Judul: Molecular Marker Inheritance and Gene Expression Pattern of Pacific White Shrimp Resistant to White Spot Syndrome Virus
Abstrak: Udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) merupakan komoditas ekspor utama di Indonesia, namun budidaya udang vaname masih terkendala serangan penyakit, akibat infeksi white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Seleksi udang vaname yang secara genetik memiliki sifat tahan WSSV melalui seleksi marka single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) pada gen anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) adalah salah satu cara pencegahan infeksi WSSV yang efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi SNP g.455 A>G pada gen ALF, menganalisis korelasi marka SNP pada gen ALF dengan daya tahan udang terhadap infeksi WSSV, mengukur ekspresi gen dan frekuensi SNP pada populasi yang tahan WSSV, serta menganalisis pewarisan marka SNP pada keturunan pertama (G1) udang vaname hasil seleksi. Marka molekuler SNP dideteksi menggunakan metode tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) pada 120 ekor udang vaname yang berasal dari 4 famili. Frekuensi SNP GG (q2) yang diperoleh selanjutnya dibandingkan dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup (TKH) udang setelah dilakukan uji tantang WSSV dengan dosis LD70 untuk menilai korelasi antara SNP g.455 A>G pada gen ALF dengan daya tahan udang vaname terhadap WSSV. Analisis ekspresi gen ALF dan gen imunitas dilakukan pada famili yang memiliki TKH tertinggi dan terendah pasca infeksi WSSV. Analisis pewarisan marka molekuler SNP g.455 A>G pada gen ALF dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan frekuensi SNP pada G0 dan G1 berdasarkan perhitungan kesetimbangan Hardy-Weinberg. SNP g.455 A>G pada gen ALF berhasil dideteksi menggunakan metode ARMS-PCR dan memiliki korelasi yang tinggi antara genotipe GG (q2) dan TKH (p = 0.001 and R-square = 82.52%). Tingkat ekspresi gen ALF dan SOD serta frekuensi genotipe AA pada populasi udang vaname tahan WSSV lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan populasi udang vaname rentan WSSV.Frekuensi genotipe populasi induk dan benih udang vaname tidak berbeda nyata berdasarkan analisis chi-square (χ2 = 0.46 and p-value = 0.497), yang menunjukkan marka molekuler diwariskan sesuai persamaan Hardy-Weinberg. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa populasi udang vaname tahan WSSV yang memiliki genotipe homozigot AA perlu diproduksi melalui seleksi marka molekuler., The Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is Indonesia’s main export commodity, but its production is constrained by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Selective breeding of disease-resistant broodstock based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) gene is an alternative strategy for solving the disease problem. This study aimed to detect the SNP g.455 A>G in the anti-lipopolysaccharide factor (ALF) shrimp gene, evaluate the correlation of SNP with WSSV-resistance trait, analyze the expression level of immunity genes and genotype frequencies of the WSSV-resistance population shrimp and analyze the SNP inheritance in the first generation of selected shrimp. A total of 120 individuals from 4 families were used to detect the SNP marker using tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). The correlation between molecular markers and resistance to the WSSV trait was obtained by comparing the survival rate (SR) after the LD70 WSSV challenge test with the SNP frequency GG (q2) obtained before. The expression level of immunity genes was analyzed in families with the highest and lowest SR after LD70 WSSV infection. Molecular markers inheritance was analyzed by comparing the SNP frequencies in G0 and G1 generation based on the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. SNP
Keyword: Anti-Lipopolysaccharide Factor (ALF) Gene, ARMS-PCR, Litopenaeus vannamei, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), Hardy-Weinberg Equlibrium

Judul: Aplikasi Rekombinan Viral Inhibitor Protein melalui Pakan Buatan pada Udang Vaname dengan Waktu Berbeda setelah Infeksi WSSV
Abstrak: Salah satu penyakit yang banyak menyerang udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) dan menyebabkan banyak kerugian bagi pembudidaya yaitu penyakit white spot yang disebabkan oleh white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Udang memiliki sistem pertahanan tubuh yang melibatkan viral inhibitor protein (VIP) yang bersifat resistan terhadap WSSV. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kinerja rekombinan VIP pada udang vaname yang diaplikasikan melalui pakan buatan serta menguji waktu pemberian rekombinan VIP yang paling efektif. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Reproduksi dan Genetika Organisme Akuatik, Departemen Budidaya Perairan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, IPB University. Terdapat lima perlakuan ; K-, K+, VIP1, VIP2, dan VIP3. Prosedur kerja meliputi persiapan wadah, persiapan hewan uji, persiapan inokulum WSSV, pengadaan VIP, pengujian lethal dose 50, uji tantang, dan konfirmasi WSSV. Parameter uji yang diukur pada penelitian ini yaitu tingkat kelangsungan hidup (TKH), total haemocyte count (THC), dan aktivitas phenoloxidase (PO). Data diolah dengan Microsoft Excel 2019 dan dianalisis dengan analisis ragam (ANOVA). Hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu pemberian VIP satu hari setelah uji tantang memberikan hasil terbaik dengan TKH pada akhir pemeliharaan sebesar 56,6% atau dua kali lebih tinggi daripada kontrol yang tidak diberi VIP. Udang yang diberi perlakuan tersebut juga memiliki THC dan aktivitas PO tertinggi (p<0,05) dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya pada akhir pemeliharaan. Dengan demikian pemberian VIP pada waktu yang tepat dapat mengurangi kematian udang vaname akibat infeksi WSSV, Application of Recombinant Viral Inhibitor Protein Through Artificial Feed on White Shrimp with Different Time After WSSV Infection. Supervised by Alimuddin, and Dinar Tri Soelistyowati. One of the many diseases that attack white shrimp and cause many losses in the shrimp industry is white spot disease caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Shrimp have a body defense system that involves viral inhibitor protein (VIP) which is resistant to WSSV. This study aimed to analyze the performance of recombinant VIP in white shrimp, which was applied through artificial feed, and to evaluate the most effective time to administer recombinant VIP. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, IPB University. There are five treatments; K-, K+, VIP1, VIP2, VIP3. The work procedure includes preparation of containers, preparation of test animals, preparation of WSSV inoculum, VIP culture, lethal dose 50 test, challenge test, and confirmation of WSSV. The test parameters measured in this study were Survival Rate (TKH), THC, and Phenoloxidase Activity (PO). Data were processed with Microsoft Excel 2019 and analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of this study are that giving VIP one day after the challenge test gave the best results with a survival rate at the end of maintenance of 56.6% or twice as high as non-VIP controls. The treated shrimp also had the highest total hemocyte value and PO activity (p<0.05) compared to other treatments at the end of rearing. Thus, the provision of VIP at the right time can reduce the mortality of vaname shrimp due to WSSV infection.
Keyword: Litopenaeus vannamei, VIP, White shrimp, WSSV

Judul: Penggunaan Teorema Homeomorphy 2-Manifold dan Teorema Euler Poincare pada Torus 𝑇�� dan Simplicial Complex 𝐾��
Abstrak: Two dimensional topological spaces are said to be homeomorphic if they have the same topological invariant, where one of topological invariant used is an Euler characteristic. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem and Euler Poincare’s Theorem are used to distinguish two topological spaces. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem uses Euler characteristic to identify two dimensional topological spaces. Euler Poincare’s Theorem is an alternative way to find Euler characteristic with Betti number, which is topological invariant as well. The objective of this paper is to investigate the homeomorphism of torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾�����. Topological space torus and simplicial complex 𝐾����� have the same Euler characteristic, which is two. Based on Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem topological space torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾����� is homeomorphic.
Keyword: simplicial, torus, Euler, homeomorphism, topology