Judul: The scientific study on herbal-based sex reversal using gendola leaves and papaya seeds in the cultivation of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Abstrak: Studi ini bertujuan mengevaluasi efektivitas pembalikan jenis kelamin dengan fitokimia pada maskulinisasi ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode tinjauan pustaka dengan data sekunder dari berbagai sumber ilmiah yang diterbitkan dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir. Sifat androgenik dari fitokimia daun gendola (Basella alba) dan biji pepaya (Carica papaya) dianalisis potensinya untuk mengarahkan diferensiasi jantan, pertumbuhan, dan kesehatan ikan nila. Fitokimia utama flavonoid, saponin, dan senyawa steroid daun gendola dan biji pepaya diidentifikasi berperan dalam peningkatan produksi testosteron yang mendukung diferensiasi jantan, yaitu flavonoid dapat meningkatkan ekspresi gen dmrt1 dan sox9 yang penting dalam biosintesis testosteron. Selain itu, senyawa flavonoid dapat bertindak sebagai inhibitor aromatase, mengurangi konversi androgen menjadi estrogen, sehingga menciptakan lingkungan hormon yang mendukung maskulinisasi. Saponin dan steroid juga mendukung proses ini melalui interaksi dengan reseptor hormon dan mempengaruhi sintesis serta metabolisme hormon seks. Efektivitas bahan aktif androgenik dari daun gendola dan biji pepaya, dari hasil kajian pustaka ilmiah dalam studi ini dapat dijadikan alternatif terhadap penggunaan hormon sintetis untuk pembalikan jenis kelamin jantan dalam akuakultur ikan nila yang aman dan ramah lingkungan., This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of sex reversal using phytochemicals in masculinizing Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). It employs a literature review method with secondary data from various scientific sources published over the past decade. The androgenic properties of phytochemicals from spinach vine (Basella alba) leaves and pawpaw (Carica papaya) seeds are analyzed for their potential to influence male differentiation, growth, and health in Nile tilapia. Key phytochemicals including flavonoids, saponins, and steroid compounds from spinach vine leaves and papaya seeds are identified for their role in enhancing testosterone production to support male differentiation. Specifically, flavonoids can improve the expression of dmrt1 and sox9 genes crucial for testosterone biosynthesis. Additionally, flavonoid compounds can act as aromatase inhibitors, reducing the conversion of androgens to estrogens, thereby creating a hormonal environment supportive of masculinization. Saponins and steroids also support this process through interactions with hormone receptors and influence hormone synthesis and metabolism. The effectiveness of the androgenic active ingredients from spinach vine leaves and papaya seeds, as reviewed in this scientific literature study, presents an alternative to synthetic hormones for safe and environmentally friendly male sex reversal in nile tilapia aquaculture.
Keyword: fitokimia, Maskulinisasi, ikan nila, androgenik

Judul: Efektivitas Ekstrak Tepung Testis Sapi Dalam Alih kelamin Ikan Nila, Oreochromis Niloticus L. Melalui Teknik Perendaman
Abstrak: Monosex fish stocks are desirable in aquaculture in order to control reproduction and select the gender that have faster growth characteristics in a particular species. Synthetic steroids are commonly used to sex-reverse tilapia but because of their potential hazards and not recommended in Indonesia; the use of new natural compound is a potential alternative to be explored. Bull testes meal extract (BTME) had knowed containing natural testosterone hormone which can used on sex reversal in fish. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of a short-term immersion procedure for masculinizing Nile tilapia,_Oreochromis niloticus. Two androgens hormone were evaluated: 17a-methyltestosterone as control part (synthetic androgens) and the other is BTME as natural androgen. Exposure (8 h) on 4 and again on 7 days post-fertilization to 17a-methyltestosterone at 500 μg/ l successfully masculinized fry in all replicated experiments, resulting in 81,11% respectively. Immersions in BTME at 1 ml/l (Experiments A) resulted in significantly skewed sex ratios in (68,89 %), and Experiments B (3 ml/l) resulted in 75,56 % males; and Experiments C (5 ml/l) resulted in 85,56 % males. Although further research and refinement is needed, immersion of Nile tilapia in BTME may provide a practical alternative to the use of natural steroid-treated immersion. Furthermore, when compared with current techniques for steroid-induced sex inversion of tilapia, short-term immersion reduces the period of time that workers are exposed to anabolic steroids.
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Judul: Penerpan Analisis Struktur Jaringan Sosial Pada Jaringan Twitter Akun@matematikaipb.
Abstrak: Twitters is one of the popular social media in cyber space. Each of twitter user has different centrality weights based on its positions i n yhe network structure. The centrality calculations is compared in term of to the number of friendss of users.
Keyword: Twitter, Social Network Analysis, Centrality