Judul: Study of Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) Molecular  Research Methods
Abstrak: Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) merupakan entomovirus dari kelompok Baculovirus yang bekerja spesifik terhadap inang. Saat ini, NPV telah digunakan sebagai bioinsektisida dalam bidang pertanian. Berbagai penelitian dilakukan seperti deteksi, amplifikasi, analisis genetik, transkriptomik, proteomik, dan rekombinasi genetik untuk mempelajari mekanisme virus menyerang inangnya dan meningkatkan patogenesitas serta kisaran inang NPV. Kajian pustaka ini bertujuan memberikan rincian informasi mengenai jenis penelitian NPV secara molekuler beserta metode yang digunakan. Kajian pustaka ini dilakukan dengan menelaah berbagai jurnal mengenai penelitian NPV secara molekuler dan metode-metode yang digunakan. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) merupakan metode umum yang digunakan dalam perbanyakan DNA untuk kemudian digunakan dalam penelitian lebih lanjut secara molekuler. Selain itu, berbagai metode telah dikembangkan dan diaplikasikan dalam penelitian NPV secara molekuler. Analisis fungsi genetik memberikan informasi mengenai fungsi suatu gen yang untuk selanjutnya dapat digunakan dalam modifikasi genetik untuk meningkatkan kinerja NPV. Rekombinasi genetik untuk meningkatkan kinerja NPV juga telah dilakukan seperti penyisipan satu atau beberapa gen ke dalam genom NPV lain untuk memperluas kisaran inang dan meningkatkan patogenesitas virus. Analisis transkriptomik dan proteomik dapat dilakukan untuk mengetahui mekanisme virus menyerang sel inang dan mekanisme sel inang untuk menghalangi infeksi lebih lanjut oleh NPV., Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) is an entomovirus of the Baculovirus group that works specifically against the host. Currently, NPV has been used as a bioinsecticide in agriculture. Various studies were conducted, such as detection, amplification, genetic analysis, transcriptomics, proteomics, and genetic recombination to study the mechanisms of viruses attacking their hosts and increase the pathogenicity and range of NPV hosts. This literature study aims to provide detailed information about the type of molecular NPV research along with the methods used. The literature study was conducted by studying various journals on molecular NPV research and the methods used. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a standard method used in DNA multiplication for later use in further molecular research. In addition, various methods have been developed and applied in molecular NPV research. Genetic function analysis provides information on the function of a gene which can then be used in genetic modification to improve NPV performance. Genetic recombination to improve NPV performance has also been carried out, such as insertion of one or more genes into the genome of another NPV to expand the host range and increase viral pathogenicity. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis can be performed to determine the mechanism of the virus attacking the host cell and the mechanism of the host cell to prevent further infection by NPV.
Keyword: literature study, research development, Baculovirus

Judul: Molecular Characterization of Helicoverpa armigera Nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) Using Partial Sequences of DNA Polymerase Gene
Abstrak: Penggunaan agens hayati saat ini semakin berkembang sebagai upaya meminimalkan penggunaan pestisida sintetik. Salah satu contoh organisme yang digunakan dalam pengendalian hayati Helicoverpa armigera adalah Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV). NPV termasuk ke dalam Alphabaculovirus yang menjadi salah satu genus pada Baculoviridae. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui karakter molekuler NPV pada larva H. armigera dengan menggunakan sekuens DNA polimerase. Isolat HearNPV diperoleh dari larva H. armigera yang terinfeksi NPV dan telah diperbanyak di Laboratorium Patologi Serangga. Amplifikasi fragmen DNA polimerase HearNPV menggunakan metode PCR dengan sepasang primer forward dan reverse. Selanjutnya, analisis homologi dan filogenetika dilakukan terhadap urutan fragmen DNA polimerase untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatannya dengan isolat NPV dari negara lain yang telah terdaftar di GenBank. Hasil analisis homologi nukleotida dan asam amino menunjukkan kekerabatan tertinggi pada nukleotida sebesar 99%, sedangkan pada asam amino sebesar 97%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis filogeni, isolat HearNPV Bogor berada pada kelompok yang sama dengan NPV yang menyerang Genus Helicoverpa asal Australia, Belanda, Brazil, Cina, Jepang, Turki, India, dan Spanyol., The use of biological control is currently growing as an effort to minimize the use of synthetic pesticides. One example of an organism used in the biological control of Helicoervpa armigera is the Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV). NPV belongs to the Alphabaculovirus which is a genus in the Baculoviridae. This study aims to determine the molecular characters of NPV in H. armigera larvae using DNA polymerase sequences. HearNPV isolates were obtained from H. armigera larvae infected with NPV and have been propagated in the Insect Pathology Laboratory. Amplification of HearNPV DNA polymerase fragments using the PCR method with a pair of forward and reverse primers. Furthermore, homology and phylogenetic tests were carried out on the DNA polymerase fragment sequence to determine its kinship with NPV isolates from other countries that have been registered in GenBank. The results of nucleotide and amino acid homology analysis showed the highest kinship was at nucleotides at 99%, while at amino acids at 97%. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, the Bogor HearNPV isolate was in the same group as the NPVs that attacked the Genus Helicoverpa from Australia, the Netherlands, Brazil, China, Japan, Turkey, India and Spain.
Keyword: Baculoviridae, entomopathogen, homology, nucleotide, phylogeny

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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