Judul: Identifikasi Komponen Batu Ginjal Manusia serta Aktivitas Eksrak Daun Alpukat terhadap Daya Luruh Batu Ginjal In vitro
Abstrak: Batu ginjal merupakan penyakit yang dapat mengakibatkan komplikasi serius pada penderitanya. Daun alpukat kaya akan senyawa flavonoid dan dipercaya sebagai obat tradisional yang dapat meluruhkan batu ginjal manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi komponen penyusun batu ginjal manusia serta aktivitas ekstrak daun alpukat terhadap daya luruh batu ginjal in vitro. Komponen penyusun batu ginjal manusia dianalisis dengan FTIR sedangkan peluruhan batu ginjal dianalisis dengan AAS. Hasil Menunjukkan kalsium oksalat merupakan komponen utama penyusun batu ginjal dengan nilai serapan sebesar 1604.66 yang menunjukkan vibrasi OC=O asymmetrical stretching, 1326.93 menunjukkan vibrasi C=C symmetrical stretching. Total flavonoid yang terdapat di dalam ekstrak daun alpukat sebesar 19.99 mg/gram dan kontrol positif obat komersial batu ginjal sebesar 2.99 mg/mL obat komersial. Total kuersetin ekstrak daun alpukat sebesar 0.58 mg/g ekstrak dan total rutin 2.36 mg/g ekstrak. Kelarutan batu ginjal manusia paling baik terdapat pada konsentrasi ekstrak 18 ppm flavonoid dengan kelarutan sebesar 74.86 ppm.
Keyword: batu ginjal, kalsium oksalat, daun alpukat

Judul: Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Alpukat dan Tanaman Kumis Kucing terhadap Daya Luruh Kalsium Oksalat secara In Vitro.
Abstrak: Kalsium oksalat menjadi komponen utama penyebab batu ginjal, yaitu sekitar 80% dari mineral yang membentuk batu ginjal. Daun alpukat dan tanaman kumis kucing dipercaya sebagai obat tradisional untuk menyembuhkan batu ginjal. Aktivitas daun alpukat dan tanaman kumis kucing dapat meluruhkan kalsium oksalat penyebab batu ginjal belum diketahui secara ilmiah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji aktivitas ekstrak daun alpukat dan tanaman kumis kucing terhadap daya luruh kalsium oksalat sebagai komponen utama penyusun batu ginjal secara in vitro. Ekstraksi dengan maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Rendemen ekstrak etanol daun alpukat sebesar 21.18%, sedangkan ekstrak etanol tanaman kumis kucing sebesar 12.88%. Hasil uji fitokimia menunjukkan adanya senyawa metabolit sekunder pada kedua ekstrak yang memiliki aktivitas terhadap daya luruh kalsium oksalat. Hasil uji kelarutan kalsium oksalat menunjukkan ekstrak tunggal daun alpukat memiliki aktivitas yang lebih baik dibandingkan ekstrak tunggal tanaman kumis kucing dan kombinasinya.
Keyword: batu ginjal, ekstrak daun alpukat, ekstrak tanaman kumis kucing, kalsium oksalat

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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