Judul: Monetary Policy Transmission Analysis: Comparison of Inflation Ttargeting and Flexible Inflation Targeting in Indonesia
Abstrak: Krisis keuangan global 2008, mengubah kerangka kebijakan moneter di Indonesia dari inflation targeting menjadi flexible inflation targeting serta menambahkan fokusnya tidak hanya kepada stabilitas harga namun juga stabilitas keuangan sejak tahun 2009. Kebijakan moneter suatu negara dikatakan berhasil jika tingkat inflasi mencapai target inflasi, namun yang terjadi tingkat inflasi masih jauh dari target inflasi. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini untuk mencari kerangka kebijakan terbaik dengan membandingkan antara inflation targeting dan flexible inflation targeting di Indonesia melalui transmisi kebijakan moneter jalur suku bunga pada Bulan Juli 2005 hingga Bulan Desember 2022. Hasil penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa dengan metode Structural VAR yang dikombinasikan dengan metode Structural VECM, kebijakan flexible inflation targeting terbukti lebih baik diimplementasikan di Indonesia di bandingkan dengan kebijakan inflation targeting. Hal ini didasarkan oleh hasil estimasi yang menunjukkan bahwa responsibilitas suku bunga BI rate bekerja lebih baik saat implementasi kebijakan flexible inflation targeting. Kontribusi kebijakan moneter pada variabilitas inflasi di flexible inflation targeting memang lebih sedikit jika dibandingkan dengan inflation targeting, namun kebijakan tersebut tetap lebih baik dalam menjelaskan variabilitas inflasi. Untuk mengoptimalkan kinerja flexible inflation targeting, Bank Indonesia perlu memperkuat kebijakan suku bunga untuk mengelola inflasi.
Keyword: Flexible inflation targeting, inflation targeting, Monetary Policy Transmission, SVAR

Judul: Comparative analysis of monetary transmission channel in indonesia
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kekuatan relatif dari masing-masing jalur mekanisme transmisi kebijakan moneter di Indonesia. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pendekatan ekonometrika dengan model Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Penelitian ini menggunakan data time series bulanan tahun 2004:1 sampai 2013:10. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pada jangka panjang, suku bunga pasar uang antarbank (PUAB) sebagai sasaran operasional kebijakan moneter tidak mempengaruhi outputmaupun inflasi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis IRF menunjukkan bahwa tidak adanya kesesuaian teori pada respon masing-masing variabel jika terdapat guncangan pada suku bunga pasar uang antarbank (PUAB), kecuali variabel nilai tukar dan variabel kredit. Hasil analisis FEVD menujukkan bahwa nilai tukar merupakan jalur yang paling memengaruhi output di Indonesia. Jalur kredit merupakan jalur yang paling memengaruhi inflasi di Indonesia., This study aims to compare the relative strength of each channel of monetary transmission mechanism in Indonesia. Methods of analysis used in this study is the Vector model Error Correction Model (VECM). This study use monthly time series data (2004): 1: 10 until 2013. The results show that in the long run, the interbank money market interest rates (PUAB) as the operational target of monetary policy does not affect the output and inflation. Based on the results of the IRF analysis show that the response of each variable if there are shocks on the interbank money market interest rates (PUAB) is not suitable with the theory, unless the exchange rates variable and credit variable. FEVD analysis results shows that the exchange rate channel and credit channel have highest relative importance to explain the output and inflation in Indonesia.
Keyword: mekanisme transmisi kebijakan moneter, VECM

Judul: Systematics of Desmos (Annonaceae) in Malesia
Abstrak: Desmos is a woody climbing genus of Annonaceae which has been widely used as traditional medicine in several countries such as China, Indo-China, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia to treat dysentery, vertigo, fever, and postpartum. Phylogenetic studies on Desmos showed a close relationship between Desmos and Dasymaschalon. They share similar moniliform monocarpic fruits, but their flowers are different. It has been debated among Annonaceae researchers whether both genera should be treated as the same or distinct genus. Therefore, investigation on the taxonomic delimitation of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon will be necessary. Plastid genome (plastome) identification, leaf epidermal section of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon species, a taxonomic revision of Desmos in Malesia using morphological data, the spatial distribution of Desmos species in Malesia, and morphological and genetic variation in Desmos chinensis population using ISSR marker were used to investigate taxonomic delimitation of Desmos. Plastome study of Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was carried out to determine the origin, evolution, phylogenomics, and identify marker candidates for Desmos and Dasymaschalon or with other genera in Annonaceae. We discovered that the plastome of Desmos chinensis was circular with the size of 167,677 bp (smaller than Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum), consist of 111 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 29 transfer RNAs, and 4 ribosomal RNAs. The plastome showed a typical quadripartite structure, i.e., large single copy (LSC), small single copy (SSC), and two inverted repeats (IRs). The plastome of Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was 191,488 bp in length, which also exhibited a typical quadripartite structure (LSC, SSC, and two IRs). Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum showed different copies of accD, ndhD, ndhF, rps18, and ycf2. Protein coding genes of rpoB, rpoC1, rbcL, matK, rpl32, infA, and rpl36 were identified based on nucleotide diversity, sequence variability, and parsimony-informative sites. The genes are defined as molecular marker candidates of plastome for phylogenetic, barcoding, and population genetic research. We predicted that Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum separated at ca. 64 million years ago during the Paleocene. Leaf anatomical feature study was carried to support the taxonomic delimitation of interspecific Desmos and intergeneric of Desmos and Dasymaschalon. Leaf anatomy in the paradermal section of 20 taxa (12 species of Desmos, eight species of Dasymaschalon) have been carried out. According to the leaf epidermal section, Desmos and Dasymaschalon are two distinct genera mainly distinguished based on the anticlinal wall undulation of epidermal cells and supported by variation of the crystal type and size. The anticlinal wall undulation of Desmos was almost straight to slightly wavy and never sinuous; meanwhile, Dasymaschalon varies from almost straight to deeply sinusoid. The crystals of Desmos consist of rhombohedral, druse type A, and druse type B crystals, whereas Dasymaschalon has prism, druse type A, druse type B, and druse type C crystals. The recent taxonomic revision using the morphological data was mainly based on the examination of about 1374 specimens from BO, L, WAN, ANDA, SING, SAN, K, P, HUH herbaria. The Desmos species in Malesia consists of eight species: D. acutus, D. chinensis, D. chryseus, D. dunalii, D. pedunculosus, D. subbiglandulosus, two new records: D. lawii and D. macrocarpus, and one
Keyword: Dasymaschalon, Desmoid clade, Magnoliid, plastid genome, phylogenomics analysis