Judul: Supplementation of Moringa Leaf Extract  Combined with EM-4 in Quail Drinking Water on Egg Production Performance
Abstrak: Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penambahan ekstrak daun kelor dengan EM-4 pada kinerja produksi telur puyuh petelur. Studi melibatkan 150 puyuh betina dewasa berusia 5 minggu, yang ditempatkan dalam kandang dengan 10 puyuh per kompartemen. Penelitian terdiri dari 3 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. P1 = 65 ml air minum tanpa ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 ekor-1 hari-1, P2 = 63 ml air minum + 2 ml ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 ekor-1 hari-1, P3 = 61 ml air minum + 4 ml ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 ekor-1 hari-1. Parameter yang diukur meliputi konsumsi air, konsumsi pakan, produksi telur harian, konversi pakan, bobot telur, dan massa telur. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA, jika terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan, analisis lanjutan dilakukan menggunakan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak daun kelor dengan EM-4 tidak memiliki efek signifikan (P>0,05) terhadap konsumsi air, konsumsi pakan, produksi telur harian, konversi pakan, bobot telur, dan massa telur. Penambahan 2 ml kombinasi ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 dan 4 ml kombinasi ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 belum mampu meningkatkan performa produksi puyuh., This study aims to analyze the supplementation of moringa leaf extract with EM-4 on the egg production performance of layer quails. The study involved 150 mature female quails aged 5 weeks, which were placed in cages with 10 quails per compartment. The research consisted of 3 treatments and 5 replications. P1 = 65 ml of drinking water without Moringa leaf extract and EM-4 bird-1 day-1, P2 = 63 ml of drinking water + 2 ml of Moringa leaf extract and EM-4 bird-1 day-1, P3 = 61 ml of drinking water + 4 ml of Moringa leaf extract and EM-4 bird-1 day-1. Parameters measured included water consumption, feed consumption, hen day production, feed convertion ratio, egg weight, and egg mass. The data obtained analyzed using ANOVA, if there were significant differences, further analysis was conducted using Duncan's test. The results showed that the addition of moringa leaf extract with EM-4 did not have a significant effect (P>0.05) on water consumption, feed consumption, hen day production, feed convertion ratio, egg weight, and egg mass. The addition of 2 ml moringa leaf extract and EM-4 and 4 ml moringa leaf extract and EM-4 has not been able to improve the production performance of quails.
Keyword: EM-4, moringa leaves, production performance, quail

Judul: Application of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract and EM-4 in Drinking Water on the Reduction of Ammonia Levels in Laying Quail Excreta
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efek pemberian ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 terhadap penurunan kadar amonia ekskreta puyuh petelur serta hubungan antar peubah yang diamati. Sebanyak 150 ekor puyuh betina dipelihara dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari P0 = Tanpa ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 dalam air minum ekor-1 hari-1 (kontrol), P1 = Penambahan 2 ml ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 ekor-1 hari-1, P2 = Penambahan 4 ml ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 ekor-1 hari-1. Peubah yang diukur meliputi kadar amonia (NH3), protein kasar, nitrogen, kadar air, dan pH ekskreta. Data dianalisis dengan uji ragam (ANOVA) dan uji Duncan bila hasil ANOVA signifikan, serta analisis korelasi Pearson untuk hubungan antar peubah. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi ekstrak dan EM-4 tidak berpengaruh signifikan (P>0,05) terhadap kadar amonia (NH3), kadar air, dan pH ekskreta. Kombinasi ini secara signifikan menurunkan (P<0,05) kadar protein kasar dan nitrogen ekskreta pada perlakuan P1. Amonia ekskreta berkorelasi sangat kuat dengan kadar air dan pH ekskreta (r = 0,87 dan r = 0,92). Kadar protein kasar berkorelasi sempurna dengan kadar nitrogen ekskreta (r = 1,00), dan kadar air ekskreta berkorelasi sangat kuat dengan pH ekskreta (r = 0,96)., This study aimed to analyze the effects of providing Moringa leaf extract and EM-4 on the reduction of ammonia levels in layer quail excreta and the relationship between the observed variables. A total of 150 female quails were raised in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatments were: P0 = Moringa leaf extract and EM-4 in drinking water bird-1 day-1 (control), P1 = Addition of 2 ml of Moringa leaf extract and EM-4 in drinking water bird-1 day-1, and P2 = Addition of 4 ml of Moringa leaf extract and EM-4 in drinking water bird-1 day-1. Variables measured included ammonia (NH3) content, crude protein, nitrogen, water content, and excreta pH. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test if ANOVA results were significant, and Pearson correlation analysis for the relationship between variables. Results showed the combination of extract and EM-4 didn’t significantly affect (P>0.05) ammonia (NH3) content, water content, and excreta pH. This combination significantly decreased (P<0.05) crude protein and nitrogen content of excreta in treatment P1. Excreta ammonia was strongly correlated with water content and excreta pH (r = 0.87 and r = 0.92). Crude protein content was perfectly correlated with nitrogen content of excreta (r = 1.00), and water content of excreta was strongly correlated with excreta pH (r = 0.96).
Keyword: moringa leaf extract, Ammonia excreta, EM-4, layer quail

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh.
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. ,,,
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular.