Judul: Distribusi Vibrio parahaemolyticus dari Awal Masa Infeksi sampai Terjadi Kematian pada Udang Vaname Litopenaeus vannamei
Abstrak: Vibrio parahaemolyticus merupakan bakteri halofilik gram negatif yang secara umum ditemukan pada perairan tropis dan juga di lingkungan budidaya. Kegiatan budidaya dapat terhambat oleh adanya infeksi V. parahaemolyticus yang menjadi agen utama penyebaran penyakit Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) dengan dihasilkannya toksin pirA dan pirB. Penelitian ini bertujuan menginvestigasi penyebaran bakteri V. parahaemolyticus pada organ udang berdasarkan variasi waktu pasca pemaparan bakteri. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari dua perlakuan serta tiga kali ulangan. Perlakuan pertama yaitu pemeliharaan dengan penambahan bakteri uji V. parahaeomlyticusRf 106 CFU/mL dan pemeliharaan tanpa penambahan bakteri uji pada perlakuan kedua. Parameter yang diuji yaitu gejala klinis, kelangsungan hidup, total perhitungan bakteri uji pada organ insang, usus dan hepatopankreas, respons imun yang terdiri dari phenol oxidase activity (PO) dan respiratory burst (RB), histopatologi, serta konfirmasi PCR. Tingkat kelangsungan hidup selama 7 hari pasca infeksi mencapai 64,4±13,7%. Gejala klinis pada udang yang terinfeksi dapat diamati secara visual melalui organ hepatopankreas dan usus yang berwarna pucat. Populasi bakteri pada seluruh organ insang, usus dan hepatopankreas selama masa pengujian melebihi batas minimal yang dapat ditolerir udang (103 CFU/g) dengan populasi terbanyak berada di organ usus, insang, dan paling sedikit ditemukan pada hepatopankreas. Histopatologi pada udang yang terinfeksi dapat diamati dengan adanya kerusakan organ yang terjadi diantaranya deformasi sel tubular pada hepatopankreas serta disintegrasi sel epitel usus. Respons imun (RB dan PO) lebih tinggi pada udang yang diinfeksi dibandingkan dengan udang tanpa diberi perlakuan. Udang pada perlakuan penambahan bakteri positif terinfeksi oleh bakteri uji dengan terbentuknya pita DNA yang teramplifikasi pada 230 bp., Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative halophilic bacterium generally found in tropical waters and cultivation environments. Cultivation activities can be hampered by infection with V. parahaemolyticus the main agent for the spread of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) by producing pirA and pirB toxins. This study aims to investigate the spread of V. parahaemolyticus bacteria in shrimp organs based on variations in time after exposure to the bacteria. The research used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of two treatments and three replications. The first treatment was maintenance by adding the test bacteria V. parahaeomlyticusRf 106 CFU/mL and maintenance without adding test bacteria in the second treatment. The parameters tested were clinical symptoms, survival rate, the total count of test bacteria in the gills, intestines and hepatopancreas, immune response consisting of phenoloxidase activity (PO) and respiratory burst (RB), histopathology, and PCR confirmation. The survival rate for 7 days after infection reached 64,4±13,7%. Clinical symptoms in infected shrimp can be observed visually through the pale-colored hepatopancreas and intestines. The bacterial population in all gills, intestines and hepatopancreas during the testing period exceeded the minimum tolerable limit for shrimp (103 CFU g -1 ) with the largest population being in the intestines, gills, and the least found in the hepatopancreas. Histopathology in infected shrimp can be observed by organ damage, including deformation of tubular cells in the hepatopancreas and disintegration of intestinal epithelial cells. The immune response (RB and PO) was higher in infected shrimp than in untreated shrimp. Shrimp in the treatment with the addition of positive
Keyword: distribution, immersion, vaname shrimp, Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Judul: Uji Patogenisitas Bakteri Vibrio parahaemolyticus pada Udang Vaname Litopenaeus vannamei
Abstrak: Salah satu penyakit yang sering menyerang budidaya udang adalah vibriosis, yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Vibrio sp. termasuk Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Strain tertentu V. parahaemolyticus yang memiliki gen pirA pirB menjadi penyebab penyakit acute hepatopankreatic nekrosis disease (AHPND). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji patogenisitas bakteri V. parahaemolyticus pada udang vaname. Uji tantang dilakukan dengan menggunakan udang vaname berukuran 0.9±0.1 g dengan kepadatan bakteri (104 CFU mL-1 ) yang didapat dari uji LC50. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan tiga perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, yaitu udang vaname yang tidak diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus (K), udang vaname yang diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus dari Tasikmalaya (Vp-1), dan udang vaname yang diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus dari Situbondo (Vp-2). Parameter yang diamati terdiri atas konfirmasi V. parahaemolyticus dan AHPND, tingkat mortalitas, gejala klinis, populasi bakteri, total haemocyte count, aktivitas fagositik, respiratory burst, aktivitas phenoloxydase, serta histopatologi hepatopankreas dan usus. Isolat Vp-1 dan Vp-2 teridentifikasi sebagai V. parahaemolyticus strain AHPND yang menginfeksi udang vaname dengan gejala klinis berupa hepatopankreas yang pucat, usus kosong, serta pergerakan tidak aktif. Kerusakan pada tingkat jaringan terlihat banyak nekrosis pada organ hepatopankreas dan usus, serta menyebabkan kematian hingga 73,33-81,67% dengan rata-rata waktu kematian 24,28-65,44 jam., A disease that often affects shrimp farming is vibriosis, which is caused by infection with Vibrio sp. including Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A specific strain of V. parahaemolyticus that has the pirA pirB gene causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). This study aims to test the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus bacteria in white shrimp. The challenge test was conducted using shrimp measuring 0,9 ± 0,1 g with bacterial density (10^4 CFU mL-1) obtained from the LC50 test. The study used a completely randomized design with three treatments and three replicates, namely white shrimp not infected with V. parahaemolyticus (K), white shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus from Tasikmalaya (Vp-1), and white shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus from Situbondo (Vp-2). Parameters observed consisted of confirmation of V. parahaemolyticus and AHPND, mortality rate, clinical signs, bacterial population, total haemocyte count, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, phenoloxydase activity, and hepatopancreas and gut histopathology. Isolates Vp-1 and Vp-2 were identified as V. parahaemolyticus strain AHPND infecting white shrimp with clinical signs of pale hepatopancreas, empty gut, and inactive movement. Damage at the tissue level showed a lot of necrosis in the hepatopancreas and gut, and caused mortality up to 73,33-81,67% with an average mortality time of 24,28-65,44 hours.
Keyword: AHPND, histopathology, pathogenicity, V. parahaemolyticus, white shrimp

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4