Judul: Retensi Vitamin A dan β-karoten Minyak Sawit yang Difortifikasi Selama Penggorengan
Abstrak: Palm oil can be a good carrier of the vitamin A fortification due to its stability and its wide cooking application, so its consumption contributes to community’s nutrition. The objective of this research is to get information about the effect of fortificants to retention of vitamin A and β-carotene in fortified palm oils. Four palm oils used in this research were palm oil fortified with β-karoten from red palm olein (RPO) 47.08 IU/g, fortified with vitamin A 59.69 IU/g, fortified with combination A (30 IU RPO, 15 IU vitamin A) 45.64 IU/g and fortified with combination B (15 IU RPO, 30 IU vitamin A) 45.95 IU/g. Fortified oils were used to fry tofu by three replicated shallow frying and to stir-fry sprouts. The result showed that the retention of fortificants decreased by frying replication. In the first day of frying, the retention of fortificants were not significanly different (p=0.05), in a range 85.52%-88.22%. In the second and third frying, it was known that β-karoten had lower stability than vitamin A as fortificant. Fortificant combination A and B had the same stability. The peroxide value of the oils increased until the second frying, then decreased in the third frying. The free fatty acid (FFA) percentage increased minimally, except palm oil fortified with vitamin A, the FFA remained same. The highest yield of fortificant in cooked sprouts was vitamin A (63.37%), followed by combination B (53.42%), combination A (50.60%), and RPO (34.86%).
Keyword: vitamin A, retention, red palm olein, fortification, β-carotene

Judul: Retensi β-karoten pada Minyak Goreng Curah yang Telah Difortifikasi Karoten dari Red Palm Oil (RPO)
Abstrak: The aim of this study was to examine the retention of β-carotene in non-branded palm oil fortified with caroten from RPO. This study began with analyzed the nutrient content, physical properties and chemical quality of RPO, followed by fortified the non-branded palm oil with caroten from RPO that equivalent with 45 IU of vitamin A and followed by analysis of the physical properties, chemical quality, and fatty acid profile. Once that it was done, repeated of tofu frying with non-branded palm oil fortified with RPO and calculation of the β-carotene content in the fried tofu as well as its contribution to the needs of vitamin A were done. The results of this research showed that the RPO contents of β-carotene was 356 mcg/gram. Fatty acids in the RPO was dominated by fatty acids palmitic (16:0) and oleic fatty acid (18:1). The viscosity of RPO was 56.5 cP. The color of RPO was red with the degree of Hue 27.74. Peroxide number in RPO was 2.54 μeq/kg with a value of 0.12% palmitic acid. Recovery from RPO fortification was 107.06%. Retention of β-caroten in the first frying phase of non-branded palm oil was 70,57%, the second was 41.83% and 14.05% for the third. The results of analysis of variance showed that repeated frying made a significant difference (p <0.05) on the retention of β-carotene. Duncan’s test results indicate that retention in oil was different from the first, second and third frying phase. The content of β-carotene of fortified non-branded palm oil per 100 grams on fried tofu products decreased from the first fried 57,26 (μg/100 g) to 10,71 (μg/100 g) in a repeat of the third fried. Duncan’s test results indicated that retention β-carotene in fortified non branded palm oil oil was different in the first, second and third frying phase.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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