Judul: Molecular Docking of Black Cumin Active Compound to Inhibits Cholinesterase Enzyme in the Development of Alzheimer’s Therapy
Abstrak: Asetilkolinesterase (AChE) dan Butirilkolinesterase (BChE) merupakan dua jenis enzim kolinesterase yang berperan dalam penurunan kadar asetilkolin sebagai gejala khas penyakit alzheimer. Jintan hitam memiliki beragam senyawa aktif yang berpotensi menghambat aktivitas kedua enzim. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis interaksi beberapa senyawa aktif penting dari jintan hitam dalam menghambat aktivitas kedua enzim. Senyawa uji terbaik dipilih berdasar analisis sifat kemiripan obat yang memenuhi kriteria dalam bioavailabilitas, toksisitas dan aspek farmakokinetik sebagai obat. Analisis penambatan molekul dilakukan dengan perangkat lunak komputer PyRx Virtual Screening dan YASARA Structure. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 7 dari 25 senyawa uji diduga memiliki aktivitas penghambatan pada enzim AChE dan BChE. Senyawa nigelicin berpotensi sebagai inhibitor terbaik AChE (ΔG -7,74 kcal/mol; %BSS 69,23%). Senyawa nigelidin berpotensi sebagai inhibitor terbaik BChE (ΔG -6,73 kcal/mol; %BSS 33,33%). Ikatan inhibitor dan enzim pada keduanya didominasi interaksi hidrofobik dengan cincin aromatik berjajar. Kedua senyawa tergolong kelompok alkaloid jintan hitam yang berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai herbal terapi alzheimer., Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are two types of cholinesterase enzyme that plays important role in reducing acetylcholine as a symptom of alzheimer. Black cumin has a variety of active compounds and the potential to inhibit the activity of both enzymes. This study aims to analyze interaction of some crucial active compounds of black cumin in inhibiting AChE and BChE enzymes. Active compounds selected through drugs-likeness analysis that in compliance with bioavailability, toxicity and pharmacocinetics aspect. Docking simulation doing by the Pyrx Virtual Screening software and the YASARA Structure software. As a result, 7 of the 25 analyze compounds have the potential to inhibit activity of both enzymes. Nigelicin is the best compound that inhibits AChE (ΔG -7,74 kcal/mol; %BSS 69,23%). Nigelidin is the best compound that inhibits BChE (ΔG -6.73 kcal/mol; %BSS 33,33%). Both inhibitor and enzyme complex dominated by hydrophobic with lined aromatic structure. Both compounds are classified as alkaloid of black cumin that potential as alzheimer’s therapy.
Keyword: alzheimer’s disease, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, black cumin, molecular docking

Judul: Potensi penghambatan enzim asetilkolinesterase oleh ekstrak air jintan hitam (Nigella Sativa L.) sebagai anti-Alzheimer
Abstrak: Jintan hitam (Nigella sativa L.) memiliki potensi sebagai obat herbal anti- Alzheimer namun belum terdapat informasi ilmiah terkait khasiat ekstrak air jintan hitam sebagai anti-Alzheimer. Penghambatan aktivitas enzim Asetilkolinesterase (AChE) merupakan salah satu pengobatan anti-Alzheimer. Penelitan ini bertujuan menguji aktivitas ekstrak air jintan hitam sebagai inhibitor enzim AChE. Ekstraksi jintan hitam dilakukan dengan variasi suhu untuk mengamati jumlah rendemen yang diperoleh. Simplisia diekstraksi dengan diseduh pada suhu 28, 40, 60, dan 80 ˚C selama 15 menit serta direbus (100 ˚C) selama 30 menit. Kandungan fitokimia ekstrak diuji secara kualitatif. Efek inhibisi enzim AChE diukur dari jumlah tiokolin yang dihasilkan menggunakan spektrofotometer (metode Ellman). Senyawa spesifik dalam ekstrak diidentifikasi dengan studi pustaka hasil analisis menggunakan LC-MS. Semua ekstrak mengandung kuinon, glikosida, alkaloid, fenolik, tanin, dan saponin sedangkan flavonoid hanya dimiliki oleh ekstrak 100 ˚C. Kenaikan suhu tidak meningkatkan jumlah rendemen. Ekstrak 80 ˚C menghambat aktivitas enzim AChE sebesar 11.86%(p=2) walaupun tergolong rendah dibandingkan donepezil HCl (97.73%). Senyawa yang kandidat sebagai inhibitor AChE adalah kuinon, glikosida, alkaloid, dan fenolik.
Keyword: water extract, black cumin, AChE, anti-alzheimer

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite