Judul: Desain dan Uji Penggoreng Open Deep Frying dengan Perubahan Posisi Elemen Pemanas
Abstrak: Deep frying is one of the oldest ways in food cooking. Everyone is like deep frying product because it has a color, taste, and typical flavor. Fat content and acrylamide in food is the problem of deep frying product which depends on frying time. Reduce frying time will reduce fat content, arylamide in food, and energy consumption. Frying time depend on the height of oil frying in fryer and heating element position. This new fryer design aimed to reduce frying time through the partly change of heating element position to the top of fryer. The result from calculation in this design have provided minimum of oil height in fryer 35 cm, power of fryer 6 kW, fryer diameter 34 cm, volume of oil frying 33 l, and total height of fryer 50 cm. Power of heating element on the top of fryer 1,5 kW and at the bottom of fryer 4,5 kW. There are two kind of heating element which used in this new fryer design i.e. 3 kW and 1.5 kW with Watt density 3,1 W/cm2 and 6,28 W/cm2 respectively, both of the values were met the requirement of low Watt density less from 10 W/cm2. Fryer performance test divided into three stages. Potato is used as a material fry test of this new fryer design. The result of the preliminary test showed that the vertically temperature differential is higher on new fryer design than old fryer design. The higher of vertically temperature differential cause the increase of the Rayleigh number. First performance test showed that the center temperature of product in new fryer design is faster 2 minutes in reach 105 co from the old fryer design. Second performance test showed that the frying time on new fryer design is shorter in 2 minutes from the old fryer design. Fat content in french fries from new fryer design is lower 5.78 % from the fat content in french fries from old fryer design. We save 0.2 kWh in used of the new fryer design in one frying process.
Keyword: Open deep frying, Food cooking, Deep-fat frying, Boiling heat transfer

Judul: Pengurangan Penyerapan Minyak dengan Tepung Pragelatinisasi Selama Deep Fat Frying
Abstrak: Oil uptake of fried food is quite high during deep fat frying. Pregelatinized flour is one of ingredient that can reduce oil uptake. The aim of this research is to know the effect of pregelatinized flour on oil absorption. Pregelatinized flour can produced by rice cooker, extruder and drum dryer. In this research, water content, water holding capacity, and birefringence characteristic is analysed. Besides, fat content of donuts is measured by soxhlet method. The highest reducing oil uptake to the lowest is 50% pregelatinized flour by drum dryer, 50% pregelatinized flour by extruder and 50% pregelatinized flour by rice cooker. The highest percentage of reducing oil uptake using pregelatinized flour by drum dryer is 33.70%. The highest disruption of birefringence characteristic and water holding capacity of pregelatinized flour can reduce oil uptake
Keyword: pregelatinized rice flour, oil uptake, deep fat frying

Judul: Infeksi leucocytozzon simondi (Mathis dan Leger, 1910) pada itik
Abstrak: Leucocytozoonosis pada itik adalah penyakit protozoer yang disebabkan oleh parasit darah Leucocytozoon simondi. Protozoa ini ditularkan oleh lalat penghisap darah (Simulium sp.). Di dalam tubuh induk semang antara (vektor) Simulium parasit mengalami tahap gametogoni yang kedua (pembentukan gamet dan pembuahan) dan sporogoni. Pembuahan makrogamet oleh mikrogamet terjadi segera sesudah vektor menghisap darah itik yang mengandung gametosit. Pembuahan menghasilkan zigot yang dapat bergerak (ookinet) yang masuk dinding usus vektor dan kemudian memasuki tahap sporogoni. Tahap sporogoni memerlukan waktu kira-kira 1 minggu (Fallis dan Desser, 1977) untuk menghasilkan sporozoit. Sporozoit bergerak menuju kelenjar ludah vektor, tempat mereka berkumpul. Sporozoit dipindahkan ke dalam tubuh itik pada saat vektor menghisap darah itik. Di dalam tubuh itik, parasit mengalami tahap skizogoni dan tahap gametogoni yang pertama (pembentukan gametosit). Sporozoit memasuki peredaran darah itik dan memasuki sel-sel parenkhim hati membentuk skizon hepatik (Fallis et al., 1974). Setelah 4 6 hari, skizon hepatik dewasa menghasilkan merozoit dan sinsitia. Merozoit dari skizon hepatik memasuki eritrosit dan eritroblas membentuk gametosit bundar, sedangkan sinsitia memasuki sel-sel RES di seluruh tubuh membentuk megaloskizon. Megaloskizon dewasa terbentuk dalam waktu 5 hari di dalam sel-sel itu dan menghasilkan merozoit. Merozoit dari megaloskizon memasuki limfosit dan leukosit lainnya membentuk gametosit memanjang. ...
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