Judul: Designing a sustainable management policy of national park in the decentralized era
Abstrak: National park plays an important role in conserving nature, biodiversity and life supporting system. However, sectoral policy set up intended to manage national park may hinder that crusial role for humankind. Therefore, there has to be alternative approach to create a sound and effective public policy to manage national park sustainably. Critical system thinking could provide practical framework on policy analysis. This study was intended to develop a sustainable management policy model of national park using soft and hard system methodology approach. The results revealed that the need of such system was to balance social, economic, environment and natural resources for supporting sustainable development. The goals of the system were to protect valuable national park ecosystem for human wellbeing, to increase wealth of local residents close to national park, and to secure the existence of culture. The park authority should pay more attention to local people since they might behave as supporter or destroyer. Conceptual policy model of sustainable national park management was developed, namely National Park Management System Based on Ecosystem and Community which consisted of 3 models which were Management Model, Institutional Model and Funding Model. The model was considered as Community Initiative Government Support. In order to overcome coordination problem, to enhance comanagement and to increase benefit to local people, it is suggested that Working Group of National Park Planning Management and Village Owned Enterprise might be established. In addition, National Park Office should be enacted to General Service Agency of National Park as for efficiency and flexibility of financial management which are more transparent, accountable and professional.
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Judul: Management policy options of Danau Sentarum National Park West Kalimantan Province
Abstrak: Management of Danau Sentarum National Park (DSNP) is conducted through DSNP Unit. Until now, the management has not achieved the expected objectives, namely the preservation of the area and welfare of the community. This condition indicates the single management by the government is not able to achieve the management objectives. This study aims to formulate the policy options of DSNP management through economic, social and policy approaches, in order to obtain better policy options economically (knowledge of economy as well as benefits generated), socially (reducing conflicts, culturally appropriate), and policy (governance; efficient/effective, less cost). These goals will be achieved through several studies, namely: 1) suspecting benefits and total economic potential of DSNP; 3) analyzing the stakeholders in the management of DSNP; 3) outlining the government’s social capital and capabilities in the management of DSNP; and 4) analyzing policy of DSNP management. The research had been conducted in the area of DSNP in the West Kalimantan Province. The data was collected using the techniques of: 1) Document research, 2) interview, 3) direct observation. The number of community samples quota is 60 (sixty) households in each location (3 SPTN) which was determined by random sampling. To comply with information obtained from the respondents, interviews were conducted with key informants in each study site. As for other stakeholders, the interviews were carried out with a snowball method. The data were analyzed quantitatively (categorization) and qualitatively. There were many kind of benefits in DSNP with high economic value. The TEV of DSNP covers Rp 139 billion per year. This result when compared with the cost of managing DSNP that covered Rp 6.7 billion in 2010 shows that only 4.82 percent of the benefits generated. It means that DSNP as conservation area that have been considered as a cost center is not true. This potential economic value of DSNP could be real by implementing incentive mechanism in the management of DSNP, where for the current time the incentive mechanism that is likely to run is water for environmental service for households. Various benefits and the high economic value contained in DSNP attract various stakeholders to utilize and manage them. There are 18 (eighteen) stakeholders involved in the management of DSNP, consisting of government, community, Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) and research institution. Based on their influence and importance, the stakeholders serve as subjects, key players, context setter and crowd; and the relation among them is conflicts, complementary and cooperation. The existence of these various stakeholders brings along the consequence that the management conducted in DSNP needs to be changed from a single management by the government to management involving the stakeholders. The form of stakeholders’ involvement can be seen from social capital at the community level and capability of the government in managing DSNP. Social capital in the community within the area of DSNP which is assessed from trust, norms and social networks shows the strong/high of social capital of the community. Public trust to the role of community leaders in managing natural resources is very high, which indicates that more people obey what is commanded by their leader.
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Judul: Reproduksi Ikan "Shirogisu" Sillago japonica (Temminck dan Schlegel) di Perairan Teluk Omura, Nagasaki, Jepang
Abstrak: Ikan S. japonica pertama kali matang gonad pada ukuran kelas panjang 185 - 198 mm dan frekuensi terbesar pada ikan jantan pada selang kelas rata-rata 220 mm (100 %) dan ikan betina pada selang kelas rata-rata 234 mm (100 %). Melalui histologi gonad ikan betina, pada TKG II terdapat sel oogonia dimana sel telur belum matang (perinucleolus) yaitu inti sel mulai membesar dan membran sel yang tebal. Pada TKG III, sel telur berkembang menjadi oocyte primer dan kemudian menjadi oocyte sekunder dimana sel telur telah matang (ripe eggs), butiran kuning telur telah terbentuk dan membran sel mulai menipis. Pada TKG IV, sel telur berkembang menjadi ootid, dimana terjadinya penyatuan butiran kuning telur yang menuju salah satu kutub anima (Fusion of yolk globule) dan terdapat membran sel yang menipis pada sel telur yang matang (Oolema of ripe eggs). Pada TKG V, sel telur berkembang menjadi ovum yang akan dikeluarkan pada saat pemijahan, mulai berkurangnya ootid dan terdapat folikel yang kosong. Sedangkan pada testes ikan jantan, TKG I ditunjukkan adanya sel spermatogonia yang berada di dalam kantung tubulus seminifer. Pada TKG I1 sel berkembang menjadi sel spermatogonia. Pada TKG III sel spermatogonia berkembang menjadi spermatocytes primer dimana terjadi pembelahan sel secara miosis (pembelahan pertama) dan kemudian berkembang menjadi spermatocytes sekunder dimana terjadi pembelahan sel yang kedua. Pada TKG IV sel spermatocytes berkembang menjadi sel spermatid, dan pada TKG V sel spermatid herkembang menjadi spermatozoa yang akan dikeluarkan pada saat pemijahan.
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