Judul: Histopathology of Rat Liver Induced Subcutaneously by DMBA as Carcinogen and Treated with Nanoemulsion of Rodent Tuber Extract
Abstrak: Keladi tikus adalah tanaman herbal yang ekstraknya diketahui memiliki khasiat antitumor. Ekstrak keladi tikus dibuat dalam bentuk nanoemulsi untuk meningkatkan efektivitas antitumornya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek nanoemulsi pada hati tikus secara mikroskopis. Dua puluh lima ekor tikus yang sudah terinduksi tumor kulit oleh 7,12-dimetilbenz(a)antrasen dibagi ke dalam 5 kelompok yaitu: kontrol negatif (Kneg); plasebo (Kplas) yang diberi pelarut nanoemulsi; K25 yang diberi nanoemulsi dosis 25 μg/kg bobot badan (BB); K50 yang diberi nanoemulsi dosis 50 μg/kg BB; dan K100 yang diberi nanoemulsi 100 μg/kg BB. Tikus disuntikkan pelarut dan nanoemulsi secara subkutan pada lokasi tumor tiga kali seminggu selama empat minggu, kemudian dieutanasia dan diambil organ hatinya. Organ hati dibuat preparat histopatologi dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin, dianalisis dengan pembesaran objektif 10x. Analisis histopatologi memperlihatkan perubahan kongesti, vakuolisasi sel, dan dilatasi. Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis dilanjutkan uji Dunn menunjukkan perbedaan nyata pada luas daerah kongesti (p < 0,05) antara perlakuan Kneg-K50, Kneg-K100, dan Kplas-K100, sedangkan luas vakuolisasi sel dan daerah dilatasi tidak berbeda nyata (p > 0,05). Luas daerah kongesti menunjukkan peningkatan pada K25–K100. Daerah dilatasi menunjukkan peningkatan rataan signifikan pada K100 dibandingkan Kneg–K50. Perubahan memiliki kecenderungan ditemukan di zona centrilobular yang tinggi aktivitas metabolisme xenobiotik. Diduga perubahan kongesti dan dilatasi disebabkan oleh akumulasi xenobiotik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus dapat menyebabkan kongesti dan dilatasi ringan pada hati tikus; nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus relatif tidak toksik pada sel hati tikus., Rodent tuber is an herbal plant known for its antitumor properties. Rodent tuber extract is formulated into nanoemulsion to enhance its effectiveness against tumours. This study aimed to microscopically analyse the effect of rodent tuber extract nanoemulsion on rat liver. Twenty-five rats induced with skin tumor by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene were divided into five groups: negative control (Kneg); placebo (Kplas); K25, which received 25 μg/kg body weight (BW) of nanoemulsion; K50, which received 50 μg/kg BW of nanoemulsion; and K100, which received 100 μg/kg BW of nanoemulsion. The rats were injected with solvent and nanoemulsion subcutaneously into the tumor three times a week for four weeks, euthanized, and the livers were collected. The liver tissues were prepared for histopathological examination using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining and analyzed at 10x objective magnification to measure changes in congestion, cell vacuolization, and dilation. Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s test, showed a significant difference in congestion area (p < 0,05) between treatment Kneg-K50, Kneg-K100, and Kplas-K100, while cell vacuolization and dilation area did not show significant difference (p > 0,05). The congestion area increased in K25–K100. The dilation area showed a significant increase in K100 compared to Kneg–K50. Changes in this study tend to be found in the centrilobular zone, which has high activity for xenobiotic metabolism. It is suspected that the accumulation of xenobiotics caused congestion and dilation. The result of this study indicates that the nanoemulsion can cause mild congestion and dilation in rat liver; rodent tuber extract nanoemulsion is relatively non-toxic to hepatocytes.
Keyword: histopathology, liver, nanoparticle, rat, rodent tuber

Judul: Histopathology of Rat Heart Induced by DMBA  Subcutaneously as Carcinogen and Treated with Nanoemulsion of Rodent Tuber Extract
Abstrak: Keladi tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme) merupakan tanaman yang mengandung senyawa flavonoid, tanin, alkaloid, dan terpenoid dengan aktivitas antikanker secara in vitro maupun in vivo. Sebagai pengembangan potensi antitumor yang ada, maka ekstak keladi tikus dikembangkan dalam bentuk nanoemulsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efek nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus pada jantung tikus. Penelitian ini menggunakan 25 ekor tikus yang diinjeksi karsinogen DMBA (7,12-dimethylben[a]anthracene) secara subkutan dengan dosis 25 µg/0,05 mL/ekor dua kali seminggu selama dua belas minggu. Tikus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan yaitu: kontrol negatif (Kneg); pelarut nanoemulsi 0,1 mL (Kplas); dan tiga kelompok perlakuan injeksi nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus dengan dosis 25 µg/kg BB (K25); 50 µg/kg BB (K50); dan 100 µg/kg BB (K100) secara intratumoral. Tikus dieutanasia kemudian jantung dikoleksi dan dibuat preparat histopatologi dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin–Eosin (HE) dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop dengan pembesaran 10x. Variabel yang diamati adalah persentase luas dari edema interstisial, hemoragi, dan nekrosis. Hasil uji Kruskall- Wallis menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan nyata (p > 0,05) pada variabel yang diamati di kelima kelompok perlakuan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus tidak memberikan efek toksik terhadap jantung tikus secara histologis dalam semua dosis., Rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme) is a plant that contains flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid and terpenoid compounds with anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. To enhance its antitumor potential, rodent tuber extract was developed into nanoemulsion. This research aimed to analyze the effect of nanoemulsion of rodent tuber extract on rat heart. This study used 25 rats induced by carcinogen DMBA (7,12-dymethylbenz(a)anthracene) subcutaneously at dosage of 25 µg/0,05 mL/rat twice a week for twelve weeks. Rat that showed visible and palpable nodule were then treated. Rat were divided into five groups: negative control group (Kneg); nanoemulsion solvent 0,1 mL (Kplas); and three treatment groups receiving nanoparticle emulsion of rodent tuber extract at dosage of 25µg/kg BB (K25); 50 µg/kg BB (K50); and 100 µg/kg BB (K100) intratumorally. Rat were euthanized, then heart were collected for histopathological examination using Hematoxylin–Eosin (HE) staining and analyzed under microscope at 10x magnification. The variable observed were area percentage of edema interstitial, haemorrhage, and necrosis. Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant diferences (p > 0,05) in the observed variables among all groups. This study indicates that nanoemulsion of rodent tuber extract has no toxic effects on the rat heart histologically in all doses.
Keyword: antitumor, heart, in vivo, nanoparticle, Typhonium flagelliforme

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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