Judul: Optimasi Konsentrasi Sulfur dan Bahan Pencepat Pada Sintesa Faktis Gelap Dengan Bahan Baku Minyak Jarak Pagar (Jatropha Curcas L.).
Abstrak: Demand increasing on product rubber based have been causing the increasing of factice needs. Dark factice is synthesized by vulcanization of oil and sulfur at high temperatures. In the rubber compound production process, factice function increase homogeneity, save blending time, reduce energy, and produce rubber compounds which more resistant to ozone. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of sulphur and accelerator to physical and chemical character of factice, optimum concentration of both sulphur and accelerator to acetone extract. The experimental design used in this research was Response Surface Method (RSM), consist of two factors, sulphur and accelerator concentration. Low and high value of sulphur concentration low value were 26 pho (part perhundred weight oil) and high value were 30 pho. Accelerator material used are tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) and zinc diethyldithiocarbomate (ZDEC). Accelerator concentration factor low value were both 1 pho and high value were 3 pho. Factice production use single feedstock which was jatropha curcas oil. Iodine value and acid value of jatropha curcas oil were each 84.66 g iod/100 g oil and 4.63 mg KOH/g oil. Concentration of 26 pho sulphur and 3 pho ZDEC accelerator resulted the best factice with 20.22 % acetone extract value, 1.03 % free sulphur content, 5.41 % ash content, and pH 11. Factice production with 28 pho sulphur and 3.4 pho TMTD accelerator resulted the lowest acetone extract which its value was 18,60 %, 0.86 % free sulphur content, 4.52 % ash content, and pH 6.37.
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Judul: Pengaruh Suhu dan Konsentrasi Sulfur Terhadap Mutu Faktis Gelap Berbahan Baku Minyak Jarak (Castor Oil)
Abstrak: Dark factice is one of the rubber processing aids obtained by vulcanization/reaction of fatty oil with sulphur at high temperature. Factice serve as mixing materials in the rubber industry and are used for various purposes such as in the manufacture of rubber, cable coatings, cellular rubber goods, rubber goods from latex, and in the manufacture of rubber goods using the calendar tool, extruder, and injection molding equipment. Factice wide application because the processing involves the use of natural or synthetic rubber. The purpose of this research are: 1.) Knowing the influence of temperature and sulfur concentration toward dark factice quality; 2.) Obtain the best treatment combination to produce a dark factice using raw material of castor oil. Factice manufacture begins with the neutralization of oil, by adding 1 ppho (parts per hundred weight of oil) Na2CO3 to the oil while stirring (145 rpm) and heated until a temperature treatment has achieved. After the treatment temperature has reached, respectively 5 ppho ZnO and sulfur (the amount in accordance with the treatment) is inserted into the oil while continuing the stirring. The reaction is continued until dark factice is formed, that is the mixture returned into a solid. The Design experiment in this research was completely randomized factorial design with two treatments, that are temperatures on the level of 140, 150, 160 and 170oC and sulfur concentrations on the level of 25, 30 and 35 ppho. Castor oil which is used has an average value of iodine number of 86.15 (g iod/100 g oil) and the average value of acid number of 1.02 (mg KOH/ g oil). Based on the analysis of variance, treatment of temperatures have real impact on dark factice’s acetone extract content and free sulfur content, and the treatment of sulfur concentrations gave a significant effect on dark factice’s free sulfur content and ash content. Dark factice which has the best chemical parameter based on acetone extract content, resulting in treatment of 170oC temperature and sulfur concentration of 35 ppho, but is still classified as third quality (> 35%) with average value of 86.12% acetone extracts. Dark factice has been obtained with treatment of 170oC temperature and sulphur concentration of 25 ppho has the lowest free sulphur content with average value of 1,24% free sulphur contents. The pH value of dark factices have average of 10 and the average of ash content about 5%.
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Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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