Judul: Kemampuan Berbagai Kombinasi Isolat Bakteri Simbion Rayap dengan Isolat Bakteri Rumen dalam Mendegradasikan Pakan Sumber Serat
Abstrak: This experiment was conducted to determine ability of termite simbion bacteria that combined with rumen bacteria to degrade fibrous feeds. This experiment used a randomized block design with factorial design (7x3) and three replications. The first factor was combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria P1 (A + D + SE511), P2 (A + D + SE512), P3 (A + D + SE513), P4 (A + D + SE511 + SE512), P5 (A + D + SE512 + SE513), P6 (A + D + SE511 + SE513) and P7 (A + D + SE511 + SE512 + SE513). A (SB 53 5(3)1) and D (SC 51 5(2)) were isolates of termite bacteria and SE511, SE512 and SE513 were isolates of rumen bacteria. The second factor was fibrous feeds (napier grass, rice straw and palm press fibre). The rumen liquid was used as replications. The variables measured were concentration of NH3, total VFA production, degradabilities of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM), digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM). The data were analyzed by using analysis of variance and the differences between treatments were determined by contrast orthogonal. The results showed that differences in fibrous feeds affected significantly NH3 concentration, degradability of DM and OM and digestibilities of DM and OM (P<0.01), but did not produce significant effect on total VFA production. Napier grass has higher (P<0.01) NH3 concentration and DM digestibility than rice straw and palm press fibre. DM and OM degradabilities of napier grass and palm press fibre are higher (P<0.01) than those of rice straw. Napier grass and rice straw have higher (P<0.01) digestibilities of OM than palm press fibre. There are no significant effects of combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria treatment on all variables measured. It can be concluded that the combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria have synergic relationship in degradating fibrous feeds. Keywords: termite simbion bacteria, fermentability, degradability, fibrous feeds
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Judul: Kombinasi Isolat Bakteri Simbion  Rayap  Dengan Isolat Bakteri Rumen Dalam Meningkatkan Nilai Guna Pakan Sumber  Serat
Abstrak: The aim of this experiment was to determine the best combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria to degradate fibrous feeds. This experiment used randomized block design with factorial design (3x6) and 3 replications. The first factor was combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria {T1 (A + SE 511), T2 (A + SE 512), T3 (A + SE 513), T4 (D + SE 511), T5 (D + SE 512), and T6 (D + SE 513)}, and the second factor was fibrous feeds (napier grass, rice straw and palm press fibre). A (SB 53 5(3)1) and D (SC 51 5(2)) were isolates of termite bacteria and SE 511, SE 512, SE 513 were isolates of rumen bacteria. Variables measured in this experiment were concentrations of NH3 and VFA, and degradabilities of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM), digestibilities of DM and OM. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and differences among treatments were tested by contrast orthogonal when there was a significant effects of treatment on variables measured. The results showed that differences in fibrous feeds significantly affected all variables measured (P<0.01). Rice straw had higher (P<0.01) VFA concentration than napier grass and palm press fibre. Napier grass and rice straw had higher (P<0.01) NH3 concentration than palm press fibre. Degradability of DM and OM of napier grass were higher than those of rice straw and palm press fibre (P<0.01). Differences in combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria significantly affected digestibilities of DM and OM. Treatments of T2, T4, T5 and T6 had higher (P<0.05) digestibility of DM than T1 and T3. Treatments of T4, T5, and T6 had higher digestibility of OM than T1, T2, and T3. It is concluded that the combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria have synergic relationship in degradating fibrous feeds. The best combination are T4, T5 and T6 in digesting fibrous feeds with the best isolate of termite bacteria is isolate D {SC 51 5(2)}. In comparison to napier grass, coculture between termite and sheep rumen bacterial isolates for 6 hour incubating period has improved fermentability and digestibility of rice straw, however, no such improvement was obtained in fermentability and digestibility of palm press fibre.
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Judul: Pricing of Lookback Options with Floating Strike Price Using The Monte Carlo Method
Abstrak: Opsi lookback adalah opsi yang payoff-nya bergantung pada harga saham terbesar atau harga saham terkecil yang dicapai selama masa berlaku opsi. Opsi lookback dikatakan dengan floating strike price jika nilai dari strike price sebesar harga saham pada saat jatuh tempo. Nilai hampiran opsi lookback ditentukan dengan metode Monte Carlo, sedangkan nilai eksak didapat dari nilai simulasi terbesar yang mampu dihitung oleh komputer. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, nilai galat relatif yang dihasilkan semakin kecil dengan semakin bertambah banyaknya simulasi yang dilakukan, sehingga metode Monte Carlo untuk menghitung harga opsi lookback dengan floating strike price konvergen ke nilai eksaknya., Lookback option is an option whose payoff depends on the maximum or minimum of the asset price reached during the option period. The lookback option is said to be a floating strike price if the value of the strike price is equal to the stock price at maturity. The value of the lookback option is determined by the Monte Carlo method, while the exact value is obtained from the largest simulation value that the computer can compute. Based on the calculation results, the resulting relative error value get smaller with the increasing number of simulations performed. Therefore, the Monte Carlo method to calculate the price of the lookback option with the floating strike price converges to the exact value.
Keyword: lookback option, floating strike price, Monte Carlo method, convergent