Judul: Evaluation of the Use of Inorganic, Organic, and  Biofertilizers on the Growth of Avocado Plants (Persea americana Mill.) at  Superavo Orchard, Subang
Abstrak: Peningkatan jumlah produksi alpukat dipengaruhi oleh efektivitas pemupukan. Pemupukan adalah hal terpenting dalam pertanian untuk meningkatkan nutrisi tanaman, mencapai tinggi hasil, dan perubahan lingkungan tanah. Efektivitas kombinasi pupuk anorganik dan pupuk hayati diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas tanaman serta memperkecil peluang terjadinya degradasi lahan. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan faktor tunggal berupa pemupukan. RAK ini mempunyai sembilan taraf perlakuan, yaitu: 1) kontrol (tanpa pupuk NPK dan hayati), 2) pupuk NPK 100%, 3) pupuk NPK 50%, 4) pupuk NPK 100% + pupuk hayati 100%, 5) pupuk NPK 100% + pupuk hayati 50%, 6) pupuk NPK 50% + pupuk hayati 100%, 7) pupuk NPK 50% + pupuk hayati 50%, 8) pupuk hayati 100%, 9) pupuk hayati 50%. Perlakuan ini diulang sebanyak lima ulangan. Pupuk dasar yang digunakan, yaitu pupuk kandang sebanyak 1,25 kg/pohon. Hasil siginifikan terjadi pada laju tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang tersier, N-total, dan aktivitas invertase tanah. Secara keseluruhan perlakuan terbaik adalah kombinasi dari pupuk NPK dan pupuk hayati khususnya pada perlakuan P3, yaitu kombinasi antara NPK 100% dan pupuk hayati 100%. Hal ini terlihat pada pertumbuhan vegetatif tanaman alpukat serta hasil analisis kimia dan biologi tanah yang meningkat., Increasing the amount of avocado production is influenced by the effectiveness of fertilization. Fertilization is the most important thing in agriculture to improve plant nutrition, achieve high yields, and change the soil environment. The effectiveness of the combination of inorganic fertilizer and biofertilizer is needed to improve the quality and quantity of plants and reduce the chances of land degradation. The experimental design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with a single factor in fertilization. This RAK has nine treatment levels, namely: 1) control (without NPK and biofertilizer), 2) 100% NPK fertilizer, 3) 50% NPK fertilizer, 4) 100% NPK fertilizer + 100% biofertilizer, 5) NPK fertilizer 100% + 50% biofertilizer, 6) 50% NPK fertilizer + 100% biofertilizer, 7) 50% NPK fertilizer + 50% biofertilizer, 8) 100% biofertilizer, 9) 50% biofertilizer. This treatment was repeated five times. The basic fertilizer used, namely manure as much as 1.25 kg/tree. Significant results occurred in plant height, the number of tertiary branches, total N, and soil invertase activity. Overall, the best treatment was a combination of NPK fertilizer and biological fertilizer, especially in the P3 treatment, namely a combination of 100% NPK and 100% biological fertilizer. This can be seen in the vegetative growth of avocado plants and the soil's chemical and biological analysis, which have increased.
Keyword: Effectiveness, Fertilization, Soil chemical properties analysis, Soil  biological analysis

Judul: The Effectiveness of Vermicompost Fertilizer and  Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Increasing the Productivity of Alfalfa Plants (Medicago sativa L.)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh pemberian pupuk vermikompos dan fungi mikoriza arbuskula (FMA) terhadap produktivitas tanaman Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 220 sampel yang dibagi menjadi 11 perlakuan dan 20 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari K0 = Media tanah tanpa perlakuan; K100 = K0 + 100% NPK; K50 = K0+ 50% NPK; AV1 = K50 + 100 g vermikompos; AV2 = K50 + 200 g vermikompos; AF1 = K50 + 10 g FMA; AF2 = K50 + 20 g FMA; AVIF1 = K50 + 100 g vermikompos + 10 g FMA; AV1F2 = K50 + 100 g vermikompos + 20 g FMA; AV2F1 = K50 + 200 g vermikompos + 10 g FMA; AV2F2 = K50 + 200 g vermikompos + 20 g FMA. Parameter yang diukur adalah persentase kolonisasi akar, tinggi tanaman, jumlah cabang, jumlah daun, diameter batang, panjang akar, berat segar akar, berat segar tajuk, dan berat kering tajuk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan kombinasi vermikompos dan FMA sangat berpengaruh nyata (P<0,01) dalam meningkatkan seluruh parameter yang diamati. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah kombinasi pupuk vermikompos 200 g dan FMA 10 g efektif meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman Alfalfa., TThis study aims to examine the effect of vermicomposting and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the productivity of Alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa L.). This study use a randomized complete design with 220 samples divided into 11 treatments and 20 repeats. The treatment consists of K0 = untreated media; K100 = K0 + 100% NPK; K50 = K0 + 50% NPK; AV1 = K50 + 100 g vermicompost; AV2 = K50 + 200 g vermicompost; AF1 = K50 + 10 g AMF; AF2 = K50 + 20 g AMF; AVIF1 = K50 + 100 g vermicompost + 10 g AMF; AV1F2 = K50 + 100 g vermicompost + 20 g AMF; AV2F1 = K50 + 200 g vermicompost + 10 g AMF; AV2F2 = K50 + 200 g vermicompost + 20 g AMF. The parameters measured are percentage of root infection, plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, stem diameter, root length, fresh weight of roots, fresh weight of leaves and steam, and dry weight of leave and steam The results showed that the combination treatment of vermicompost and FMA had a significant effect (P<0.01) in improving all observed parameters. The conclusion of this study is that the combination of vermicompost fertilizer 200 g and FMA 10 g effectively increases the productivity of Alfalfa plants.
Keyword: alfalfa, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), productivity, vermicompost

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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