Judul: Gel antijerawat alami dengan komponen aktif ekstrak etanol Daun Bakau Hitam (R. mucronata) dan karaginan
Abstrak: Ekstrak etanol daun bakau hitam memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang berasal dari komponen aktif yang dimilikinya. Karaginan merupakan bahan alami yang dapat berfungsi sebagai penstabil dan pengental produk. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol daun bakau hitam terhadap bakteri penyebab jerawat dan menentukan formulasi gel antijerawat yang terpilih dengan penambahan karaginan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun bakau hitam memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri penyebab jerawat. Ekstrak etanol daun bakau hitam dengan konsentrasi 2 mg/20 µL menghasilkan zona hambat terbesar yaitu 13 mm untuk bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan 11,5 mm untuk Staphylococcus epidermidis. Nilai konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) ekstrak etanol daun bakau hitam terhadap bakteri penyebab jerawat yaitu 0,05 mg/mL. Formulasi gel yang terpilih yaitu gel dengan penambahan karaginan 0,25%. Gel antijerawat mengalami perubahan fisik dan kimia selama penyimpanan 28 hari (4 minggu), tetapi pH dan viskositas sediaan masih dalam standar.
Keyword: antiacne gel formulation, antibacterial, black mangrove leaves

Judul: Sediaan Sabun Wajah (Facial Wash) dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Daun Bakau Hitam (Rhizophora mucronata).
Abstrak: Ekstrak etanol daun bakau hitam memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang berasal dari komponen aktif seperti tanin, saponin, fenol hidroquinon, flavonoid dan triterpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun bakau hitam terhadap bakteri penyebab jerawat (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, dan Propionibacterium acnes) dan menentukan formulasi sediaan sabun wajah yang terpilih dengan penambahan ekstrak daun bakau hitam (0.01 g, 0.02 g, dan 0.03 g). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun bakau hitam memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri jerawat. Ekstrak etanol daun bakau hitam dengan konsentrasi 0.03 g menghasilkan zona hambat terbesar, yaitu 15.25 mm terhadap bakteri S. aureus, 11.85 mm terhadap S. epidermidis, dan 13.95 mm terhadap P. acnes. Nilai konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) dari ekstrak daun bakau hitam adalah 0.05 mg/mL untuk bakteri S. aureus dan P. acnes, dan S. epidermidis. Formula sediaan sabun wajah yang terbaik adalah dengan penambahan ekstrak daun bakau hitam 0.03 g.
Keyword: antijerawat, daun bakau hitam, sediaan sabun wajah

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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