Judul: Heterogeneous Correlation Map between Regional and Local Climate Estimation Data on the Burned Areas in Indonesia
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara dengan hutan hujan tropis terbesar ketiga di dunia, namun setengahnya sudah terdegradasi. Salah satu penyebabnya yaitu kebakaran hutan. Kebakaran hutan bisa disebabkan oleh dua faktor, yaitu faktor manusia dan alam. Faktor alam salah satunya menurunnya curah hujan. Fenomena iklim regional (ENSO dan IOD) dan lokal (selat Karimata, selat Makassar, dan laut Arafura) merupakan salah satu penyebab menurunnya curah hujan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat keterkaitan data estimasi iklim regional terhadap data luas area terbakar di Indonesia dan melihat keterkaitan data estimasi iklim lokal terhadap luas area terbakar di wilayah sekitarnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Combined Empirical Orthogonal Function (CEOF) berbasis Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ENSO lebih memiliki korelasi terhadap luas area terbakar di Merauke, Sulawesi dan Kalimantan. Sementara itu, IOD lebih memiliki korelasi terhadap luas area terbakar di Sumatra bagian Selatan. Luas area terbakar di Riau berkorelasi sangat rendah terhadap iklim regional, baik ENSO maupun IOD. Luas area terbakar di Sumatra selain dipengaruhi oleh ENSO dan IOD, ternyata juga dipengaruhi oleh iklim lokal di selat Karimata. Sama halnya dengan luas area terbakar di Kalimantan dipengaruhi oleh iklim lokal di selat Makassar dan luas area terbakar di Merauke dipengaruhi oleh iklim lokal di laut Arafura., Indonesia is a country with the third largest tropical rainforest in the world, but half of the forest has already been degraded, one of the causes is forest fires. Forest fires can be caused by two factors, namely human and natural factors. One of the natural factors is the lack of rainfall. Regional (ENSO and IOD) and local climate phenomena (Karimata straits, Makassar straits, and Arafura seas) are some of the causes of the lack of rainfall in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the correlation of regional climate estimation data with data of burned areas in Indonesia and to analyze the correlation of local climate estimation data with data of burned areas in the surrounding area. This study uses the Combined Empirical Orthogonal Function (CEOF) method based on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). The result shows that ENSO has a better correlation with the burned area in Merauke, Sulawesi and Kalimantan. Meanwhile, IOD has a better correlation with the burned area in southern Sumatra. The burned area in Riau has a very low correlation with the regional climate, both ENSO and IOD. The burned area in Sumatra is not only influenced by ENSO and IOD, but it is also influenced by the local climate in the Karimata strait. Similarly, the burned area in Kalimantan is influenced by the local climate in the Makassar Strait and the burned area in Merauke is influenced by the local climate in the Arafura Sea.
Keyword: ENSO, IOD, burned area, CEOF, SVD

Judul: Analisis Asosiasi Indikator Iklim dengan Hotspot di Indonesia Menggunakan Heterogeneus Correlation Map (HCM)
Abstrak: One of the major land and forest fires occurred in 1997, it was estimated that around 13 million hectares of land and forest were burned. According to experts, land and forest fires in that year were not an ordinary occurrence, but the impact of climate change caused by the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO can cause dry season is longer than usual and increasing the chances of hotspots occurring. Therefore, knowledge of the ENSO phenomenon is important in land and forest fire management. Apart from the ENSO, there are several indicators that can have an impact on climate change in Indonesia, such as the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), monsoon winds, and Sea Surface Temperature (SST). Aim of this research is to analyze how ENSO and IOD as indicators of global climate, and monsoon winds and local SST as indicators of local climate associated with land and forest fires in Indonesia. This research used Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) analysis which is presented in the Heterogenous Correlation Map (HCM). The data used for analyzed are hotspot data as indicator of land and forest fires, the Nino 3.4 index as ENSO indicator, DMI as IOD indicator, and the monthly average SST in the Karimata Strait and the Java Sea as indicator of local SST. As a consequence of seasonal climate patterns and annual variability in Indonesia, most land and forest fires in Indonesia occur during the dry season in the middle of the year. These incidents occur frequently in the provinces of South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, Lampung and South Sumatra. However, there were also episodes of land and forest fires at the beginning of the year in several areas, such as in Riau province. The nino 3.4 is more associated with hotspots in the provinces of South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan, while DMI is more associated with hotspots in the provinces of Jambi, Lampung, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. AUSMI with an east wind pattern is a pattern associated with hotspots in Indonesia, especially in years where zonal winds enter an upward phase more slowly. The decrease in SST in the Karimata Strait is associated with hotspots in the coastal part of Riau province that occurred at the beginning of the year, and SST in the Java Sea is associated with hotspots in the provinces of Lampung, South Sumatra, Jambi, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, and East Kalimantan., Salah satu kebakaran lahan dan hutan yang besar terjadi pada tahun 1997, diperkirakan sekitar 13 juta Ha lahan dan hutan yang terbakar. Menurut para ahli kebakaran lahan dan hutan pada tahun tersebut bukan kejadian biasa, melainkan dampak dari adanya perubahan iklim yang disebabkan El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO dapat menyebabkan musim kemarau yang lebih panjang daripada biasanya, sehingga peluang munculnya titik api lebih besar. Oleh karena itu, pengetahuan tentang fenomena ENSO menjadi penting dalam pengelolaan kebakaran lahan dan hutan. Selain ENSO, ada beberapa indikator yang bisa berdampak terhadap perubahan iklim di Indonesia seperti Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), monsoon wind, serta Suhu Permukaan Laut (SPL). Tujuan dalam
Keyword: El Nino-Southern Oscillation, Indian Ocean Dipole, Land and Forest Fire, Monsoon Wind, Sea Surface Temperature

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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