Judul: Pemurnian surfaktan nonionik alkil poliglikosida (APG) berbasis tapioka dan dodekanol
Abstrak: Alkyl polyglycosides (APG) , a nonionic surfactant, has got some green labels such as Ecocert, EU Eco-flower and Green Seal as environmentally friendly surfactant. Sugar as APG's raw material, supplied the hydrophilic group, and fatty alcohol acted as hydrophobic group. Some undesirable compounds formed during the APG production had caused low quality. The research aimed to increase the quality and performance of APG, by controlling its process. The catalyst of p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) was added and investigated the effect of catalysis concentration (0,018-0,036 mole per mole of starch) to enhance the butanolysis of starch. Addition 0-10% of activated carbon and 0-0,3% of NaBH4 in APG pre-purification process; 2% (w/w) of H2O2 35% and 500 ppm of MgO in the bleaching process were examined to process high quality and high performance of APG. The results showed that 0.027 mole of PTSA per mole starch and process temperature of 140 OC could minimize the residual sugars after butanolysis. The best APG was obtained from purification step by addition 0% of activated carbon and 0,2% of NaBH4, with the characteristics of clarity of 59,02(%T); the ability to reduce surface and interfacial tensions at 1% concentration were 61,98% and 95,60% respectively; 81,71% of stability of emulsion, 62,5% of foam height and stable up to 315 minutes.
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Judul: Pengaruh Butanolisis terhadap Kinerja Surfaktan Alkil Poliglikosida (APG) dari Fatty Alcohol (C16) Sawit dan Glukosa Cair 85 Persen
Abstrak: Synthesis surfactant APG from palm fatty alcohol C16 and 85% liquid glucose can be done through a single-step process or two-steps le acetalization and butanolysis transasetalisation. Surfactant APG produced in the form powder, dark, and water soluble. Analysis IFT of APG produced by two-steps process of butanolysis was the best with value of 1,11 x 102 dyne/ cm. While the value of IFT at one-stage of process was 1,75 x 10¹ dyne/cm. HLB value of APG with the each repetition was 10. This meaned that the APG produced can be used as an emulsifier O/W, detergent, and solubilizer. APG surfactant has a fairly good stability agained the prolong heating. Filtration test analysis showed that the amount of impurities in each solution was little or ever none, as evidenced by the value of Fr (flow rate) of each solution on than smaller filtration of 1,2. Fr values on formation water and solution of APG was very good. The conclusion APG produced in this research through a two-stages process (butanolysis transasetalisation) was better than that through one step process (acetalization), with the ability to reduce the surface tension of 1,11 x 10² dyne/cm. Suitability performance of surfactants for EOR application was in conformed with the criteria expected.
Keyword: Alkil Poliglikosida (APG), Proses Sintesis Satu Tahap, Proses Sintesis Dua Tahap, Glukosa Cair

Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship