Judul: Pemanfaatan Teknik End-Point PCR untuk Deteksi Bakteri Pengkode Gen Tyrosine Decarboxylase (TDC) pada Ikan Jenis Scombridae.
Abstrak: Bakteri penghasil enzim Tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC) dapat dijumpai pada ikan yang telah mengalami kemunduran mutu. Enzim TDC dapat mengubah tirosin menjadi tiramin. Kandungan tiramin yang tinggi dapat menimbulkan efek toksik. Deteksi bakteri penghasil tiramin dapat dilakukan dengan metode molekuler menggunakan teknik PCR karena pengujiannya lebih cepat dan sensitif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi gen TDC dan 16S rRNA berdasarkan urutan basa nukleotida melalui metode bioinformatika. Tahapan penelitian yang digunakan yaitu kultivasi bakteri, isolasi DNA bakteri menggunakan CTAB 2% dan kit isolasi DNA komersial, pengukuran kualitas dan konsentrasi DNA, amplifikasi DNA, sekuensing, dan identifikasi spesies. Isolat DNA bakteri yang berhasil didapatkan yaitu dari sampel hasil kultivasi. Sampel yang berhasil diamplifikasi oleh gen TDC adalah tuna hasil kultivasi (BE) menggunakan kit TIANamp Genomic DNA. Hasil amplifikasi diperoleh dengan berat molekul 825 pb dan teridentifikasi sebagai spesies Carnobacterium sp.
Keyword: amplifikasi, isolasi, kultivasi, TDC, TTC

Judul: Pemanfaatan Gen Pengkode odc dan ldc untuk Deteksi Dini Pembentukan Putresin dan Kadaverin pada Ikan Scombridae
Abstrak: Putresin dan kadaverin merupakan jenis biogenik amin yang terbentuk melalui proses dekarboksilasi asam amino, yaitu ornitin dan lisina dengan enzim yang terlibat adalah ornitin dekarboksilase dan lisin dekarboksilase. Gen pengkode enzim tersebut dapat dimanfaatkan dalam metode pendeteksi dini secara molekuler, yaitu pada mikroorganisme pembentuk putresin dan kadaverin. Pada penelitian ini, pendeteksian tersebut dilakukan melalui tahap pre-enrichment dan non preenrichment mikroba yang terdapat pada sampel, isolasi DNA bakteri menggunakan TianGen DNA kit dan CTAB 2%, amplifikasi DNA menggunakan primer spesifik PUT1 dan CAD1 serta primer universal 16S rRNA. DNA bakteri yang terdapat pada ikan scombroid dengan metode pre-enrichment berhasil diisolasi. Gen ldc berhasil diamplifikasi dengan primer CAD1 pada ukuran 1 098 bp. Isolat bakteri secara umum juga berhasil diamplifikasi dengan primer 16S rRNA pada ukuran 1 500 bp. Jenis bakteri pengkode gen ldc yang terdeteksi berasal dari famili Enterobacteriaceae dimana spesies Enterobacter chengduensis memiliki kesamaan dengan bakteri pada ikan tuna, dan Enterobacter roggenkampii memiliki kesamaan dengan bakteri pada ikan tongkol dan cakalang.
Keyword: Enterobacter, gen ldc, gen odc, kadaverin, putresin

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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