Judul: Keragaman spesies dan silsilah filogeni kutu putih (Hemiptera : coccoidae, pseudococcidae) pada tanaman buah-buahan di Bogor dan sekitarnya
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari keragaman spesies kutu putih (famili: Pseudo- coccidae) pada tanaman buah-buahan ekonomis dan membuat suatu silsilah filogeni ber- dasarkan ciri morfologi tubuh imago betina. Kutu putih dikoleksi dari berbagai tanaman buah-buahan di daerah Bogor dan sekitar- nya selama rentang waktu September 1996 - Desember 1997. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 14 spesies kutu putih ditemukan pada berbagai jenis tanaman buah-buahan, yaitu: Cataenococcus hispidus (Morrison), Dysmicoccus brevi- pes (Cockerell), Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell), Maconellicoccus multipori (Takahashi), Nipae- coccus nipae (Maskell), N. viridis (Newstead), Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel, Pianococcus minor (Maskell), P. lilacinus (Cockerell), Rastrococus chinensis Ferris, R. invadens Williams, R. jabadiu Williams dan Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson) serta satu spesies yang belum dideskripsi sebelumnya dan diberi kode KP. Keempat belas spesies itu bersifat polifag dan tersebar pada delapan belas tanaman inang: belimbing, duku, durian, jambu air, jambu biji, jambu bol, jeruk, mangga, manggis, nangka, pisang, lengkeng, rambutan, salak, sawo, sri- kaya dan sirsak. C. hispidus merupakan spesies yang sebaran inangnya paling banyak yaitu ditemukan pada 12 jenis tanaman inang.
Keyword: Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Taksonomi, Morfologi, Biologi, Ekologi

Judul: Keanekaragaman Kutu Putih (Hemiptera:  Pseudococcidae) dan Cendawan Entomophthorales pada Berbagai Tanaman di  Kabupaten Bogor
Abstrak: Hama dan penyakit tanaman merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab menurunnya produktivitas tanaman budi daya. Hama kutu putih merupakan serangga yang umum ditemukan pada tanaman budi daya. Serangga ini bersifat polifag yang memiliki inang dari berbagai famili tanaman. Kutu putih umumnya ditemukan secara berkelompok pada bagian tanaman yang terserang dan menghisap cairan tanaman. Cendawan Entomophthorales merupakan salah satu musuh alami kutu putih. Gejala lanjut dari kutu putih yang terinfeksi cendawan Entomophthorales yaitu tubuh kutu putih berwarna abu-abu atau hitam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keanekaragaman kutu putih dan asosiasinya dengan cendawan Entomophthorales pada berbagai tanaman inang. Kutu putih dikoleksi dari tanaman alpukat, biriba, bisbul, jambu kristal, jeruk nipis, nanas, pakcoy, pisang, dan singkong. Kutu putih yang ditemukan sebanyak tujuh spesies, yaitu Dysmicoccus brevipes, Dysmicoccus lepelleyi, Exallomochlus hispidus, Ferrisia virgata, Nipaecoccus sp., Paracoccus marginatus, dan Rastrococcus marginatus. Hanya satu spesies kutu putih yang terinfeksi cendawan Entomophthorales yaitu P. marginatus yang ditemukan pada tanaman pepaya dan singkong. Fase cendawan pada kedua tanaman inang yang ditemukan pada P. marginatus adalah hyphal bodies., Plant pests and diseases are one factor cause decrease in the productivity of cultivated plants. The mealybug pests are common insect pest found on cultivated plants. These insects are polyphagous and have hosts from various plant groups. Mealybugs are generally found in clusters on infested plant parts and suck plant fluids. The entomophthoralean fungus is one of the natural enemies of mealybugs. Mealybugs with gray or black bodies are signs of advanced Entomophthoralean fungal infection. The objective of these research is to determine diversity of mealybugs and it is associated with their entomophthoralean fungus on various cultivated plants. Mealybugs were collected from avocado, biriba, bisbul, crystal guava, lime, pineapple, pakcoy, banana and cassava plants. There are seven species of Mealybugs found during this research: Dysmicoccus brevipes, D. lepelleyi, Exallomochlus hispidus, Ferrisia virgata, Nipaecoccus sp., Paracoccus marginatus, and Rastrococcus spinosus. Only one of mealybugs infected by entomophthoralean fungus is P. marginatus on papaya and cassava plants. Fungal phase on both hosts which found on to be infective P. marginatus is the hyphal body.
Keyword: hyphal bodies, P. marginatus, polyphages

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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