Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Pendegradasi Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit sebagai Alternatif Agen Dekolorisasi Limbah.
Abstrak: Warna cokelat keruh pada LCPKS (Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit) merupakan salah satu hal yang meresahkan masyarakat jika dibuang ke badan air penerima. Warna ini disebabkan oleh dekomposisi bahan organik, seperti lipid, tanin, dan senyawa fenol yang diekstraksi dari buah sawit ketika proses sterilisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri pendegradasi LCPKS yang berpotensi sebagai alternatif pendekolorisasi limbah itu sendiri. Mikroorganisme yang berhasil diisolasi dengan media Ramsay adalah sebanyak 24 isolat. Semua isolat diuji kemampuan degradasinya dengan melihat penurunan warna LCPKS menggunakan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 369 nm setelah tujuh hari. Empat isolat bakteri yang memberikan hasil terbaik dikarakterisasi melalui pewarnaan Gram dan uji fisiologis. Empat isolat bakteri yang memberikan persen dekolorisasi yang cukup baik adalah P2U12 (10.64%), P2U22 (47.51%), P4U31 (11.92%), dan P4U32 (14.17%). Isolat P2U12 merupakan bakteri Gram negatif yang dapat memfermentasi karbohidrat dan menghasilkan asam, sementara ketiga lainnya adalah bakteri Gram positif yang dapat memfermentasi karbohidrat serta menghasilkan asam, etanol, dan 2.3-butanadiol. Isolat P2U22 yang memberikan hasil dekolorisasi terbaik diisolasi genomnya dan dianalisis menggunakan BLASTn pada NCBI, lalu dianalisis kekerabatannya menggunakan pohon filogeni dengan MEGA5.1. Hasil analisis menggunakan BLASTn menunjukkan bahwa isolat P2U22 ini merupakan golongan Bacillus sp. dan berkerabat sangat dekat dengan Bacillus amylolequefanciens SrRB2.
Keyword: Bacillus sp, Dekolorisasi, Isolasi, Xylocarpus granatum

Judul: Dekolorisasi Limbah Cair Kelapa Sawit dengan Deoklining Menggunakan Metode Rotating Biological Contactor.
Abstrak: Limbah hasil olahan minyak kelapa sawit yang berwarna keruh dapat mencemari sungai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menghilangkan warna dari limbah cair kelapa sawit dengan deoklining menggunakan metode rotating biological contactor. Parameter uji yang dianalisis adalah intensitas warna dari limbah cair kelapa sawit, dilihat dari nilai absorbansi dan persen penyerapan zat warna, menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Panjang gelombang maksimum yang diperoleh dari limbah cair kelapa sawit sebesar 220 nm. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada jam ke 0, 1, 3, 5, dan 7. Hasil pengujian duplo menunjukkan telah terjadi penurunan intensitas warna, walaupun pada kedua ulangan sedikit mengalami kenaikan nilai absorbansi pada jam ke-5. Dilihat dari nilai persen penyerapan zat warna, terjadi kenaikan dengan nilai persen penyerapan hingga jam ke-7 ulangan pertama sebesar 25.05% dan persen penyerapan jam ke-7 ulangan kedua sebesar 10.64%.
Keyword: dekolorisasi, deoklining, ligninolitik, pome, RBC

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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