Judul: Isolasi dan karakterisasi fragmen cDNA dari gen penyandi glutathiones S-Conjugate transporter dari melastoma affine D.Don
Abstrak: M, affine memiliki mekanisme detoksifikasi cekaman Al dm pH rendah diperlihatkan oleh pertumbuhannya yang baik pada tanah asam dengan kelarutan Al yang tinggi. Salah satu protein yang penting dalain detoksifikasi tekanan xenobiotik adalah protein multi-drug resistance associated protein (MW) yang disandi oleh gen mrp. MRP juga disebut dengan Mg ATP -dependent glutathione s- conjugate transporter (pompa GS-X).
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Judul: Isolasi dan Pengklonan Fragmen cDNA Gen Penyandi Protein Steroid Nuclear Receptor dari Melastoma malabathricum L.
Abstrak: Respon tanaman terhadap senyawa xenobiotik baik yang berasal dari biotik maupun abiotik melibatkan sejumlah mekanisme pertahanan yang spesifik dan terkoordinasi. Inisiasi respon selulernya dilakukan oleh reseptor xenobiotik yang berperan mendeteksi senyawa dan menginduksi beragam aktivitas enzimatik dan transporter untuk mendetoksifikasi dan menghilangkan senyawa asing. Steroid nuclear receptor, adalah bagian dari kelas reseptor inti (Nuclear receptors/NRs). NR adalah faktor transkripsi yang diaktivasi oleh ligan yang mengatur ekspresi gen melalui interaksi dengan sekuen DNA hulu dari gen-gen targetnya dan merupakan sensor xenobiotik. Protein ini juga mempunyai fungsi sebagai sensor pertahanan terhadap patogen dalam sistem imunitas tanaman. Fragmen cDNA dari gen penyandi protein Steroid Nuclear Receptor dari Melastoma malabathricum. L (MmFSNR) telah berhasil diisolasi dan diklon di dalam pGEM®–T Easy. Isolasi dan pengklonan MmFSNR dimulai dengan RNA total. RNA total telah berhasil diisolasi. cDNA total telah berhasil disintesis dengan menggunakan RNA total sebagai cetakan melalui proses transkripsi balik. Fragmen cDNA MmFSNR berukuran 700 pb telah berhasil diisolasi melalui PCR dengan cDNA total sebagai cetakan dan primer spesifik snrF dan snrR. Fragmen MmFSNR ini kemudian diinsersikan kedalam plasmid pGEM®–T Easy, selanjutnya plasmid rekombinan ini diintroduksikan ke dalam Eschericia coli DH5α. Pengurutan DNA fragmen MmFSNR dengan menggunakan ABI Prism 310 Automated DNA Sequencer menghasilkan urutan fragmen cDNA MmFSNR sebesar 700 pb. Fragmen ini mengandung beberapa situs enzim restriksi tetapi tidak mengandung situs pemotongan EcoR1 yang terdapat di dalam situs ganda pengklonan dari pGEM®–T Easy. Analisis kesejajaran nukleotida menggunakan program BLASTN menunjukkan bahwa fragmen MmFSNR mempunyai kemiripan 65% dengan mRNA penyandi protein membran uncharacterized dari Arabidopsis thaliana L. (At3g27390). Analisis penyejajaran deduksi asam amino dari fragmen MmFSNR menggunakan program BLASTP menunjukkan bahwa protein deduksi dari cDNA MmFSNR mempunyai kemiripan 53% dengan protein At3g27390 dan 47% dengan SNR dari Medicago truncantula. At3g27390 adalah protein yang diinduksi oleh elisitor flagelin yang dihasilkan oleh patogen dan SNR adalah sensor xenobiotik, sehingga MmFSNR kemungkinan mempunyai peranan dalam detoksifikasi Al yang dapat menjadi senyawa xenobotik.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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