Judul: Turbulent Mixing caused by Internal Tide and Their Implication on Nutrient in Ombai Strait
Abstrak: Ombai Strait is one of the exit passages of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) which has strong internal tidal energy. Internal tide is one of the main energy which causes mixing processes in the oceans. The purpose of this research was to estimate the turbulent mixing by using Thorpe scale approach and effect of mixing on the flux of nutrients (nitrate, phosphate and silicate). CTD instrument equipped with bottle rosettes were casted nine times for one tidal cycle (24 hours), but for nutrient samples only taken from the third casting with 22 samples at determined depth. The results showed that Ombai Strait has an internal tide with semidiurnal period. The average value of in the Ombai Strait is very high (7,56 x 10-2 + 2,83 x 10-1 m2 s-1) and the highest is found in deep layer (2,17 x 10-1 + 4,75 x 10-1 m2 s-1). This is presumably due to strong internal tide in that water. The strong effect of these internal tide especially during the low tide where the water mass induce to the deep layer. Vertical nutrient concentrations increase with depth. The nutrient fluxes estimation showed that the thermocline layer has the lowest flux of nutrients (0 m μmol l-1 s-1) and the highest flux in the deeper layer (8,28 x 10-5-165,56 x 10-5 m μmol l-1 s-1). Estimation of three nutrient fluxes showed that the phosphate is the lowest, followed by nitrate, and silicate as the highest.
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Judul: Transformasi dan Percampuran Massa Air di Perairan Selat Alor pada Bulan Juli 2011
Abstrak: Alor Strait is the deepest channel in Alor islands after Ombai Strait. Contribution of the strait as one of the secondary exit passages of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) has not been studied yet. The strait separates Flores Sea and Sawu Sea, and is featured by the existence of high sill within the strait, suggested that turbulence due to interaction between strait flow and bottom topography could drive mixing and then modify the water mass properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate transformation of ITF water mass and turbulent mixing process with Thorpe scale and Richardson number (Ri) profiles. A hydrographic survey has been carried out in July 2011, in which 15 CTD casts were lowered in the strait, together with hull-mounted 75 kHz ADCP and 12 kHz EA500 single beam echosounder. The results show that Alor sill depth is about 300 meters in the main gate. Snapshot estimate of along strait transport volume is 1,07 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3s-1), feeding Sawu Sea with North Pacific water origin e.g. NPSW in which maximum salinity of NPSW is significantly reduced due to strong mixing, perhaps driven by bottom topography and strait flow which creates turbulence. Percentage of NPSW’s maximum salinity traced in the central part of the strait is 32.1 % but it varies from 2,9 to 21,0% in southern part of Alor Strait (i.e. Sawu Sea). NISW (Northern Indian Subtropical Water) with maximum salinity layer at = 23,5-24,5 is dominant in the southern part of Alor Strait (i.e. Sawu Sea). The existence of NIIW (North Indian Intermediate Water) is also found in the deeper layer of Sawu Sea. The average value of vertical eddy diffussivity (K ) estimate in the thermocline layer and deep layer in northern part and central part of strait channel is within the order of 10-3 m2 s-1. Lower order of K in the thermocline layer and deep layer were found in southern part of the Strait (Sawu Sea), ranging from 10-6 to 10-4 m2 s-1. These indicates that the existence of sills in the northern part and central part of Alor Strait could drive mixing significantly.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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