Judul: Aplikasi Instrumen Multibeam Sonar dan Side Scan Sonar untuk Deteksi Kapal Karam (Contoh Studi Kapal Bahuga Jaya di Perairan Selat Sunda)
Abstrak: Multibeam Sonar and Side Scan Sonar are acoustic technologies that are used to detect underwater objects by using sound waves. This study aim to detect shipwreck Bahuga Jaya in waters bottom that crashed and sank on 26 September 2012. The instruments that used were Multibeam Sonar ELAC SEA BEAM 1050D and Side Scan Sonar EdgeTech 4200. Data processing using softwares CARIS HIPS & SIPS 6.1, MBSystem, Surfer and Sonar Web. Tidal type in the study area was mixed dual skew tide. Sound speed value ranges was between 1543.64 m/s - 1544.99 m/s. Bahuga Jaya wreck coordinate was at 05o52’44.53’’ S and 105o51’11.60’’ E. Water depths ranging is between 40 m to 150 m. From the point of collision, the vessel Bahuga Jaya moved 537 m far to the east away. Wreck dimension detected 90 m long and 14.8 m wide. Backscatter amplitude value of the wreck is is 717.25 mV showed the greatest value in comparison with the surrounding objects.
Keyword: amplitude backscatter, depth, Bahuga Jaya, Side Scan Sonar, Multibeam Sonar

Judul: Deteksi dan Klasifikasi Dasar Laut Menggunakan Instrumen Side scan sonar
Abstrak: Side scan sonar is an underwater acoustic instrument that is capable for displaying the image of the seafloor and discriminate between large and small particles of the sea floor. This study aims to classify types of seafloor and measure seafloor backscatter values using side scan sonar. This study also use two different types of side scan sonar in two places to get more variant seafloor. Side scan sonar data of Klein System 3000 with a frequency of 500 kHz is taken in the Jakarta Bay and Data of Edgetech 4200 with a frequency of 300 kHz is taken in the Sunda Strait. Both the data side scan sonar processed using software Sonarweb and Sonarpro to display the image of the sea floor, and use Seisee to extract sediment backscatter values. Results of sea floor imagery in Jakarta Bay found the target in the form of mud, mud with excavation, and a shipwreck. Mosaic Klein System 3000 in Jakarta Bay seafloor show a dominant of mud. Extraction of backscatter obtained smallest value is mud -26.33 dB, mud with excavation -23.84 dB and the highest is shipwrecks -6.23 dB. Results seabed imagery found the target in the Sunda Strait seabed is mud, sand, biogenic sand, and a shipwreck. Seafloor in the Sunda Strait shows dominant of sand. Backscatter obtained smallest value is mud -14.25 dB , sand -12.22 dB, biogenic sand -13.56 dB , and shipwreck -4.20 dB.
Keyword: backscatter, Klein System 3000, Edgetech 4200, sediment

Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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