Judul: Evaluasi Penurunan Serat Kasar dan Peningkatan Nilai Kecernaan Bungkil Kelapa Dengan Penambahan Enzim Cairan Rumen Domba Sebagai Bahan Baku Pakan Ikan Mas Cyprinus carpio
Abstrak: The objectives of this work were to evaluate the roles of sheep rumen liquor enzymes on its capability to reduce the crude fiber contant and enhance the apperent digestibility of coconut cake meal (BK) for common carp Cyprinus carpio. The work comprised by two stages experiments. In experiment I, BK was hydrolized with 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, or 125 ml enzymes/kg BK for 0, 12, and 24 hours, respectively. Thereafter, proximate compositions of BK were analyzed. In experiment II, hydrolyzed BK (BKe) contained the least crude fiber content from the result of experiment I was tested for its digestibility. It was found that BK hydrolyzed with 125 ml enzymes/kg BK for 24 hours had the lowest value of crude fiber content, and highest value of glucose content. In this treatment, crude fiber content was decreased from 14,34% to 6,98%, while the glucose content was increased from 0,014% to 0,464%. The apparent digestibility of BKe was found to be higher than BK. The total digestibility, protein carp was 63,92% and 54,58%, 79,53% and 65,17%, 72,2% and 49,17% for BKe and BK, respectively. It was concluded that sheep rumen liquor enzymes could reduce the crude fiber content of BK, and enhance its apparent digestibility for carp Cyprinus carpio.
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Judul: The Effectivity Test of Sheep Rumen Liquor Enzyme Added to Palm Kernel Meal on Its Apparent Digestibility Coefficient for Catfish Pangasius hypopthalmus
Abstrak: Pemanfaatan bahan pakan lokal sebagai pakan alternatif telah banyak dilakukan. Sumber bahan pakan altenatif yang mempunyai potensi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pakan ikan adalah hasil-hasil ikutan produk agro industri dan salah satunya adalah bungkil kelapa sawit (BKS). Namun, kandungan serat kasar yang tinggi pada bungkil sawit yaitu mencapai 18,33% - 21,3% menyebabkan bahan baku tersebut perlu diolah lagi agar dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku pakan ikan karena ikan mempunyai keterbatasan dalam mencerna serat kasar. Upaya pengolahan yang telah berkembang di bidang peternakan adalah pemanfaatan cairan rumen untuk menurunkan kandungan serat kasar bahan pakan. Cairan rumen domba merupakan salah satu sumber bahan alternatif yang murah dan dapat dimanfaatkan dengan mudah sebagai sumber enzim hidrolase. Penggunaan enzim cairan rumen domba diharapkan dapat menurunkan kadar serat kasar BKS dan dengan demikian BKS akan dapat menjadi sumber pakan alternatif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi penambahan enzim cairan rumen domba dalam menurunkan kandungan serat kasar bungkil kelapa sawit (BKS) dan nilai kecernaan BKS yang telah dihidrolisis dengan enzim cairan rumen domba sebagai pakan benih ikan patin siam. Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua tahap yaitu tahap pertama menguji enzim cairan rumen domba 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 dan 100 ml/kg selama 0, 12 dan 24 jam dalam menurunkan serat kasar pada BKS dengan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial dan tahap kedua menguji kecernaan bungkil kelapa sawit yang telah ditambahkan enzim cairan rumen domba (BKSe) perlakuan terbaik hasil penelitian tahap pertama. Rancangan penelitian tahap kedua adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 perlakuan pakan yang telah ditambahkan indikator Cr2O3. Pakan yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah pakan acuan (100% pakan komersil), pakan uji A (70% pakan komersil : 30% BKSe) dan B (70% pakan komersil : 30% BKS) dengan 3 ulangan. Ikan yang digunakan 10 ekor benih ikan patin siam (Pangasius hypopthalmus) dengan bobot rata-rata 20 g/ekor yang dipelihara dalam fiber dengan volume air 80 liter. Pemberian pakan secara at satiation dengan frekuensi pemberian 3 kali per hari. Feses dikumpulkan selama 15 hari pemeliharaan untuk dianalisis kandungan nutrisinya. Analisis proksimat dilakukan pada pakan dan feses untuk diukur nilai kecernaannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan enzim cairan rumen domba berpengaruh nyata terhadap penurunan kadar serat kasar BKS dengan volume enzim 100 ml/kg selama 24 jam inkubasi dapat menurunkan kadar serat kasar dari 16.06% menjadi 6.99% dan pakan A (30% BKSe). Penurunan kadar serat kasar BKS yang dihidrolisis dengan enzim cairan rumen selama 24 jam adalah sebesar 56,97%., Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the hydrolysis of fiber content in palm kernel meal (PKM) by sheep rumen liquor enzyme and to know apparent digestibility coefficient of hydrolyzed PKM for catfish Pangasius hypopthalmus. The first trial examined effectivity of sheep rumen liquor enzyme to decrease crude fiber content of PKM. Volume of sheep rumen liquor enzyme was 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 ml/kg PKM and incubated for 0, 12 and 24 hours. A factorial completely randomized experimental design consisted of 2 variables and triplicates were selected. The second trial was done to evaluate apparent digestibility coefficients of hydrolized PKM for catfish Pangasius hypopthalmus. Apparent digestibility coefficients were determined using chromic oxide indicator
Keyword: Apparent digestibility coefficient, Catfish, Palm kernel meal, Sheep rumen liquor enzyme, Digestibilyti

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite