Judul: Sonogram Lambung, Duodenum, dan Pankreas Normal pada Kucing Kampung (Felis catus)
Abstrak: Ultrasonography (USG) is an ultrasound-based diagnostic imaging technique used for visualizing internal body structures including tendons, muscles, joints, vessels and abdominal internal organs for possible pathology or lesions. It is can be used also to help confirming the diagnosis of a disease and recognizing uncommon forms, size, and echogenity of each organs. The purpose of this research is to obtain sonogram from specific internal organs; normal stomach, duodenum and pancreas of domestic cats (Felis catus) thus identify each layer and size. The research performed with two-dimensional ultrasonography and a transducer frequency of 7.5 MHz. It is performed on four healthy male domestic cats with 3.0 - 4.0 kg body weight. Stomach and duodenum were observed at right lateral recumbency with transverse and sagittal planes transducer. Pancreas was observed in dorsal recumbency position at the transducer sagittal projection. The result showed stomach and duodenum sonogram were multi-variety of echogenic wall layer such as hypoechoic mucosa and tunica muscularis, hyperechoic submucosa and serous. While pancreas sonogram show as homogen hypoechoic structure. The research also figure out the stomach and duodenum layer thicknesses and the diameter of pancreas. As an overall conclusion, ultrasonography gives a good overview for the form and internal structure of the stomach, duodenum, pancreas and can define each layer of the stomach and duodenum.
Keyword: 

Judul: Morfometri Organ Hati dan Kantung Empedu Kucing Kampung (Felis catus) dengan Teknik Ultrasonografi Dua Dimensi
Abstrak: The aims of this study was observed and determined the sonogram and size of liver and gallbladder in domestic cats using ultrasound examination. Animals used were 5 healthy male cats, aged between 3-5 years with a body weight between 3-4 kg. Examination was performed using a 7.5 MHz linear transducer. Sonogram showed that the liver parenchym was homogeneous and hypoechoic. On the transverse position of the transducer, the thickness of the medial, right, and left liver was 3.73 ± 0.10 cm, 3.75 ± 0.13 cm, and 3.72 ± 0.11 cm, respectively. There were three thickness values measured on the sagital position of the transduser, namely at the widest, medium and shortest distance to the diafragma. Hepatic vein sonogram showed that the lumen was anechoic and the outer line was hyperechoic. Hepatic vein had an internal diameter of 0.18 ± 0.01 cm on the transverse transducer position and 0.17 ± 0.01 cm on the sagital transducer position. Sonogram of the portal vein showed that the lumen was anechoic and the outside line was hyperechoic. Portal vein measured in the transverse transducer position showed an internal diameter of 0.17 ± 0.01 cm, external diameter of 0.30 ± 0.02 cm and wall thickness of 0.07 ± 0.01 cm. Portal vein measured in the sagital transducer position showed an internal diameter of 0.17 ± 0.01 cm, external diameter of 0.31 ± 0.01 cm and wall thickness of 0.07 ± 0.01 cm. Sonogram of the gallbladder showed an oval or round, and smooth shape. The lumen was anechoic and the wall was hyperechoic. The wall thickness was 0.08 ± 0.01 cm. Morphometry liver and gallbladder of an Indonesian Domestic House Cat (Felis catus) was clearly observed and determined using two dimensional ultrasonography.
Keyword: 

Judul: Rantai Markov Pada Bilangan Biner
Abstrak: Ranlai Markov {Xn} yang didefinisikan pada ruang peluang (n, P, P) dilllana n = (O,I],dan 'Fadalah cr-lapangan Borel, lllelllpunyai ekspansi biner X n = 0, dl(n) din).. n = I, 2, ... Mengkonstruksi rantai Markov ini diawali dengan memilih sembarang bilangan ..Y o di (0,1], nyatakan bilangan Xo dalam ekspansi biner Xo =0, diD) diD) ... d~O) ... dimana { d~O) ,n = 1,2, ... } adalah barisan nol dan satu. Peubah acak XI ditentukan oleh .Xo dan asumsi berikut.
Keyword: