Judul: Kajian perbedaan wadah kemasan terhadap mutu cake selama penyimpanan dingin
Abstrak: Cake is one of balcery products which have been recognized in Indonesia. Severai variation of cake had been created with various taste, processing and form, so type of cake became more and more various and can be found easily in market. Black Forest is one of the variant of cake that already known by Indonesian consumer. Due to the ingredients, cake is categorized as a processed food product wbich can be easily damage, such as rancidity and microbe contamination. Consumers try to preserve the cake by keeping it in refrigerator. Consequently, cake become harden quickly. Nowadays we often find cake sold per slice but if cake is made in hone by ourse!x:es with big size and doesn't consume reutinely every day, so we need an appropiate packaging and storage condition which is suitable with cake's characteristic in order to keep the quality and extend the sheiflife of cake. The research aims are to get information of the characteristics of blackforest, studying the change of quality of cake during storage related to its packaging type and getting the best packaging type according to characteristic of cake during storage.
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Judul: Kajian Teknik Pengemasan Buah Pepaya Dan Semangka Terolah Minimal Selama Penyimpanan Dingin
Abstrak: Papaya and Watermelon are one of the famous agriculture commodity. As a agriculture products, they are perishables. This is because papaya and watermelon are still doing metabolitic activity (respiration). The effect of papaya and watermelon respiration is chemical changing so that caused physical changing. The physical changing as a result of chemical changing could be perceived directly as a color, aroma, texture and flavour changing. People generally prefer to consumed them in cold condition. Before they are ready to consume, papaya and watermelon are processed minimally, including fruits cleaning, paring, and cutting into a smaller size so that make them more interesting and easier to consume. They also has a big size so they havenot finished consumed in once time. So, usually people cut them several time during consumption. Minimally processed cause injury in the fruits so that make it shorter in storage life. The way that we can do to prolong the storage life of the minimally processed of papaya and watermelon is a proper packaging and cold storage. The aim of the research is to get characteristic of packaging, physical, chemical, microbiology’s characteristic of fruits, and quality parameter changing and organoleptic assesment for cold storage according to the technique packaging. It also determine the suitable packaging for the fruits during cold storage. Storage were conducted at five treatment that is using polypropylene packaging with two opened circulation holes (B1), polypropylene packaging with one opened circulation hole (B2), polypropylene packaging with two closed circulation holes (B3), plate with cling film plastic cover (B4), plate with no cover (B5) and conducted in the chiller refrigator with 5 - 100C temperature. The parameter which were tested are proximate test (including water content, ash content, protein content, faty content and fiber content) and quality analysis including physical parameter (texture and color), chemical parameter (water content, total acid content, pH, total sugar content, Aw, vitamin C), microbiological test (TPC) and organoleptic test. The parameter were tested during 14 days storage. The result of research showed that thickness, gramature and density of polypropylene packaging is higher and transmission rate (O2, CO2, H2O) is lower than cling film plastic packaging. Characteristic of papaya and watermelon showed that both of them had a relatively high water content (> 80%), watermelon’s texture was lower than papaya’s, neutral’s pH (6.10 for papaya and 5.60 for watermelon), papaya and watermelon’s Aw were 0.82 dan 0.80. They also has a relatively low carbohydrates, protein, and fat. The result also showed that during storage was occurred the increasing microbiological test (TPC). It cause the increasing of water content (except in B5), decreasing of total sugar content, increasing of total acid and decreasing of pH, increasing of color brightness (except in B5), and 0Hue (except in B5 of watermelon) and also increasing of texture content. Organoleptic test showed that fruits that in plate with no cover (B5) had the highest decreasing than the other. Panelists still like the fruits that packed in all of polypropylene packaging (B1, B2, B3) until nine to twelve days, fruits in plate with cling film cover (B4) until eight
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Judul: Sistem Dinamik Penyebaran Penyakit Flu Burung dengan Vaksinasi.
Abstrak: Avian influenza mengacu pada penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus avian (burung) influenza (flu) Tipe A. Virus ini terjadi secara alami di antara burung air liar di seluruh dunia dan dapat menginfeksi unggas domestik dan spesies burung serta hewan lainnya. Terdapat dua kategori virus influenza tipe A yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada burung, yaitu patogen avian influenza rendah (LPAI) dan patogen avian influenza tinggi (HPAI). Burung liar biasanya menyebarkan virus LPAI ke burung domestik dan dalam kondisi tertentu, LPAI mengalami mutasi dan berevolusi menjadi HPAI. HPAI menyebabkan kegagalan organ dalam dan mengakibatkan tingkat kematian sebesar 90-100 persen di antara burung domestik dalam waktu 48 jam. Virus influenza tipe A menjadi penyakit yang ditakuti oleh masyarakat, karena virus ini tidak hanya menyerang unggas namun juga dapat menyebar dari unggas yang terinfeksi ke manusia. Sementara itu, pada tahun 1997 di Hong Kong, terdapat pasien yang dirawat di Rumah Sakit karena virus flu burung, yang kemudian tertular pada anggota keluarga pasien dan perawat kesehatan. Diketahui dari dua perawat yang terpapar, salah satunya melaporkan penyakit pernapasan setelah dua hari berinteraksi dengan pasien tersebut. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa penularan dari manusia ke manusia telah terjadi. Manusia yang terinfeksi oleh gejala flu burung menunjukkan gejala seperti demam, batuk, sakit tenggorokan, nyeri otot, dan pada kasus yang parah dapat mengalami kesulitan bernapas, pneumonia, gangguan pernapasan akut, dan kegagalan pernapasan. Subtipe flu burung H5N1 telah mewabah di Asia dan beberapa tempat lain, dengan 860 infeksi manusia yang dikonfirmasi oleh laboratorium selama tahun 2003-2018, 454 atau 52,8 persen diantaranya telah berakibat fatal. Saat ini, penyebaran virus H5N1 diketahui terkendali, tetapi infeksi bisa muncul kembali kapan saja di masa depan. H5N1 dapat bermutasi menjadi strain yang mampu menularkan penyakit dari manusia ke manusia secara efisien. Jika situasi berlanjut tanpa kontrol yang efektif, pandemi flu burung dapat terjadi di antara manusia dengan tingkat kematian yang berpotensi tinggi. Sehingga, diperlukan tindakan pengendalian untuk mencegah pandemik flu burung di antara manusia, salah satunya adalah vaksinasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun kerangka pemodelan yang mengacu pada model Chong et al. (2014) dan Modnak dan Wang (2018). Model matematika penyebaran penyakit flu burung akan dimodifikasi dengan memperhatikan pengaruh vaksinasi serta penambahan kompartemen lain, yaitu individu yang terpapar. Hasil analisis yang dilakukan pada model hasil modifikasi diperoleh dua titik tetap, yaitu titik tetap tanpa penyakit dan titik tetap endemik. Titik tetap tanpa penyakit stabil asimtotik lokal pada kondisi ℛ0<1, sedangkan titik tetap endemik stabil asimtotik lokal pada kondisi ℛ0>1. Hasil simulasi numerik dinamika populasi menunjukkan hasil yang sesuai dengan kestabilan titik tetap tanpa penyakit dan titik tetap endemik. Analisis sensitivitas menghasilkan parameter laju alamiah kelahiran manusia dan tingkat vaksinasi pada populasi manusia rentan memiliki nilai mutlak indeks sensitivitas yang paling besar. Kemudian dilakukan simulasi numerik pada parameter laju alamiah kelahiran manusia dan tingkat vaksinasi pada populasi manusia rentan. Semakin besar laju alamiah kelahiran manusia maka jumlah populasi manusia rentan, populasi manusia terpapar, populasi manusia terinfeksi dengan strain avian, populasi manusia terinfeksi dengan strain mutan dan populasi manusia sembuh akan semakin menurun. Sedangkan populasi burung rentan dan populasi burung terinfeksi akan tetap. Tingkat vaksinasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah populasi
Keyword: analisis sensitivitas, bilangan reproduksi dasar, flu burung, vaksinasi