Judul: Penambahan Probiotik dan Prebiotik Komersial pada Sistem Bioflok terhadap Status Kesehatan dan Kinerja Pertumbuhan Benih Ikan Lele (Clarias sp.)
Abstrak: Penambahan probiotik dan prebiotik pada sistem budidaya ikan diketahui dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan, respons imun, serta menurunkan FCR. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh penambahan probiotik komersial dan prebiotik MOS pada sistem bioflok dalam meningkatkan status kesehatan dan kinerja pertumbuhan benih ikan lele (Clarias sp.). Penelitian menggunakan tiga perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, yaitu BF (ikan dipelihara dalam sistem bioflok), BFPro (ikan dipelihara dalam sistem bioflok dengan penambahan probiotik komersial 0,6 mL m-2 (tiga hari sekali), BFPre (ikan dipelihara dalam sistem bioflok dengan penambahan prebiotik MOS dengan dosis 0,6%). Larva lele dengan panjang rata-rata 0,85±0,03 cm dan bobot rata-rata 0,007±0,00 g dipelihara dengan padat tebar 2.500 ekor m-2 selama 21 hari. Parameter yang diamati yaitu kelimpahan bakteri total, eritrosit total, leukosit total, kadar hemoglobin, kadar hematokrit, laju pertumbuhan panjang mutlak, laju pertumbuhan panjang spesifik, laju pertumbuhan bobot mutlak, laju pertumbuhan bobot spesifik, rasio konversi pakan, koefisien keragaman, dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup. Penambahan probiotik komersial dan prebiotik MOS dalam sistem bioflok dapat meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan dan status kesehatan benih ikan lele. Hasil terbaik diperoleh pada perlakuan dengan penambahan probiotik komersial dengan nilai tingkat kelangsungan hidup mencapai 50%, serta gambaran darah yang lebih baik dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya., The addition of probiotics and prebiotics to fish farming systems is known to increase growth, immune response, and reduce feed conversion ratio (FCR). This research aims to analyze the effect of adding commercial probiotics and MOS prebiotics to the biofloc system in improving the health status and growth performance of catfish (Clarias sp.) juveniles. The research used three treatments and three replications, namely BF (fish reared in a biofloc system), BFPro (fish reared in a biofloc system with the addition of commercial probiotics 0.6 mL m-2 every three days), BFPre (fish reared in a biofloc system with the addition of prebiotic MOS at a dose of 0.6%). Catfish larvae with an average length of 0.85±0.03 cm and an average weight of 0.007±0.00 g were reared at a stocking density of 2,500 m-2 for 21 days. The parameters observed were total bacterial abundance, total erythrocytes, total leukocytes, hemoglobin content, hematocrit content, absolute length growth rate, specific length growth rate, absolute weight growth rate,specific weight growth rate, feed conversion ratio, diversity coefficient, and survival rate. The addition of commercial probiotics and MOS prebiotics in the biofloc system can improve the growth performance and health status of catfish seeds. The best results were obtained in the treatment with the addition of commercial probiotics with a survival rate of up to 50%, as well as a better blood picture compared to other treatments.
Keyword: biofloc, Clarias sp., growth, prebiotic, probiotic

Judul: Commercial Probiotic Supplementation on Biofloc System and Its Effects on Growth Performance and Health Status of Catfish (Clarias sp.) Fry
Abstrak: Teknologi bioflok diketahui dapat meningkatkan produktivitas budidaya dan probiotik Bacillus sp. dapat meningkatkan respons imun, menurunkan FCR, serta meningkatkan kualitas air budidaya ikan lele. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh suplementasi probiotik komersial pada sistem bioflok dalam meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan dan status kesehatan benih ikan lele (Clarias sp.). Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga perlakuan dan dua ulangan, yaitu ikan dipelihara tanpa aplikasi bioflok dan penambahan probiotik komersial (K), ikan dipelihara dengan aplikasi bioflok (BF), serta ikan dipelihara dengan aplikasi bioflok dan penambahan probiotik komersial 0,6 mL m-2 tiga hari sekali. Ikan lele yang digunakan memiliki panjang rata-rata 0,86±0,03 cm dan bobot rata-rata 0,0069±0,00 g dipelihara dengan padat tebar 2.500 ekor m-2 selama 21 hari. Parameter yang diamati yaitu laju pertumbuhan panjang harian, laju pertumbuhan bobot harian, relative percent survival, koefisien keragaman, rasio konversi pakan, kelimpahan bakteri total, eritrosit total, leukosit total, kadar hemoglobin, dan kadar hematokrit. Penambahan probiotik komersial dalam sistem bioflok mampu meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan dan status kesehatan benih ikan lele, ditunjukkan oleh nilai relative percent survival mencapai 52,35%, serta nilai gambaran darah yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan dua perlakuan lainnya. Penambahan probiotik komersial pada sistem bioflok dapat diterapkan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan status kesehatan ikan lele., Biofloc technology is known to enhance aquaculture productivity, and the probiotic Bacillus sp. can improve immune response, reduce feed conversion ratio (FCR), and enhance water quality in catfish farming. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of commercial probiotic supplementation in a biofloc system on the growth performance and health status of catfish (Clarias sp.) juveniles. The study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments and two replications: fish reared without biofloc and commercial probiotic supplementation (K), fish reared with biofloc application (BF), and fish reared with biofloc application and commercial probiotic supplementation at a rate of 0,6 mL m-2 every three days. The catfish used had an average length of 0,86±0,03 cm and an average weight of 0,0069±0,00 g, with a stocking density of 2.500 individuals m-2 for a duration of 21 days. The parameters observed were daily length growth rate, daily weight growth rate, relative percent survival, coefficient of variation, feed conversion ratio, total bacterial abundance, total erythrocytes, total leukocytes, hemoglobin level, and hematocrit level. The addition of commercial probiotics in the biofloc system improved the growth performance and health status of catfish juveniles, as indicated by a relative percent survival value of 52,35% and better blood profiles compared to the other two treatments. The addition of commercial probiotics in the biofloc system can be implemented to enhance the productivity and health status of catfish.
Keyword: biofloc, Clarias sp., growth, health status, probiotic

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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