Judul: The Use of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) in Detecting Rat Meat in The Case of Meat Adulteration
Abstrak: Kasus pemalsuan daging seperti penambahan daging tikus ke dalam daging sapi atau ayam merupakan masalah keamanan pangan yang masih ditemukan di Indonesia. Pengujian berbasis DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid) dalam kasus pemalsuan tersebut masih terbatas penggunaannya sampai saat ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui validitas dari metode Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) dalam mengidentifikasi keberadaan DNA tikus pada produk pangan asal hewan. Metode Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) menggunakan SYBR green dievaluasi validitasnya dalam mendeteksi keberadaan daging tikus yang secara sengaja ditambahkan ke dalam daging ayam dalam berbagai konsentrasi. Parameter dalam evaluasi validitas ini meliputi specificity, repeatability, reproducibility, dan limit of detection. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode qPCR memiliki validitas yang baik untuk mengidentifikasi keberadaan campuran daging tikus di dalam daging ayam dalam berbagai konsentrasi. Metode ini bahkan mampu mendeteksi campuran tersebut hingga mencapai konsentrasi 0,03125%. Hal ini menunjukkan metode qPCR dapat digunakan untuk keperluan pengujian kasus pemalsuan daging terutama penambahan daging tikus ke dalam daging ayam., Beef or chicken meat adulteration is still become one of main food safety issue in Indonesia. Utilization of DNA (Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid)-based testing in solving that problem is still very limited to date. This study aimed to determine the validity of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) method to identify the presence of rat DNA in animal food products. The validity of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction method using SYBR Green Melting Curve Analysis in detecting the presence of rat meat added into chicken meat intentionally in various concentrations were evaluated. Parameters used in this validity evaluation are specificity, repeatability, reproducibility, and limit of detection. The result of this research suggested that the qPCR method had good validity to identify the presence of rat meat when it was mixed with chicken meat. This method was able to detect the compound until it reached a concentration of 0,03125%. This showed that the qPCR method can be used to examine the case of animal food product adulteration especially the addition of rat meat into chicken meat.
Keyword: Adulteration, DNA, Rat, qPCR, validity

Judul: Validation of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) Method for Identification of Dog DNA (Canis familiaris) in Foods of Animal Origin.
Abstrak: Konsumsi daging anjing di Indonesia banyak dikaitkan dengan etnis ataupun wilayah tertentu seperti etnis Batak Karo dan Batak Toba di Sumatera Utara serta etnis Minahasa di Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan validitas metode dalam pengujian identifikasi DNA anjing pada produk pangan asal hewan. Sampel sebagai kontrol positif adalah campuran daging anjing dan daging ayam (1:9) dan daging ayam sebagai kontrol negatif. Pengujian validasi DNA anjing menggunakan real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) dengan SYBYR green melting curve analysis. Parameter uji yang digunakan meliputi repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection, dan spesificity. Hasil penelitian pada parameter repeatability menunjukkan bahwa sampel positif teramplifikasi seluruhnya, sedangkan sampel negatif tidak teramplifikasi. Pengujian nilai t terhadap nilai Ct dan Tm pada uji reproducibility tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata dalam mendeteksi DNA anjing dari kedua pengulangan menggunakan real-time PCR. Batas limit deteksi DNA anjing yang didapatkan sebesar 0,03125% serta tidak terdapat cross reaction dalam pengujian terhadap spesifisitasnya. Real-Time PCR dapat dijadikan metode pengujian untuk identifikasi DNA anjing ada dalam produk pangan asal hewan., The consumption of dog meat in Indonesia is mostly related to certain ethnicities or regions, such as the Batak Karo and Batak Toba ethnic groups in North Sumatra and the Minahasa ethnicity in North Sulawesi. This study aimed to determine the validity of the method in testing the identification of dog DNA in food of animal origin. Samples as positive control were the mixture of dog meat and chicken meat (1:9) and chicken meat as negative control. The examination on validation of DNA dog was conducted using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with SYBYR green melting curve analysis. The test parameters used included repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection, and specificity. The results of the research on repeatability parameters showed that the positive samples were all amplified, while the negative samples were not amplified. Testing the t value against the Ct and Tm values in the reproducibility test did not show any significant difference in detecting dog DNA from the two repetitions using real- time PCR. The limit for dog DNA detection was 0.03125% and there was no cross reaction in testing for its specificity. Real-Time PCR can be used as a testing method for identifying dog DNA in food products of animal origin.
Keyword: dog, DNA, halal, real-time PCR, validation

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
Keyword: