Judul: Macrozoobenthic Community Structure in the Mangrove Aquatic Ecosystem of Pejarakan Village, Bali
Abstrak: Struktur komunitas makrozoobentos yang menurun biasanya menjadi indikator adanya gangguan ekosistem di perairan tersebut, hal ini disebabkan makrozoobentos mobilitas rendah serta siklus hidup relatif panjang, sehingga mampu merespon dengan segera gangguan di lingkungan secara kontinyu. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur komunitas makrozoobentos, yang mencakup komposisi jenis, kepadatan, indeks keanekaragaman, indeks keseragaman, dan indeks dominansi pada lingkungan perairan mangrove dan sekitarnya di Desa Pejarakan, Bali. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan September 2022, Januari 2023, September 2023 dan Januari 2024 dengan enam titik stasiun pengamatan, yang mewakili inlet tambak, outlet tambak dan area mangrove. Sampel bentos diambil menggunakan Van Veen Grab serta dilakukan pengukuran kualitas air secara insitu. Data dianalisis menggunakan struktur komunitas, PCA, indeks similaritas Bray-Curtis, serta AMBI dan M-AMBI. Makrozoobentos di lokasi penelitian tersusun atas lima filum. Kepadatan tertinggi pada Januari 2024 yaitu 289 ind/m2. Indeks keanekaragaman (H’) rendah-sedang (1,99 3,17), keseragaman (E) tinggi (0,69-0,96), dominanasi (C) rendah-sedang (0,13-0,38). Analisis PCA menunjukkan persebaran makrozoobentos dipengaruhi oleh parameter kekeruhan dan TSS. Analisis AMBI menunjukkan dominan makrozoobentos bersifat umum dengan nilai AMBI berkisar 0,62-1,29., Decreased macrozoobenthic community structure is usually an indicator of ecosystem disturbance in these waters, this is due to macrozoobenthic low mobility and a relatively longlife cycle, so that it is able to respond immediately to continuous disturbances in the environment. This research aims to analyze macrozoobenthic community structure, which includes genera composition, density, diversity index, evenness index, and dominance index in the mangrove ecosystem waters and its surroundings in Pejarakan Village, Bali. This research was conducted in September 2022, January 2023, September 2023 and January 2024 with six observation stations representing shrimp pond inlet, outlet, and mangrove area. Benthos samples were taken using a VanVeen Grab and water quality measurements were carried out in-situ. Data were analyzed using community structure, PCA, Bray-Curtis similarity index, and AMBI and M-AMBI. The macrozoobenthos at the research location is composed of five phyla. The highest density will be in January 2024, (289 ind/m2). Diversity index (H') is low-medium (1.99-3.17), uniformity (E) is high (0,69-0,96), dominance (C) is low medium (0,13-0,38). PCA analysis shows that the distribution of macrozoobenthos is influenced by turbidity and TSS parameters. AMBI analysis shows that the dominant macrozoobenthos is general with AMBI values ranging from 0,62-1,29.
Keyword: struktur komunitas, makrozoobentos, Desa Pejarakan, community structure, macrozoobenthos, Pejarakan Village

Judul: Community Structure and Distribution of Macrozoobenthos in Bojonegara Coastal Waters, Banten Bay, Indonesia
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui struktur komunitas dan distribusi makrozoobentos di perairan pantai Bojonegara, Teluk Banten. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama lima bulan pada bulan Januari, Februari, Agustus, September dan Oktober 2020 di enam titik stasiun. Pengambilan sampel makrozoobentos dilakukan menggunakan Van Veen Grab, sedangkan pengambilan data parameter fisik kimia perairan dilakukan secara in-situ dan eks- situ. Struktur komunitas makrozoobentos didapatkan melalui analisis kepadatan, komposisi jenis, indeks keanekaragaman, indeks keseragaman dan indeks dominansi. Hubungan makrozoobentos dengan lingkungan dianalisis menggunakan PCA dan indeks similaritas. Makrozoobentos yang diperoleh selama penelitian terdiri dari 6 filum (Moluska, Annelida, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Nematoda, dan Sipuncula), 8 kelas dan 77 genera, di antaranya Bivalvia (18) , Gastropoda (37), Polychaeta (12), Malacostraca (4), Echinoidea (2), dan masing- masing 1 genera untuk Chromadorea, Scapopoda, dan Sipunculidea. Kelas Bivalvia dan Gastropoda merupakan jenis makrozoobentos yang ditemukan di seluruh stasiun. Analisis Komponen Utama (PCA) menunjukkan adanya korelasi positif antara Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Sipunculidea dengan parameter kecerahan dan salinitas. Echinoidea dan Scapopoda dipengaruhi oleh parameter suhu, sedangkan Polychaeta, Malacostraca dan Chromadorea dipengaruhi oleh parameter pH., The study aims to determine the community structure and distribution of macrozoobenthos in the coastal waters of Bojonegara, Banten Bay. The study was conducted for five months in January, February, August, September and October 2020 on six stations. Macrozoobenthos sampling was carried out using Van Veen Grab, while the physical and chemical parameters of the waters were observed in situ and ex-situ. The community structure of macrozoobenthos was obtained by analyzing the density, species composition, diversity index, evenness index and dominance index. The relationship of macrozoobenthos with the environment was analyzed using PCA and the similarity index. The results of the study showing that there were 6 phyla belong to macrozoobenthos (Molluscs, Annelids, Arthropods, Echinoderms, Nematodes, and Sipuncula), 8 classes and 77 genera, namely; Bivalvia (18), Gastropoda (37), Polychaeta (12), Malacostraca (4), Echinoidea (2), and respectively 1 genus for Chromadorea, Scapopoda, and Sipunculidea. The class of Bivalvia and Gastropoda were types of macrozoobenthos that mostly found at all stations. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed a positive correlation between Bivalves, Gastropods, Sipunculidea with transparency and salinity parameters. Echinoidea and Scapopoda were influenced by temperature parameters, while, Polychaeta, Malacostraca and Chromadorea were influenced by pH parameters.
Keyword: Banten Bay, community structure, macrozoobenthos, PCA, Banten Bay, community structure, macrozoobenthos, PCA

Judul: Formulasi TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem) menggunakan ILP (Integer Linear Programming)
Abstrak: TSP is a journey of salesman f?om his origin town (place) to visit n-cities (places) only at once, then return to his origin town (place) with a minimum total distance. Its purpose is to minimize the operating expense that is released by the company. Vehicle route at TSP in the form of a Hamiltonian cycle, that is closed path containing all nodes at the graph which representing a network walk. Its problem is to determine a journey route which is feasible (possibly can be passed by) in such a way the vehicle travelled distance passed the route is minimum.
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