Judul: Graph Traversing Menggunakan Teknik Branch And Bound Untuk Menemukan Senyawa Herbal Untuk Covid-19
Abstrak: Covid-19 yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2 sudah menjadi pandemi yang mengakibatkan krisis ekonomi dan kesehatan secara global. Terhitung sejak 26 Juni 2021, total kasus Covid-19 yang terdapat di Indonesia sudah menyentuh angka 3,13 Juta kasus. Banyaknya tanaman obat di Indonesia, dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menjadi alternatif pengobatan maupun pencegahan untuk Covid-19. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan Graph Traversing untuk mencari senyawa herbal terbaik yang berinteraksi dengan protein target Covid-19. Teknik yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Branch and Bound. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berasal dari berbagai pangkalan data yang kemudian di satukan menjadi sebuah jejaring tanaman-senyawa-protein-penyakit dan kemudian ditelusuri menggunakan tiga metode pencarian untuk mencari metode pencarian terbaik berdasarkan waktu pencarian dan kompleksitas. Strategi pencarian depth first search merupakan pilihan terbaik dalam penyelesaian masalah ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tanaman seperti Alpinia Officinarum, Areca Catechu, Corydalis Yanhusuo dan Tribulus Terrestris dapat menjadi tanaman obat yang berpotensi mencegah maupun mengobati Covid-19.
Keyword: Branch and Bound, Covid-19, Graph Traversing, Drug-Target Interaction, Herbal Compound

Judul: Studi Literatur Senyawa Bioaktif yang Berpotensi dalam Pengobatan Covid-19
Abstrak: Covid-19 menyebabkan banyak korban jiwa karena ketersediaan rumah sakit yang terbatas. Saat ini belum ada obat yang terbukti ampuh untuk mengobati penyakit tersebut sehingga perlu obat, salah satunya dari bahan alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan meninjau berbagai literatur mengenai senyawa alam yang dapat meningkatkan imunitas tubuh dan mengobati Covid-19 beserta mekanismenya. Bahan alam yang paling sering digunakan masyarakat untuk pencegahan dan pengobatan, yang juga direkomendasikan oleh Pemerintah Indonesia ialah temulawak (Curcuma longa), jahe merah (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var Rubrum), dan jambu biji (Psidium guajava). Berdasarkan studi in silico, senyawa bioaktif kurkumin dari temulawak tidak menunjukkan potensi yang nyata dalam pengobatan Covid-19. Berbeda dengan kurkumin, senyawa bioaktif xantoangelol E, papiriflavonol A, isobavakalkon, dan 4́-O-metilbavakalkon menunjukkan potensiny dengan nilai IC50 terhadap protein SARS-CoV yang rendah. Namun, perlu studi klinis untuk mengevaluasi lebih lanjut potensi senyawa tersebut dalam pengobatan Covid-19., Covid-19 caused much mortality due to the limited availability of hospitals. However, there is no proven drug to treat the disease, so it is necessary to look for drugs, derived from natural compounds. This study aims to review various literature on natural compounds that can increase the body's immune system and treat Covid-19 and its mechanisms. The natural ingredients that are most often used by society to prevent and treat Covid-19, which the Indonesian government also recommends, are temulawak (Curcuma longa), red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe var Rubrum), and guava (Psidium guajava). Based on in silico studies, curcumin of temulawak does not show significant potential in treating Covid-19. In contrast, xanthoangelol E, papiriflavonol A, isobavachalcone, and 4́’-O-methylbavachalcone showed potential in treating Covid-19 with a low IC50 value against SARS-CoV protein. However, further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the potential of these compounds in the treatment of Covid-19.
Keyword: antivirus, Covid-19, natural compounds, SARS-CoV-2

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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