Judul: The Effect of Rural Transformation on Rural Income Inequality in Indonesia
Abstrak: Transformasi perdesaan adalah suatu proses di mana terjadi perubahan struktur pertanian dari komoditas bernilai rendah ke komoditas bernilai tinggi serta terjadi perubahan struktur tenaga kerja perdesaan dari sektor pertanian ke sektor non-pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan, faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan dan bagaimana pengaruh transformasi perdesaan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan di Indonesia masih berfluktuasi dengan Provinsi Papua menjadi provinsi dengan rasio gini perdesaan tertinggi pada 2000-2018. Variabel institusi, kebijakan pemerintah dan investasi (IPIs) berpengaruh negatif, akan tetapi hanya dana desa dan KUR sebagai perangkat kebijakan pemerintah yang berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan, sedangkan transformasi perdesaan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan di Indonesia., Rural transformation is a changing process of economic structure from low value agriculture to high value agriculture and also there are shifting of rural employment structure from agricultural sector to nonagriculture. This study aims to analyze the condition of rural income inequality on rural transformation, factors that affect rural income inequality, and the impact of rural transformation to rural income inequality in Indonesia. The result showed that rural income inequality still fluctuated with Papua Province which had the highest rural gini ratio in 2000-2018. Institutions, policies, and investments (IPIs) variables had a negative effect, but only Dana Desa and KUR, which are part of policy have a significant effect on rural income inequality, while rural transformation had a significant negative effect on rural income inequality in Indonesia.
Keyword: non-agriculture employment, panel data, rural income inequality, rural transformation

Judul: Rural Transformation and Income in Indonesia
Abstrak: Transformasi perdesaan merupakan suatu proses perubahan sosial yang komprehensif dimana masyarakat perdesaan melakukan diversifikasi ekonomi dan mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap sektor pertanian. Proses transformasi perdesaan yang sedang terjadi di Indonesia ditandai dengan meningkatnya share PDRB high-value agriculture dan share tenaga kerja nonpertanian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran tipologi dan pengaruh transformasi perdesaan terhadap pendapatan perdesaan. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder multitahunan dari 2000 hingga 2018 dengan observasi individu 25 provinsi dan diestimasi menggunakan metode data panel statis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan transformasi perdesaan tidak terjadi pada kecepatan yang sama antarprovinsi. Transformasi perdesaan diketahui berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap pendapatan perdesaan di Indonesia., Rural transformation is a process of comprehensive social change where rural people diversify their economy and reduce their dependency on agricultural sector. Rural transformation process is happening in Indonesia shown by increasing of share of high-value agricultural GDPR and share of non-farm employment. This research aims to illustrate the typology and impact of rural transformation to rural income. This research uses multiyear secondary data from 2000 to 2018 with individual observation of 25 provinces and estimated by using static panel data method. This research showed that rural transformation growth not happened at the same speed across provinces. Rural transformation also has a positive and significant impact to rural income in Indonesia.
Keyword: data panel statis, transformasi perdesaan, pendapatan perdesaan, static panel data, rural transformation, rural income

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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