Judul: Association of the toll-like receptor 4 and Myxovirus genes with resistance to Salmonella and Newcastle disease in selected Sentul chickens
Abstrak: Toll-like receptor 4 and myxovirus genes have been demonstrated to confer resistance to Salmonella and Newcastle disease (ND), respectively. These genes have not yet been investigated in Sentul chickens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the polymorphisms and association of the TLR4 and Mx genes as candidate genes underlying resistance to Salmonella and ND in selected Sentul chickens. One hundred and eighty-five Sentul chickens were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. The genotype and allele frequencies, polymorphic information contents and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) statuses were analysed. The genotypes were associated with immunoglobulin Y (IgY), Salmonella-specific antibodies and Newcastle disease-specific antibodies. These parameters were determined using indirect ELISA, clearance tests and haemagglutination inhibition, respectively. The immune traits were further grouped into high, medium and low categories. The data were analysed using the GLM and t-test. Polymorphisms in TLR4|MscI and Mx|Hpy8I were observed. The population was in HWE for both genes. The frequencies of the TLR4 allele G and genotype GG were significantly high (P<0.05) in chickens with high immune traits. The genotype GG of TLR4 gene recorded significantly higher immune traits than genotypes AA and AG. For the Mx gene, the frequency of allele A was higher than of allele G at a high IgY titre. TLR4|MscI and Mx|Hpy8I are potential markers for selection against Salmonella and Newcastle disease in Sentul chickens. However, further investigations are recommended.
Keyword: Disease resistance, Mx gene, Newcastle disease, Polymorphism, Salmonella, Sentul chickens, TLR4 gene

Judul: Study of kampung chicken resistance against Salmonella enteritidis using TLR4 gene as marker.
Abstrak: Kampung chicken is a kind of Indonesian local chicken that do not have special characteristic and spread out in various regions of Indonesia. Kampung chicken eggs is trusted by the majority of Indonesian people to increase stamina and to heal diseases. Therefore Kampung chicken eggs was mostly used by Indonesian people as ‘jamu’ (a potion) or as an ingredient of potion that it was directly consumed without cooking. Salmonella free eggs become significant in producing the safe ‘jamu preparation’ so that the users of Kampung chicken eggs be spared from salmonellosis. Salmonella free eggs might be produced by chickens which have high resistancy to this bacteria. One of excellent markers showing resistance of chicken against Salmonella is an active Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) gene. TLR4 gene was associated with non-specific immune response, because it transcribes TLR4 protein, which is a phagocytes cell surface receptor that plays a role to recognize lipopolysaccaride of gram negative bacteria including Salmonella sp. The aim of the research was to prove resistance of Kampung chicken against S. enteritidis, using TLR4 gene as marker. The evidence was done by analyzing the association between genotype TLR4 gene with the factors that indicate the resistance to these bacteria that was obtained from molecular and biological assays. To identify the genotype TLR4 gene, 50 Kampung chickens was genotyped using PCR-RFLP technique (the first stage of these study). The second stage was conducted tests on several chickens resistance indicators against S. enteritidis from natural infection. The third stage in these research was testing resistance of chickens when was challenged with S. enteritidis (ID50 dose : 105 cfu ml-1), through molecular and biological assays. Then the test results were associated with genotype of TLR4 gene, and it was analyzed by ANOVA (analysis of variance). The results showed that the PCR-RFLP technique in exon 2 of TLR4 gene was identified that this gene on the Kampung chicken was polymorphic. A presence of mutation was detected on site 3924. This mutation caused bases change from guanine to adenine (GA). From this genotyped was found three kinds of genotype TLR4 gene. They were AA, AG and GG. GG genotype dominated the genotype frequencies of TLR4 gene of Kampung chickens. AA genotype was only found on one individual Kampung chicken, so in subsequent association analysis was not included in the statistical test. The second stage of this study showed that in all of TLR4 gene genotypes of the Kampung chicken was not found S. enteritidis in the blood and eggs produced. In the blood serum of Kampung chicken positive was found IgY specific S. enteritidis (in all genotypes). Egg yolk that produced by Kampung chicken was found specific IgY of S. enteritidis in high concentrations (2.47-3.58 mg ml-1). On all genotypes, the concentration of leucocytes and differentiation of leucocytes were in the range of physiological normal. Kampung chickens which were challenged with S. enteritidis not impaired physiological, it is seen from the results the concentration of leucocytes and differentiation of leucocytes assays that were still in the normal range. Although the Kampung chicken was challenged with S.
Keyword: Kampung chicken, TLR4 gene, TLR4 gene, non specific immune response, S. enteritidis

Judul: Bisnis Fotografi Snapcash : Platform Digital.
Abstrak: Fotografi merupakan bagian gaya hidup masyarakat saat ini. Namun hingga saat ini belum ada platform digital yang menawarkan jasa fotografi. Ide bisnis Snapcash diciptakan sebagai solusi berupa platform digital yang dapat digunakan oleh fotografer untuk mencari pekerjaan dan konsumen untuk mencari jasa fotografi. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui permasalahan konsumen, menciptakan solusi yang tepat, dan merumuskan model bisnis yang sesuai untuk Snapcash. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan customer discovery. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara non probability purposive sampling. Hasil pengujian masalah menunjukkan kesulitan fotografer dalam mendapatkan pelanggan dan kesulitan konsumen dalam menemukan fotografer yang sesuai kriteria. Solusi yang ditawarkan adalah aplikasi dan fitur yang ada didalamnya. Berdasarkan uji solusi yang dilakukan, solusi yang ditawarkan diterima oleh responden sehingga menjadi solusi bagi responden penelitian. Model bisnis Snapcash terverifikasi berdasarkan tiga aspek yaitu kesesuaian produk dengan pasar, segmen pelanggan dan cara mencapainya, serta cara perusahaan menghasilkan uang.
Keyword: customer discovery, fotografi, model bisnis, platform digital