Judul: Carrying Capacity of Sembalun-Senaru hiking Trail Mount Rinjani National Park
Abstrak: Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani memiliki enam jalur pendakian dua diantaranya yaitu jalur Sembalun dan Senaru yang banyak diminati wisatawan. Keberlanjutan suatu destinasi wisata ditentukan dari pengelolaan yang tepat guna memberi kenyamanan dan keamanan bagi wisatawan juga menjaga lingkungan tetap lestari. Salah satu yang mengancam keberlanjutan wisata adalah overtourism. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya pengelolaan jumlah pengunjung dengan menghitung daya dukung wisata yang tersedia. Pengolahan data menggunakan metode perhitungan daya dukung menurut Cifuentes yang telah di modifikasi dan disesuaikan dengan faktor koreksi untuk wisata pendakian. Hasil penelitian menujukan nilai daya dukung rill jalur Sembalun (Bawak Nao-Pelawangan Sembalun) 262 orang/hari, jalur Senaru 247 orang/hari, dan jalur puncak yaitu sebesar 75 orang/hari. nilai daya dukung jalur Sembalun dan Senaru lebih besar dibandingkan dengan tingkat kunjungan, artinya kegiatan wisata pendakian pada jalur Sembalun dan Senaru tidak terjadi overtoursim., Mount Rinjani National Park has six hiking trails, two of which are Sembalun and Senaru trails which are in great demand by tourists. The sustainability of a tourist destination is determined by proper management to provide comfort and safety for tourists and maintain a sustainable environment. One of the factors that threatens the sustainability of tourism is overtourism. Therefore, it is necessary to manage the number of visitors by calculating the available carrying capacity of tourism. Data processing uses the method of calculating the carrying capacity according to Cifuentes which has been modified and adjusted to the correction factor for hiking tourism. The results showed that the real carrying capacity value of the Sembalun route (Bawak Nao-Pelawangan Sembalun) was 262 people/day, the Senaru route was 247 people/day, and the peak route was 75 people/day. The carrying capacity value of the Sembalun and Senaru routes is greater than the level of visitation, meaning that hiking tourism activities on the Sembalun and Senaru routes do not occur overtoursim.
Keyword: overtourism, pendakian, wisata, hiking, overtourism, tourism

Judul: Hazard Mapping in Sembalun-Senaru HIking Trails, Mount Rinjani National Park
Abstrak: Kegiatan pendakian merupakan wisata utama di Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani (TNGR). Gempa yang terjadi pada Agustus 2018 berdampak pada perubahan lanskap di jalur pendakian. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi, menilai dan memetakan potensi bahaya serta menyusun rekomendasi manajemen bahaya di jalur pendakian Sembalun-Senaru TNGR. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi lapangan, wawancara dan studi pustaka. Analisis data bahaya fisik dan biologi mengacu United Nation Environment Programme (UNEP) sedangkan data bahaya aktivitas manusia mengacu National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA). Jenis bahaya yang ditemukan adalah tanah longsor, aktivitas gunung berapi, kebakaran, jurang, jalur curam, suhu rendah, kabut, satwa liar, bahaya tanaman dan aktivitas manusia. Jenis bahaya dengan nilai resiko tertinggi yaitu jalur terjal (fisik), akar pohon (biologis) dan berlari (manusia). Penanganan bahaya melalui tindakan preventif dilakukan dengan meningkatkan pengetahuan pendaki dan masyarakat melalui edukasi mengenai bahaya, peningkatan kualitas serta penambahan infrastruktur pendukung. Tindakan kuratif dilakukan dengan menetapkan standar operasional yang jelas untuk proses penanganan kecelakaan dan evakuasi. Kata kunci: jalur pendakian, manajemen bahaya, pemetaan potensi bahaya, Mountaineering activities are the main tourism in Mount Rinjani National Park (MRNP). The earthquake that occurred in August 2018 had an impact on changing the landscape on the hiking trail. This study aims to identify, assess and conclude potential hazards and develop recommendations for hazard management on the Sembalun-Senaru hiking trail in MRNP. The data was collected through field observations, interviews and literature study. Analysis of physical and biological hazard data refers to the United Nation Environment Program (UNEP) while human activity hazard data refers to the National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA). The types of hazards found are landslides, volcanic activity, fire, ravines, steep paths, low temperatures, fog, wildlife, plant hazards and human activities. The types of hazards with the highest risk values are steep paths (physical), tree roots (biological), and running (human). Handling hazards through preventive measures is carried out by increasing the knowledge of climbers and the public through education regarding hazards, improving quality and adding supporting infrastructure. Curative action is carried out by setting clear operational standards for the process of handling accidents and transportation. Keywords: hazard management, hiking trails, mapping potential hazards
Keyword: Pemetaan Bahaya, Jalur Pendakian, Manajemen Risiko, Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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