Judul: Analisis Keadilan Ekonomi dalam Perspektif Pembangunan Wilayah pada Agribisnis Tembakau Virginia di Pulau Lombok.
Abstrak: Market economic system is a dominant economic system which was chosen as national or regional economic development strategy. Market rationality with freedom, individualism and perfect competition as its pillar had been a main reference for development policy makers who make economic growth as the main orientation. One of the strategies is establishment special commodities as leading sector. Tobacco is one of a commodity which was chosen as important commodity to develop regional economic in Lombok Island. Tobacco is a controversial commodity. As raw material for cigarette industries which have negative effect for human health, its production and consumption should be restricted. Because of its favorability in economic development, tobacco was become one of the important commodities, especially for Lombok island. Circular cumulative causation theory explained that market mechanism which was driven by profit motive could encourage economic development centralized in certain regions which have high profit expectation, meanwhile other regions are only as supplier of resources to achieve high profits in the central region. This causes economic inequity in which developed regions become more advanced regions, whereas the backward region remains underdeveloped. Moreover, market is also a good waiter for the rich people but unfriendly for the poor. This causes economic inequity in income distribution. This study intends to prove whether the process of cumulative causation occurred in the tobacco economic sector. In particular, this study aims to analyze the level of economic equity (micro) by calculating margin of value added between the farmers and the tobacco industry companies in every hectare of tobacco field. Moreover, the purpose of this study is to analyze the level of economic equity (in the perspective of regional development/macro level) by calculating the amount of spread effect and backwash effect on virginia tobacco agribusiness in Lombok Island. This research is using quantitative and qualitative method in survey technique. Report of the study is present in the form of descriptive. Research areas were determined purposively. The selected research areas consist of 10 villages which are spread in 8 districts. There were 100 respondents which were chosen by simple random sampling technique. Each village is represented by 10 respondents. Data was analyzed by profit function formula (π = TR – TC) with some modification based on real condition in the field. While regional economic analysis (spread effect and backwash effect) analyzed by calculating regional income (value added) from virginia tobacco agribusiness and compare it with total economic value of virginia tobacco. Research result showed that there was economic inequity in micro level on Lombok virginia tobacco agribusiness. Farmers with the biggest profit category in virginia tobacco agribusiness were only able to get value added of Rp 3,975,379, - per hectare per cropping season with the R / C ratio of 1.08. While the tobacco industry companies could benefit (value added) of Rp 212,520,000, - for each hectare of tobacco field in one cropping season. Thus the margin of value added between the farmers and the companies is Rp 208,544,621, -. It means that farmers in the biggest benefit category were only able to get 1.87% of the company
Keyword: economic equity, market economy, regional development, tobacco of virginia, value added

Judul: The effect of partnership to efficiency of virginia tobacco in Lombok Island West Nusa Tenggara
Abstrak: The grand objective of the study is to analyse the effect of partnership to efficiency of agribusiness of virginia tobacco in Lombok Island by stochastic frontier production function approach and stochastic frontier translog profit function approach. The specific objectives are to determine factors affecting output of virginia tobacco; to study the effect of partnership to technical efficiency and technical inefficiency; to study the effect of partnership to profit efficiency and profit inefficiency. The multy stage purposive sampling technique was used to select 2 regencies, East Lombok Regency included eight subdistricts (Terara, Sikur, Sukamulia, East Sakra, Sakra and West Sakra) consists of 19 villages, and Central Lombok included 2 subdistricts (Kopang and Janapria) consists of six villages. The respondents were 300 growers of virginia tobacco consists of 150 partnership farmers and 150 nonpartnership farmers. The cross section data were gathered from those 300 respondents through indepth interview. The Stochastic Frontier Production Function was used to analyse the data. The Stochastic Frontier Cobb- Douglas was used to analyse the technical efficiency an technical inefficiency. Whilest, the stochastic frontier translog profit function was used to analyse the profit efficiency an profit inefficiency. Each parameter of β0, βi, the variant of ui and vi were estimated by using Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method. Furthermore, the factors affecting output level and profits, and inefficiency factors (-ui) were analysed. The Frontier 4.1 program was used to estimate the production function parameter and profit function stochastic frontier. The results showed that the partnership had statistically an insignificant effect on the technical efficiency indicated by almost similar percentage of indice technical efficiency of both partnership and nonpartnership farmers. As well as, the parameter of partnership dummy variable as the technical inefficiency factor had a positive sign and insignificant. However, it statistically had significant effect to profit efficiency. The factors decreasing technical inefficiency and profit inefficiency were the land tenancy status, the minimum land spacious, the farming experience of farmers, the type of soil of ricefield and the kind of fuel for tobacco leaves drying. Technically, the tenant farmers more efficient indicated by the positif parameter of tenancy variable, but economically the tenancy tends to increase the profit inefficiency because of the expensive land rent. Technically, the narrow land area was more efficient, but economically the wider the land the greater the profit. In term of fuel used, kerosene was more efficient technically compared to other fuel because the farmers were accustomed to use it. They do not need much time to control it continuously, and using it could get better quality of dried leaved of Virginia tobacco. However, using it could increase profit inefficiency because it was the most costly fuel compared to others. Using eggshel of oil palm as an alternative fuel for tobacco leaves drying could decrease profit inefficiency, eventhough it is mixed with fire wood. vii The price of outputs and inputs had a significant effect to profit efficiency of agribusiness of Virginia tobacco, so that the outputs price is often to be farmers‟ consideration for production decision. The outputs and inputs price are the main determinant
Keyword: partnership system, eficiency, inefficiency, agribusiness

Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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