Judul: The immunohistochemistry study of chicken infected by H5N1 virus after being treated with extracts of herbal medicine with various solvents.
Abstrak: The research aims at knowing the distribution of H5N1 virus antigen in chicken organs by using immunohistochemistry methods and to investigate the potential of herbal medicine Andrographis paniculata Nees (Andrografolide), Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb (curcuma), Piper crocatum Ruiz (piperine) and Illicium verum Hook (anethol) in inhibiting H5N1 virus infection in broiler chickens. One hundred and five day old chick (DOC) broilers were divided into 7 groups with each group of 15 individuals. DOC maintained by fed and water ad libitum and given oral plant extracts in the form of formulations every day for 21 days, starting from 7 to 28 days old. The chickens were infected with H5N1 virus intranasally with 0,1 ml 106EID50. The treatment group I-1, I-2, I-3 of chickens were given a combination of extracts I (andrographolide, curcumin, piperine and anetol) with the solvent of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The treatment group II-1, II-2, II- 3 of chickens were given a combination of extracts II (andrographolide, piperine and anetol) with the solvent of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The results showed that the antigen can be detected in all chicken organs (trachea, lung, liver, pancreas, intestine, spleen and bursa Fabricius) in each treatment and in the positive control groups. In conclusion, besides mortality data, histopathologic description and distribution of the H5N1 viral antigen of all chicken organs tested, lead to the formula of extracts with andrographolide, anethol and piperine with the ethanol solvent in group II-3 has higher antiviral activity than other groups.
Keyword: 

Judul: Gambaran Histopatologi Organ Hati dan Ginjal Setelah Pemberian Ekstrak Ethanol Sirih Merah dan Diuji Tantang Virus AI H5N1
Abstrak: The objective of this study was to determine the potency of Piper crocatum ethanolic extract (PC) to prevent virus infection, and to describe the liver and kidney histopathology of broiler after challenged by H5N1 virus. There were four group treatments in this study, such as K1 (Positive Control), K2 (Negative Control), P1 (Chickens PC treatment and challenged by H5N1 virus), and P2 (Chicken PC treatment). The histopathological data was processed by Kruskall Wallis statistical analysis followed by Dunn test. Based on mortality data, PC in a single composition capable to reduce mortality up to 62.5%. Histopathological lesion that appeared in liver and kidney were congestion, cell degeneration, and necrose. It can be concluded that PC able to prevent the death of chicken due to infection of H5N1 virus, however remain lesion in the liver and kidney.
Keyword: 

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
Keyword: