Judul: The life strategy of Arfak Tribe based on craniofacial shape, growth rate, and sexual maturation
Abstrak: Arfak tribe is one of traditional tribes living in Manokwari, West Papua Province. The tribe has an unique natural life differently with other tribes in Indonesia. The nature of a life cycle is a result of an adaptive response of the organism to the environmental conditions that reflect to the phenomenon of evolution of bio-culture and natural selection. The research concerned to the potential evolution characters was divided into three parts. The first study discussed the diversity of craniofacial shapes of Arfak tribe in Manokwari, West Papua Province, based on 26 landmark frontal side and 16 landmark lateral side of face. Distribution individual in morphology space first five RW components have ellipsoidal pattern distribution. This means face variability relatively heterogen and polarized. The second study discussed a cross-sectional study of body size growth patterns of Arfak children and adolescents aged 6-23 years for boys and aged 6-19 years for girls. Growth rate of body weight of Arfak children at juvenile phase tend to faster than that of other population. The strategy of faster growth during juvenile phase is as a manifestation of unstable environmental condition. One of unstable environment conditions is a risk of death caused by diseases. The most common diseases suffered by children in West Papua is malaria diseases. The third study reviewed a cross-sectional study of the age at menarche and age at spermarche among the Arfak children, and the association between somatic maturation and gonad maturation. We found that median age at menarche of Arfak girls is 12,2 years, while median age at spermarche is 13,6 years. A possible factor causing young age at menarche is due to adaptation to unstable environmental conditions because of high risk of death by malaria disease in childhood. The events of menarche and spermarche achieved one year after the peak of body height velocity, and just before or at the same time with the time of maximum growth rate of body weight, body mass index, and body fat. Boys and girls accumulate body fat before puberty to be used as an energy reserve for the occurrence of gonad maturation. BF growth rate reached the lowest point at the age 16 years old, and then increase linearly with age until adulthood showed the adiposity rebound post-spermarche phenomenon. Based on these three aspects, namely smaller body size, younger age at menarche, and rapid growth rate of body weight at juvenile phase, Arfak tribe show fast life history strategy in an unstable environment. Malaria disease is a main factor of unstable environment which play a role in generating the adaptive response. On the other hand, the diversity of craniofacial since ancient still exist until now and do not show a unique typology as the three characters previously mentioned.
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Judul: Pertumbuhan Fisik dan Somatotype Anak Sekolah Suku Sasak pada Ketinggian Berbeda di Pulau Lombok
Abstrak: The human life cycle can be staged into neonatal, infancy, childhood, juvenile, puberty, adolescence, adulthood, and senescence. During this cycle, the body changes significantly in size, structure, proportions, and composition. The physical growth and somatotype of schoolchildren are one of the important phases in human life cycle. The puberty stage within this age range are indicated by the growth spurt of stature (BH) and weight (BW) and followed by change in somatotype. The focus of this research is to evaluate the age-related body size and shape variations at different altitude in Sasak children. A cross sectional growth study was conducted during July to December 2012. The samples are students of kindergarten to senior high schools aged 3 to 19 years. All of subjects are rural children who lives in low (16 to 28 m asl), medium (525 to 628 m asl), and high altitude (1130 to 1213 m asl). Ten anthropometric measurements are used to determined the growth of body size and shape. The result showed the children in low altitude were higher and heavier than medium and high altitudes. Until puberty, the children in medium have same stature and weight with those reside in high altitude but shorter and lighter thereafter. The difference of height and weight are statistically different in girls and indifferent in boys. In growth of body shape, the Sasak children have a common pattern of somatotype composition. It is an increased in endomorphy, a decreased in mesomorphy, and an increased in ectomorphy during growth. The girl in medium altitude show delayed and slowly increasing of endomorphy and slowly decreasing of mesomorphy. Socioeconomic factors such as family income and parental education gave more influence to the differentiation than the altitude factor.
Keyword: Altitude, Growth, Sasak, Somatotype

Judul: Katalis Zink Ferit Tersubstitusi Cu untuk Oksidasi Benzil Alkohol
Abstrak: Katalis berperan dalam menurunkan energi aktivasi. Katalis ZnFe2O4 dan ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu disintesis menggunakan metode kopresipitasi untuk digunakan dalam oksidasi benzil alkohol. Katalis dicirikan dengan spektrofotometer inframerah (FTIR) dan difraktometer sinar-X. Spektrum FTIR menunjukkan puncak serapan dari ikatan Zn-O dan Fe-O masing-masing pada rentang 559‒575 cm-1 dan 419‒447 cm-1. Difraktogram menunjukkan terbentuknya fase tunggal Zn0.6Cu0.4Fe2O4 pada katalis ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu 20%. Benzil alkohol dioksidasi dengan sistem refluks. Konversi benzil alkohol meningkat dengan meningkatnya suhu. Kadar benzaldehida yang dihasilkan dengan katalis ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu 20% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan katalis ZnFe2O4 yang tidak tersubstitusi dan yang tersubstitusi Cu 60 dan 80%. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa katalis ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu 20% memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik dalam oksidasi benzil alkohol menjadi benzaldehida dengan kadar benzaldehida 8.763%.
Keyword: Benzil alkohol, katalis, oksidasi, ZnFe2O4