Judul: Improve nutrition quality of leucaena leaf meal with addition of sheep rumen liquor enzyme for nila tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed
Abstrak: The aims of this experiment were; (1) to evaluate hydrolyze enzyme activity in exctract rumen liquor of sheep fed forage, (2) to improve the nutrient quality of leucaena leaf meal (LLM) by addition with sheep rumen liquor enzyme; (3) to evaluate the suitability of hydrolized LLM as alternative protein source for Nile tilapia. The first stage of experiment showed that the activity of enzyme hydrolyze in rumen fluid of sheep with forage feeding had the largest cellulase activity than amylase, protease, lipase and phytase activity. The second stage was designed in completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications with different level enzyme addition (0; 20; 40; 60; 80; and 100 ml/kg LLM) and incubated in 2 and 24 hours.. Results of the first experiment showed that nutrient quality of LLM with addition of sheep rumen liquor enzyme 100 ml/kg LLM, within incubated 24 hours have the best result than that of incubated 2 hours.The enzymes significantly (P<0.05) increased soluble glucose (2127,45%) soluble protein (3538,23%), decreased crude fiber (53,640%) and phytic acid (68,088%); but the enzyme did not affect crude lipid and crude protein content. The third stage experiments was conducted with two experimental diet. The first one contained hydrolyzed LLM at level 10% 15% 20% 25% and 30% ( Group I; Diet A, B, C, D and E respectively) and one diet acting as a control (Diet K, 0% LLM), the second experiments contained non-hydrolized LLM at the same level as the first ezperiment ( Group II; Diet F, G, H, I, J). All diets were isoenergy. A seven weeks feeding trial was carried out on triplicate groups of eight fish (9,38 ± 0,41) in aquarium with a recirculating system for group I and II. Fish were fed twice daily at satiation. Results showed that improvement of the quality of hydrolyzed LLM increased daily growth rate, feed efficiency, protein and fat retention. Similarly, the value of Hepato somatic indeks, glycogen content and enzyme activity of protease, amylase and cellulase in fish feeding hydrolyzed LLM were higher than that of non- hydrolyzed LLM. HIS and liver glycogen storage in fish with hydrolyzed LLM in diet increased with the increasing use of hydrolyzed LLM. Histological liver and intestine of tilapia using hydrolyzed LLM in the diet did not show significant differences with those of fish with feed without LLM. It is was concluded that enzymes from rumen liquer capable of increasing the nutritive quality of LLM. Application of hydrolyzed LLM up to 15% in the diet of tilapia show better performance compared with non-hydrolyzed LLM
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Judul: Evaluation of rubber seeds (Hevea brasilliensis) fermented meal using rumen liquour as a protein source in diet of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Abstrak: This research is aimed to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal with rubber seed meal (RSM) as protein sources for feed of Nile tilapia (Orecochromis niloticus) strain Nirwana. The fish (8.14 ± 0.08 g) were cultured in rearing aquaria (100x50x50 cm3) connected to a recirculating aquaculture system, and fed three times daily with 5 different concentrations of RSM feeds: A (0% RSM), B (25% RSM), C (50% RSM), D (75% RSM) and E (100% RSM), with the same protein content and gross energy: 31% and 433.5 kcal GE g-1 respectively. The study consisted of two phase. Phase one aims to determine the digestibility of feed (14 days) and phase two study aimed to growth performance (50 days). During the feeding period, some parameters were measured including feeding rate, feed efficiency, protein retention, fat retention, daily growth rate, cholesterol, triglycerides, feed digestibility, LDL (low density lipoprotein), HDL (high density lipoprotein), hepatosomatic indeks (HSI), glycogen in heart and muscle, and lipid in hearth and muscle. Experimental design was set according to completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 repetitions of each. Data were statiscally analysed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using software Minitab version 16.0, with 95% (p<0.05) confidence interval. The results showed that the replacement of soybean meal with the rubber seed meal at 50% gave the highest protein digestibility (92.95%) and total feed digestibility (70.30%). On the contrary, increasing rate of the replacement up to 100% decreased both protein digestibility and total feed digestibility to 86.79% and 54.58%. Substitution up to 75% and 100% showed low blood protein to 3.57% and 2.58%. Other results revealed that the use of 75% and 100% lead to the increasing of cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL (low density lipoprotein), but decreased HDL (high density lipoprotein). Overall, the replacement of soybean meal with fermented rubber seed meal as protein sources showed no significant different in fish growth rate; 3.43% (25% RSM), 3.42% (50% RSM) and 3.41% (control). This research result may suggest that rubber seed meal which was previously fermented with rumen liquid can be used to replace soybean meal as protein sources and can be used up to 50% in diet of nile tilapia.
Keyword: Alternative protein source, Oreochromis niloticus, rubber seed meal HDL and LDL

Judul: Pola Pernikahan Masyarakat Batak Karo di Perantauan
Abstrak: Pernikahan adalah budaya yang tidak akan pernah berhenti, pernikahan akan terjadi secara berkelanjutan Dasarnya, karena pernikahan merupakan kebutuhan biologis manusia. Indonesia adalah negara yang kaya akan budaya dan etnis. Setiap suku di Indonesia mempunyai tata cara/adat istiadat dalam pelaksanaan pernikahan itu sendiri. Begitupun dengan suku Batak karo yang mempunyai sendiri tata cara pelaksanaan pernikahan. Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman Karo Banyak masyarakat yang merantau ke berbagai daerah di Indonesia, salah satunya Bogor berjalan-jalan. Masyarakat Karo yang merantau ke wilayah Bogor pada umumnya akan berusaha melakukan adaptasi ke negara tempat tinggal baru. Keadaan ini juga terjadi pada perkawinan Karo dalam pola adaptasi di Bogor. Namun adaptasi pernikahan masyarakat Karo di Bogor berupaya menjaga nilai-nilai budaya Karo dan sakralisme perkawinan. Mereka do Karo Dimodifikasi pada pola perkawinan, dengan tetap menjaga nilai budaya pernikahan.
Keyword: Weddings Karo, Adaptation marriage patterns, Attitudes