Judul: Endoskopi Laring, Esofagus, dan Lambung Proksimal pada Kucing Lokal (Felis catus)
Abstrak: Endoscopy is a sensitive diagnostic technique to detect mucosal disorders in various organs of the body. The aim of this study was to determine the normal appearance of the larynx, esophagus, and proximal stomach of an Indonesian Domestic House Cat and its characteristic by using endoscopic examination. Acclimatization and physical examination was performed before endoscopic examination. The larynx had a pale, smooth, and glistening mucosa with a unique anatomical structure. It moved symmetric billaterally. The cervical esophagus was characterized by the appearance of tracheal impression and few of blood vessels on mucosa wall whereas the thoracal esophagus is characterized by impression of the aorta, herringbone structure, and many of blood vessels on mucosa wall. The abdominal esophagus could be found the beneath esophageal spinchter. The gastric mucosa was pink, smooth, glistening, and had many of longitudinal and tranversal folds. Result showed that the larynx, esophagus, and stomach were observed at the scope depth of 8 ± 0.7 cm, 9 ± 0.7 cm, and 27.2 ± 1.4 cm respectively. Mucosal surface characteristics of the larynx, esophagus, and proximal stomach can be observed by using endoscopy. Each organ is different from colour and anatomical structure.
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Judul: Sonogram Lambung, Duodenum, dan Pankreas Normal pada Kucing Kampung (Felis catus)
Abstrak: Ultrasonography (USG) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used for visualizing internal body structures including tendons, muscles, joints, vessels and abdominal internal organs for possible pathology or lesions. It is can be used also to help confirming the diagnosis of a disease and recognizing uncommon forms, size, and echogenity of each organs. The purpose of this research is to obtain sonogram from specific internal organs; normal stomach, duodenum and pancreas of domestic cats (Felis catus) thus identify each layer and size. The research performed with two-dimensional ultrasonography and a transducer frequency of 7.5 MHz. It is performed on four healthy male domestic cats with 3.0 - 4.0 kg body weight. Stomach and duodenum were observed at right lateral recumbency with transverse and sagittal planes transducer. Pancreas was observed in dorsal recumbency position at the transducer sagittal projection. The result showed stomach and duodenum sonogram were multi-variety of echogenic wall layer such as hypoechoic mucosa and tunica muscularis, hyperechoic submucosa and serous. While pancreas sonogram show as homogen hypoechoic structure. The research also figure out the stomach and duodenum layer thicknesses and the diameter of pancreas. As an overall conclusion, ultrasonography gives a good overview for the form and internal structure of the stomach, duodenum, pancreas and can define each layer of the stomach and duodenum.
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Judul: Real Option Valuation Using Binomial Decision Trees.
Abstrak: A firm that decides to invest has a choice to invest in real assets. A method which is usually used in valuation of the project is discounted cash flow (DCF) method. But, this method can’t be used in projects that account for value of managerial flexibility, such as decision to suspend operations temporarily. Therefore, this kind of project needs to be assessed using real option. Real option valuation can be done in some ways, including the use of path-dependent simulation, as well as closed-form models like Black-Scholes model, partial differential equation, and binomial or multinomial approaches. In this paper, real option valuation using binomial decisions id discussed. Determination of the project value can be done in three steps. First, calculate the expected present value of the project. Next, calculate volatility of the project using Monte Carlo simulation. Last, construct a binomial tree to model the dynamics of the project value using the parameters of the stochastic process, and then add some decision nodes to model the project’s real options.
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