Judul: Pewarisan Marka SNP2 Gen Lys-C pada Ikan Lele Clarias gariepinus Generasi Pertama dan Daya Tahan Benih terhadap Infeksi Aeromonas hydrophila.
Abstrak: Ikan lele Clarias gariepinus yang potensial tahan terhadap infeksi Aeromonas hydrophila sudah diidentifikasi menggunakan marka single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP2) pada gen lisozim tipe-C (LYSC). Namun, hasil dari penelitian tersebut belum dianalisis pada keturunan yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pewarisan marka SNP2 gen Lys-C pada ikan lele Clarias gariepinus generasi pertama dan daya tahan benih terhadap infeksi Aeromonas hydrophila. Persilangan ikan lele berbeda genotipe yang dilakukan yaitu(♀TT×♂TT),(♀CC×♂TT),(♀TT×♂CC),dan(♀CT×♂CT).Analisis pewarisan genotipe dilakukan dengan metode polymerase chain reaction dan uji tantang dilakukan dengan menginfeksi ikan menggunakan A.hydrophila. Ikan uji yang digunakan berukuran 11 – 13 cm, bakteri A. hydrophila diinjeksikan secara intramuskular dengan dosis 1 mL per ekor, sebanyak 20 ekor per perlakuan 3 kali ulangan. Parameter yang diamati yaitu tingkat kelangsungan hidup, gambaran sel darah putih, aktivitas fagositik, dan respiratory burst. Persilangan TT><TT menghasilkan 100% keturunan TT dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup pasca infeksi A. hydrophila tidak berbeda nyata dengan persilangan resiprokal TT dengan CC yaitu berkisar 68,33-78,33% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan persilangan heterozigot CT><CT sebesar 45%., The catfish Clarias gariepinus which is potentially resistant to Aeromonas hydrophila infection has been identified using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP2) marker in the C-type lysozyme gene (LYSC). However, the results of these studies have not been analyzed in the resulting offspring. This study aimed to analyze the inheritance of the SNP2 marker of the Lys-C gene in the first generation of catfish Clarias gariepinus and the resistance of the fry to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Crosses of catfish with different genotypes were carried out, namely (♀ TT × ♂ TT), (♀ CC × ♂ TT), (♀ TT × ♂ CC), and (♀ CT × ♂ CT). The analysis of genotypic inheritance was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction method and the challenge test was carried out by infecting fish using A. hydrophila. The test fish used were 11-13 cm in size, A. hydrophila were injected intramuscularly at a dose of 1 mL-1 per fish, as many as 20 fish per treatment with 3 replications. Parameters observed were survival rate, white blood cell appearance, phagocytic activity, and respiratory burst. TT><TT crosses produced 100% of TT progeny with post-infection survival rate of A. hydrophila not significantly different from reciprocal TT crosses with CC, which was 68.33-78.33% higher than heterozygous crosses CT><CT which was 45%.
Keyword: Aeromonas hydrophila, Genotype, Lysozyme, Resistance, SNP

Judul: Survival of second-generation catfish (Clarias  gariepinus) carrying SNP2 Lys-C gene marker under nitrite stress
Abstrak: Budidaya intensif dapat menimbulkan senyawa beracun seperti nitrit. Ikan lele yang memiliki marka single nucleotide polymorphism 2 (SNP2) gen Lys-C merupakan hasil pemuliaan dengan ketahanan terhadap Aeromonas hydrophila. Namun, ikan ini belum dianalisis kelangsungan hidupnya terhadap cekaman nitrit. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kelangsungan hidup ikan lele generasi kedua yang membawa marka SNP2 gen Lys-C terhadap cekaman nitrit. Ikan lele bergenotipe TT disilangkan dan dipelihara sampai mencapai ukuran 8-9 cm. Analisis pewarisan genotipe dilakukan dengan metode polymerase chain reaction. Uji cekaman dilakukan dengan nitrit konsentrasi 10 ppm sebanyak 20 ekor per perlakuan dengan 3 kali ulangan dari 3 persilangan TT⨯TT dan satu persilangan induk sangkuriang sebagai pembanding. Parameter yang diamati yaitu tingkat kelangsungan hidup, kualitas air, jumlah eritrosit, dan kadar glukosa. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa persilangan TT⨯TT memiliki keturunan 100% bergenotipe TT, sedangkan lele sangkuriang memiliki 3 genotipe berbeda. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup pasca cekaman nitrit berkisar 55,00-68,33%, lebih rendah dibandingkan sangkuriang (73,33%)., Intensive cultivation can produce toxic compounds such as nitrite. Catfish with a single nucleotide polymorphism 2 (SNP2) marker in the Lys-C gene are the result of breeding for resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila. However, the survival of these fish under nitrite stress has not been analyzed. This study aims to analyze the survival of second-generation catfish carrying the SNP2 marker in the Lys-C gene under nitrite stress. Catfish with the TT genotype were crossed and reared until they reached a size of 8-9 cm. Genotype inheritance analysis was performed using the polymerase chain reaction method. Nitrite stress tests were conducted with a concentration of 10 ppm on 20 individuals per treatment, with 3 replications of the TT⨯TT cross and one replication of the Sangkuriang parental cross as a comparison. The parameters observed were survival rate, water quality, erythrocyte count, and glucose level. The results showed that the TT⨯TT cross had offspring that were 100% TT genotype, while Sangkuriang catfish had three different genotypes. The post-nitrite stress survival rate ranged from 55.00 to 68.33%, which was lower than that of Sangkuriang catfish (73.33%).
Keyword: Genotipe, Kelangsungan hidup, Nitrit, Resistan, SNP

Judul: The use of homotopy perturbation methode to solve fuzzy volterra  integral equations
Abstrak: Most phenomena in nature can be explained in mathematical models, such as fuzzy volterra integral equation. The fuzzy volterra integral equation is a nonlinear integral problem, which is usually dificult to solve by an analytical solution. In this paper, fuzzy volterra integral equation is solved using perturbaion homotopy method, which can be written as a power series in p and satisfies a certain homotopy fuction. This manuscript discuss two case studies, i.e. the case of linear and trigonometric kernel function. The result shows that greater approximation order being used, the wider convergence solution area wil be.
Keyword: