Judul: The Effect of Trade Openness on Provincial Income Inequality in Indonesia
Abstrak: Hingga saat ini masih ada perbedaan pendapat pada penelitian-penelitian terdahulu mengenai pengaruh dari keterbukaan perdagangan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan secara nasional, khususnya pada negara yang sedang berkembang seperti Indonesia yang tingkat ketimpangannya masih tidak stabil dan cukup tinggi. Keterbukaan perdagangan dapat berpengaruh dengan sangat berbeda pada tingkat regional di Indonesia dengan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh keterbukaan perdagangan dan variabel lainnya terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan pada tingkat provinsi di Indonesia dengan menggunakan analisis data panel pada 34 provinsi periode 2015-2019. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa keterbukaan perdagangan, penanaman modal asing, rasio PDRB sektor pertambangan dan penggalian, dan rasio elektrifikasi secara signifikan meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan di tingkat provinsi Indonesia. Sedangkan PDRB per kapita berpengaruh signifikan menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan pada tingkat provinsi di Indonesia. Tingkat pengangguran terbuka tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan., Until now, there are still differences of opinion in previous studies regarding the effect of trade openness on national income inequality, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia, where the level of inequality is still unstable and quite high. Trade openness can have very different effects at the regional level in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of trade openness and other variables that influence income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia by using panel data analysis in 34 provinces for the 2015-2019 period. The estimation results show that trade openness, foreign direct investment, GRDP ratio of the mining and quarrying sector, and electrification ratio significantly increase income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia. Meanwhile, GRDP per capita has a significant effect on reducing income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia. Open Unemployment Rate has no significant effect on income inequality.
Keyword: panel data, provincial income inequality, provincial trade openness

Judul: The Influence of Economic Openness on Economic Growth, Unemployment, and Poverty at the Provincial Level in Indonesia
Abstrak: Globalisasi merupakan sebuah fenomena global yang melanda hingga penjuru dunia. Globalisasi ekonomi menciptakan hubungan ekonomi melalui perdagangan internasional dan aliran investasi asing. Akan tetapi sering kali globalisasi menimbulkan berbagai pengaruh berbeda sehingga memunculkan pihak yang diuntungkan dan pihak yang dirugikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat pengaruh keterbukaan ekonomi terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengangguran, dan kemiskinan di tingkat provinsi di Indonesia serta hubungan variabel makroekonomi lain yang turut memengaruhi. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi kombinasi data cross section dan time series yakni 34 provinsi dengan waktu periode 2017-2021. Hasil analisis dengan model terbaik yakni Fixed Effect Model (FEM) menunjukkan bahwa keterbukaan ekonomi melalui keterbukaan perdagangan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, pengangguran, dan kemiskinan. Sedangkan investasi asing berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi serta tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penurunan tingkat pengangguran dan kemiskinan., Globalization is a global phenomenon that reaches all over the world. Economic globalization creates economic relationships through international trade and foreign investment flows. However, globalization often leads to different influences, resulting in both the beneficial and the disadvantaged. The study aims to examine the impact of economic openness on economic growth, unemployment, and poverty at the provincial level in Indonesia as well as other macroeconomic variables that influence the relationship. The data used in the study included a combination of cross section and time series data of 34 provinces with the period 2017-2021. The results of the analysis with the best model, the Fixed Effect Model (FEM), show that economic openness through open trade has a positive and significant impact on economic growth, unemployment, and poverty. Foreign investments have a positive and significant impact on economic growth and have no significant effect on the reduction of unemployment and poverty.
Keyword: Economic Growth, Economic Openness, Investment, Poverty, Unemployment

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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