Judul: Histopathological Changes of Rat Kidney Induced by Ethylene Glycol and Treated by Extracted of Avocado Leaves and Cat Whisker Plant
Abstrak: Persentase penyakit ginjal pada anjing dan kucing terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun. Pemanfaatan tanaman herbal sebagai obat-obatan yang mencegah terbentuknya batu ginjal pada hewan belum banyak diketahui. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis gambaran histopatologi ginjal tikus yang diinduksi etilen glikol hingga terbentuk kristal oksalat, dan diobati dengan ekstrak daun alpukat dan kumis kucing. Sebanyak 20 ekor tikus jantan Sprague Dawley dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok dengan perlakuan sebagai berikut: kelompok kontrol negatif atau kontrol normal yang hanya diberi akuades, kelompok kontrol positif yang diinduksi etilen glikol 0.75% dan ammonium klorida 2% adlibitum melalui air minum, kelompok yang diberi ekstrak etanol daun alpukat sebesar 300 mg/Kg BB, kelompok yang diberi ekstrak tanaman kumis kucing sebesar 250 mg/Kg BB, dan kelompok pembanding yang diberi sediaan komersial. Ekstrak dan sediaan komersial diberikan secara intragastrik setiap hari berlangsung selama 28 hari. Setelah perlakuan selesai tikus dieuthanasia dan dinekropsi untuk pengambilan organ ginjal. Selanjutnya ginjal dibuat sediaan histologi dan diwarnai dengan pewarnaan Haematoxylin-Eosin. Persentase hasil pengamatan lesio ginjal dianalisis dengan metoda Anova dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan untuk mengetahui perbedaan antar kelompok. Hasil pengamatan histopatologi ginjal seluruh kelompok tikus menunjukkan adanya perubahan berupa edema glomerulus dan tubulus yang mengalami dilatasi, endapan protein, degenerasi hidropis dan nekrosa. Kelompok tikus yang diinduksi etilen glikol memiliki ratarata persentase lesio glomerulus dan tubulus tertinggi dan berbeda nyata (p<0.05) dibandingkan kelompok perlakuan lainnya. Pemberian ekstrak daun alpukat, kumis kucing dan sediaan komersial cennderung dapat menurunkan rata-rata persentase lesio glomerulus dan tubulus ginjal tikus akibat pemberian etilen glikol (p>0.05). Pemberian ekstrak daun alpukat dan kumis kucing berpotensi sebagai tanaman herbal yang dapat memperbaiki kinerja glomerulus dan tubulus ginjal yang diinduksi etilen glikol., The percentage of kidney disease in dogs and cats increase from year to year. The use of herbal medicines that prevent the formation of kidney stones in animals is not widely known. The purpose of this study was to analyze the histopathological changes of rat kidneys induced by ethylene glycol to form oxalate crystals and treated with extract of avocado leaf and cat whiskers leaf. A total of 20 male Sprague Dawley rats divided into five groups with the following treatment: negative control or untreated group only given distilled water, the positive control group induced by ethylene glycol 0.75% and ammonium chloride 2% ad libitum through drinking water, the group that treated with 300 mg / Kg BW of Avocado leaves ethanol extract, the group that was treated with 250 mg / Kg BW of a cat whiskers plant ethanol extract, and as the standard group given a commercial formulation. The commercial formulation and plant extracts are given intragastrically for 28 days. After treatment, the rat was euthanized and necropsied for kidney organ sampling. Furthermore, the kidney tissues are made into histological slides and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin. The percentage of the renal histopathological lesion was analyzed by the Anova method and followed by the Duncan test to determine differences between groups. Kidney histopathological changes of all rat groups show glomerular edema, dilatation of tubules, protein deposited, hydropic degeneration, and necrotic. The ethylene glycol-induced rat group had the highest percentage of
Keyword: avocado leaves, cat whiskers, ethylene glycol, histopathology

Judul: Efek Nefroprotektif Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun  Alpukat dan Daun Kumis Kucing terhadap  Histopatologi Ginjal Tikus Putih yang Diinduksi  Etilen Glikol
Abstrak: Urolithiasis adalah salah satu penyakit yang sering ditemukan pada hewan kesayangan. Terapi di antaranya menggunakan obat tradisional daun alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) dan daun kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus). Tujuan penelitian adalah mempelajari efek nefroprotektif kombinasi ekstrak daun alpukat dan kumis kucing melalui histopatologi ginjal. Sebanyak 25 ekor tikus putih Sprague Dawley umur 3-4 bulan bobot 200-300 g, dibagi menjadi lima kelompok perlakuan yaitu: kontrol normal (KO) diberi akuades, kontrol negatif (KN) diberi induser dan tidak diterapi; sediaan komersil (KP) diberi induser dan sediaan komersil, kelompok ekstrak 1 (K1) diberi induser dan kombinasi ekstrak daun alpukat 300 mg/kg BB dan daun kumis kucing 250 mg/kg BB, dan kelompok ekstrak 2 (K2) diberi induser dan kombinasi ekstrak daun alpukat 600 mg/kg BB dan daun kumis kucing 500 mg/kg BB. Larutan induser yang digunakan etilen glikol 0,75% dan amonium klorida 2%. Etilen glikol menginduksi pembentukan kristal di tubulus dengan bentuk serpihan ireguler. Lesio histologi yang ditemukan yaitu edema dan atrofi glomerulusan degenerasi hidropis, dilatasi, endapan protein di lumen dan nekrotik tuulus, sedangkan jaringan interstitial hemoragi. Kombinasi ekstrak daun alpukat dan kumis kucing bersifat nefroprotektif karena nilai rata-rata persentase lesio ginjal lebih rendah dibandingkan sediaan komersil, dan kombinasi K2 lebih baik dibandingkan K1. Ekstrak daun alpukat melindungi ginjal melalui flavonoid dan saponin sebagai antioksidan dan efek diuretikum pada daun kumis kucing., Urolithiasis is a disease that is often found in pets. Therapy includes using traditional medicine for avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) And cat whiskers leaves (Orthosiphon aristatus). This research aimed to study the nephroprotective effect of the combination of avocado leaf extract and cat's whiskers through kidney histopathology. A total of 25 Sprague Dawley rats aged 3-4 months weighing 200-300 g, were divided into five treatment groups, namely: normal control (KO) was given distilled water, negative control (KN) was given an inducer and not treated; commercial preparations (KP) were given an inducer and commercial preparations, extract group 1 (K1) was given an inducer and a combination of avocado leaf extract 300 mg/kg BW and cat whiskers leaf 250 mg/kg BW, and group extract 2 (K2) was given inducer and combination avocado leaf extract 600 mg/kg BW and cat whiskers 500 mg/kg BW. The inducer solution used 0.75% ethylene glycol and 2% ammonium chloride. Ethylene glycol induces the formation of crystals in the tubules in the form of irregular flakes. The histological lesions found were edema and glomerular atrophy, hydropic degeneration, dilation, lumen, and necrotic protein deposits in the tubules, while the interstitial tissue was hemorrhagic. The combination of avocado leaf extract and cat whiskers is nephroprotective because the average value of renal lesion percentage is lower than commercial preparations, and the combination of K2 is better than K1. Avocado leaf extract protects the kidneys through flavonoids and saponins as antioxidants and a diuretic effect on cat whiskers.
Keyword: daun alpukat, daun kumis kucing, etilen glikol, nefroprotektif

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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