Judul: Skrining Gen Virulensi pada Isolat Lokal Cronobacter sakazakii.
Abstrak: Cronobacter sakazakii merupakan bakteri patogen emerging pada pangan yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit meningitis, sepsis, dan enterokolitis nekrotikan pada kelompok bayi tertentu yang telah dihubungkan dengan konsumsi susu bubuk formula. Bakteri tersebut telah diisolasi di Indonesia, meskipun sampai saat ini belum pernah dilaporkan kasus penyakit terkait infeksi C. sakazakii. Kemampuan bakteri ini dalam menyebabkan infeksi dikaitkan dengan beberapa gen virulensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberadaan gen-gen virulensi ompA, hfq, dan cpa pada beberapa galur isolat lokal C. sakazakii. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap, yaitu konfirmasi dan persiapan kultur dari isolat lokal C. sakazakii, ekstraksi DNA, amplifikasi gen virulensi dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), serta elektroforesis gel agarose dan pewarnaan DNA dengan menggunakan etidium bromida untuk visualisasi sebagai konfirmasi keberadaan gen-gen virulensi yang telah disebutkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesepuluh isolat lokal C. sakazakii berpotensi patogen karena memiliki gen-gen virulensi ompA dan hfq. Sementara, 9 (sembilan) dari 10 (sepuluh) isolat juga memiliki gen virulensi tambahan cpa.
Keyword: cpa, Cronobacter sakazakii, hfq, ompA, PCR, virulensi

Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Keragaman Genetika Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) yang Diperoleh dari Produk Pangan Kering
Abstrak: Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) is a group of emerging pathogen that has been implicated as the causative agent of meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in certain groups of infants. In Indonesia several isolates have been obtained mostly from powder infant formula and weaning foods. This research aimed to obtain Cronobacter spp. isolates from other dried foods i.e. weaning foods, flours, starches and spices and evaluated the biochemical and genotypic characteristics of the isolates. Isolation was conducted according to FDA method (2002) modified with Iversen and Forsythe (2004), biochemical was conducted by API 20E test and genotypic characterization was conducted by PCR amplification of their 16S rRNA gene using 3 primer pairs respectively, 16 SUNIL/ Saka 2b (Segment 1), ESA1/16 SUNI-R (Segment 2) and 16SUNI-L/16SUNI-R (Universal segment). Results of the DNA amplification were sequenced and then analyzed for their relatedness to reference isolates of C.sakazakii from GenBank using BLAST program. In this study 62 samples of weaning foods, flours, starches and spices were screened for the presence of Cronobacter spp. Twelve typical colonies on DFI were obtained from sample of flours, starches and spices samples. Biochemical test using API 20E suggested that 11 of the 12 presumptives isolates were E. sakazakii while one was identified as E. cloacae. Genotypic analysis revealed that eleven isolates including the one identified as E.cloacae by API test were confirmed as C.sakazakii while one isolates was C.muytjensii. Relationships between strains based on segment 1 was depicted in a dendrogram using the neighbor-joining method showed that the twelve isolates can be differentiated into two groups, meanwhile when universal segment was used, the isolates can be differentiated into three groups.
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Judul: The impact of oil fuel price subsidy policy on fiscal and national income performance
Abstrak: The objectives of this study was to analyze the impact of oil fuel price subsidy policy on fiscal and national income performance. A simultaneous equestions econometric model of oil fuel price subsidy was estimated using Two – Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method and SYSLIN procedure for the data set period of 1987-2005. The validation model of the oil fuel price subsidy policy used NEWTON method and SIMNLIN procedure. The government policy to increase oil fuel price subsidy showed that surplus of balance of trade was decreased, and the economic growth was decreased. However, the number of poor people was decreased because the inflation rate was decreased. The government policy to decrease oil fuel price subsidy showed that surplus of balance of trade was increased, fiscal deficit was decreased, and the economic growth was increased. However, the number of poor of people was decreased because inflation rate was decreased and income was increased. As the conclusion, the government policy to decrease oil fuel price subsidy was need to increase the surplus of balance of trade, decrease the deficit fiscal, increase the economic growth, and decrease the number of poor people.
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