Judul: Evaluasi Kesehatan Pohon Peneduh Jenis Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) secara Sonic Tomography di Kota Surabaya
Abstrak: Shade trees in urban areas have very important roles for social, economic, ecological and aesthetics benefits. The health of shade trees could be detected by visual assessment as well as by non-destructive method. The internal condition of trunk is assessed by Sonic Tomography which is based on sound waves propagation in the wood. The objective of this research was to understand the health of shade trees in median street of Surabaya city. Ten street samples were chosen by purposive sampling according to the median paths. The result of this research shows that angsana (Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) was the dominant species found in Surabaya city. The results of sonic tomograph found that 75 trees were healthy trees with more than 75% of solid wood with sound wave propagation above 900 m / sec. Meanwhile there were four trees which suffered severe damage below 50% of solid wood.Visual observation showed that 44% healthy trees and 56% unhealthy conditions
Keyword: visual assessment, sound wave, shade trees, non-destructive test

Judul: Evaluasi Kesehatan Pohon Peneduh di Kota Bandar Lampung Berbasis Sonic Tomography
Abstrak: Shade trees take an important role in urban ecosystem for its function on social, economy and ecology. It also have worth value to provide aesthetic, cool, and enjoyment in urban area. On the other hand the condition of this shade trees were lost attention. Therefor monitoring and evaluation of tree health is became important as a part of tree management. A study was conducted to evaluate health condition of shade trees in Bandar Lampung using visual assesment as well as sonic wave propagation measurement. Eighteen road were choosen as the sample road based on density of shade trees. The result showed that angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) was the dominant species that found 53% of one hundred sample of shade trees. The major deterioration symptoms that appear in trees were epiphytes attack (1%), hollow (1%), cavity (2%), and cancer (2%). Non-destructive evaluation by using PiCUS Sonic Tomograph showed that 70% of shade trees were in healthy condition as indicated with solid wood persentage above 75% from tomogram image.
Keyword: visual assesment, tomogram image, shade trees, NDT

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable