Judul: The Effect of Green Betel (Piper betle L.) Leaves Extract on Mice's (Mus musculus L.) Memory Performance and Hippocampal Neurogenesis
Abstrak: Hippocampal neurogenesis has essential roles in learning and memory performance that can be affected by various factors such as dietary and several bioactive compounds and pharmacological agents. Betel leaves (Piper betle) was a popular functional and nutritive medicinal herb. This study aims to determine the effect of green betel (Piper betle) leaves extract on mice memory performance and hippocampal neurogenesis. The study was conducted on 12 mice divided into three groups: the control group and the treatment group of Piper betle leaves extract 200mg/kg bw (PBE200) and 400mg/kg bw (PBE400). The research method used includes material preparation, animal drug treatment, spatial memory performance using the y-maze test, recognition memory performance using the novel object recognition test, analysis of hippocampal neurogenesis, and data analysis. Mice treated with 200mg/kg bw betel leaf extract for 28 days showed a significant increase in recognition memory performance and significantly decreased apoptotic cells in the hippocampus. This can conclude that the betel leaf extract has neuroprotective abilities. Meanwhile, administration of betel leaf extract showed no significant difference in spatial memory performance and increased neural progenitor and granular cells in the hippocampus.
Keyword: Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Memory, Piper betle Leave Extract, Recognition, Spatial

Judul: Neurogenesis and Memory Learning Ability of Mice (Mus musculus) after Geraniol Treatment
Abstrak: Kemampuan pembelajaran memori dipengaruhi oleh neurogenesis. Potensi terjadinya neurogenesis dapat ditingkatkan dengan pemberian senyawa aktif dari salah satu tanaman. Serai (Cymbopogon citratus) memiliki komponen minyak esensial geraniol yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai terapeutik neuropati dan agen terapi potensial penyakit Parkinson. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh geraniol pada serai terhadap kinerja memori dan neurogenesis pada hipokampus. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pemberian geraniol secara oral selama 30 hari pada 3 kelompok perlakuan dengan masing-masing kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari 3 ekor mencit (Mus musculus) jantan galur DDY. Kelompok satu (kontrol) diberikan saline 0,9%, kelompok dua diberi geraniol dengan dosis 100 mg/kg BB, kelompok tiga diberi geraniol dengan dosis 200 mg/kg BB. Analisis kinerja memori menggunakan metode Y-maze alternation test dan Novel object recognition test. Otak mencit diambil kemudian dilakukan pembuatan preparat histologi untuk mengamati Neural Progenitor Cell (NPC), sel granular, dan sel apoptosis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah persentase sel NPC dan sel granular secara signifikan dan menurunkan jumlah persentase sel apoptosis secara tidak signifikan pada kedua dosis. Kinerja memori spasial mencit setelah pemberian geraniol menunjukkan peningkatan yang tidak signifikan. Kinerja recognition memory mengalami penurunan pada dosis kontrol dan dosis 100 mg/kg BB dan mengalami peningkatan pada dosis 200 mg/kg BB., Memory learning ability is influenced by neurogenesis. The potential for neurogenesis can be increased by giving active compounds from one of the plants. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) has an essential oil component of geraniol which can be used as a therapeutic neuropathy and a potential therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to examine the effect of geraniol in lemongrass on memory performance and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The study was conducted by giving geraniol orally for 30 days to 3 treatment groups with each treatment group consisting of 3 male mice (Mus musculus) DDY strain. Group one (control) was given saline 0.9%, group two was given geraniol at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW, group three was given geraniol at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW. Memory performance analysis using method Y-maze alternation test and Novel object recognition test. The brains of mice were taken and then made histological preparations to observe Neural Progenitor Cell (NPC), granular cells, and apoptotic cells. The results showed a significant increase in the percentage of NPCs and granular cells and an insignificant decrease in the percentage of apoptotic cells at both doses. The performance of the spatial memory of mice after geraniol administration showed an insignificant increase. The performance recognition memory decreased at a control dose and a dose of 100 mg/kg BW and increased at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW.
Keyword: apoptosis, granular, memori spasial, NPC, recognition

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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