Judul: Resistance Test of Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Laying Hens Against Several Antibiotics
Abstrak: Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat pada peternakan menyebabkan munculnya resistansi bakteri terhadap antibiotik. Salah satu bakteri yang dilaporkan mengalami resistansi adalah E. coli sehingga pengobatan terhadap infeksi bakteri ini tidak efektif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran resistansi E. coli patogen yang berasal dari usap kloaka ayam petelur terhadap antibiotik. Sejumlah 20 sampel usap kloaka diidentifikasi keberadaan E. coli melalui pengamatan secara makroskopis, mikroskopis, dan uji biokimia sehingga didapatkan 15 isolat E. coli. Uji patogenitas dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji congo red dan didapatkan 4 dari 15 isolat merupakan E. coli patogen. 4 isolat tersebut diuji kepekaannya terhadap antibiotik menggunakan metode Kirby-Baurer Disk Diffusion Test terhadap 6 jenis antibiotik. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan 75% isolat telah resistan terhadap azitromisin, 100% isolat mengalami resistansi intermediet terhadap doksisiklin dan siprofloksasin. Sementara itu, 75% isolat masih sensitif terhadap gentamisin dan 100% isolat sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol dan amoksisilin.
Keyword: antibiotic, Escherichia coli, resistance

Judul: Pola Resistensi Escherichia coli yang Diisolasi dari Ayam Petelur terhadap Beberapa Antibiotik
Abstrak: Resistensi antibiotik adalah kondisi hilangnya kemampuan antibiotik untuk membunuh ataupun menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Resistensi E. coli terhadap antibiotik terdiri atas resistensi intrinsik dan resistensi dapatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pola resistensi E.coli terhadap golongan antibiotik yang berbeda. Isolat E. coli yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berjumlah 17 isolat yang diisolasi dari ayam petelur. Isolat ini kemudian diuji terhadap antibiotik ampisilin, gentamisin, kloramfenikol, siprofloksasin, asam nalidiksat, eritromisin, dan oksitetrasiklin menggunakan metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer. Hasil yang diperoleh kemudian dibandingkan dengan tabel standar menurut Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2018) dan membuktikan bahwa E. coli telah resisten terhadap ampisilin dan eritromisin dengan persentase sebesar 100.00%, oksitetrasiklin sebesar 94.12%, asam nalidiksat sebesar 88.24%, gentamisin sebesar 70.58%, siprofloksasin sebesar 64.70%, dan kloramfenikol sebesar 5.88%. E. coli berinteraksi intermediet terhadap siprofloksasin sebesar 17.65%, dan asam nalidiksat sebesar 5.88%. Selain itu, E.coli sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol sebesar 94.12%, gentamisin sebesar 29.42%, siprofloksasin sebesar 17.65%, asam nalidiksat sebesar 5.88%, dan oksitetrasiklin sebesar 5.88%.
Keyword: antibiotik, ayam petelur, Escherichia coli, resistensi

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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