Judul: Penambahan Probiotik Pseudoalteromonas piscicida pada Sistem Bioflok terhadap Respons Imun Udang Vaname yang Diinfeksi Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Abstrak: Salah satu penyakit bakterial yang sering menyerang udang vaname adalah vibriosis yang disebabkan oleh bakteri genus Vibrio termasuk Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Pengendalian penyakit vibriosis dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan respons imun udang menggunakan teknologi bioflok. Teknologi bioflok diterapkan melalui penambahan sumber karbon organik untuk mengonversi nitrogen menjadi mikroorganisme heterotrof. Bakteri heterotrof yang terbentuk pada sistem bioflok dapat ditingkatkan dengan penambahan probiotik P. piscicida (1UB). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan probiotik 1UB pada sistem bioflok terhadap respons imun udang vaname yang diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus. Udang vaname yang digunakan memiliki bobot rata-rata 0.50±0.09 gram dan diuji tantang dengan V. parahaemolyticus untuk diamati respons imun dan resistensinya. Perlakuan yang diberikan meliputi kontrol negatif (K-), kontrol positif (K+), bioflok (B), serta bioflok dan probiotik (BP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kelangsungan hidup, resistensi, dan respons imun udang vaname yang diberikan perlakuan bioflok ataupun kombinasi bioflok dengan probiotik lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Respons imun terbaik setelah uji tantang dengan V. parahaemolyticus terdapat pada perlakuan BP. Penggunaan sistem bioflok ataupun kombinasi bioflok dengan probiotik 1UB mampu meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup, resistensi, dan respons imun udang vaname dengan nilai terbaik pada perlakuan bioflok yang ditambahkan probiotik 1UB., Vibriosis is one of the bacterial diseases that regularly infected white shrimp, and it is caused by bacteria of the Vibrio genus,including Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The mitigation of vibriosis can be done by increasing the shrimp's immune response using biofloc technology. Biofloc technology is applied by adding organic carbon sources to convert nitrogen into heterotrophic microorganisms. Heterotrophic bacteria formed in the biofloc system can be increased by adding the probiotic P. piscicida (1UB). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding probiotic 1UB to the biofloc system on the immune response of white vaname shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus. The vaname shrimp used had an average weight of 0.50±0.09 g and was challenged with V. parahaemolyticus to observe the immune response and resistance. The treatments given included a negative control (K-), positive control (K+), biofloc (B), and biofloc and probiotic (BP). The results showed that the viability, resistance, and immune response of white shrimp treated with biofloc or a combination of biofloc with probiotics were better than the control (p<0.05). The best immune response after challenge with V. parahaemolyticus was found in BP treatment. The use of a biofloc system or a combination of biofloc with 1UB probiotics increased the survival, resistance, and immune response of white vaname shrimp. The biofloc treatment with 1UB probiotic addition shows the best performance.
Keyword: Biofloc, probiotik, Pseudoalteromonas piscicida, white shrimp, Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Judul: Aplikasi Probiotik Lactobacillus plantarum dan Bacillus cereus untuk Pencegahan Vibriosis pada Udang Vaname Litopenaeus vannamei
Abstrak: Penggunaan antibiotik untuk pengendalian vibriosis pada udang vaname menimbulkan beberapa permasalahan seperti resistansi bakteri patogen serta residu antibiotik pada produk akuakultur dan lingkungan perairan. Probiotik diharapkan dapat menjadi alternatif lain yang ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pemberian probiotik L. plantarum dan B. cereus serta gabungan keduanya terhadap respons imun dan resistansi udang vaname yang diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus. Udang vaname yang digunakan memiliki bobot awal 0.55+0.01 g, dipelihara selama 40 hari dengan perlakuan probiotik kemudian diuji tantang dengan V. parahaemolyticus dan diamati respons imun dan resistansinya selama tujuh hari. Perlakuan yang diberikan meliputi kontrol positif (K+), kontrol negatif (K-), probiotik L. plantarum (Lp), probiotik B. cereus (Bc), dan gabungan probiotik (Lp+Bc). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinerja pertumbuhan, respons imun dan resistansi udang vaname yang diberikan probiotik lebih baik dibandingkan kontrol. Respons imun terbaik pada sebelum maupun setelah uji tantang dengan V. parahaemolyticus terdapat pada perlakuan Lp+Bc. Pemberian probiotik L. plantarum dan B. cereus serta gabungan keduanya mampu meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan, respons imun dan resistansi udang vaname terhadap infeksi V. parahaemolyticus, dengan nilai respons imun terbaik pada perlakuan gabungan kedua probiotik., The use of antibiotics to control vibriosis in white shrimp raises several problems such as resistance to pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic residues in aquaculture products and the aquatic environment. Probiotics are expected to be another environmentally friendly alternative. This study aimed to examine the effect of giving probiotics L. plantarum and B. cereus and their combination on the immune response and resistance of white shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus. The white shrimp used had an initial weight of 0.55+0.01 g, reared for 40 days with probiotic treatment and then challenged with V. parahaemolyticus and observed immune response and resistance for seven days. The treatments included positive control (K+), negative control (K-), L. plantarum probiotic (Lp), B. cereus probiotic (Bc), and a combination of probiotics (Lp+Bc). The results showed that the performance growth, immune responses, and resistance of white shrimp given probiotics was better than the control. The best immune response before and after the challenge test with V. parahaemolyticus was found in Lp+Bc treatment. The administration of probiotics L. plantarum and B. cereus and their combination was able to increase growth performance, immune response, and resistance of white shrimp against V. parahaemolyticus, with the best immune response value in combined treatment of two probiotics.
Keyword: Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Probiotik, Udang vaname, Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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