Judul: Kinetika Absorpsi Senyawa Organik Oleh Lumpur Aktif Dalam Kondisi Anaerobik Pada Proses Penambatan Fosfat Secara Biologis
Abstrak: Peralatan pengolahan yang menerapkan proses pengurangan fosfor seeara biologis dengan menggunakan lumpur aktif dapat mencapai konsentrasi efluen fosfor kurang dari 1 mglL. Metode ini merupakan metode yang ekonomis dan ramah lingkungan. Onlam penelitian ini dipelajari tentang sequencing batch reactor (SBR), absorpsi senyawa organik pada kondisi anaerobik, hidrolisis polifosfat pada kondisi anaerobik dan absorpsi ortof05fat pada kondisi aerobik, dan pengaruh slimber nitrogen. Dari hasil percobaan diperoleh banwa lumpur aktif yang diaklimatisasi dengan kondisi anaerobik-aerobik dalam reaktor SBR (ljam anoksik, 5 jam anaerobik, dan 17 jam aerobik) mampu menggunakana asetat, propionat, dan glukosa daIam berbagai kondisL Penurunan glukosa yang teramati pada semua kondisi operasi (0,2 sampai 0,5 kg-C hari per m3 ) mcnunjukkan bahwa glukosa dapal digllnakan dengan mudah. Semakin tinggi beban senyawa organik yang ditambahkan Jalam reaktor, kemampuan lumpur aktif untuk mengabsorpsi pun semakin besar, yaitu pada saat beban organik 0,5 kg-C hari per m3 . Pad a saat beban organik tersebut, k~nsentrasi fosfat mampu mencapai 0,332 mg/L. Pad a saat beban organik 0,2 sampai 0,4 kg-C hari per m", konsentrasi fosfat dan glukosa masih CUkliP tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penambatan fosfat pada lumpur aktif oleh mikrob ditentukan ateh perbandingan senyawa organik influen.
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Judul: Pengolahan limbah cair yang mengandung melanoidin pada bioreaktor aerobik dengan menggunakan lumpur aktif
Abstrak: Molases sehagai hasil sampingan proses pembuatan gula kristal mempunyai potensi yang besar sebagai media fermentasi. Industri yang memanfaatkan molases pada saat ini masih menghasilkan limbah cair yang sulit didegradasi secara anaerobik. Kesulitan proses ini diperkirakan karena adanya kandungan melanoidin. pigmen coklat hasil reaksi Maillard antara asam amino dan gula pereduksi. Penanganan secara anaerobik menggunakan Fluidized Bed Reactor hanya mampu mereduksi nilai CChemical Oxygen Demand (COD) hingga 2000 mg/liter dan warna efluen yang coklat belum memenuhi baku mutu limbah cair. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan sistem penanganan dengan lumpur aktif untuk menghasilkan efluen yang memenuhi standar mutu. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan lumpur aktif. Limbah cair yang digunakan sebagai model pada penelitian ini berasal dari efluen penanganan anaerobik dengan menggunakan Fluidized Bed Reactor. Konsentrasi COD influen yang digunakan berada pada kisaran 2200-3400 mg/liter.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite