Judul: Pengaruh penggunaan lemak sawit dan kacang hijau terhadap mutu es krim
Abstrak: Es krim adalah salah satu produk frozen dessert. Di Indonesia umumnya es krim kurang dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat karena harga yang relatif mahal. Mahalnya es krim karena mahalnya bahan baku, salah satunya adalah lemak SUSU. Harga lemak nabati yang lebih murah dari lemak susu dapat menurunkan harga es krim. Lemak sawit diproduksi melimpah di Indonesia. Lemak sawit yang telah dimurnikan dikenal dalam 3 jenis yaitu Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO), fraksi olein dan fraksi stearin. Ketiga jenis lemak sawit ini digunakan sebagai bahan baku minyak goreng, margarin dan shortening. Produksi lemak sawit yang melimpah perlu pemanfaatan untuk keperluan yang lebih luas dan menguntungkan. Demikian juga halnya dengan kacang hijau, pemanfaatan kacang hijau di Indonesia masih kurang, walaupun produksinya cukup berpotensi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memanfaatkan. lemak sawit dan kacang hijau secara lebih luas yaitu dengan menambahkan dalam produk es krim. Penggunaan lemak sawit adalah untuk mensubstitusi lemak susu. Hasil yang terbaik dilanjutkan ke penentuan konsentrasi penstabil gelatin, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan penambahan kacang hijau. ...
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Judul: Pengaruh penggunaan minyak jagung dan jenis bahan penstabil terhadap mutu es krim
Abstrak: Dalam penelitian ini es krim disiapkan dengan komposisi dasar yang terdiri dari 12% lemak, 11% padatan susu tanpa lemak, 12% gula, dan 0.5% padatan kuning telur. Telah diteliti pula pengaruh substitusi lemak susu dengan minyak jagung dan jenis dan konsentrasi bahan penstabil terhadap mutu es krim yang dihasilkan. Substitusi lemak susu dicoba dari 0% sampai 100% minyak jagung dari total lemak yang dibutuhkan. Semakin tinggi tingkat substitusi lemak susu dengan minyak jagung, mengha- silkan es krim yang sulit membeku, cepat meleleh, dan rendah. "overrun"-nya. Berdasarkan sifat organoleptik yang meliputi rasa, tekstur, dan "aftertaste" serta pengamatan pada kece- patan pelelehan, waktu pembekuan, dan "overrun", dipilih es krim dengan 25% minyak jagung untuk diteliti lebih lanjut di penelitian lanjutan.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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