Judul: Livelihood Strategy and Welfare of Farmers' Households Affected by Tidal Flood (Case: Pesanggrahan Village, Wonokerto Districts, Pekalongan Regency, Jawa Tengah Province)
Abstrak: Banjir rob di Desa Pesanggrahan terjadi karena pengaruh dari hulu dan kenaikan muka air laut sebagai akibat dari perubahan iklim. Hal ini berdampak terhadap produktivitas pertanian hingga menghilangnya beberapa mata pencaharian petani, sehingga petani perlu menerapkan strategi nafkah untuk menghadapi dampak dari perubahan iklim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perkembangan terjadinya banjir rob, menganalisis modal nafkah yang dimanfaatkan rumah tangga petani, menganalisis strategi nafkah yang diterapkan rumah tangga petani, dan menganalisis kesejahteraan rumah tangga petani. Metode penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif yang didukung oleh data kualitatif. Data diperoleh dengan wawancara mendalam kepada 4 informan dan kuesioner kepada 35 rumah tangga petani Desa Pesanggrahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa banjir rob banyak memberikan dampak negatif bagi kehidupan rumah tangga petani serta menghilangnya beberapa mata pencaharian. Strategi nafkah yang diterapkan rumah tangga petani adalah diversifikasi mata pencaharian. Modal nafkah diperlukan untuk menerapkan strategi nafkah, namun tidak ada hubungan kepemilikan modal nafkah dengan keberagaman strategi nafkah. Kesejahteraan berhubungan dengan keadaan berupa banjir rob yang mengganggu kegiatan sosial ekonomi responden., Tidal flooding in Pesanggrahan Village occurred due to the influence of upstream and sea-level rise as a result of climate change. This has an impact on agricultural productivity and the loss of some farmers' livelihoods, so farmers need to implement livelihood strategies to deal with the impacts of climate change. This study aims to describe the development of tidal flooding, analyze the livelihood capital used by farmer households, analyze the livelihood strategies applied by farmer households, and analyze the welfare of farmer households. This research method is a quantitative approach supported by qualitative data. Data were obtained by in-depth interviews with 4 informants and questionnaires to 35 farmer households in Pesanggrahan Village. The results showed that the tidal flood harmed the household life of farmers and the loss of several livelihoods. The livelihood strategy applied by farming households is livelihood diversification. Livelihood capital is needed to implement livelihood strategies, but there is no relationship between livelihood capital ownership and the diversity of livelihood strategies. Welfare is related to conditions in the form of tidal floods that disrupt the socio-economic activities of the respondents.
Keyword: Climate Change, Livelihood Capital, Livelihood Strategy, Tidal Flood

Judul: Strategi Penghidupan dan Resiliensi Nafkah Rumah Tangga Petani di Kawasan Banjir (Kasus: Desa Sumber Urip, Kecamatan Pebayuran, Kabupaten Bekasi Utara)
Abstrak: Rumah tangga petani di kawasan banjir mengalami kerugian dan terhambat pendapatannya yang disebabkan terendamnya lahan pertanian oleh banjir yang menyebabkan kerentanan pada sistem nafkah. Rumah tangga melakukan berbagai strategi nafkah serta memanfaatkan sumber-sumber nafkah yang tersedia agar dapat bertahan dan segera pulih dari krisis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis struktur nafkah, strategi nafkah dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi tercapainya resiliensi nafkah rumah tangga petani di kawasan banjir, Desa Sumber Urip, Kecamatan Pebayuran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif yang didukung dengan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui kuesioner untuk data kuantitatif dan wawancara mendalam untuk data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa faktor yang mempengaruhi resiliensi rumah tangga petani di kawasan banjir adalah persentase pendapatan pertanian sawah terhadap total pendapatan rumah tangga, jumlah sumber pendapatan rumah tangga, jumlah organisasi/lembaga yang diikuti rumah tangga, dan jumlah kegagalan menghadapi krisis., Farmer households in flooded areas suffer losses and have reduced income as a result of agricultural land flooding, which exposes the livelihood system to vulnerability. Households use various adaptation mechanisms and take advantage of available sources of income to survive and recover quickly from the crisis. The purpose of this study is to analyze the structure of income, livelihood strategies , and factors that support the achievement of household livelihood resilience among farmers in flooded areas, Sumber Urip Village, Pebayuran District. This is a quantitative study that is supported by qualitative data. Technique of collecting data is through questionnaires for quantitative and in-depth interviews for qualitative. The results of this study indicate that the percentage of rice farming income to total household income, the number of sources of household income, the number of organizations/institutions in which households participate, and the number of failures to face the crisis are the factors that influence the resilience of farmer households in flooded areas.
Keyword: farmer household, flood, livelihood resilience

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
Keyword: