Judul: Audit energi pada proses produksi CPO (Crude Palm Oil) di PMKS PT Condong Garut, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Peningkatan industri pengolahan kelapa sawit menjadi CPO (Crude Palm Oil) disebabkan oleh tingginya permintaan CPO di dunia. Keadaan tersebut mengakibatkan energi yang dibutuhkan untuk memproduksi CPO juga meningkat. Penggunaan energi yang efektif dan efisien akan berarti juga penghematan biaya produksi dan berakibat pada peningkatan kemampuan daya saing di pasar global. Audit energi merupakan bentuk analisis untuk menghitung jumlah energi yang digunakan dalam setiap tahap di dalam suatu sistem secara keseluruhan. Audit energi bertujuan untuk menngetahui neraca penggunaan energi, konsumsi energi spesifik, dan sumber pemborosan energi. Audit energi akan membentu perusahaan untuk mengetahui secara rinci kebutuhan energi dan efisiensi penggunaan alat dan mesin pada setiap tahapan produksi. Hasil audit juga dapat digunakan untuk melakukan analisis peluang penghematan energi yang dapat dilakukan sebagai dasar dalam perencanaan pengembangan sistem produksi oleh perusahaan.
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Judul: Energy audit on CPO (Crude Palm Oil) production in PMKS PT. Condong Garut, West Java
Abstrak: Increasing of CPO (Crude Palm Oil) demand in the world market will be increasing energy consumption for CPO production. The purpose of this research was to conduct energy auditing on CPO production in PT. Condong Garut, West Java. Result of the study shows that the total primary energy consumption is 17.56 MJ/kg CPO at production capacity of the factory about 20 ton Fresh Fruit Bunch (FFB)/hour with 20.08 % yield. The total energy consumption was not included embodied energy of tools & machines and pesticide. The energy input was supplied by biomass (shell and fiber), diesel oil, fertilizer and human (biology). 64.16 % of Total energy was consumed in processing plant, while cultivation activities included harvesting consume 34.11 % and FFB transportation consume 1.73 %. Energy savings could be done by increasing FFB production, repairing the production machines and using CPO as a diesel oil blends.
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Judul: Evaluation of Influenza Antibody Titers in Serum and Egg Yolk of Layers Vaccinated with Influenza Vaccines.
Abstrak: Influenza belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family which causes upper and lower respiratory tract infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate influenza-A specific antibody titers from serum and egg yolk of hens vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Three Hy-line Brown layers were vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza type A and B inactivated vaccines. Vaccination was carried out three times at a dose of 0.25 ml/chicken via the intramuscular route. The first vaccination was carried out at 24 weeks of age, then boosters were performed at 28 and 32 weeks of age. Serum and egg yolk were collected every week for 20 weeks since the first vaccination. Influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 antibody titers were determined using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and agar-gel-precipitation (AGP) test. Influenza-A H3N2 and H1N1 specific antibodies were detected in both serum and egg yolk from the first to twenty weeks after the initial vaccination. Highest HI geometric mean titer (GMT) of H1N1 antibody reached 26.67 HIU at nine weeks post first vaccination (p.f.v), while H3N2 antibody reached 26 HIU at six weeks p.f.v. Our result showed that influenza antibodies can be produced in layers using quadrivalent vaccines and layer chickens are able to produce equivalent antibody levels for each influenza subtype.
Keyword: antibody, egg yolk, influenza, layer chickens, serum