Judul: Subchronic Toxicity Test of Soursop Leaf Endophytic Fungi Ethyl Acetate Extract Against Rats Kidney Function on Day 30th and Day 60th
Abstrak: Ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak berpotensi sebagai obat herbal kanker payudara. Uji toksisitas subkronis dilakukan untuk mendeteksi efek toksik setelah pemberian sediaan terhadap hewan coba. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi pengaruh ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak terhadap gejala klinis, bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, dan fungsi ginjal tikus Sprague Dawley pada hari ke-30 dan hari ke-60. Parameter yang diuji yaitu gejala klinis, bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, kadar BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), dan kadar kreatinin serum darah tikus. Tikus sebanyak 40 ekor dibagi menjadi empat kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok yang diberikan ekstrak secara oral dengan dosis 20, 80, dan 240 mg/kg BB. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bobot badan tikus memiliki rata-rata 155,25- 170,10 g, konsumsi pakan tikus rata-rata 16,20-20,40 g, kadar BUN tikus rata-rata 9,11-17,51 mg/dL, kadar kreatinin tikus rata-rata 0,90-1,30 mg/dL. Pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak tidak berpengaruh terhadap gejala klinis, bobot badan, dan konsumsi pakan ketiga kelompok dosis, serta terhadap fungsi ginjal pada kelompok dosis 20 dan 80 mg/kg BB., Soursop leaf endophytic fungi extract has potential as a breast cancer herbal medicine. Subchronic toxicity test was carried out to detect toxic effects after administration of the extract to experimental animals. This study aimed to detect the effect of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi on soursop leaves on clinical symptoms, body weight, feed consumption, and kidney function of Sprague Dawley rats on the 30th and 60th days. The parameters tested were clinical symptoms, body weight, feed consumption, BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) levels, and rat blood serum creatinine levels. The 40 rats were divided into four groups, namely the control group, the group that was given the extract orally at doses of 20, 80, and 240 mg/kg BW. The results showed that the average body weight of rats was 155,25-170,10 g, the average rat's feed consumption was 16,20-20,40 g, the average BUN levels of rats were 9,11-17,51 mg/dL, the average creatinine level of rats is 0,90-1,30 mg/dL. The administration of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi of soursop leaves had no effect on clinical symptoms, body weight, and feed consumption in the three dose groups, as well as on kidney function at doses of 20 and 80 mg/kg BW.
Keyword: BUN levels, creatinine levels, endophytic fungi, extract, soursop leaf

Judul: Effect of Subchronic Toxicity Test of Soursop Leaf Endophytic Fungi Extract on Enzymes and Liver Histopathology of Sprague-Dawley Rats
Abstrak: Ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) diketahui memiliki aktivitas sebagai antikanker payudara, tetapi keamanannya terhadap kondisi hati pada uji toksisitas subkronis belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh pemberian ekstrak terhadap enzim dan histopatologi hati tikus Sprague-Dawley pada uji toksisitas subkronis selama 90 hari yang dilihat dari parameter kadar enzim hati (ALT dan AST), histopatologi, dan bobot hati. Pemberian ekstrak terhadap kadar enzim dan bobot hati tikus menunjukkan hasil yang tidak berbeda nyata antara kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol normal dan masih berada pada rentang normal. Kadar enzim hati pada kelompok satelit menunjukkan adanya efek reversible terhadap sediaan uji. Gambaran histopat hati pada seluruh kelompok tidak menunjukkan adanya kelainan yang spesifik. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak sampai dosis 240 mg/kgBB selama 90 hari pada tikus Sprague-Dawley terhadap enzim, histopatologi, dan bobot hati tikus tergolong aman karena tidak menimbulkan adanya tanda-tanda kerusakan hati., Ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungi of soursop leaf (Annona muricata L.) is known to have anticancer activity, but its safety against liver conditions in subchronic toxicity tests is unknown. This study aimed to examine the effect of the extract on enzymes and liver histopathology of Sprague-Dawley rats in the 90-day subchronic toxicity test, which was seen from the parameters of liver enzyme concentrations (ALT and AST), histopathology, and liver weight. Giving extracts to enzyme concentrations and liver weight of rats showed results that were not significantly different between the treatment group and the normal control group and were still in the normal range. Liver enzyme concentrations in the satellite group showed a reversible effect on the test preparation. Liver histopathology in all groups did not show any specific abnormalities. The conclusion of this study was that the administration of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi of soursop leaves up to a dose of 240 mg/kgBW for 90 days in Sprague-Dawley rats against enzymes, histopathology, and liver weight of rats was considered safe because it did not cause any signs of liver damage.
Keyword: endophytic fungi, liver, soursop leaf, subchronic toxicity

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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