Judul: Kandungan koliform dalam mentega impor dari Perancis dan Selandia Baru
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan koliform pada mentega impor asal Perancis dan Selandia Baru. Sebanyak 65 sampel mentega yang terdiri dari 44 sampel mentega dari Perancis dan 21 sampel mentega dari Selandia Baru. Pengujian sampel mentega dilakukan dengan menumbuhkan koliform pada violet red bile agar (VRBA) yang berasal dari pengenceran mentega, kemudian dihitung jumlah koliform yang tumbuh setelah diinkubasi selama 24-48 jam. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah sebanyak 4 sampel (9%) mentega impor asal Perancis tidak memenuhi standar the Council of the European Communities (1992). Sedangkan berdasarkan standar yang ditetapkan oleh the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code (1984) , terdapat 1 sampel (5.0%) mentega impor asal Selandia Baru yang tidak memenuhi standar jumlah maksimum koliform. Sementara itu Standar Nasional Indonesia Nomor 01-3744-1995 tentang Mentega tidak mengatur tentang jumlah maksimum cemaran koliform. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah secara umum kandungan pada mentega impor asal Perancis dan Selandia Baru memenuhi standar kualitas yang telah ditetapkan oleh masing-masing negara pengekspor.
Keyword: Koliform, Impor, Mentega, Perancis, Selandia Baru

Judul: Analisis kuantitatif kapang dan kamir di dalam mentega impor dari Perancis dan Selandia Baru
Abstrak: Pangan merupakan salah satu kebutuhan dasar manusia yang sangat penting. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah kapang dan kamir di dalam mentega impor dari Perancis dan Selandia Baru dan membandingkan kualitas mikrobiologik masing-masing mentega. Total sampel mentega impor yaitu 65 sampel, berasal dari Perancis (44 sampel) dan Selandia Baru (21 sampel) yang diperiksa jumlah kapang kamir. Hasil menunjukkan rata-rata jumlah kapang kamir dari mentega asal Perancis dan Selandia Baru adalah 4.89±4.97 (log10). Tujuh sampel mentega impor asal Selandia Baru tidak memenuhi Standar Australia-Selandia Baru yaitu lebih tinggi (33.3%) dari standar. Jumlah kapang kamir yang tinggi disebabkan oleh jumlah kadar air yang tinggi yaitu lebih dari 14-15%. Rata-rata persentase kadar air mentega asal Perancis dan Selandia Baru 17.4±2.8%. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh maka harus dilakukan pemeriksaan keamanan dan kualitas dari mentega impor dan produk asal hewan lainnya.
Keyword: mentega impor, jumlah kapang, kamir

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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