Judul: Average daily gain, physiological status, body component, and methane mitigation with complete rumen modifier (Cassapon)
Abstrak: Methane emission plays an important role in global warming, destruction of ozone layer and energy losses could lead to decrease average daily gain from the sheep. Global livestock methane emission is around 12% and 1.2% from national emission sources. Whether it was relatively few for Indonesia, it was advantage to be obedient world greenhouse gases rule and improve feeding biotechnology for sciences reason. Complete rumen modifier (CRM) is the feed additives which consist of: (1) Saponin compounds from Sapindus rarak, Albizia falcutaria and Sesbania grandiflora; (2) Asetogenic bacteria from Asetoanaerobium notrae; and (3) Microbial growth factor. Sheep that we used in this experiment were 32 ewes post-weaning (4-5 months) in factorial randomize block design with two factors. The first factor was feeding trial with four levels i.e.: (A) Pennisetum purpureum and roughage as a control, (B) Pennisetum purpureum and 5% cassava waste (onggok) in roughage, (C) Pennisetum purpureum and 2% CRM in roughage, (D) Pennisetum purpureum and 5% cassapon in roughage. The second factor was ewe breeds type with two levels i.e.: Sumatera Composite (SC) and Barbados Cross (BC). Methane emission from VFA calculation had been decreased in CRM (15.09%) and cassapon (20.28%) supplementation (P<0.05). Protozoa population had been decreased by CRM and cassapon effect (P<0.05).The CRM and cassapon treatments as feed additive were effective in inhibiting methane production. Body component (water, fat and protein) in the post-weaning growing phase was almost the same in all treatments (P>0.05). Sheep were in thermoneutral zone with normal physiology responses with 70.52-77.50 THI (P>0.05). Physiological parameters observed include: respiration rate, heartbeat, rectal temperature, skin temperature, N-blood urea and ammonia.The results show that sheep post weaning in this study were adapted well to the ambient temperature and feeding trial from the result of physiology and body component. Average daily gain was not significantly different among the CRM and cassapon treatments (P>0.05). In conclusion, CRM and cassapon could be aplicated as a feed additive to decrease enteric methane emission with normal effects in physiology response and body component to growth.
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Judul: Efek Penambahan Cassabio dalam Ransum terhadap Performa Anak Domba Lokal
Abstrak: Cassava pulp isone of the tapioca industry by-product that can be used as animal feed. However, the quality of cassava pulp is relatively low due to its low protein and high crude fiber content. Cassava pulp with addition of zeolite, urea, ammonium sulphate, that fermented by Aspergillus niger produced the product that called cassabio. The experiment of using cassabio on broiler have been done. However, there is no experiment of using cassabio on performance of ruminants. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of levels cassabio in concentrate on performance of local lamb. The experiments design was randomized block design with four treatments and three replications, and local lambs were used as replications. The treatments were addition levels of cassabio into concentrate at levels of 0% (P0), 20% (P1), 40% (P2), and 60% (P3). Variables that measured were feed consumption, average body weight gain, and feed efficiency. Data were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA)and differences among treatments were determined by Duncan test. The result showed that the cassabio levels P0, P1, P2, dan P3 for BWG was76.19; 81.43; 84.29; and 96.90 g head-1 day-1respectively; for intake was 444.34; 463.13; 483.03 and 493.52 g head-1 day-1respectively; feed efficiency was 0.17; 0.18; 0.17; and 0.20 respectively. The conclusion of the research was using cassabio up to 60% (P3) in concentrate produced the good results without negative effect on local lamb performance.
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Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf