Judul: Premium and Reserve Benefits of Term Life Insurance Product for Four Insureds
Abstrak: Asuransi jiwa multi life memiliki dua istilah mengenai status kegagalan dari kumpulan tertanggungnya, yaitu joint life dan last survivor. Keduanya memiliki syarat kegagalan yang berbeda. Kegagalan pada status joint life akan terjadi apabila terjadi kegagalan pada salah satu anggota kelompok, sedangkan pada status last survivor, kegagalan akan terjadi apabila seluruh anggota dalam suatu kelompok mengalami kegagalan. Pada karya ilmiah ini, premi dan cadangan manfaat akan dihitung berdasarkan status kegagalan gabungan last survivor dan joint life dari empat orang tertanggung. Perhitungan premi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kesetaraan, sedangkan cadangan manfaat akan dihitung menggunakan metode prospektif dan rataan komposisi dengan menggunakan suku bunga majemuk konstan. Peluang kematian dari masing-masing individu didapatkan dari Tabel Mortalitas Indonesia IV 2019. Premi yang dihasilkan akan semakin meningkat seiring bertambahnya usia masing-masing kelompok., Multi-life insurance has two terms regarding the failure status of the insured group, namely joint life and last survivor. Both have different failure conditions. Failure under joint life status will occur if there is a failure in any one member of the group, while under last survivor status, failure will only occur if all members of the group experience failure. This scientific work calculates premiums and benefit reserves based on the combined failure status of the last survivor and joint life for four insured individuals. Premium calculation is carried out using the equivalence method, while the calculation of benefit reserves will use the prospective method and the mean composition, along with a constant compound interest rate. The mortality probabilities of each individual are obtained from the Indonesian Mortality Table IV 2019. The resulting premiums will increase with the age of each group.
Keyword: asuransi jiwa berjangka, cadangan manfaat, joint life dan last survivor, premi, benefit reserves, joint life and last survivor, premium, term life insurance

Judul: Term Joint-Life Insurance Annual Premiums for Three People with Variation of Interest Rates and Benefits
Abstrak: Salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi perhitungan premi adalah suku bunga. Pada dunia nyata suku bunga dapat bergerak naik, turun, maupun konstan. Penulisan karya ilmiah ini bertujuan untuk melihat perbandingan harga premi asuransi jiwa joint-life berjangka untuk kasus tiga orang dengan variasi suku bunga naik, turun, dan konstan serta variasi manfaat. Asuransi jiwa dengan status joint-life merupakan salah satu jenis asuransi multi-life yang mana kegagalannya ditentukan pada saat kegagalan pertama dari salah satu tertanggung. Status joint-life digunakan dalam penentuan premi yang mana pembayaran premi tidak akan dibayarkan lagi ketika salah satu tertanggung mengalami kegagalan. Terdapat dua nilai manfaat. Manfaat pertama akan diberikan ketika salah satu tertanggung mengalami kegagalan dan manfaat kedua akan diberikan ketika sudah ada dua tertanggung yang gagal., One of the factors that influence premium calculation is the interest rate. In the real world, interests rate can go up, down, or be constant. The aim of this scientific paper is to look at the comparison of term joint-life insurance premiums for the case of three people with varying interest rates up, down, and constant; and various benefits. Life insurance with joint-life status is a type of multi-life insurance, which means the failure is determined at the first failure of one of the insureds. Joint-life status is used in determining premiums where premium payments will not be paid again when one of the insureds fails. There are two benefits. The first benefit will be given when one of the insureds fails, and the second benefit will be given when two insureds have failed.
Keyword: interest rates, joint-life insurance, premium

Judul: Process engineering of cassava pulp hydrolysis using microwave heating for ethanol production
Abstrak: Cassava pulp is a potential source of carbohydrates. In this work, characteristics of the cassava pulp were analyzed and validity of microwave irradiation for hydrolysis of carbohydrates, especially starch present in the cassava pulp, was estimated as a non-enzymatic saccharification technique. The hydrolysis was performed in water and acid medium. In addition, the role of activated carbon in the microwave-assisted hydrolysis was also evaluated. An optimization of the hydrolysis was conducted using Central Composite Design (CCD) and was analyzed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Fermentation of cassava pulp hydrolysates produced from microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis was performed to those added with activated carbon (25% w/w) and those without activated carbon by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There were two types of activated carbon, which have different adsorption properties, used in this experiment. Results of the cassava pulp characterization shows that the starch granules in the cassava pulp were trapped in biomass matrices, so that the starch was harder to hydrolyze than the free starch, such as that in tapioca flour. Microwave-assisted hydrolysis of cassava pulp can be completed in less than 15 minutes in water medium, and less than 10 minutes in acid medium. The addition of activated carbon improved hydrolysis of cassava pulp starch in water medium with suppression of formation of the secondary decomposed materials. The highest glucose yield obtained from cassava pulp was 46% of dry matter or 52% of theoretical, which was about 60% higher than the one without the addition of activated carbon. On the contrary, the addition of activated carbon decreased the glucose yield when the hydrolysis was performed in acid medium (0.5% H2SO4). The glucose yield could reach 80.8% of dry matter or 91.5% of theoretical yield when no activated carbon was added in the acid medium. The estimated optimum condition for cassava pulp hydrolysis under microwave irradiation was using 0.88% sulfuric acid with 9 minutes of heating time, which resulted in 85% of theoretical glucose yield and 140 g/L glucose concentration. At the end of the fermentation the ethanol yield and concentration obtained in the samples treated with activated carbon (0.41-0.43 g ethanol / g glucose consumed; 34-35 g/L) were lower than that not treated with activated carbon or those treated with activated carbon which was added after hydrolysis (0.48 g ethanol / glucose consumed; 38- 39 g/L). However, the fermentation was completed very much faster in the hydrolysates treated with the activated carbon which has a high adsorption capacity than in that not treated with activated carbon or those treated with activated carbon of low adsorption capacity. Therefore, ethanol productivities (0.44-0.55 g/L/h) of the former were higher than the latter (0.28-0.34 g/L/h).
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