Judul: Natural resource conflicts on iron sand mining area: an implication study of regional autonomy (A Case Study in Kulon Progo District Yogyakarta Province)
Abstrak: The social transformation of coastal community in Kulon Progo District, Yogyakarta Province, as a result of ecosystem transformation, has occurred since 1980. These processes take place gradually as the progress of indigenous knowledge and supported by the subsistent local livelihood activities. The local government publishes the mining policy on the coastal area to earn native local income. The impacts of the policy not only triggers the natural resource conflicts between local community; local government; and private sector, but also threaten the sustainability of community’s knowledge evolution; ecosystem; and the local community existence. A qualitative research was conducted to analyzed the natural resource conflicts, power relation, and develop conflicts resolution, used Theory of Decentralization, Theory of Property Rights, Theory of Conflict, and Theory of Human Ecology on the political ecology perspective as conceptual analysis. The concept of Governmentality was used to analyzed the empirical dimensions i.e. : 1) the agrarian structure, 2) the political processes of natural resource policy, 3) the structure of conflict, and 4) the relation of power on natural resource control. The results are that 1) natural resource conflicts are caused by both of material grounds (agrarian structure, decentralization) and immaterial grounds (political economy, partiality), its existence are manifest and latent, 2) the political processes of natural resource policy indicate the involvement of political economy of global economic actor in the context of agrarian changes, 3) the complexity of structure of conflicts are on the level of power, policy, and community, and 4) the power relations of conflicting actors are mutual, conflictual, and neutral. The conclusions are 1) the structure of natural resource conflicts in Kulon Progo District could characterize as multi actors, multi dimensions, multi arenas, and multi matters, manifest and latent, perennial and temporal conflicts, 2) the web of power relations of natural resource in Kulon Progo district are an articulation of agrarian structure, political process of natural resource policy, and the structure of conflicts that occur on decentralized political system, 3) the ecological crisis in Kulon Progo District is connected to social political crisis, and 4) the alternative of natural resource policy in Kulon Progo district is difficult to develop due to the absence of equality, transparency, and trust on the conflicting actors.
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Judul: Konflik-konflik sumberdaya hutan di Jawa Barat dan Kalimantan Barat, Indonesia
Abstrak: The role of forests as a basis of human livelihood has occurred for a long time since the world’s early agricultural history. Throughout history, it has shown that the people’s living strategy has different patterns, influenced by culture and social changes. However, changes had to be carried out to respond to conflicts that occur due to the entry of state policy on the management of forest areas. By taking the exemplary case of conflicts in two locations, namely Mount Halimun Salak National Park (T.N.G.H.S.) located in the Bogor Regency, Sukabumi Regency and Lebak Regency, West Java and Banten Provinces, and Sungai Utik Forest, Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan Province, through constructivist research methods and qualitative approach, the author can say that these forest resource conflicts always occur involving multiple parties with multiple interests. At least in the case of T.N.G.H.S. there are two parties in conflict, namely the State and the indigenous people of Kasepuhan, whereas in the case of Sungai Utik, it involves many parties, namely the State (Central Government), the State (Local Government), businessmen who are affiliated with the Central Government and businessmen who are affiliated with the Local Government and the indigenous people of Dayak Iban in Sungai Utik. Conflicts at T.N.G.H.S. occur because the state issued a policy on the expansion of the national park, while conflicts at Sungai Utik Forest occur because the state (Central Government) issued the Business License for Timber Management (I.U.P.H.H.K.) policy for businessmen, and the Local Government also issued the Business Licence for Plantation (I.U.P.) policy in the same region. Based on the phenomenon of conflicts in T.N.G.H.S. and Sungai Utik Forest, it can be said that conflicts of forest resources are conflicts of meaning, conflicts of tenur, conflicts of authority and conflicts of livelihood. Foucault's theory was used to see the conflict of meaning. The meaning is affected by the knowledge of the actor. This knowledge empowers the actors to claim the area as their property and gives them the power to control and to manage the forest resources. To analyze conflicts of tenur, conflicts of authority and conflicts of livelihood, the Dahrendorf conflict theory was used. Through the analysis of the Dahrendorf conflict theory, it can be said that the sharper the conflict of forest resources, the more visible the presence of the subordinated party and the other party that becomes the super ordinate. The indigenous people are the subordinated party, whereas the state is the super ordinate party. The more subordinated the people, the less the authority they have, and the more difficult the indigenous people obtain their interest on the right of access to forest management; thus the more resilient the people become in finding various supports for conflict resolution. Based on the phenomena found on location, conflicts of forest resources in the Kasepuhan community and the Dayak Iban community of Sungai Utik gave birth to a new theory, namely “the theory of social resilience in the fight over forest resources”. The resilience is understood as a struggle for survival. Each community has a different level of resilience. Communities
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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