Judul: Penggunaan Kultur Starter Untuk Menghambat Pertumbuhan Aspergillus flavus dan Mereduksi Aflatoksin Selama Fermentasi Grits Jagung
Abstrak: Aflatoxin is a human carcinogen produced as a secondary metabolite by Aspergillus flavus that frequently contaminates maize. Previous research indicated that spontaneous fermentation of maize grits can improve the quality of maize flour. This research aimed to develop starter cultures from indigenous microorganism isolated from spontaneous fermentation of maize and use them to improve the easiness of grinding as well as to inhibit the growth Aspergillus flavus and reduce aflatoxin during fermentation of local white corn grits varieties Pulut. The starter culture were developed using an amylolyitic Candida famata and a non amylolytic Lactobacillus plantarum found troughout corn spontaneous fermentation. Use of the starter culture for maize fermentation increased the percentage of fine flour as compared to that without fermentation. However the percentage of fine flour is similar to spontaneous fermentation. Fermentation for 72 h using mixed starter culture of L. plantarum and Candida famata resulted in the highest fine maize flour percentage (39.31%) during milling for 2 min. Single starter culture L. plantarum inhibited the growth of Aspergillus flavus the fastest after fermentation. The number of Aspergillus flavus declined for 1 log cfu/ml during 48 h fermentation. In addition, the highest reduction of aflatoxin was demonstrated by single starter culture L. plantarum. Fermentation for 72 h can reduce aflatoxin until 87.83%.
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Judul: Isolation of lactic acid and cellulolytic bacteria and their application to improve the quality of corn flour
Abstrak: Corn has the potential to be converted into flour, but the hard endosperm causing coarse particle size, corn flour also do not have a long shelf life and induce the production of mycotoxin. To overcome these problems, the milling of corn grain can be done by steeping it in the water. Steeping process caused spontaneous growth of microbes, such as lactic acid and cellulolytic bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria in the steeping process produce antimicrobial and antifungal compounds that are able to control the growth of pathogenic bacteria, spoilage bacteria, and fungi. The use of lactic acid and cellulolytic bacteria in the steeping process can soften the horny endosperm, so it can improve the corn grits to grind into fine flours. Based on the role of both microbes, the consortium of bacteria inoculated as starter in the steeping process of corn grits. It was expected that the introduction of starter would shorten the steeping time, improve the fine flour yield, and suppress the growth of undesired microbes. This study aimed to obtain isolates of indigenous lactic acid and cellulolytic bacteria from corn steeping process, and to apply them as a starter in the steeping process of corn grits to increase the quality of corn flour. The experiment conducted into three steps: analysis of microbial population dynamics in spontaneous fermentation of corn grits during steeping process, isolation and selection of lactic acid and cellulolytic bacteria, and the use of starter in the steeping process of corn grits. Population dynamics of microbes during spontaneous fermentation is the basic rule for the formulation of appropriate starter culture. The fermentation during steeping process conducted for 0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours. The amount of lactid acid bacteria increased until 48 h of steeping and the population of cellulolytic, amylolytic, and yeast increased until 36 hours. In this study, only lactic acid and cellulolytic bacteria were isolated and used as a starter. Amylolytic bacteria and yeast were not used to prevent the damage of starch, and yeasts are generally found at the end of fermentation. Seven LAB isolates and 10 cellulolytic bacteria isolates were obtained from the 48 hours of spontaneous fermentation, and 10 cellulolytic bacteria isolates from 12 hours of fermentation. Isolate E2213BAL (BAL) was lactic acid bacteria selected as the highest optical density at logarithmic phase, while isolate B2121SLT (BST) was cellulolytic bacteria with the highest enzyme activity. The use of starter in the fermentation of corn was done by steeping the corn grits in sterile distilled water containing bacterial starter. Both microbes were inoculated into steeping water according to the composition starter: control without starter (A), 106 CFU/ml of BAL:106 CFU/ml of BST (B), 106 CFU/ml of BAL:2X106 CFU/ml of BST (C) , 2X106 CFU/ml of BAL:106 CFU/ml of BST (D). During the fermentation, the number of lactic acid, cellulolytic, amylolytic bacteria, and yeast growths from inoculated fermentation (B, C, D) were higher compared to spontaneous fermentation (A). 7 During the fermentation, the pH of steep water decreased as the increasing of total acidity. Treatment D with 36 hour steeping time produced the highest
Keyword: cellulolytic bacteria, corn flour, fermentation, lactic acid bacteria

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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