Judul: Aplikasi Model Binomial dalam Forward Contract dan Forward Exchange RateContract
Abstrak: Investors have purposed to obtain a maximum return, but they must be carefull to put the money because they would take a risk. Therefore, products are introduced to reduce the risk. They are called derivative products. There are many kinds of derivative products, such as forward contract and forward exchange rate contract. A forward contract is an agreement or a contract to buy or sell assets with delivery at a specified time and price. A forward exchange rate contract is an agreement or a contract to buy or sell a specified amount of money with a specified exchange rate at a specified time, no matter what the actual exchange rate is at specified time. In this paper, the price of derivative products at a discrete time will be determined using binomial model. A binomial model is a model that describes asset price movements by assuming two possibilities of asset price movements in the future that is, up or down. An underlying of binomial model is one-step binomial model, which is the known prices today can be two possible value in the future. One-step binomial model can be expanded to become multi-step binomial model. In this paper, one-step binomial and multi-step binomial model are used to determining the price of forward contract, and forward exchange rate contract. This model can be applied to the case study of overseas transaction at PT Bina pertiwi on the periode of Januari-September 2012. The best result that is obtained in the case of overseas transaction at PT Bina Pertiwi is the model using forward exchange rate contract. Model using forward exchange rate contract is able to decrease compensation as big as Rp280.783.944,55
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Judul: Perbandingan Kekonvergenan Beberapa Model Binomial untuk Penentuan Harga Opsi Eropa
Abstrak: Kontrak opsi (selanjutnya disebut opsi) adalah suatu jenis kontrak antara dua pihak, satu pihak memberi hak kepada pihak lain untuk menjual atau membeli aset tertentu pada harga dan periode waktu tertentu. Terdapat dua jenis opsi yang paling mendasar, yaitu opsi call dan opsi put. Berdasarkan waktu eksekusi maka terdapat dua tipe opsi, yaitu opsi Eropa dan opsi Amerika. Untuk menentukan besarnya premi opsi maka dirumuskan dua cara yaitu dengan solusi analitik dan solusi numerik. Solusi analitik telah ditemukan oleh Black-Scholes pada tahun 1973. Metode numerik yang sering digunakan adalah metode beda hingga dan metode binomial dan trinomial. Beberapa model binomial hanya mendasarkan pada perbedaan faktor naik dan turun dari perkembangan harga saham. Metode binomial terutama digunakan untuk penentuan nilai opsi yang tidak dapat diturunkan secara analitik. Di antara modelmodel binomial tersebut adalah model CRR, JR, Tian, PP1, dan PP2. Model ini konvergen ke solusi Black-Scholes. Untuk melihat kevalidan masing-masing model perlu diketahui sifat-sifat kekonvergenannya, maka perlu melihat pendekatan numeriknya.
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Judul: Studi Kasus Diagnosis Pencitraan Gangguan Saluran Pencernaan Atas Anjing Schnauze
Abstrak: The aim of this study was to learn the role of diagnostic imaging to define the diagnose of the upper gastrointestinal tract disorder of the Schnauzer. The information from the owner (anamneses) stated that the dog has been vomiting for a year, sometimes containing blood. There might also be a possibility that it had eaten a corpus alineum. This study case covered physical examination, hematology and blood chemical analysis, radiography, ultrasonography, and endoscopy performed. Physical examination showed weight loss and anorexia. Hematology and blood chemical analysis showed an increase in lymphocyte, haemoglobin (Hb), haemotocrit (Hct), ureum, creatinine, alanin aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Abdominal radiograph showed no abnormality in the abdominal organs. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a hyperechoic mass on the stomach mucosal surface. The mass forms an acoustic shadowing at the ventral. The acoustic shadowing in the stomach may be caused by an accumulation of gas or foreign object such as bone. Endoscopy showed that there was inconsistency of stomach mucosa surface, foamy bile fluid in the stomach, ulcers, and erosion of the stomach mucosal surface. Based on the endoscopy performed, the animal was clearly diagnosed with chronic gastritis accompanied by stomach ulcer and erosion.
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