Judul: Development of a Radicle Emergence-Based Vigor  Evaluation Method for Long Bean (Vigna sinensis L.) Seeds Using Digital Image  Processing
Abstrak: Uji pemunculan radikula adalah metode alternatif yang menjanjikan untuk pengujian vigor benih secara cepat. Pengolahan citra digital merupakan suatu teknologi yang dapat digunakan dalam identifikasi mutu benih menggunakan metode pemunculan radikula yang lebih akurat dan waktu yang efisien. Penelitian bertujuan mengembangkan metode uji cepat vigor benih yang lebih efisien dan akurat dengan metode pemunculan radikula (radicle emergence) menggunakan pengolahan citra digital pada benih kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.). Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Fisiologi dan Kesehatan Benih, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura (AGH), Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, pada bulan Oktober 2023 hingga Januari 2024. Penelitian ini menggunakan pengujian yang didasarkan pada tolok ukur daya berkecambah (DB), indeks vigor (IV), potensi tumbuh maksimum (PTM), kecepatan tumbuh (KCT), rataan waktu pemunculan radikula (MRET), serta pengujian vigor pada cekaman salinitas 0,35% dan 0,7%. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak satu faktor dengan empat ulangan dengan suhu perkecambahan 25 ± 2 . Penelitian menggunakan sepuluh varietas benih kacang panjang dan pengamatan uji pemunculan radikula dilakukan mulai jam ke 46 hingga jam ke 58 setelah tanam. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pengolahan citra digital dapat digunakan secara efektif pada uji pemunculan radikula untuk pengujian vigor benih kacang panjang. Uji pemunculan radikula berkorelasi kuat positif dengan tolok ukur daya berkecambah, indeks vigor, dan kecepatan tumbuh, serta berkorelasi negatif dengan tolok ukur rataan waktu pemunculan radikula. Periode perkecambahan paling cepat yang dapat digunakan untuk pengujian uji pemunculan radikula adalah 52 jam. Penelitian ini menunjukkan potensi uji pemunculan radikula sebagai metode yang dapat diandalkan dan efisien untuk pengujian vigor benih kacang panjang, terutama ketika dikombinasikan dengan teknologi pengolahan citra digital., Radicle emergence test is a promising alternative method for rapidly evaluating seed vigor. Digital image processing is a technology that can be used to identify seed quality using the radicle emergence method that is more accurate and time efficient. This study aimed to develop an accurate and efficient radicle emergence method for long bean (Vigna sinensis L.) seed testing. The research was conducted at the Seed Physiology and Health Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture (AGH), Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, between October 2023 and January 2024. The study utilized tests that were based on benchmarks such as germination, vigor index (VI), maximum growth potential (MGP), germination speed, mean radicle emergence time (MRET), and vigor testing under 0.35% and 0.7% salinity stress. The study used a one-factor randomized complete group design with four replications with a germination temperature of 25 ± 2?. The study used ten varieties of broad bean seeds and the observation of radicle emergence test was conducted from hour 46 to hour 58 after sowing. This study found that digital image processing can be effectively used in conjunction with the radicle emergence test for seed vigor testing on long-bean seeds. The radicle emergence test showed strong positive correlations with germination, vigor index, and growth rate, and a negative correlation with mean radicle emergence time. The earliest possible germination period for radicle emergence assays was 52 hours. This study demonstrates the potential of the radicle emergence test as a reliable and efficient method for vigor testing of broad bean
Keyword: correlation, germination period, vigor, viability

Judul: Development of Radicle Emergence Test on  Soybean Seeds (Glycine max L.) using Digital Image Processing
Abstrak: Pengolahan citra digital merupakan suatu teknik yang dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi mutu benih dalam waktu singkat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan metode pengujian cepat vigor pada benih kedelai (Glycine maxL.) menggunakan metode pemunculan radikula atau radicle emergence (RE) dengan pengolahan citra digital. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak dengan empat ulangan dan dikecambahkan pada suhu 25 ± 2 ºC. Pengambilan citra dilakukan setiap dua jam sekali dalam rentang waktu 36-54 jam setelah benih dikecambahkan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengamati jumlah benih yang memiliki panjang radikula = 2 mm. Data panjang radikula tersebut kemudian dianalisis korelasi dan regresi terhadap tolok ukur mutu fisiologis benih, antara lain daya berkecambah, indeks vigor, potensi tumbuh maksimum, kecepatan tumbuh, dan mean radicle emergence time (MRET). Penelitian yang dilakukan memperoleh hubungan korelasi kuat antara panjang radikula = 2 mm dengan tolok ukur indeks vigor, kecepatan tumbuh, dan MRET pada benih kontrol serta korelasi kuat pada tolok ukur daya berkecambah dan indeks vigor pada cekaman salinitas NaCl konsentrasi 0,35% dan 0,7%. Korelasi kuat antara panjang radikula = 2 mm dengan tolok ukur vigor benih lainnya pada waktu pengecambahan 44 jam., Digital image processing is a technique that can be used to identify seed quality in a short time. This research aims to develop a rapid vigor testing method for soybean (Glycine max L.) seeds using the radicle emergence (RE) method with digital image processing. This research used a randomized complete group design with one factor with four replications and germinated at 25 ± 2 ºC. Images were taken every two hours within 36-54 hours after the seeds were germinated. This research was conducted by observing the number of seeds that had radicle length = 2 mm. The radicle length data was then analyzed for correlation and regression against the benchmarks of seed physiological quality, including germination, vigor index, maximum growth potential, growth speed, and mean radicle emergence time (MRET). The research conducted obtained a strong correlation on the benchmarks of vigor index, growth speed, and MRET in control seeds and a strong correlation on the benchmarks of germination and vigor index under NaCl salinity stress concentrations of 0.35% and 0.7%. Strong correlation between radicle length = 2 mm and other seed vigor benchmarks at germination time of 44 hours.
Keyword: ImageJ, percentage of radicula growth amount, germination period, seed viability, seed vigor

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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