Judul: Dampak  Kebijakan  Tarif dan  Kuota  Impor terhadap Penawaran dan  Permintaan Gandum dan  Tepung Terigu di Indonesia
Abstrak: The development of wheat flour industry in Indonesia faces a dilemma. Wheat flour industry plays an important role in the development of local industry, employment absorption and creates tax revenue the government, but the industry very significantly uses large amount of foreign exchange to import those products. To meet the domestic needs of wheat flour, Indonesia imports not only wheat but also wheat flour. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the supply and demand for wheat and wheat flour, and evaluate the impact of tariff and import quota on supply and demand for wheat and wheat flour as well as the welfare of economic agents, and formulate the best policies on tariff and import quota of wheat and wheat flour in term of welfare measures. The supply and demand models of wheat and wheat flour constructed in this study is a system of simultaneous equations comprising 44 equations, consisting of 36 structural and 8 identity equations. Based on the "order condition" criteria, it is concluded that each structural equation that exists in the model is over identified. Furthermore, the model estimation method used is 2SLS. In this study there were 15 simulated policies of import tariffs and quota that were analyzed. The results show that the tariff policy is more effective to be applied than that of quota. This is because the tariff policy would generate the government revenue from import tariffs, thus encouraging increasing the net welfare. Policy simulation of imposing an import tariff of 5 percent could increase the largest of welfare. Although this policy leads to a decrease of surplus from wheat downstream industry, this policy increases the largest of surplus from wheat flour industry and the greatest revenue from import tariffs. Thus it result in the overall largest increase in the welfare. Whereas the simulation of policies that could increase the largest surplus of wheat in downstream industry is the increase of wheat import quota by 10 percent.
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Judul: The Effect of Restrictive Policy of  Wheat Demand in Indonesia
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara pengimpor gandum terbesar di dunia. Indonesia belum dapat memproduksi gandum secara mandiri sehingga untuk memenuhi tingginya permintaan pasar diperlukan kebijakan impor. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis pengaruh hambatan kebijakan impor gandum terhadap volume permintaan gandum di Indonesia dari Australia, Kanada, Ukraina, Amerika Serikat dan Rusia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu analisis data panel dengan spesifikasi model pengaruh tetap dan model gravitasi. Komoditas yang diteliti adalah gandum dengan kode HS 1001. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan yaitu harga gandum internasional, GDP negara pengekspor, nilai tukar riil, jarak ekonomi dan dummy hambatan impor tarif dan non tarif. Sedangkan, variabel yang tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan adalah GDP negara importir dan populasi. Alternatif kebijakan yang didapatkan yaitu implementasi kebijakan kuota impor akan lebih baik daripada tarif impor, tarif impor berisiko meningkatkan harga gandum di pasar. Selain itu, pemerintah perlu melakukan penelitian dan pengembangan produksi gandum nasional bersama lembaga terkait agar gandum dapat diproduksi secara efisien., Indonesia is one of the largest wheat importers countries in the world. Indonesia has not been able to produce wheat independently and must import to meet the high demand. This study aimed to analyze the barriers effect of wheat import policy on wheat demand volume in Indonesia with exporting countries such as Australia, Canada, Ukraine, the United States, and Russia. The method used in this research is panel data analysis with fixed effect model specifications and gravity models. The commodity studied was wheat with HS code 1001. The estimation results showed that the significant effect variables were international wheat prices, GDP of exporting countries, real exchange rates, economic distance, and tariff and non-tariff import barriers. Besides, the importing country's GDP and the population were variables with insignificant effect. The alternative policy obtained was the import quota policy implementation would be better than the import tariff. Import tariff has the risk of increasing the price of wheat in the market. Therefore, the government needs to carry out national wheat production research and development with related institutions for efficient wheat production.
Keyword: Fixed effect model, Gravity model, Import barrier, Wheat

Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship