Judul: The Model of Physical Exercise Effect on the Dynamics of Glucose and Insulin
Abstrak: Regular physical activity is indicated either to prevent or delay the onset of non-insulin-dependent diabetes or to assure a good control of diabetes by increasing insulin sensitivity and ameliorating the metabolism of glucose disappearance. A minimal model developed previously was extended to include the major effects of exercise on plasma glucose and insulin levels. Minimal model of glucose and insulin dynamics created in this study is valid. Result of model simulation is good agreement with experimental data. On the normal subject, physical exercise can reduce blood glucose levels, the same thing happened in people with diabetes. In general, the model can be explained that physical exercise can lower glucose levels basal while after the exercise, but will eventually rise returned to initial basal glucose levels, so to keep the blood glucose remained normal should be done exercise regularly and with the assistance of insulin therapy appropriate to the needs of patients.
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Judul: Simulation of Modified Minimal Model for Glucose and Insulin Mechanism in Type 2 Diabetes and Healthy Humans
Abstrak: Bergman minimal model is Mathematics model which is invented by Richard N. Bergman in 1979. That model consists of three compartments to predict glucose effectiveness (SG) and insulin sensitivity (SI) from the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) data in a period of time. A lot of modifications from bergman minimal model have been made with the purpose to increase the accuracy and to handle process complexity in glucose-insulin mechanism system. Minimal model can be used in health to diagnose, to prevent, and to treat diabetes patients. In this research, mathematics model is modified based on the assumption that insulin enters the plasma insulin compartment at a rate proportional to the product of time and the glucose concentration above a basal plasma glucose concentration. If the plasma glucose concentration drops below the basal plasma glucose concentration, so insulin rate which enters the plasma glucose compartment is zero. Insulin is cleaned from the plasma insulin compartment at a rate proportional to the amount of insulin in the plasma insulin compartment. This model is also modified based on the assumption that the insulin decay rate is not always a first order process and function identification from insulin infusion rate. Modified minimal model that is obtained in this research consists of three ordinary diferensial equations. The first and second diferensial equations state that the influence of insulin to speed up glucose absorption, whereas the third diferensial equation states that the influence of glucose to increase insulin secretion. The accuracy of modified minimal model working is tested by comparing the simulation result of modified minimal model with the simulation result by Zheng and Zhao and the experiment result from the previous study which is done by Jiaxu et al. The simulation from that ordinary diferensial equation is accomplished using ode45. In general, modified minimal model is applied to healthy humans and type 2 diabetes patients which is then divided into four conditions based on the amount of exogenous insulin infusion that is applied in MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory). On the first condition, model simulation in healthy humans without giving insulin infusion. That simulation result shows that after giving glucose injection to the body, glucose reaches higher concentration and returns to basal condition within one hour. When giving glucose injection, the signal is sent to pancreas, β cells in islands of langerhans reacts by producing insulin hormone. This condition is signed with the increase of insulin concentration in the body. After that, insulin concentration decreases and forms little peak. Insulin hormone functions to process glucose so that it can be absorbed by body cells. Within one hour insulin concentration will return to basal level because there is no glucose that should be processed anymore. It presents that pancreas responsiveness is excellent, in which β cells are able to secrete enough insulin to keep blood glucose concentration in normal condition. On the second condition, that is model simulation in healthy humans by giving exogenous insulin infusion on the 20th minute for 5 minutes as much as 30 mU kg-1 body weight. Glucose concentration of healthy humans will return quickly to
Keyword: modified minimal model, glucose,, insulin, type 2 diabetes

Judul: Diversity of Crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae) in the Arafura Sea
Abstrak: Laut Arafura merupakan laut dengan luas 650.000 km2 dengan maksimal kedalaman 3,68 km yang berada di wilayah Propinsi Papua. Kepiting merupakan anggota filum Arthropoda, kelas Malacostraca, Ordo Decapoda, dan Subordo Brachyura. Brachyura yang sering disebut sebagai kepiting sejati merupakan hewan yang sangat beragam pada tingkat infra-ordo. Kepiting berperan sebagai bentos dan spesies kunci, berperan dalam keberlangsungan rantai makanan. Brachyura yang sudah dilaporkan di dunia berjumlah 7250 spesies, adapun spesies yang dilaporkan di Indonesia oleh Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan Indonesia sekitar 1400 spesies. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui dan mendeskripsikan spesimen kepiting (Portunidae) yang tertangkap dari Laut Arafura. Metode yang dilakukan adalah mengidentifikasi beberapa spesimen koleksi Prof. Dr. Ali yang berada di Departemen Biologi, IPB University. Spesimen diidentifikasi menggunakan FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery. Nomenklatur spesies berdasarkan laman World of Registered Marine Species (WoRMS). Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan morfologi yang dilakukan pada spesimen, diperoleh delapan spesies kepiting dari famili Portunidae yaitu, Eodemus unidens; Charybdis (Charybdis) lucifer; Lupocycloporus wilsoni; Charybdis (Archias) hongkongensis; Lupocycloporus gracilimanus; Charybdis (Charybdis) callianassa; Charybdis (Archias) omanensis septentrionalis; dan Charybdis (Charybdis) anisodon., The Arafura Sea is a sea with an area of 650,000 km2 with a maximum depth of 3.68 km in the Papua Province. Crabs are members of the phylum Arthropoda, class Malacostraca, Order Decapoda, and Susubdo Brachyura. Brachyura, often referred to as true crabs, are very diverse animals at the infra-order level. Crabs act as benthos and key species, playing a role in the sustainability of the food chain. Brachyura that has been reported in the world amounts to 7250 species, while the species reported in Indonesia by the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry are around 1400 species. This study aims to know and describe crab specimens (Portunidae) caught from the Arafura Sea. The method carried out is to identify several specimens collected by Prof. Dr. Ali who are in the Department of Biology, IPB University. Specimens were identified using the FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery. Species nomenclature based on the World of Registered Marine Species (WoRMS) page. Based on the results of morphological observations made on specimens, eight species of crabs from the Portunidae family were obtained, namely, Eodemus unidens; Charybdis (Charybdis) lucifer; Lupocycloporus wilsoni; Charybdis (Archias) hongkongensis; Lupocycloporus gracilimanus; Charybdis (Charybdis) callianassa; Charybdis (Archias) omanensis septentrionalis; dan Charybdis (Charybdis) anisodon.
Keyword: Arafura sea, Charybdis, Lupocycloporus, morphology, Portunidae