Judul: Optimation Formula Yoghurt of Goat Milk and Mushroom with Mixture Design and Potential Functional Properties
Abstrak: Etawah Breed goat milk has not been widely consumed in Indonesia because it has distinctive characteristic of prengus smell so that it is not appreciated by the public, and the lack of public knowledge concerning the benefits of goat’s milk. Milk fermentation process causes the formation of distinctive flavor as the result of activities from lactic acid bacteria, such as acetaldehyde and diacetyl compounds that can reduce or even eliminate the prengus smell. Conventionally, the bacteria commonly used in the formulation of yoghurt were Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus. However, it was later discovered that the bacteria are not sufficient to maintain the health of digestive tract. To increase the functional value of the yoghurt product, probiotic bacteria should be added. Lactobacillus acidophilus is one of probiotic bacteria that can be added in the making of yoghurt. White oyster mushrooms and shiitake mushrooms are two types of mushrooms well known by the people of Indonesia with affordable prices and potential prebiotic. The fiber and polysaccharides content in these two mushrooms, makes the mushrooms as potential prebiotic. Probiotic yoghurt enriched with the addition of prebiotics produces the product known as synbiotic yoghurt. The formulation of yoghurt can be performed by adding full cream and skim milk. Mixture design is a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques that are useful on modeling and analysis of the problem of the response that is influenced by several variables. The method serves to determine the optimum formula. Indonesia has a huge wealth of biodiversity, including medicinal plants and spices. The spices that have been known for a long time in Indonesia are ginger, cloves, anise and cinnamon. The addition taste in the form of spices syrup into yoghurt, will create a new taste variations. This research aims to assess the formulation of goat milk yoghurt to get the optimum formula using mixture design and determining the functional characteristics of yoghurt optimum formula based on resistance to gastric pH, antimicrobial activity based on E. coli, and amino acid content. This research also aims to examine the effects of spices syrup addition on the preference of the yoghurt. The result showed that the optimum formula was a mixture of 0.5% white oyster mushroom, 3% skim milk, 96% goat skim milk. The optimum formula has pH of 4.30, viscosity of 6200 cP, total titrated acid 1.08%, lactic acid bacteria 1.1 x 1010 cfu/ml. For a functional food criteria of 9.5 x 105 cfu/ml the yoghurt resists based on gastrointestinal tract pH, has 10.9 mm antimicrobial activity based on E.coli and content amino acid. The result of hedonic test that the addition of spices syrup as a topping that the highest score of the taste properties were 4.37 for 4 ml addition of ginger syrup; 4.13 for 6 ml addition of mixture of cloves-cardamom-anise syrup, and 4.23 for 6 ml addition of mixture of cloves-cardamom-cinnamon syrup. Based on these results, the consumer preference was still at the level of netral.
Keyword: goat milk, lactic acid bacteria, mixture design, mushrooms, yoghurt

Judul: Study the manufacturing goat milk yoghurt and diversification taste with spices syrup
Abstrak: The research aims to make a set of goat milk yogurt and diversification taste of the best formula with syrup made from spices through the test characteristics of sensory, physical, chemical, and microbiological. Formulation of goat milk yogurt is Esa15 (ratio of Etawah goat’s milk and Saanen goat’s milk 1:5, starter culture ratio of 1:1), K11 (goat's milk without the addition of skim milk, starter culture ratio of 1:1), K23 (goat's milk without the addition of skim milk, starter culture ratio of 2:3), K32 (goat's milk without the addition of skim milk, a comparison of culture starter 3:2), KS11 (goat's milk with the addition of skim milk, starter culture ratio of 1:1), KS23 (goat's milk with the addition of skim milk, starter culture ratio of 2:3), and KS32 (goat milk with the addition of skim milk, comparison of starter cultures 3:2). The results of the hedonic test showed that selected one formula goat milk yogurt that is most preferred by panelists is KS32. KS32 formula of goat milk yogurt used for diversification taste with the addition of spices syrup. Spice syrup formula consists of ginger syrup, CKA syrup (cloves, cardamom, anise), and CKK syrup (cloves, cardamom, cinnamon). Furthermore the stability for yogurt made goat's milk without the addition of syrup (plain) and goat's milk yogurt with the addition of syrup is determined. Based on observations, the selected formula indicating a decrease of pH, increased total solid soluble, and a decrease of total lactic acid bacteria in yogurt during storage in 10oC and safe for consumption for 15 days. The yogurt contains moisture content ranged from 81.58 to 83.19% (wet basis), carbohydrate content ranged from 8.99 to 10.91% (wet basis), protein content ranged from 4.05 to 4,63% (wet basis), fat content ranged from 2.60 to 2.65% (wet basis), and ash content ranged from 0.78 to 0.82% (wet basis).
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Judul: Kerusakan bantalan rel kereta api di wilaya inspeksi 2 jalan dan bangunan perusahaan jawatan kereta api (pjka),cirebon
Abstrak: Kereta api merupakan salah satu sarana angkutan yang murah, cepat dan aman serta dapat mengangkut barang dalam jumlah besar. Kelancaran operasi sarana angkutan tersebut banyak ditentukan oleh kondisi jalan rel, termasuk kondisi bantalannya. Dalam hal ini bantalan rel kereta api dapat dibuat dari kayu, logam, atau beton. Namun demikian kayu merupakan bahan yang paling banyak digunakan sebagai pembuat bantalan rel kereta api di berbagai negara. Kenyataan menunjukkan bahwa kayu yang digunakan sebagai bantalan rel kereta api sering mengalami berbagai macam kerusakan yang menyebabkan bantalan tidak berfungsi lagi atau menurun fungsinya. Di Indonesia, informasi mengenai jenis dan tingkat kerusakan bantalan kayu masih sangat kurang, pada- hal informasi tersebut sangat penting sebagai dasar pertimbangan dalam rangka pemeliharaan jalan kereta api, agar umur pakainya (service life) lebih lama.
Keyword: bantalan rel