Judul: Hydraulic Conductivity of Stem Xylem Vessels in Peatland Vegetation
Abstrak: Lahan gambut seringkali mengalami genangan dengan pH tanah gambut yang rendah. Kondisi seperti ini menjadi faktor pembatas untuk tumbuhan yang dapat tumbuh di lahan tersebut. Adaptasi tumbuhan pada lahan gambut, khususnya pada kondisi genangan perlu dipelajari dalam menentukan strategi pemanfaatan lahan yang lebih baik. Salah satu aspek yang dapat digunakan sebagai penentu kemampuan tumbuhan di lahan gambut ialah konduktivitas hidrolik potensial (Kp) pembuluh xilem. Analisis Kp pembuluh xilem batang vegetasi lahan gambut belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis sebaran Kp pembuluh xilem batang tumbuhan yang tumbuh di lahan gambut. Penghitungan Kp pembuluh xilem batang berdasarkan persamaan Hagen-Poiseuille dilakukan pada 146 spesies tumbuhan lahan gambut. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa nilai Kp pada xilem batang vegetasi lahan gambut berkisar antara 0,91–489,63 kg m-1 MPa-1 dt-1 dengan rata-rata 40,63 ± 9,20 kg m-1 MPa-1 dt-1. Nilai Kp pembuluh xilem batang terendah ditemukan pada spesies Diospyros bangkana dan tertinggi pada Alstonia angustiloba. Nilai Kp pembuluh xilem batang pada vegetasi lahan gambut memiliki hubungan positif kuat dengan rasio luas lumen terhadap luas xilem (Al:Ax) ¬¬yang dipengaruhi oleh jumlah dan kerapatan pembuluh xilem., Peatlands are often characterized by low-pH peat soils. This condition acts as a limiting factor for plants in this environment. Plant adaptation to peatlands, especially under stress conditions, needs to be studied to determine a better land use strategy. One aspect that can be used to assess the ability of plants to survive in peatlands is the potential hydraulic conductivity (Kp) of xylem vessels. Analysis of the Kp of stem xylem vessels in peatland vegetation has not been conducted previously. This study aims to analyze the distribution of Kp values within xylem vessels of various plant species growing on peatlands. The calculation of Kp based on the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, was applied to 146 peatland plant species. The results revealed a range of Kp values in the stem xylem of peatland vegetation, 0,91–489,63 kg m-1 MPa-1 s-1 with an average of 40,63 ± 9,20 kg m-1 MPa-1 s-1. The lowest Kp value of stem xylem vessels was found in the Diospyros bangkana, while the highest was in Alstonia angustiloba. The Kp value of stem xylem vessels in peatland vegetation exhibited a strong positive correlation with the lumen-to-sapwood area (Al:Ax), influenced by the number and density of xylem vessels.
Keyword: adaptasi tumbuhan, Alstonia angustiloba, Diospyros bangkana, luas lumen, plant adaptation, lumen-to-sapwood area

Judul: Hydraulic Conductivity of Twig Xylem Vessels in Peatland Plants
Abstrak: Lahan gambut di Indonesia saat ini belum dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik karena ketidaksesuaian kondisi lingkungan dengan kemampuan adaptasi tumbuhan. Analisis fisiologi tumbuhan perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemampuan adaptasi tumbuhan lahan gambut, salah satunya melalui nilai konduktivitas hidrolik xilem ranting. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konduktivitas hidrolik pembuluh xilem ranting pada tumbuhan lahan gambut. Jumlah sampel yang diamati sebanyak 145 sampel ranting berbagai spesies lahan gambut. Karakter xilem ranting diamati melalui penampang melintangnya. Karakter xilem digunakan untuk menghitung konduktivitas hidrolik xilem (Kp). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa famili Dipterocarpaceae mendominasi nilai Kp tertinggi, sedangkan famili Burseraceae mendominasi pada nilai Kp terendah. Famili Clusiaceae merupakan famili dengan nilai Kp paling ideal dan konsisten. Spesies Combretocarpus rotundatus memiliki nilai Kp tertinggi sebesar 28,3 kg m-1 MPa-1 dt-1, sedangkan spesies Nageia wallichiana memiliki Kp terendah sebesar 0,3 kg m-1 MPa-1 dt-1. Tumbuhan lahan gambut didominasi oleh nilai Kp yang rendah yang diduga sebagai upaya adaptasi tumbuhan di lahan gambut yang seringkali tergenang. Faktor rasio luas lumen terhadap luas area xilem (%Alumen/Axylem) berkorelasi positif kuat dengan Kp, sedangkan jumlah pembuluh xilem dan VD (vessel density) berkorelasi positif lemah dengan Kp., Currently, peatlands in Indonesia cannot be adequately utilized due to the mismatch between environmental conditions and the adaptability of plants. Plant physiology analysis needs to be carried out to determine the adaptability of peatland plants, one of which is through the hydraulic conductivity value of twig xylem. The research aimed to analyze the hydraulic conductivity of twig xylem vessels in peatland plants. The number of samples observed was 145 twig samples from various peatland species. The character of the twig xylem is observed through its cross-section. Xylem characteristics are used to calculate xylem hydraulic conductivity (Kp). The results showed that the Dipterocarpaceae family dominated the highest Kp values, while the Burseraceae family dominated the lowest Kp. The Clusiaceae family has the most ideal and consistent Kp values. The Combretocarpus rotundatus species has the highest Kp value of 28,3 kg m-1 MPa-1 s-1, while the Nageia wallichiana species have the lowest Kp of 0,3 kg m-1 MPa-1 s-1. Peatland plants are dominated by low Kp values, which are thought to be an effort to adapt plants to peatlands, which are often flooded. The ratio factor of lumen area to xylem area (%Alumen/Axylem) is strongly positively correlated with Kp, while the number of xylem vessels and VD (vessel density) is weakly positively correlated with Kp.
Keyword: Alumen, Axylem, genangan air, vessel density

Judul: Grup dan Homomorfisma Grup pada Rubik Revenge
Abstrak: Rubik cube is a kind of puzzle game. A player must arrange rubik sides, which have been disordered, back to the position where every side has the same colour. This paper does not focus on the settlement solution, but instead on proving the existence of a group homomorphism between rubik movement group and S96 symmetric permutation group in rubik revenge. Firstly, it has been proved that rubik movement set is a group. Then, it also has been proved that the M set, which contains numeric labels of 1 until 96 in cubinos sides, is S96 symmetric permutation group.
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