Judul: Blood Examination in Subchronic Toxicity Test Combination of Bidara Laut Extract (Strychnos ligustrina) and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Phosphate (DHP) as Antimalarial
Abstrak: Kombinasi ekstrak bidara laut dan dihidroartemisinin-piperakuin fosfat (BL-DHP) terbukti efektif sebagai antimalaria, namun belum diketahui toksisitasnya. Penelitian ini merupakan bagian pengujian toksisitas subkronis pada mencit jantan dan betina selama 28 hari. Metode pengujian dilakukan berdasarkan peraturan BPOM RI menggunakan 3 tingkatan dosis yaitu dosis rendah, sedang, dan tinggi. Parameter pada penelitian ini berupa gambaran hematologi, biokimia, dan elektrolit darah dianalisis menggunakan one way ANOVA-Duncan test. Hasil gambaran hematologi meliputi eritrosit, hemoglobin, hematokrit, PDW, limfosit, dan granulosit berbeda signifikan dengan kelompok perlakuan kontrol, sementara pada kelompok satelit tidak berbeda signifikan. Gambaran biokimia darah meliputi SGPT dan SGOT berbeda signifikan pada dosis sedang dan tinggi, namun bersifat reversibel pada kelompok satelit. Gambaran elektrolit tidak berbeda signifikan pada kelompok perlakuan maupun satelit. Berdasarkan uji hematologi, biokimia, dan elektrolit darah, kombinasi BL-DHP aman digunakan pada dosis rendah (200mg/KgBB ekstrak bidara + 111 mg/kgBB DHP), namun perlu dilakukan pengamatan parameter lainnya seperti tingkat kematian dan histopatologi organ., The combination of S.ligustrina (bidara laut) and dihydroartemisininpiperaquine phosphate (BL-DHP) proved as effective antimalarial, but the toxicity degree is not yet known. This study is the part of subchronic toxicity test in male and female mice for 28 days and tested using NA-DFC guidelines with low, medium, and high doses. The parameters in this study, hematology, biochemical, and electrolyte features of blood, were analyzed by one way ANOVA-Duncan test. Hematological features include erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, PDW, lymphocytes, and granulocytes were significantly different from control group, while the satellite group was not significantly different. Biochemical features included SGPT and SGOT were significantly different at medium and high doses, but reversible in satellite group. Electrolyte features did not show significant changes in treatment and satellite group. Based on hematology, biochemical, and electrolyte test, BL-DHP is safe at low dose (200mg/KgBW bidara extract + 111 mg/kgBW DHP), but mortality rate and organ histopathology need to be monitored.
Keyword: antimalarial, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine phosphate, hematology, S.ligustrina, subchronic toxicity

Judul: Body Weight and Organ Profile of Mice in Subchronic Toxicity Test of Bidara Laut (Strychnos ligustrina) Extract and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Phosphate Combination as Antimalarial
Abstrak: Tingginya kasus malaria di Indonesia menandakan tingginya kebutuhan sediaan antimalaria. Plasmodium sp. diketahui resisten terhadap sebagian obat yang sudah ada. Penggunaan kombinasi ekstrak air bidara laut dan dihidroartemisinin- piperakuin fosfat (DHP) terbukti efektif sebagai antimalaria. Uji toksisitas subkronis oral selama 28 hari dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek toksik yang reversibel atau kumulatif dari penggunaan kombinasi antimalaria terhadap profil bobot badan dan organ. Sebanyak 150 ekor mencit galur DDY dibagi menjadi kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok perlakuan, dan kelompok satelit. Mencti diamati hingga dua minggu setelah pemberian sediaan dihentikan. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji One-Way ANOVA-Duncan dan uji Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi sediaan antimalaria tidak menimbulkan efek toksik signifikan terhadap limpa, otak, jantung, paru-paru, dan gonad pada dosis efektifnya. Sediaan kombinasi antimalaria dosis efektif tidak memengaruhi bobot badan mencit, namun berpotensi memiliki efek toksik yang reversibel pada hati, ginjal, dan lambung., High cases of malaria in Indonesia indicates the high demand of antimalarial drug. Plasmodium sp. has developed resistence to few available drugs. The use of bidara laut aqueous extract and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine phosphate (DHP) combination has been proven effective as antimalarial drug. Subchronic toxicity test was conducted for 28 days to determine reversible or cumulative toxic effect of the antimalarial combination to organ and body weight profile. A total of 150 mice strain DDY were grouped into negative control group, treatment groups, and satellite groups. Mice was observed until two weeks after treatment. Collected data was analysed using One-Way ANOVA-Duncan and Kruskal-Wallis test. This research showed the antimalarial combination did not cause significant toxic effect to spleen, brain, heart, lungs, and gonads on effective dosage. Effective dose of antimalarial combination did not affect mice body weight. However, effective dose had potential to cause reversible toxic effect on liver, kidney, and stomach.
Keyword: body weight, DHP, organ, subchronic toxicity, Strychnos ligustrina

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
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