Judul: Dampak Korupsi Terhadap Produktivitas di Negara-Negara Middle-Income Trap
Abstrak: In recent decades, many developing nations have experienced rapid economic growth. However, since 1980, this growth has stalled due to challenges in competing with the low labor costs in Low-Income Countries (LICs) and the superior economic knowledge and high-quality institutions in High-Income Countries (HICs), as highlighted by Garret (2004). Gill and Kharas (2007) characterize this phenomenon as the Middle-Income Trap (MIT). Getting stuck in the middle-income category poses difficulties; as noted by Paus (2017), a slowdown in growth for MIT countries can hinder the potential improvement of citizens' living standards. While solutions for escaping the MIT are multifaceted, numerous studies underscore the crucial role of institutions or government intervention in breaking free from this trap (Kahras & Kohli, 2011; Tran, 2013; Larson et al., 2016; Melguizo et al., 2017; Acheampong & Udvaru, 2020; Leven, 2020; Besco et al., 2021). Meanwhile, corruption presents a notable institutional obstacle hindering economic advancement (Mo, 2001; World Bank, 2022). Despite extensive research exploring the link between corruption and economic growth, there is a scarcity of studies specifically examining these relationships within the Middle-Income Trap (MIT) context. Additionally, existing studies have predominantly concentrated on the impact of corruption on investment or economic growth, but contemporary literature on economic growth emphasizes the more substantial role played by productivity (Caselli, 2005; Easterly & Levine, 2001). Consequently, this study aims to address this research gap by examining how corruption influences a country's productivity, as measured by total factor productivity (TFP). In general, there are three main objectives of this research. Firstly, to describe the characteristics of corruption and Total Factor Productivity (TFP) in countries associated with MIT. The second objective is to investigate the impact of corruption on TFP, while the third objective is to compare these impacts based on regions and income groups. The research methodology employed to address the first research objective is descriptive analysis. Meanwhile, to address the second and third research objectives, panel data regression analysis is utilized. This study utilizes panel data covering 50 countries confirmed to be associated with MIT based on various definitions in Pruchnik and Zowczak (2017), spanning from 2003 to 2019. The primary findings can be summarized as follows. Firstly, corruption significantly hampers productivity in countries ensnared in the Middle-Income Trap (MIT). According to the fixed-effect model's regression coefficient, a 1% increase in corruption growth is predicted to decrease productivity growth by 0.02%. This finding supports the "sand on the wheel" hypothesis, which asserts that corruption has a negative impact on the economy. Secondly, based on the estimated value of Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth, China stands out as having the most substantial likelihood of breaking free from the MIT compared to the other countries examined in this study. Thirdly, the adverse impact of corruption on productivity remains consistent across various regions and income groups. However, the statistically significant effect is specifically observed in the Middle East, North Africa, and Lower-Middle-Income countries. Lastly, this research posits that eliminating corruption is the key to enhancing a country's productivity and escaping the Middle-Income Trap., Dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, banyak negara berkembang mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi
Keyword: corruption, productivity, middle-income trap

Judul: The Effect of Labor Productivity on Economic Growth in Lower Middle Income Countries
Abstrak: Produktivitas tenaga kerja merupakan satuan yang menunjukkan kemampuan negara dalam mengelola sumber daya manusia. Efisiensi produktivitas tenaga kerja akan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dalam lima tahun terakhir, kategori negara lower middle income mengalami perlambatan dalam tingkat pertumbuhan produktivitas tenaga kerja yang berpotensi meningkatkan ketimpangan ekonomi terhadap negara high income. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh produktivitas tenaga kerja terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi beserta faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas tenaga kerja di negara lower middle income dengan menggunakan data cross section 10 negara lower middle income dan time series tahun 2010 hingga 2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan labor productivity, foreign direct investment, trade openess, dan human development index berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Sementara produktivitas tenaga kerja dipengaruhi secara positif dan signifikan oleh pertumbuhan sektor industri, pertumbuhan sektor jasa, serta gross fixed capital formation., One of the ways for a country to measure its ability on managing their human resources is through labor productivity. It is widely believed that an increase in labor productivity would lead to economic growth. In the last five years, the growth rate of labor productivity in lower middle income countries starts to decelerate. This could lead into an even bigger economic inequality between these countries and higher income countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of labor productivity on the economy of lower middle income countries and factors that affect labor productivity itself. Ten lower middle income countries were taken as cross section data and the time range was from 2010 to 2019. The result showed that the variables of labor productivity, foreign direct investment, trade openness, and human development index had significant and positive effect on economic growth. Meanwhile, gross fixed capital formation alongside growth of industrial and service sectors were factors that significantly increase labor productivity.
Keyword: panel data, Lower Middle Income Countries, economic growth, labor productivity

Judul: The Leukocyte Profile of Pregnant Friesian Holstein Cows vaccinated with Escherichia coli K99 polivalen vaccine.
Abstrak: The objective of this experiment was to study the leukocyte profile of pregnant cows vaccinated with E.coli K99 polivalen vaccine. Three pregnant Friesian Holsteins cows were used in this experiment. Before the administration of vaccine, the cows were given a series of immunomodulator injection for three days. The vaccinations were administered three times at 8, 6, and 4 weeks before calving. Blood were drawn through jugular vein, first before the administration of vaccines, then weekly until calving. Based on the observation, it can be concluded that the administration of E.coli K99 polivalen vaccine in pregnant cows not affected the leukocyte profile. Keywords : Escherichia coli vaccine, leukocyte profile, differential leukocyte
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