Judul: DNA Extraction and Characterization of Salmonella's Lytic Bacteriophage Genome Pembimbing
Abstrak: Bacteriophages are infectious virus that can replicate only inside their specific bacterial host. Bacteriophage can be used as a biocontrol agent for a specific bacteria such as Salmonella and other applications. Understanding of their molecular genetics is important due to their potential applications. The objectives of this research was to study three isolates of Salmonella‟s phages and to find out the best method to isolate and characterize genomic DNA of the phages. Three different methods i.e. PEG/NaCl Method, Scraping plaque method and Enrichment Method were used to concentrate phages for genomic DNA extraction. Quantity and purity of extracted DNA was determine based on their optical density ratio of 260/280 nm and agarose gel electrophoresis. Genomic DNA size of the phages were determined using agarose gel electrophoresis with High range ladder as a marker. The best method to prepare bacteriophage concentrates for DNA genome extraction was enrichment method. This method had higher concentration and purity of extracted DNA. Based on DNA genome size, the bacteriophage genome of Salmonella sp were comparable with other study of Salmonella phages. Phage P15 with genome size of 39,5 kb was close to phage epsilon15. Phage P19 with genome size of 41 kb was close to phage ST160, and phage P38 with genome size of 48,5 kb was close to phage Gifsy-1.
Keyword: Salmonella, phage, DNA, Enrichment method

Judul: DNA Extraction and Characterization of Salmonella‟s Lytic Bacteriophage Genome
Abstrak: Bacteriophages are ubiquitous in nature and are known to proliferate wherever their bacterial hosts exist. Their virion particles can exist independently outside the host, however all phages are need their host to propagate. Several phages are highly specific to host cell surface receptors and any slight changes in structure results in little or no interaction between the phage and its host. Salmonella‟s phage isolated from sewage water where their bacteria exist. Three isolated of phages (phages 15, 19 and 38) were used in this research that concentrated using three types of methods. PEG/ NaCl method was firstly used to concentrate the phages based on their molecular weight to precipitate the phage particles during centrifugation. The second method was Scraping Plaque method. In this method, overlay plaques were scraped and collected in SM buffer to get phage concentrates. Enrichment method was the last method used to concentrate the phages. Phage genome isolation was done using two methods i.e. EDTA/SDS and Proteinase K methods. The first method was done using DNase I to eliminate bacterial DNA followed by SDS/EDTA treatment to release phages DNA and phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol to extract the DNA. DNA was collected by isopropanol extraction. While in Proteinase K method, bacterial DNA was eliminated by DNase I and Proteinase K/SDS was used to degrade phages capsids and ethanol for DNA precipitation. The result showed that PEG/NaCl method resulted the highest phage concentration for phage 15 and phage 19, while scrapping method was the highest for phage 38. The quantity and purity of extracted DNA were low for PEG/NaCl and Scraping methods, while Enrichment method was higher indicated higher purity. Run on agarose gel electrophoresis of extracted DNA confirmed that Enrichment method results were the best while scraping and PEG/NaCl method was appeared smear background. Based on DNA genome size determination, the bacteriphages of Salmonella sp were comparable with other study of Salmonella phages. Phage P15 with genome size of 39,5 kb was close to phage epsilon15. Phage P19 with genome size of 41 kb was close to phage ST160. And phage P38 with genome size of 48,5 kb was close to phage Gifsy-1.
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Judul: Budidaya Dan Pengelolaan Hasil Tanaman Karet Di Pekebunan Cimulang PTP XI Kecamatan Semplak, Kabupaten Bogor
Abstrak: Tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis) pertama kali di- usahakan oleh bangsa Portugis. Karet yang pertama datang di Indonesia ditanam di Cultuurtuin (LPTI Cimanggu) pada tahun 1876. Pada tahun 1902 perkembangan yang pesat terdapat di pulau Jawa dan selanjutnya menyebar ke Sumatera dan pulau lain, terutama di Asia Tenggara (Iskandar, 1984). Sampai tahun 1957 Indonesia masih tercatat sebagai negara produsen karet alam terbesar di dunia. Pada tahun tersebut produksi di Indonesia mencapai 695 000 ton, Malaya (Malaysia sekarang) 688 700 ton dan Thailand 133 000 ton. Tetapi pada tahun-tahun berikutnya laju peningkatan produk- si di Indonesia sangat rendah dan sebaliknya dengan Malaysia dan Thailand. Pada masa mendatang, Thailand merupakan saingan yang berat bagi Indonesia dan dapat menggeser kedudukan Indonesia sebagai produsen karet terbesar (Iskandar, 1984). Pada saat ini Indonesia merupakan produsen nomor dua setelah Malaysia. Kemunduran ini disebabkan (a) terlambat mengadakan peremajaan, (b) sebagian besar tanaman sudah tua dan bukan klon unggul, (c) situasi keamanan dan politik belum mendukung usaha peremajaan karet. Menurut data dari berbagai sumber sebagian besar produksi karet Indonesia pada dekade tujuh puluhan sebesar 23.9% dari produksi dunia, sedangkan Malaysia 43.9% (Iskandar, 1984)..
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