Judul: Kemampuan bakteri simbion rayap mendegradasi pakan sumber serat dalam kondisi suhu rumen (in vitro)
Abstrak: The availability of feedstuff is limited recently because of agriculhoal land decreasing, therefore, feed cost becomes high. An effort to overcome this problem is using agricultural and agroindustrial byproducts as livestock feeds. These byproducts are cheap, but their nutrient quality is low. A biological method can be applied to improve the byproduct utilization by inoculating termite symbion bacterial isolate into the men. Before an application in in vivo condition, it is necessary to study it's ability to grow and to degrade fibrous feedstuff in in vitro condition.
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Judul: Degradasi (in vitro) pakan sumber serat oleh isolat bakteri simbion rayap dalam suhu rumen
Abstrak: The development of livestock especially ruminant requires availability of high quality forages. Agricultura? and agroindustrial wastes such as rice straw and palm press fibre can be used as animal feeds because of its abundance and high organic matter, however they contail: high concenrration of fibre. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the usage of agrict ltural and agroindustrial wastes as animal feed source. Termite are wood fiber de~adingor ganisms, because of the presence of microbe in their digestion tracts, therefcre it has a potency to degrade fibre from agricultural and agroindustrial wastes.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite