Judul: Javan Leopard Conflict Management Model (Panthera  pardus melas) in Mount Sawal Area, Ciamis, West Java
Abstrak: The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is an endemic animal in the forest on the island of Java. This animal is protected because its existence is categorized as an Endangered Species. Mount Sawal, located in Ciamis Regency, West Java, is one of the habitats of the Javan leopard. It is suspected that there is poaching of prey animals, land conversion encourages conflicts with communities around the forest, which are generally in the form of predation of livestock owned by the community. The purpose of this study is to analyze the perception of the village community around the Gunung Sawal area, analyze the probability of conflict between the Javan leopard and the community, and the recommendation for conflict management between the Javan leopard and the communities. The method used in this study is descriptive analysis using a likert scale assessment (1-5) from the data from interviews with 160 respondents in 16 villages around the Gunung Sawal area in analyzing community perceptions. For conflict probability analysis, Javan leopard conflict presence data is needed as a dependent variable obtained through literature studies, conflict information news media and field reviews, in addition to that, environmental raster data is needed as an independent variable which will later be processed in ArcGis software followed by conflict probability modeling using Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt). The preparation of recommendations for the management of Javan leopard conflicts is based on the level of conflict probability, high-probability conflicts in the form of special recommendations and all levels of probability from high to low in the form of general recommendations. The results of the community perception analysis showed that most of the people were related to the use of the yield and use of Gunung Sawal forest land because the results of interviews from a total of 160 respondents 45,0% had jobs as farmers/breeders, so they had a direct relationship with the existence of the Javan leopard. The Javan leopard conflict probability model showed the results of AUC values of 0.945 > random prediction of 0.05, as well as the results of the contribution of environmental variables, namely rice fields 37.2% and settlements 30.3%. Conflict recommendations are divided into 2 interests, namely general for the entire area in the Mount Sawal area with low to high levels of vulnerability, special recommendations are intended for high conflict vulnerability which is mostly in Cipaku District with a probability area of 367.69 ha or villages that are included in it, namely Ciakar, Bangbayang, Cipaku, Sukawening Villages, so in this case special recommendations are needed in residential areas and rice fields and descriptions related to the security of cattle cages., The Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas) is an endemic animal in the forest on the island of Java. This animal is protected because its existence is categorized as an Endangered Species. Mount Sawal, located in Ciamis Regency, West Java, is one of the habitats of the Javan leopard. It is suspected that there is poaching of prey animals, land conversion encourages conflicts with communities around the forest, which are generally in the form of predation of livestock owned
Keyword: kawasan Gunung Sawal, macan tutul jawa, manajemen konflik satwa  liar, persepsi masyarakat

Judul: Habitat and distribution of javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier, 1809) on Fragmented Landscape in Centra Java
Abstrak: Macan tutul jawa (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier, 1809) merupakan satwa yang dilindungi dan telah masuk dalam Redlist IUCN dengan kategori Critically Endangered serta termasuk dalam Appendix I CITES. Macan tutul Jawa hanya ditemukan di Pulau Jawa, Pulau Kangean, Pulau Nusakambangan dan Pulau Sempu. Di Provinsi Jawa Tengah, macan tutul Jawa sedang mengalami kehilangan habitat, degradasi kualitas habitat dan fragmentasi habitat sehingga populasinya terancam punah. Padahal setelah harimau jawa (Panthera tigris sondaica) punah, macan tutul jawa menduduki puncak rantai makanan (trophic level), sehingga merupakan spesies kunci (keystone species) dalam ekosistem hutan di Pulau Jawa. Tujuan umum penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik habitat dan penyebaran macan tutul jawa di lansekap yang terfragmentasi di Jawa Tengah. Tujuan khususnya adalah : (a) memetakan penyebaran populasi macan tutul jawa berdasarkan indikator-indikator keberadaannya dan mengetahui indeks seleksi tipetipe hutan yang menjadi daerah penyebarannya; (b) mengidentifikasi karakteristik habitat macan tutul jawa terutama untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor atau komponen habitat yang berpengaruh pada keberadaan satwa tersebut di suatu lokasi; (c) mengetahui tingkat fragmentasi hutan alam melalui pengukuran beberapa parameternya dan memelajari pengaruhnya terhadap sebaran macan tutul jawa; dan (d) membuat pemodelan spasial kesesuaian habitat macan tutul jawa, Javan leopard (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier, 1809) is limited distributed in Java Island. Its population is continually decreasing so it listed in Red list by the IUCN as critically endangered species. The decrease was mainly caused by fragmentation and degradation of forest. The objectives of this research are to map the distribution, to identify the metapopulation types and habitat characteristics, to measure the fragmentation of natural forest and to build a spatial model of habitat suitability. The Methods were included GPS mapping of population, metapopulation analyses, habitat analyses, fragmentation analyses using patch analyst and spatial modeling of habitat suitability using Arcview 3.2. The results found that there are 48 locations of javan leopards that distributed in five types of forest, i.e. pines plantation (43,8%), teak plantation (27,1%), natural mountain forest (14,5%), mixed plantation forest (8,3%) and natural lowland forest (6,3%). Javan leopard have preference to certain type of forest (P≤0,05). Total population estimation of the javan leopard in Central Java was 234-383 individuals. There are eight components that crucial for habitat of javan leopard and relevant for spatial modeling of habitat suitability, i.e. patch extent, prey, forest vegetation, climate, water, topography, altitude and status of forest. Fragmentation in the last 16 years has reduced 88,0% of total natural forest area in central Java and fluctuate the number of patches, total edge and edge density. Javan leopards are distributed in non-equilibrium metapopulation (31,25%), mainland-islands metapopulation (22,92%), classic metapopulation (10,42%) and patchy metapopulation (35,42%). Spatial model of habitat suitability result 7,67% patches of low suitability, 36,92% patches of moderate suitability and 55,41% patches of high suitability. The validity of the model is 95,83%. Keywords: habitat, distribution, leopard, fragmentation, metapopulation, suitability
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Judul: Keragaan Nitrogen-Amonium dalam Magnetit Sintetik (Fe3O4)
Abstrak: One form of nitrogen that can be used directly by plant is ammonium. Magnetite can be used as ammonium carrier. Magnetite has been synthesized by hydrothermal treatment of FeCl3, urea, and citrate. The synthesis time was varied for 3, 4, 6, and 12 hours. The synthesis products were characterized by X-ray diffraction and were analyzed for its ammonium contain. The aim of this study was to obtain magnetite with high ammonium content in short synthesis time. Based on X-ray diffraction pattern, cristallinity increased as the synthesis time increased. The highest ammonium content was 0,92% in magnetite synthesized in 3 hours. Release of ammonium in water for magnetite synthesized in 3 hours showed that maximum release time was 12 hours. Increasing synthesis time would decrease solubility of the magnetite in water. The results showed that the best magnetite for ammonium carrier was magnetite synthesized in 3 hours.
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