Judul: Analisis perbandingan antara komoditas karet dan kakao berdasarkan teori portofolio : studi kasus di perkebunan Wangunreja PT Perkebunan XIII, Kabupaten Subang Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Sejak harga komoditas karet cenderung menurun, terda- pat suatu kecenderungan dari beberapa perkebunan untuk melakukan diversifikasi tanaman karet dengan tanaman kakao dan kelapa sawit. Selanjutnya berdasarkan data historis diketahui bahwa harga dan permintaan komoditas karet dan kakao berfluktua- si sesuai dengan perkembangan situasi perdagangan interna- sional. Disamping itu terdapat beberapa kendala dalam faktor teknis dan agronomis sehingga dapat memperkecil tingkat pendapatan atau memperbesar resiko pada masing- masing cabang usaha komoditas tersebut. Penanggulangan yang dapat dilakukan untuk masalah di atas dapat dilakukan secara formal maupun informal. Salah satu cara informal yang dapat dilakukan adalah dengan mengadakan diversifikasi, yang tujuannya untuk mengurangi ketergantungan pada satu jenis komoditas.
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Judul: Telaahan sistem produksi dan struktur biaya produksi komoditas kakao  : (Studi kasus di Perkebunan Wangun reja, PT. Perkebunan XIII, Kabupaten Subang, Jawa Barat)
Abstrak: Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas perkebunan yang mempunyai prospek yang cukup сеrah. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan adanya perkembangan nilai tambah yang pesat, turut menghasilkan devisa, menyerap tenaga kerja dan mendukung usaha pelestarian alam. Dewasa ini, pengusahaan kakao di dalam negeri menghadapi kondisi harga pokok yang semakin meningkat, harga jual yang semakin menurun, belum terpenuhinya standar mutu perdagangan kakao serta kekurangefisienan dalam kegiatan produksi. Kondisi tersebut dapat mengakibatkan menurunnya tingkat laba yang diperoleh perusahaan perkebunan dalam mengusahakan kakao. Sistem produksi biji kakao di kebun Wangunreja terdiri dari sub sistem produksi primer di kebun dan sub sistem pengolahan di pabrik yang ditunjang oleh kegiatan pengelolaan. Kegiatan sub sistem produksi primer di kebun bertujuan menghasilkan biji kakao basah dan meliputi kegiatan pembibitan, penyiapan lahan, penanaman dan pemeliharaan tanaman. Sedangkan kegiatan sub sistem pengolahan dipabrik bertujuan menghasilkan biji kakao kering yang siap dipasarkan. Kegiatan ini meliputi kegiatan fermentasi, perendaman, pencucian, pengeringan, sortasi dan pengepakan.
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Judul: DNA Extraction and Characterization of Salmonella‟s Lytic Bacteriophage Genome
Abstrak: Bacteriophages are ubiquitous in nature and are known to proliferate wherever their bacterial hosts exist. Their virion particles can exist independently outside the host, however all phages are need their host to propagate. Several phages are highly specific to host cell surface receptors and any slight changes in structure results in little or no interaction between the phage and its host. Salmonella‟s phage isolated from sewage water where their bacteria exist. Three isolated of phages (phages 15, 19 and 38) were used in this research that concentrated using three types of methods. PEG/ NaCl method was firstly used to concentrate the phages based on their molecular weight to precipitate the phage particles during centrifugation. The second method was Scraping Plaque method. In this method, overlay plaques were scraped and collected in SM buffer to get phage concentrates. Enrichment method was the last method used to concentrate the phages. Phage genome isolation was done using two methods i.e. EDTA/SDS and Proteinase K methods. The first method was done using DNase I to eliminate bacterial DNA followed by SDS/EDTA treatment to release phages DNA and phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol to extract the DNA. DNA was collected by isopropanol extraction. While in Proteinase K method, bacterial DNA was eliminated by DNase I and Proteinase K/SDS was used to degrade phages capsids and ethanol for DNA precipitation. The result showed that PEG/NaCl method resulted the highest phage concentration for phage 15 and phage 19, while scrapping method was the highest for phage 38. The quantity and purity of extracted DNA were low for PEG/NaCl and Scraping methods, while Enrichment method was higher indicated higher purity. Run on agarose gel electrophoresis of extracted DNA confirmed that Enrichment method results were the best while scraping and PEG/NaCl method was appeared smear background. Based on DNA genome size determination, the bacteriphages of Salmonella sp were comparable with other study of Salmonella phages. Phage P15 with genome size of 39,5 kb was close to phage epsilon15. Phage P19 with genome size of 41 kb was close to phage ST160. And phage P38 with genome size of 48,5 kb was close to phage Gifsy-1.
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