Judul: Studi Kinerja Membran Polisulfon dengan Pendoping Titanium Dioksida (TiO2) untuk Filtrasi Air Tercemar
Abstrak: Fresh water is an important requirement for human. Fresh water becomes a serious problem if it is contaminated by toxic pollutants. An alternative method for water purification is membrane filtration. Polysulfone are well known in excellent chemical resistance, good thermal stability, and mechanical properties. The research was conducted in biophysics Laboratory, IPB Bogor from January to December 2011. This research consisted of two stages. The first stage was study of the membrane synthesis. The second stage was studies of membrane characteristics. Membrane synthesis was prepared by phase inversion method. Membrane characterization was determined by flux test with cross-flow method, mechanical properties, ion conductivity, morphological analysis by SEM, and filtered water analysis. Fluxes of polysulfone membrane doped TiO2 are similar. TiO2 doping resulted in positively effect at mechanical properties. Polysulfone membrane doped with 10% w/w TiO2 has resulted in the better mechanical properties. In term of resulting water filtration, polysulfone membrane doped TiO2 decreased the turbidity to level 2 NTU, and color of <5 TCU. The Polysulfone membrane decreased some parameters of water quality such as turbidity, color, mangan, nitrite, cuprum and iron.
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Judul: Sintesa dan Karakterisasi Sifat Mekanik Membran Polisulfon yang Didadah Titanium Dioksida
Abstrak: Penerapan teknologi membran masih mengalami kendala terutama pada sifat mekaniknya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan mempelajari pengaruh penambahan TiO2 terhadap sifat mekanik dan kinerja membran polisulfon. Pembuatan membran dilakukan dengan metode inversi fasa dengan komposisi polisulfon 12% (b/b), DMAc dan TiO2 dengan variasi komposisi 0.5% (b/b), 1% (b/b), 3% (b/b), 5% (b/b) dan 7% (b/b). Karakterisasi yang dilakukan meliputi: pengukuran fluks air, sifat mekanik (kuat tekan (compressive strength), kuat tarik (tensile strength) dan kuat getar (strong vibration)) dan analisis morfologi membran dengan SEM. Membran yang memiliki sifat mekanik baik diperoleh pada membran dengan variasi konsentrasi TiO2 5% (b/b). Nilai kuat tekan, kuat tarik dan kuat getar yang didapat adalah 0.047 N/mm2, 2.20 N/mm2 dan 4080 getaran selama 108 sekon. Fluks air terbaik diperoleh pada membran dengan variasi konsentrasi TiO2 3% (b/b). Nilai fluks air yang diperoleh dengan metode cross-flow lebih stabil dibandingkan dengan metode dead-end selama 15 menit. Bentuk morfologi penampang melintang membran yang diamati menggunakan SEM memperlihatkan pori-pori yang asimetri dan menjari.
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Judul: Modelling National Area Harvested of Paddy Using GARCH Methods (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic) Model.
Abstrak: Time series data of national area harvested of paddy has high volatility and non homogeneous variance. A time series data with non homogeneous variance at time is called time series data with conditional heteroscedasticity. Time series analysis methods that can be used to overcome heteroskedasticity are GARCH models. However, the data of area harvested of paddy contained in the possibility of asymmetric volatility. To overcome the influence of asymmetry, some asymmetry GARCH models can be used, such as: exponential asymmetric GARCH model (EGARCH), quadratic asymmetric GARCH model (QGARCH), T-GARCH model, and non-linear asymmetry GARCH model (NAGARCH). This study aims to model the national area harvested of paddy by incorporating elements of varians heterogeneity and the influence of asymmetry on its data using five types of symmetry, asymmetry, and non-linear GARCH models, and find the best models of those five types of GARCH models. Model for national area harvested of paddy are ARIMA(2,0,0)(1,1,0)12 ‒ GARCH(1,2) and ARIMA(2,0,0)(1,1,0)12 ‒ QGARCH(1,2). Based on the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) value to twenty two periods ahead, ARIMA(2,0,0)(1,1,0)12 ‒ QGARCH(1,2) better than ARIMA(2,0,0)(1,1,0)12 ‒ GARCH(1,2) but MAPE values for both models is quite high because there is some predicted value deviates quite far from the actual value. However, the value of MAPE to twelve periods ahead is low, 16.88% for ARIMA(2,0,0)(1,1,0)12 ‒ QGARCH(1,2). Furthermore, based on the value of mean absolute deviation (MAD) and mean square error (MSE), ARIMA(2,0,0)(1,1,0)12 ‒ QGARCH(1,2) also seems to be the better model than ARIMA(2,0,0)(1,1,0)12 ‒ GARCH(1,2). Thus, it can be concluded that the quadratic GARCH model is a fit model of national area harvested of paddy with a fairly good prediction results.
Keyword: time series data, area harvested, GARCH, asymmetric