Judul: The Design for The Synthesis Of Secondary Fatty Amine From Its Corresponding Fatty Acid
Abstrak: The method for synthesizing secondary amine from its corresponding fatty acid has been successfully carried out using a synthesis design through amide-primary amines. The design involved the reactions of amide formation followed by reduction into amine. The secondary amines successfully produced were dipalmitylamine, distearylamine, and dioleylamine. The resulted total output obtained of each secondary amine was 36.28, 35.43, and 36.35%, respectively. The successful synthesis was indicated by the change in the functional groups monitored using the fourier transform infrared spectroscopic method. The change of the functional group was monitored through the change of primary amide to primary amine and secondary amide to secondary amine.
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Judul: Sintesis Nitril Satu-Wadah dari Asam Lemak Jenuh
Abstrak: Nitrile is an important intermediate for fine-chemicals industries. In particular, fatty nitriles can be used for the production of bio-based surfactants, lubricant oils, and other high-valued chemicals. The aim of this study was to develop an efficient synthesis method for direct conversion of saturated fatty acids into their nitrile analogues. This study was expected to enhance the economical value of crude palm oil and crude palm kernel oil. The synthesis was conducted in one-pot reaction by refluxing fatty acid and excess of acetonitrile in acidic condition. The optimum condition for this reaction was at 115 °C for 24 hours with yields of 50, 50, 70, and 75% for lauric acid (C-12), myristic acid (C-14), palmitic acid (C-16), and stearic acid (C-18), respectively. Purity of the fatty nitriles obtained through this method were confirmed by thin layer chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectra, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra, and melting-points.
Keyword: one-pot synthesis, fatty nitrile, fatty acid

Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan