Judul: Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolates in Chicken Soto Meat Sold Around Dramaga Campus of IPB University
Abstrak: Makanan khususnya yang dijual di pinggir jalan rentan terkontaminasi oleh Escherichia coli (E. coli) salah satunya adalah soto ayam. Escherichia coli patogen sering kali bersifat resistan terhadap antibiotik yang mengakibatkan bahaya bagi manusia karena infeksi yang semula mudah diobati dengan antibiotik kini menjadi kurang efektif. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengidentifikasi resistansi antibiotik dari bakteri E. coli yang diisolasi dari daging ayam suwir soto ayam yang dijual di lingkar Kampus IPB, Dramaga, Bogor. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 21 isolat yang telah diuji positif terhadap keberadaan E. coli. Pengujian resistansi antibiotik menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion dan mengacu pada Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute 2023. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 11 isolat E. coli mengalami resistansi terhadap ampisilin (33,33%), tetrasiklin (23,81%), sulfametoksazol-trimethoprim (14,29%), sefotaksim (19,05%), streptomisin (4,76%), dan terendah adalah antibiotik kloramfenikol (9,52%). Empat isolat E. coli bersifat multi-drug resistance dengan sebagian besar pola ampisilin-tetrasiklin- sulfametoksazol trimetoprim-sefotaksim. Keberadaan E. coli yang resistan antibiotik dapat menimbulkan ancaman kesehatan masyarakat., Food especially those sold on the roadside, is susceptible to contamination by Escherichia coli (E. coli) one of them is chicken soto. Pathogenic Escherichia coli is often resistant to antibiotics which can cause danger to humans because infections that were previously easily treated with antibiotics are now less effective. The purpose of this study was to identify antibiotic resistance from E. coli isolated from shredded chicken in chicken soto sold around IPB University, Dramaga, Bogor. The samples used were 21 isolates that had been tested positive for the presence of E. coli. The antibiotic resistance was examined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and referred to the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute 2023. The results indicated that 11 E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin (33.33%), tetracycline (23.81%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (14.29%), cefotaxime (19.05%), streptomycin (4.76%), and the lowest was the antibiotic chloramphenicol (9.52%). Four E. coli isolates were multi-drug resistant, predominantly showing the pattern of ampicillin-tetracycline-sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim-cefotaxime. The ocurance of antibiotic resistance E. coli can pose a public health threat.
Keyword: antibiotik, daging ayam, Escherichia coli, resistansi

Judul: Antibiotic Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolates from  Chicken Noodle Meat around Dramaga Campus IPB University.
Abstrak: Mi ayam merupakan salah satu pangan asal hewan yang berpotensi terkontaminasi bakteri Escherichia coli (E. coli) resistan terhadap antibiotik. Bakteri ini mengancam kesehatan masyarakat karena sulit mengendalikan penyebaran bakteri penyebab infeksi. Tujuan penelitian ini menentukan tingkat resistansi antibiotik isolat E. coli dari daging ayam cincang mi ayam yang dijual di lingkar Kampus Dramaga, IPB University. Pengujian resistansi menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion dan mengacu pada Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute 2023. Sebanyak 43 isolat teridentifikasi E. coli, tingkat resistansi E. coli diperoleh terhadap ampisilin (49%), tetrasiklin (44,2%), sulfametoksazol trimetoprim (33%), kloramfenikol (23,3%), streptomisin (16,3%), dan sefotaksim (9,3%). Selain itu, isolat E. coli menunjukkan resistansi tingkat intermediet pada antibiotik streptomisin (35%) dan sefotaksim (35%). Isolat bakteri E. coli masih sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol (72%), sulfametoksazol-trimetoprim (65,1%), tetrasiklin (56%), sefotaksim (56%), streptomisin (49%), dan ampisilin (35%). Terdapat isolat E. coli bersifat multidrug-resistance dengan pola ampisilin streptomisin-tetrasiklin-sefotaksim-sulfametoksazol trimetoprim-kloramfenikol. Tingkat resistansi antibiotik yang tinggi pada isolat E. coli memicu masalah kesehatan masyarakat karena bakteri yang resistan dapat menyebar ke tubuh melalui konsumsi makanan yang terkontaminasi, menimbulkan risiko infeksi yang lebih besar., Chicken noodles are one of the animal-derived foods that have the potential to be contaminated with antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. These bacteria threaten public health because it is difficult to control the spread of bacteria that cause infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of antibiotic resistance of E. coli isolates from minced chicken meat chicken noodles sold around the Dramaga Campus, IPB University. Resistance testing uses the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and refers to the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute 2023. A total of 43 E. coli isolates were identified, the resistance level of E. coli was obtained against ampicillin (49%), tetracycline (44,2%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (33%), chloramphenicol (23,3%). streptomycin (16,3%), and cefotaxime (9,3%). In addition, E. coli isolates showed intermediate level resistance to streptomycin (35%) and cefotaxime (35%) antibiotics. E. coli isolates were still sensitive to chloramphenicol (72%), sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim (65,1%), tetracycline (56%), cefotaxime (56%), streptomycin (49%), and ampicillin (35%). There were multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates with ampicillin-streptomycin-tetracycline-cephotaxime-sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim chloramphenicol pattern. The high level of antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolates triggers public health concerns as resistant bacteria can spread to the body through the consumption of contaminated food, posing a greater risk of infection.
Keyword: antibiotik, daging ayam, resistansi, escher

Judul: Real Option Valuation Using Binomial Decision Trees.
Abstrak: A firm that decides to invest has a choice to invest in real assets. A method which is usually used in valuation of the project is discounted cash flow (DCF) method. But, this method can’t be used in projects that account for value of managerial flexibility, such as decision to suspend operations temporarily. Therefore, this kind of project needs to be assessed using real option. Real option valuation can be done in some ways, including the use of path-dependent simulation, as well as closed-form models like Black-Scholes model, partial differential equation, and binomial or multinomial approaches. In this paper, real option valuation using binomial decisions id discussed. Determination of the project value can be done in three steps. First, calculate the expected present value of the project. Next, calculate volatility of the project using Monte Carlo simulation. Last, construct a binomial tree to model the dynamics of the project value using the parameters of the stochastic process, and then add some decision nodes to model the project’s real options.
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