Judul: Application of Assisted Reproductive Technology for Wildlife Conservation
Abstrak: In recent years, the population of wildlife species has been decreasing at an alarming rate due to human activities. This study aims to compile, synthesize, and review more in depth the assisted reproductive technologies (ART) that support the propagation program in wildlife conservation. The data was obtained from several articles, journals, books and credible websites via a web-based search of the Google Scholar and PubMed databases. The data were further selected based on the abstract content and evaluated based on relevance for this review. Based on the results, knowledge of the reproductive physiology, anatomy, and behavior of speciesspecific protocols for ART can decrease the risk of extinction in wildlife, support the conservation of endangered wildlife, and to help professionals into better wildlife reproductive management. Few methods of ART in wildlife namely the artificial insemination, embryo transfer, in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, somatic cell nuclear transfer, and biobank. ART helps to avoid inbreeding or outbreeding depression, decrease risks of transmission of inherited diseases, boost number of offspring, and enhance genetic exchange to increase the heterozygosity of wildlife population.
Keyword: assisted reproductive technology, conservation, extinction, wildlife

Judul: Respon Stimulasi Superovulasi Mencit Menggunakan Hormon PMSG-hCG dan rFSH-rhCG
Abstrak: Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) is a tool for optimizing animal reproduction, particularly in the area of species conservation. ART is used to conserve endangered wildlife populations. This study aimed to analyze the stimulatory potential of two ART-supporting hormones, namely PMSG-hCG (commonly stimulating hormone/CSH) and recombinant hormones (a newly developed hormone). The study was performed on 63 female mice at four different estrus phases. Both CSH and recombinant hormones containing FSH- and LH-like properties were administered sequentially at 4:00-5:00 pm, 47-48 hours apart. The success of stimulation was assessed by the number of positive responses of the stimulated mice and the total number of ovulated oocytes. The results showed that CSH and recombinant stimulating hormones were effective in the diestrus phase. Approximately 60% of mice responded to CSH and 80% of the other mice responded to the recombinant stimulation. The number of excellent-quality oocytes ovulated by CSH treatment was 239 and 137 oocytes were collected from the recombinant group. Interestingly, recombinant stimulation successfully induced the ovulation of 400 oocytes in the estrus phase. Unfortunately, the efficacy ratio in this phase is lower than in diestrus (30,8:34,3). Therefore, hormonal stimulation with CSH or recombinant hormones in the diestrus phase is strongly recommended., Teknologi Reproduksi Berbantu (TRB) merupakan metode untuk mengoptimalkan reproduksi hewan, utamanya di bidang konservasi. ART digunakan untuk mempertahankan populasi satwa liar yang terancam punah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis potensi stimulasi dua hormon pendukung TRB, yaitu PMSG-hCG (homon stimulasi biasa/CSH) dengan hormon rekombinan (hormon stimulasi baru). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada 63 ekor mencit betina pada empat fase estrus yang berbeda. Baik sediaan CSH dan hormon rekombinan mengandung senyawa seperti-FSH dan -LH yang diberikan secara berurutan pada pukul 16.00-17.00 WIB dengan jeda 47-48 jam. Pengamatan keberhasilan stimulasi dilakukan melalui evaluasi jumlah respons positif mencit terhadap stimulasi dan jumlah oosit terovulasikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa CSH dan hormon rekombinan efektif diberikan pada fase diestrus. Sebanyak 60% mencit merespons stimulasi CSH dan 80% mencit lain merespons stimulasi rekombinan. Jumlah oosit berkualitas baik yang diovulasikan mencit perlakuan CSH adalah 239 oosit dan 137 oosit dari mencit perlakuan rekombinan. Menariknya, stimulasi rekombinan berhasil menginduksi ovulasi 400 oosit pada fase estrus. Sayangnya, rasio efektivitas hormon pada fase ini kurang dari pada fase diestrus (30,8:34,3). Oleh karena itu, stimulasi hormon baik CSH dan hormon rekombinan disarankan untuk diberikan pada fase diestrus.
Keyword: Assisted Reproductive Tecnologies (ART), estrus cycle, mice, oocyte, recombinant hormone

Judul: Karakteristik Carboxymethyl Chitosan Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi NaOH
Abstrak: Carboxymethyl chitosan is chitosan derivative product obtained from chemical modification. CMCh were made by alkalization process and carboxymethylation process. Factors that affect CMCh characteristics were excess sodium hydroxide in alkalization process, ratio between chitosan and monochloroacetic acid, and carboxymethylation temperature. The objectives of this research were to study the NaOH effect to CMCh characteristics, to learn process of making CMCh, to set the proper concentration of NaOH, and to analyze CMCh characteristics. CMCh yields were 110.72%-114.22%. CMCh pH value were 3.74-4.31. The optimum NaOH concentration to obtain the best CHCh was 10 M. Percentage of CMCh moisture content was 10.70%-11.42%. Ash content and nitrogen content of CMCh were 0.49%-0.50% and 4.52%-4.81%. CMCh viscousity was 8.25 cps. Percentage of CMCh solubility was 61.61%-91.50%. The different functional groups from chitosan which observed in CMCh were C=O group, CH group from alkene functional group, C−O group, and C−O−C group.
Keyword: solubility., functional group, CMCh characteristics, chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan