Judul: Pencirian bakteri penghasil protease yang diisolasi  dari limbah cair tahu dengan bantuan pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Abstrak: Tiga isolat bakteri penghasil protease yaitu Y1, Y2 dan Y3 telah berhasil diisolasi dari limbah cair tahu. Ketiga isolat tersebut tumbuh dengan baik pada media Nutrient Agar dan media yang mengandung 150 mg/l siklohek- simid, tetapi tidak tumbuh pada media yang mengandung 20 mg/ml eritromisin. Identifikasi genus bakteri berda- sarkan Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, edisi ke-8 (1974) menunjukkan bahwa ketiga isolat termasuk dalam genus Bacillus yang resisten terhadap 50 µg/ml ampisilin. Identifikasi spesies bakteri menunjukkan bahwa ketiga bakteri adalah Bacillus pumilus. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) digunakan untuk melakukan pencirian sidik jari DNA menggunakan enzim restriksi BglI, Xhol dan Apal. Analisis PFGE menunjukkan bahwa skisotipe bakteri Y3 sama dengan skisotipe B. pumilus sedangkan skisotipe bakteri Y₁ identik dengan skisotipe Y2 tetapi berbeda dengan skisotipe B. pumilus. Hasil penelitian ini menun- jukkan bahwa analisis sidik jari DNA dengan PFGE dapat membedakan galur B. pumilus yang morfologi dan fisiologi- nya nampak sama.
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Judul: Seleksi primer dan sekunder bakteri penghasil protease
Abstrak: Dalam penelitian ini telah berhasil diisolasi mikroba penghasil enzim pro- tease dari air limbah rumah potong hewan. Diperoleh lima isolat yang berbeda dan diberi nama PE1, KE1, E2, E4 dan E5. Identifikasi mikroba proteolitik dilakukan dengan menggunakan Skim Milk Agar. Identifikasi lebih lanjut terha- dap sifat-sifat fisiologis mikroba yang secara kuantitatif memperlihatkan aktivitas proteolitik tinggi (E4 dan E5) menunjukkan jenis mikroba Pseudomonas. Identi- fikasi oleh Balai Penelitian Veteriner Bogor semakin memperjelas spesies isolat tersebut yaitu Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Diduga P. aeruginosa adalah jenis bakteri yang patogen terhadap manusia. Oleh karena itu dalam optimasi proses produksi menghasilkan protease digunakan mikroba yang aman bagi manusia, yaitu B. pumilus isolat Y3 yang diisolasi dari limbah cair tahu. Suhu fermentasi isolat Y3 dimana terjadi aktivitas proteolitik lebih tinggi adalah 37°C dan pH aktivitas optimum enzim pada pH 8.0. Penggunaan limbah cair tahu sebagai media fermentasi dapat meningkat- kan aktivitas protease dibandingkan dengan pada media sintetik. Pada percobaan menggunakan inkubator bergoyang, aktivitas tertinggi tercapai pada media LCT dengan penambahan glukosa 1%, yaitu sebesar 101.13 U/ml dalam waktu 8 jam fermentasi. Sementara itu pada fermentasi dengan fermentor suhu 37°C, pH 7.0- 7.2 dan agitasi 200 rpm, aktivitas tertinggi baru mencapai 57.6 U/ml pada jam ke- 6. Penggunaan limbah cair tahu sebagai media fermentasi masih memerlukan tambahan mineral, glukosa dan protein dari luar.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite