Judul: Sumber-sumber penularan dan penyebaran salmonellosis serta usaha pencegahan dan pengendaliannya
Abstrak: Salmonellosis merupakan salah satu penyakit zoonose yang ditularkan lewat makanan dan dikenal sebagai "food borne disease". Penyebab salmonellosis adalah bakteri, genus Salmonella. Bakteri yang berbentuk batang langsing, tidak membentuk spora dan bersifat Gram negatif ini umurnya motil kecuali S.pullorum dan S.gallinarum. Salmonella yang mudah dibiakkan pada media biasa ini termasuk bakteri yang tidak memfermentasi laktosa. Habitat utama dari kuman Salmonella adalah saluran pencernaan, baik pada hewan maupun manusia. Kuman Salmonella diekskresikan lewat tinja yang kemudian dapat mence mari lingkungan dan membentuk sumber infeksi di alam, sаperti air limbah di daerah peternakan dan rumah potong he wan, serta padang penggembalaan. Bahan makanan yang sering merupakan sumber infeksi adalah bahan makanan asal hewan seperti daging, telur dan air susu. Usaha pencegahan dan pengendalian salmonellosis dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan tindakan sanitasi terutama di sekitar daerah peternakan dan rumah potong hewan, pemberantasan vektor dan hewan reservoir, cara pengolahandan penyimpanan bahan makanan yang baik, mengadakan penga wasan mikrobiologik terhadap bahan makanan terutama asal hewan dan melalui penerangan dan pendidikan.
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Judul: Pengawetan Telur Konsumsi Sebagai Tindakan Pencegahan terhadap Infeksi Salmonella sp
Abstrak: Telur sebagai komoditi pangan asal hewan bersifat mudah rusak. Disamping itu, dalam waktu yang lama telah ter bukti, telur dan hasil telur ikut berperan dalam siklus infeksi kuman Salmonella. Secara alamiah, telur dilengkapi dengan substansi germisidal dan substansi lainnya dalam mempertahankan proses hidup maupun melawan infeksi mikroorganisme. Tetapi kuman Salmonella resistensinya tinggi terhadap faktor-faktor lingkungan hidup untuk memperbanyak diri. Agent Salmonella dapat mencapai bagian-bagian telur unggas sedemikian rupa pada saat dibentuk, setelah menginfeksi ovarium dan folikel ovarium induk. Cara penularan demikian, dikenal dengan istilah penularan langsung transovarial. Tetapi penularan ekstragenital lebih sering terjadi melalui persentuhan fecal dari hewan carrier, bahan sarang, debu dan bahkan pada saat pengolahan maupun penyim panan. Manifestasi salmonellosis pada manusia berupa gastroenteritis, demam enterik, septikemia dan infeksi lokal. Demam enterik dan septikemia merupakan infeksi sistemik atau bakteremia. Sedangkan yang lain merupakan infeksi lokal. Saluran pencernaan hewan maupun manusia merupakan habitat utama kuman Salmonella. Sehingga pada umumnya, gejala klinik selalu disertai diarrhea. Beberapa serotype Salmonella yang patogen pada unggas, juga patogen terhadap manusia. ...
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Judul: Enhancement of photon absorbtion on BaxSr1-xTiO3 thin films semiconductor using photonic crystals.
Abstrak: In this research, has been conducted BaxSr1-xTiO3 (BST) thin films manufacturing for mole fraction x = 0.25, 0.35, 0.45, and 0.55; and concentration of 1 molar using chemical solution depositon (CSD) method. The materials, which are used in this research, are barium acetate [Ba(CH3COO)2, 99%], strontium acetate [Sr(CH3COO)2, 99%], titanium isopropoxide [Ti(C12O4H28), 97.999%], gallium trioxide [Ga2O3], 2-methoxyethanol [H3COOCH2CH2OH, 99%] and 1 x 1 cm of transparent conductive oxide (TCO) glass as substrate. Two BST thin films are made that for BST thin films which are doped by 10% galium (BGST) as p-type layer and pure BST solution as n-type. BST solution is made by reacting barium acetate [Ba(CH3COO)2, 99%], strontium acetate [Sr(CH3COO)2, 99%] and titanium isopropoxide [Ti(C12O4H28)] into 2-methoxyethanol solvent [H3COOCH2CH2OH, 99%] in accordance with mass gram for each x value. While, BGST solution is made in the same way as BST solution, plus adding gallium at 10% of the mass of BST. Once all materials are reacted, then vibrated using ultrasonic for 90 minutes, and followed by coating BGST / BST on the TCO substrate. Once the layer is formed, then annealed for 15 hours at temperature of 500 °C with increasing rate of 1.67 oC/minute. Characterizations of BST thin films with or without photonic crystals include the absorbance and transmittance in the visible light spectrum, as well as the electrical photoconductivity characterizations. From BST thin films without photonic crystals indicate that our thin films have light absorption area on almost the entire range of the visible light spectrum even to the infrared range with absorption value over than 67.6%, in addition, it can be seen that the maximum absorbance of BST thin films for all mole fractions lie in blue to green light spectrum region, 457 nm ≤ λ ≤ 570 nm and the minimum in yellow to red light spectrum region, 570 nm ≤ λ ≤ 678 nm. The largest absorbance is found at x = 0.25 with average absorbance value of 92.04% and maximum and minimum absorbance peaks at wavelength of 500.89 and 657.72 nm, respectively. At x = 0.35, average absorbance value decreased to 83.55% with maximum and minimum peaks at 505.73 and 613.68 nm, respectively. Then increased to 91.16% at x = 0.45 with maximum and minimum peaks at 506.04 and 618.56 nm, respectively. At x = 0.55, average absorbance value decreased to 80.12% with maximum and minimum peaks at 507.85 and 608.79 nm, respectively. Moreover, it can be seen that the addition of barium mole fraction leads to wider maximum absorbance or minimum transmittance peaks and narrower minimum absorbance or maximum transmittance peaks in the same range of the green and blue & red light spectrums, respectively. BST thin films with photonic crystals show increasing in absorption for all x values in the range of 3.04 into 13.33%. At x = 0.25, average absorbance percentage increased 3.96% from 92.4 into 95.68%, for x = 0.35 average percentage increased 7.07% into 89.45 from 83.55%. Furthermore, average absorbance of BST thin films at x = 0.45 increased 3.04% from 91.16 into 93.93% and x = 0.55 has
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