Judul: Analisis dan optimalisasi algoritme Warnsdorff pada permainan puzzle catur Knight's Tour
Abstrak: Knight’s Tour is a puzzle game that requires a Knight in a Chess game to visit all of squares on an empty Chess board where each squares can only be visited once. It can be solved with some methods. One of the method is Warnsdorff Algorithm. Warnsdorff Algorithm can find Knight’s Tour solution in linear time, but it couldn’t always find the solution so its effectivity is not always 100%. The objective of the research is to investigate how effective the Warnsdorff Algorithm is to find a Knight’s Tour. There are some methods to improve the effectivity of Warnsdorff Algorithm. One of them is Roth Method by Arnd Roth. He proposed that the knight take a step that is nearest to the side of the board whenever it meets a tie condition. There is also a method by Vahaaho. He proposed that the knight take a step that is farthest from its first step whenever it meets a tie condition. Those two methods can also be combines so the knight will take a step that is nearest to the side of the board and also farthest from its first step. Then those methods will be tested to know how good they improve the effectivity of the original Warnsdorff Algorithm. After testing the algorithm on variety size of board, that is 6x6 to 20x20, the original Warnsdorff Algorithm has a pretty high effectivity score, but most of it is just around 90% to 95%. But with those three optimalisation, the effectivity of the algorithm can be improved to about 98% to 100%.
Keyword: Knights Tour, Warnsdorff Algorithm, Bogor Agricultural University, Institut Pertanian Bogor, IPB

Judul: Penyelesaian Traveling Tournament Problem pada Jadwal Pertandingan Sepak Bola dengan Algoritme Heuristik.
Abstrak: Traveling tournament problem merupakan masalah penjadwalan suatu turnamen dengan menambahkan unsur pengoptimuman. Dalam traveling tournament problem dibuat jadwal turnamen round robin yang meminimumkan total jarak perjalanan semua tim yang berpartisipasi. Pada karya ilmiah ini, Traveling tournament problem diaplikasikan pada masalah penjadwalan pertandingan suatu liga sepak bola di Indonesia dan diselesaikan dengan algoritme heuristik. Tahapan dalam menyelesaikan traveling tournament problem ialah membuat jadwal single round robin, membuat jadwal double round robin yang fisibel, dan membuat penjadwalan venue. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah jadwal double round robin dengan total jarak perjalanan semua tim adalah 527 673 km.
Keyword: heuristik, round robin, travelling tournament problem

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable