Judul: Biodiesel production from palm oil in a bubble column reactor by non-catalytic process
Abstrak: Biodiesel has been defined as the monoalkyl esters of long-chain fatty acids derived from renewable feedstocks, such as vegetable oils and animal fats, for use in compression-ignition (diesel) engines. Biodiesel, consisting of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) can be produced by transesterification of triglycerides (TG) and/or esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) in vegetable oils with short-chain alcohol, mainly methanol (MeOH). Alkaline-catalyzed transeseterification of TG in vegetable oils, with the addition of an acid-catalyzed reaction to esterify FFA are the technologies presently in use for industrial-scale biodiesel production. However, the desire to reduce or remove catalyst cost, waste output and to obtain the simpler process has stimulated the investigation of alternate methods of biodiesel synthesis.
Keyword: superheated methanol, methyl esterification of FFA, transesterification of TG, mass flow rate

Judul: Analysis of Obstacle Perforated Plate Content Metil Ester Biodiesel In Bubble Column Reactor Non-Catalytic
Abstrak: Biodiesel is produced by transesterification reaction of vegetable oils or animal fats and methanol. Production technology of biodiesel is grouped into 2 categories: namely catalytic and non catalytic. One of the methods for the non catalytic one is superheated methanol vapor (SMV), where superheated methanol vapor is reacted with oil in bubble column reactor, at high temperature and atmospheric pressure to produce FAME (Fatty Acid methyl ester) and glycerol. However, reaction rate by the SMV method is still lower than the convensional one, and the content of biodiesel is lower than Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The reaction rate and content of biodiesel is expectedly can be improved by improvement of contact surface area between methanol vapor and oil. It could be obtained by giving perforated plate (obstacle) in bubble column reactor. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the best obstacle configuration and to study the influece of the obstacle to biodiesel content in terms of bubble behavior in the column reactor. Eighteen (18) scenarios of obstacle are simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to obtain bubble distribution in bubble column reactor, especially for increasing contact surface area between methanol and oil. Then the result will be verified by laboratory experiments. Based on the simulation result, it is shown that the highest value of surface contact area was obtained by the obstacle BBE (2 layer, 2 mm hole diameter, 7 mm distance among holes, and 4 g.s-1 methanol flow rate), which was 0.023529 m2.s-1. By the obstacle, methyl ester content was found to be 77.96%(w/w) and rate of biodiesel production was 2.00 g.hr-1. While the obstacle AAE (2 layer, 1 mm hole diameter, 7 mm distance among holes, and 4 g.mnt-1 methanol flow rate) gave biodiesel content of 98.68%(w/w), which has met SNI. The rate of biodiesel production was found to be 1.62 g.hr-1.
Keyword: non-catalytic method, SMV, CFD, contact surface area, obstacle

Judul: Infeksi cacing Ascarid pasa anjing dan kucing, serta hubungannya sebagai zoonosis
Abstrak: Ada tiga cacing Ascarid yang didapatkan pada anjing dan kucing, yaitu Toxocara canis pada anjing, Toxocara cati pada kucing dan Toxascaris leonina pada anjing dan kucing. Ketiganya mempunyai habitat di usus kecil (Soulsby, 1982). Manusia dapat bertindak sebagai induk semang paratenik dari kelompok ini, melalui anjing dan kucing yang menderita sebagai sumber infeksi, terutama anak- anak anjing dan anak-anak kucing (Brown, 1975). Dari kelompok Ascarid ini penyebab utama penyakit pada manusia adalah Toxocara canis (Soulsby, 1982). Penyakit pada manusia yang disebabkan oleh kelompok ini dikenal sebagai penyakit 'Visceral Larva Migrans' (Brown, 1975), Toxocariasis (Beaver, 1966). Penularan pada anjing dan kucing, dapat melalui telur infektif (langsung), induk semang paratenik seperti tikus, kecos, cacing Lanah dan lain-lain (tidak langsung), intrauterin, trans-mammary dan secara fecaloral. Pada manusia, penularan terjadi melalui telur infektif yang tertelan. Gejala klinis yang tampak pada anjing dan kucing yang terinfeksi oleh kelompok ini, adalah anjing kurus, pertumbuhan terhambat, gelisah, batuk, respirasi meningkat, keluar cairan dari hidung, muntah yang kadang kadang bercampur dengan cacing, icterus, diare, sakit pada abdomen, perut buncit dan kadang-kadang timbul gejala konvulsi (Kelly, 1977). Pada manusia tanda klinis yang umum terlihat, yaitu batuk, dispnoe disertai demam dan gejala umum lainnya. Kadang-kadang endopthalmitis, retinitis perifer, papilitis, dan konvulsi. Pemeriksaan darah terlihat eosinofilia, leukositosis, hiperglobulinemia dan pemerik saan yang lain memperlihatkan hepatomegali…dst
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