Judul: Aktivitas Antibakteri Lisozim Kering Beku Telur Unggas Lokal Terhadap Bakteri Gram Positif dan Gram Negatif.
Abstrak: Lisozim merupakan komponen bioaktif yang memiliki sifat antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas antibakteri lisozim kering beku unggas lokal terhadap bakteri gram positif dan gram negative. Sampel lisozim kering beku (LKB) yang digunakan yaitu LKB komersial (LKBK), ayam ras (LKBAR), ayam kampung (LKBAK), dan LKB itik Cihateup (LKBIC). Bakteri uji gram positif yang digunakan adalah M. luteus dan S. aureus, sedangkan bakteri gram negatif adalah E. coli. Sampel LKB diberikan pada bakteri uji dengan perbedaan konsentrasi yaitu 0, 8, 16, 32, 64, 125, 250, dan 500 ppm. Nilai absorbansi dari pertumbuhan bakteri uji yang diinkubasi dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan daya hambat terhadap bakteri uji, baik pada M. luteus, S. aureus, maupun E. coli. Daya hambat masing-masing LKB bersifat fluktuatif pada jenis bakteri dan konsentrasi yang berbeda. Tidak ada LKB yang memberikan penghambatan di bawah 50%. Penghambatan terbaik terdapat pada bakteri uji gram positif (M. luteus dan S. aureus), lebih baik dibandingkan gram negatif (E. coli).
Keyword: absorbansi, aktivitas antibakteri, bakteri patogen, lisozim, pengeringan beku

Judul: Produksi dan Karakterisasi Lisozim Kering Beku dari Putih Telur Unggas Lokal.
Abstrak: Lisozim adalah salah satu protein utama putih telur, yang menyumbangkan 3%-4% dari berat kering putih telur. Penelitian sebelumnya berhasil mengisolasi lisozim putih telur dari telur ayam kampung dan itik cihateup dengan lisozim masih dalam bentuk larutan dan memiliki keterbatasan dalam stabilitas dan portabilitasnya, dengan demikian kemungkinan lisozim diproduksi dalam bentuk kering beku. Penelitian ini bertujuan memproduksi lisozim dan menganalisis karakter kering beku dari telur ayam ras petelur, ayam kampung, dan itik cihateup dari aspek berat molekul, rendemen, aktivitas enzim, dan kadar protein. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil kering beku untuk berat molekul ayam ras petelur, ayam kampung, dan itik cihateup berturut-turut adalah 12.33 kDa, 12.92 kDa, dan 12.47 kDa. Rendemen putih telur sebesar 0.03%, 0.06%, dan 0.01%. Nilai konsentrasi protein lisozim kering beku yaitu 2.63 mg mL-1, 4.62 mg mL-1, dan 3.17 mg mL-1. Hasil aktivitas enzim masing-masing lisozim adalah 0.56x10⁴, 0.76x10⁴, dan 0.64x10⁴. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan produksi lisozim kering beku tidak mengakibatkan penurunan kualitas protein lisozim secara signifikan. Terdapat nilai karakteristik lisozim kering beku yang berbeda dari setiap sampel. Hal ini disebabkan bahwa setiap unggas memiliki gen pengkode lisozim yang berbeda, sehingga karakteristik lisozim kering beku pada masing-masing sampel juga berbeda.
Keyword: kering beku, lisozim, telur unggas lokal

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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