Judul: Pengeringan Biji Pala (Myristica Fragrans Houtt) secara Adsorpsi dengan Menggunakan Batu Kapur Tohor / Lime (CaO)
Abstrak: Biji pala selain dikonsumsi sebagai rempah-rempah, juga dapat diambil minyaknya dengan eara penyulingan. Biji pala mengandung minyak atsiri 2 -16 % dengan rata-rata 10 %. Minyak atsiri merupakan minyak yang gampang ll1enguap dan komponen aromanya ban yak yang rusak akibat panas yang tinggi. Pengeringan biji pala dengan eara penjemllran dapat ll1enyebabkan kerusakan bahan seperti; hilangnya flavor yang mudah menguap (volatil flavor)), peru bah an struktur termasuk "case hardening" sebagai akibat dari pengerutan selama air clikeluarkan dan teljadinya reaksi peneoklatan non enzimatis clan kerusakan mikrobiologis jika keeepatan pengeringan awal lambat atau jika kadar air akhir terlalu tinggi. Pengeringan biji pala seem'a adsorpsi clapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu metode pengeringan alternatif untuk mengatasi masalah diatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari dan membanclingkan laju pengeringan biji pala bertempurung clan tanpa tempurung, penampakan fisik biji pala kering dan rendemen minyak yang dihasilkan dari proses pengeringan dengan metode adsorpsi dan penjemuran.
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Judul: Mempelajari karakteristik pengeringan biji pala
Abstrak: Biji pala kering termasuk jenis rempah-rempah yang me- rupakan salah satu bahan ekspor hasil perkebunan. Cara pe- ngeringan merupakan salah satu faktor penentu mutu biji pa- la yang dihasilkan disamping cara panen dan sortasi. ngeringan Pe- yang biasa dilakukan di Indonesia adalah penge- ringan tradisional dengan cara penjemuran atau pengasapan. Cara lain untuk mengeringkan biji pala adalah dengan meng- gunakan alat pengering buatan. Cara ini akan menguntungkan apabila pemakaiannya dilakukan seoptimal mungkin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari karak- teristik pengeringan biji pala vang meliputi perubahan. dar air terhadap waktu pengeringan, ka- perubahan laju penge- ringan terhadap kadar air biji pala dan terhadap waktu pe- ngeringan. Bahan yang dikeringkan adalah biji pala yang berasal dari buah pala masak, berwarna coklat tua kehitaman. ngeringan dilakukan dengan alat pengering percobaan Fe- (Gane- viantara, 1987) pada berbagai tingkat suhu pengeringan. Pada percobaan awal dilakukan pengeringan biji pala dengan tempurungnya dengan ketebalan tumpukan 5 cm selama 40 jam dengan suhu 50°C. Setelah dianalisis ternyata kadar air biji bagian dalam sebesar 23.54 persen basis kering,...
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Judul: Mixed effect models for high –dimensional longitudinal data with latent variables
Abstrak: A set of data that consist of repeated measurements on a large number of outcomes and covariates are known as high-dimensional longitudinal data. The high-dimensional longitudinal data may consist of several effects of interest that cannot be directly measured, known as latent factors or latent variables. During the last decade, the multivariate responses or high-dimensional in longitudinal data have been a big issue. The analysis of high-dimensional longitudinal data is complicated due to its complex correlation structures between outcomes. To understand changes over time of outcome variables, having correlations in individuals with explanatory variables is not enough. Hence, complex correlation structures between outcomes need to be considered. One approach that is commonly used to overcome high-dimensional longitudinal data is simultaneous equation modeling. A well-known simultaneous equation modeling method is the structural equation model (SEM). This approach has several appealing modeling abilities and can be used for high-dimensional longitudinal data. Under the SEM framework, the continuous time SEM is developed to avoid some issues associated with autoregressive and cross-lagged problems in SEM. Another simultaneous equation modeling method is by combining factor analysis and multivariate analysis methods to overcome high dimensional longitudinal data, namely latent factor linear mixed model (LFLMM). The factor analysis is used to reduce the high-dimensional outcomes, and the multivariate linear mixed model is used to study the longitudinal trends of several latent factors. One example of high-dimensional longitudinal data is the General Election Study. This study is carried out repeatedly to observe tendencies towards political attitudes and behavior over time in Belgium. The data contain political information, knowledge, perceptions, and preferences of a political party and the level of participation in politics. One of the most interesting things to study from the data is to analyze the change of political attitudes and behavior of respondents over time. Also, the relationship of changes in these outcomes is important to analyze. The General Election Study in Belgium was designed to include a representative sample of the target population under the Belgian electorate, so accurate estimates about the population could be made. This sampling design was created by the Institute for Social and Political Opinion (ISPO) and the Inter-university Center for Political Opinion Research (PIOP). The Belgian data set contained three subsamples, the Flemish (Dutch-speaking), the Walloon (French-speaking), and the Brussels Capital Region (Dutch and French-speaking). Several studies conducted on the Belgium data are carried out to understand the relationships between the latent variables Individualism (I), Ethnocentrism (E), and Authoritarianism (A) in Flanders. Cross-sectional or a longitudinal studies have also been carried out. In such cases, it is critical to capture the trend of the latent variables over time and, more importantly, whether there is any association or relationships between the development of nationalism (N), ethnocentrism (E), individualism (I), and authoritarianism (A) in Belgium. An empirical analysis of CT-SEM has been done to present the interdependencies among the four latent variables mentioned above on the basis of the General Election Studies for Belgium in 1991, 1995, and 1999 (Interuniversitair steunpunt politieke-opinieonderzoek, 1991, 1995, 1999). Although the four variables have been the subject of
Keyword: Belgium, CT-SEM, high-dimensional longitudinal data, LFLMM, Supplemented EM Algorithm