Judul: Produksi Gas Metan dan Pola Fermentasi Rumen Domba Lokal yang Diberi Pakan Komplit Mengandung Indigofera sp. dan Limbah Tauge Menggunakan RUSITEC
Abstrak: Methane (CH4) enteric, naturally is fermentation metabolic from rumen microorganism which is in gas form and most of it will be excreted through the mouth as an eructation process. Indigofera sp. is a legume shrub which has high nutrient content; 27.97% crude protein, 19-50% NDF (neutral detergent fiber), 15% crude fiber, 0.22% calcium, 0.19% phosphor, and organic matter digestibility (in vitro) was 56-72%. Mung bean sprout waste is part of bean sprouts which is not consumed by humans, it contain green husk of bean and usually mixed by chunks of tail and head of sprouts that are no longer intact. Mung bean sprout waste contain 13-14% crude protein, crude fiber 49.44%, and 64.65% TDN. Indigofera sp. and mung bean sprout waste are potential as feed sources. Both of them could be used in ruminant ration as high protein and energy contribution. Ruminant methane production is highly influenced by nutrient composition and chemical form of ration, so any information regarding methane production determined by forms and compositions of ration are precious. This study aimed to identify the effect of complete feed for local sheep containing 30% Indigofera sp. or 30% mung bean sprout waste on methane production and obtained the rumen fermentation pattern using RUSITEC. The measurement of methane production can be performed using experimental animals (in vivo), in vitro, and semi in vitro–better known as rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC) which is a more complex rumen simulator than other in vitro analysis. Methane concentration was measured using methane analyzer. The rations were composed iso-calories and pelleted, they contained 30% Indigofera sp. and 70% concentrate (IS) or 30% mung bean sprout waste and 70% concentrate (LT). The rumen fluid were obtained from eight adult local sheep. They were kept for three months, four of them were fed IS and the other four were LT. Incubated ration in RUSITEC were same as fed for the sheep, it expected that obtained the same fermentation conditions between RUSITEC and sheep rumen. RUSITEC Analysis was conducted for eleven days, consisted of five days for adaptation period and six days (sixth to eleventh) for observation period. Responses observed were total gas production, percentage and methane production, pH, ammonia concentration, dry matter and organic matter degradation. The fermentation of responses by time were presented descriptively. Averages of responses were analyzed using student t-test. The patterns of total gas production, percentage and methane production, pH, ammonia concentration, dry matter and organic matter degradation were fluctuation by observation time. Total gas production of IS was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (1995.81 mL/day) than LT (1682.49 mL/day). Methane production of IS ration (163.58 ml/day equivalent to 9.59 mL/g incubated dry matter) was not significantly different with LT (141.43 ml/day equivalent to 8.23 mL/g incubated dry matter). The pH Values, ammonia concentration, dry matter and organic matter degradation of IS and LT were 6.78 and 6.91; 7.59 mM and 4.85 mM; 53.56% and 43.25%; 57.52% and 45.96% respectively. The pH value and ammonia concentration were not significant different in all treatments, however dry and organic matter degradation were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in
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Judul: Evaluation of The Use of Gynura procumbens Leaves in Total Mixed Ratio Silage on Fermentability and Methane Gas Production
Abstrak: Perbaikan pakan khususnya untuk ternak ruminansia harus memperhatikan aspek lingkungan karena adanya gas metan yang dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi oleh mikroba rumen. Sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens) memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai hijauan pakan ternak yang mampu menekan emisi gas metan. Namun, belum banyak ditemukan informasi terkait pengolahannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi penggunaan sambung nyawa dalam silase ransum komplit terhadap fermentabilitas rumen dan produksi gas metan. Penelitian ini menggunakan rumput gajah dan sambung nyawa sebagai hijauan dan beberapa bahan konsentrat untuk pembuatan silase ransum komplit. Formulasi ransum ditujukan untuk sapi perah laktasi dengan bobot badan (BB) 450 kg, produksi susu 10 kg 4% FCM. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan ulangan sebanyak 5 kali. Parameter yang diukur adalah kualitas fisik silase ransum komplit (warna, aroma, tekstur, penyusutan), pH silase, pH rumen, NH3, volatile fatty acid (VFA), sintesis protein mikroba (SPM), kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK), kecernaan bahan organik (KcBO), total bakteri, total protozoa, produksi gas total, dan gas metan. Data yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian dianalisis dan diolah menggunakan sidik ragam (ANOVA) dengan software SPSS Statistic 23 dan Microsoft Excel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan penambahan sambung nyawa memberikan pengaruh nyata (p<0,05) terhadap pH silase, SPM, total protozoa, total bakteri, produksi gas, dan gas metan. Perlakuan Gynura procumbens sambung nyawa tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata (p>0,05) terhadap penyusutan silase ransum komplit, pH rumen, NH3, volatile fatty acid (VFA), kecernaan bahan kering, dan kecernaan bahan organik. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah penambahan sambung nyawa hingga taraf 15% dapat diberikan tanpa mempengaruhi kualitas fisik silase, kecernaan bahan kering dan organik, pH silase, pH rumen, penyusutan silase ransum komplit, VFA, dan NH3 masih dalam kisaran normal, meningkatkan SPM, total bakteri, dan total produksi gas, serta mampu menurunkan populasi protozoa dan produksi gas metan., Feed improvement, especially for ruminants, must pay attention to environmental aspects because of the methane gas produced from the fermentation process by rumen microbes. Gynura procumbens has the potential to be developed as forage that can reduce methane emissions. However, not much information has been found regarding its processing. The research was conducted to evaluate the use of hibiscus in complete ration silage on rumen fermentability and methane gas production. The research used elephant grass and Gynura procumbens as forage and several concentrate ingredients for making total mixed ratio silage. The ration formulation was intended for lactating dairy cows with body weight (BW) 450 kg, milk production 10 kg 4% FCM. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and each treatment was replicated 5 times. Parameters measured were the physical quality of total mixed ratio silage (color, aroma, texture, shrinkage), total mixed ratio silage pH, rumen pH, NH3, volatile fatty acid (VFA), microbial protein synthesis (MPS), dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, total bacteria, total protozoa, total gas production, and methane gas. Data obtained from the results of the study were analyzed and processed using variance analysis (ANOVA) with SPSS Statistic 23 software and Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the treatment of the addition of Gynura procumbens gave a
Keyword: fermentabilty, Gynura procumbens, methane

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf