Judul: Association of the toll-like receptor 4 and Myxovirus genes with resistance to Salmonella and Newcastle disease in selected Sentul chickens
Abstrak: Toll-like receptor 4 and myxovirus genes have been demonstrated to confer resistance to Salmonella and Newcastle disease (ND), respectively. These genes have not yet been investigated in Sentul chickens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the polymorphisms and association of the TLR4 and Mx genes as candidate genes underlying resistance to Salmonella and ND in selected Sentul chickens. One hundred and eighty-five Sentul chickens were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. The genotype and allele frequencies, polymorphic information contents and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) statuses were analysed. The genotypes were associated with immunoglobulin Y (IgY), Salmonella-specific antibodies and Newcastle disease-specific antibodies. These parameters were determined using indirect ELISA, clearance tests and haemagglutination inhibition, respectively. The immune traits were further grouped into high, medium and low categories. The data were analysed using the GLM and t-test. Polymorphisms in TLR4|MscI and Mx|Hpy8I were observed. The population was in HWE for both genes. The frequencies of the TLR4 allele G and genotype GG were significantly high (P<0.05) in chickens with high immune traits. The genotype GG of TLR4 gene recorded significantly higher immune traits than genotypes AA and AG. For the Mx gene, the frequency of allele A was higher than of allele G at a high IgY titre. TLR4|MscI and Mx|Hpy8I are potential markers for selection against Salmonella and Newcastle disease in Sentul chickens. However, further investigations are recommended.
Keyword: Disease resistance, Mx gene, Newcastle disease, Polymorphism, Salmonella, Sentul chickens, TLR4 gene

Judul: Study of kampung chicken resistance against Salmonella enteritidis using TLR4 gene as marker.
Abstrak: Kampung chicken is a kind of Indonesian local chicken that do not have special characteristic and spread out in various regions of Indonesia. Kampung chicken eggs is trusted by the majority of Indonesian people to increase stamina and to heal diseases. Therefore Kampung chicken eggs was mostly used by Indonesian people as ‘jamu’ (a potion) or as an ingredient of potion that it was directly consumed without cooking. Salmonella free eggs become significant in producing the safe ‘jamu preparation’ so that the users of Kampung chicken eggs be spared from salmonellosis. Salmonella free eggs might be produced by chickens which have high resistancy to this bacteria. One of excellent markers showing resistance of chicken against Salmonella is an active Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) gene. TLR4 gene was associated with non-specific immune response, because it transcribes TLR4 protein, which is a phagocytes cell surface receptor that plays a role to recognize lipopolysaccaride of gram negative bacteria including Salmonella sp. The aim of the research was to prove resistance of Kampung chicken against S. enteritidis, using TLR4 gene as marker. The evidence was done by analyzing the association between genotype TLR4 gene with the factors that indicate the resistance to these bacteria that was obtained from molecular and biological assays. To identify the genotype TLR4 gene, 50 Kampung chickens was genotyped using PCR-RFLP technique (the first stage of these study). The second stage was conducted tests on several chickens resistance indicators against S. enteritidis from natural infection. The third stage in these research was testing resistance of chickens when was challenged with S. enteritidis (ID50 dose : 105 cfu ml-1), through molecular and biological assays. Then the test results were associated with genotype of TLR4 gene, and it was analyzed by ANOVA (analysis of variance). The results showed that the PCR-RFLP technique in exon 2 of TLR4 gene was identified that this gene on the Kampung chicken was polymorphic. A presence of mutation was detected on site 3924. This mutation caused bases change from guanine to adenine (GA). From this genotyped was found three kinds of genotype TLR4 gene. They were AA, AG and GG. GG genotype dominated the genotype frequencies of TLR4 gene of Kampung chickens. AA genotype was only found on one individual Kampung chicken, so in subsequent association analysis was not included in the statistical test. The second stage of this study showed that in all of TLR4 gene genotypes of the Kampung chicken was not found S. enteritidis in the blood and eggs produced. In the blood serum of Kampung chicken positive was found IgY specific S. enteritidis (in all genotypes). Egg yolk that produced by Kampung chicken was found specific IgY of S. enteritidis in high concentrations (2.47-3.58 mg ml-1). On all genotypes, the concentration of leucocytes and differentiation of leucocytes were in the range of physiological normal. Kampung chickens which were challenged with S. enteritidis not impaired physiological, it is seen from the results the concentration of leucocytes and differentiation of leucocytes assays that were still in the normal range. Although the Kampung chicken was challenged with S.
Keyword: Kampung chicken, TLR4 gene, TLR4 gene, non specific immune response, S. enteritidis

Judul: Pengembangan Dehidrasi Bioetanol dengan Adsorben Karbon aktif Bambu Petung (Dendrocalamus asper).
Abstrak: Bambu telah lama dikenal oleh masyarakat Indonesia dan dipergunakan dalam kehidupan keseharian berbagai lapisan masyarakat Indonesia. Bambu merupakan sumber daya alam yang dapat diperbaharui dan memiliki beberapa potensi sebagai bahan bangunan, kerajinan, dan bahan industri seperti pulp, arang dan karbon aktif. Bambu petung merupakan salah satu jenis bambu yang cukup banyak terdapat di wilayah Indonesia. Bambu petung memiliki kemampuan tumbuh yang cukup cepat dimana bambu dapat dipanen dengan waktu berkisar 3-4 tahun. Komposisi kimia bambu meliputi selulosa, lignin, pentosan, abu dan silika. Berdasarkan komposisi kimia yang dimiliki tersebut, bambu memiliki kriteria sebagai bahan dasar dalam pembuatan karbon aktif yang mudah didapat di wilayah Indonesia. Beberapa penelitian karbon aktif berbahan dasar dari bambu telah dilakukan salah satunya adalah pembuatan karbon aktif dari bambu dengan activating agent H3PO4 menghasilkan luas permukaan rata-rata 2123 m2/g. Bambu petung memiliki karakteristik yang unik, diantaranya yaitu pada proses karbonisasi pada suhu 500oC, karakter karbon dari bambu petung sudah homogen dan nilai kalor tertinggi yang dihasilkan pada bambu petung dengan atmosfer argon pada temperatur 500oC adalah 10924 Cal/g. Luas permukaan yang cukup besar yang diperoleh ini memperlihatkan bahwa bambu sangat baik sebagai bahan baku karbon aktif. Pemanfaatan karbon yang terbuat dari bambu telah banyak digunakan sebagai agen remediasi tanah dan adsorben logam berat untuk meningkatkan kinerja adsorpsi. Pengembangan teknologi karbonasi perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas karbon dan industri produk bambu di Indonesia. Kualitas karbon yang baik menentukan kualitas karbon aktif yang dihasilkan. Salah satu fungsi karbon aktif adalah sebagai adsorben pada dehidrasi etanol. Selain karbon aktif, adsorben lain yang biasa digunakan pada dehidrasi etanol adalah zeolit alam, zeolit sintetis 4A dan membran silika. Dehidrasi dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu dengan cara kimia dan fisika. Dehidrasi yang dilakukan secara kimia kurang efisien dibandingkan secara fisika sehingga pengembangan teknik dehidrasi secara fisika berkembang dengan pesat. Beberapa penelitian tentang dehidrasi khususnya dehidrasi etanol sudah banyak dilakukan; antara lain adalah pemisahan campuran etanol air dengan membran silika pada pervaporasi. Pemisahan etanol air juga dikembangkan dengan bahan karbon aktif dan alumina aktif pada kondisi non polar dimana kondisi ini dianggap paling efektif untuk pemisahan etanol air. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga tahap yaitu meliputi : (1) proses pembuatan karbon aktif bambu petung, (2) menganalisis karakteristik karbon aktif bambu petung dan (3) dehidrasi etanol pada kolom adsorben menggunakan karbon aktif bambu petung sebagai adsorben. Tahap pertama bertujuan untuk memodifikasi metode aktivasi fisik pembuatan karbon aktif dengan bambu petung. Bambu yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah bambu yang sudah kering dengan ukuran sisi 1 cm dengan kadar air rata-rata 9.96%. Tahapan pembuatan karbon aktif bambu petung dilakukan dua tahap yaitu tahap pertama proses karbonasi dan tahap kedua proses aktivasi. Hal ini dilakukan untuk memperoleh karbon aktif yang lebih baik (Pari et al. 1996). Proses karbonasi dilakukan pada suhu 300oC selama 3 jam dengan tujuan menghilangkan zat-zat volatile yang terdapat pada bambu dan meningkatkan pembentukan karbon. Proses pencucian dilakukan untuk memisahkan karbon yang dihasilkan dengan abu pada proses karbonasi. Karbon bambu yang diperoleh setelah pemisahan dilakukan pengecilan ukuran dengan cara ditumbuk dan diayak dengan ukuran 80 mesh (bubuk kasar) dan 200 mesh (bubuk halus). Proses aktivasi
Keyword: adsorpsi, bioetanol, dehidrasi