Judul: Rancang Bangun Separator Unit Pengembangan Ekstraksi dan Fraksinasi Menggunakan Karbondioksida (Co2) Superkritik
Abstrak: Separator merupakan bagian yang penting dalam unit ekstraksi fluida superkritik dimana pelarut dan ekstrak dari hasil ekstraksi dan dipisahkan pada alat ini. Komponen-komponen kimiawi yang sudah larut di dalam fluida superkritik (hasil ekstrak) dapat dipilah-pilah menurut tingkat kelarutannya. Prinsip kerja separatoradalah dengan mengabutkan cairan dalam dipersi gas (Kabut) dan mencairkan kabut serta menguapkan pelarut, sementara zat terlarut tetap dalam bentuk kabut sehingga terjadilah pemisahan
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Judul: Rancang bangun tabung ekstraktor unit pengembangan ekstraksi dan fraksinasi menggunakan karbondioksida (Co2) superkritik
Abstrak: Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFB) dengan pemakaian daya pemisah pada fluida pada kondisi di atas suhu dan tekanan kritiknya, menawarkan suatu proses pemisahan dan ekstraksi yang efisien serta aman lingkungan. Kemampuan fluida superkritik ini terletak pada daya pelarut dan densitasnya yang tinggi mendekati kondisi cairan pada suhu dan tekanan di atas titik kritiknya. Salah satu penggunaan fluida superkritik dalam proses ekstraksi adalah ekstraksi cair cair, dimana dalam prosesnya ekstraksi ini merupakan interaksi antar komponen terlarut dengan pelarut superkritik melalui prinsip perbedaan kelarutan. Fluida superkritik yang berperan dalam proses ini diantaranya karbondioksida superkritik yang merupakan teknik pemisahan yang efisien dan aman ling- kungan. Kebutuhan pengembangan ekstraksi dengan karbon- dioksida superkritik ini diantaranya memperbaiki kemampuan ekstraksi instalasi SFE sehingga didapatkan proses ekstraksi yang baik, ekonomis dan tepat guna. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merancang tabung ekstraktor unit pengembangan ekstraksi dan fraksinasi melalui spesifikasi dan gambar kerjanya, sehingga didapatkan tabung ekstraktor yang mempunyai kemampuan ekstraksi 20 liter pada kondisi tekanan hingga 2 000 psi (13.78 MPa). ...
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Judul: Studies on growth spurt and aging in higher primates
Abstrak: single measurement that best defines the health and nutritional status of children, just as it provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. The pattern of human growth reflects the biocultural evolution of our species. The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Three studies are reported here which deal to the growth and development of human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). These three studies allow us to contrast the phenomena of adolescence growth spurt and female elderly bone loss in chimpanzee and human as chimpanzee is the closest species to humans within extant nonhuman primates. In the first, a cross-sectional study of growth of the body size and somatotype of 363 Javanese girls and 299 Javanese boys aged 4 to 20 years from Magelang Regency, Indonesia was described. In the second, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee second metacarpal bone linear dimensions from individuals aged 0 to 43.6 years were used for comparison. While in the third, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee body size (body mass and anterior trunk length) and second metacarpal bone mineral content were derived. In measuring the second metacarpal dimensions and mineral content, a total of 568 radiographs of chimpanzee's proximodistal left hands were used. They were taken from 68 females and 49 males aged 0 to 43.62 years old. We applied an image analysis system, Scion Image Release Alpha 4.0.3.2 software for Windows to measure bone linear dimensions and bone mineral content. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body weight and height. A clear growth spurt could be demonstrated by cross-sectional analysis in our girl subjects at around aged 11.5 years and in our boy subjects at around aged 12.5 years. In longitudinal series, not in cross-sectional, several representative chimpanzees of both sexes showed a pre-adult growth spurt on the body sizes, bone dimensions and bone mineral content. They ranged at age 4.5 to 8.5 years. This underscore the fact that adolescent growth spurt in linear dimension was not a universal feature of anthropoid primate ontogeny. Bone loss is a well established characteristic of human female aging. Based on crosssectional analyses the sequential decline of bone mass in female chimpanzee may be said to be genuine. On the other hand, we found in adulthood through elderly, male chimpanzees show a longer plateau than female chimpanzee, that is, bone mineral content is maintained in male.
Keyword: Javanese children, growth spurt, chimpanzee, second metacarpal bone, bone loss, Higher Primates