Judul: Relasi Kuasa dalam Pengelolaan Sampah di TPA Cipayung Kota Depok
Abstrak: Waste problems faced by the city of Depok such as the accumulation of garbage in some areas of the city Depok due to illegal waste disposal, yet garbage management in landfills and waste disposal in waterbodies across the Depok city. This would be a serious problem because of the production of waste increase every day. Objectives of this study were (1) to analyzethe role of the actors in the way of power in the field of waste management, Depok city, (2) Mapping of actors and interests in waste management, and (3) analyze the relationship and power based actors involved in waste management in Depok area. The results showed that many of the parties involved in waste management, ranging from household or individual persons. The actors interact with each other, intertwined among actors with each other. Each actor can be in the form of individuals or institutions or organizations. Activities of these actors, as well as the relationships between each other, influenced conditions of handling waste. Interests of the parties/actors involved in waste management, as well as the reason why away of handling garbage chosen by individuals/actors, thus affecting the physical appearance of the city of waste side. People cannot wait because the garbage produced everyday, so that using the powers that be in access; the people throw trash on the roadside, unused land and on the river bank/riparian times. There is no one system that can integrate waste management practices, ranging from the source of the waste to landfills. Segmentalisation of handling the waste created as the creativity of the actors in order to exercise power to ensure continuity of interests. Power relations at the level of waste management policy, has shown that the main tasks and functions, as a product of government policy has led to be some waste handled by the agency. But thelinkage/relationship between institutions that are connected by trash, opening opportunities such agencies competing for power imbalances in the control infrastructure, are also strained relations between institutions because of the border and levies.
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Judul: Relasi Kuasa dalam Pengelolaan Sampah di TPA Cipayung Kota Depok
Abstrak: Waste problems faced by the city of Depok such as the accumulation of garbage in some areas of the city Depok due to illegal waste disposal, yet garbage management in landfills and waste disposal in waterbodies across the Depok city. This would be a serious problem because of the production of waste increase every day. Objectives of this study were (1) to analyzethe role of the actors in the way of power in the field of waste management, Depok city, (2) Mapping of actors and interests in waste management, and (3) analyze the relationship and power based actors involved in waste management in Depok area. The results showed that many of the parties involved in waste management, ranging from household or individual persons. The actors interact with each other, intertwined among actors with each other. Each actor can be in the form of individuals or institutions or organizations. Activities of these actors, as well as the relationships between each other, influenced conditions of handling waste. Interests of the parties/actors involved in waste management, as well as the reason why away of handling garbage chosen by individuals/actors, thus affecting the physical appearance of the city of waste side. People cannot wait because the garbage produced everyday, so that using the powers that be in access; the people throw trash on the roadside, unused land and on the river bank/riparian times. There is no one system that can integrate waste management practices, ranging from the source of the waste to landfills. Segmentalisation of handling the waste created as the creativity of the actors in order to exercise power to ensure continuity of interests. Power relations at the level of waste management policy, has shown that the main tasks and functions, as a product of government policy has led to be some waste handled by the agency. But thelinkage/relationship between institutions that are connected by trash, opening opportunities such agencies competing for power imbalances in the control infrastructure, are also strained relations between institutions because of the border and levies.
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Judul: Evaluation of Influenza Antibody Titers in Serum and Egg Yolk of Layers Vaccinated with Influenza Vaccines.
Abstrak: Influenza belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family which causes upper and lower respiratory tract infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate influenza-A specific antibody titers from serum and egg yolk of hens vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Three Hy-line Brown layers were vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza type A and B inactivated vaccines. Vaccination was carried out three times at a dose of 0.25 ml/chicken via the intramuscular route. The first vaccination was carried out at 24 weeks of age, then boosters were performed at 28 and 32 weeks of age. Serum and egg yolk were collected every week for 20 weeks since the first vaccination. Influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 antibody titers were determined using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and agar-gel-precipitation (AGP) test. Influenza-A H3N2 and H1N1 specific antibodies were detected in both serum and egg yolk from the first to twenty weeks after the initial vaccination. Highest HI geometric mean titer (GMT) of H1N1 antibody reached 26.67 HIU at nine weeks post first vaccination (p.f.v), while H3N2 antibody reached 26 HIU at six weeks p.f.v. Our result showed that influenza antibodies can be produced in layers using quadrivalent vaccines and layer chickens are able to produce equivalent antibody levels for each influenza subtype.
Keyword: antibody, egg yolk, influenza, layer chickens, serum