Judul: Penggunaan Nitrogen dan Mineral Mikro dalam Produksi Selulase pada Medium Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit oleh Neurospora sitophila
Abstrak: Pemerintah telah mentargetkan bahwa pada tahun 1995 Indonesia akan memproduksi minyak kelapa sawit sebesar 4.5 juta ton setahun. Dari satu ton tandan buah segar yang diolah, akan dihasikan limbah padat dalam bentuk tandan buah kosong, sabut, dan cangkang biji, yang jumlahnya masing-masing sekitar 23 persen, 13.5 persen, dan 5.5 persen. Sebagian dari limbah lignoselulosa ini telah dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar boiler dan pupuk kalium. Mikroorganisme memerlukan nutrisi dengan komposisi tertentu untuk tumbuh dan berkembang baik. Komposisi nutrisi harus dapat memenuhi kebutuhan energi yang tepat untuk biosintetis berbagai sel dalam mikroorganisme. Medium yang digunakan harus dirancang sedemikian rupa agar mengandung unsur karbon, nitrogen, kalsium, dan unsur kelumit seperti Co, Fe, Zn, dan Mn. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan sumber nitrogen dan mineral mikro yang ditambahkan pada substrat Iimbah padat kelapa sawit yang dapat memproduksi selulase secara optimal dan untuk memperoleh waktu fermentasi yang tepat pada bioreaktor multiple mini packed bed termodifikasi dalam menghasilkan selulase.
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Judul: Produksi Enzim Selulase oleh Penicillium nalgiovense SS240 pada Substrat Tandan Sawit
Abstrak: Hidrolisis selulosa secara enzimatik membutuhkan penggunaan enzim selulase, sebuah kompleks enzim yang terdiri atas endo 1,4-β-D-glukanase, ekso 1,4-β-D-glukanase dan β-glukosidase. Produksi enzim selulase dipengaruhi oleh ketersediaan karbon dan nitrogen. Variasi perlakuan substrat sebagai media tumbuh mikroorganisme, sumber nitrogen dan konsentrasi nitrogen diamati terhadap produksi enzim selulase oleh P. nalgiovense SS240. P. nalgiovense SS240 ditumbuhkan masing-masing pada substrat tandan sawit dengan perlakuan NaOH, tanpa perlakuan NaOH dan polard perlakuan NaOH dengan metode kultur terendam untuk mencari sumber karbon terbaik bagi produksi enzim selulase. Penelitian dilanjutkan untuk mencari sumber nitrogen yang paling baik untuk produksi selulase. Sumber nitrogen yang digunakan adalah amonium sulfat + urea dan natrium nitrat. Sumber nitrogen terbaik digunakan untuk penelitian berikutnya yaitu optimalisasi produksi enzim dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi nitrogen yaitu sebesar 0.017%, 0.034% dan 0.068%. Uji aktivitas sakarifikasi terhadap dedak digunakan sebagai parameter uji untuk ketiga tahap penelitian. Adapun uji aktivitas CMCase dan β-glukosidase dilakukan untuk penelitian tahap ketiga
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite