Judul: Pemanfaatan Beberapa lnokulum Bakteri Asam Laktat terhadap Karakteristik dan Daya Simpan Yogurt.
Abstrak: Tujuan dari Penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan produk baru dengan menggunakan kultur campuran dari dua hingga empat kombinasi jenis bakteri Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp, bulgaricus (LB). Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA). Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) dan Streptococcus saltvarius subsp. thermophilus (ST) serta mengetahui karakteristik fisikokimia yogurt yang dihasilkan selama penyimpanan.
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Judul: Pengembangan Yoghurt Menggunakan Bakteri Asam Laktat Is01at Air Susu Ibu.
Abstrak: Salah satu produk pangan fungsional yang sedang berkembang saat ini adaIah minuman susu fermentasi yang mengandung probiotik. Probiotik merupakan mikroorganisme hidup yang ketika dikonsumsi daIam jumlah tertentu akan meningkatkan keseimbangan jumlah flora dalam saluran pencernaan dan memiliki efek positif bagi kesehatan orang yang mengkonsumsinya. Probiotik hams mampu melalui lambung yang meruiliki asam lambung dengan pH 2,0 yang dapat mematikan sebagian besar mikroba yang melewatinya. Selain itu probiotik juga harus tahan terhadap garam empedu dalam sistem pencernaan. Peuelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kemampuan Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) isolat Air Susu Ibu (AS!), Lactobacillus rhamnosus B 16, Lactobacillus pentosus A7, Pediococcus pentosaceus A16, dan Lactobacillus fermentum A17f yang berpotensi sebagai probiotik, sebagai kultur starter daIam pembuatan yoghurt, menentukan medium terbaik, mengevaluasi pengaruh suhu dan waktu inkubasi, menguji pengaruh kombinasi BAL isolat ASI dengan Streptococcus thermophilus terhadap pembentukan asam pada yoghurt, mengetahui pengaruh waktu inkubasi terhadap pembentukan asam dan pertumbuhan BAL pada kultur terpilih, serta mengetahui penerimaan konsumen terhadap yoghurt yang dihasilkan. Penelitian iui dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap, meliputi: (1) Pengamatan morfologi kultur BAL isolat AS! (2) Pemiliban medium starter, (3) Pengaruh waktu dan suhu fermentasi yoghurt, (4) Kombinasi bakteri BAL isolat ASI dengan Streptococcus thermophillus, dan (5) Pengaruh lama inkubasi terhadap pembentukan asam dan pertumbuhan kultur BAL terpilih. Pengamatan yang dilakukan adalah uilai pH, total· asam tertitrasi (TAT), total BAL dan Lactobacillus, pembentukan whey dan curd, serta uji sensori (rasa, aroma, dan konsistensi) yoghurt.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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