Judul: Analisis Ekologi - Ekonomi Efek Pemutihan Karang (Coral Bleaching) Terhadap Sumberdaya Ikan (Studi Kasus Taman Nasional Karimunjawa, Provinsi Jawa Tengah), Analisis Ekologi Ekonomi Efek Pemutihan Karang Terhadap Sumberdaya Ikan (Studi Kasus Taman Nasional Karimunjawa, Provinsi Jawa Tengah)
Abstrak: Pemutihan karang merusak sekitar 18% dari luas karang dunia (Hughes et al. 2007 dan diperkirakan akan terjadi setiap tahun pada tahun 2030 (Hoegh-Guldberg 1999). Pemutihan karang memberikan efek terhadap ekologi dan ekonomi, seperti penurunan populasi ikan (Cole et al. 2009), hilangnya spesies ikan (Pratchett et al. 2008), Ciquatera fish poisoning (Susan & Christoper 1992) dan penurunan produksi ikan dan pendapatan nelayan (Cesar 2000). Bagi Indonesia, sebagai negara yang bergantung pada kekayaan alam, peristiwa coral bleaching akan menjadi permasalahan serius. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) mengidentifikasi adanya pemutihan karang di Taman Nasional Karimunjawa, (2) menganalisis kondisi ekologi dan ekonomi nelayan sebelum dan sesudah terjadinya coral bleaching dan (3) menyusun strategi pengelolaan berbasis mitigasi dan adaptasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret - Mei di Kepulauan Karimunjawa. Penilaian ekologi dilakukan dengan melihat status terumbu karang dan sumberdaya ikan sebelum peristiwa pemutihan karang (1997), saat pemutihan karang (1999) dan sesudah pemutihan karang (2002). Profil suhu dianalisis dengan software ODR Ver 3.2 dan komparasikan dengan data tutupan karang sehingga akan diketahui adanya anomali suhu perairan. Analisis kecenderungan sumberdaya ikan dilakukan terhadap 4 kelompok ikan yang berasosiasi dengan terumbu karang yaitu : (1) ekor kuning (Caesionodae), (2) kerapu (Serranidae), (3) kakap (Lutjanidae), dan (4) kakak tua (Scaridae). Pendugaan efek coral bleaching terhadap ekonomi, dilakukan perhitungan prakiraan keuntungan ekonomi dan pendapatan nelayan. Penyusunan strategi pengelolaan dilakukan untuk menghasilkan alternatif pengambilan keputusan yang terbaik melalui analisis multi criteria decision making (MCDM) dan analisis prospektif.
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Judul: Dinamika Perikanan Karang di Taman Nasional Karimunjawa, Jawa Tengah
Abstrak: Fisheries crisis has been occurred worldwide and become greater in several decades. There is an indication of declining fish stock in Karimunjawa according to the study conducted by The Wildlife Conservation Society Indonesia Program and Karimunjawa National Park Authority. Therefore, this study aimed to assess reef fisheries dynamic, fishing effort dynamic, fisher’s operation strategies, and fisher’s adaptation strategies in response to declining in catch rate. Data were collected from fish landing survey, underwater visual census, and focus group discussion from May to December 2011. Fish biomass was analyzed to obtain the value of maximum sustainable yield. Catch per unit effort and seasonal index were analyzed to obtain fishing effort dynamic. Mean of trophic level was analyzed to describe impact of fishing gear to fish community structure, diversity index was analyzed to describe fishing gear selectivity and descriptive analysis was used for fisher’s tactic and fisher’s adaptation strategies in respond to declining catch rate. The results showed that maximum sustainable yield (MSY) could be predicted from biomass data through equation MSY = 0,724*Biomass + 10,15 indicating heavy fishing pressure and equation MSY = 0,383*Biomass + 5,375 indicating light fishing pressure. All fishing gears used in Karimunjawa were concluded as gears with high diversity index or low selectivity of the catch. Speargun contributed to make the highest catch and catch per unit effort (CPUE) compared to others fishing gears, however handline catches fishes from the highest trophic level, and muroami catches with highest rate per person per trip. According to most fishers, fishing operations strategies were highly influenced by weather conditions. The proportion of fishers that choose to adapt and exit the fishery in concomitant to the decline in catch was increased. The most common adaptation strategies used were reducing fishing effort, changing gears, and move to other fishing grounds. Assessing natural and human system dynamic is essential factors in managing reef fisheries with high consideration to the balance between ecological and socioeconomic factors.
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Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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