Judul: Cross Reaction Ability of Human Influenza Virus Antibodies to Avian Influenza Virus
Abstrak: Influenza merupakan penyakit infeksi pada saluran pernapasan atas yang disebabkan oleh virus dari famili Orthomyxoviridae. Umumnya virus influenza yang menginfeksi manusia adalah influenza tipe A, yaitu A/H3N2, A/H1N1 penyebab Spanish flu dan A/H5N1 penyebab avian influenza yang bersifat zoonosis. Selain itu, virus influenza B juga umum menginfeksi manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari kemampuan reaksi dan netralisasi silang dari antibodi poliklonal virus human influenza terhadap virus avian influenza A/H5N1 clade 2.1.3 dan A/H9N2. Antibodi poliklonal diperoleh dari serum dan kuning telur ayam layer yang divaksinasi dengan vaksin influenza Quadriflu®, yang berisi virus influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1, B/Colorado, dan B/Phuket. Kemampuan reaksi silang ditentukan dengan uji agar gel presipitasi (AGP), sedangkan kemampuan netralisasi silang ditentukan dengan uji serum netralisasi (SN). Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa antibodi poliklonal virus human influenza dapat bereaksi silang terhadap antigen avian influenza subtipe H5N1 clade 2.1.3 dan subtipe H9N2, serta dapat menetralisasi silang secara in vitro virus avian influenza subtipe H5N1 dengan nilai indeks netralisasi sebesar 1,5. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan potensi dari antibodi poliklonal kuadrivalen yang memiliki spektrum luas untuk dimanfaatkan dalam pengendalian influenza dengan pendekatan imunisasi pasif., Influenza is an infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract caused by a virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family. In general, influenza viruses that infect humans are influenza type A, namely A/H3N2, A/H1N1 which causes Spanish flu and A/H5N1 causes zoonotic avian influenza. In addition, influenza B virus also commonly infects humans. This study aims to study the cross-reaction and cross-neutralization ability of human influenza virus polyclonal antibodies against avian influenza viruses A/H5N1 clade 2.1.3 and A/H9N2. Polyclonal antibodies were obtained from layers serum and egg yolk vaccinated with the Quadriflu® influenza vaccine, which contained influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1, B/Colorado, and B/Phuket. The cross-reaction ability was determined by agar gel precipitation (AGP) test, while cross neutralization ability was determined by serum neutralization (SN) test. Our results showed that the polyclonal antibody of human influenza virus could cross-react against avian influenza antigen subtype H5N1 clade 2.1.3 and subtype H9N2, and able to cross-neutralize avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 with a neutralization index value of 1,5. The results showed the potential of quadrivalent polyclonal antibodies which have a broad spectrum to be utilized in controlling influenza with a passive immunization approach.
Keyword: antibodi, influenza, netralisasi, proteksi silang, reaksi silang

Judul: Spesific Antibody Response of Influenza amongst Layer Chickens Vaccinated with Influenza Quadrivalent
Abstrak: Virus influenza merupakan virus yang dapat menular dan menginfeksi saluran pernapasan, memiliki spektrum yang luas meliputi manusia dan beberapa spesies lainnya. Virus influenza yang sering menginfeksi manusia yaitu influenza A dan B. Penularan virus influenza antar manusia terjadi melalui droplet saat batuk, bersin, dan berbicara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari respons pembentukan antibodi spesifik virus influenza pada ayam layer yang divaksinasi influenza kuadrivalen. Penelitian ini digunakan tiga ekor ayam layer ras Hy-line Brown yang divaksinasi vaksin influenza kuadrivalen yang berisi virus influenza tipe A dan B. Vaksinasi dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali dengan dosis 0,25 mL/ekor melalui rute intramuskular pada otot dada. Vaksinasi pertama dilakukan pada saat usia ayam 24 minggu, kemudian booster dilakukan pada usia 28 dan 32 minggu. Serum dan kuning telur dikoleksi dan diperiksa keberadaan antibodi spesifik-nya sejak minggu pertama sampai dengan minggu ke-20 pasca vaksinasi pertama. Keberadaan antibodi spesifik ditentukan dengan metode Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT). Antibodi spesifik influenza telah terdeteksi pada serum dan telur sejak minggu ke-1 sampai dengan minggu ke-20 pasca vaksinasi pertama. Titer antibodi influenza tertinggi pada serum dan kuning telur mencapai 23, diperoleh setelah booster kedua. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa antibodi spesifik virus influenza tipe A dan B dapat di hasilkan pada serum dan kuning telur ayam., Influenza virus is able to infect respiratory tract, has a broad host range such as human and other species. Influenza type A an B is the most influenza type that infect human. Its transmission between humans occurred through droplets when coughing, sneezing and talking. This research aims to study the specific antibody response of influenza virus amongst layer chickens vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza. Three Hy-line Brown layers were vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza type A and B inactivated vaccines. Vaccination was carried out three times at a dose of 0.25 mL/chicken by intramuscular route. The first vaccination was carried out at 24 weeks of age, then boosters were performed at 28 and 32 weeks of age. Serum and egg yolk were collected and checked for the presence of specific antibodies from the first week to the 20th week after the first vaccination. The presence of specific antibodies and antibody titer was determined by the Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT) method. Influenza-specific antibodies have been detected in serum and egg yolk from week 1 to week 20 after the first vaccination. The highest influenza antibody titer in serum and egg yolk reached 23, obtained at 9 and 10 weeks after the first vaccination. This highest titer is obtained after the 2nd booster. The results of this study indicate that specific antibodies to influenza virus types A and B can be produced in serum and chicken egg yolk.
Keyword: agar gel precipitation test (AGPT),, antibody, influenza, layer chicken

Judul: Pemodelan Proses Layanan Bisnis Untuk Routing Dan Costing Transportasi Laut Minyak Sawit: Studi Kasus Di PT. X.
Abstrak: One of business service of maritime transport is to provide ship rental for the tenants to deliver their products to the destination. Main focuses of problem this work are determining routing and costing and time efficient so it can arrives on time. The company needs to determine the route, operating costs are required, the distance to be taken and the optimization time. The purpose of this study was to get the optimal path, determine the operating costs per voyage the ship and determine the rent. The Modeling shows the determination of the route the ship can be done using the Kruskal’s algorithm while the modeling for the cost of rent shows that the magnitude of the rent is affected by the size of cargo ships and operating costs are calculated after the ship sailed.
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