Judul: Durability of Specific Immunoglobulin (Ig) Y Againts Influenza and Covid-19 in Sunscreen
Abstrak: The benefit of specific immunoglobulin Y (Ig Y) as an active ingredient in personal care products such as sunscreen has not been properly studied. Our study aims to evaluate the reliability of specific IgY against influenza and the COVID-19 virus in a sample sunscreen product. Specific IgY influenza and COVID-19 viruses were inserted in the sample sunscreen at two concentrations of 0.1% and 0.25%. Three treatments were observed: control (C) sunscreen without IgY, treatment 1 (T1) sunscreen with 0.1% IgY, and treatment 2 (T2) sunscreen with 0.25% IgY. Organoleptic observations were carried out to monitor changes in aroma, color, and texture, and sunscreen sampling was done every week for 6 weeks. The durability of IgY was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a neutralization assay. Organoleptic observation from weeks 1 to 6 showed consistency in its aroma, color, and texture. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralization assay (NA) results of the T1 and T2 groups showed negative results except for sample T1 at week 5, which showed a positive result in the Influenza A ELISA. Based on the results, it seems that IgY concentrations of 0.1% or 0.25% were not optimal. However, this negative result might be due to low concentration of the IgY and the presence of beeswax, which inhibits IgY and causes it to dissolve in distilled water, thus preventing it from being detected in the assay.
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, Sunscreen, Influenza, COVID-19, Biological Activity

Judul: Durability of Biologically Active Influenza and Covid-19 Specific Immunoglobulin Y Inserted in Handcream
Abstrak: Pemanfaatan imunoglobulin (Ig) Y spesifik dalam sediaan kosmetik merupakan salah satu upaya pencegahan infeksi virus yang dapat dikembangkan. Penelitian ini mempelajari ketahanan aktivitas biologis IgY spesifik influenza dan COVID-19 dalam handcream sebagai pencegahan infeksi virus. Konsentrasi IgY yang digunakan adalah 0,1% dan 0,25%, dengan tiga perlakuan: kontrol (K), handcream dengan 0,1% IgY (P1), dan handcream dengan 0,25% IgY (P2). Produk disimpan pada suhu ruang selama 5 minggu dan dilakukan duplo. Pengamatan organoleptik dilakukan dengan melihat perubahan aroma, warna, dan konsistensi. Peneliatian ini mengevaluasi aktivitas IgY dalam handcream menggunakan ELISA dan uji netralisasi. Pengamatan organoleptik menunjukkan tidak ada perubahan pada K dan P1, tetapi terjadi perubahan aroma pada P2 mulai minggu ke-2 dan perubahan konsistensi pada minggu ke-5. Hasil uji ELISA terhadap influenza A, influenza B, dan SARS-CoV-2 sebagian besar menunjukkan hasil negatif atau dubius pada kedua perlakuan, sementara uji netralisasi menunjukkan penghambatan pada sampel P1 sepanjang 5 minggu pengamatan dan pada minggu pertama untuk P2. Meskipun stabilitas IgY belum optimal pada suhu ruang, uji netralisasi menunjukkan potensi IgY spesifik sebagai bahan aktif antiviral dalam kosmetik. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengoptimalkan stabilitas dan efektivitasnya., The utilization of specific immunoglobulin (Ig)Y in cosmetic preparations is one of the efforts to prevent viral infections that can be developed. This research studies the durability of influenza-specific IgY and COVID-19 in handcream for preventing viral infections. The IgY concentrations used were 0.1% and 0.25%, with three treatments: control (K), handcream with 0.1% IgY (P1), handcream with 0.25% IgY (P2), and all done in duplicates. Organoleptic observations were made by looking at changes in aroma, color, and consistency. The study evaluated IgY activity in the handcream using ELISA and neutralization test. After 5 weeks of storage at room temperature, organoleptic observations showed no change in K and P1, but aroma changes were noted in P2 from week 2 and consistency from week 5. ELISA test results against influenza A, influenza B, and SARS-CoV-2 mostly showed negative or dubious results in both treatments. The neutralization test showed inhibition in P1 throughout the 5 weeks and in the first week for P2. Although IgY stability at room temperature is suboptimal, it holds potential as an antiviral ingredient in cosmetics. Further research is needed to optimize its stability and effectiveness.
Keyword: antibody, covid-19, handcream, immunoglobulin Y, influenza

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh.
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. ,,,
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular.