Judul: Pengukuran Kemiripan Kontur Daun Tumbuhan Obat Menggunakan Polygonal Approximation Dan Fuzzy Histogram
Abstrak: Penelitian ini mengusulkan model baru yang dapat membedakan kontur daun tanaman obat secara otomatis dengan menggunakan polygonal approximation dan fuzzy histogram. Metode yang dilakukan meliputi pengumpulan data citra daun tumbuhan obat, praproses citra, deteksi kontur dengan polygonal approximation, ekstraksi fitur jarak dengan fuzzy histogram, klasifikasi dengan Probabilistic Neural Network, analisis dan evaluasi hasil identifikasi. Polygonal approximation digunakan untuk mendeteksi kontur daun sehingga didapat titik utama atau key point yang dapat merepresentasikan objek. Titik utama digunakan untuk menghitung jarak ke titik pusat. Fuzzy histogram digunakan untuk merepresentasikan perubahan jarak akibat adanya variasi kontur daun. Bentuk kontur daun yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah lanceolate, ovate, obovate, reniform, cordate, and deltoid. Penelitian ini menggunakan 180 citra daun. Setiap kelas terdiri dari 30 citra. Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) digunakan untuk mengklasifikasikan bentuk kontur daun. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan akurasi rata-rata mencapai 70.55%. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini, sistem tidak sensitif terhadap perubahan skala daun.
Keyword: fuzzy histogram, identifikasi daun, kontur, polygonal approximation

Judul: Ekstraksi Bentuk Geometri Daun Tumbuhan Obat Berbasis Kontur Citra.
Abstrak: Tumbuhan obat dapat diidentifikasi dengan mengekstraksi bentuk geometri daun. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode baru dalam ekstraksi ciri daun berbasiskan geometri kontur. Metode geometri dalam penelitian ini digunakan untuk menentukan landmark kontur daun berdasarkan kelengkungannya. Dengan perhitungan geometri, ciri citra diekstraksi pada landmark yang telah dideteksi. Data penelitian ini berupa citra daun dalam enam kelas bentuk daun tumbuhan obat, yaitu lanceolate, ovate, obovate, reniform, cordate, dan deltoid. Metode ini telah berhasil mengekstraksi enam ciri pada landmark kontur daun, yaitu jarak landmark terhadap titik pusat, posisi landmark terhadap titik awal kontur, kelengkungan, perubahan sudut, kemiringan, dan fungsi polinom kontur. Ukuran kemiripan diterapkan dalam menentukan prediksi bentuk daun. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan nilai akurasi total semua ciri sebesar 72.22%. Hasil ekstraksi kelengkungan memiliki akurasi terbaik yaitu sebesar 70.83%. Dengan menggunakan fungsi polinom dari ciri posisi dan kelengkungan landmark, kontur daun dapat direpresentasikan dengan baik. Penelitian ini menunjukkan representasi geometri dengan nilai kelengkungan dapat membedakan bentuk daun tumbuhan obat.
Keyword: bentuk geometri, kontur, landmark, tumbuhan obat

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable