Judul: Karakteristik Fermentasi In Vitro Ransum Mengandung 50% Protein Asal Urea yang Disuplementasi Kromium atau Kobalt
Abstrak: Urea merupakan salah satu contoh nitrogen bukan protein (NBP) yang biasanya ditambahkan pada pakan ruminansia sebagai sumber nitrogen untuk pembentukan protein mikroba, namun untuk mencapai utilisasi yang optimum dari urea diperlukan unsur mikro seperti kromium (Cr) dan kobalt (Co). Unsur Cr essensial bagi mikroba rumen karena merupakan komponen GTF (glucose tolerance factor) yang dapat meningkatkan pengambilan glukosa dari lingkungannya dan dapat menurunkan efek negatif antibakteri. Bakteri rumen menggunakan Co dalam sintesis vitamin B12. Dalam struktur molekul vitamin B12 yang kompleks, Co berada pada pusat dari cincin tetra-ring porphryn. Pada sel mamalia, vitamin B12 berfungsi sebagia kofaktor enzim methylmalonyl-CoA mutase dalam mengkonversi methylmalonyl-CoA menjadi succinyl-CoA yang merupakan intermediat dalam produksi asam propionat. Mineral mikro memiliki kisaran kadar dalam ransum antara keracunan dan kekurangan yang sangat sempit sehingga interaksinya dengan minneral lain sangat menentukan kecukupan mineral tersebut. Suplementasi mineral mikro dalam bentuk organik dapat mengurangi pengaruh negatif adanya interaksi dengan mineral lain.
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Judul: Fermentabilitas dan Kecernaan in vitro Ransum Ruminansia yang Disuplementasi dengan Kromium Organik dan Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum).
Abstrak: Ternak ruminansia di daerah tropis umumnya rentan terhadap penyakit dan mikroorganisme patogen. Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi hal tersebut adalah melalui perbaikan pakan dengan suplementasi. Umumnya penambahan suplemen bertujuan untuk meningkatkan imunitas tubuh serta produktivitas ternak. Suplemen dapat berupa tumbuhan, jamur dan juga mineral. Kromium merupakan salah satu mineral mikro esensial bagi ternak. Defisiensi kromium dapat menyebabkan gangguan pertumbuhan pada ternak. Kromium dalam bentuk organik lebih mudah larut dan mudah diabsorbsi oleh tubuh. Kromium organik dapat dihasilkan dengan memanfaatkan fungi Ganoderma lucidum untuk menginkorporasikan Cr ke dalam fungi tersebut. Ganoderma lucidum merupakan jamur pendegradasi lignin yang dapat berperan sebagai carrier bagi mineral. Ganoderma lucidum mengandung senyawa aktif pada tubuh buah dan miseliumnya yang dapat berfungsi sebagai stimulator kekebalan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek suplementasi kromium (Cr) organik dan Lingzhi dalam ransum ternak yang dievaluasi dari kecernaan dan fermentabilitasnya di dalam rumen secara in vitro.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite