Judul: The Impact of Economic Policy on Palm Oil and Rubber Industries in Indonesia
Abstrak: During the period 1968-2008 oil palm plantations area in Indonesia had increased with the growth rate higher than rubber plantations area, that had been 11 percent compare to one percent per year. It is assumed that economic policy has significant impact for the development Indonesian palm oil and rubber industries. The general aim of the research is to analyze the impact of various economic policies on palm oil and rubber industries. This study was conducted by formulating dynamic simultaneous equations model of palm oil and rubber industries with consisting of 44 behavioral and 18 identity equations. The Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) method was used to estimate the parameters of the behavioral equations in the model. The results of research showed that there is competition in the between oil palm and natural rubber commodities in terms utilization of available natural resources. While sub-block domestic market and international market do not have a linkage between crude palm oil and natural rubber because they have different market. The historical simulation in the period of 1994–2008 showed that: (1) decreasing interest rates gave a positive impact on oil palm and rubber mature area, (2) increasing in farm input prices such as wage rate and fertilizer prices gave a negative impact on oil palm and natural rubber mature area, (3) exchange rate depreciation gave a positive impact on export price of palm oil and natural rubber, increases producer surplus and result in largest foreign earning, and (4) decreasing palm oil export tax gave a positive impact on palm oil export price.
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Judul: Impacts of Domestic Policies and External Factors on the Crude Palm Oil Producers’s and Consumer’s Welfare in Indonesia
Abstrak: Besides its promising prospect in the world market, crude palm oil (CPO) in Indonesia plays an important role to fulfill the need of domestic downstream industries (such as palm cooking oil, oleo chemical, margarine, soap, and biodiesel) for their input procurements. Broad changes in the structure of regional and global economy will affect production, consumption, and trade of CPO and palm cooking oil in Indonesian. The objectives of this study are to analyze the affecting factors of supply and demand for CPO in domestic and world markets and to evaluate (2003-2007) and to forecast (2012-2016) the impact of domestic policies and external factors on the performance of CPO industry in Indonesia. This study was conducted by formulating an econometric model of CPO industry. The model specification was dynamic simultaneous equations and consist of 27 behavioral equations and 12 identities. Model identification was performed by using the order condition criteria, while model was estimated by using 2SLS method. The result show that domestic price of CPO is more responsive to changes in domestic demand quantity of CPO than export demand of CPO. Moreover, the developing of domestic downstream industries of CPO will increase the quantity of demand for CPO, hence it can increase the prices that is received by CPO producers. Domestic policy in the form of restrictions on exports of CPO with determination of the export tax rate of 20 percents can improve the net welfare that is more than the policy of domestic quota (increased domestic supply of CPO) and the policy of export quota. Increasing domestic supply of CPO gives a negative impact on net welfare. This is because the increasing in domestic supply of CPO has not been supported by the development of downstream industry of CPO (besides palm cooking oil industry), thus increasing the domestic supply of CPO will decrease the domestic price of CPO and domestic price of palm cooking oil. In the long run, after the downstream industries of CPO developed rapidly, the government should focus on policy of domestic market obligation (DMO) for CPO companies, hence they will commit to supply CPO domestic. Finally, the DMO policy will fulfill the needs of downstream industry.
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Judul: Trichomonas Gallinae Penyebab Trichomonosis Pada Unggas
Abstrak: Trichomonas gallinae adalah protozoa yang bergerak aktof dengan keempat flagella yang mempunyai layar dan pada salah satu sisinya terdapat membran seperti sirip ikan yang berombak. Spesies dari genus Trichomonas ini mempunyai arti penting pada unggas, karena dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada alat pencernaan bagian atas.
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