Judul: Kerusakan Tingkat Tiang dan Pohon Jenis Komersial Akibat Penebangan Intensitas Rendah di IUPHHK-HA PT. INHUTANI II Malinau
Abstrak: Natural forest harvesting with Indonesian Selective Cutting and Planting (TPTI) can cause damage to the residual stand. Commercial species are important because they are used for production purposes. Damage to commercial types will reduce the number of trees which will harvested in the next cutting cycle. So far, research on damage to the residual stand with low intensity felling has not been widely studied. This study aims to calculate damage and the type of damage to commercial trees with diameter ≥ 10 cm due low-intensity felling. Measurement of the level damage poles and trees of commercial species are done on variable circular plots. The average area of the plot is 2.34 ha. The results showed that felling trees 0.43/ha can caused damages of 3 poles/ha and 3 trees/ha. Type of damage to the pole and tree was dominated by broken tree canopy
Keyword: residual stand damage, low intensity, commercial species, Indonesia Selective Cutting and Planting

Judul: Kerusakan Tegakan Tinggal Akibat Penebangan dan Penyaradan Kayu di Areal IUPHHK-HA PT. Sarmiento Parakantja Timber, Kalimantan Tengah
Abstrak: Tree felling and skidding a part of forest harvesting activities that would cause damage to the residual stand. This study aims to calculate and identify the extent of damage to remaining trees with the diameter of 10 cm up due to tree felling and skidding. The result of this research showed that the residual stand damage caused by felling and skidding in PT. Sarmiento Parakantja Timber is included medium damage, namely 28.41%. Based on the size wound on damaged trees, the trees damaged consist of severely damaged 49.30%, medium damaged 20.88% and lightly damaged 29.82%. The average size of the open area caused by felling and skidding is at 232.48 m2/tree or 3804.62 m2 ha-1. High logging intensity would cause higher damage to the residual stand and higher opened area as well.
Keyword: skidding, tree felling, residual stand damage

Judul: Enkapsulasi Starter Yoghurt (Streptococcus thermophilus dan Lactobacillus bulgaricus) Menggunakan Bahan Pengisi Berbasis Pati
Abstrak: The viability of lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) in yoghurt is declined during storage. To prevent this condition we need giving protection by encapsulating the bacteria. Encapsulating had been doing by emulsion method. Emulsion method held by emulsify encapsulating material (maize resistant starch and maltodextrin) with vegetable oil (canola oil containing 0,5% tween 80%), with the equivalent of them 1:2:2. 0.1% (cultivated from beginning of log phage) an amount inoculums was added. Emulsion method which used in this research has been modified. The process of adding CaCl2 solution using syringe 23 G (0. 573mm) and 10 cm of the drop distance from alginate-oil solution. The separating held by using shaker during 24 hours and beads collected using filtration. The composition of encapsulating material and filler had been using are alginate 2%: high amylose corn starch 2%, alginate 3%: maltodextrin 1% and alginate 4%. Drying process of wet beads which produced in this method using oven 40oC during two hour. Then, the best encapsulating material had advanced tested based on quality and quantity. Quantity test held by comparising the yoghurt which produced from free cell and commercial starter (yoghurtmert). The best encapsulating material is alginate 3%: maltodextrin 1%. Encapsulating increase the viability of the bacteria 6.09x105cfu/g (on wet beads) and 2.56 x105cfu/g (on dry beads) as compared to free cell. Yoghurt which produced by alginate 3%: maltodextrin 1% is more sour than free cell, but less than commercial starter. The result of hedonic can be describe that yoghurt which produced by alginate 3%: maltodextrin 1% is not different from commonly consumed yoghurt.
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