Judul: Ekstraksi Dan Aktivitas Antikoagulan Heparin Hati Kerbau Lokal (Bubalus Bubalis).
Abstrak: Antikoagulan merupakan bahan yang digunakan untuk mencegah pembekuan darah dengan cara menghambat beberapa fungsi faktor darah, serta dapat mengurangi dan mencegah koagulasi darah. Salah satu senyawa yang mengandung antikoagulan adalah heparin. Heparin dapat diproduksi dari jaringan mammalia. Jaringan mammalia yang dapat digunakan salah satunya ialah hati kerbau. Heparin hati kerbau lokal diekstraksi menggunakan metode Marx, ditentukan kadar protein heparin dengan metode Lowry, dan dilakukan uji aktivitas antikoagulan heparin secara kualitatif serta dilakukan pengujian FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared). Rata-rata nilai rendemen dari ekstraksi heparin hati kerbau lokal sebesar 71,482 % dengan kadar protein sebesar 36,691 μg/mL dan nilai LED konstan pada 1-2 mm/jam. Senyawa penyusun ekstrak heparin hati kerbau lokal mengandung ikatan amina, cincin aromatik, fenol, alkohol, keton dan ester.
Keyword: antikoagulan, FTIR, hati kerbau, Uji Laju Endap Darah, Lowry

Judul: Extraction of Heparin from Tuna Gut (Thunnus sp.)
Abstrak: Heparin merupakan polisakarida linier dengan gugus sulfat yang terkenal kegunaannya sebagai obat antikoagulan. Heparin umumnya diperoleh dari jaringan hewan mamalia seperti sapi dan babi yang memungkinkan terdapatnya kontaminan seperti spora bovine encephalitis penyebab penyakit sapi gila serta dilarang pada beberapa kepercayaan dan agama. Penelitian ini menggunakan limbah perikanan yaitu jeroan ikan tuna sebagai sediaan antikoagulan heparin. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi enzim papain terbaik untuk ekstraksi heparin dari bagian jeroan ikan tuna yang berbeda, mendapatkan karakteristik terpilih dari heparin terfraksinasi bagian jeroan ikan tuna berbeda dan menentukan aktivitas antikoagulannya. Heparin diekstraksi menggunakan enzim papain berkonsentrasi 20, 40 dan 60 U/mL dalam kondisi larutan pH 8 serta difraksinasi dengan larutan aseton. Konsentrasi ekstrak heparin kasar yang terpilih yaitu hasil ekstraksi dari jeroan bagian lambung dengan enzim papain 40 U/mL. Heparin terfraksinasi yang diuji menggunakan FTIR menunjukkan karakteristik gugus fungsi yang mencirikan seperti heparin, namun aktivitas antikoagulannya masih bersifat lemah., Heparin is a linear polysaccharide with a sulfate group which is used as an anticoagulant drug. Generally, heparin is obtained from mammalian animal tissues such as cattle and pigs, which allows the presence of contaminants such as bovine encephalitis that cause mad cow disease and is prohibited in some religions. This research used tuna manufacturing waste, which is tuna gut as the raw material for preparing heparin. The aim of the study was to determine the best papain enzyme concentration for the extraction of heparin from different parts of tuna gut, to obtain the characteristics of selected pure heparin derived from different parts of tuna gut and to determine the anticoagulant activity of selected heparin. Heparin was extracted using papain enzymes with concentrations of 20, 40 and 60 U/mL in a solution of pH 8 and fractionated with acetone solution. The selected fractionated heparin for the anticoagulant activity test was from tuna’s stomach extracted with 40 U/mL papain enzyme. Compound from tuna gut showed the characteristics of heparin-like functional group and exhibited low anticoagulant activity.
Keyword: anticoagulant, chemical structure, concentration, fish gut, heparin

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
Keyword: