Judul: Potensi antibakteri propolis Trigona spp. Bukittinggi sebagai pemacu pertumbuhan pada tikus putih (Sprague Dawley):
Abstrak: Bakteri merupakan organisme yang sangat adaptif karena regenerasinya memerlukan waktu yang singkat dan mempunyai kecenderungan melakukan pertukaran informasi genetika. Bakteri yang resistensi akibat penggunaan antibiotika menimbulkan masalah yang baru, karena bakteri ini tahan terhadap antibiotika yang telah dipakai tersebut. Resistensi bakteri ini sulit untuk ditangani Sejumlah upaya telah dilakukan untuk mengembangkan alternatif yang sesuai untuk mengatasi dampak yang merugikan dengan pelarangan penggunaan antibiotik pemacu pertumbuhan. Substansi lain, dikenal dengan natural growth promoter, telah diidentifikasikan mempunyai khasiat dan aman untuk menggantikan fungsi antibiotik pemacu pertumbuhan ternak Propolis merupakan bahan alamiah yang dihasilkan oleh lebah dan telah dibuktikan mempunyai banyak manfaat terutama dalam bidang kesehatan dan saat ini digunakan secara luas sebagai obat berbagai penyakit. Propolis merupakan getah yang dikumpulkan oleh lebah dari berbagai pucuk tanaman dan dari tanaman yang patah dimana getah tanaman tersebut kemudian dicampur dengan enzim yang terdapat dalam kelenjar ludah lebah dan digunakan untuk melindungi sarang dari berbagai bakteri, virus dan jamur.
Keyword: propolis Trigona spp., Bukittinggi, pemacu pertumbuhan, tikus putih, Sprague Dawley

Judul: Potensi propolis lebah madu Trigona spp. sebagai bahan antibakteri
Abstrak: Propolis merupakan salah satu produk alami lebah madu yang banyak manfaatnya. Penelitian terhadap khasiat propolis telah banyak dilakukan pada lebah Apis namun belum pada Trigona spp. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi aktiviitas antibakteri dari propolis lebah madu trigona spp. terhadap 4 jenis bakteri standar yaitu Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa serta menetukan konsentrasi hambat tumbuh minimum (KKTM) ekstrak propolisnya.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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