Judul: Model Estimasi Pertumbuhan Cronobacter spp. Berdasarkan Praktik Penyiapan, Pemberian dan Penyimpanan Susu Bubuk Formula Bayi pada Tingkat Rumah Tangga di Jakarta Pusat
Abstrak: This study was conducted to gather information on how to prepare, give and storage the powdered infant formula by mothers at home and to know about temperature and time profile since the reconstitution of PIF, give to the baby and storage of PIF that had been reconstituted using the descriptive method with survey approach. Temperature and time profile data obtained from this survey would be used to estimate the growth of Cronobacter spp. using the FAO/WHO Quantitative Risk Assessment Model of Cronobacter spp. in PIF, so it could provide recommendation of practice scenarios of preparation, giving and storage of PIF which did not pose a risk of Cronobacter spp. infection. From this survey, there were 16 scenarios of preparation, giving and storage of PIF which represented the practices by 30 respondents. Scenarios were selected based on the stages of respondents did in preparing and handling PIF and temperatures of water which were used to reconstitute PIF. The result of this study showed that 16th scenario was the most at risk scenario for Cronobacter spp. infection, both on the assumption of initial contamination level of 1 CFU/100g or 3 CFU/100g. That was because final contamination levels of Cronobacter spp. in 16th scenario exceeded the initial dose estimate of Cronobacter spp. infection that is equal to 3 CFU/100g. In 16th scenario, by assuming initial contamination levels to 1 CFU/100g and 3 CFU/100g, the final contamination levels that were obtained successively were 89.12 CFU/100g and 269.15 CFU/100g. Lag phase of 16th scenario was 23 minutes. In 16th scenario, there were milk storage stage at room temperature for 4 hours that could cause a risk of Cronobacter spp. growth. 7th until 16th scenario could cause a risk of Cronobacter spp. infection if the assumption of initial contamination level of Cronobacter spp. in PIF was 3 CFU/100g. 1st until 6th scenario were scenario that were secure against infection of Cronobacter spp., both on the assumption of initial contamination level of 1 CFU / 100g or 3 CFU / 100g. In this study, water temperatures to reconstitute PIF were not significantly affect to the growth of Cronobacter spp., but the milk storage for too long as in the 15th and 16th scenario, respectively, ie for 2 hours and 4 hours.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), FAO/WHO, reconstitute, powdered infant formula, Cronobacter spp

Judul: Kinetika inaktivasi Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) dalam susu formula dan sistem bufer dengan Berbagai aw dan pH pada proses pemanasan
Abstrak: Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) is an emerging opportunistic pathogen thas has been reported to cause meningitis, septicemia, dan necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) outbreaks linked to Powdered Infant Formula (PIF) consumption. Most of the outbreaks occurred in the hospital involving infants younger than 28 days old, premature infants, or infants with low birth weight (< 2500 g) possibly due to their undeveloped immune system. Cronobacter spp. may contaminate PIF during processing and or during its preparation prior to consumption. Several Cronobacter spp. isolates have been reported to have a higher heat resistance than other Enterobacter. Isolation of Cronobacter spp. from PIF, weaning foods, and other dry food has been reported in Indonesia. However, assessment on the heat resistance of the isolates is still limited. This research aimed to obtain the inactivation kinetics parameters (D, Z values) of local isolates of Cronobacter spp. in PIF and menstruum modified to achieve various aw and pH. The study was conducted by inoculating late log phase culture of Cronobacter spp. into thermal death time (TDT) tubes containing PIF or PIF with various aw (modified with sucrosa or NaCl) or adjusted with buffer Mcllvaine to achieve several pHs. TDT tubes were heated at constant temperatures of 50, 52, 54, 56, or 58 oC for 0-182 minutes. The number of Cronobacter spp. surviving the heating proces was enumerated on TSAYE. The correlation between heating time at different temperatures with the number of surviving Cronobacter spp. were plotted into TDT curves and the D and Z values were calculated. D-values of isolates of Cronobacter spp. obtained in this study were in the range of 3.61-11.36 minutes at 56 oC and 68.97-256.41 minutes at 50 oC. These values were similar with the values reported by other researcher. Z-values calculated for isolates of Cronobacter spp. studied were 3.54-5.69 oC. The Z-values obtained were also within the range of those reported in the literatures. This study showed no significant effect of water activity (aw) and pH on inactivation kinetics of YR t2a isolate.
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Judul: Kekuatan Tiga Tipe Sambungan Kayu Merbau pada Lunas Luar Kapal Ikan
Abstrak: Kapal kayu terdiri dari bagian-bagian yang merupakan satu kesatuan utuh. Bagian-bagian tersebut tidak dapat dipisahkan karena antara satu bagian dengan bagian yang lainnya saling menunjang. Diantara bagian-bagian tersebut, terdapat safu bagian yang merupakan dasar penunjang dari bagian-bagian yang lain pada kapal~ yaitu lunas. Lunas merupakan bagian dilsar pada kap~ awal dari pembangunan sebuah kapal yang juga berperan sebagai tulang punggung kapal. Lunas merupakan tempat menempelnya kerangka lambung atau gading-gading. Lunas juga berfungsi sebagai penyangga badan kapal dan mnatan yang berada di dalam kapal~ Beban yang disangga oleh lunas tergantung dilri besar kapal dan berat muatan yang dibawa oleli kapaL OIeh karena itu, material lunas harus terbnat dari kayu yang kuat, agar pada saat muatan kapal penuh, lUnas mampu menyangga beban dan kapaI tidak mengalami kerusakan. Menurut BKI (1989) kayu material lunas harus termasuk dalam kelompok kayu kelas kuat satu atan di.Ja. Lunas dipasang secara horizontaI searah panjang kap~ oleh karena itu, seIain kuat, lunas juga hams terbuat dari kayu yang panjang. Saat ini terdapat kesulitan untuk mencari kayu yang panjang karena semakin berkurangnya pohon-pohon tinggi di liutan. Siilitnya mencari kayu yang panjang menyebabkan funas kapal tidak seIalu terdiri dari satu batang kayu utuli yang panjang, tetapi juga terdiri diIri dua batang kayu sejenis yang disambung dengan sambungan. Sambungan yang digunakan pada lUnas kapaI harusIah sambungan yang kuat, agar lunas tetap mampu menyangga beban kapal dan muatan kapal.
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