Judul: The Association of Diet Quality with Socio Economic Status among Adult Indonesian
Abstrak: Tingginya konsumsi makanan cepat saji serta kurangnya asupan serat menjadi tanda adanya perubahan pola makan di masyarakat. Salah satu cara mencapai tujuan global dalam mengurangi beban Penyakit Tidak Menular (PTM) adalah dengan memilih pola makan dan gaya hidup sehat. Pedoman Gizi Seimbang (PGS) merupakan danacuan perilaku hidup sehat yang merekomendasikan diet dengan susunan gizi seimbang untuk mencapai status kesehatan optimal. Acuan diet sehat dalam PGS ini sudah seharusnya diterapkan oleh masyarakat Indonesia untuk mengurangi risiko terkena PTM. Individu dengan pendapatan rendah cenderung memiliki kualitas diet buruk yang tidak mengonsumsi makanan sesuai rekomendasi. Faktor sosial ekonomi ini menjadi salah satu pertimbangan dalam penilaian kualitas diet. Contohnya populasi dewasa dengan status sosial ekonomi tinggi di Belanda lebih banyak mengonsumsi sayur dan keju dan di negara Swiss mengonsumsi pangan olahan susu, ikan, dan minuman berpemanis. Hasil penilaian kualitas diet di Indonesia dengan menggunakan survey nasional masih terbatas pada konsumsi sayur, buah, gula, garam, dan lemak, namun belum menunjukkan konsumsi pangan dan zat gizi terkait PTM. Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) merupakan instrumen penilaian kualitas diet dengan susunan kelompok bahan makanan dan zat gizi yang spesifik menurunkan risiko terjadinya PTM seperti omega-3 dan polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) serta kelompok bahan makanan dan zat gizi yang spesifik meningkatkan risiko terjadinya PTM seperti lemak trans, alkohol dan natrium. Peningkatan nilai AHEI berhubungan signifikan dengan penurunan risiko PTM. Oleh karena itu, peneliti tertarik untuk menganalisis hubungan status sosial ekonomi dewasa Indonesia dengan kualitas diet menggunakan instrumen AHEI dengan penyesuaian porsi PGS. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder Survei Konsumsi Makanan Individu (SKMI) dari rangkaian Studi Diet Total (SDT) 2014 oleh Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Balitbangkes RI). Desain studi menggunakan deskriptif kuantitatif dengan kriteria inklusi berusia 19-55 tahun dan sehat, sedangkan kriteria eksklusi adalah keadaan biologis sedang hamil, menyusui, dan sakit. Variabel karakteristik subjek meliputi jenis kelamin, usia, besar keluarga, status kawin, tingkat pendidikan, status kerja, klasifikasi wilayah, dan status ekonomi. Variabel kualitas diet berupa konsumsi pangan dari recall 1x24 jam. Kualitas diet dengan mengelompokkan 11 komponen AHEI yang terdiri atas tujuh pangan dan empat zat gizi. Kandungan zat gizi dibuat database khusus, yakni natrium mengacu pada dataset SKMI/TKPI dan asam lemak (lemak trans, omega-3, PUFA) mengacu pada Food Composition Table (FCT) ASEAN, FOCOS (Singapura) dan Bowes and Church’s Food Values, sedangkan tujuh komponen pangan langsung dikelompokkan, dihitung total konsumsinya dan dikonversi ke dalam porsi, Omega-3, dan natrium disesuaikan dengan porsi makan PGS dan Angka Kecukupan Gizi (AKG) dewasa Indonesia, sedangkan komponen lainnya berdasarkan porsi AHEI. Skor AHEI per masing-masing komponen dinilai 10 (skor maksimum) dan nilai 0 (skor minimum) sehingga total skor akhir AHEI bekisar 0-110 poin. Kualitas diet didapatkan dari skor akhir AHEI yang dikategorikan menjadi kualitas “baik” dan “butuh perbaikan”. Analisis data menggunakan SPSS versi 23.0 dan Ms. Excel for mac 16.20 terdiri dari analisis univariat (deskriptif), bivariat (Chi-square, Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-wallis), dan multivariat (regresi logistik multinomial). Mayoritas subjek (52,4%) berjenis kelamin perempuan dan berusia 37,7 ± 10,1 tahun dengan besar keluarga tergolong kecil (53,8%). Sebanyak 63,3% subjek berpendidikan rendah (tidak sekolah hingga sudah menyelesaikan jenjang SMP). Pada umumnya subjek sudah bekerja (68,6%) dan sebanyak 54,5% subjek
Keyword: adult, healthy eating index, Indonesia, socioeconomic

Judul: Development of Balanced Diet Index for Indonesian Adult Males
Abstrak: Indonesia’s having double burden of malnutrition. At 2011, it is stated Indonesia was at the 5th position of country with the largest number of stunted toddler. Meanwhile the overnutrition problem growed, at 2013 there were 19,7% obese Indonesian adult males. The increasing number of overnutrition was proved to be related with the increasing incidence of non-communicable diseases. To combat the double burden of malnutrtion, Indonesia has developed a food guideline. Although the food guideline has been developed, the instrument to asses the whole eating quality based on the food guideline has not been developed yet in Indonesia. Other countries such as America, Australia and Thailand had developed such instrument called Healthy Eating Index (balanced diet index). The study was aimed to develop the balanced diet index (BDI) for Indonesian adult males. The spesific purposes of this study were to asses food consumption pattern of Indonesian adult males, to develop several alternatives of BDIs and to select the most appropriate BDI for Indonesian adult males, and to analyse factors affecting the BDI. The design of the study was analytical study to develop an index. This study developed several alternatives of BDI through systematic review of literature. The food consumption data from Basic Health Research in 2010 were used to validate the index. This study were conducted on June-November 2013. The data of Basic Health Research 2010 covered 64448 male subjects, and 61129 of them were analyzed in this study. Subjects were excluded if they didn’t have any consumption or anthropometic data, if their BMI less than 13 or more than 40, if their energy intake less than 30% or more than 300% of their BMR and if their nutrient adequacy more than 400%. There were ten alternatives of BDIs developed based on the food group and their intake, and also their scoring systems. The gold standard used to validate the BDI is the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) measured by mean nutrient adequacy of 16 nutrients. The 16 nutrients consist of Energy, Protein, Fat, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Water, Sodium, Calcium, Iron, Phosphorus,Potassium, Zinc, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and vitamin C. The binary logistic test and the assesment of Sensitivity and Spesifity score were done to see which alternative of BDI was the most appropriate for adult males of Indonesia. The result showed the pearson correlation coefficient of the BDI and MAR range from 0.46 to 0.64; while the sensitivity and spesifisity score ranged from 120.3 to 147.0. The most appropriate and practical BDI to asses MAR is BDI3-60 (r=0.64; Se & Sp= 145.1). BDI3-60 consists of six food groups (cereal, legume, animal food, vegetable, fruit and milk) and implementing 3-level of scoring system. Determinant factors for BDI3-60 are place of living, economic status, marital status, education and occupation of subject. Subjects aged 20-49 years old and lived in rural area were more likely to vii have better diet quality. Subjects with better economic level, had higher education level and worked as civil servant or private businessman were more likely to have better diet quality.
Keyword: adult males, balanced diet index, mean adequacy ratio (MAR)

Judul: The use of homotopy perturbation methode to solve fuzzy volterra  integral equations
Abstrak: Most phenomena in nature can be explained in mathematical models, such as fuzzy volterra integral equation. The fuzzy volterra integral equation is a nonlinear integral problem, which is usually dificult to solve by an analytical solution. In this paper, fuzzy volterra integral equation is solved using perturbaion homotopy method, which can be written as a power series in p and satisfies a certain homotopy fuction. This manuscript discuss two case studies, i.e. the case of linear and trigonometric kernel function. The result shows that greater approximation order being used, the wider convergence solution area wil be.
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