Judul: Model pertumbuhan pengeluaran publik dengan pendekatan fungsi logistik
Abstrak: Economic growth can be detected from increasing ratio between public expenditure with national income. Some theories can be applied to explain this ratio level as well as public expenditure per capita, i.e. Wagner’s Law and Pigou’s Conjecture. Wagner’s Law is an exponential model of growth process from ratio between public expenditure with national income. While Pigou’s Conjecture describes that tax excess could act as a brake for public commodity supplies. The economic growth will be modeled in this paper by combining Wagner’s Law and Pigou’s Conjecture. The model is a nonlinear differential equation of the ratio. This equation is also known as Verhulst’s logistic equation. Logistic equation is an equation that describes population growth in an environment with considering environment’s limited support capability. Integration of Verhulst’s equation produces an S-curve. Further more, Wagner’s Law and Pigou’s Conjecture are combined and applied to illustrate the economic growth model of some developed countries (America, Italy, Germany, France, and England) as well as Indonesia. The resulted models are in the form of S-curve described earlier, which tends to increase and converge to a certain level. Therefore, combination of Wagner’s Law and Pigou’s Conjecture is suitable to model the data being observed and can be used to analyze dynamics of public expenditure.
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Judul: Pengaruh Surplus Primer, Tingkat Pajak, dan Investasi Publik terhadap Modal dan Utang Publik dalam Model Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
Abstrak: Economic growth of a country is stable if the state economic growth is sustainable. It means that public capital and public debt of economic are in balance. In this work, the influence of three factors into two components, there are public capital and public debt. The factors are the influence of the primary surplus, the tax rate, and the public investment. The economic growth model studied was assumed in such a way that the primary surplus of GDP ratio is a positive linear function of the public debt. A simulation conducted in this study is divided into three cases i.e,: the effect of the primary surplus to public capital and public debt, the effect of the tax rate on public capital and public debt, and the effect of public investment on public capital and public debt. The simulation results showed that stable economic growth rate occurred when all of these three factors increased. The increase causes the public debt get decreased even reached the situation with no public debt and public capital increased. As a consequence, the public capital can be used for public investment.
Keyword: public debt, tax rate, primary surplus, public capital, public investment

Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship