Judul: Efek Penggunaan Probiotik Cair dalam Ransum Berbasis Rumput Gajah dan Konsentrat Berkadar Protein dan Energi Berbeda
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh taraf protein dan taraf energi (TDN) optimum dalam ransum berbasis rumput gajah (RG) dan konsentrat, sehingga penggunaan probiotik cair sebagai imbuhan pakan menjadi lebih baik. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok berpola faktorial 4×2 dengan empat ulangan. Faktor A adalah perlakuan ransum (RG) dan konsentrat, (rasio 60:40%) dengan taraf protein kasar (PK) dan energi (TDN) yang berbeda, A1 = RG + konsentrat (14% PK, 60% TDN), A2 = RG + konsentrat (14% PK, 65% TDN), A3 = RG + konsentrat (11% PK, 60% TDN), A4 = RG + konsentrat (11% PK, 65% TDN). Faktor B adalah perlakuan probiotik: B1 = tanpa probiotik cair (0.00%), B2 = probiotik cair (0.50% v.b-1). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan ransum A1 (14% PK, 60% TDN) mempunyai efek yang positif terhadap pH rumen, dan konsentrasi NH3. Suplementasi probiotik cair pada taraf 0.50% v.b-1 belum memberikan hasil yang positif terhadap peubah yang diamati.
Keyword: kecernaan, probiotik cair, taraf energi (TDN), taraf protein

Judul: Fermentabilitas dan Kecernaan in vitro Ransum Berbasis Jerami Padi dan Konsentrat yang Disuplementasi dengan Probiotik Padat atau Cair.
Abstrak: This study was aimed at examining effects of rice straw-based feed and concentrate supplemented with solid or liquid probiotic on in vitro fermentation and digestibility. This study consisted of two factors; Factor A : feed treatment with a ratio 60:40% of a mixture of rice straw (RS) and concentrate; A1 = RS + control concentrate (10% CP), A2 = RS + optimal concentrate (12% CP), A3 = RS + suboptimal concentrate (14% CP). Factor B : probiotic treatment; B1 = without probiotic (0%), B2 = solid probiotic (0.25% b/b), B3 = liquid probiotic (0.10% v/b). A factorial randomized block design (RBD) 3 x 3 (4 replications) was applied. The result showed that ammonia and total VFA concentrations and digestibility were influenced by probiotic supplementation whereas bacterial populations were affected by feed treatments and probiotic supplementation; however, these treatments did not significantly affect protozoal populations and microbial protein synthesis. A3 is the best feed treatment that can be used, and liquid probitic supplementation (B3) is the optimal treatment.
Keyword: concentrate, in vitro, liquid probiotic, protein level, solid probiotic

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite