Judul: Endophytic Bacteria Utilization to Increase Yield and Andrographolide Content on King of Bitter (Andrographis paniculata).
Abstrak: King of bitter (Andrographis paniculata) is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as antimalarial, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. The problems in its cultivation were low yield and andrographolide content since appropriate cultivation techniques have not been standardized and minimal research. One of the solutions was the application of endophytic bacteria and phosphate. Endophytic bacteria have roles as growth promoter and producer of secondary metabolites. They generate plant hormone such as auxin, gibberellins, and cytokinins, and also can supply nutrients such as Nitrogen fixation and Phophate solubilization. Phosphate acts as a constituent of macro molecules and compound storage; transferring energy; and regulating biochemical reactions. This research aimed to increase yield of king bitter plant both in quantity and quality. This study had general objective to find endophytic bacteria consortia and appropriate phosphate dosage to increase yield and andrographolide content of king of bitter. Specifically it aimed to: 1) obtain endophytic bacteria consortia at king of bitter indigenous from several agro-climatic conditions which can promote plant growth, 2) obtain potential endophytic bacteria consortia which can stimulate plant growth and increase yield and andrographolide content, 3) obtain the information of the association of endophytic bacteria consortia and phosphate on growth, yield and andrographolide content of king of bitter in the field, 4) obtain the information of association of endophytic bacteria consortia and phosphate in increasing the yield and content of andrographolide of king of bitter in nutrient solution media. This dissertation consisted of four experiments. The title of first experiment was “The exploration, isolation and selection of endophytic bacteria consortia from king bitter plant as plant growth promoter”. The activity in this study was to isolate endophytic bacteria from four locations which has different agro-climatic conditions viz. West Java (Bogor), Central Java (Blora), and East Java (Madiun and Pasuruan). The results showed there were 24 endophytic bacteria consortia from roots, stems, and leaves. Media used for isolation were 5% and 20% Trytone Soya Agar (TSA). The consortia isolated from root tissue (105-106 CFU ml-l) had higher population than from leaves and stems (103-105 CFU ml-l). All the 24 consortia were potential as plant growth promoter. However, only four consortia (5MD, 20BB, 20BD, and 20CD) had better effect on plant growth than others, so chosen and tested for further research. The title of the second experiment was “The potency of endophytic bacteria consortia to promote growth and andrographolide content on king bitter plant”. Four selected endophytic bacteria and one bacteria isolated from Graminae leaves, were tested in the greenhouse. The experiment was arranged in randomized block design (RBD), 6 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments consisted of: control, 5MD, 20BB, 20BD, 20CD consortia, and isolate 90AA. The results revealed that the consortia were able to enhance plant height, number of primary branches, shoot dry weight and andrographolide content at 14 weeks after planting (WAP). Shoot dry weight increased 25-82.81%, as well as N, P, and K uptake. The highest increasing of shoot dry weight and andrographolide yield was indicated by 20CD. Andrographolide content of 20CD, 20BB and 20BD treatments were significantly higher than control. The
Keyword: Andrographolide, endophytic bacteria consortia, recommendation, king of bitter

Judul: The potency of endophytic bacteria as biocontrol agents to control blood disease on banana
Abstrak: Blood disease of banana caused by blood disease bacterium (BDB) is an important disease of bananas in Indonesia. The available control techniques have not been able to solve the disease problem effectively. Therefore, the development of more effective control method is needed. Endophytic bacteria have potencies as candidates of biological control agents to blood disease, because the bacteria as reported to be associated with plant resistance to pathogens and plant growth promotion. The aim of the studies were to (1) explore, select and identify endophytic bacteria to control blood disease on banana; (2) determine the mechanisms of endophytic bacteria to control blood disease on banana; (3) evaluate endophytic bacterial colonization on banana plant and their effect on the effectiveness to control blood disease; and (4) analyse the effect of application method of endophytic bacteria to their effectiveness to control blood disease on banana. Ninety isolates of endophytic bacteria have been isolated from the root of banana. The average population densities of the bacteria varied between 6.0 x 103 and 4.2 x 105 cfu/g fresh weight of root. Twenty seven among the ninety isolates positively produced inhibition zone toward blood disease bacterium (BDB). However, only four isolates (EAL15, EKK10, EKK20, EKK22) were able to reduce the incidence of blood disease on banana with ranged from 66.67% to 83.33%. Based on the partial sequence of 16S rRNA, four isolates were identified as Serratia liquefaciens (EAL15), Bacillus megaterium (EKK10), Enterobacter cloacae (EKK20) and Pectobacterium cypripedii (EKK22). The mechanisms of endophytic bacteria to control blood disease on banana were induced resistance, based on their activities in increasing peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase and salicylic acid content. The endophytic bacteria EAL15-Rif colonized within roots and stem tissues of young banana trees at four weeks after inoculation. Histological analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy showed that EAL15-Rif colonise within the root and stem tissues of banana. The colonization period of endophytic bacteria during the eight months suppressed the blood disease incidence on banana ‘Cavendish’ with ranged from 66.67% to 83.33%. Application of endophytic bacterial community K-AL3 and K-RB1 were able to suppress the blood disease incidence on ‘Kepok kuning’ cultivar as much as 75.00% and 83.33%.
Keyword: Pseudomonas solanacearum, Ralstonia solanacearum, Endophytic bacteria, Blood disease bacterium, Induce resistance, Banana

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
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