Judul: Penentuan Premi Tahunan Tidak Konstan dan Cadangan Benefit pada Asuransi Joint Life.
Abstrak: Asuransi joint life merupakan salah satu jenis asuransi jiwa untuk sekelompok orang. Pada karya ilmiah ini, asuransi jiwa tersebut ditujukan pada pasangan suami istri. Dana pertanggungan dikeluarkan jika terjadi kematian pertama pada salah satu peserta asuransi. Tujuan karya ilmiah ini ialah menentukan premi tahunan tidak konstan dan cadangan benefit pada asuransi joint life dengan dan tanpa endowmen murni. Premi tahunan tidak konstan merupakan premi yang besarnya berubah dari awal dimulainya asuransi hingga akhir kontrak asuransi. Perubahan besarnya pembayaran premi dipengaruhi oleh nilai yang diperoleh dari premi tahunan konstan. Cadangan benefit merupakan sejumlah dana yang harus disimpan oleh perusahaan asuransi untuk persiapan pembayaran klaim. Formula cadangan benefit ditentukan menggunakan metode retrospektif. Besarnya nilai cadangan benefit akan terus meningkat selama masa pembayaran premi dan menurun setelah tidak ada pembayaran premi.
Keyword: Kata kunci: asuransi joint life, cadangan benefit, endowmen murni, metode retrospektif., asuransi joint life, cadangan benefit, endowmen murni, metode retrospektif

Judul: Penentuan Premi Tahunan Konstan dan Cadangan Benefit Menggunakan Metode Prospektif pada Asuransi Kontinu Joint Life
Abstrak: Asuransi joint life adalah asuransi multilife dengan pembayaran premi sampai kematian pertama dari tertanggung. Asuransi kontinu adalah asuransi yang akan membayar benefit sebesar satu satuan pada saat kematian terjadi. Karya ilmiah ini membahas penentuan premi tahunan konstan berdasarkan usia peserta saat memulai asuransi serta lamanya kontrak asuransi dan menghitung cadangan benefit menggunakan metode prospektif untuk asuransi kontinu joint life berjangka, asuransi kontinu joint life seumur hidup dan asuransi kontinu joint life dwiguna. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, pada asuransi kontinu joint life berjangka, asuransi kontinu joint life seumur hidup dengan pembayaran premi seumur hidup, asuransi kontinu joint life seumur hidup dengan pembayaran premi maksimal kali dan asuransi kontinu joint life dwiguna, besar premi akan meningkat seiring meningkatnya usia peserta saat memulai asuransi. Besar premi tahunan pada asuransi kontinu joint life berjangka akan semakin meningkat seiring bertambahnya lama kontrak asuransi, besar premi tahunan pada asuransi kontinu joint life seumur hidup akan semakin mengecil seiring bertambahnya interval waktu pembayaran premi, sedangkan besar premi tahunan pada asuransi kontinu joint life dwiguna akan semakin mengecil seiring dengan bertambahnya lama kontrak asuransi. Cadangan benefit pada asuransi kontinu joint life berjangka menuju ke nol bila mendekati akhir masa kontrak asuransi, sedangkan cadangan benefit pada asuransi kontinu joint life seumur hidup dengan pembayaran premi seumur hidup, asuransi kontinu joint life seumur hidup dengan pembayaran premi maksimal kali dan asuransi kontinu joint life dwiguna menuju ke satu bila mendekati akhir masa kontrak asuransi.
Keyword: asuransi joint life, premi konstan, cadangan benefit, metode prospektif

Judul: Process engineering of cassava pulp hydrolysis using microwave heating for ethanol production
Abstrak: Cassava pulp is a potential source of carbohydrates. In this work, characteristics of the cassava pulp were analyzed and validity of microwave irradiation for hydrolysis of carbohydrates, especially starch present in the cassava pulp, was estimated as a non-enzymatic saccharification technique. The hydrolysis was performed in water and acid medium. In addition, the role of activated carbon in the microwave-assisted hydrolysis was also evaluated. An optimization of the hydrolysis was conducted using Central Composite Design (CCD) and was analyzed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Fermentation of cassava pulp hydrolysates produced from microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis was performed to those added with activated carbon (25% w/w) and those without activated carbon by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There were two types of activated carbon, which have different adsorption properties, used in this experiment. Results of the cassava pulp characterization shows that the starch granules in the cassava pulp were trapped in biomass matrices, so that the starch was harder to hydrolyze than the free starch, such as that in tapioca flour. Microwave-assisted hydrolysis of cassava pulp can be completed in less than 15 minutes in water medium, and less than 10 minutes in acid medium. The addition of activated carbon improved hydrolysis of cassava pulp starch in water medium with suppression of formation of the secondary decomposed materials. The highest glucose yield obtained from cassava pulp was 46% of dry matter or 52% of theoretical, which was about 60% higher than the one without the addition of activated carbon. On the contrary, the addition of activated carbon decreased the glucose yield when the hydrolysis was performed in acid medium (0.5% H2SO4). The glucose yield could reach 80.8% of dry matter or 91.5% of theoretical yield when no activated carbon was added in the acid medium. The estimated optimum condition for cassava pulp hydrolysis under microwave irradiation was using 0.88% sulfuric acid with 9 minutes of heating time, which resulted in 85% of theoretical glucose yield and 140 g/L glucose concentration. At the end of the fermentation the ethanol yield and concentration obtained in the samples treated with activated carbon (0.41-0.43 g ethanol / g glucose consumed; 34-35 g/L) were lower than that not treated with activated carbon or those treated with activated carbon which was added after hydrolysis (0.48 g ethanol / glucose consumed; 38- 39 g/L). However, the fermentation was completed very much faster in the hydrolysates treated with the activated carbon which has a high adsorption capacity than in that not treated with activated carbon or those treated with activated carbon of low adsorption capacity. Therefore, ethanol productivities (0.44-0.55 g/L/h) of the former were higher than the latter (0.28-0.34 g/L/h).
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