Judul: Pengembangan Ekstraksi Silikon Sekam Padi untuk Semikonduktor
Abstrak: Indonesia is a country with rich natural resources. One of the natural resources in this country is a waste rice husk. Waste rice husk contains silica which is used as raw material for producing silicon. This study aims to obtain silica for use as a producer of silicon materials. Rice husk waste contains 39.04% of silicon. Rice husk is burnt with the variation rate of temperature rise in 1, 3, 5, and 7 ° C / min. Ash content with fewer impurities found in the burning rate of rise of temperature of 1 ° C / min. The ash then washed and made the process of mixing with the variation at 300, 400, 500, and 600 rpm. Silica is processed at a speed of 600 rpm, then burned at a pace of temperature 1 ° C / min resulted in purity silica (SiO2) at 99% and 0.22% silicon has been formed. Silica which has been obtained then reducted using Magnesium (Mg) in the combustion temperature of 650 ° C. silicon obtained by EDS (energy dispersive X-ray) analysis still contained impurities Magnesium. This result is not up to the necessary levels of percentage of silicon.
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Judul: Penambahan magnesium berlebih dalam menghasilkan silikon murni dari sekam padi sebagai bahan semikonduktor
Abstrak: Rice is one of the most important cultivated plants in human civilization. Rice is also one of the main carbohydrate source the majority of the population in Indonesia. Central Statistics Agency (BPS 2012), estimates that in 2012 rice production reached 68.59 million tons, up by 2.84 million tonnes (4:13%) than in 2011. Seeing this, then it will appear in the form of agricultural waste rice husk. Most of the waste generated from the processing of rice had only burned or thrown away (Azadi et al 2010). Utilization of rice husk furnace developed by IPB since 2007, generating more waste in the form of waste rice husk (Irzaman et al 2007). Rice husk charcoal is known to contain at 95.14% silicon dioxide (Supaman et al 2010) and has the potential to produce pure silicon with a rate 40.78% (Hikmawati 2010) and 42.29% (Ahmad L 2012). This study aimed to examine the characteristics of silicon powder obtained from rice husk by chemical reduction method, which reduces the silicon dioxide using magnesium (Mg) powder to vary the ratio of the amount of silicon dioxide with magnesium and washing with a solution of HCl in the purification. Silicon dioxide and silicon obtained will be analyzed using X-Ray Difraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Distersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), LCR meter and I-V meter. Manufacture of silicon through three (3) phases, husk charcoal, silicon dioxide and silicon. Husk charcoal through several stages. At first the rice husk is dried with the aid of sunlight with the purpose of accelerating the combustion process. Then the rice husks were weighed at 5000 grams (5 kg), entered into a husk furnace and continued with the process of burning, then the rice husk charcoal weighed. In this process produced rice husk for 1440 grams (1.44 kg). Rice husk as much as 40 grams put in porcelain dish and baked in a kiln at a temperature initially 400 °C for 2 hours, subsequent heating to temperatures of 1000 °C for 1 hour with the temperature rising rate setting by 1 °C/minutes and 5 ° C/minutes. After the ash obtained by burning weighed, then washed rice husk ash using hydrochloric acid (HCl) 3% technical which 12 mL of HCl 3% for 1 gram of technical rice husk ash, then heated over a hotplate with temperature settings 200 °C and stirred with magnetic stirrer at a speed of 240 rpm for 2 hours. Subsequently washed with hot distilled water (temperature of about 90-100 °C) repeatedly until acid-free (tested with litmus paper), and then filtered through ash-free paper. Screening results (residue separated from the filter paper) is inserted in the porcelain dish is then heated in a furnace at temperatures of 1000 °C for 1 hour with a temperature rise of 1 °C/minutes and 5 °C/minutes until the silicon dioxide remaining white. The samples were cooled in the furnace and weighed, then the result is tested SEM-EDX, LCR meter and I-V meter (Ahmad L 2012). The next process is to get silicon, silicon dioxide mixed with magnesium powder with a reductant that vary the ratio ranging from ratio
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan