Judul: Tingkat Serangan, Kerusakan dan Potensi Biokontrol oleh Puru Daun Eucalyptus, Leptocybe invasa (Fisher & La Salle) dan Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), di Tanzania
Abstrak: In Tanzania, eucalypts are a significant fast-growing hardwood tree used to produce wood, paper, timbers, poles, bioenergy, and numerous other minor goods and services. Tanzania introduced eucalypts in the 1890s intending to supplement wood supplies from natural forests. Eucalyptus spp. is the world's most widely planted hardwood timber species, native to Australia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Timor, and New Guinea. Distribution is attributable to the ability exceptionally adapt to diverse ecological conditions and the substantially arraying products and services they offer. Leptocybe invasa and Ophelimus maskelli, two common Australian wasps (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), have caused significant damage to eucalypt plantations in Tanzania since 2005 by inducing galls on petioles, young stems, and leaves that inhibit vascular bundle conductivity and photosynthesis. Although biological control is seen as the greatest option for conventional control measures from an ecological and financial standpoint so far, no eucalyptus gall wasp parasitoids have been documented or reported. Similarly, the number of parasitoid species and their parasitic capacity is unknown. Due to limited knowledge and literature. Therefore this study was set out to examine the current infestation, damage severity, and to identify potential natural enemies for controlling this pest in Tanzania. The research was conducted from October 2021 to August 2022 in three government-owned plantation forests, namely the Korogwe, Morogoro and North Ruvu forests that were planted with several Eucalypt spp. Samplings were done using systematic approach and field assessments involved examination of infested crown parts, highly infested species, and invasive capacity of gall inducers by counting and measuring gall length and diameter. Few selected trees were used to assess damage severity. Galls from infested eucalypt germplasms were collected and reared in the laboratory until the wasp emerges. The emerged wasps were primarily sorted and identified using morphological characters (Keys) under a stereomicroscope at the Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania, and the Insect Biosystematics Laboratory at IPB University, Indonesia. Data were analyzed using Ms Excel, Minitab 19, and R statistical software. The analysis included computations of percentages of infestation and parasitoid parasitization, averages of galls per tree, and the relationship between stand altitudes and the infestation magnitude, damage index, and gall inducers. The results were summarized in tables and graphs and included in this final thesis. The results indicated that clonal hybrids were highly infested than E. tereticornis this may be due to poor adaptation less tolerance and resistance traits of clones compared to E.tereticornis raised from seeds. The middle and lower tree crown parts were highly infested compared to upper canopy. L. invasa had a higher invasive capacity in all locations and both host plants than O. maskelli. Damage severity generally ranked as severe in all eucalyptus germplasms assessed. Two species of parasitoids of eucalyptus gall-inducers were identified as Megastigmus sp. and Quadrastichus mendeli. Parasitization rates (collectively) in Korogwe, North Ruvu, and Morogoro forest plantations were 29.7%, 64%, and 33.3%, respectively. A higher parasitization rate was recorded from L. invasa galls on E. grandis x E. camaldulensis clones. Ecological factors such as temperature, wind, and rainfall influenced gall wasp infestations. Control efforts should focus on biological control agent candidates including
Keyword: Biocontrol, Eucalypts gall wasps, Forest damage, and Forest pests

Judul: Composition and Distribution of Insects Associated with Eucalyptus galls in The South Central Timor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara
Abstrak: Eucalyptus spp. merupakan tumbuhan asli dari Australia, Papua Nugini, Filipina dan Indonesia. Di Indonesia, tanaman ini tumbuh alami di bagian timur Indonesia (Eucalyptus deglupta dari Sulawesi, E. urophylla dan E. alba dari NTT, dan E. pelita dari Papua Barat). Salah satu hama penting pada tanaman eukaliptus adalah serangga hama pembentuk puru yang dapat menghambat laju fotosintesis. Informasi tentang jenis-jenis puru pada eukaliptus di Indonesia sangat minim, begitu juga cara pengendaliannya. Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan, Nusa Tenggara Timur merupakan salah satu daerah endemik eukaliptus yang tumbuh secara alami, karena itu sangat tepat mempelajari berbagi hal tentang puru eukaliptus di sini. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi jenis,keanekaragaman dan kelimpahan serangga pembentuk puru serta parasitoidnya, mengetahui karakter serangga penyebab puru dan parasitoidnya secara morfologi dan molekuler, mengetahui tingkat parasitisasi pada serangga penyebab puru pada tanaman eukaliptus di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Penelitian dilakukan mulai bulan Oktober 2017 sampai Juni 2018. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di kawasan Cagar Alam Mutis dan lahan Reforestation Eukaliptus Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Identifikasi serta uji analisis dilakukan di Laboratorium Biosistematika Serangga dan Laboratorium Virologi Tumbuhan. Departemen Proteksi Tanaman Fakultas Pertanian IPB. Penelitian mengenai karakter puru dan serangga yang berasosiasi dengan puru eukaliptus di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan dilakukan pada dua jenis eukaliptus yang tumbuh di Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode pengambilan langsung pada 100 tanaman untuk masing-masing spesies eukaliptus secara purposive. Masing-masing contoh tanaman diamati langsung bagian batang atau ranting serta daun yang bergejala puru untuk melihat jenis puru yang terbentuk. Setiap bagian tanaman yang bergejala puru berbeda dimasukkan ke dalam plastik ziplock atau cup plastik yang terpisah untuk selanjutnya dipelihara. Pemeliharaan ini bertujuan untuk mengamati serangga yang keluar dari puru, baik serangga penyebab puru maupun parasitoidnya. Identifikasi suatu spesies secara morfologi perlu didukung dan dikonfirmasi lebih lanjut secara molekuler. Identifikasi secara molekuler merupakan salah satu teknik pendukung untuk memastikan identifikasi morfologi yang dilakukan tepat. Ada beberapa gen yang populer digunakan untuk identifikasi serangga secara molekuler diantaranya gen mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (mtCOI), dan gen 28S rDNA pada daerah D2. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan jumlah gejala puru yang terbentuk akibat infestasi serangga yang ditemukan adalah 27 gejala pada 2 spesies eukaliptus yang berbeda, yaitu 12 gejala puru pada E. alba dan 15 gejala puru pada E. urophylla. serangga yang muncul dari pemeliharaan puru serangga yang didapatkan dari pemeliharaan puru sudah terkonfirmasi secara morfologi dan molekuler ada yang berperan sebagai penginduksi puru, parasitoid maupun inquiline., Eucalyptus spp. are native to Australia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Indonesia. In Indonesia, the plants grow naturally in the Eastern Indonesia (E. deglupta from Sulawesi, E. urophylla and E. alba from East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), and E. pelita from West Papua). One of the important pests in eucalyptus plants are the leaf gall insects that could inhibit the rate of photosynthesis process. Information about the types of gall in eucalypts in Indonesia is very minimal, as well as how to control them. Timor Tengah Selatan District, East Nusa Tenggara is one of the Eucalyptus endemic areas where the plant grows naturally,
Keyword: forest, gall inducer, parasitoids

Judul: Pemodelan Selang Kelahiran Anak Pertama
Abstrak: Seiang kelahiran anak pertam3 mcrupakan jarak waktu dari umur pcrkawinan pcrtama pada \Vanila sampai umur kclahiran anak pertama. Selang kelahiran anak pertama dapal digunakan scbagai penduga kesuburan \Vanila karena pada umumnya pasangan suami islri yang bam menikah tidak menunda kelahiran anak pertama
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