Judul: Kasus Penurunan Perkembangan dan Fungsi Posyandu di Perkotaan dan Pedesaan Kecamatan Kumai
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh informasi tentang proses pembentukan posyandu, kegiatan latihan kader, sistem organisasi posyandu dan hubungan fakor-faktor antara subsistem dalam sistem organisasi posyandu. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Kumai Kabupaten Kotawaringin Barat, Propinsi Kalimantan Tengah selama dua bulan, dari bulan Maret sampai Mei 2000. Contoh dikelompokkan kedalam dua wilayah, yaitu perkotaan dan pedesaan. Di perkotaan seluruh posyandu yang ada diambil sebagai contoh sedangkan di pedesaan contoh diambil dengan menggunakan metode acak distratifikasi secara tidak proporsional.
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Judul: Partisipasi masyarakat pada program posyandu : kasus di Kelurahan Pengangsaan,Kecamatan Kelapa Gading, Jakarta Utara
Abstrak: Hak cipta Upaya pengembangan kualitas manusia dengan memaksimalkan potensi tumbuh kembang anak pada hakekatnya dapat dilaksanakan secara merata apabila Sistem Pelayanan Kesehatan masyarakat yang berbasis masyarakat dalam rangka memenuhi kebutuhan dasar dan hak anak melalui Posyandu dapat dilaksanakan secara efektif dan efesien. Selain itu upaya dimaksud juga harus menjangkau semua anak yang membutuhkan layanan tumbuh kembang tanpa membedakan tingkat sosial ekonomi orang tua atau keluarganya. Perlakuan serupa juga di harapkan dapat menjangkau para ibu hamil, ibu menyusui dan nipas. Posyandu pada dasarnya merupakan salah satu wujud partisipasi masyarakat dalam pembangunan kesehatan, tujuan kesehatan yaitu menciptakan kemampuan masyarakat untuk hidup sehat, dalam mewujudkan derajat kesehatan yang optimal. Tujuan ini dapat di capai melalui kegiatan-kegiatan Posyandu yang telah dilaksanakan sedemikian rupa, sehingga kemampuan sebagai cara yang sederhana dan murah dalam pelayanan kesehatan, sesuai kebutuhan serta dapat menjangkau seluruh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Penyebab kurangnya partisipasi masyarakat dalam kegiatan Posyandu di tingkat Rukun Warga dan untuk memahami permasalahan pengelolaan program Posyandu, pada kasus ini di lihat bagaimana partisipasi masyarakat terhadap keberadaan Posyandu tersebut...
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Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable