Judul: Application Of Soil And Water Conservation Technology In Water Resource Management Of Kaligarang Watershed, Central Java
Abstrak: Kaligarang watershed had a significant role as a major supplier of drinking water for Semarang city. Land use of Kaligarang watershed wich was dominantly used for dry land and mixed crops dry land farming (59.71%), and only a small part for forest (11.92%), without adequate soil and water conservation techniques had significanly decreased the watershed hydrological functions. This conditions were indicated by the increasing of direct runoff, fluctuations of rivers discharge (floods in rainy and drought in dry season) and in turn decreasing of water availability. On the other hand, the increasing of population and economic development in Semarang city had caused a significant increase of needed potable water. The decreasing of water availability and the increasing of water demand had significanly increased water deficit, especially in the dry season. The application of adequate soil and water conservation technologies were badly needed to solve the problem sustainably. Sustainable water resource management was considered achievable when the participation of commonly increased through practicing adequate soil and water conservation technique and/or paying the cost of the technologies. The aims of this study were (a) to predict the effect of land use on hydrological function of Kaligarang watershed; (b) to predict the demand and availability of water for Semarang city, as well as water stakeholders WTP for Kaligarang watershed management; (c) to analyze the effect of soil and water conservation practices on hydrological characteristics of Kaligarang watershed; and (d) to formulate alternatives recommendations of soil and water conservation technologies far in the development of water resources of Kaligarang watershed. The prediction of land use effect on hydrological condition were carried out using linier regression analysis, and prediction of willingness to pay for Kaligarang watershed management were conducted using WTP method. The erosion prediction value of each development scenario predicted using USLE method (Weischmeier and Smith, 1978) and the volume of daily surface runoff were predicted using SCS method (US-SCS 1973 in Arsyad 2006). Calculation of surface runoff and erosion predictions were carried out using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model. The development plan of sustainable water resources of Kaligarang watershed was arranged in four scenarios. The best scenario of water resource managements were determined based on ecological, social, and economical considerations. The ecological indicators were base on predicted erosion value, river regime coefficient and direct surface runoff coefficient. Sosial indicator were based on community acceptability and economical indicator were determined based on the percentage of water user respondents WTP and the amount WTP for improvement cost. In addition to ecological, social and economical considerations, the alternative development scenario determined based on the most rational implementation time. Sustainable water resource management plan formulated by applying soil and water conservation practices on dry land farming, mixed dry land farming and resettlement. The result showed that the land use change of Kaligarang watershed (2000 – 2013) resulted in the increasing direct runoff coefficient, maximum daily discharge and the decreasing of the daily minimum discharge, as well as the increasing of the river discharge fluctuation. The total willingness to pay value for the rehabilitation of Kaligarang watershed
Keyword: erosion prediction, land use, soil and water conservation practice, surface runoff, willingness to pay, water resources

Judul: An Approach to Water Resource Management through Land Use Planning in the Way Besai Watershed in Lampung Province
Abstrak: Land use changes may have an impact on the decrease in water supply. In the meantime, water demand keeps increasing along with the increase in population and economic activities. The Way Besai Watershed, covering an area of 44 720 ha, plays an important role in providing water resources. Therefore, to ensure the sustainability of the water resources, there should be a good land use planning, particularly in relation with the efforts to protect the forest areas. This research, which was conducted in the Way Besai Watershed in 2013, aimed: (1) to find out the water supply and demand, (2) to assess water balance in terms of the supply and demand, (3) to formulate recommendations for the best land use planning, and (4) to study the economic value of the water resources. The total water demand by households, livestock activities, rice fields, and hydropower (PLTA) was calculated. Similarly, the water supply was calculated based on surface runoff using various mathematical equations. Next, SCS Model was used in the formulation of different scenarios of land use planning. Scenario 1 described the existing biophysical condition of the Way Besai Watershed. Scenario 2 was related to the land management by accommodating community activities in the forest through HKm by applying an agroforestry planting pattern. Scenario 3 was the combination Scenario 2 and the forest rehabilitation outside HKm area. Scenario 4 was the combination of scenario 3 and the efforts to change the pattern of coffee cropping monoculture. The best recommendation scenario for land use planning was selected based on hydrological as well as economic aspects using benefit and cost ratio (BCR). The water need of the Way Besai Watershed in 2011 was 441 450 909 m3/year, and it could still be fulfilled by the water supply amounting to 460 452 600 m3/year. In terms of the distribution, however, based on the analysis of water balance, there was a shortage of water supply during the dry season, particularly in July, August, September and October, that is, 7 861 736; 16 246 136; 17 800 951 and 21 384 649 m3, respectively. The simulation results of land use planning showed that the surface runoff of scenario1 was 1 073.48, scenario 2 was 1 061.25, scenario 3 was 1 056.09, and scenario 4 was 1 055.79 mm/year. The total runoff coefficient of Scenario 1, Scenario 2, Scenario 3 and Scenario 4 were 39.27, 38.72, 38.54 and 38.52 %, respectively. The surface runoff volume ratio of Scenario 1, Scenario 2, Scenario 3 and Scenario 4 were 6.08, 5.88, 5.47 and 5.47 %, respectively. Meanwhile, water storage variances of Scenario 2, Scenario 3 and Scenario 4 were 5 468 276; 7 774 304; and 7 911 617 m3/year, respectively. The simulations formulated showed that hydrologically scenario 4 was the best as indicated by the decreased in surface runoff, total runoff coefficient, and surface runoff volume ratio, and the increase in water supply during the dry season (July-October). The total economic value of water utilization in the Way Besai Watershed was Rp 108 936 635 040 per year. The highest water utilization
Keyword: curve number, landuse simulation, water demand, water economic value, water supply.

Judul: Embriogenesis ikan buta (Astyanax fasciatus)
Abstrak: Ikan buta Astyanax fasciatus adalah spesies ikan unik dari famili Characidae yang menempati perairan dalam gua di Wilayah La Cueva Chica-San Luis Potasi-Mexico. Ikan ini memiliki mata yang tereduksi (Blind Cavefish) dan warna kulit merah muda, pucat serta mengkilap.
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