Judul: Tingkat Kejadian Escherichia coli Penghasil Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase di Feses Sapi di Rumah Potong Hewan Ruminansia Kota Bogor
Abstrak: Escherichia coli belongs to the family of Enterobacteriaceae and is common in the gastrointestinal microflora in human and animals. This bacteria has capability to get and disseminate the resistant genes for antibiotics. One of the currently most important resistance mechanisms in E. coli is production of the extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). Extended spectrum β-lactamases producing E. coli confers resistance to the majority of the commonly used β-lactam antimicrobials, including third generation cephalosporins. The slaughterhouse may be one of the major ESBL reservoirs in food animals. This study was aimed to determine the occurrence of ESBL producing E. coli from cattle feces in Bogor Slaughterhouse. This study was conducted using a cross sectional study. The sample size was calculated based on 95% of convidence level, 9.13% of margin of error, and 50% predicted prevalence and resulted a total of 120 samples for the study. The study was performed by isolation and identification of ESBL producing E. coli. Confirmation test for presence of ESBL was performed by disc diffusion test based on recomendation from Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2014). The results showed that 19 isolates of E. coli were positive producing ESBL (15.8%). CTX-M ESBL was presumed more dominant than others because all of ESBL isolates showed positive results when tested by cefotaxim and cefotaxim combining with clavulanic acid. Extended spectrum β-lactamase producing E. coli in feceses could contaminate the environment and foods. Resistance of ESBL producing E. coli to antibiotics can be transmitted to other bacteria by plasmid. The presence of ESBLs causes limited therapeutic options for bacterial infection. Escherichia coli strains can also cause a wide variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases, such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections (UTI), septicemia, and neonatal meningitis.
Keyword: cattle feces, Escherichia coli, extended spectrum β-lactamase, slaughterhouse

Judul: Escherichia coli Penghasil Extended Spectrum β- Lactamase di Lingkungan Rumah Potong Hewan Ruminansia Kota Bogor
Abstrak: Daging sapi sebagai salah satu sumber protein hewani mudah tercemar oleh mikroorganisme dari lingkungan sekitarnya baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung seperti tanah, air, udara, debu, saluran pencernaan dan pernafasan hewan. Seiring dengan peningkatan konsumsi daging sapi, aspek keamanan dan kualitas pangan harus diperhatikan untuk mendapatkan produk yang aman, sehat, utuh, dan halal (ASUH). E. coli dapat ditemukan di tanah dan air sebagai akibat dari kontaminasi feses. Daging dapat terkontaminasi saat disembelih, diproses, atau oleh pekerja yang terinfeksi E. coli. Bakteri ini diketahui telah menunjukkan resistensi terhadap beberapa antibiotik. Escherichia coli penghasil extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) menunjukkan resistensi terhadap sebagian besar antibiotik golongan β-laktam dan memiliki kemampuan untuk menghidrolisis generasi ketiga dari sefalosporin dan aztreonam, akan tetapi dihambat oleh asam klavulanat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi E. coli penghasil ESBL di rumah potong hewan sebelum proses produksi, untuk mengetahui keberadaannya di lingkungan dan kemungkinan terjadi kontaminasi ke dalam rantai makanan dan lingkungan yang lebih luas. Sebanyak 80 sampel dilakukan isolasi dan identifikasi E. coli penghasil ESBL, diperoleh E. coli yang diduga penghasil ESBL sebanyak 13 sampel (16.25%). Selanjutnya dilakukan konfirmasi ESBL dengan metode difusi cakram berdasarkan panduan dari Clinical and Laboratory Standar Institute (CLSI). Hasil konfirmasi ESBL diperoleh E. coli yang positif ESBL sebanyak 10 sampel (12.5%) sedangkan 3 sampel yang lain adalah E. coli Non-ESBL (3.75%). Hasil positif menunjukkan bahwa lingkungan RPH-R telah terkontaminasi bakteri E. coli penghasil ESBL sebelum digunakan untuk proses pemotongan. Hasil pengujian kepekaan terhadap antibiotik menunjukkan bahwa seluruh isolat E. coli penghasil ESBL dan Non-ESBL (100%) bersifat multi drug resisten. Isolat E. coli penghasil ESBL mengalami resistensi minimal terhadap 8 antibiotik. Isolat E. coli penghasil ESBL resisten terhadap ampisilin (100%), amoksisilin (100%), penisilin (100%), sefotaksim (100%), sefpodoksim (100%), seftazidim (100%), sefalotin (90%), streptomisin (70%), siprofloksasin (60%), trimethoprim sulfametoksasol (60%), gentamisin (40%), doksisiklin (40%), tetrasiklin (30%), norfloksasin (20%), dan kanamisin (20%). E. coli penghasil ESBL di lingkungan RPH-R Kota Bogor telah mengalami resistensi terhadap antibiotik dan berpotensi menyebarkan gen resisten tersebut ke bakteri lain. Peningkatan biosekuriti pada rumah potong hewan, evaluasi dan pemeriksaan rutin pada instalasi pengolahan air limbah (IPAL) di RPH-R Kota Bogor dapat membantu dalam pengendalian penyebaran bakteri resisten antibiotik.
Keyword: E. coli, lingkungan, resistensi antibiotik, ESBL

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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