Judul: Optimasi Deteksi Penyakit Huanglongbing pada Tanaman Jeruk Menggunakan Teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction
Abstrak: Citrus is an important horticultural commodity with high economic value in many countries. Huanglongbing disease, or in Indonesia known as citrus vein phloem degeneration caused by Liberobacter asiaticus bacterium, is a major factor limiting citrus production in many Asian countries. The disease detection and diagnosis solely based on its symptom is sometimes not reliable since it resembles to those caused by nutrient deficiencies. Detection using polymerase chain reaction is an accurate technique for many plant pathogens including the huanglongbing causal agent. The research objectives are to observe huanglongbing disease of citrus, based on external and internal symptoms, in Bogor and to optimize PCR technique for detection of the pathogen. The disease identification and detection based on the external symptom showed that there was less specific character which correlated with pathogen presence in the sample. Symptom of the infected plants is leaf discoloration and deformation. The leaves showing symptoms of chlorosis, are smaller and more lancet than leaves without chlorosis symptoms. The results of detection based on internal symptom showed as starch accumulation in phloem are consistent with that of PCR. The optimization of detection using PCR showed that the most effective and efficient extraction method to obtain DNA template was a modification of Dellaporta et al. (1986) with extraction buffer concentration at 2 times. After 2 weeks period of storage treatment at 4 oC, Huanglongbing disease can still be detected by PCR, but its DNA bands showed inconsistency among three replications. The most optimum two weeks sample preservation is at 4 oC, whereas preservation with CTAB buffer still maintain the sample to yield DNA template adequately for PCR
Keyword: PCR., huanglongbing, DNA extraction, detection, CPVD

Judul: Deteksi Penyakit Huanglongbing Tanaman Jeruk pada Tingkat Keparahan Berbeda dengan Uji Akumulasi Pati dan Polymerase Chain Reaction
Abstrak: Huanglongbing yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Liberobacter asiaticus yang di Indonesia dikenal sebagai citrus vein phloem degeneration (CVPD) merupakan penyakit paling penting pada tanaman jeruk yang menyebabkan tanaman mengalami gangguan translokasi hasil fotosintesis. Tanaman yang terinfeksi mengalami klorosis yang tidak teratur secara asimetris pada bagian daun. Gejala huanglongbing pada tanaman mirip dengan gejala kekurangan hara mikro. Penelitian ini meliputi pengamatan tanaman yang terinfeksi huanglongbing berdasarkan gejala eksternal di lapangan dan gejala internal menggunakan uji akumulasi pati di laboratorium. Keberadaan patogen juga dikonfirmasi dengan menggunakan teknik deteksi molekuler polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Tanaman di lapangan diklasifikasikan berdasarkan tingkat keparahan penyakit. Bagian tanaman yang dideteksi adalah bagian daun yang menunjukkan maupun tidak menunjukkan gejala klorosis dan bagian ranting. Tanaman dengan tingkat keparahan berat ditunjukkan dengan kerdilnya tajuk yang disertai klorosis daun yang eksesif. Sedangkan tanaman dengan tingkat gejala ringan memiliki tajuk yang normal, namun daunnya mengalami klorosis. Tanaman sehat memiliki tinggi tajuk normal dan daunnya berwarna hijau. Daun-daun yang mengalami klorosis akibat huanglongbing memiliki bentuk daun lebih lanset dibandingkan daun yang sehat. Daun-daun yang mengalami klorosis dari tanaman pada tingkat keparahan berat dan ringan umumnya disertai dengan terjadinya akumulasi pati pada bagian floem, namun berdasarkan deteksi patogen dengan PCR, keberadaan akumulasi pati pada bagian daun tidak selalu menunjukkan hasil positif keberadaan patogen. Deteksi patogen dengan PCR memberikan hasil positif yang lebih banyak pada petiol dan tulang daun dibandingkan pada ranting. Kepekaan deteksi ditingkatkan dengan pengenceran DNA hasil isolasi yang digunakan sebagai template dalam PCR.
Keyword: CVPD, huanglongbing, Liberobacter asiaticus, PCR, akumulasi pati

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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