Judul: Observation of Qualitative and Quantitative Traits of  White-rumped shama (Copsychus malabaricus sp) Bred in The Captive Breeding in Bogor Regency.
Abstrak: Burung murai batu (Copsychus malabaricus sp) adalah salah satu jenis burung kicauan yang banyak ditangkarkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji sifat kualitatif dan kuantitatif beberapa subspesies burung murai batu. Sampel yang digunakan yaitu 12 ekor burung murai batu jantan dan 12 ekor betina berumur 2 tahun yang berasal dari wilayah yang berbeda. Sifat kualitatif yang diamati yaitu warna bulu, bentuk paruh, warna shanks, pola bulu ekor burung murai batu, dan bentuk kepala. Sifat kuantitatif yang diamati yaitu panjang paruh, panjang badan, panjang sayap, panjang bulu ekor, dan panjang tarsus. Analisa data menggunakan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian bahwa dari lima subspesies burung murai batu memiliki warna bulu dominan hitam kebiruan pada jantan dan dominan hitam keabu-abuan pada betina serta warna coklat pada bagian dada baik jantan maupun betina. Burung murai batu nias memiliki ekor berwarna hitam sedangkan lainnya memiliki ekor berwarna hitam dan putih dan dengan pola yang berbeda. Sifat kualitatif dan kuantitatif enam subspesies burung murai batu sangat bervariasi., The white-rumped shama (Copsychus malabaricus sp) is a type of songbird commonly bred in captivity. This research aims to study the qualitative and quantitative traits of several subspecies of the White-rumped Shama. The samples used were 12 male and 12 female White-rumped Shamas, aged two years old, originating from different regions. The qualitative traits observed were feather color, beak shape, shank color, tail feather pattern, and head shape. The quantitative traits observed were beak length, total body length, wing length, tail feather length, and tarsus length. Meticulous data analysis was performed using descriptive methods to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the findings. This study showed that of the 5 subspecies of White-rumped Shama, males predominantly had bluish-black feathers, females had predominantly grayish-black feathers, and both sexes had brown feathers on the chest. The Nias White-rumped Shama had black tails, while the others had black and white tails with different patterns. The qualitative and quantitative traits of the 6 subspecies of white-rumped Shama varied greatly.
Keyword: penangkaran, murai batu, sifat kualitatif, sifat kuantitatif, subspesies

Judul: Breeding Techniques and Economic Value of White Rumped Shama (Copsychus malabaricus) Contest Quality
Abstrak: Murai batu merupakan jenis burung pengicau dengan suara yang bagus dan memiliki nilai ekonomi yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi teknik pemeliharaan murai batu kualitas kontes, mengidentifikasi sistem penilaian kontes, dan mengestimasikan nilai ekonomi murai batu berdasarkan WTP dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai WTP. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi lapang, dan wawancara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik pemeliharaan murai batu kualitas kontes meliputi, pengaturan pakan, pemasteran, penjemuran, penggantangan, pengerodongan, dan pengumbaran. Sistem penilaian kontes menggunakan bendera sebagai tanda poin penilaian. Variabel yang digunakan dalam penilaian meliputi, irama dan variasi lagu, durasi kerja, volume suara, serta gaya dan fisik burung. Estimasi nilai ekonomi murai batu berdasarkan WTP didapatkan rata-rata sebesar Rp34.224.138 untuk satu ekor murai batu kualitas kontes. Variabel tingkat pendapatan mempengaruhi nilai WTP sebesar 99%. Semakin tinggi tingkatan juara yang diraih, semakin tinggi pula nilai ekonomi murai batu tersebut., White-rumped shama is a type of songbird with a good voice and has a high economic value. This study aims to identify contest quality white-rumped shama breeding techniques, identify contest scoring systems, and estimate the economic value of white-rumped shama based on WTP and analyze the factors that influence the WTP value. Data were collected through field observations and interviews. The results showed that the breeding techniques of contest quality white-rumped shama include, setting feed, voice training, drying, hanging, envelop, and physical training. The contest scoring system uses a flag as a mark of scoring points. The variables used in the assessment include the rhythm and variety of the song, the duration of work, the volume of the voice, and the style and physique of the bird. The estimated economic value of white-rumped shama based on WTP is IDR 34,224,138 for one contest quality white-rumped shama. The income level variable affects the WTP’s value by 99%. The higher the level of champion achieved, the higher the economic value of the white-rumped shama.
Keyword: Bird contest, Breeding techniques, Economic value, White rumped  shama

Judul: Model Input-output dalam Masalah Network Flow
Abstrak: Production process is a process, which is done by industry, to transform input into output. According to the type of output and its activity, industry can be classified into various sectors, which are connected to each other. Therefore, a model to analyze the connection among sections is needed. The model is known as input-output model (IO model). IO model presents an IO table, which shows informations about the transaction between goods and services in each economic sector. Furthermore, the IO model also shows that the amount of all input is the same as the amount of all output. In this paper, the transaction of each economic sector in IO table is analyzed using network flow theory. The formulated network flow problem implies that each sector represents partly as a producer and also as a consumer. This paper also solves a minimum cost circulation problem.
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