Judul: Analysis of Rice Market Integration in Indonesia.
Abstrak: Beras merupakan komoditas pangan strategis dan termasuk barang inelastis yang memiliki permintaan tinggi di sepanjang tahun. Namun produksi yang bergantung pada musim tanam mengakibatkan harga komoditas beras menjadi tidak stabil sehingga terjadi selisih harga yang besar antara harga di tingkat petani produsen dan harga di tingkat konsumen akhir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola pergerakan harga gabah-beras dan menganalisis integrasi pada pasar beras Indonesia. Analisis integrasi dilakukan dengan Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa harga gabah lebih fluktuatif dibandingkan dengan harga beras eceran maupun beras grosir dan kebijakan pemerintah mengatur harga beras efektif menstabilkan harga gabah bulanan. Hasil analisis VECM menunjukkan bahwa antara pasar produsen dan pasar grosir tidak terjadi integrasi jangka panjang dan terintegrasi dalam jangka pendek. Antara pasar produsen dan pasar eceran tidak terintegrasi dalam jangka panjang maupun jangka pendek. Antara pasar grosir dan pasar konsumen terintegrasi baik dalam jangka panjang maupun jangka pendek., Rice is a strategic food commodity and an inelastic goods that have high demand throughout the year. However, rice production that depends on the growing season causes the price of rice to become unstable, resulting in a large price difference between the farmers price and the consumer price. This study aims to determine the pattern of grain-rice price movements and analyze the integration that occurs in Indonesian rice markets. Integration analysis was analyzed using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The analysis showed that grain price was more volatile than the retail and wholesale rice prices and the government's policy to regulate rice prices is effective in stabilizing monthly grain prices. The analysis result showed that the market integration in producers markets and wholesale market are not integrated in the long-term, but they are integrated in the short-term. There no integration between the producers and consumers in long or short-term. The wholesale markets and retail markets are integrated well in the long-term and short-term.
Keyword: rice price, market integration, VECM

Judul: Analisis Faktor Penentu Integrasi Pasar Beras di Indonesia
Abstrak: Rice is a staple food and has a strategic role in Indonesia. Therefore, the government has to maintain rice price to be stable. Rice price stabilization will be more effectively implemented on integrated markets. The objectives of this study are (1) to analyze market integration among retail rice price at provinces in Indonesia, between retail rice price at provinces in Indonesia and wholesale rice price at Cipinang Wholesale Rice Market (PIBC), and between wholesale rice price at PIBC and international rice price; (2) to analyze the impact of rice price shock on a market to other markets; and (3) to analyze the determinants of rice market integration in Indonesia. Johansen cointegration test was used to analyze market integration while impulse response and forecast error decomposition variance were used to analyze the impact of price shock. Ordinary least squares method were also used to analyze the the determinants of rice market integration in Indonesia. Result of the study shows that retail rice price among provinces is not fully integrated. Similarly, retail rice price at provinces in Indonesia and wholesale rice price at PIBC is also not fully integrated. Market integration test between wholesale rice prices at PIBC and international rice prices shows that IR-64 II rice price at PIBC had cointegration with Thailand 15 percentage broken and Vietnam 15 percentage broken,while IR-64 III rice price at PIBC only had cointegration with Thailand 15 percentage broken rice price, but not with Vietnam 15 percentage broken. Shock on a province’s rice price had directly impact on that province’s rice price itself on early period while another market had not been affected yet. Similarly, rice price variation on a market was caused by shock on the market itself rather than by other markets. The research also found that road as transportation infrastructure is positively and significantly associated with market integration, as well as rice procurement by BULOG and percapita income. Raskin distribution is also statistically significant but associated negatively.
Keyword: rice, determinants of rice market integration, Johansen cointegration test

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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