Judul: Gangguan Hutan di KPH Kuningan Divisi Regional Jawa Barat dan Banten
Abstrak: Perlindungan hutan adalah usaha untuk mencegah dan membatasi kerusakan hutan, kawasan hutan, dan hasil hutan yang disebabkan oleh perbuatan manusia, ternak, kebakaran, hama dan penyakit. Penelitian mengenai gangguan hutan di KPH Kuningan bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis gangguan hutan terutama yang disebabkan oleh manusia dan fisik, menganalisis faktor-faktor penyebab gangguan hutan, dan menganalisis upaya pengendalian gangguan hutan. Gangguan hutan yang terjadi di KPH Kuningan selama tahun 2010-2014 antara lain: pencurian kayu, kebakaran hutan, perambahan kawasan hutan, dan bencana alam. Latar belakang terjadinya gangguan hutan di KPH Kuningan terutama disebabkan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat di sekitar hutan yang masih rendah. Tindakan strategis yang dilakukan untuk mencegah terjadinya gangguan hutan yang terjadi di KPH Kuningan adalah melakukan tindakan pre-emtif berupa penyuluhan serta menjalin hubungan yang baik antara petugas dan masyarakat melalui komunikasi sosial dan Pengelolaan Hutan Berbasis Masyarakat (PHBM), tindakan preventif berupa patroli dan penjagaan terhadap potensi hutan, dan tindakan represif berupa upaya hukum terhadap para pelaku.
Keyword: disturbance factor, forest disturbance, forest protection

Judul: Gangguan hutan di KPH Malang Divisi Regional Jawa Timur
Abstrak: Perlindungan hutan adalah usaha untuk mencegah hutan dari kerusakan yang disebabkan oleh faktor alam, manusia dan biotik serta mempertahankan dan menjaga hak-hak masyarakat dan perorangan atas hutan dan yang berhubungan dengan pengelolaan hutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis gangguan hutan dan menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi serta upaya pengendaliannya di KPH Malang. Gangguan hutan yang terjadi di wilayah KPH Malang tahun 2010-2014 adalah pencurian kayu, bencana alam dan kebakaran hutan. Latar belakang sosial ekonomi, serta pendidikan yang masih rendah dan mudahnya aksebilitas menuju hutan mempengaruhi gangguan hutan. Tindakan strategis KPH Malang dalam mengatasi gangguan hutan berupa tindakan pre emitif dengan cara penyuluhan kepada masyarakat serta menjalin hubungan baik dengan masyarakat sekitar hutan dan petugas melalui Pengelolaan Hutan Berbasis Masyarakat (PHBM), tindakan preventif berupa patroli rutin disetiap wilayah hutan dan tindakan represif berupa hukuman bagi para pelaku.
Keyword: Forest disturbance, disturbance factor, method of control

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable