Judul: Uji Efektivitas Madu dari Empat Spesies Lebah Berbeda sebagai Agen Antibakteri.
Abstrak: Banyak penyakit yang diakibatkan oleh bakteri. Pengobatan infeksi dapat dilakukan dengan memberikan antibakteri pada luka. Salah satu antibakteri alami adalah madu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis efektivitas madu sebagai agen antibakteri. Bakteri target yang digunakan adalah Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442. Uji antibakteri terdiri dari 4 tahap yaitu uji disk, uji viabilitas, uji pH dan uji proksimat. Hasil uji antimikroba menunjukkan bahwa madu TG1_PND yang berasal dari Stingless Bee memiliki aktivitas antibakteri tertinggi dibanding madu lainnya. Hasil uji viabilitas menunjukkan ketiga bakteri mengalami penghambatan pertumbuhan terbaik dalam konsentrasi madu 100%. Adapun kandungan pH madu diuji melalui pengukuran menggunakan pH meter dan diketahui bahwa madu dengan kode TG1_PND memiliki pH terendah yaitu 2,7. Kandungan air pada madu dapat memengaruhi kualitas madu dan pertumbuhan mikroba., Many diseases are caused by bacteria. Treatment of infection can be done by giving antibacterial to the wound. One natural antibacterial is honey.The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential of honey as an antibacterial. The target bacteria used were Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442. The test consisted of 4 stages, namely disk test, viability test, pH test and proximate test. The antibacterial test results showed that TG1_PND honey from Stingless Bee had the highest antibacterial activity compared to other honeys. The results of the viability test showed that the three bacteria experienced the best growth inhibition in 100% honey concentration. The pH content of honey was tested by measuring using a pH meter and it was found that honey with the code TG1_PND had the lowest pH of 2.7. Water content in honey can affect honey quality and microbial growth.
Keyword: Antibakteri, Bakteri, Madu, Penghambatan, antibacterial, bacteria, honey, inhibition

Judul: Diastase Enzyme Activity and Antibacterial Effectiveness to Gastroenteritis by Apis mellifera Honey from Indonesia
Abstrak: Kualitas madu monoflora (Apis mellifera) sebagai antibakteri dapat dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas enzim diastase dan metabolit sekunder sumber nektar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan aktivitas enzim diastase dan efektivitas madu monoflora yang berasal dari lebah Apis mellifera sebagai antibakteri alami terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, dan Salmonella typhi. Metode pengambilan sampel madu monoflora dari sembilan sumber nektar yang berbeda (akasia, kaliandra, rambutan, kayu putih, randu, mangga, kopi robusta 1, kopi robusta 2, dan karet) dilakukan dengan menentukan nilai diastase menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis dan zona hambat bakteri menggunakan cakram difusi. Analisis multivariatif kadar brix, aktivitas enzim diastase, dan antibakteri menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas enzim diastase tertinggi sebesar 20,00 DN pada madu mangga, rambutan, dan kopi robusta 2, sedangkan terendah sebesar 4,00 DN pada madu kaliandra. Aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus tertinggi sebesar 19,47 mm pada madu kopi robusta 2, terhadap E. coli sebesar 27,93 mm pada madu randu, dan terhadap S. typhi sebesar 18,53 mm pada madu kopi robusta 2. Nilai konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) tehadap bakteri yang diuji sebesar 8 µg/mL pada madu akasia, kayu putih, randu, kopi robsuta 1, dan kopi robusta 2. Analisis klasterisasi berdasarkan kadar brix, aktivitas enzim diastase, dan antibakteri yaitu klaster 1 (kaliandra); klaster 2 (akasia, kayu putih, randu, kopi robusta 1); klaster 3 (mangga, rambutan, kopi robusta 2); klaster 4 (karet)., The quality of monoflora honey (Apis mellifera) as an antibacterial can be influenced by the activity of the diastase enzyme and the secondary metabolites of the nectar source. This study aims to compare the activity of the diastase enzyme and the effectiveness of monoflora honey derived from Apis mellifera bees as a natural antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. The sampling method for monoflora honey from nine different nectar sources (acacia, calliandra, rambutan, eucalyptus, randu, mango, robusta coffee 1, robusta coffee 2, and rubber) was carried out by determining the diastase value using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the bacterial inhibition zone using the diffusion disc. Multivariate analysis of brix content, diastase enzyme and antibacterial activity using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that the highest diastase enzyme activity was 20.00 DN in mango, rambutan, and robusta coffee 2 honeys, while the lowest was 4.00 DN in calliandra honey. The highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus was 19.47 mm in robusta coffee 2 honey, against E. coli was 27.93 mm in randu honey, and against S. typhi was 18.53 mm in robusta coffee 2 honey. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the tested bacteria were 8 g/mL on acacia honey, eucalyptus, randu, robsuta coffee 1, and robsuta coffee 2. Clusterization analysis was based on brix content, diastase enzyme activity, and antibacterial activity, namely cluster 1 (calliandra); cluster 2 (acacia, eucalyptus, randu, robusta coffee 1); cluster 3 (mango, rambutan, robusta coffee 2); and cluster 4 (rubber).
Keyword: antibakteri, enzim diastase, madu Apis mellifera, antibacterial, diastase enzyme, Apis mellifera honey

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite