Judul: Potensi Bakteri Filosfer Asal Tanaman Kubis (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) untuk Mengendalikan Penyakit Busuk Lunak Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora pada Sawi Putih (Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis) Pascapanen
Abstrak: Busuk lunak yang disebabkan oleh Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada tanaman sawi putih (napa cabbage). Penyakit ini sulit dikendalikan karena menyerang tanaman sawi putih di lapangan dan di tempat penyimpanan (pascapanen). Bakteri ini dapat menginfeksi sawi di penyimpanan jika kondisi lingkungan lembab. Bakteri Erwinia memproduksi enzim pektinase yang dapat mengurai pektin pada dinding sel tanaman bagian lamela tengah. Gejala serangan bakteri ini berupa pembusukan yang mengakibatkan sawi menjadi berair dan berlendir. Jaringan sawi yang terinfeksi menjadi membesar, melunak, dan mengeluarkan bau yang busuk. Salah satu alternatif pengendalikan penyakit busuk lunak yaitu menggunakan agens biokontrol yang diantaranya dapat diperoleh dari filosfer. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan menyeleksi bakteri filosfer dari tanaman kubis yang potensial dalam menghambat penyakit busuk lunak E. carotovora pv. carotovora pada sawi putih pascapanen. Bakteri filosfer diisolasi dari Cianjur (Jawa Barat), Tegal (Jawa Tengah), dan Bogor (Jawa Barat). Bakteri filosfer yang berhasil diisolasi diseleksi berdasarkan kemampuannya dalam menimbulkan hipersensitivitas, hemolisis darah serta kemampuan dalam menghambat pertumbuhan E. carotovora pv. carotovora secara in vitro maupun in vivo. Sebanyak 166 isolat telah berhasil diisolasi dan berdasarkan hasil seleksi diperoleh dua isolat, yaitu TG11 dan TG20 yang berpotensi mengendalikan penyakit busuk lunak pada sawi putih pascapanen. Berdasarkan sekuen gen 16S rRNA, kedua isolat tersebut teridentifikasi ke dalam genus Chryseobacterium.
Keyword: Brassica rapa, Chryseobacterium, in vivo, napa cabbage, PHT, sawi putih

Judul: Bakteri Rizosfer Asal Wortel (Daucus carota L.) untuk Mengendalikan Penyakit Busuk Lunak Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora pada Wortel Pascapanen
Abstrak: Penyakit busuk lunak yang disebabkan oleh Erwinia carotovora pv. carotovora (Ecc) adalah salah satu penyakit penting pada wortel dan menyebabkan kerugian besar pada produk pascapanen. Berdasarkan Permentan No. 39 tahun 2015 yang melarang aplikasi antibiotik di bidang pertanian, maka pemanfaatan agens biokontrol menjadi salah satu alternatif pengendalian. Beberapa bakteri antagonis telah dilaporkan mampu mengendalikan penyakit ini diantaranya kelompok Bacillus, Pseudomonas dan Streptomyces. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyeleksi bakteri rizosfer yang mampu mengendalikan penyakit busuk lunak pada wortel pascapanen dan mengkarakterisasi atau mengidentifikasi isolat bakteri antagonis terbaik. Bakteri rizosfer diisolasi dari daerah Cianjur Jawa Barat dan Tegal Jawa Tengah. Pengujian in vitro dilakukan dengan metode plate diffusion. Pengujian in vivo dilakukan pada potongan wortel untuk menghitung persentase kejadian penyakit dan persentase penghambatan. Percobaan dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Berdasarkan pengujian in vitro terdapat tujuh isolat bakteri rizosfer yang bersifat antagonis terhadap Ecc. Tiga isolat bakteri rizosfer berpotensi menghambat penyakit busuk lunak hingga 2 hari setelah inokulasi. Berdasarkan karakteristik morfologi dan identifikasi molekuler dengan sekuensing gen 16S rRNA, salah satu isolat bakteri rizosfer yaitu BRWT1 diidentifikasi sebagai Bacillus subtilis.
Keyword: : bakteri antagonis, Bacillus subtilis, in vitro, in vivo, PHT

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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