Judul: Pembandingan pola sebaran frekuensi kata-kata dengan menggunakan plot kuantil-kuantil
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari cara bagaimana menemukan 'penciri' hasil tulisan seseorang secara kuantitatif, khususnya dengan menggunakan plot kuantil-kuantil untuk membandingkan pola sebaran frekuensi kata-kata tertentu, baik antara karangan seorang penulis pada tahun-tahun yang berbeda maupun antara karangan seorang penulis dengan penulis lainnya, dalam hal ini antara La Rose dengan Marga T. Dari plot kuantil-kuantil dapat diketahui bahwa yang terutama membedakan pola sebaran frekuensi rata-rata kata- kata tertentu dalam karangan La Rose dan Marga T adalah bentuk sebarannya, baru kemudian diikuti oleh frekuensi rata- rata penggunaan kata-kata tersebut. Namun untuk masa-masa yang berlainan dari pengarang yang sama, frekuensi penggunaan kata-kata itu cenderung berbeda-beda. Data yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini berasal dari penghitungan frekuensi munculnya kata-kata tertentu per 500 kata dari 5 buah novel, yaitu 4 buah novel karangan La Rose dan sebuah novel karangan Marga T. hanya dilakukan terhadap 10000 kata novel.
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Judul: Penerapan metode keragaman blok kuadrat dalam analisis pola spatial
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola sebaran yang mendasari data gelagah berduri (bramble canes) serta mengetahui ukuran atau skala blok yang maksi- mum yang dapat digunakan untuk melihat intensitas dan jarak rata-rata antar pusat penggerombolan dari sebaran yang telah teridentifikasi dengan menggunakan metode Keragaman Blok Kuadrat. Metode Keragaman Blok Kuadrat merupakan salah satu metode Keragaman Kuadrat, yaitu suatu metode yang dari didasarkan pada pengamatan perubahan-perubahan dalam rataan dan ragam dari banyaknya individu per unit penarikkan contoh melalui suatu wilayah ukuran unit penarikkan contoh yang berbeda. Metode Keragaman Blok Kuadrat ini memanfaat- kan perubahan-perubahan dalam ukuran kuadrat melalui pemblokkan atau pengkombinasian kuadrat-kuadrat yang berdekatan untuk mengidentifikasi pola spasial. Metode Keragaman Kuadrat lainnya adalah metode Keragaman Kuadrat Berpasangan. Metode ini memanfaatkan perubahan-perubahan dalam Jarak kuadrat dalam mengidentifikasi pola. Penggunaan kedua metode di atas didasarkan pada data bersifat kontinyu. Pola spasial dapat dilihat dari yang plot nilai-nilai keragaman terhadap ukuran blok atau jarak berbeda. Ada tiga pola yang dapat teramati, yaitu , gerombol dan seragam.
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Judul: Drought Stress Tolerance Mechanisms of Eggplant (Solanum spp.): Physiology and Molecular.
Abstrak: Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a popular and economically important vegetable crop grown in the tropics and subtropics, especially in Asia and Africa. Most of these crops grown in Asia and Africa are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Eggplant has a wide variation in morphological and physiological characteristics, therefore, it is necessary to explore the germplasm to gain more genotypes tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Sufficient water availability at the first stage of plant growth is very important. Limited water supply may lead to drought stress. The long period of drought stress may disturb the metabolic process and lead the irreversible damage of the plant tissues, so the plant can not recover. This abiotic stress has been significantly proved to be one of factors decreasing the plant growth and productivity. The objective of this research was to reveal physiological and molecular response of six eggplant accessions (i.e. 098, 155, 414, 754, 772, and 827 accessions, and Panjalu-F1 as the control genotype) to drought stress. Plants were grown in medium containing soil, sand and compost (1:1:1, v/v/v) in the greenhouse. Plants were exposed to the drought treatment at 21 days after the plants have 6 fully leaves. Some parameters were examined during the drought treatment, which were media water content (MWC), relative water content (RWC), plant growth and dry weight, proline concentration, chlorophyll content and polyamine concentration. Total RNA was extracted from leaves on day 21st of the treatment. The arginine decarboxylase S. melongena (SmADC) fragment gene was amplified from the cDNA. ADC gene is one of genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis and plays important role in the plant tolerance mechanism to drought stress. The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced plant height, leaf area, stomatal density and aperture in all plants. Levels of chlorophylls were similar during the drought treatment in all plants. Proline and/or polyamines were accumulated and reached the maximum levels after 14 to 21 days after the treatment. High levels of these amines can be used to indicate that the plant is stressed by drought. Levels of proline and polyamines, especially putrescine, increased 10 times higher in the stressed-plants compared to those grown in the optimum condition. cDNA was synthesized from the total RNA by reverse transcription. In total, four fragments of SmADC were obtained by PCR from cDNA of accession 098 (2 fragments), cDNA of accession 772 (1 fragment) and genomic DNA of accession 098 (1 fragment). ADC primers were designed based on the conserved regions in ADC Solanum lycopersicum (accession number HM629957.1). Sequences analysis showed that the four SmADC fragments were 1 442 bp, 1 422 bp, 1 407 bp and 636 bp, encoding 151, 357, 466, 182 amino acids, respectively. Nucleotide alignment analysis showed that four SmADC fragments were 86-93 % homologue to Solanum lycopersicum (Acc: NM_001247720.1), Datura stramonium (Acc: AJ251898.1), Capsicum annuum (Acc: AY156514.1) and Nicotiana tabacum (Acc: AF321137.1). Based on the phylogenetic tree developed from the deduced amino acid sequence of ADC, SmADCs were grouped with Solanum lycopersicum, Datura stramonium, Capsicum annuum and Nicotiana tabacum. Analysis of conserved domains revealed that
Keyword: eggplant, proline, polyamine, arginine decarboxylase (ADC), pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)