Judul: Eksplorasi Gen Growth Hormone Exon 3 Pada Kambing Peranakan Etawah (PE), Saanen Dan Pesa Melalui Teknik PCR-SSCP
Abstrak: This research was conducted to identify genetic polymorphism at the exon 3 growth hormone gene in three goat breeds. Polymorphisms at exon 3 growth hormone gene was identified by single strand conformational polymorphism polymerase chain reaction (SSCP-PCR) method. The DNA of 234 goat used were Etawah Grade (98 samples), Saanen (92 samples) and their crossbred (44 samples) in Cariu, Ciapus, Sukajaya, Cijeruk, Balitnak and Sukabumi. The PCR-SSCP method was performed at 250 V for 8 hours using 12% of acrylamide concentration. The result showed that the annealing temperature is 60 0C. The PCR product was 157 bp (base pair). The result SSCP method found four conformational patterns. The genotype frequency in exon 3 are AA (0,205), AB (0,856), AC (0,163) and BC (0,045). Beside that it was found three allele (allele A, B, and C). The highest frequencies were allele A (0,602) and B (0,443) at Saanen, Etawah Grade and their crossbred goat. The highest genotype frequency was AB at three goat breeds. The highest heterozygosity was found in Etawah Grade, Saanen and their crossbred goat (0,938). Exon 3 GH gene on three breeds goat have high polymorphism in six population.
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Judul: Identification of Genetic Polymorphism at Exon 4 Growth Hormone Gene within Peranakan Etawah, Saanen and PESA Goat Using PCR-SSCP Metho
Abstrak: Ternak kambing di Indonesia memiliki potensi produktivitas yang cukup tinggi sebagai penghasil daging dan susu yang berperan sebagai sumber daya genetik ternak yang perlu dikembangkan. Gen growth hormone (GH) merupakan gen hormon anabolik yang disintesis dan disekresikan oleh kelenjar pituitary. Gen GH dengan fungsi dan posisinya yang potensial telah digunakan secara luas sebagai marker pada beberapa ternak, termasuk kambing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari keragaman gen GH di exon 4 pada kambing PE (Peranakan Etawah), Saanen dan PESA (Persilangan PE-Saanen) dengan metode polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Genetika Molekuler Ternak, Bagian Pemuliaan dan Genetika Ternak, Departemen Ilmu Produksi dan Teknologi Peternakan, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor pada Februari hingga Juli 2011. Sampel darah kambing yang digunakan berjumlah 240 sampel koleksi laboratorium. Sampel darah kambing PE berasal dari populasi Ciapus (20 sampel), Cariu (28 sampel) dan Sukajaya (50 sampel). Sampel kambing Saanen berasal dari populasi Cijeruk (20 sampel), Cariu (31 sampel) dan Sukabumi (40 sampel). Sampel kambing PESA berasal dari populasi Cijeruk (7 sampel), Cariu (25 sampel) dan Balitnak (19 sampel). Sampel DNA diamplifikasi menggunakan primer yang mengacu pada Malveiro et al. (2001) yaitu forward 5’-GGA AGG GAC CCA ACA ATG CCA-3’ dan reverse 5’-CTG CCA GCA GGA CTT GGA GC-3’. Produk amplifikasi polymerase chain reaction (PCR) digenotiping dengan metode single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) pada gel poliakrilamid 10% dan pewarnaan perak (silver stainning). Data dianalisis berdasarkan frekuensi genotipe dan alel, Keseimbangan Hardy-Weinberg dan nilai heterozigositas pengamatan. Keragaman gen GH exon 4 pada kambing PE, Saanen dan PESA ditemukan empat alel, yaitu alel D, E, G dan H. Frekuensi alel tertinggi yaitu alel D (0,605) pada kambing PESA, alel E (0,800) pada kambing PE, alel G dan H (0,500) pada kambing Saanen dan PESA. Jumlah genotipe yang diperoleh empat macam, yaitu genotipe DD, DE, EE dan GH. Frekuensi genotipe tertinggi yaitu, DD (0,211) pada kambing PESA, DE (1,000) pada kambing PE dan PESA, EE (0,600) pada kambing PE dan GH (1,000) pada kambing Saanen dan PESA. Uji Chi-Kuadrat menunjukkan bahwa gen-gen ini secara umum tidak berada dalam Keseimbangan Hardy-Weinberg (P<0,01). Nilai heterozigositas pengamatan (Ho) gen GH exon 4 pada bangsa kambing PE, Saanen dan PESA masing-masing 0,691, 0,950 dan 0,922, dengan demikian gen GH exon 4 pada ketiga bangsa kambing memiliki polimorfisme yang tinggi.
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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