Judul: Tingkat Kejadian Escherichia coli Penghasil Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase di Feses Sapi di Rumah Potong Hewan Ruminansia Kota Bogor
Abstrak: Escherichia coli belongs to the family of Enterobacteriaceae and is common in the gastrointestinal microflora in human and animals. This bacteria has capability to get and disseminate the resistant genes for antibiotics. One of the currently most important resistance mechanisms in E. coli is production of the extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). Extended spectrum β-lactamases producing E. coli confers resistance to the majority of the commonly used β-lactam antimicrobials, including third generation cephalosporins. The slaughterhouse may be one of the major ESBL reservoirs in food animals. This study was aimed to determine the occurrence of ESBL producing E. coli from cattle feces in Bogor Slaughterhouse. This study was conducted using a cross sectional study. The sample size was calculated based on 95% of convidence level, 9.13% of margin of error, and 50% predicted prevalence and resulted a total of 120 samples for the study. The study was performed by isolation and identification of ESBL producing E. coli. Confirmation test for presence of ESBL was performed by disc diffusion test based on recomendation from Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (2014). The results showed that 19 isolates of E. coli were positive producing ESBL (15.8%). CTX-M ESBL was presumed more dominant than others because all of ESBL isolates showed positive results when tested by cefotaxim and cefotaxim combining with clavulanic acid. Extended spectrum β-lactamase producing E. coli in feceses could contaminate the environment and foods. Resistance of ESBL producing E. coli to antibiotics can be transmitted to other bacteria by plasmid. The presence of ESBLs causes limited therapeutic options for bacterial infection. Escherichia coli strains can also cause a wide variety of intestinal and extra-intestinal diseases, such as diarrhea, urinary tract infections (UTI), septicemia, and neonatal meningitis.
Keyword: cattle feces, Escherichia coli, extended spectrum β-lactamase, slaughterhouse

Judul: Keberadaan Escherichia coli Penghasil Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) di Lingkungan Sentra Pemotongan Ayam Pondok Rumput Kota Bogor.
Abstrak: Rumah potong hewan unggas (RPHU) memiliki peran penting dalam penyebaran bakteri E. coli penghasil ESBL ke dalam rantai pasokan daging bagi konsumen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeteksi E. coli penghasil ESBL di lingkungan rumah pemotongan unggas di Bogor. Isolat E. coli penghasil ESBL (n=20) dikumpulkan dari 84 sampel lingkungan. Isolat yang diperoleh diidentifikasi menggunakan kit API 20E™. Sampel berasal dari tujuh titik pengambilan sampel yang berbeda dengan jangka waktu seminggu. ESBL dalam penelitian ini dikonfirmasi menggunakan kit MAST® D68C. Sebanyak 20 isolat E. coli penghasil ESBL diuji terhadap 18 agen antimikroba dengan metode disc diffussion dan interpretasi resistensi dilakukan sesuai pedoman Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2014). Isolat E. coli penghasil ESBL menunjukkan resistensi terhadap 18 agen antimikroba dan 100% isolat menunjukkan resistensi terhadap lebih dari 9 antibiotik (multiple-drug resistance). Isolat yang resisten pada antibiotik penisilin (100%), amoksisilin (100%), ampisilin (100%), sefotaksim (100%), sefpodosim (100%), seftazidim (100%), streptomisin (95%), gentamisin (85%), trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol (85%), tetrasiklin (70%), kanamisin (65%), siprofloksasin (60%), norfloksasin (55%), doksisiklin (45%), kolistin sulfat (45%), sefalotin (30%), neomisin (15%), dan polimiksin B (15%). Bakteri E. coli penghasil ESBL yang berasal dari lingkungan RPHU (n=20) ditemukan pada wadah karkas (20%), wadah jeroan (10%), lantai area penanganan karkas dan jeroan (25%), pisau (15%), air di bak penampungan (5%) dan mesin pencabut bulu (25%). Dengan ditemukannya bakteri resisten di lingkungan RPHU dapat menyebabkan terjadinya transmisi gen resistensi ke bakteri lain yang bisa menyebar ke karkas sehingga akan menimbulkan resistensi antibiotik yang berpotensi bahaya bagi manusia.
Keyword: Resistensi antimikroba, lingkungan, E. coli penghasil ESB

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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