ethanol, and acetic acid and their combination for extracting the leaves of the gendarussa plant using the sonication method on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP methods) in vitro. The results showed that the verification value obtained for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity did not differ much from the predicted values from Design-Expert software simplex lattice design (SLD) method, which was 3.257 mg GAE/g dry weight on total phenolic content, 0.182 µmol TE/g dry weight on antioxidant activity of DPPH method, and 8.117 µmol TE/g dry weight on antioxidant activity of FRAP method with a desirability value of 0.621. This can be seen from the significance value (p-value) on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity which showed greater than 0.05.
Keyword: antioxidant activity, DPPH, FRAP, gendarussa, phenolic

Judul: Formulasi TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem) menggunakan ILP (Integer Linear Programming)
Abstrak: TSP is a journey of salesman f?om his origin town (place) to visit n-cities (places) only at once, then return to his origin town (place) with a minimum total distance. Its purpose is to minimize the operating expense that is released by the company. Vehicle route at TSP in the form of a Hamiltonian cycle, that is closed path containing all nodes at the graph which representing a network walk. Its problem is to determine a journey route which is feasible (possibly can be passed by) in such a way the vehicle travelled distance passed the route is minimum.
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