Judul: Ekologi trofik komunitas ikan sebagai dasar pengelolaan sumber daya ikan di ekosistem estuari Segara Menyan, Subang, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Estuaries areas are the complex ecosystem and provide habitat for aquatic organisms, particularly for fishes. The Segara Menyan is a semi-enclosed estuarine lagoon located within the Java Sea. Many fish species utilize estuary lagoon as feeding, nursery, and refuge area. The objectives of this study are to (1) investigate the ichthyodiversity inhabiting of various habitats, (2) describe the spatiotemporal variation in fish community distribution, (3) describe the trophic ecology of fish community, and (4) determine the strategy of fish resources management in Segara Menyan estuary. Fish samples were collected every month between January and December 2011 at three zones, i.e. coastal lagoon, lagoon, and streams. Fishes were collected using a gillnet (5 m x 85 m, three panels 2, 3, and 4 inci mesh); trammel net (2 m x 70 m, three panels 0.75; 1.5; 2.5 inci mesh); and minitrawl (6 m x 1.2 m, 4.5 mm mesh, bag 1.2m x 1.2 m). Captured fish were preserved in 10% buffered formalin in the field. In the laboratory, samples were sorted then fixed in 70% etanol for later analysis. A total of 6,254 fishes consisted of 47 families, 79 genera, and 106 species, and the most collected group of fish was Carangidae. Fish communities divided into four groups according to ecological category i.e. estuarine species from marine, marine species, resident estuarine species, and estuarine species from freshwater. The estuarine species from marine and juvenile were dominant. Based on occupied habitat, the most number of species and biomass were found at coastal lagoon zone. Spatiotemporal variation in fish density, species richness, diversity Shannon-Wiener, and dominant species were found in the three zones at Segara Menyan estuary. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed inconsistent patterns in terms of the relationships between univariate fish assemblage measures (fish density, species richness, and diversity) and environmental variables (temperature, salinity, water clarity, and dissolved oxygen). For each of 106 fish species, between 1 and 380 stomachs, were examined. The vacuity index was also different among species. Five of 106 species had a vacuity index of “0” and total number of food items consumed varied between fish species, ranging from three items to 27 items. The overall diet breadth (Bi) was relatively low among species, ranging from 0.20 to 0.78, with most of them between 0.20 and 0.48. Calanoid copepods comprised the most common food item consumed by all the fishes examined. Fishes occurring can be broadly categorized into seven different trophic guilds. The trophic level of fish communities ranged from 2.05 to 4.73. An understanding of trophic ecology of fish communities was used to determine a management and conservation of fish resources strategies. The strategy proposed were the development of recreational fisheries, regulation of capture fisheries, and management of fish habitats.
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Judul: Asosiasi ikan dengan padang lamun di perairan karang lebar, kepulauan seribu, Jakarta
Abstrak: Seagrass is a complex aquatic ecosystem in trophics area with high productivity and biodiversity. This ecosystem play role of physics, chemistry, and biology. Biologically, seagrass used as spawning, feeding, and nursery ground for aquatic biota, especially fish. Seagrass is part of the coastal region where there are many human activities, such as coastal development, overfishing, boat traffic, and sand mining. One of the seagrass areas with high human activity around is Karang Lebar shallow waters, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta. Types of data taken in this research is primary data, including environmental parameters, condition of seagrass and fishes that live in it. Fishes caught by gill net with mesh size from 0.5 – 3 cm. Sampling conducted in day and night, started from March until May 2011 with the arrest period twice a month. Observations were made at three stations of seagrass beds with different covering conditions (healthy, less healthy, and poor). Sorensen similarity index, constancy index, and fidelity index were used to determine the relationship of fish associated with seagrasses. In addition, it also used statistical tests such as Pearson correlation, biplot analysis, and Two Way ANOVA as a tool to test the truth of descriptive analysis results based on the facts as represented by data. Three seagrass species found in the observation area include Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, and Halophila ovalis. The highest cover obtained from Cymodocea rotundata. Value of total cover ranged between 26.5 % - 82.13 %. The highest INP of the species obtained from Cymodocea rotundata, indicate that these organisms have a great influence to the ecosystem. Fish were caught consist of 37 species and 22 genera. Total abundance was found in all three observation stations for 2287 individuals (healthy seagrass), 547 individuals (less healthy seagrass), and 889 individuals (poor seagrass). Pre-adult fish dominate at each station. While the most commonly species found are Hypoatherina temmincki, Gerres oyena, and Scolopsis lineatus. The catch composition on day and night differ in terms of abundance, type and size of the species. Adult fish were more common at night, although abundance in day were more than in the night. Based on size and species composition, healthy seagrass and less healthy seagrass functioning as nursery ground and feeding ground, while poor seagrass tend to play a role as feeding ground, especially for carnivorous fish. Change of the diversity and dominance value in the day and night allegedly due to the activity or movement of fish, which is not a permanent resident in seagrass. Referring Tomascik et al. (1997), permanent resident fish found in the observation area is Apogon margaritiphorus. Based on Sorensen similarity index, the fishes were divided into six groups of species. Constancy index ranging from 0-1, while fidelity index ranges from 0-3. Group of species 1 has a high preference on healthy and poor seagrasses, and low preference in unhealthy seagrasses. Healthy seagrass also preferred by group 6, which include Apogon kallopterus, Apogon margaritiphorus, Hemirhapus far, Chrysiptera hemicyanea, and Syngnathoides biaculeatus. Groups of species that have a high preference towards less healthy habitat is group 4, with Stethojulis balteata, and Chaetodon
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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