Judul: Design and Performance Test of Drifter Buoy
Abstrak: The modern drifter buoy is a high-tech version of the "message in a bottle". It consists of a surface buoy and a subsurface drogue, attached by a long, thin tether. The buoy measures temperature and other sea/air properties, and has a transmitter to send the data to passing satellites. Drifters buoy for oceanographic research in the field had long been developed, but the design and construction of this instrument is still on going process. The major goal of the drifter intended by the designers of the drifter are cheap, lightweight and stable on several conditions. This study attempted to produce a drifter system capable of measuring position, speed and direction of surface current using a microcontroller, GPS and GSM technology as the data transmitter and receiver. There are 3 main parts of the drifter. They are the electronic systems, software and vehicles. Electronic systems are built from the microcontroller ATmega32, storage SD / MMC cards, transmission using GSM modem, GPS as a sensor position and velocity, and DALLAS DS18B20 as temperature sensors. The software is divided into 2 parts: software that is embedded into vehicle and software to control and receiving data in ground segment. Vehicle is divided into 2 main parts, first is float to house electronics system and drogue to maintain a position of drifter from the influence of surface wind. GPS used has a precision of 10 m, therefore the determination of position requires a certain time interval, this interval is very dependent on the speed of surface currents in the area. The results of performance test systems in the field showed that the design is able to record 95% -99% of the data successfully at 64 bps transfer speed. Field trial results also showed 85% and 93% successful data transmission using the GSM network with the power used in these systems totaling approximately 541-544 mW. The value of drag area ratio is 53.38, greater than 40 indicates that the drifter is produced has a pretty good ability to follow the movement of the water. In Pelabuhan Ratu, a different current direction at the center and edge of the bay. In the middle of the bay, when the water toward to lowest ebb the current direction towards to west and then silently at the lowest ebb. Finally, when water level increase the curent direction toward to the north. On the eastern edge of the bay, when the water toward to the lowest ebb, the direction of ocean surface current sheading out the bay.
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Judul: Design, construction and sea trial of buoy system using A-WSN ZigBee protocol for in coastal waters
Abstrak: Ocean observation has become a challenge due to it's vast and rough condition. Limited access and unpredictable weather makes the ocean observation require a good plan. Understanding about the sea and its phenomenon is a key factor for many fields including climatology, fisheries, port management, coastal management, national resilience, public health institution, environmental assessment, and oil and gas company. Coastal ecosystem consisting of estuary, mangrove and seagrass are the ecosystem which has high primary productivity and many ecological functions. Each component in coastal ecosystem is closely related. Human activity put stress on this environment and makes it very fragile. Mooring buoy has been used as one of the options to monitor ocean autonomously. In this study, the instruments and telemetry system are installed in a specially designed buoy for automatic sampling. Mooring buoy has succeed in global climate study, for example is TAO/TRITON bouy. However the big dimension in the existing buoy system is not suitable for coastal ecosystem monitoring. Energy efficient system in Aerial Wireless Sensor Network (A-WSN) is applicable for coastal ecosystem monitoring buoy system. A small-size instrument, low cost, and durable can become ideal solution for a mooring buoy system, and also has advantage in term of spatial and temporal resolution. This research aim is to develop six mooring buoy instrument based on A-WSN ZigBee protocol for monitoring sea surface temperature. The design and construction of buoy platform has shown good stability both in static and dynamic test. The remaining 6 kg carrying capacity of the buoy is available from total 23 kg buoyancy for additional instrument. A-WSN performance shows 100% successful in data transmitting for static test. Dynamic test shows good performance with 100% success ratio for R1, 99.91% for R2, 84.94% for E1, 99.57% for E2, and 100% for E3. Power consumption analysis has been done for battery endurance test. The results are 39.7 hours for coordinator, 39.8 hours for router, and 87.8 hours for end device. The sea trial of the buoy shown a good performance for sea surface temperature monitoring in Panggang Island, Seribu Islands
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Judul: Aflatoksikosis pada ayam
Abstrak: Aflatoksikosis merupakan suatu mikotoksikosis yang di sebabkan oleh aflatoksin, yaitu hasil metabolisme sekunder dari kapang Aspergillus flavus dan A. parasiticus. Penyakit ini biasa disebut juga Penyakit Kalkun X atau Keracunan Kacang Tanah atau Keracunan Aflatoksin. Kapang dari kelompok A. flavus merupakan kapang pencemar bahan makanan, sering ditemukan dalam gudang penyimpanan bahan makanan terutama jagung, kacang tanah dan biji kapas. Pertumbuhan kapang dan pembentukan toksinnya dipengaruhi oleh keadaan lingkungan dan substrat. Kelompok A. flavus tumbuh subur pada kelembaban relatif di atas 85% dengan kadar air biji-bijian 16% atau lebih, bersifat mesofilik dan merupakan organisma yang aerob. Pada kondisi kelembaban dan suhu yang sesuai aflatoksin dapat dihasilkan dalam waktu 48 jam. Aflatoksikosis biasanya terjadi pada hewan yang mengkonsumsi ransum tercemar aflatoksin secara alami. Gejala yang ditimbulkan tergantung dari dosis yang termakan dan lamanya mengkonsumsi. Keracunan akut ditandai dengan kematian setelah hewan mengkonsumsi toksin dalam dosis letal sedangkan keracunan subakut/kronis ditandai oleh penurunan produksi telur, terhambatnya pertumbuhan dan menekan sistem imun sehingga ayam menjadi lebih peka terhadap berbagai penyakit infeksius. Ayam relatif lebih tahan terhadap aflatoksin dibandingkan itik, kalkun dan angsa. Hati merupakan target organ dari aflatoksin. Oleh karena itu perubahan patologi anatomi dan histopatologi tampak paling jelas pada hati. Hati mengalami degenerasi, nekrosa dan perlemakan. Pada organ lain ditemukan degenerasi ginjal, splenomegalli, degenerasi sel-sel asiner pankreas, regresi bursa fabricius, regresi thymus, hidropericardium dan enteritis catarrhalis. Pada keadaan lebih lanjut terlihat cirrhosis atau nodular pada hati disertai nekrosa fokal berwarna putih dan edema umum. Penanggulangan terhadap aflatoksikosis dapat dilakukan dengan cara mencegah pertumbuhan kapang pada bahan makanan atau dengan detoksifikasi ransum yang tercemar. pengobatan tidak ekonomis dan tidak efisien selama Tindakan toksin masih berada dalam ransum. Bila keadaan tidak parah ayam- ayam dapat sembuh kembali setelah toksin disingkirkan dari dalam ransum.
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