Judul: Income Distribution Inequality in West Sumatera and The Related Factors
Abstrak: Income distribution inequality is a problem that often becomes important due to its tendency to have an increase. Province of West Sumatera has relatively high economic growth, however, this province also experiencing an increase in Gini ratio value which means income distribution inequality. Income distribution inequality is feared to cause many problems, not only economical but also socio politic. Income distribution inequality in West Sumatera can be reduced by reduction of income distribution inequality in Regencies/Municipalities level due to regional autonomy. The objective of this research is to analyze income distribution inequality in Regencies/Municipalities level from 2006 to 2011. Moreover, this research also analyzes factors affecting income distribution inequality in West Sumatera. Analysis result using Gini ratio calculation suggests that income distribution inequality in Regencies/Municipalities level in West Sumatera from 2006 to 2011 tends to increase over the year. Panel data regression from 2006 to 2011 is used to obtain factors affecting income distribution inequality. Economic growth, government’s spending on personal expenditure and earthquake are proved to have negative effect on income distribution inequality, while industrial sector’s share towards GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product), workers on industrial sector, government’s spending on non-personal expenditure and population growth can reduce income distribution inequality in West Sumatera. As for policy recommendation from this research; First, The government to keep pursue economic growth which is based on equity through dominant contribution in industrial sector and government’s spending on development. Second, to push industrial sector especially in labor intensive part that is able to absorb more workers. Third, to provide adequate education and infrastructure to the people so that everyone has equal opportunity in getting income. Fourth, to focus more on increment of government’s spending on non-personal expenditure especially for social transfer and public spending. Fifth, to create more productive population growth program, such as initiating a program to have one college graduate from each poor family. Lastly, to prepare accurate assistance mechanism and social transfer in case of natural disaster. The affectivity of assistance and social transfer has to be sharpen through evaluation and monitoring.
Keyword: inequality, income distribution, West Sumatera

Judul: Identification of Variables Affecting Income  Inequality in West Java Province through Panel Data Regression
Abstrak: Ketimpangan pendapatan merupakan kondisi ketidakmerataan distribusi pendapatan masyarakat. Provinsi Jawa Barat merupakan salah satu provinsi dengan ketimpangan pendapatan tertinggi di Indonesia. Ukuran ketimpangan yang paling banyak digunakan adalah Rasio Gini yang berkisar antara nol hingga satu, dengan nol yang berarti kesetaraan sempurna dan satu yang berarti ketimpangan sempurna. Data penelitian yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) dan Kementerian Ketenagakerjaan Indonesia berupa data panel 27 kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat tahun 2018 sampai 2022. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi data panel. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui peubah-peubah yang memengaruhi Rasio Gini di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model yang sesuai untuk menggambarkan Rasio Gini di Provinsi Jawa Barat adalah model pengaruh tetap dengan pengaruh spesifik individu. Model ini memiliki nilai koefisien determinasi terkoreksi sebesar 88,06%. Peubah yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Rasio Gini di Provinsi Jawa Barat pada taraf nyata 5% adalah Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja (TPAK), persentase penduduk miskin, dan Produk Domestik Regional Bruto per kapita (PDRB). Peubah TPAK dan persentase penduduk miskin memiliki hubungan negatif dengan Rasio Gini di Provinsi Jawa Barat, sedangkan peubah PDRB berhubungan positif dengan Rasio Gini di Provinsi Jawa Barat.
Keyword: income inequality, Gini Ratio, panel data regression analysis, West Java Province

Judul: Sintesis Flavonol melalui 2’-Hidroksikalkon
Abstrak: Flavonol is a class of flavonoids commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Flavonol is very useful, especially in food sector and health. In this study, flavonol unsubstituted was successfully synthesized from an intermediate material 2’-hydroxychalcone. The 2’-hydroxychalcone was synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation method between o-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde using 4 different catalysts, namely KOH 60%, solid pellet of KOH-grinding technique, BF3-Et2O, and NaH in DMF. The KOH 60% was the best catalyst, giving the highest yield (57%). Afterward, the flavonol was synthesized in 1-stage oxidation cyclization of o-hydroxyacetophenone using Algar-Flynn-Oyamada (AFO) reaction, giving 76%. The flavonol total yield from 2’-hydroxychalcone was 43%. All synthesized products were characterized by their melting points and their spectra. The success of the synthesis flavonol opens the way to synthesis of useful flavonol derivatives such as quercetin and kaempferol.
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