Judul: The analysis of gender roles in the achievement of food security in farm household levels at South Konawe district, south East Sulawesi
Abstrak: Two of the eight goals of the Millennium Development are to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger and to promote gender equality and empower women. Mostly in developing countries both women and men are responsible for family food availability, and it is determined by their roles in the family which can be revealed from their working time allocation both in productive and reproductive (domestic) activities. The high rate of malnutrition problems in South Konawe indicated food insecurity at the household level. Since food is the basic human right, its fulfillment should be considered. The objectives of this study were (1) to analyze gender roles in the achievement of family food security, (2) to analyze factors determining working decision making on working on non-farm and off-farm in farm household level, and (3) to analyze determining factors of food security at household levels. Descriptive-qualitative analysis were employed to examine the objectives while econometric approaches were used to analyze the second and the last objectives. Since the dependent variable was a biner, a logit model was employed, and since the cumulative distribution of dependent variable was nonlinear, the maximum likelihood was employed to estimate the parameter. There are three results. First, gender roles in the achievement of household’s food security were determined by their working time allocation and their income. Most of women’s time, except for leisure, was allocated for their domestic works, while most of men’s time was allocated for their farming activities. Men contribute more income from non-farm activities compared to women. Second, decisions on working on non-farm and off-farm by both genders were determined by economic variables such as gender income, on-farm income, human resources capability, such as education and skills, and job opportunity. Three, the determinant factors of household food security were economic variables, such as gender income and farm income, and family size.
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Judul: Farm household food security analysis in several provinces
Abstrak: Concern on the decline in human resource quality promotes food security as strategic policy in national development. Within the frame work of food security, farm household should have direct access to food. However, the question is whether access to food guarantees the household to be free from food insecurity? The aim of this study was to: (1) analyze food security status of farm household, (2) analyze factors affecting household food security, (3) analyze influence of several economic factors on household food security performance, and (4) formulate policy alternative to improve farm household food security. The result of analysis showed that food security status of farm household was much lower than it was expected. Half of the households experience food insecurity and malnutrition in term of underweight, stunting and wasting. Partially, farm household food security was affected by food expenditure, number of household member, year dummy, energy adequacy and clean water as indicated by dry season dummy. However, in term of system, farm household food security was affected by unresponsiveness of farm land as the driving force to shift production and create income, which finally increase access to food. Increase in rice price proportional to increase in input price partially compensates negative effect of increase in input price on farm household food security performance. The effect of increase in input and output prices, and other economic factors were varied by expenditure and time. Food security performance can be improved if farm land, job diversification and job opportunity are increased or if number of household members is decreased. Therefore, it is necessary to implement irrigation investment and maintenance policy, land redistribution, job opportunity creation, infrastructure development, income generation and population control policy.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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