Judul: Performance and Nutrient Digestibility of Sheep and Goat Fed Gamal Leaves with Various Processing Methods (Quantitative Study)
Abstrak: Pengaruh penambahan daun gamal dalam ransum domba dan kambing terhadap peforma dan kecernaan memiliki hasil beragam. Studi kuantitatif dilakukan untuk mengkaji hubungan level pemberian daun gamal dalam ransum domba dan kambing terhadap peforma dan kecernaan ternak dengan model regresi non-linear sederhana. Sebanyak 28 artikel jurnal nasional dan internasional terkait penggunaan daun gamal pada ternak domba dan kambing digunakan sebagai sumber data pada kajian ini. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan Microsoft Excel 2010 dan IBM SPSS 25. Hasil studi kuantitatif menunjukkan penambahan daun gamal dalam bentuk tepung pada ransum domba nyata (P<0,05) meningkatkan konsumsi bahan kering (KBK) ransum dan pertambahan bobot badan (PBB). Penambahan daun gamal dalam bentuk silase pada ransum domba tidak nyata (P>0,10) meningkatkan PBB, KBK ransum, efisiensi pakan, kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK), dan kecernaan bahan organik (KcBO). Pada kambing penambahan daun gamal dalam bentuk tepung ransum kambing tidak nyata (P>0,10) PBB, efisiensi pakan, KcBK, dan KcBO. Penambahan daun gamal dalam bentuk silase ransum pada kambing nyata (P<0,05) meningkatkan KcBO ransum, tidak nyata (P>0,10) mempengaruhi PBB, KBK, efisiensi pakan, dan KcBK. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa level optimum penggunaan daun gamal dalam bentuk tepung untuk ransum domba adalah sebesar 77,76%., The effect of utilizing gliricidia leaves on sheep and goats’ performance and digestibility has various results. This review aimed to quantitatively study the relationship among performance, digestibility, and level of gliricidia leaves used in small ruminant feed with a simple non-linear regression model. A total of 28 national and international journal articles related to the use of Gamal leaves in sheep and goats were used as data sources in this study Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010 and IBM SPSS ver.25. The result showed feeding gliricidia leaves meal to sheep increased (P<0,05) dry matter (DM) intake and body weight gain (BWG). Feeding gliricidia leaves silage to sheep did not have a significant effect (P>0,10) on BWG, DM intake, efficiency, DM digestibility, and organic matter (OM) digestibility. Feeding gliricidia leaves meals to goats did not have a significant effect (P>0,10) on BWG, efficiency, DM and OM digestibility. Feeding gliricidia leaves silage to goat increased (P<0,05) on OM digestibility, but not a significant effect (P>0,10) on BWG, DM intake, efficiency, and DM digestibility. The optimum level of gliricidia leaves meal on sheep is 77.76%.
Keyword: goats, gliricidia leaves, performance, sheep

Judul: Effects of Urea-Amoniation, Hydrolyzed Poultry Feather, Cassava Leaves, and Mixture of Lysine-Zinc-Lemuru Fish Oil on Feed Utilization in Ruminants.
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluai penggunaan amoniasi urea pada rumput gajah, hidrolisat bulu ayam sebagai sumber asam amino bersulfur, daun singkong sebagai asam amino bercabang, dan penggunaan campuran lisin-Zn-minyak lemuru sebagai modulator pencernaan rumen dan pascarumen. Penelitian dilakukan dua tahap dengan Iima perlakuan ransum yang dicobakan, sebagai berikut: A= 40% rumput gajah (RG)+ 60% konsentrat (K), B = 40% amoniasi urea RG + 60% K, C = B + 3% hidrolisat bulu ayam, D = C + 15% daun singkong, dan .E = D + 1.06% campuran lisin-Zn-minyak lemuru. Percobaan pertama menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok pada 20 ekor kambing Peranakan Etawah dengan bobot hidup berkisar antara 13 sampai 29 kg. Percobaan kedua mengunakan rancangan bujur sangkar latin 5 x 5 pada sapi perah laktasi. Amoniasi urea rumput gajah dan hidrolisat bulu ayam menurunkan konsumsi bahan kering ransum pada kambing Peranakan Etawah, namun pengaruhnya pada sapi perah tidak berbeda nyata. Hidrolisat bulu ayam meningkatkan (P<0.05) kecernaan bahan organik (71.69 vs 74.35 %) dan produksi susu sapi perah laktasi (12.36 vs 13.47 kg/hari). Daun singkong meningkatkan konsumsi bahan kering ransum (329 vs 402 g/hari), retensi N (7.71 vs 9.30 g/hari) dan rata-rata pertambahan bobo hidup harian kambing Peranakan Etawah (68.45 vs 89.29 g/hari). Campuran lisin-Zn-minyak lemuru berkecenderungan meningkatkan rata-rata pertambahan bobot hidup, menurunkan kadar lemak tubuh, dan kadar kolesterol serum darah pada kambing Peranakan Etawah, serta meningkatkan produksi, kandungan lemak, dan beberapa asam lemak rantai panjang pada sapi perah laktasi. Berdasarkan pertimbangan parameter metabolit dan penampilan produksi, ransum E merupakan ransum yang terbaik., The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of urea-ammoniation of elephant grass, the use of hydrolysed poultry feather as the source of S-containing amino acids, the use of cassava leaves as the source of branched-chain amino acids, and mixture of lysine-Zn-lemuru fish oil as a modulator for ruminal and postruminal digestion. The study consisted of two trials with five dietary treatments, i. e. A = 40% elephant grass (EG) + 60% concentrate mix (CM), B = 40% urea-ammoniated EG + 60% CM, C = B + 3% hydrolysed poultry feather (HPF), D = C + 15% cassava leaves, and E = D + 1.06% mixture of lysine-Zn-lemuru fish oil. In trial 1, 20 Etawah grade goats of 13-20 kg live weight were assigned in a randomized block design. In trial 2, the treatments and the exprimental cows were assigned ini a 5x5 latin square design. Urea-ammoniation and hydrolysed poultry feather decreased dry matter (DM) intake of goats but the effect of inclusion of these component was not observed in lactating dairy cows. OM digestibility (71.69 vs 74.35 %) and milk production of lactating dairy cows were significantly improved (12.36 vs 13.47 kg day°1) by hydrolysed poultry feather (P< 0.05). Cassava leaves increased DM intake (329 vs 402 g. day"1 ), N retention (7.71 vs 9.30 g day"1 ) and average daily gain of goats (68.45 vs 89.29 g day°1). Mixture of lysine-Zn-lemuru fish oil in Etawah grade goats tended to increase average daily gain, decrease body fat and cholesterol serum. However, milk production, milk fat content, and some
Keyword: Amoniation, Hydroyzed, Cassava leaves, Lyzine-zinc, Lemuru fish oil, Feed utilization

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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