Judul: Optimasi Waktu Sonikasi dan Amplitudo Gelombang Ultrasonik Untuk Menghasilkan Stabilitas Emulsi Santan Kelapa Terbaik
Abstrak: Preserved coconut milk nowadays is more and more used by people for reasons of practicality. One effort that can be used to stabilize the coconut milk emulsion is particle size reduction methods of coconut milk with sonication. Sonication is a method of reducing the materials into nano-sized particles using ultrasonic waves. The factors which observed in this study was the sonication time and amplitude of the ultrasonic waves. This research is aimed to get the sonication time and the amplitude of ultrasonic waves which produced minimum particle size (nano size) and the best stability emulsion of coconut milk. The condition optimum that produce desirability value was about 0.895. Correlation at this points, the optimum sonication time was 49.14 minutes and the optimum amplitude was 41.28%, particle size on the optimum condition was 184.23 nm and stability of the emulsion was 100%.
Keyword: ultrasonic waves amplitude,, Response Surface Method (RSM), sonication time, particle size, coconut milk

Judul: Peningkatan Umur Simpan Produk Santan Kelapa (Cocos nucifera l.) dengan Aplikasi Bahan Tambahan Pangan dan Teknik Pasteurisasi
Abstrak: Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) milk is very useful in Indonesian food consumption. There is a demand from the small industry to preserve coconut milk product by simple technology. The purpose of this research is to choose the most suitable food additives and thermal process in order to extend coconut milk shelf life. In preparing coconut prior extraction step, blanching with hot water gives better result. Main research consists of three stages: determination of the most suitable stabilizer and antioxidant, determination of preservative, and study of the influence of thermal process and coconut milk storage. The result of the research shows that the most effective combination of food additives for unheated coconut milk are CMC (carboxymethylcellulose), BHT (butilatedhidroxytoluene), and methyl parabens. While the most effective combination of food additives for heated coconut milk are carrageenan, BHT, and kalium sorbate. In room temperature storage, based on pH value, emulsion stability, free fatty acid content, and total of microbe parameters, pure coconut milk without treatment will be expired for less than 12 hours. Heating coconut milk will extend the shelf life to 48 hours, and by pasteurization treatment the shelflife will be longer up to 60 hours. Store in refrigerator for coconut milk without heating will extend the shelf life to 8 days. Coconut milk with and without pasteurization will expire less than 2 months. Use of food additives combination and pasteurization technique, supported by cool storage can extend the shelf life of coconut milk product significantly. Stability is 75.49%; free fatty acid is 0.84; the total of microba is 3.55x103 cfu /ml. Based on the experiment shows that pasteurization coconut milk has either best quality. Furthermore, from the research the best quality of coconut milk is by thermal process, with the heat 75oC, and pasteurization. And at the cool condition (refrigerator) storage will make the coconut milk keep fresh longer.
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Judul: Theileriosis pada domba dan kambing akibat infeksi theileria ovis dan theileria hirci
Abstrak: Theileriosis adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan Boleh protozoa dari genus Theileria dan ditularkan melalui vektor caplak. Theileria ovis dan Theileria hirci pernah dimasukkan dalam genus Gonderia sehingga penyakit yang disebabkan oleh penyakit ini mempunyai beberapa nama diantaranya Benign Ovine and Caprine Gonderiosis atau Benign Ovine and Caprine Theileriosis (disebabkan oleh infeksi Theile- ria ovis). Sedang yang disebabkan oleh infeksi Theileria hirci diberi nama Malignant Ovine and Caprine Gonderiosis Malignant Ovine and Caprine Theileriosis (Levine, 1961). Soulsby (1982) dan Jensen (1983), memasukkan Theileria hirci dan Theileria ovis dalam genus Theileria, famili Theileriidae, ordo Piroplasmida, subklas Piroplasmia dan dalam kelas Sporozoa. Menurut hasil pemeriksaan theileriosis pada domba dan kambing di Indonesia periode 1 April 1981 sampai 31 Maret 1982 di Propinsi Sumatera Barat di Daerah Tingkat II Pasaman Kecamatan Talamun ditemukan pada 2 ekor kambing kacang, Kecamatan Sungai Beremas ditemukan pada 3 ekor kambing kacang dan di Daerah Tingkat II Padang Pariaman, Kecamatan Pariaman ditemukan pada 1 ekor kambing kacang (Informasi Keswan, 1982). Daerah penyebaran Theileria ovis yang pernah dilapor- kan adalah Afrika Tengah, Afrika Barat, Afrika Timur, Afrika Selatan, Perancis, Jerman, Hongaria, Sardinia dan diduga India. Sedangkan penyebaran Theileria hirci meli- puti Afrika Utara, Eropa Selatan, Irak dan Turki. Bentuk Theileria ovis dan Theileria hirci pada domba dan kambing dalam eritrosit disebut piroplasma dan bentuk dalam limfosit disebut Koch bodies atau skizon. Bentuk dalam vektor caplak adalah zigot dan kinet. Di dalam eritrosit parasit ini mempunyai beberapa macam bentuk yaitu, bentuk bulat, oval, batang, bentuk buah pir atau koma dan bentuk seperti anaplasma. Bentuk dalam limfosit berupa skizon yang terdiri dari makroskizon dan mikroskizon. Penularan Theileria ovis dan Theileria hirci dari hewan satu ke hewan lain secara alam dilakukan oleh vektor caplak secara stage to stage. Vektor dari Theileria ovis adalah caplak dari genus Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Hae- mophysalis dan Ornithodorus. Sedangkan vektor dari Thei- leria hirci yaitu caplak dari genus Rhipicephalus dan di- duga Ornithodorus. Penularan secara buatan dapat dilakukan dengan cara mekanik (penyuntikan dengan aplikasi intravena, subkutan dan intraperitoneal)…dst
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