Judul: Kajian Persistensi dan Penularan Virus Avian Influenza di Peternakan Itik menggunakan Teknik Real Time RT-PCR
Abstrak: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been a major threat to poultry industry and human health in Indonesia over the past several years. The existence of backyard and free-range duck raising system has been hypothesized to play role in the disease circulation. This study investigated H5 virus infection and circulation occurring in three types of free-range duck farms in Indramayu District, West Java, Indonesia from September 2009 to March 2010. One hundred and eighty pairs of cloacal-oropharyngeal swab samples from sentinel ducks placed in six farms of the three farm types were collected every month for seven months period and screened in pools for influenza A virus. In addition to the sentinel ducks, 30 non-sentinel ducks were included at the first and the last sampling month. Of the total 648 pool samples collected for seven months, 91 pools (14%) were found influenza A positive at repeated events. The virus was more commonly found on type 1 farms followed by type 2 and 3 farms. The individual swab samples of influenza A positive pools were tested for H5 subtype. Of the total 91 pools of influenza A positive samples, 455 individual samples were tested for H5 subtype and 50 (11%) individual samples were found H5 positive. The H5 subtype was found at certain points of sampling time and was more commonly found in type 2 farms followed by type 1 and was not found on type 3 farms. The H5 virus was likely to be transmitted within duck farm but was unlikely to be maintained for a long time.
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Judul: Faktor Risiko Terkait Manajemen Kesehatan Unggas Terhadap Infeksi Virus Avian Influenza Di Tempat Penampungan Ayam
Abstrak: The aim of the study was to determine the association between the implementation of poultry health management with spreading of avian influenza virus (AIV) in Poultry Collecting Facilities (PCFs) in Jakarta. The study was performed using secondary data of the AIV surveilance collaboration of Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analitical Studies (CIVAS) and Indonesian Dutch Partnership (IDP) at 2007 by maintained the sentinel chickens (7-8 birds) in 39 PCFs for three months. The variables which related to poultry health management were health certificate, health inspection, health inspector, health inspection method, and handling of sick and dead birds. It was collected by interview with supervisor of PCFs. The AIV infection were taken from the cloacal and tracheal swab of the dead birds with rt-PCR. The results showed that the variable of handling of sick birds were significantly associated with infection of AIV (RR=2,00 ; 95% CI = 1,31-3,05). The other variables did not show significance association. The risk of AIV infection for kept the sick birds alive, or separated, or treated them in the same cage are twice greater than slaughtered them. Poultry health management in PCFs need to be improved as an effort to prevent and control the spreading of AIV in Indonesia.
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Judul: Aproksimasi Fungsi Sinus dan Kosinus sebagai Kombinasi Linear dari Fungsi Eksponensial
Abstrak: Salah satu gagasan yang menarik dalam matematika adalah aproksimasi suatu fungsi oleh fungsi lain. Sebagai contoh, fungsi polinom dapat diaproksimasi menggunakan deret Taylor atau fungsi persamaan diferensial dapat diaproksimasi menggunakan deret Fourier. Adapun fungsi yang dapat mengaproksimasi fungsi lain salah satunya adalah fungsi eksponensial. Kemungkinan mengaproksimasi fungsi dengan kombinasi linear dari fungsi eksponensial dari bentuk eˣ, e²ˣ, ... dianggap sebagai perkembangan sejajar dengan gagasan Deret Taylor yang mengaproksimasi fungsi dengan kombinasi linear dari segi fungsi kuadrat. Fungsi sin x dan cos x digunakan sebagai target untuk menilai seberapa baik aproksimasi yang dilakukan oleh fungsi yang diberikan. Aproksimasi fungsi sinus dan kosinus menggunakan hampiran Taylor lebih akurat dibandingkan dengan aproksimasi menggunakan fungsi eksponensial.
Keyword: Aprosimaksi eksponensial, aproksimasi fungsi, aprosimaksi Taylor, fungsi eksponensial