Judul: Food safety strategy development of fishery products export to the United States
Abstrak: In the era of free trade, Indonesian fishery products face challenges to improve competitiveness, in quality of product and production efficiency. The biggest challenge for Indonesian fishery products in the era of free trade is food safety. Although the Indonesian government has required the fisheries supply chain to implement the HACCP quality system through the Integrated Quality Management Program (IQMP) in 1998 based on HACCP concept, but Indonesia still face rejection fishery products in the United States. In 2010 – 2012 recorded 1203 cases of refusal fishery products from FDA (Food and Drug Administration). United States is the main export of Indonesian fishery products. This study aims to analysis fishery products rejection case supported by case study and to design a recommendation on food safety strategy development of fishery products export to United State. Use data collection method and gap analysis to design the recommendation food safety strategy development of fishery products export to the United States. The results of data collection indicate that Indonesian products rejection by FDA in 2010, 2011, and 2012 has fluctuated, 351 cases in 2010, 587 in 2011, and 541 cases in 2012. In percentage 83, 84, and 77% dominated by fishery products. The highest cause of rejection in 2010 are filthy (41 % or 118 cases) and Salmonella (37% or 108 cases), in 2011 are filthy (30 % or 146 cases) and Salmonella (64% or 315 cases), and 2012 are filthy (42 % or 176 cases) and Salmonella (27% or 111 cases). Cause of rejection related to GMP, sanitation and HACCP documentation and implementation. The case study on application of HACCP system in PT. AAA found 8 gaps of FDA regulation (21 CFR 123, FDA Food Code 2009 and the Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance) which indicates the failure of implementation of HACCP systems due to differences in standards, regulations and auditing HACCP certification. Based on the gap analysis between the existing regulation for fishery products in Indonesia and FDA regulation, 7 (seven) recommendations are proposed. They are 1) effective implementation of National Single Window (NSW), 2) establish a simple and comprehensive regulatory, 3) harmonization of HACCP standards, 4) the accreditation of ISO 17021 for HACCP Certification Bodies, 5) the provision of infrastructure of product certification, 6) improve laboratory infrastructure and 7) build MoU cooperation development with United State of America.
Keyword: accreditation, fishery products, HACCP, standardization, strategy policy.

Judul: Mengelola risiko ekonomi produk hasil perikanan pada pasar global berdasarkan kajian risiko keamanan pangan
Abstrak: The export of fishery products is a source of national revenue for Indonesia. However, these commodities are often rejected by the export destination countries because they do not meet food safety requirements. Some examples of food safety hazards that has caused rejection include pathogenic bacteria, heavy metal, and veterinary drugs. Several interventions have been identified as efforts to prevent export refusal. Risk analysis framework supported by the concept of food safety objectives can be applied to determine the effectiveness of these prevention efforts. This work aimed to develop mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of export rejection of fishery products due to food safety hazards. In particular, the objectives of this research were: 1) to obtain a risk ranking of food-hazard pairs that have caused export rejection, 2) to identify the handling of rejected products, risk factors and possible mitigation for export refusals, 3) to estimate the risk of rejection and develop risk mitigation strategies to achieve food safety objectives by using quantitative risk assessment. The first step of the research has successfully produced a priority list of food -hazard pairs that must be followed up by risk managers. During this step, risk ranking approaches by the Food and Agriculture Organization was used. In addition to health impacts, food–hazard pairs were also evaluated based on economic impacts, using the rejection data from three importing countries: the United States, the European Union and Japan, as well as export and reimport data from Indonesian Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. The top priority for food–pathogen pairs were shrimp–Salmonella spp. and tuna–Salmonella spp. Meanwhile, the highest priority for food and chemical pair was tuna-histamine. Follow-up actions, in the form of a risk mitigation formulation was recommended for those pairs. The development of risk mitigation was conducted through risk factors identification in food processing units in the second step. In this study, a qualitative survey method was employed to identify measures conducted by producers in handling of the rejected products. Furthermore, risk factors in the production process were identified, and possible mitigation were determined as preventive measures. Several activities carried out by producers in dealing with the rejected products, include: laboratory analysis, product transportation to Indonesia, product repair, re-export, conversion to animal feed, and destruction in Indonesia. Informants at this study acknowledged the high cost of those measures, thus emphasizing the importance of preventive measures. In the preparation of prevention efforts, identification of risk factors was carried out for three main commodities of fishery products: shrimp, tuna and cephalopod. Contamination of pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, and food contact materials were the common risk factors in those three commodities. Risk mitigation included the application of hygiene and sanitation as well as rapid production process, the procurement of raw materials from environment unpolluted by heavy metals, and the use of safe food packaging. In addition, there were specific risk factors. For example, the formation of histamine in tuna which can be prevented by the application of hygiene, sanitation, and cold chain. Another example was excessive veterinary drug residue in shrimp which can be avoided by ensuring the prudent
Keyword: Exported food refusals, Food safety objectives, Quantitative risk assessment, Risk factors, Risk ranking

Judul: Penentuan Nilai Eigen dan Vektor Eigen dari Matriks Tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz dengan Pendekatan Polinomial Chebyshev
Abstrak: The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix can be determined by finding its characteristic polynomials. The characteristic polynomials of a tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz matrix is shown to be closely connected to polynomials which satisfy the Chebyshev recurrence relationship. If the order of the matrix is odd, then the eigenvalues are found explicitly in terms of the Chebyshev zeros and the eigenvectors are found in terms of the polynomials satisfying the recurrence relationship. For even ordered matrices, the situation is more complicated. The problem in these cases is that although the Chebyshev recurrence formula is still applied, its initial values are not generating Chebyshev polynomials
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