Judul: Mangrove ecosystem management based mitigation . (case of small Islands Bunaken National Park)
Abstrak: Mangrove ecosystem has many functions for coastal areas, among other functions of ecological, social and economic. This function is a systemic impact on the environment other coastal ecosystems and human life. Through the mitigation of these functions can be optimized to minimize the degradation of small island environments. This study analyzed the condition of existing mangrove ecosystem, the vulnerability of small islands, and mangrove ecosystem management strategies based mitigation. This study uses primary and secondary data. Primary data gathering done by sampling, field observation, quistioner, and open-ended interviews and in-depth interviews in the research area. Secondary data gathering by unravel various literature, and related institution. Vulnerability index was analyzed using multi dimensional scaling method where as vulnerability mapping carried out by analysis of geographic information system using the software Arcview 3.3. For patterns and management strategies used stakeholder analysis through a technique SMART (Simple multi-attribute rating technique) using the software Criterium decision plus (Criplus Version 3.0 S). Results obtained from this research is the mangrove ecosystem of small islands in Taman Nasional Bunaken need to get attention in the management considering the rate of degradation and threats to these ecosystems is increasing. Nain Island is the island most vulnerable to the threat of damage to ecosystems by humans activity or natural factors. Management scheme that can accommodate a variety of problems faced by the mangrove ecosystem of small islands is Colaboratif management by the government as the leading sector with the highest priority on the management of the ecological dimension.
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Judul: Ecosystem characteristics of mangrove at small islands of wakatobi national park, Southeast Sulawesi Province
Abstrak: The study was aimed to elaborate structure and composition of mangrove vegetation and to examine relationship between mangrove vegetation pattern and abiotic factors in Kaledupa, Derawa and Hoga Islands in Wakatobi National Park. Sampling of vegetation was done continuously across mangrove community, starting from front (seaward) vegetation formation to the inner formation (landward) by line transect and plot methods. Structure and composition of were determined through vegetation analysis with parameter including frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, dominance, relative dominance, importance value, zonation determination, natural regeneration, distribution of stem diameter (diameter et breast high) and status of mangrove community. Species diversity was analyzed using Shannon Wiener Index. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to see difference of abiotic factors among islands and Duncan-test to examine abiotic factors having significantly different responses (p = 0,05). 20 species of true mangrove were found and the largest species was found in Kaledupa Island. Distribution of mangrove vegetation species in the study areas was supposed to be related to wave protection, siltation, and freshwater input. The highest total individual density was found in Kaledupa Island and the lowest one was found in Derawa Island. Species of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lamk., and Rhizophora mucronata Lamk with the highest density was found in Derawa Island. Diversity Index of mangrove vegetation species was chategorized as low. Species having a good natural regeneration was found at Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob., and Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Kaledupa Island, and Osbornia octodonta F.v.M Hoga Island. For genus of Rhizophora besides reproduce through seed/propagule, it is also reproduce vegetatively through branches. Environmental factors of soil having significant relationship with the community pattern in this study were: pH, Kalium (available), and Salinity. Content of soil organic material, Nitrogen (total), Phosphate (available) and soil texture (silt, clay and sand) did not show a significant relationship with the community pattern of mangrove vegetation community. Zonation pattern of mangrove vegetation was only found in Kaledupa Island. Mangrove zonation Kaledupa Island consisted of four zones. Successively, from the seaward to the landward were Rhizophora mucronata Lamk., Rhizophora apiculata Bl., Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob., Ceriops decandra (Griff.) Ding Hou zone. Height of seawater inundation was factor having significant relationship with zonation pattern. Distribution of diameter classes was chategorized as J-shaped graph model. Status of mangrove community in this national park was classified as damaged class due to human activities.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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