Judul: Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal Akibat Penebangan dan Penyaradan Kayu di Areal IUPHHK-HA PT. Sarmiento Parakantja Timber, Kalimantan Tengah
Abstrak: Tree felling and skidding a part of forest harvesting activities that would cause damage to the residual stand. This study aims to calculate and identify the extent of damage to remaining trees with the diameter of 10 cm up due to tree felling and skidding. The result of this research showed that the residual stand damage caused by felling and skidding in PT. Sarmiento Parakantja Timber is included medium damage, namely 28.41%. Based on the size wound on damaged trees, the trees damaged consist of severely damaged 49.30%, medium damaged 20.88% and lightly damaged 29.82%. The average size of the open area caused by felling and skidding is at 232.48 m2/tree or 3804.62 m2 ha-1. High logging intensity would cause higher damage to the residual stand and higher opened area as well.
Keyword: skidding, tree felling, residual stand damage

Judul: Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal Akibat Pemanenan Kayu di PT. Diamond Raya Timber, Provinsi Riau
Abstrak: In the activities of the utilization of the peat swamp forests, not separated in the harvesting of the forest activities. As for the impact of harvesting activities which could result in damage to the forest was living that threaten the sustainability of the forest. Although timber harvesting is carried out carefully, damage the difficult lives residual stands are avoided. Residual stand damage to the forest lived is happening on the part of the forest which is actually not included in plans for harvested at the time of harvesting is done. This research aims to quantify residual stand damage caused by wood harvesting in peat swamp forest. The method of the research is to measure the stand damage after felling and skidding operation at 6 sample plot which 1 hectare in each plot. The percentage and the level of tree damage were calculated through comparing the number of tree damage after logging with the number of tree before logging. The result of the study showed that the type of damage was crown damage, bark injury, buttress root damage, broken stem and fell. Residual stand damage caused by harvesting in Diamond Raya Timber forest company include medium damage, it was 41,14%. The percentage of stand damage caused by felling was 20,61% and the percentage of stand damage caused by skidding was 20,53%.
Keyword: 

Judul: Influenza Specific Immunoglobulin Y Purification from Egg Yolk with Sodium Chloride Precipitation Method
Abstrak: Imunoglobulin Yolk (IgY) yang terdapat dalam kuning telur telah banyak dimanfaatkan untuk imunoterapi dan imunodiagnostik. Salah satu kendala dalam pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur adalah pemisahan Ig dengan lemak, sehingga teknik pemurnian Ig selalu berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur dengan metode pengendapan menggunakan sodium chloride (NaCl) serta melakukan karakterisasi IgY spesifik influenza. Sodium chloride dipilih karena bahan kimia ini relatif murah, ramah lingkungan, dan tidak merusak imunoaktivitas IgY. Kuning telur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari telur ayam layer yang divaksinasi dengan vaksin influenza Flubio® yang berisi virus Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 dan B/Washington. Pemurnian IgY hanya dilakukan pada kuning telur yang mengandung antibodi spesifik influenza. Deteksi keberadaan antibodi spesifik influenza ditentukan dengan uji agar gel presipitasi (AGP) dan metode enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Konsentrasi IgY hasil pemurnian dihitung dengan spektrofotometer dan karakterisasi protein dilakukan dengan metode Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Konsentrasi protein dari hasil pemurnian IgY memiliki nilai rata – rata 50,403 mg/mL. Hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan enam pita protein, yaitu struktur IgY utuh (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), rantai berat IgY (66,54 kDa), Fab ( 47,65 kDa), rantai ringan IgY (21,85 kDa), dan β-livetin (36,74 kDa). IgY hasil pemurnian masih dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza berdasarkan uji ELISA. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemurnian IgY menggunakan metode pengendapan NaCl dapat memurnikan IgY dengan struktur utuh, meskipun masih ada dua protein tidak spesifik hasil pemurnian. IgY yang dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza mengindikasikan prospek pemanfaatannya untuk pencegahan influenza dan imunodiagnostik., Yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) contained in egg yolk has been widely used for immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. One of the obstacles in IgY purification from egg yolk is separating Ig from fat, so that IgY purification techniques are always developing. This study aimed to purify IgY from egg yolk using sodium chloride (NaCl) precipitation method and to characterize influenza-specific IgY. Sodium chloride was chosen because this chemical is relatively unexpensive, environmentally friendly, and does not impair IgY immunoactivity. The egg yolks used in this study were collected from layer eggs vaccinated with the Flubio® influenza vaccine, which contains the Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 and B/Washington viruses. IgY purification was only carried out on egg yolks containing influenza specific antibodies. The presence of influenza-specific antibodies was determined by the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The purified IgY concentration was determined using spectrophotometer, and protein characterization was performed using the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. Protein concentration from purification has a mean value of 50,403 mg/mL . SDS-PAGE result showed six protein bands, namely intact IgY structure (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), IgY heavy chain (66,54 kDa), Fab (47,65 kDa), IgY light chain (21,85 kDa), and β-livetin (36,74 kDa). The purified IgY still able to bind with influenza antigen based on the ELISA test. The results of this study indicate that purification of IgY using the NaCl precipitation method can purify IgY with intact structure, although there are still two unspecific proteins in the purification results. The resulting IgY can bind to influenza antigens indicating the
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, influenza, egg yolk, purification, sodium chloride