Judul: The Effectiveness Extract Combination Skunk Vine (Paederia foetida L.) and Gum Arabic as an Antidiarrheal in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Daun sembukan telah lama digunakan oleh masyarakat untuk pengobatan secara tradisional, namun penelitian tentang khasiatnya sebagai antidiare masih sangat sedikit. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui aktivitas antidiare kombinasi ekstrak daun sembukan dan gum arab dengan metode proteksi intestinal dan transit intestinal, serta menentukan takaran dosis yang efektif pada mencit. Penelitian ini menggunakan 30 ekor mencit yang dibagi menjadi enam kelompok. Perlakuan kelompok terbagi menjadi kontrol negatif (1% Tween-80), kontrol positif (Loperamide HCl), dan empat perlakuan kombinasi ekstrak daun sembukan dan gum arab (12,5%, 25%, 50%, dan 100%) yang diberikan secara oral. Parameter yang diamati yaitu frekuensi defekasi, konsistensi feses, dan rasio lintasan marker usus. Disimpulkan bahwa dari kedua metode, potensi antidiare terbaik ditemukan pada konsentrasi 12,5%., Skunk vine have long been used by the community for traditional medicine, but research on its efficacy as an antidiarrheal is still very little. The purpose of this study was to determine the antidiarrheal activity of the combination of skunk vine extract and gum arabic with intestinal protection and intestinal transit methods, and to determine the effective dose in mice. This study used 30 mice which were divided into six groups. The treatment group was divided into negative control (1% Tween-80), positive control (Loperamide HCl), and four combination treatments of skunk vine extract and arabic gum (12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%) given orally. The parameters observed were the frequency of defecation, stool consistency, and the ratio of intestinal marker trajectories. It was conclude that of the two methods, the best antidiarrheal potency was found in 12.5% treatment.
Keyword: antidiare, daun sembukan, gum arab, proteksi intestinal, transit intestinal

Judul: Efficacy of Gum Arabic Infusion as an Antidiarrheal in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Gum arab digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia untuk mengobati beberapa penyakit. Beberapa senyawa aktif antidiare seperti saponin, tanin, dan flavonoid terkandung dalam gum arab. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efikasi antidiare infusa gum arab menggunakan metode proteksi intestinal dan transit intestinal serta menentukan konsentrasi yang paling efektif pada mencit. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga puluh ekor mencit jantan yang dibagi menjadi enam kelompok yang terdiri dari kelompok kontrol negatif (tween 80 [1%]), kontrol positif (loperamide HCI), dan empat kelompok perlakuan infusa gum arab dengan konsentrasi bertingkat (12,5 %, 25%, 50%, dan 100%). Hasil metode proteksi intestinal menunjukkan bahwa semua kelompok konsentrasi infusa gum arab memiliki efek antidiare. Hasil metode transit intestinal menunjukkan hanya 12,5% kelompok konsentrasi yang memiliki aktivitas antidiare, sehingga disimpulkan konsentrasi 12,5% memiliki efek antidiare terbaik, Gum arabic is used by Indonesians to treat several diseases. Several active antidiarrheal compounds such as saponins, tannins, and flavonoids are present in gum arabic. This study aimed to determine the antidiarrheal efficacy of gum arabic infusion using intestinal protection and intestinal transit methods and determine the most effective concentrations in mice. This study used thirty male mice, which were divided into six groups consisting of a negative control (tween 80 [1%]), a positive control (loperamide HCI), and four treatment groups of gum arabic infusion with graded concentrations (12,5%, 25%, 50%, 100%). The intestinal protection methods result showed that all gum arabic infusion concentration groups had antidiarrheal effects. The intestinal transit methods showed that only 12,5% concentration group had antidiarrheal activity, it was concluded that concentration of 12,5% had the best antidiarrheal effect.
Keyword: antidiarrheal, gum arabic, infusion, intestinal protection, intestinal transit

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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