Judul: Bivalent vaccine for Motile Aeromonas Septicemia and Streptococcocis in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Abstrak: Etiological agents of common fish diseases are the Gram-negative Aeromonas hydrophila and the Gram-positive Streptococcus agalactiae, both are considered severe fish pathogens on account of their ability to cause damaging disease outbreaks in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The occurence of co-infections between A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae at Waduk Cirata was about 20% per populations. Clinical signs appeared soon after infection, and include depression or excitability, anorexia, C-shaped body posturing, erratic swimming and whirling, and death. Aeromonas hydrophila and S. agalactiae cultures were not able to inhibit each other and showed negative results from antimicrobial activity, both are succeptible to antibitoics Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol. Nile Tilapia also were clinically examined and necropsied for histopathology, samples were taken from kidney, brain, liver, and spleen. Histopathological lesions were grouped into two characteristic patterns. The first pattern consisted focal lesion and inflammation. The second pattern consisted of multifocal lesion, necrotic, and inflammatory lesions resulting organ deformation. The mortality patterns of Nile Tilapias showed acute and chronic infections to Motile Aeromonas Septicemia, sub-acute infection to Streptococcocis. There was a homeostatic balances on hematological respons during co-infection. Aeromonas hydrophila AHL0905-2 and Streptococcus agalactiae N14G, were used as an inactivated A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae vaccine. Different vaccine preparations and formulations for vaccination of Nile Tilapia species were tried by adding neutral buffered formalin 3% to the bacterial culture (bacterin). The safety of formalin inactivated vaccine is still questionable by some aquaculture practitioners, but the sterility and safety test results of the bivalent vaccine was safe to use through intraperitoneal injection route. An antibody response was detected at the 1st week that rose significantly (p<0.05) at the 3th week post immunization in all the immunized groups. Similarly, there were significant difference (p<0.05) in the humoral immune response between groups immunized with single and mixed bacterial antigens. Upon challenge with single pathogen, a high relative percent survival was recorded in the group immunized with mixed bacterial antigens and was comparable to those fish immunized with the single bacteria. The value of relative per cent survival from bivalent vaccine mixed whole cell+ECP was 100% and 86.2% to single infections and 56.7% to co-infections, indicate that this vaccine was eficient in Nile Tilapia.
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Judul: Polyvalent Vaccine DNA on Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to Prevent Streptococcosis
Abstrak: Pathogen that causes tilapia to develop Streptococcosis is pathogenic bacterium Streptococcus agalactiae. This study aimed to test the polyvalent DNA vaccine on tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) infected with Streptococcosis which causes mass mortality in tilapia. The test fish in this study had a weight range of 6.73±2.25 grams with length of 7.45±2.54 cm. Streptococcus agalactiae bacterial isolates were obtained from the Aquatic Organism Health Laboratory. Tilapia was vaccinated using Streptococcus agalactiae vaccine, Aeromonas hydrophila vaccine, polyvalent vaccine dose 2.5 ng µL-1 , dose 5 ng µL-1 and dose 10 ng µL-1 and negative positive controls were only injected with PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline) solution. Tilapia was then challenged using Streptococcus agalactiae bacteria with a density of 106 CFU mL -1 for 0.1 mL in 14 days. Parameters were performed before vaccination, after vaccination and after the trial. The test parameters observed were total erythrocytes, total leukocytes, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit levels, differential leukocytes, phagocytic activity, Relative Percent Survival (RPS), growth rate and antibody titer. Vaccination with polyvalent DNA vaccine was able to increase non-specific immune responses (total leukocytes, lymphocyte percentage, and phagocytic activity) and specific in the form of increasing antibody titers from tilapia. The survival of vaccinated tilapia was better than the control. Based on research data, the highest RPS value was found in the 10 dose polyvalent vaccine treatment. The 10 dose polyvalent vaccine RPS value was 75.56%., Patogen yang menyebabkan ikan nila terserang penyakit Streptococcosis adalah bakteri patogen Streptococcus agalactiae. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji vaksin DNA polivalen pada ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) yang terinfeksi penyakit Streptococcosis penyebab kematian massal pada ikan nila. Ikan uji dalam penelitian ini memiliki kisaran bobot 6,73±2,25 g dengan panjang 7,45±2,54 cm. Isolat bakteri Streptococcus agalactiae diperoleh dari Laboratorium Kesehatan Organisme Akuatik. Ikan nila divaksin dengan menggunakan vaksin FKC, VDP dosis 2,5 ng µL-1, VDP dosis 5 ng µL-1, VDP dosis 10 ng µL-1. serta kontrol negatif dan positif hanya disuntik larutan PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline). Ikan nila selanjutnya dilakukan uji tantang dengan menggunakan bakteri Streptococcus agalactiae dengan kepadatan 106 CFU mL-1 sebanyak 0,1 mL selama 14 hari. Pengamatan parameter dilakukan sebelum vaksinasi, setelah vaksinasi dan setelah uji tantang. Parameter uji yang diamati yaitu, total eritrosit, total leukosit, kadar hemoglobin, kadar hematokrit, diferensial leukosit, aktivitas fagositik, Relative Percent Survival (RPS), laju pertumbuhan dan titer antibodi. Vaksinasi dengan vaksin DNA polivalen mampu meningkatkan respons imunitas non spesifik (total leukosit, persentase limfosit, dan aktivitas fagositik) dan spesifik berupa peningkatan titer antibodi dari ikan nila. Kelangsungan hidup ikan nila yang divaksinasi lebih baik dibandingkan kontrol. Berdasarkan data penelitian, nilai RPS tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan vaksin polivalen dosis 10. Nilai RPS vaksin polivalen dosis 10 yaitu 75,56%.
Keyword: DNA vaccine, fish, pathogen, polyvalent, Streptococcus agalactiae

Judul: Surakarta: Perkembangan Kota Ditinjau Dari Perubahan Kondisi Sosial Pada Bekas Ibukota Kerajaan Di Jawa.
Abstrak: Suatu lanskap tidaklah terbentuk begitu saja namun memiliki sejarah perkembangannya sendiri. Pengaruh peristiwa alam dan intervensi manusia pada lanskap dan lingkungannya akan menimbulkan suatu bentukan yang khas pada wajah lanskapnya yang akan terlihat berbeda antara satu tempat dengan tempat yang lain. Lanskap yang dibangun manusia dalam suatu periode sejarah dapat merefleksikan kebudayaan, ekonomi dan "political nature" suatu masyarakat yang dengan mempelajarinya dapat lebih memahami manusia yang ada sekarang serta bagaimana mereka mengekspresikan dirinya dalam pembangunan lanskapnya (Carpenter ef.al., 1975). Dengan kata lain sejarah adalah suatu proses yang menyertai terbentuknya suatu lanskap, termasuk diantaranya lanskap suatu kota.
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