Judul: Keefektifan ekstrak ranting Aglaia odorata Lour. (Meliaceae) terhadap hama Crocidolomju pavonana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pada tanaman brokoli
Abstrak: Penelitian ini terdiri dari percobaan lapangan dan percobaan skala rumah kaca.Percobaan lapangan bertujuan untuk menguji keefektifan ekstrak ranting Aglaia odorata Lour. (Meliaceae) terhadap hama Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) (sin. Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pada tanaman brokoli dan pengaruhnya terhadap parasitoid Eriborus argenteopilosus (Cameron) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Percobaan kedua dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui persistensi ekstrak ranting A. odorata dan Dysoxylum acutangulum Miq. (Meliaceae) pada tanaman brokoli diluar ruangan (terpapar cahaya matahari dan curah hujan).
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Judul: Aktivitas residu ekstrak ranting Dysoxylum acutangulum Miq. (Meliaceae) terhadap larva Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas ekstrak ranting Dysoxylum acutangulum dan spinosad (sebagai pembanding) terhadap mortalitas dan perkembangan larva Crocidolomia binotalis dan untuk mengetahui persistensi ekstrak ranting D. acutangulum dan spinosad setelah dipaparkan pada cahaya matahari selama 1-14 hari. Percobaan dilakukan di laboratorium dan di luar ruangan. Pada pengujian pendahuluan di laboratorium, ekstrak air D. acutangulum, fraksi kloroform D. acutangulum dan spinosad diuji pada konsentrasi berturut-turut tidak lebih dari 2,5%, 0,05% dan 5 ppm, kemudian dilakukan uji lanjutan masing-masing pada enam taraf konsentrasi berdasarkan hasil uji pendahuluan. Pengujian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode residu pada daun. Pada pengujian di luar ruangan, bahan uji yang digunakan adalah fraksi kloroform D. acutangulum, fraksi kloroform D. acutangulum + tabir surya, dan ekstrak air D. acutangulum serta spinosad sebagai pembanding dengan konsentrasi masing-masing 5 x LC99, Percobaan ini disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok dengan lima perlakuan dan lima ulangan. Pengujian dilakukan dengan metode penyemprotan dengan medium tanaman brokoli. Residu bahan uji yang melekat pada daun brokoli dipaparkan pada cahaya matahari selama 1-14 hari. Larva yang diberi perlakuan ekstrak D. acutangulum menunjukkan gejala yang khas, yaitu larva mengalami kematian menjelang atau saat ganti kulit,..dst
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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