Judul: Rekayasa Proses Pengolahan Beras Pratanak Untuk Memperbaiki Kualitas dan Menurunkan Indeks Glikemik pada Gabah cv. Ciherang
Abstrak: Rice milling process causes the nutrients contained in the aleuron and perikarp layer wasted and resulting high glycemic index. Foods having high glycemic index raise blood glucose level quickly, they are not recommended for consumption by people with diabetes mellitus. To provide an alternative staple food, parboiled rice could be selected. Parboiled rice processing method that has been developed in Indonesia takes a long time process, so it is necessary to find an alternative process faster and able to reduce the value of glycemic index. Parboiled process can be accelerated by soaked a few moments or even just washed, steamed with high pressure, then dried until it reaches 14% moisture content and milled. The research was aimed: (1) to study the effect of steaming pressure on physical quality, chemical composition and organoleptic properties; (2) to study the glycemic index of parboiled rice at various steaming pressure. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 2 controls as much as 4 replications. The treatments used steaming pressure i.e 0.8 kg/cm2 (110oC), 1.5kg/cm2 (122oC), 2.0kg/cm2 (127oC) and 2.5 kg/cm2 (132oC) and controls used polished and brown rice. Parboiled rice, polished and brown rice then analyzed on physical quality, chemical composition, functional and organoleptic properties. Analysis of physical quality parameters include whole grains, heads grain, broken grains, water content and yield. Chemical composition of the analyzed parameters include moisture content, ash content, fat content, protein content, carbohydrates content, amylose and resistant starch content. Analyzed for functional properties is the glycemic index. Organoleptic test was conducted to test hedonic scale really like to strongly dislike (1-7), including color, flavour, texture and taste, of 30 untrained panelists. Data from a variety of parameters, then analyzed using the methods of data analysis of variance at level α = 5%. If there is a real difference, then followed by Duncan's multiple comparison test. The results showed that engineering of pressure parboiled rice processing, could increase physical quality i.e increased the whole grain from 63.84% to 84.55%, reduced broken from 22.65% to 7.54%, reduced small broken from 0.44% to 0.28% and increased yield from 66.01% to 72.44%. Pressure parboiled rice processing was also able to change chemical compositions i.e increased fat from 0.89% to 1.27%, increased ash from 0.57% to 0.76%, increased amylose from 30.29% to 34.5%, increased amylose resistant starch from 33.64% to 34.59%, reduced carbohydrate from 88.78% to 88.77% and reduced protein from 9.76% to 9.21%. The use of a higher steaming pressure on parboiled rice processing, could reduce the level of preferring for parameters color, arome, texture and flavor. The panelist relatively preferred of arome and texture, but rather preferred of color and flavor. Pressure parboiled rice processing with 2.0 kg/cm2 steaming pressure (127oC) could reduce the glycemic index from 48.18 to 35.52, while the steaming pressure of 0.8 kg/cm2 (110oC) could reduce the glycemic index from 48.18 to 44.88.
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Judul: Kajian Teknologi Proses Pengolahan Beras Pratanak (Parboiling Rice) pada Gabah Varietas Situ Bagendit
Abstrak: The processing of parboiling rice is the process of provision of water and steam heat of grain before the dried and milled grain. The purpose of proceedings parboiling rice is to avoid the loss of nutrient and damage of rice. Several factors can affect the quality of the parboiling rice is the process of grain, old varieties, long soaking, temperature and long steaming, and drying. The purpose of this research is (1) examine the uniformity of grain temperature distribution during the steaming process. (2) examine the influence of long steaming for physical quality of parboiled rice. (3) examine the influence of the nutritional value of old rice steaming process of parboiling rice, and (4) determine the Standard Operational Procedur (SOP) parboiling rice processing process. Processing begins with the cleaning of grain ripening and then soaking the grain in water-60 oC 5 for 4 hours. Once soaked, grain steamed with a temperature of 80 °C for 20 minutes and 30 minutes. Grain and then dried to moisture content 14%. Grains which have been dried and then milled and conducted observation of parboiled rice quality. The treatment of steaming duration has no significantly to the yield milling but significant effect for milling of parboiled rice milling quality. Proximate test results show no effect against old steaming ash content, fat, protein and carbohydrates from parboiled rice. Organoleptik-test that is performed on rice cooking process before it shows that the results of the study process parboiling rice is acceptable to the panelists .Treatment process of parboiling rice on this research led to an increase in yield, ash content, fat, protein, and carbohydrates. The quality of milled parboiling rice based on the standard process of SNI is the quality of the process before the Process V. Parboiling rice processing suggested is by soaking grains at a temperature of 60 °C 5 for 4 hours followed by the steaming at temperature of 80 °C for 20 minutes.
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Judul: Molecular Systematics of Tree Frog Nyctimystes infrafrenatus infrafrenatus (Tyler 1971) from Papua and Moluccas
Abstrak: Nyctimystes infrafrenatus memiliki permasalahan taksonomi yang cukup kompleks. Spesies ini pertama kali dideskripsikan dengan nama Hyla infrafrenata. Kemudian berdasarkan karakter morfologinya spesies ini dikelompokkan ke dalam genus Litoria dan lebih dikenal dengan nama Litoria infrafrenata namun hasil analisis filogenetika molekuler menempatkan spesies ini pada clade Nyctimystes. Nyctimystes infrafrenatus memiliki dua subspesies yaitu Nyctimystes infrafrenatus infrafrenatus dan Nyctimystes infrafrenatus militarius. Subspesies N. infrafrenatus militarius memiliki distribusi yang terbatas pada Kepulauan Bismarck, Papua New Guinea sedangkan N. infrafrenatus infrafrenatus distribusinya mencakup wilayah utara Sulawesi, Kepulauan Maluku, Pulau Timor, Papua, Australia hingga Kepulauan Solomon. Distribusi yang luas tersebut dapat memunculkan fenomena kriptik spesies. Populasi spesies ini di wilayah Indonesia mewakili dua subregion zoogeografi yang memiliki sejarah pembentukan wilayah yang berbeda yaitu Papua dan Wallacea. Lautan merupakan barrier utama distribusi hewan amfibi karena rendahnya toleransi amfibi terhadap salinitas. Hal ini menimbulkan kemungkinan bahwa N. infrafrenatus infrafrenatus populasi Maluku berbeda dari populasi Papua. Penelitian sebelumnya tentang morfometrik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan ukuran kaki belakang individu betina antara populasi N. infrafrenatus infrafrenatus Papua dan Maluku. Temuan tersebut perlu ditelusuri lebih lanjut dengan pendekatan molekuler. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi sistematika N. infrafrenatus infrafrenatus dari Papua dan Maluku. Penanda genetik yang digunakan pada analisis molekuler adalah sekuens gen 16S rRNA. Hasil pensejajaran sekuens ini digunakan untuk rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik, mengestimasi waktu divergensi dan jarak genetik kedua populasi tersebut. Hasil rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik menempatkan semua sampel N. infrafrenatus infrafrenatus pada satu clade monofiletik (MLBS 99%, BPP= 100%). Clade ini kemudian membentuk dua subclade yaitu subclade A yang terdiri atas sampel-sampel dari Papua dan Australia (subclade Papua) serta subclade B yang terdiri dari sampel-sampel Halmahera dan Ternate (subclade Maluku). Hasil estimasi waktu divergensi menunjukkan bahwa kedua subclade tersebut mulai terpisah sejak 6.03 juta tahun lalu (jtl). Jarak genetik antara kedua subclade (2,3,- 4,2%) berada pada threshold beda spesies 3%. Sampel Australia dan populasi Papua mewakili “the true” N. infrafrenatus sedangkan populasi Maluku dengan jarak genetik 3,9-4,2% dengan sampel Australia terindikasi kuat secara genetik merupakan spesies yang berbeda. Berdasarkan artikel 23 ICZN, nama Nyctimystes tennuigranulatus dapat digunakan terutama untuk populasi Maluku bagian utara. Analisis lebih lanjut secara morfologi, akustik dan ekologi yang melibatkan sampel dari Ambon diperlukan untuk menentukan status taksonomi populasi Maluku secara menyeluruh.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Moluccas, molecular systematics, Nyctimystes, Papua