Judul: Lindung Nilai (Hedging) Investasi atas Saham Batu Bara Menggunakan Strategi Strips dan Bear Spread
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara yang kaya akan sumber daya alam. Salah satu sumber daya alam terbesar Indonesia adalah batu bara. Di Indonesia batu bara memiliki peranan penting bagi pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui kegiatan perdagangan internasional. Peringatan akan munculnya resesi global pada tahun 2023 menjadi perhatian bagi seluruh negara di dunia. Sebagai seorang investor tentunya memiliki risiko kerugian di masa yang akan datang yang disebabkan oleh resesi global. Lindung nilai (hedging) merupakan salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk meminimalisir risiko tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini, diterapkan dua strategi yang dapat digunakan ketika terjadi penurunan harga, yaitu strategi strips dan strategi bear spread menggunakan opsi vanilla. Strategi strips lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan strategi bear call spread jika terjadi penurunan harga di masa depan., Indonesia is a country rich in natural resources. One of Indonesia's largest natural resources is coal. In Indonesia, coal has an important role in economic growth through international trade activities. Warnings of a global recession in 2023 are a concern for all countries in the world. As an investor, of course, you have the risk of future losses caused by a global recession. Hedging is one way that can be done to minimize this risk. In this research, two strategies are applied that can be used when prices decline, namely the strips strategy and the bear spread strategy using vanilla options. The strips strategy is more profitable than the bear call spread strategy if prices decline in the future.
Keyword: bear spread, coal, hedging, option, strips

Judul: Bear Spreads Strategy Using Barrier Option to Hedge Robusta Coffee’s Prices
Abstrak: Adanya pandemi covid-19 yang belakangan ini dialami di beberapa negara khususnya di Indonesia, memiliki dampak yang cukup tinggi bagi perekonomian di Indonesia. Menurunnya permintaan kopi di Indonesia juga berpengaruh akibat adanya kebijakan pemerintah dalam pembatasan atau penutupan aktivitas (lockdown) di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia, sehingga hal ini dapat mempengaruhi fluktuasi harga kopi khususnya kopi robusta di Indonesia. Lindung nilai menjadi solusi untuk menangani fluktuasi harga kopi robusta khususnya saat terjadinya penurunan harga kopi di masa depan. Opsi merupakan salah satu produk derivatif yang digunakan dalam aktifitas lindung nilai dan digunakan ke dalam berbagai strategi perdagangan. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan dua strategi dalam melindungi investor dari penurunan harga, yaitu strategi bear spreads menggunakan opsi vanilla dan strategi bear spreads menggunakan opsi barrier. Opsi barrier yang digunakan ialah up and knock-out. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, strategi bear spreads menggunakan opsi barrier merupakan strategi lindung nilai terbaik dalam menghasilkan keuntungan terbesar yang memiliki arus kas awal lebih murah jika dibandingkan dengan strategi bear spreads menggunakan opsi vanilla., The covid-19 pandemic, which has recently been experienced in several countries, especially in Indonesia, has had a fairly high impact on the economy in Indonesia. The decline in coffee demand in Indonesia also has an effect due to government policies in limiting or closing activities (lockdown) in various regions in Indonesia, so this can be affecting fluctuations in coffee prices, especially robusta coffee in Indonesia. Hedging is a solution to deal with fluctuations in robusta coffee prices, especially during the decline in coffee prices in the future. Options are one of the derivative products used in hedging activities and are used in various trading strategies. In this study, two strategies were carried out in protecting investors from falling prices, namely the bear spreads strategy using vanilla options and the bear spreads strategy using the barrier option. The barrier options used are up and knock-out. Based on the calculation results, the bear spreads strategy using the barrier option is the best hedging strategy in making the largest profit that has initial cash flow is cheaper when compared to the bear spreads strategy of using vanilla options.
Keyword: Bear Spreads, Kopi Robusta, Lindung Nilai, Opsi Barrier, Opsi Vanilla, Barrier Option, Vanilla option, Hedging, Robusta Coffee

Judul: DNA Extraction and Characterization of Salmonella‟s Lytic Bacteriophage Genome
Abstrak: Bacteriophages are ubiquitous in nature and are known to proliferate wherever their bacterial hosts exist. Their virion particles can exist independently outside the host, however all phages are need their host to propagate. Several phages are highly specific to host cell surface receptors and any slight changes in structure results in little or no interaction between the phage and its host. Salmonella‟s phage isolated from sewage water where their bacteria exist. Three isolated of phages (phages 15, 19 and 38) were used in this research that concentrated using three types of methods. PEG/ NaCl method was firstly used to concentrate the phages based on their molecular weight to precipitate the phage particles during centrifugation. The second method was Scraping Plaque method. In this method, overlay plaques were scraped and collected in SM buffer to get phage concentrates. Enrichment method was the last method used to concentrate the phages. Phage genome isolation was done using two methods i.e. EDTA/SDS and Proteinase K methods. The first method was done using DNase I to eliminate bacterial DNA followed by SDS/EDTA treatment to release phages DNA and phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol to extract the DNA. DNA was collected by isopropanol extraction. While in Proteinase K method, bacterial DNA was eliminated by DNase I and Proteinase K/SDS was used to degrade phages capsids and ethanol for DNA precipitation. The result showed that PEG/NaCl method resulted the highest phage concentration for phage 15 and phage 19, while scrapping method was the highest for phage 38. The quantity and purity of extracted DNA were low for PEG/NaCl and Scraping methods, while Enrichment method was higher indicated higher purity. Run on agarose gel electrophoresis of extracted DNA confirmed that Enrichment method results were the best while scraping and PEG/NaCl method was appeared smear background. Based on DNA genome size determination, the bacteriphages of Salmonella sp were comparable with other study of Salmonella phages. Phage P15 with genome size of 39,5 kb was close to phage epsilon15. Phage P19 with genome size of 41 kb was close to phage ST160. And phage P38 with genome size of 48,5 kb was close to phage Gifsy-1.
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