Judul: Pembentukan tanaman triploid jeruk siam simadu (Citrus nobilis Lour.) melalui kultur endosperma
Abstrak: Seedless fruit is one of the criteria necessary to improve the quality of citrus. Traditionally, formation of seedless citrus plant is difficult due to the barriers of sterility gametes which are owned by gene sources of seedless citrus to be transfer to Simadu tangerine. The formation of a triploid plant from a interploidy crossing could not be done because tetraploid citrus plants is not available. Triploid citrus is unable to form the fertile seeds, so it can be used as an alternative to the production of seedless fruits. In vitro, formation of triploid plant can be aimed by regenerate endosperm tissue that is naturally triploid. Shoots obtained from endosperm tissue expected also to be a triploid plant. The aim of this research was to obtain triploid Simadu tangerine derived from culture of endosperm tissue. There were four stages of research conducted to accomplish the research objective. Study of Developmental stage of endosperm tissue of Simadu tangerine. Research conducted to determine the developmental of endosperm tissue that could be cultured in vitro. Plant materials observed was a young fruit from 2 to 14 weeks after anthesis (WAA). The observation was made against fruit morphology, fresh and preserved slice of seeds. The observation was performed with a stereo and inverted microscope. The results showed that endosperm tissues could be isolated from the fruit of 10-14 weeks after anthesis. This tissue had formed cell walls and gradually form compactendosperm tissues and could be isolated and separated from zygotic and nucellar embryos. Induction of somatic embryogenesis and formation of triploid plants derived from varied developmental stages of endosperm tissue of Simadu tangerine (Citrus Nobilis Lour). Research conducted to obtained in vitro technique that could be regenerated endosperm tissue to forming triploid plants. A plant material was an endosperm tissue that was isolated from 10-14 WAA fruit. Endosperm tissues isolated with a binocular microscope with 40x magnification. The results showed that the endosperm tissues from 11-13 WAA could be induced the formation of embryogenic callus with best response shown by endosperm tissue that was 13 WAA and cutured on MS medium modified by MW vitamine. Mixoploid Calli was resulted from the endosperm tissues so the regeneration should be done by somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis could be avoiding formation of mixoploid plants. Maturation of somatic embryos cultured on solid medium and 3 g L-1 phytagel without addition of plants growth regulators. Plantlets sub cultured on the same media with the addition of 2.5 mg L-1 GA for shoots elongation. Clonal Multiplication of in vitro shoots that regenerated from endosperm tissue of Simadu tangerine. The research was done to obtain the medium formulation and population of in vitro shoots that regenerated from endosperm tissue. Plant material was shoots that obtained from the somatic embryogenesis derived from endosperm of tissue. Shoots cultured on multiplication medium and observed formation of normal shoots and directly of adventives shoots. The results showed that the MT medium (medium for in vitro culture of citrus), was growth of abnormal shoots higher than a MS medium by vitamin MW modified. Addition of Kinetin, BA and NAA
Keyword: Citrus nobilis Lour, Simadu tangerine, somatic embryogenesis, citrus haploid plants, seedless citrus

Judul: Morphological Characterization and Fruit Formation in Polyploid Citrus Plants Resulting from Somatic Hybridization and Endosperm Culture
Abstrak: Target pemuliaan tanaman jeruk adalah mendapatkan buah jeruk seedless yang lebih disukai oleh konsumen. Pembentukan buah jeruk seedless dapat terjadi akibat adanya sifat partenokarpi alami dan perpasangan tiga set kromosom yang tidak seimbang pada buah triploid. Karakterisasi morfologi perlu dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi karakter-karakter unggul yang tampak, terutama karakter yang berkaitan dengan pembungaan dan pembentukan buah untuk memastikan apakah galur jeruk poliploid khususnya triploid dapat menghasilkan buah seedless. Penelitian yang dilakukan terdiri dari karakterisasi morfologi habitus, daun, bunga, buah, dan biji, serta induksi pembentukan buah dan biji pada galur jeruk poliploid hasil hibridisasi somatik dan kultur endosperma. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hampir semua karakter morfologi galur hasil hibridisasi somatik dan kultur endosperma mewarisi tetua jeruk siam madu, kecuali beberapa karakter morfologi bunga yang mewarisi kedua tetuanya, yaitu jeruk siam madu dan mandarin satsuma. Perlakuan penyerbukan sendiri secara nyata dapat meningkatkan persentase pembentukan buah seedless pada galur jeruk poliploid, baik pada galur hasil hibridisasi somatik maupun hasil dari kultur endosperma. Galur FS25 berpotensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi salah satu galur jeruk seedless karena memberikan hasil persentase pembentukan buah seedless tertinggi dibanding galur lainnya. Galur MT12 menunjukkan adanya perkembangan biji triploid yang terbentuk secara spontan., The target of citrus breeding is to obtain seedless citrus fruit that are preferred by consumers. The formation of seedless citrus fruits can occur due to the natural parthenocarpy and the unbalanced pairing of three chromosome sets in triploid fruits. Morphological characterization needs to be done to identify the superior characters, especially those related to flowering and fruit formation to determine whether polyploid citrus lines, especially triploids can produce seedless fruit. The research consisted of characterization the morphology of the habitus, leaves, flowers, fruit and seeds, as well as the formation of fruit and seeds in the polyploid citrus line resulting from somatic hybridization and endosperm culture. The results showed that almost all morphological characters of the lines resulting from somatic hybridization and endosperm culture were inherited from the parents of siam madu, except for several morphological characters of flowers inherited from the parents of siam madu and satsuma mandarin. The self-pollination treatment significantly increased the percentage of seedless fruit formation in the triploid citrus line. The FS25 line can be developed into one of the seedless citrus lines because the percentage of seedless fruit formation higher than other lines. The MT12 line showed triploid seed development which spontaneously formed.
Keyword: endosperm culture, morphological characterization, pollination, seedless fruit, somatic hybridization

Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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