Judul: Evaluation of Biological Processing of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Prepupa Phase as an Alternative Protein Source
Abstrak: BSF (Hermetia illucens) merupakan serangga yang memiliki kandungan protein tinggi dan dapat digunakan sebagai sumber protein pakan ternak, tetapi BSF mengandung kitin yang menghambat proses utilisasi nutrien. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengolahan biologis BSF fase prepupa untuk menurunkan kadar kitin. Penelitian ini menggunakan BSF fase prepupa berumur 18 hari yang diberi pakan limbah dapur. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan yaitu P0 (BSF Fase prepupa tanpa perlakuan), P1 (P0 + difermentasi dengan Lactobacillus plantarum), P2 (P0 + difermantasi dengan Aspergillus oryzae) dan P3 (P0 + difermentasi dengan Lactobacillus acidophilus). Variabel yang diamati adalah hasil analisis proksimat, Van Soest, rendemen kitin, spektrum FTIR dan derajat deasetilasi (DD). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya penurunan kandungan serat kasar (SK) 4,43%, ADF 3,89%, NDF 10,6% dan peningkatan protein kasar (PK) 5,38%. Nilai DD kitin P0 sebesar 42,60% nyata lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dibandingkan nilai DD pada P1 (32,81%), P2 (26,03%) dan P3 (28,45%) menunjukkan bahwa adanya penurunan kadar kitin., BSF (Hermetia illucens) is an insect that has high protein and can be used as a protein source for animal feed, but BSF contains chitin that can inhibits the process of nutrient utilization. This study aimed to evaluate the biological treatment of BSF prepupa phase to reduce chitin levels. This study used 18 days old BSF prepupae phase fed with kitchen waste. This study used a completely randomized design (RAL) with 4 treatment and 5 replications, namely P0 (BSF prepupa phase without treatment), P1 (P0 + fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum), P2 (P0 + fermented with Aspergillus oryzae) and P3 (P0 + fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus). The variables observed were the results of proximate analysis, Van Soest analysis, chitin yield, FTIR spectrum and degree of deacetylation (DD). The results of this study showed a decrease in crude fiber content (SK) 4.43%, ADF 3.89%, NDF 10.6% and an increase in crude protein (PK) 5.38%. The DD value of chitin P0 was 42.60% real higher (P<0.05) than the DD value at P1 (32.81%), P2 (26.03%) and P3 (28.45%) showed a decrease in chitin levels.
Keyword: black soldier fly, chitin, crude fiber, crude protein, degree of deacetylation

Judul: Utilization of Black Soldier Fly in Prepupa Phase in Various  Biological Processes as Methane Mitigation Agents
Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi pengolahan black soldier fly (BSF) fase prepupa secara biologis untuk menurunkan kadar kitin yang merupakan komponen serat kasar dan sebagai agen mitigasi metana secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 3 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan pada penelitian ini adalah P0 (BSF fase prepupa delipidasi tanpa perlakuan), P1 (BSF fase prepupa fermentasi Lactobacillus plantarum), dan P2 (BSF fase prepupa fermentasi Aspergillus oryzae). Peubah yang diamati adalah hasil analisis proksimat, rendemen kitin, derajat deasetilasi, dan hasil analisis fermentasi kecernaan secara in vitro. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance dan bila berbeda nyata diuji lanjut dengan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaruh berbeda nyata (P<0,05) terhadap kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organik, VFA, NH3, produksi gas ke 72 jam, a+b (produksi gas maksimum), dan CH4. BSF fase prepupa fermentasi dengan Aspergillus oryzae dapat menjadi agen mitigasi metana yang mampu menurunkan emisi gas metan sebesar 2% pada ruminansia, kadar kitin sebesar 3,28%, dan serat kasar 4,44%., The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological processing of black soldier fly (BSF) in the prepupa phase to reduce levels of chitin which is a component of crude fiber and as a methane mitigation agent in vitro. This study used a randomized block design with 3 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments in this study were P0 (BSF prepupae delipidation without treatment), P1 (BSF prepupae fermented Lactobacillus plantarum), and P2 (BSF prepupae fermented Aspergillus oryzae). The observed variables were the results of proximate analysis, chitin yield, degree of deacetylation, and the results of in vitro digestibility analysis. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance and if they were significantly different, they were further tested with Duncan's test. The results showed a significantly different effect (P<0.05) on dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, VFA, NH3, gas production for 72 hours, a+b (maximum gas production), and CH4. BSF prepupae fermentation phase with Aspergillus oryzae can be a methane mitigation agent that can reduce methane gas emissions by 2% in ruminants, chitin content by 3.28%, and crude fiber by 4.44%.
Keyword: black soldier fly, chitin, fermentation, in vitro, methane

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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