Judul: Pemodelan spasial dalam monitoring reforestasi Kawasan Pertambangan Nikel Pt. Inco di Sorowako Sulawesi Selatan
Abstrak: The success of the reforestation was expected to reach a climax forest ecosystem. The objectives of this study were to develop spatial model and to identify key indicators for monitoring reforestation success. The study used a comprehensive and systematic approach to obtain key indicators for determining the success level of reforestation in mining area. The success indices for each variable was derived from the best regression model developed, while the weights of each variable were computed based on magnitude of regression coefficient for each indicator. The level of reforestation success index was initially developed using six indicators, i.e. diversity index, nutrient retention index, colonization index, wildlife index, and environmental index. Of those indicators, the study found that the best key indicator for reforestation monitoring was canopy index which is composed of canopy stratification, crown cover and number of tree.
Keyword: South Sulawesi, Degraded land

Judul: Evaluasi Tingkat Keberhasilan Revegetasi Lahan Bekas Tambang Nikel Di Pt Inco Tbk. Sorowako, Sulawesi Selatan
Abstrak: PT INCO has made a borrow and use agreement with the government to do mining activity in forest area. This mining activity has caused severe damage to the forest and the land. With full awareness and to fulfill obligation in borrow and use agreement, PT INCO has done rehabilitation to severely damage forest and lands due to its mining activity. An evaluation is needed to measure the succession rate of rehabilitation effort that has been done by PT INCO. This evaluation put an emphasis on vegetational and biological aspect, enabling to see how far the revegetation activity able to fulfill restoration purpose as mention in Permenhut Nomor 146/Kpts-II/1999 and to restore functions of a forest. Object of this research is forest stand resulted from revegetation planted in 1999-2007, 1985 and 1996. Some of the equipments been used in this activity are brunton compass, measuring band, Sunto clinometer, spherical densiometer, plastic rope. Vegetational analysis done by using 17,8 m diameter circle plot. For each planting year make 2-3 plots with range 50 - 100 meter between each plot, for some cases such as limited land one plot is sufficient enough. In it observation made to plant growth factor such as plant height, plant diameter, root development and crown covering. Another parameter that also observed are local species existances and wildlife presence. Growth percentage in revegetation area range from 95% to 100%. Plant composition are pioneer species as Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), Eukaliptus (Eucalytus eurograndis), Sengon Buto (Enterolobium macrocarpum)and local species as Trema (Melochia umbellata), Sandro (Sandoricum kacappeae) dan Uru (Elmerelia sp). This mean it is suitable with goverment rule. Root development, growth, litter decomposition, erotion and crown covering has shown improvement according to succession concept. Same thing happen to wildlife, introduction has happened to revegetation lands. Revegetation at PT INCO in some aspects has fulfill goverment´s criteria and indicator but this revegetation has not reform original forest structure and function as protected forest.
Keyword: 

Judul: Price Discrimination Analysis of Butter in the German Market
Abstrak: Germany is the largest producers of butter among other countries in the EU. The trend of butter production in Germany increase steadily during 2010 – 2013. In 2013, butter production in Germany reach to 491 460 tons and German’s butter production amounted to 25% of the EU butter production. So, Germany has an advantage in butter production compared with other countries in the EU. The advantage in butter production and stock availability of butter strongly supports the development of food industry in Germany. However, there were fluctuations in the average price of butter in Germany during 1999-2010 and it was occurred from year to year. Fluctuation of butter prices can affects business risk, the competition of butter producers, and economic surplus of consumers in the German butter market. One of the strategies which can be done by producers and retailers to survive in the competition is establish right price strategy, such implement price discrimination strategy. Price discrimination strategy aims to get consumer surplus, to increase profits, and to face business competition. The main objective of the study is to analyze butter price discrimination in German market. In detail, objectives of this study are: first, to analyze the necessary conditions (market power, different demand elasticity, and preventing arbitrage) of occurrence in price discrimination of butter products in the German market through structure analysis, second, to analyze demand function of butter products based on types of retail store in Germany, third, to analyze price discrimination of butter products based on regions in Germany, and fourth, to analyze price difference of butter products across types of retail store in Germany. The result shows that the three necessary conditions (market power, different demand elasticity, and preventing arbitrage) for the occurrence of butter price discrimination in the German retail market are fulfilled. The butter industry in Germany has an HHI value of 1 635 and the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4) index reached 71%, which indicates that the German butter industry has either a moderate level of market concentration and an oligopoly market structure with some dominant firms. The oligopoly butter market structure in Germany is dominated by four producers of butter, are: Irish Dairy Board, Campina, Sachsenmilch, and Arla Foods. Market power in an oligopoly is also greatly influenced by some main producers who also produce private label products. We can conclude that the three demand curves (hypermarket, supermarket and discounter) have a negative slope or downward shape (progressive decrease from the upper left to the lower right). This condition is in accordance with the theory of demand that price and quantity have the opposite relationship. The slope of the demand function in the hypermarket is -3.701, -2.883 in the supermarket, and -5.517 in the discounter (largest value of discounter indicates that it is the most elastic of the retail stores). We also can conclude that on the demand side, butter consumption is not discriminating along the demand curve (price and quantity) across regions in Germany. On the supply side, producers and retailers are not discriminating in regards to butter prices across regions in Germany. The mean
Keyword: price discrimination, butter, semi and double logarithm model, the German market