Judul: Efektivitas sterilisasi iradiasi sinar gamma CO-60 dan mesin berkas elektron terhadap berbagai bahan pembawa serta viabilitas inokulan dalam bahan pembawa arang batok dan zeolit
Abstrak: Biofertilizer is a substance containing living microorganism such as nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing microorganism and organic matter decomposing microorganism which applied to seed, plant surface or soil to improve growth and increasing supply of availability of primary nutrients to the plant. Application of biofertilizer becomes alternative fertilizer to support application of chemical fertilizer to preserve the environment. Biofertilizers are packaged on carrier material such as peat, charcoal, compost, zeolite and others which can provide ideal home and keep the effectiveness of microorganism during storage period. Carrier is important thing to determine the quality of biofertilizer. The property of good carrier is free for unwanted indigenous microorganism to keep high number of inoculants microorganism, so that must be carrier sterilization. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of Gamma Irradiation Co-60, Electron Beam Machine (EBM) and autoclave toward decreasing the number of indigenous microorganism on carrier material coconut shell charcoal, zeolite, wood charcoal and peat from Rawa Pening. Beside that to investigate viability of Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi inoculants on carrier material coconut shell charcoal and zeolite. Sterilization of Gamma Irradiation Co-60 and EBM conducted in PATIR – BATAN, while sterilization of autoclave, sterility tests and viability tests conducted in Laboratory of Soil Biotechnology, Agricultural Faculty, IPB. The result shows using Gamma Irradiation Co-60 at 50 kGy, Electron Beam Machine (EBM) and autoclave are effective to sterilize indigenous microorganism on carrier materials with minimum detection limit was 102 cfu/g. The result of viability of Azospirillum, Azotobacter dan Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi inoculants on sterilized carrier material by Gamma Irradiation Co-60, EBM and autoclave tended to decline during storage 70 days at room temperature (250C). Viable cell Azospirillum inoculants on zeolite sterilized by Gamma Irradiation Co-60 and autoclave give best performance of viability test with decreased number of cell were 11.11 %. While using autoclave toward coconut shell charcoal leads to decrease viable cell of Phosphate Solubilizing Fungi inoculants to 99.75 % aimed that autoclave was not best method of sterilization.
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Judul: Penggunaan sterilisasi iradiasi Sinar Gamma Co-60 dan Mesin Berkas Elektron pada viabilitas inokulan dalam bahan pembawa (kompos dan gambut)
Abstrak: Carrier material is very important role to decide the quality of biological fertilizer. The carrier consist of high amount of indigenous microbes about 106 cell/gram carrier even more. Therefore, sterilization of carrier material either for kill or reduce the amount of indigenous microbe is the absolutely thing to do. There are several factors in carrier sterilization, such as sterilization activity, sterilization cost, and sterilization process effect of carrier type. This research used some of sterilization methods, there were Gamma Ray Irradiation C0-60 method and Electron Beam Machine (EBM) method at 50 kGy. Both of them are compared with autoclave method which is conventional method at temperate 121oC for one hour on two days in a row. The carriers that used in this research were compost product of BATAN and peat from South Kalimantan. in testing the ability of inoculants survival (Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Phosphate Solublizing Fungi), they are added in the sterilized carriers and they are saved at 20oC. and then we do counting the inoculants population periodicly until ten weeks. Gamma Ray Irradiation Co-60, Electron Beam Machine, and autoclave the same method to kill indigenous microbes. Whereas from inoculant viability tests, The Effect of Gamma Ray Irradiation Co-60 and Electron Beam Machine to carriers is better than autoclave because this method only give good effect to carrier (peat) less than six weeks, where contaminant will not found visually. On the other hand the Gamma Ray Irradiation Co-60 and Electron Beam Machine carriers still have good condition until ten weeks.
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Judul: Studi kasus migran pedagang kaki lima di pasar Senen, Jakarta Pusat
Abstrak: Sejak Jakarta menjadi ibukota negara RI, Jakarta tidak pernah sepi dari arus migrasi penduduk. Masuknya para migran ke Jakarta disebabkan karena pertumbuhan fisik yang nyata, yaitu dari pembangunan gedung perkantoran, fasilitas hiburan dan lainnya, memberi daya tarik bagi orang bukan penduduk Jakarta. Termasuk di antara migran adalah kaum golongan kecil yang berasal dari kalangan sirkuit bawah desa. Alasan utama migrasi di sirkuit bawah, yaitu khususnya yang akhirnya bekerja sebagai pedagang kaki lima di Pasar Senen ini pindah ke Jakarta, adalahJakarta menawarkan kesempatan kerja bagi siapa saja yang mau bekerja. Karena di desa tak ada pekerjaan yang dapat menampung golongan muda, kaum migran meninggalkan desa menuju Jakarta. Pola migrasi masuk ke Jakarta tidak dipengaruhi oleh kemungkinan golongan muda mampir di kota-kota kecil sebelum tiba di Jakarta. Keberanian dan tekad bulat meninggalkan desa asal didorong pula oleh sumber cerita tentang Jakarta (saudara/kenalan) yang juga mengalami bahwa setiba di Jakarta mereka akan langsung bekerja. Pendidikan rendah, tidak memiliki ketrampilan, orang petani/buruh tani, merupakan bagian kecil latar tua belakang sosial migran pedagang kaki lima. Memperoleh pekerjaan apa saja asal halal pada mulanya, tempat tinggal dimana saja, modal kecil dan pendapatan harian yang rendah juga mewarnai hidup para migran pedagang kaki lima di Jakarta. Namun sekalipun demikian mereka tetap hidup, bahkan dapat mengirim uang ke desa asal, pulang ke desa minimum setahun sekali dan sedikit-sedikit mampumenabung. Bekerja sebagai pedagang kaki lima sudah ditekuni selama lebih dari lima tahun bahkan ada yang lebih dari tujuh tahun. Inipun dimulai setelah minimum selama dua tahun migran mengerjakan apa saja di Pasar Senen: yang penting dapat uang dan bisa hidup di Jakarta. Bahkan modal membuka usaha kaki lima diperoleh dari selama bekerja mula-mula itu. untuk pengumpulan upah Sekalipun terdapat kenaikan tingkat kehidupan sosial di kota dibandingkan dari desa, kaum migran pedagang lima di Pasar Senen ini tetap berada bawah kota. di kaki bawah sirkuit Ikatan-ikatan baru di kota hampir tidak terjadi kecuali ikatan-ikatan kedaerahan yang terus dipertahankan.
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