Judul: Development of agroecological based horticultural crops on sloping land in Upstream of Jeneberang Watershed, South Sulawesi
Abstrak: The aims of this study were to evaluate the land capability and suitability for horticultural crops, to determine the suitable forest management method to minimize the erosion, to determine the sustainability of horticultural crops farming, and to formulate model design of agroecology-based horticultural crops development on sloping land in upstream of Jeneberang watershed, South Sulawesi, conducted from April 2009 until December 2009. The first step of this study was determination of land capability using USDA method. The second step was determination of land suitability using FAO method. The third step was erotion prediction using USLE method. The forth step was sustainability analysis using Multi Dimensional Scalling (MDS)-Rapfarm method. The last step was design the dynamical model using Stella 9.0.2 program analysis. Classes of land capability in upstream of Jeneberang watershed were class II, III, IV,VI and VII with limiting factors of drainage, root zone barrier, and erosion danger. Classes of actual land suitability for fruits commodity on land with elevation < 700 m above sea level (asl) were S2 and S3, with limiting factors of nutrient retention, root medium and erosion danger, and classes of potential land suitability were S1, S2, and S3. Classes of actual land suitability for vegetables commodity (potato, mustard, carrot, cabbage, and scallion) with elevation ≥ 700 m asl were S2, S3, and N, limiting factors of nutrient retention, root medium and erosion danger, and classes of potential land suitability were S1, S2, and S3. Erosion happened in upstream of Jeneberang watershed was 2.57 ton/ha/year until 5.764,82 ton/ha/year. Farming sustainability index of fruits about 41,90 – 54,41 and vegetables about 39,58 – 64,85. Ecology, economy, institution, and technology dimensions include to enough sustainable category, whereas social dimension include to less sustainable category. Result of leverage Rap-farm analysis showed that in 43 attributes, 9 attributes were sensitive to affect fruits farming and 23 attributes were sensitive to vegetables farming. Dynamical model simulation of fruits horticultural development showed erosion reduction, productivity and sales value improvement in year of 10, whereas vegetables commodity in year of 9. Moderate and optimistic scenario more effective in decreasing erosion and increasing productivity and sales value. Model scenario simulation in 2020 for rambutan commodity, erosion prediction at moderate scenario was 3,35 ton/ha/year, and optimistic scenario was 2,56 ton/ha/year, productivity was 6.222,3 kg/ha with sales value Rp. 34.512.298. Model scenario simulation in 2019 for potato commodity, erosion prediction that happened at moderate scenario was 27,80 ton/ha/year, and optimistic scenario was 21,07 ton/ha/year, productivity was 8.724,43 kg/ha with sales value Rp. 34.897.720. Base on, moderate scenario can use of development of agroecological based horticultural crops in Gowa Regency.
Keyword: South Sulawesi

Judul: Sustainable dry land agricultural management
Abstrak: The aims of this research are to analysize the biophysics and socio-economic technique management to encourage the creation of tie sustainable agricultural system. Beside that, the usage of this study could show the alternative’s way of biophysics (conservation) and socio-economic management, so it can create the sustainable agricultural system. This research was done in Southeast Sulawesi, Talumbinga village, Landono Kendari district. Generally most of agriculture’s form in this area is dry land agricultural or known as arable farming and there still done shifting cultivation. The approach of this research was done two ways, thre are the approach to the ecology or biophysics and the approach to the socio-economic. The results indicated that biophysically the local farm-hand of shifting cultivation has made the increase of land erotion, which could reach 130,9 ton per year or 10,91 mm. whereas the conservation technique biophysically and socio-economic are by the multiple cropping farm's pattern between beans and corn (maise). This pattern could decrease the accelerate of erotion until 75% or become round 23 ton per hectare per year or 1.97 mm per year. To research the prosperity grade of farmers based on UMR standard, so the pattern of multiple cropping between beans and corn (maise) have to be applied in mixed farm enterprises, that is the farmer have to take care of livestock, such as cows, and fruits plant like rambutan and durian. To achieve the income over the UMR standard, so farmer need to be undersurveilance for 3-5 years intensively. This is now the reason why farmer should move from dry- land farming to the new pattern mentioned above. The erosion level analysis is used to know growing pattern that gives erosion level under ETOL, while financial analysis which uses net present value, net B/C and IRR, is also used to know business feasibility of each growing pattern. The results of the research imply that the rate of erosion occur in advance of growing season for all growing pattern, but two to three weeks after growing, each pattern give different response. In many cases, growing pattern proceeded by intercropping of paddy and corn resulting in higher erosion rate in comparison with pattern which is proceeded by intercropping of cont and legumes. The total erosion occurred on pattern with intercropping of paddy and corn range between 88.521 ton to 130.926 ton/year, or between 6,88 mm/year to 10,91 mm/year. All is over tolerated erosion namely 5,2 mm/year.
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Judul: Kimiawi imunoglobulin G serta perbedaabbya antara berbagi species hewan
Abstrak: Antibodi adalah molekul protein yang dihasilkan oleh sel plasma sebagai akibat interaksi antara limfosit B peka antigen dengan antigen khusus. Antibodi ini disebut juga imunoglobulin karena molekulnya berbentuk globulin. Jadi imunoglobulin merupakan molekul protein yang membawa akti- vitas antibodi, yaitu sifat kombinasi spesifik dengan zat yang mendatangkan formasi antigen. Diantara kelas imunoglobulin, Ig G adalah yang paling melimpah dalam serum darah. Ig G ini memainkan peran utama dalam mekanisme pertahanan. Ig G merupakan struktur glikoprotein dengan dasar bentuk bangunan diagram tetrapolipeptida yang mengandung 4 ran tai polipeptida dengan 2 rantai berat (H) yang identik dan 2 rantai ringan L) yang identik. Rantai polipeptida ini di bentuk oleh rangkaian asam amino. Tiap rantai berat (H) me ngandung 446 residu asam amino dengam BM (2 x 50.000) Dal ton dan tiap rantai ringan (L) mengandung residu asam amino 213() atau 214 () dengan BM (2 x 25.000) Dalton. Bagian variabel dari rantai berat (VH) mengandung 118 residu asam amino dan bagian variabel rantai ringan (VL) mengandung 108 () atau 109 () residu, sedangkan residu sisanya dari masing-masing rantai adalah bagian konstan (CH dan CL). Adanya perbedaan-perbedaan dalam hal asam amino pada salah satu daerah variabel dapat menyebabkan perbedaan imun respon. ...
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