Judul: Studi awal immobilisasi enzim lipase pada membran dan aplikasinya untuk produksi biodiesel
Abstrak: Biodiesel as an altemative replacement diesel fuel, has several advantages, such as produced from renewable source, biodegrable and low emission. Commercially, biodiesel is produced by transesterification reaction using alkaline catalyst. One of disadvantage using alkaline catalyst is able to cause saponification. Biocatalyst, such as lipase enzyme, can solve it. In addition, using lipase enzyme has several advantages such as reaction can be operated in mild condition, glycerol can be easily separated and fiee fatty acid contained in oil can be completely converted to biodiesel. The high cost of the lipase enzyme in an industrial process is still limited. Immobilization of lipase enzyme in membrane is one of an altemative to solve that problem. The aim of using membrane in immobilization process is separating product from reactant and biocatalyst. Product can be separated easier and need less energy and cost.
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Judul: Imobilisasi Lipase pada MCM-41 untuk Produksi Biodiesel
Abstrak: Biodiesel adalah metil ester asam lemak yang biasanya diproduksi melalui reaksi transesterifikasi dari trigliserida (minyak) dan metanol dengan katalis basa. Produk yang dihasilkan memiliki viskositas yang rendah dan biofuel (metil ester) yang dihasilkan dapat menggantikan petroleum diesel dan dalam penerapannya pada mesin diesel tidak memerlukan modifikasi mesin. Selain itu, jika dibandingkan dengan bahan bakar fosil, metil ester yang terbentuk tidak beracun, aman untuk kesehatan dan mudah terurai serta menghasilkan gas emisi buang yang lebih rendah. Lipase (acylhydrolases triasilgliserol, EC 3.1.1.3) adalah enzim yang digunakan pada reaksi transesterifikasi untuk mengkatalisis hidrolisis trigliserida menjadi gliserol dan asam lemak. Lipase juga merupakan biokatalis yang efektif untuk sintesis biodiesel dan memiliki banyak keuntungan lain. Namun, dalam skala industri penggunaan lipase masih terbatas karena harganya yang relatif mahal. Imobilisasi enzim adalah metode yang paling banyak digunakan untuk menjaga kestabilan lipase dan membuat lipase lebih menarik dalam skala industri dan dalam penggunaannya secara kontinyu. Material mesopori diketahui memiliki banyak kegunaan dalam aplikasi sebagai penyangga suatu katalis, antara lain adsorpsi gas dan cairan, imobilisasi biomolekuler dan pemisahan karena luas permukaan yang tinggi dan pori-pori besar yang seragam. MCM-41 (Mobile Crystalline Material 41) adalah material mesopori yang memiliki bentuk heksagonal dan memiliki pori-pori yang seragam, luas permukaan tinggi dan volume pori yang besar. Penelitian ini mempelajari penyiapan MCM-41 sebagai support matriks untuk imobilisasi lipase dengan metode ikatan kovalen untuk produksi biodiesel. MCM-41 telah disintesis menggunakan metode “liquid crystal templating mechanism” pada suhu 100 °C selama 96 jam menunjukkan hasil yang memiliki keseragaman material mesopori yang tinggi. MCM-41 dikarakterisasi menggunakan X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infra red (FTIR) dan Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Imobilisasi lipase pada MCM-41 telah diamati dan kesesuaiannya sebagai support matriks untuk imobilisasi lipase dihitung dengan aktivitas enzim, protein loading, dan efisiensi imobilisasi. Lipase teramobilisasi digunakan sebagai biokatalis untuk produksi biodiesel melalui reaksi transesterifikasi dari minyak sawit dan metanol 1:3 (rasio molar). Hasil dari reaksi transesterifikasi yang diperoleh dianalisa menggunakan Gas Kromatografi-Mass Spektra (GC-MS). Imobilisasi dengan metode ikatan kovalen menunjukkan efisiensi imobilisasi sebesar 94.4% dan protein loading sebesar 79.5 mg/g dengan aktivitas sebesar 1637 U/g dan 114 U/g setelah imobilisasi. Konversi dari minyak ke metil ester diperoleh bobot sebesar 48.7% dengan suhu 37 °C selama 24 jam.
Keyword: biodiesel, imobilisasi, lipase, MCM-41, transesterifikasi

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite