Judul: Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Fragmen cDNA Dari Gen Penyandi metallothionein Tipe 2 Dari Kedelai Kultivar Slamet
Abstrak: Metallothionein merupakan protein yang mengandung banyak asam amino sistein, memiliki berat molekul yang rendah serta memiliki kemampuan dalam mengikat dan mengkoordinasi atom-atom logam. Oleh karena itu, MT mempunyai peranan yang penting dalam mendetoksifikasi ion logam, termasuk aluminium (Al). MT telah ditemukan pada berbagai macam organisme termasuk tanaman, mamalia, cendawan dan beberapa spesies dari prokariot. Penelitian ini tujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi fragmen cDNA dari gen yang menyandikan MT tipe 2 dari kedelai kultivar Slamet (GmMt2). Isolasi fragmen cDNA Mt2 Glycine max L. (GmMt2), diawali dengan isolasi RNA total. Dengan transkripsi balik, cDNA total berhasil disintesis dari RNA total sebagai cetakan. cDNA total hasil sintesis diuji kemurniannya dari kontaminasi genom dengan PCR menggunakan primer spesifik untuk cDNA ekson1-ekson2 dari aktin. Dengan PCR, fragmen cDNA GmMt2 telah berhasil diisolasi dengan menggunakan cDNA total sebagai cetakan dan primer spesifik Mt2 yaitu MF dan M7R yang dirancang dari Arabidopsis thaliana (AtMt2) (nomor akses EM_PL:AY037263). Fragmen GmMt2 berhasil disisipkan ke dalam plasmid pGEM-T Easy, kemudian plasmid rekombinan ini diintroduksikan ke dalam Escherichia coli DH5α. Analisis cDNA sisipan didalam plasmid rekombinan dilakukan melalui pemotongan dengan EcoRI.
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Judul: Isolasi dan karakterisasi eDNA gen penyandi metallothionein tipe 2 dari Melastoma offine L
Abstrak: Melastoma affine mampu tumbuh dengan baik pada tanah asam dan kelarutan AI yang tinggi sehingga M. affine diduga mempunyai mekanisme detoksifikasi AI dan cekaman asam. Salah satu gen yang berperan dalam detoksifikasi logam berat adalah metallthionien (MT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi cDNA gen penyandi metallthionien tipe 2 dari M. affine.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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