Judul: Application of Morphological Image Processing and HSV Color Methods for Viability Evaluation of the Tetrazolium Test of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seed
Abstrak: Uji tetrazolium merupakan metode pengujian viabilitas dan vigor benih secara cepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan validasi alat untuk evaluasi pengujian tetrazolium benih kacang tanah dengan morphological image processing dan HSV color untuk menentukan intensitas warna secara kuantitatif. Hasil pembacaan alat dikorelasikan dengan pengamatan mikroskop dan uji viabilitas secara fisiologis. Rancangan percobaan penelitian adalah rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak dengan satu faktor perlakuan yang terdiri atas enam taraf viabilitas benih, dan diulang tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa alat tidak mampu membaca benih abnormal. Hasil pembacaan hanya mengidentifikasikan benih normal dan mati. Tolok ukur daya berkecambah, indeks vigor, dan potensi tumbuh maksimum dapat digunakan untuk membedakan tingkat viabilitas. Hasil uji korelasi antara pembacaan alat dan hasil uji tetrazolium mempunyai korelasi sedang dengan koefisien korelasi 0,452. Alat pendeteksi viabilitas benih perlu disempurnakan supaya dapat menghasilkan data yang lebih akurat., The tetrazolium test is a rapid method for testing seed viability and vigor. To quantify color intensity, this work attempts to validate an instrument for analyzing tetrazolium testing using morphological image processing and HSV color. Microscopic observations and physiological viability tests were correlated with the tool readings' results. A completely randomized block design with one treatment factor consisting of six levels of seed viability served as the study's experimental framework. The results demonstrated that the instrument could not read abnormal seeds. Only normal and dead seeds were identified by the readings. Germination percentage, vigour index, and maximum potential growth can be used for differentiating levels of viability. The instrument readings and tetrazolium test results have a moderate correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.452. The instrument needs to be improved to produce accurate data.
Keyword: daya berkecambah, indeks vigor, validasi, viabilitas, vigor

Judul: Tetrazolium Test Stain Pattern Criteria for Vigor  Detection Cowpea Seed (Vigna unguiculata)
Abstrak: Pengujian viabilitas dan vigor benih dengan uji tetrazolium merupakan salah satu metode uji cepat dengan mengevaluasi pola pewarnaan pada benih. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan pola pewarnaan benih kacang tunggak menggunakan uji tetrazolium untuk menentukan kriteria normal kuat, normal lemah, abnormal, dan mati. Penelitian terdiri atas dua percobaan. Percobaan pertama menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak dengan faktor pertama adalah lama imbibisi (16 jam, 20 jam, 24 jam) dan faktor kedua adalah perendaman larutan tetrazolium (60 menit, 75 menit, 90 menit). Percobaan kedua menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak dengan satu faktor yaitu empat taraf viabilitas. Percobaan pertama menghasilkan waktu imbibisi selama 20 jam dan perendaman tetrazolium selama 75 menit sebagai waktu yang optimal untuk benih kacang tunggak. Percobaan kedua menghasilkan 20 pola pewarnaan yang dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu normal kuat 1 pola, normal lemah 4 pola, abnormal 5 pola, dan mati 10 pola. Nilai koefisien korelasi (r) tertinggi pada tolok ukur kecepatan tumbuh dengan normal kuat sebesar r = 0,78. Tolok ukur indeks vigor menunjukkan keeratan nyata dan tolok ukur kecepatan tumbuh menunjukkan keeratan yang sangat nyata dengan normal kuat. Pola pewarnaan yang diperoleh dapat digunakan untuk pendeteksian vigor benih kacang tunggak., Testing the viability and vigor of seeds with the tetrazolium test is one of the rapid test methods for evaluating staining patterns in seeds. This study aims to determine the coloring pattern of cowpea seeds using the tetrazolium test to determine the criteria of high vigor seedling, low vigor seedling, abnormal, and dead seed. The study consisted of two experiments. The first experiment used a randomized complete group design with the first factor being the length of imbibition (16 hours, 20 hours, 24 hours) and the second was soaking the tetrazolium solution (60 minutes, 75 minutes, 90 minutes). The second experiment used a randomized complete group design with one factor of four levels of viability. The first experiment resulted in an imbibition time of 20 hours and a tetrazolium soaking of 75 minutes as the optimal time for cowpea seeds. The second experiment produced 20 coloring patterns grouped into 4 groups, high vigor seedling 1 pattern, low vigor seedling 4 patterns, abnormal 5 patterns, and dead 10 patterns. The highest correlation coefficient (r) in the seed growth speed with high vigor seedlings is r = 0.78. The percentage of index vigor shows real closeness and the percentage of seed growth speed shows very real closeness with high vigor seedlings. The obtained staining pattern can be used for the vigor detection of cowpea seeds.
Keyword: mutu fisiologis, normal kuat, normal lemah, uji cepat

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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