Judul: Establishment of Vegetatively Propagated Khaya anthoteca Pre-Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) On an Ex-Coal Mined Site.
Abstrak: Coal mining provides a means for creating wealth and significantly contributes to export earnings, economic activity and employment whilst supporting regional development. For example, the mining sector of Indonesia contributes to the nation’s economy for about 11.54% of total GDP. However, coal mining is one of the most severe disturbances in terrestrial ecosystems. It causes large-scale deforestation and land degradation with complete loss of topsoil. Thus, the removal of the natural vegetation and upper soil horizons for mining exploration hinders the establishment and survival of plant and soil microbial communities. Revegetation of coal mined lands is therefore required to enable the re-use of such resources for other purposes. The establishment of tree species capable of protecting the underlying soil and its micro-fauna and flora is one way of achieving this aim. This study aims to; (i) determine the potential application of stem cutting to propagate K. anthoteca seedlings. (ii) determine the status of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) symbiosis of vegetatively propagated K. anthoteca (iii) evaluate on the field, the effect of compost and pre-inoculation on vegetatively propagated K. anthoteca for re-vegetation of ex-coal mined site in South Sumatra of Indonesia. The design for the field study was the completely randomized design (CRD) in factorial experiment. Four (4) levels of each factor namely; C0 (control), C1 (5 kg of Salvinia natans compost), C2 (5 kg of community/commercial compost) and C3 (2.5 kg each of Community and Salvinia natans composts); M0 (control), M1 (50 spores of Gigaspora margarita mycorrhizae), M2 (50 spores of Glomus manihotis mycorrhizae) and M3 (25 spores each of G. margarita and G. manihotis) mycorrhizae with four replicates. Data collected on plant height, diameter and leave count were subjected to a twoway analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significance level of 5% (α ≤ 0.05) using the Minitab statistical analysis package (Minitab Inc.). Tukey’s HSD test was used for multiple comparison tests for treatments that differed significantly. Results of the cutting experiment demonstrated that, the species can be vegetatively propagated through cutting without hormone application. Analysis of variance tested at α ≤ 0.05 revealed no significant difference between the treatment means of hormone and wounding on the number of roots. Again, the length of the longest root was not significantly different over the control treatment. The trapping experiment also showed no significant difference between K. anthoteca cuttings and other trapping plant species. However, this observation was frequent in the young and meristematic segments of the roots for K. anthoteca. An average root colonization of 32% was observed for K. anthoteca 4 and the highest recorded by S. bicolor of about 43%. There was also a significant positive correlation (r = 0.892; p ≤ 0.000) between percentage root segment colonization and the number of counted spores. The results for the field experiment showed that compost has significant effect (P < 0.001) on height, diameter and leaf increments with steady increment for the study period. There was no significant effect (P > 0.05) of mycorrhizae treatment as well as the interaction between both factors (AMF and compost) on the growth of K. anthoteca
Keyword: Coal mining, K. anthoteca, AMF, Compost, Plant Hormone

Judul: Technique of cover crop development on coal mining reclamation as pasture
Abstrak: Land reclamation usually characterized by low of soil fertility. If it will be utilized as a pasture, it required soil amendment such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), liquid compost, and appropriate grazing management. Seed coating technology with mycorrhizal root and liquid compost have expectation on soil amendment application in coal mining reclamation. Utilization of this pasture should be considered the stocking rate or the number of cattle grazed in the pasture. The objectives of the research were to find out the proper of inoculation techniques of AMF on signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) and puero legume (Pueraria phaseoloides), concentration and frequency of liquid compost applied, herbage production on mix culture between signal grass and puero, and stocking rate of signal grass and puero mix pature on coal mining reclamation. Four experiments were applied in this research, and was conducted in PT Kaltim Prima Coal (KPC), Sengata, Kalimantan Timur. The first experiment was inoculation techniques of arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi on Brachiaria decumbens and Pueraria phaseoloides, the second experiment was concentration and frequency of liquid compost applied to mycorrhizal Brachiaria decumbens and Pueraria phaseoloides, the third experiment was mix culture production of mycorrhizal Brachiaria decumbens and Pueraria phaseoloides amended by liquid compost, and fourth experiment was Animal Production in Mix Pasture of Brachiaria decumbens and Pueraria phaseoloides at Coal Mining Reclamation Land. The first and second experiment was done in greenhouse, whereas third and fourth experiment was done in mine reclamation field.
Keyword: stocking rate, liquid compost, B. decumbens, P. Phaseoloides, arbuscular michorrhizal fungi

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
Keyword: