Judul: Pola Pergerakan Harian Katak Pohon Jawa (Rhacophorus margaritifer) Dengan Menggunakan Metode Radio Tracking di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango
Abstrak: One of the method to obtain information about animal movement is by using radio tracking. Radio tracking method for research on frog movement never been done in Indonesia although there wereprevious research about pattern of daily movement of amphibian in Indonesia using non-radio tracking method.The objectives of the research are 1) to describe the pattern of daily movement of Javan tree frog Rhacophorus margaritifer using radio tracking method in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, 2) to assess the impact of radio transmitter installation on mass and behaviour of frog, and 3) to describe spatial use of Javan tree frog Rhacophorus margaritifer in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park. The research was carried out in Mei – September 2011 along the track of Panyangcangan post to Curug Tiga Cibereum (± 0,6 Km), Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park that lies in 1500 – 1650 m above sea level. Data on movement of each frog were collected for every 12 hours for 8 days (192 hours). Number of R.margaritifer observed was 11 frogs, consisted of 8 males and 3 females. Each frogs was installed with a transmitter weighed approximately 10% from total mass of male frog and 5% from mass of female frog. Frogs were observed for each activities in each location and analysis descriptively. Quantitative analysis of individual movement of R. margaritifer are measured by calculated of the length of movement and straightness index value. All R. margaritifer observed, moved horizontally and vertically. The farthest vertical movement from the ground is 7,93 m and the farthest horizontal movement is 15,71 m. The highest score of both vertical and horizontal movements is obtained by females. The result of chi quadrat analysis for straightness index showed that male and female individuals tend to move away from observation starting point . There is no significant difference of horizontal movement from water body between male and female frog, even though male frogs tend to move away from water body much farther than female frogs. The highest vertical movement from water body is 9,3 m and horizontal movement is 13,92 m. The farthest horizontal position is 13,92 m and vertical position is 9,30 m from water body. There is no significant difference between male and female frogs in position from water body. Most male frog has a higer lenght of horizontal movement compared to female. Male and female frogs tend move jhorizontally in random. Frogs move along river body dominated by tepus (Etlingera solaris) plant. The average movement of female frog is 25,34 m and 34,35 m for male frog. The longest distance was done by female frog number 1 (49,83 m) and the shortest male frog number 6 (8,35 m). The use of radio transmitter in frog tends to reduce frog weight with average of 9,75% weight loss for each individual of R margaritifer. Weight loss occured in female individual of R. Margartifer 1 and 2, and also male 3,4,5,6,7 and 8. And the other side, weight gain occured in male frog 1 and 2 which gained weight 11% and 4,8%. The highest score in weight loss is 1.5
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Judul: Penggunaan metode spool track dalam menelaah pola pergerakan harian katak bertanduk (Megophrys montana) di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Studies on amphibian movement have been reported abroad, including selection of appropriate method. However, there is only two study on amphibian movement reported in Indonesia by Sholihat (2007) and Muliya (2010). This study aims to 1) find suitable material for spool track that well suited with body weight of M. montana., 2) map daily movement patterns of M. montana and describe microhabitat use of M. montana in Gede Pangrango National Park. Research was conducted at Ciwalen and Cibereum. Four types of spool were tried to selected frogs and movements were observed every three hours for 72 hours. Data from observations were then analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. Seven frogs (3 males, 4 females) were observed for 72 hours, each using a spool weight under less than 10% of body mass and there are one male frog were successfully observed using a spool weight more 10% from their body mass. Results showed that suitable spool equipment materials differ for males and females according to their body mass. The best materials for the male frog are made by plastic straws and mica, while for female frog it is made from plastic and piece of carambol powder plastic. Kruskal Wallis test on eight frogs indicated that the movement of every 3 hours during the day are significantly differ between male frogs and female frogs (H = 0.296, df = 1, P> 0.05). While the movement of every 3 hours during the night were significantly differ between male frogs and female frogs (H = 0.000, df = 1, P <0.05). Kruskal Wallis test also shows the average male frog movement every 3 hours in the day and night were not significantly different (H = 0.000, df = 1, P <0.05) in which males did not move much. In the contrary, there is significant differences between day and night 3 hourly movement for female (H = 0.049. df = 1, p <0.05). Females tend to move more during the night compared to afternoon. From observation, it appears that most of the male and female frogs have similar activities during the day, which is sleeping in a protected area away from the sun, such as under leaf litter, rocks, and logs or burrowing in the wood in tree root holes. The purpose of burrowing aims to avoid drought and retain moisture. Observations on microhabitats use showed that most frogs used wet leaf litter during the day and night. Therefore plants as producer of leaf litter needs to be protected.
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Judul: Formulasi dan Peningkatan Sifat Kelarutan Minuman Serbuk Cokelat dengan Proses Pencampuran Kering.
Abstrak: Minuman serbuk cokelat terdiri dari bahan utama bubuk cokelat, gula dan susu bubuk. Kombinasi ketiga bahan ini penting bagi penerimaan konsumen. Pada umumnya, jenis minuman ini memiliki masalah pada sifat kelarutannya (terutama wettability) yang secara alami disebabkan adanya minyak cocoa (cocoa butter) yang bersifat hidrofobik pada cocoa powder. Wettability menentukan kecepatan pelarutan bubuk dan menjadi persepsi kualitas kritis oleh konsumen. Lesitinisasi sering digunakan untuk meningkatkan wettability, tetapi pada proses pencampuran kering (dry blending) terbatas secara teknis dibandingkan dengan proses pengeringan semprot (spray drying). Proses pengeringan semprot merupakan proses yang lebih kompleks dan membutuhkan investasi juga biaya operasi yang lebih besar dibandingkan proses pencampuran kering. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan minuman serbuk cokelat yang disukai oleh konsumen dan meningkatkan wettability-nya menggunakan lesitin kedelai bubuk bebas minyak (de-oiled) dan lesitin kedelai cair dengan kandungan fosfolipid minimum berturut-turut 97 dan 30% . Diujikan dua metode aplikasi penambahan lesitin, yaitu dengan membuat premiks bersama bubuk cokelat dan dengan menambahkan langsung pada formula akhir. Jumlah sediaan lesitin bervariasi dari 0.5 hingga 4% (b/b) untuk lesitin bubuk dan dari 0.5 hingga 3% (b/b) untuk lesitin cair. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, formula dengan overall liking tertinggi (6.74) memiliki komposisi 40% susu bubuk lemak utuh instan, 40% gula castor, 10% alkalized cocoa powder, 9.7% maltodekstrin, dan 0.3% garam. Lesitin cair lebih efektif dibandingkan lesitin bubuk, dan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan hasil wettability antara perlakuan penambahan lesitin premiks maupun langsung. Secara operasional, metode premiks kurang efisien karena diperlukan dua tahap pencampuran. Jumlah sediaan lesitin cair yang diperlukan untuk mencapai target wettability di bawah 30 detik untuk formula terpilih adalah 2.5%. Atribut lain yang signifikan terpengaruh adalah hilangnya partikel mengambang, ukuran partikel yang lebih besar, densitas kamba yang lebih rendah, dan warna lebih gelap yang memberikan persepsi kandungan cokelat yang lebih tinggi dengan rasa yang tidak berbeda signifikan.
Keyword: minuman serbuk cokelat, pencampuran kering, formulasi, lesitin kedelai, kelarutan