Judul: Proses Co-composting Bagas dan Sludge dari Industri Gula dengan Pengaruh Perbedaan Nilai C/N Awal dan Aerasi
Abstrak: Bagasse and sludge are solid waste of sugar industry which contained high organic material and have not been used optimally. The purpose of this research was to utilize bagas and sludge of the sugar industry through co-composting technology for making organic fertilizer and determine the influence of aeration and materials concentration on the value of C/N. Bagas and sludge combination were composted at C/N value of 30, 40, and 50. In composting process, aeration rate set on 0.4 l/minute.kg and 1.2 L/Kg of dry basis materials. The research was carried out two stages, that was preliminary research, it was determined composition of raw materials mixture, and primary research for determining C/N value during composting. Parameters monitored during composting were temperature done every day, pH and C/N determined every week. The result showed that aeration treatment did not give noticeable effect on C/N value and compost with initial C/N value of 30 gave the fastest decomposition process in co-composting stages
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Judul: Co-composting bagasse with sludge sugar industry waste using aeration techniques and its effect in value of c/n
Abstrak: Bagasse is the solid waste sugar industry and relatively abundant (30-40%). Sugarcane planted area in Indonesia reaches 395,399.44 hectare and potentially to achieve national bagasse 39,539,944 tons per year. As well as produced sludge each day around 10-50 %. Sludge has quite high carbon content and nitrogen, thus potentially to be composting. Co-composting is one of the alternative solutions in the utilization of industrial solid waste of sugar. One of them is the bagasse and sludge with complementary characteristics, thus simplifying the process of composting. Composting methods and that techniques applied are aerated static pile system and using two factorial of aeration and formulation. Aeration factor conducted by active and passive aeration, while the formulation conducted by a factor of 0%, 25%, and 50% sludge. Composting process carried out during the sixty days with active aeration at first week. Analysis results showed that aeration technique proved didn’t have significant effect in changing C/N value. After analysis of variance and advanced test showed that the formulation of three different stages proved significantly different of C/N and significant at 50% sludge. Generally, aeration factor and formulation are not related yet and do not have any significant interaction to co-composting C/N value. There is need for advanced research until the value of C/N can achieve the appropriate standard of quality compost.
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Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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