Judul: Process design and scale up of the biological extraction of chitin from shrimp shells
Abstrak: Biologically chitin extraction was conducted by mic robial process for deproteinization and demineralization. Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 116 was used for demineralization and Bacillus licheniformis F11.1 for deproteinization. The aim of the experiment was to design the biologi cal extraction process of chitin from shrimp shells and to obtain the best sc aling up criteria for the biological chitin extraction. The result of design of the biologically chitin extraction process from shrimp shells was as follow : The Shrimp shells was ground into pieces of 5 – 10 mm and followed by dem ineralization that was conducted by subsequent batch fermentation., Biologically chitin extraction was conducted by mic robial process for deproteinization and demineralization. Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 116 was used for demineralization and Bacillus licheniformis F11.1 for deproteinization. The aim of the experiment was to design the biologi cal extraction process of chitin from shrimp shells and to obtain the best sc aling up criteria for the biological chitin extraction. The result of design of the biologically chitin extraction process from shrimp shells was as follow : The Shrimp shells was ground into pieces of 5 – 10 mm and followed by dem ineralization that was conducted by subsequent batch fermentation.
Keyword: microbial process, deproteinization and demineralization, Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 116, chitin content

Judul: Kajian Literatur Metode Ekstraksi Kitin secara Biologis
Abstrak: Udang merupakan bahan makanan yang mengandung protein (21%), lemak (0.2%), vitamin A, vitamin B, dan mengandung mineral. Udang dikonsumsi hanya dagingnya saja sehingga menyisakan hasil samping berupa kulit, kepala, dan ekor. Hasil samping udang ini dapat diolah lebih lanjut menjadi kitin dengan metode kimia dan biologis. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengidentifikasi, menganalisis, membandingkan sumber literatur berupa hasil penelitian tentang ekstraksi kitin secara biologis dan menentukan pengaruh organisme yang berbeda terhadap parameter kadar kitin, protein, dan mineral (abu) melalui studi literatur. Ekstraksi kitin secara biologis umumnya menggunakan Lactobacillus plantarum dan Bacillus licheniformis. Metode ekstraksi kitin secara biologis yang dapat menghasilkan rendemen kitin yang lebih dari 90% yaitu dengan bertahap (demineralisasi dilanjutkan dengan deproteinasi) dan menggunakan lebih dari satu mikroorganisme yaitu L. plantarum untuk proses demineralisasi dan dilanjutkan oleh B. licheniformis untuk proses deproteinasi., Shrimp is a food ingredient that contains protein (21%), fat (0.2%), vitamin A, vitamin B, and contains minerals. Shrimp is consumed only its meat and produces by products in the form of skin, head and tail. The by-products of shrimp can be further processed into chitin by chemical and biological methods. The purpose of this study is to identify, analyze, compare literature sources in the form of research results on biological chitin extraction and determine the effect of different organisms on parameters of chitin, protein, and mineral (ash) levels through literature studies. Biological chitin extraction generally uses Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus licheniformis. Biological chitin extraction method that can produce chitin yield of more than 90%, namely gradually (demineralization followed by deproteination) and using more than one microorganism, namely L. plantarum for the demineralization process and followed by B. licheniformis for the deproteination process.
Keyword: Bacillus licheniformis, chitin, extraction, Lactobacillus plantarum, shrimp shell

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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