Judul: Pengembangan Analisis Jalur Kekar dan Model Campuran Linier Terampat
Abstrak: Path analysis, termed classical path analysis in this study, aimed to discern direct and indirect effects among variables, with some variables serving as causes and others as outcomes or responses. It is a method used to examine integrated relationships among variables and constructed from correlation and regression analyses that presume a normal distribution. Violations of the normality assumption are often due to outliers. Pearson correlation is highly susceptible to outliers/anomalies in data. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method in regression is known to perform poorly in the presence of outliers in the data. One approach to address this violation is to discard outliers and conduct estimation using classical methods on data uncontaminated by outliers. However, removing outliers reduces the amount of data, leading to a loss of information that should have been obtained. Moreover, outliers may contain significant information. Therefore, it is necessary to develop robust path analysis from robust correlation and regression against outliers, which includes analyzing data without removing outliers and comparing the classical path analysis results. In the discussion of the robust path analysis above, the proposed model is one that consists solely of fixed effects. The heterogeneous characteristics of samples often lead surveys to employ multistage random sampling. This sampling method results in hierarchically structured data, which are modeled using mixed linear models. The mixed model or Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) incorporates predictors containing random effects that is expected to minimize errors in the model. GLMM was initially limited to response following a gaussian or normal distribution (GLMM-N) or Linear Mixed Model (LMM). GLMM has now expanded to accommodate not only normal distributed response but also non-gaussian distributions, such as binomial. GLMM with binomial response, where random effects follow a normal distribution and the link function is logit, are referred to as Binomial GLMM (GLMM-B). Therefore, for hierarchically structured data, it is necessary to develop path analysis derived from GLMM models for both normal and binomial responses. Based on this background, this study objectives to (1) examine the impact of outliers on classical and robust path analysis, (2) develop and apply robust path analysis to real data and compare the results, and (3) develop and apply GLMM path analysis with binomial and normal responses to real data. The data used in this study is the same as that used in previous research by Usman and Lestari (2016) and Lestari et al. (2018b), which this study aims also to refine it. There are two prior studies that are significantly refined by this research or paper. The first study is an analysis of classical path analysis, presented at the ICSPI seminar (Usman and Lestari, 2016). The classical path analysis, which examines the determinants of Indonesian economic growth, does not take into account the presence of outliers. Therefore, further research is needed, namely robust path analysis, which considers the presence of outliers without the need to discard them. The second study is focused on GLMM-B was previously conducted by Lestari et al. (2018b), examining the impact of education and employment status of women of reproductive age (Wanita Usia Subur or
Keyword: Generalized Linear Mixed Model Path Analysis, Outlier, Path Analysis, Robust Correlation Regression, Robust Path Analysis

Judul: Analysis and Solving Outliers to Longitdinal Data
Abstrak: Suatu studi longitudinal dicirikan dengan percobaan yang pengukurannya dilakukan secara berulang antar waktu pada setiap individu. Pada studi ini dimungkinkan untuk mempelajari perubahan respon antar waktu beserta faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan tersebut, baik pada level populasi maupun level individu. Metode yang dapat digunakan untuk analisis data longitudinal berbasis model linier adalah model linier campuran (GLMM). Metode pendugaan pada model linier campuran didasarkan pada asumsi bahwa pengaruh spesifik subyek dan galat intra-subyek menyebar normal. Namun, dalam berbagai kasus tidak jarang ditemui hal yang menyebabkan tidak terpenuhinya asumsi tersebut. Salah satu penyebab tidak terpenuhinya asumsi k arena ada pencilan pada data amatan. Pengamatan pencilan mengakibatkan kenormalan dari sebaran data menjadi terganggu, akibatnya matriks peragam akan kehilangan efisiensinya dan sifat penduga menjadi bias dan tidak konsisten (Yohai 2006 ). Pada data longitudinal terdapat dua jenis pencilan, yaitu pencilan pada galat intra-subyek dan pencilan pada pengaruh spesifik subjek
Keyword: longitudinal data, linear mixed models, outliers, robust estimation.

Judul: Karakteristik Anatomi Skelet Kepala Buaya senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii).
Abstrak: Buaya sepit atau senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii) merupakan jenis buaya asli Indonesia yang berhabitat di sungai-sungai Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan juga pedalaman Sulawesi. Salah satu ciri khas buaya senyulong adalah bentuk moncong yang runcing dan sempit, namun hingga saat ini informasi mengenai struktur skelet kepala buaya senyulong sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik anatomi skelet kepala buaya senyulong yang dikatikan dengan fungsi dan perilakunya. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksploratif dengan melakukan pengamatan, pencatatan, dan pengambilan gambar dari skelet kepala buaya senyulong. Skelet kepala berukuran panjang 70 cm, lebar 29 cm, dan tingggi 17 cm dengan permukaan kasar pada os nasale, os frontale, os maxilla, os mandibula, os lacrimale, os jugale. Jumlah gigi pada buaya ini sebanyak 78 buah, terdiri dari 4 buah gigi premaxila, 16 buah gigi maxila, dan 19 buah gigi mandibula. Pada regio orbitalis ditemukan dua pasang fenestrae temporales yang berkembang baik. Fenestra supratemporale merupakan lubang oval yang membentang di sepanjang os parietale. Fenestra infratemporale berbentuk segitiga dan dibatasi oleh os squamosum, os postorbitale, os jugulare, dan os quadratum. Os mandibula hewan ini mempunyai symphysis mandibularis yang panjang yaitu garis yang melintang di corpus mandibulae. Secara fungsional ukuran symphysis mandibularis berkaitan dengan adaptasi hewan terhadap diet makan.
Keyword: kepala, moncong, Tomistoma schlegelii