Judul: Competitiveness of Indonesia Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Exports in Main Destination Countries
Abstrak: Kelapa sawit adalah salah satu komoditas sub sektor perkebunan yang memiliki peran penting dalam perekonomian nasional. Kelapa sawit menghasilkan produk utama yaitu CPO (Crude Palm Oil). Indonesia merupakan negara dengan produksi CPO terbesar di dunia. Seiring dengan pergeseran konsumsi minyak nabati dunia kepada minyak sawit, volume ekspor CPO di pasar dunia juga semakin meningkat. Adanya kebijakan bea keluar tahun 2008 menyebabkan perubahan komposisi ekspor produk kelapa sawit yang awalnya berupa minyak sawit mentah menjadi produk turunannya. Malaysia merupakan negara pesaing yang melakukan ekspor CPO di dunia. Negara tujuan utama ekspor CPO Indonesia adalah India, Belanda, Malaysia, Italia, dan Singapura. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kinerja ekspor CPO Indonesia di pasar dunia dan menganalisis daya saing ekspor CPO Indonesia di pasar dunia terutama negara tujuan utama. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) untuk menghitung keunggulan komparatif CPO Indonesia dan Market Share Index (MSI) untuk menghitung pangsa pasar CPO Indonesia di negara tujuan utama dibandingkan dengan negara pesaing. Hasil dari analisis RCA menunjukkan bahwa CPO Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif di negara tujuan utama ekspor sedangkan analisis MSI menunjukkan jika CPO Indonesia memiliki pangsa pasar yang besar di India, Italia, dan Singapura. Hasil dari kedua analisis tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki daya saing yang kuat di negara tujuan ekspor., Oil palm is one of the plantation sub-sector commodities that has an important role in the national economy. Palm oil produces the main product, namely CPO (Crude Palm Oil). Indonesia is a country with the largest CPO production in the world. In line with the shift in world vegetable oil consumption to palm oil, the volume of CPO exports on the world market is also increasing. The export duty policy in 2008 caused a change in the export composition of palm oil products from crude palm oil to its derivative products. Malaysia is a competitor country that exports CPO in the world. The main export destinations for Indonesian CPO are India, the Netherlands, Malaysia, Italy and Singapore. The purpose of this research is to analyze the performance of Indonesian CPO exports in world markets and to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian CPO exports in world markets, especially the main destination countries. The methods used in this research are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) to calculate the comparative advantage of Indonesian CPO and Market Share Index (MSI) to calculate the market share of Indonesian CPO in the main destination countries compared to competing countries. The results of the RCA analysis show that Indonesian CPO has a comparative advantage in the main export destination countries, while MSI's analysis shows that Indonesian CPO has a large market share in India, Italy and Singapore. The results of the two analyzes indicate that Indonesia has strong competitiveness in export destination countries.
Keyword: export duty, comparative advantage, market share, export potential, RCA

Judul: Analisis Daya Saing dan Determinan Ekspor Produk Kelapa Sawit (CPO dan RPO) Indonesia ke Negara Tujuan Utama
Abstrak: Indonesia adalah negara eksportir terbesar kelapa sawit di dunia. Namun, volume ekspor CPO Indonesia cenderung menurun sedangkan volume ekspor RPO meningkat periode 2006-2021.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi daya saing dan determinan ekspor produk kelapa sawit Indonesia CPO (HS 151110) dan RPO (HS 151190) ke negara tujuan utama. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah RCA, EPD, X-Model, dan regresi data panel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan CPO dan RPO memiliki daya saing yang kuat. Hasil EPD adalah CPO Indonesia memiliki pangsa pasar rising star, lost opportunity, falling star, dan retreat sedangkan RPO rising star pada delapan negara tujuan. Hasil regresi data panel pada CPO menunjukkan bahwa harga ekspor, jarak ekonomi, nilai tukar riil, dan populasi negara tujuan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap volume ekspor CPO Indonesia. Variabel harga ekspor, nilai tukar riil, populasi, dan dummy hilirisasi kelapa sawit memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap volume ekspor RPO Indonesia., Indonesia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world. However, the volume of Indonesian CPO exports tends to decrease while the volume of RPO exports increases in the 2006-2021 period. The aim of this research is to identify the competitiveness and determinants of exports of Indonesian palm oil products CPO (HS 151110) and RPO (HS 151190) to the main destination countries. The methods used in this research are RCA, EPD, X-Model, and panel data regression. The research results show that CPO and RPO have strong competitiveness. The results of the EPD show that Indonesian CPO has a rising star market share, lost opportunity, falling star and retreat, while RPO is a rising star in eight destination countries. The panel data regression results on CPO show that export prices, economic distance, real exchange rates, and populations of destination countries have a significant effect on Indonesia's CPO export volume. The variables of export prices, real exchange rates, population, and dummy palm oil downstream have a significant influence on the export volume of Indonesian RPO.
Keyword: competitiveness, CPO, export, panel data, RPO

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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