Judul: Duodenal Histopathology of Pediatric Rat (Rattus norvergicus)&#160;Fed with Orange Juice (Citrus sinensis)
Abstrak: This research investigates the impact of orange juice consumption on the histological structure of the duodenum, a critical site for nutrient absorption and digestion. Focusing on pediatric animals, orange juice (with a pH of 3) was administered to post-weaning rats aged 4 weeks to 6 weeks at dosages ranging from 0g/kg BW to 20g/kg BW over two weeks. Duodenal histopathology was assessed, focusing on parameters such as the quantity of crypts of Lieberkuhn, as well as the length, height, width, and depth of villi (measured in µm). Anatomical pathology examination included measurements of the length and width of the duodenum (also in µm), as well as the color mean (OD). The research findings indicate no significant changes in histopathology or anatomy pathology of the duodenum. This suggests that young individuals can adapt to acidic challenges without compromising gastrointestinal health. These findings offer reassurance regarding the short-term consumption of acidic orange juice (with a pH of 3) with minimal risks to intestinal integrity, both during growth and development.
Keyword: acidic changes

Judul: Comparison of Gastric Emptying Time and Intestinal  Motility Responses of Pediatric and Adult Rats (Rattus norvegicus) with  Orange Juice
Abstrak: Multiproses pencernaan menjadi faktor yang perlu dipertimbangkan untuk mencapai keberhasilan dari suatu pengobatan. Faktor umur diduga memengaruhi kinerja dan penyerapan suatu sediaan dari formulasi oral. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perbandingan gastric emptying time (GET) dan respons motilitas usus tikus pediatri dan dewasa yang diberikan sari jeruk sebagai model obat asam. Tikus diberikan sediaan sari jeruk sesuai dosis kelompok perlakuan melalui rute oral. Selanjutnya, tikus dilakukan anestesi dan pembedahan ruang abdomen. Organ lambung diperhatikan dan dicatat waktu hingga isi organ tersebut kosong. Setelah didapatkan GET, motilitas usus tikus diamati dengan metode gastrointestinal transit. Hasil tersebut dianalisis menggunakan two-way ANOVA. Rata-rata GET fisiologis normal tikus pediatri dan dewasa adalah 59,00 dan 54,67 menit. Sementara itu, pemberian sari jeruk dengan dosis tertinggi (20 g/kg BB) memperpanjang GET secara signifikan. Faktor keasaman, konsistemsi, dan kandungan karbohidrat sari jeruk memengaruhi perbedaan GET. Terhadap motilitas usus, peningkatan dosis pemberian sari jeruk dan umur tikus meningkatkan rasio marker dan kecepatan peristaltik secara signifkan. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan dosis sari jeruk memperpanjang GET tikus, serta peningkatan baik umur dan dosis pemberian sari jeruk meningkatkan motilitas usus., Multiprocess digestion is a factor that needs to be considered to achieve successful treatment. Age and dose factors are thought to influence the performance and absorption of oral formations. This study aims to determine the comparison of gastric emptying time (GET) and intestinal motility responses of pediatric and adult rats given orange juice as a model of acid medication. Rats were given orange juice according to the dose of the treatment group via the oral route. The rats underwent anesthesia and the abdominal cavity was dissected. The gastric organs were observed and the GET was recorded. After obtaining of GET, intestinal motility was observed using the gastrointestinal transit method. The results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA. Physiologically, the average of GET for pediatric and adult rats is 59,00 and 54,67 minutes. Meanwhile, administration of orange juice at the highest dose (20 g/kg BW) significantly prolonged of GET. The acidity, consistency and carbohydrate of orange juice affect of GET. Increasing the dose and age of the rats also significantly increased the marker ratio and peristaltic speed. This condition shows that increasing the dose of orange juice prolongs the GET of rats, and increasing both age and dose increases intestinal motility.
Keyword: pediatri, tikus, gastric emptying time, sari jeruk, motilitas usus

Judul: Pricing of Lookback Options with Floating Strike Price Using The Monte Carlo Method
Abstrak: Opsi lookback adalah opsi yang payoff-nya bergantung pada harga saham terbesar atau harga saham terkecil yang dicapai selama masa berlaku opsi. Opsi lookback dikatakan dengan floating strike price jika nilai dari strike price sebesar harga saham pada saat jatuh tempo. Nilai hampiran opsi lookback ditentukan dengan metode Monte Carlo, sedangkan nilai eksak didapat dari nilai simulasi terbesar yang mampu dihitung oleh komputer. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, nilai galat relatif yang dihasilkan semakin kecil dengan semakin bertambah banyaknya simulasi yang dilakukan, sehingga metode Monte Carlo untuk menghitung harga opsi lookback dengan floating strike price konvergen ke nilai eksaknya., Lookback option is an option whose payoff depends on the maximum or minimum of the asset price reached during the option period. The lookback option is said to be a floating strike price if the value of the strike price is equal to the stock price at maturity. The value of the lookback option is determined by the Monte Carlo method, while the exact value is obtained from the largest simulation value that the computer can compute. Based on the calculation results, the resulting relative error value get smaller with the increasing number of simulations performed. Therefore, the Monte Carlo method to calculate the price of the lookback option with the floating strike price converges to the exact value.
Keyword: lookback option, floating strike price, Monte Carlo method, convergent