Judul: Evaluation Land Use Changes and The Effect on The Hydrological Characteristics of the Upper Citarum Watershed
Abstrak: Currently mayority of watersheds in Indonesia have suffered a lot of decreased function in maintaining water availability and environmental health, one of which is citarum watershed. Land use changes in the Citarum watershed are very intensive, especially in the upstream part. The upstream watershed plays an important role as a water absorbtion area and a buffer zone for the downstream area. The research was conducted in the upper Citarum watershed covering an area of 175,158.9 hectares with the outlet at Nanjung stream monitoring station, which aims to analyze land use changes on hydrological characteristics in the upper Citarum watershed, and formulate land use direction in the upper Citarum watershed that are able to preserve the hydrological function of the watershed. The research were devided to; (1) visual interpretation of SPOT image data; (2) analysis of land use changes; (3) hydrological response analysis of river discharge; (4) analysis of the effect of land use changes on river discharge; (5) analysis of the suitability of upper citarum watershed spatial pattern to spatial plans of West Java. Spot image interpretation can be done well as shown by the Overall Accuracy (OA) coefficient of 93.33% and Kappa Accuracy (KA) of 90.6%. The results of the analysis of the map of land use changes in the upper Citarum watershed in the period 2009 - 2018 showed an increase in vacant land (+95%), developed land (39.7%), rice field (+13%), and plantations (+6.4%). The increase was accompanied by a decrease in bushland (-60%), rice fields (-17.4%), and forests (-5.5%). The percentage of suitability of the existing land is 59.6% suitable and 40.7% not in accordance with the spatial pattern of the West Java spatial plans. The results of hydrological response evaluation show that the Ciwidey, Cisangkuy, and Cihaur sub-watersheds are classified as first priority to be restored it’s hydological response entirely. Second Priority is Cirasea, Cikeruh, and Cikapundung sub-watersheds, where efforts to restore hydrological response are gradual. Where as the Citarik sub-watershed is classified as third priority that the hydrological conditions must be maintained. The application of land conservation that combines vegetative and physical conservation is aimed at types of land use that do not match the area's spatial pattern. The management and utilization of agricultural and plantation land by applying agroforestry systems, intercropping and terracing along with the application of a zero runoff system in built-up land is expected to improve the hydrological response of the Upper Citarum Watershed.
Keyword: hidrological response, land use changes, upper Citarum watershed, hidrological response, land use changes, upper Citarum watershed

Judul: Pengaruh Perubahan Penutupan/Penggunaan Lahan terhadap Karakteristik Hidrologi Sub DAS Ciliwung Hulu
Abstrak: Watershed is an ecosystem consisting of upstream, middle and downstream. Upstream watershed ecosystem is play an important role, because its function to regulate hydrologic characteristics of the watershed. Ciliwung watershed is one of the superpriority watershed that must be taken high priority effort to rehabilitation. According to Suripin (2002), hydrological components affected by development activities in the watershed includes surface flow coefficient, coefficient of discharge regim river, the ratio between maximumminimum river discharge, mud content or sedimentary deposits in the river, the rate of frequency and period of floods, and also the state of groundwater. The aim of the research is to analyze land use/cover, changes of land use/cover in upstream ciliwung watershed and to analyze its influence on watershed hydrology (flood and maximum-minimum river discharge). In this research landsat image of 1990, 2001 and 2010 was used to analyze the land use/cover changes. After that the condition of land use changes and characteristics of watershed hydrology were compared and evaluated. Based on image interpretation of land cover in 1990 and 2001, the area dominated respectively by dense jungle, mixed farms and tea plantation. While land use in 2010 is dominated respectively by dense jungle, tea plantation and settlement. Patterns of land use/cover change at period 1990-2001 indicates substantially conversion of agriculture land such as the rice field, dryland farming and mixed farms into settlements. Area that converted respectively are 238.8 ha, 238,5 ha and 127,8 ha. Bush land is transformed into agriculture land as well, which are tea plantation (180,1 ha), mixed farms (140,7 ha) and other agricultural cultivation. Mixed farms is the most intensively converted land into dryland farming (411,3 ha). In the period 2001-2010, pattern of landuse/cover changes that occured is not too different but in a much larger scale. Large conversion of agriculture land occurred toward settlement (rice field 231,3 ha, mixed farms 176,2ha and dryland farming 128,9 ha). Mixed farms was converted into dryland v farming are 329,5 ha and rice field 212,8 ha. Amount of bush land converted to tea plantation, rice field and dryland farming were respectivally 107,1 ha, 144,9 ha and 108,4 ha. A decline in the quality of the upstream ciliwung watershed hydrology can be seen from characteristic of flood frequency, the quality of a flood, maximum-minimum river discharge and the ratio between maximumminimum river discharge. Increase of settlement and dryland farming area in the upstream ciliwung watershed contribute to declining of upstream ciliwung sub watershed hydrology characteristics.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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