Judul: Keefektivan Herbisida Pendimethalin untuk Pengendalian Gulma pada Budidaya Tanaman Bawang Merah
Abstrak: One of the greatest expenses on shallot production is manual weed control. Preemergence herbicide can reduce weed and reduce expenses for weeding. The objective of the research was to study the effectiveness of pendimethalin herbicide to control some weeds on shallot production. The research was conducted in Brebes, Central Java, from December 2012 to January 2013. The research was arranged in randomized complete block design with four replications. The research consisted of eight treatments i.e. no weeding, pendimethalin 495 g a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin 660 g a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin 825 g a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin 990 g a.i. ha-1, oxyfluorfen 480 g a.i. ha-1, pendimethalin 330 g a.i. ha-1 + oxyfluorfen 240 g a.i. ha-1, and manual weeding. The results showed that pendimethalin application at 495 g a.i. ha-1 to 990 g a.i. ha-1 could control Alternanthera philoxeroides and Echinochloa colona,but not significant on Commelina benghalensis and Cyperus rotundus. Application pendimethalin herbicide did not cause fitotoxicity effect on growth of shallot.
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Judul: Effectiveness of Bioherbicide Based on Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) in Suppressing Weeds on Shallots (Allium  cepa L.)
Abstrak: Bawang merah merupakan produk hortikultura yang cukup sulit untuk dibudidayakan karena adanya beberapa faktor pengganggu yaitu organisme penganggu tanaman, kondisi umbi, cuaca, dan kelembaban. Bioherbisida menjadi solusi dalam menangani masalah pengendalian gulma yang ramah lingkungan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan menguji keefektifan dosis bioherbisida granul yang sesuai untuk menekan pertumbuhan gulma pada budidaya bawang merah. Percobaan disusun dengan menggunakan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) dan diulang sebanyak empat kali. Perlakuan pada penelitian ini berupa kontrol (tanpa pengendalian), bioherbisida granul dari umbi teki dengan dosis 22,5 kg.ha-1 , 45 kg.ha-1 , 67,5 kg.ha-1 dan 90 kg.ha-1, herbisida sintetik oksifluorfen 240 g.l-1, dan mulsa plastik hitam perak (MPHP). Analisis pendugaan pengaruh dari faktor dosis umbi teki dengan uji F pada taraf nyata α = 5%. Perbandingan antara nilai tengah perlakuan dilakukan dengan uji lanjut Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semua tingkat dosis bioherbisida berbasis umbi teki yang diuji dengan selang dosis 22,5 – 90 kg.ha-1 secara efektif menekan pertumbuhan gulma hingga 15 HST, dosis 67,5 kg.ha-1 menekan hingga 30 HST dan dosis 90 kg.ha-1 hingga 45 HST. Berdasarkan keefektifannya terhadap penekanan gulma dan pengaruhnya terhadap produksi umbi bawang merah, dosis yang terbaik adalah 67,5 kg.ha-1 tepung umbi teki per hektar.
Keyword: llelopathy, shallot SS Sakato variety, herbicide formulation, pre emergence herbicide, eco-friendly agriculture

Judul: Categorization in Macaca fascicularis.
Abstrak: Categorization is an ability to group individuals or events into different classes mediated by conceptualized mental images. There are several levels of categorization and within a taxonomy the levels are nested. At the most concrete level of categorization, all or most members of the category shared common physical attributes that differ from other categories. The higher the level of category, the fewer common attributes between members of the group. In addition to humans, the ability to categorize has also been proposed in animals. One example of categorization in animal is species discrimination. Using matching-tosample task, present experiment tested ability of the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in discriminating dichotomous-stimuli of different animals. The species has been shown to be able to see photos as representations of real object so I used facial photos of humans and animals for the stimuli. First, I tested their ability to classify humans and macaques into separate group. Second, I tested their ability to discriminate their conspecific from other macaques. And the last, I tested whether the subjects were able to discriminate non-human animals from humans. In all of these experiments I found that the subjects showed high performance in categorizing objects, even when I discarded details of visual informations, such as color and local shapes. The ability to identify objects with reduced representation of physical properties means the subjects were able to generalize attributes of members of the group. This would indicate that the subjects created a higher level abstraction. On the other hand, in discriminating intrageneric macaque species I found that they were able to extract uniqueness of each species. More over, I also found that the subjects were able to put photos of non-human animals that shared very few similarities in physical percepts into one group. I suggested that the subjects could create a more abstract concept based on non-percepts relations as a basis to put the objects into one category. Thus, I concluded that M. fascicularis were able to perform multiple levels of categorizations.
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