Judul: Productivity and Cost of Timber Extraction in  Privat Forests with Manual Systems and Motorcycles in Probolinggo
Abstrak: Hutan rakyat merupakan hutan yang dibagun di atas lahan yang dibebani hak milik. Penyaradan kayu di hutan rakyat menggunakan system manual dan sistem sepeda motor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis produktivitas dan biaya penyaradan kayu menggunakan system manual (dipanggul) dan sepeda motor di hutan rakyat. Penelitian ini dilakukan di hutan rakyat Koperasi Alas Mandiri (KAM) dan Koperasi Bromo Mandiri (KBM) yang bermitra dengan PT Kutai Timber Indonesia (KTI) di Probolinggo. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi waktu kerja, produktivitas dan biaya. Data waktu kerja diperoleh melalui analisis video, sementara data produktivitas diperoleh melalui pengukuran langsung di lapangan dan data biaya diperoleh melalui wawancara dan pengutipan dari laporan/dokumen koperasi hutan rakyat dan PT KTI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produktivitas penyaradan di KAM 1 sebesar 1,8 m3/Jam, KAM 2 sebesar 0,4 m3/Jam, dan KBM sebesar 0,6 m3/Jam. Biaya total penyaradan kayu di KAM 1 sebesar Rp6.514,1/m3, KAM 2 sebesar Rp31.111,1/m3, dan KBM sebesar Rp53.581,6/m3., Privat forests are forests that are built on land that is burdened with property rights. Skidding of wood in community forests uses a manual system and a motorcycle system. This study aims to analyze the productivity and cost of skidding wood using a manual system and motorbikes in private forests. This research was conducted at the private forest Cooperative Alas Mandiri (KAM) and Cooperative Bromo Mandiri (KBM) in partnership with PT Kutai Timber Indonesia (KTI) in Probolinggo. The data collected includes working time, productivity, and costs. Data on working time was obtained through video analysis, while productivity data was obtained through direct measurements in the field and cost data was obtained through interviews and citations from reports/documents of the private forest cooperative and PT KTI. The results showed that skidding productivity in KAM 1 was 1.8 m3/hour, KAM 2 was 0.4 m3/hour, and KBM was 0.6 m3/hour. The total cost of skidding wood in KAM 1 is Rp6,514.1/m3, KAM 2 of Rp31,111.1/m3, and KBM Rp53.581.6/m3.
Keyword: Biaya penyaradan, Hutan rakyat, Penyaradan, Produktivitas, Fixed Cost, Private forest, Productivity, Skidding

Judul: Analysis of working time and productivity of wood skidding using locally made cranes in the Pangandaran Private Forest
Abstrak: Hutan rakyat merupakan hutan yang tumbuh pada tanah yang dibebani hak milik. Penyaradan merupakan pengangkutan kayu jarak pendek yang merupakan tahapan dalam pemanenan hutan. Kayu di hutan rakyat Pangandaran disarad dengan menggunakan mobile winch (derek buatan lokal). Penelitian ini bertujuan menghitung dan menganalisis waktu kerja dan produktivitas penyaradan kayu dengan sistem mobile winch di hutan rakyat Pangandaran. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi waktu kerja dan produktivitas. Data waktu kerja diperoleh melalui pengukuran waktu dengan metode null stop menggunakan stopwatch handphone, sementara data produksi penyaradan diperoleh melalui pengukuran lapangan langsung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata rata waktu kerja pengoperasian mobile winch sebesar 3.456 jam/siklus dan rata-rata produktivitas sebesar 1.804 m3/jam., Private forests are forests that grow on land that is burdened with property rights. Skidding is the transportation of wood over short distances which is a stage in forest harvesting. Wood in the Pangandaran private forest is skidded using a mobile winch (a locally made crane). This research aims to calculate and analyze the working time and productivity of wood skidding with a mobile winch system in the Pangandaran private forest. The data collected includes working time and productivity. Working time data was obtained through time measurements using the null stop method using a cellphone stopwatch, while skidding production data was obtained through direct field measurements. The research results show that the average working time for operating a mobile winch is 3,456 hours/cycle and the average productivity is 1,804 m3/hour.
Keyword: Hutan rakyat, Penyaradan, Winch, Waktu kerja, Produktivitas

Judul: Studi Kasus Diagnosis Pencitraan Gangguan Saluran Pencernaan Atas Anjing Schnauze
Abstrak: The aim of this study was to learn the role of diagnostic imaging to define the diagnose of the upper gastrointestinal tract disorder of the Schnauzer. The information from the owner (anamneses) stated that the dog has been vomiting for a year, sometimes containing blood. There might also be a possibility that it had eaten a corpus alineum. This study case covered physical examination, hematology and blood chemical analysis, radiography, ultrasonography, and endoscopy performed. Physical examination showed weight loss and anorexia. Hematology and blood chemical analysis showed an increase in lymphocyte, haemoglobin (Hb), haemotocrit (Hct), ureum, creatinine, alanin aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Abdominal radiograph showed no abnormality in the abdominal organs. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a hyperechoic mass on the stomach mucosal surface. The mass forms an acoustic shadowing at the ventral. The acoustic shadowing in the stomach may be caused by an accumulation of gas or foreign object such as bone. Endoscopy showed that there was inconsistency of stomach mucosa surface, foamy bile fluid in the stomach, ulcers, and erosion of the stomach mucosal surface. Based on the endoscopy performed, the animal was clearly diagnosed with chronic gastritis accompanied by stomach ulcer and erosion.
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