Judul: Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile produced by Clostridium butyricum grown on medium containing type 3 resistant starch (RS3) of sweet potato
Abstrak: Gastrointestines is an important part of body metabolism which affects human health. One of the deseases which attack gastrointestines is colorectal cancer (CRC) which can be prevented by proper lifestyle and consumption of healthy functional food. SCFA are the main products of anaerobic microbial fermentation in the large intestine and affect colonic health by providing energy to the epithelial cells. The organic acids produced in the colon are acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. Interest in butyrate role as a possible protective agent has arisen from its anti-proliferative effects on cells in vitro including colon tumour cell lines. Resistant starch (RS), is retrogradaded starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine and can be fermented in colon by anaerobic bacteria producing SCFA which contributes to the gastrointestinal health, and thus can be classified as funtional food. The crystalline non-granular starch (RS3) can be obtained from many starchy sources, such as rice, corn, maize, wheat, sago, banana, potato, and sweet potato. In this study, jago sweet potato used contain 31% starch content. Jago sweet potato is usually consumed indirectly as the taste is not preferable.
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Judul: Short chain fatty acid profile during in vitro fermentation of Eubacterium rectale on sukuh sweet potato type-iii resistant starch media
Abstrak: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Within Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand, it is the second most common cancer after lung or breast and in general, the incidence and mortality of the disease are increasing. Evidence suggests that diet plays a significant role in the aetiology of CRC. This condition leads to pursue basic research on the development of type-III resistant starch as one of the functional food ingredient with potential cancer prevention ability. Type-III resistant starch represents retrograded starch, which form crystalline structure of amylose through hydrogen bond in double helices structure. It is not digested by human starch degrading enzyme and will thus undergo bacterial fermentation in the colon. The main fermentation products are short chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Butyrate plays a key role in the energy metabolism of the colonic epithelial cells and thought to be important in the maintenance of colonic health in humans, that is potential of inhibiting cancer cell.
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Judul: Metode Numerik Untuk Menentukan Harga Opsi Dengan Model Volatilitas Leland.
Abstrak: Salah satu hal penting dalam perdagangan opsi adalah penentuan harga jual yang optimal. Teori penentuan harga opsi telah dikembangkan pada tahun 1973 oleh Fisher Black dan Myron Scholes yang berhasil merumuskan masalah penentuan harga opsi ke dalam bentuk persamaan diferensial parsial (PDP) Black Scholes. Model Black scholes menggunakan beberapa asumsi, yang salah satunya adalah tidak terdapat biaya transaksi. Model Black scholes tidak relevan sebab pada kenyataannya terdapat biaya transaksi di pasar saham. Dengan memasukkan biaya transaksi ke dalam model, Leland menunjukkan bahwa persaman diferensial parsial (PDP) Black Scholes berubah menjadi persamaan diferensial parsial taklinear. Selanjutnya dengan mengasumsikan biaya transaksi proporsional dengan nilai uang dari aset yang dijual atau dibeli, Leland memodifikasi persamaan diferensial parsial (PDP) Black Scholes standar menjadi persamaan diferensial parsial (PDP) Black Scholes taklinear. PDP tak linier tersebut tidak mempunyai solusi analitik sehingga dibutuhkan pendekatan metode numerik untuk menentukan solusi hampirannya. Pada penelitian ini digunakan metode beda hingga upwind untuk diskretisasi ruang (harga saham) serta diskretisasi eksplisit dan implisit untuk diskretisasi waktu. Pada penelitian ini dapat terlihat bahwa penggunaan metode beda hingga upwind akan konvergen ketika menggunakan skema diskretisasi implisit terhadap waktu. Skema diskretisasi ini terbukti monoton, konsisten dan stabil. Berdasarkan hasil dari simulasi numerik, telah ditunjukkan bahwa orde kekonvergenan untuk metode beda hingga upwind dengan model volatilitas Leland adalah sekitar 1.80 untuk opsi Call, 1.80 untuk opsi Put , 1.35 opsi Cash or Nothing, serta 1.84 untuk opsi Butterfly.
Keyword: Harga opsi, Kekonvergenan, Metode beda hingga upwind, Model volatilitas Leland, Persamaan differensial parsial takliniear