Judul: Technology Innovation Adoption to Improve the Performance of Dairy Small-Medium Enterprises: Case Study in Pangalengan-Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia
Abstrak: SMEs have an important role as the backbone of the economy in Indonesia. SMEs contribute significantly to the GDP, which amounts approximately to 60 percent and the number of workers absorbed by the sector stood at 97 percent of the total available workforce. However, there are several challenges faced by the SMEs in developing countries, such as sourcing financial capital, human resource competency and technology adoption. The majority of SMEs in Indonesia still apply traditional practices in terms of production processes and marketing, which indicates the low level of technology adopted. This condition is also observed in the Indonesia dairy sector. Pangalengan is a sub-district of Bandung Regency that serves as the centre of milk production in West Java. There are many establishments of SMEs of dairy products producing milk caramel, milk nougat, milk dodol, and milk crackers. Initially, the smallholder dairy farmers’ motivation was to utilize the fresh milk that could not be absorbed by the milk processing plant due to quality issues. Most of dairy SMEs in Pangalengan were lack of technology adoption and GMP implementation, with resulting inconsistency in the quality of the product and limited area of product distribution. This has resulted in the product’s low marketability when compared with the milk candy found in the national market which consists of mainly imported products. This study intends to explore the conditions and the problems of the production and quality of the product faced by the Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of dairy products in Pangalengan-Bandung Regency and to propose the technology that might be accepted and adopted to address the problem in the framework of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). The outputs of this study are recommendations on the technology adoption to improve the quality of the products and identification of factors that may influence the adoption of technology innovation by the dairy SMEs. The conceptual frameworks that are used in this study consist of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and the perceivable attributes of innovation in the theory of innovation adoption by Rogers (2003). This research takes the form of an exploratory case study because it aims to explore the condition of SMEs of dairy products in Pangalengan-Bandung Regency with the conceptual framework of Good Manufacturing Practices and technology innovation adoption theory. The data were collected by doing literature study, field observations in the SMEs of dairy products and conducting interviews with the five respondents. This research recommends the technology adoption that might be acceptable and adopted by the dairy SMEs to address the problem as follow: (1) Establishing a process control system. A Process control system for the SMEs can be achieved by establishing: the raw material specification, the raw material composition and formulation, SOP of production process, SOP of personal hygiene and SOP of sanitation; (2) Introduction of processing machinery for key processing stage, such as manual mixing to be replaced by the mechanically operated mixer, moulding and cutting machines, and the use of boiling pans equipped with the thermocouple; (3) Improvement of the product’s packaging to enhance protection of the product thus will extend the shelf life.
Keyword: dairy SME, milk caramel, quality improvement, technology innovation adoption

Judul: The Effect of Socio-Institutional Factors on the Adoption of Teat Dipping Technology in Koperasi Peternak Sapi Cianjur Utara
Abstrak: Kontribusi subsektor peternakan dalam PDB sektor pertanian setiap tahunnya cukup tinggi dan berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan perekonomian nasional. Peningkatan konsumsi susu dalam memenuhi kebutuhan susu dalam negeri membuat peternak berupaya mengadopsi teknologi agar meningkatkan produksi dan kualitas susu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh faktor socio institutional terhadap adopsi teknologi celup puting yang dilakukan setelah pemerahan berfungsi untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan produksi susu sapi perah. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dan regresi logistik yang diperoleh melalui wawancara dan kuesioner terdiri dari komponen adopsi teknologi, karakteristik sosial ekonomi serta socio-instutional pada aspek pelayanan kesehatan hewan, market orientation, stakeholder network yang didapatkan peternak dalam tiga tahun terakhir. Hasil analisis menujukkan karakteristik sosial ekonomi peternak mayoritas peternak berusia produktif, tingkat pendidikan SD, mengikuti pendidikan informal, memiliki anggota keluarga lebih besar dari tiga orang, memiliki hewan ternak lebih kecil sama dengan enam ekor, dan berpendapatan rendah. Pada analisis regresi logistik dalam faktor jumlah tanggungan keluarga, cara mengobati sapi ketika sakit, dan keterlibatan peternak dalam program pelatihan Indodairy berpengaruh positif dan signifikan sedangkan faktor usia peternak dan jumlah hewan ternak sapi perah berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap adopsi teknologi celup puting., The contribution of the livestock subsector to the GDP of the agricultural the sector is relatively high every year and affects the growth of the national economy. The increase in milk consumption in meeting domestic needs has made farmers adopt technology to increase milk production and quality. This study aimed to analyze socio-institutional factors that influence on adoption teat dipping technology after milking to improve dairy cows quality and milk production. This study uses descriptive analysis and logistic regression methods obtained through interviews and questionnaires consisting of components of technology adoption, social economic characteristics, socio-institutional aspects of animal health services, market orientation, and stakeholder network obtained by farmers in the last three years. The results of the analysis show that the social-economic characteristics of the farmers are most farmers of productive age, elementary school education level, attending informal education, having family members greater than three people, having livestock smaller than six, and having a low income. In the logistic regression analysis, the number of dependents in the family, how to treat cows when they were sick, and the involvement of farmers in the Indodairy training program had a positive and significant effect. Meanwhile, the age of the farmers and the number of dairy cattle had a negative and significant effect on the adoption of teat dipping technology.
Keyword: Technology Adoption, Logistic Regression, Dairy Cow, Socio-Institutional

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular