Judul: Produksi etanol dari hidrolisat fraksi selulosa tongkol jagung oleh Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Abstrak: Jagung merupakan hasil pertanian yang sudah banyak dimanfaatkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan industri maupun pangan. Produksi jagung di Indonesia pada tahun 2005 mencapai 12.523.894 ton (Anonima, 2006). Namun pemanfaatan jagung terbatas pada bijinya saja, sedangkan bagian-bagian lain seperti tongkol dan kulit (kelobot) belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Tongkol jagung merupakan salah satu limbah lignoselulosik yang mengandung 40 persen selulosa (Irawadi, 1990). Selulosa dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber karbon bagi pertumbuhan mikroorganisme. Kapang Trichoderma viride menghasilkan enzim selulolitik yang dapat mengkonversi selulosa menjadi gula-gula sederhana bagi pertumbuhannya. Selulosa juga berpotensi untuk dijadikan bahan baku dalam memproduksi etanol melalui biokonversi oleh mikroorganisme seperti Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Salah satu kendala dalam memproduksi etanol dari bahan lignoselulosik adalah perlakuan pendahuluan yang mahal seperti delignifikasi, pemisahan selulosa dari bahan lain dan hidrolisis.
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Judul: Produksi selo-oligosakarida dari fraksi selulosa tongkol jagung oleh selulase Trichoderma viride
Abstrak: Produksi jagung nasional terus meningkat pada tahun 2003 sebanyak 10,87 juta ton menjadi 12,5 juta ton pada tahun 2004. Menurut Koswara (1991) presentase tongkol jagung sebesar 30% dalam jagung. Dalam tongkol jagung tersebut menurut Irawadi (1991) mengandung 40% selulosa. Selulosa ini berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai substrat bagi pertumbuhan mikroorganisme selulolitik dalam memproduksi selulase. Selain itu selulosa tersebut juga dapat digunakan sebagai substrat untuk memproduksi selo-oligosakarida. Salah satu mikroorganisme yang mampu memanfaatkan selulosa untuk pertumbuhannya adalah kapang Trichoderma viride. Kapang ini menghasilkan enzim selulolitik yang sangat efisien, terutama enzim yang mampu mengkatalisis reaksi hidrolisis kristal selulosa. Enzim yang dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme selulolitik disebut selulase.
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Judul: Exchange Market Pressure and Central Bank Intervention for Three ASEAN Countries
Abstrak: Two of the exchange rate systems which are adopted by many countries are the floating and the fixed exchange rate system. Both the exchange rate systems have different characteristics. Countries that implement fixed exchange rates system tend to set their domestic currency exchange rate at a certain point. On the contrary, countries which implement floating exchange rate system tend to let their domestic currency exchange rate to move flexibly and thus their value will always change according to the demand and supply of the currency in the foreign exchange market. Countries which implement floating exchange rate system are facing the risk of fluctuation in the exchange rate of their domestic currency against foreign currencies. The currency exchange rate fluctuation may be caused by economic problems such as a financial crisis. A country can also be potentially affected by other countries’ earlier financial crisis. This effect could potentially happen if these countries are in the same region, such as ASEAN. The 1997 ASEAN economic crisis was an example of a country’s financial crisis could affect other countries. At that time, some countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand had to change their currency exchange rate system from the fixed exchange rate system to the floating exchange rate system due to the high costs which has to be incurred if they were to enforce the fixed exchange rate system. During 2002 until 2012, the domestic exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand against the U.S. dollar had tended to fluctuate. If the domestic currency exchange rate fluctuated excessively then the central bank would intervene to stabilize the exchange rate in the foreign exchange market. The pressure on domestic currency exchange rate pressures has forced the central bank to intervene. The amount of those pressures can be analyzed by calculating the Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) index. Apart from that, the time when interventions are done by the central bank can be known based on EMP by calculating the Exchange Market Intervention (EMI) index. The purposes of this study were to determine the level of international pressure on the currency exchange market and monetary authorities intervene in three ASEAN countries, as well as to determine the effect of the monetary authorities intervene on the exchange rate of the domestic currency against the U.S. dollar in those three ASEAN countries. Based on the EMP index calculation results which are obtained during 2002 to 2012 period, the exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand’s domestic currency had always fluctuated and the results of the EMP index indicated that each country were under diverse level of currency exchange rate appreciation and depreciation pressures. Thailand was the country with the highest currency exchange rate pressure compared to Indonesia and Malaysia. The results on the intervention index calculation showed that Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand have intervention index between zero and one and more than one. We can also see from the intervention index that Indonesia and Thailand implement the controlled floating currency exchange rate instead of the freely floating one. Based on the calculation of the currency exchange rate by comparing
Keyword: exchange rate, exchange market pressure, intervention