Judul: Penentuan Nilai Opsi Real Tipe Amerika Menggunakan Metode Binomial.
Abstrak: Opsi real adalah opsi dengan aset dasar berupa aset nyata, seperti misalnya sebuah proyek pada sektor pertambangan. Opsi real sering digunakan oleh investor untuk menilai suatu proyek yang ingin dijalankan dengan menggunakan pendekatan opsi call dan opsi put pada opsi keuangan. Opsi real dapat menghitung fleksibilitas manajerial atau kemampuan mengubah keputusan investasi yang terjadi selama masa berlangsungnya investasi tersebut. Pada karya ilmiah ini, jenis-jenis opsi real yang dibahas ialah opsi menunda investasi, opsi menutup investasi, opsi memperluas investasi, opsi mengurangi investasi, serta opsi gabungan memperluas dan mengurangi investasi. Nilai hampiran opsi real tipe Amerika ditentukan menggunakan metode binomial, sedangkan nilai “eksak” didapatkan dengan mengambil nilai hampiran dengan banyaknya langkah binomial yang besar. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan, pergerakan nilai opsi real awalnya berfluktuasi, kemudian seiring bertambahnya langkah binomial nilai hampiran dari nilai opsi real semakin konvergen menuju nilai “eksak”.
Keyword: Opsi real, Investasi, Fleksibilitas Manajerial, Metode Binomial

Judul: Penentuan Nilai Opsi Tipe Eropa dan Amerika Menggunakan Metode Binomial
Abstrak: Investors have purposes to obtain maximum returns, but they must be careful to invest their money because they may take risk. Therefore, they need products to reduce the risk. The products are called derivative products. There are many kinds of derivative products, such as options. An option is a type of contract between two parties. One party gives the other party a right to sell or to buy some assets in a certain price and in a certain period. Based on their execution time, there are two types of options i.e. European styles and American styles. European style options can only be exercised at expiration time, meanwhile American style options can be exercised at random time to the expiration time. In this paper, the option price at a discrete time will be determined by using binomial model. A binomial model is a model that describes asset price movements by assuming two possibilities of asset price movements in the future. Those are up and down. One-step binomial structures can be expanded into multistep binomial structures in order to approximate the option price. The application of one-step binomial model is used on the European option and multi-step binomial model is used on the American option. The acquired formula is applied to calculate the value of call option of PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia stocks in January 2012 based on the data of January to December 2011’s fluctuation of stock.
Keyword: American Style., European Style, Options, Binomial Model

Judul: Bioelectricity Production from Citrobacter freundii GBH253 and Chlorella pyrenoidosa on Microbial Fuel Cell Anode with Different Carbon Sources
Abstrak: Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) development has significantly increased from various aspects to get higher and more stable electricity. Developing MFC on microorganism aspect is very important because it plays a crucial role in the MFC system. C. freundii GBH253 is one of the potential exoelectrogen bacterium that could be developed for the MFC system. Integrating C. freundii GBH253 and electricity-producing microalgae, such as C. pyrenoidosa, in the anode of MFC could get more stable and higher electricity. In this study, C. freundii GBH253 and C. pyrenoidosa were coupled to produce electricity from different substrates. C. freundii GBH253 and C. pyrenoidosa were tested on three different media types before being tested on MFC. They were also examined for the co-cultivation test to determine the symbiotic relationship between the two microorganisms. The MFC test was conducted using the Randomized Block Design Factorial and the Tukey test to see significant differences from each treatment. The parameters observed in this study were voltage, power density, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Coulombic Efficiency (CE), pH, and volatile fatty acid (VFA). C. freundii GBH253 cannot grow on microalgae medium, while C. pyrenoidosa could grow on bacterial medium and a mixture of bacterium and microalgae media. The bacterium gained benefit from co-culture with microalgae. In the MFC test, electricity was generated in all treatments, which bacterium + microalgae with acetate treatment could generate power density up to 211,97 mW/m2 and the most stable compared to others. Production of electricity in bacterium-microalgae combination dominated by the bacterium; hence, microalgae still help bacterium by producing electricity and raised the COD value. The pH value of all treatments was higher than the initial pH. Acetate and phenol were VFA produced in all treatments, whereas butyric acid and propionic acid were found in some treatments. Pearson correlation showed that some VFA highly correlated with power density.
Keyword: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Substrate, Microbial Fuel Cell, Electricity Producing Microalgae, Volatile Fatty Acid, Citrobacter freundii