Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan

Judul: Diversity and Prevalence of Chewing Lice (Phthiraptera: Mallophaga) in a Poultry Farm in Laladon, Bogor.
Abstrak: Poultry lice are notorious ectoparasites that pose significant challenges to the health and productivity of poultry, thereby affecting their economic value. This study aimed to investigate the diversity, prevalence, and degree of infestation of chewing lice in five different bird species: domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus), turkey (Meleagris gallapavo), fantail pigeon (Columba livia domestica), swan geese (Anser cygnoides), and Muscovy duck (Cairina moschata). Specimens were collected from various body regions and identified using established identification keys. The results revealed the presence of Menacanthus and Menopon genera in chickens and turkeys, exclusive presence of Lipeurus in chickens, Anaticola in Muscovy ducks and swan geese, Colpocephalum in fantail pigeons and swan geese, Columbicola and Campanulotes exclusively in fantail pigeons, and Holomenopon exclusively in swan geese. The prevalence of lice infestation was determined, with all bird species exhibiting a 100% prevalence, except for Muscovy ducks, which showed a prevalence of 40%. The study highlighted the challenges in identifying poultry lice at the species level due to the unavailability of identification keys, leading to incomplete identification results. Moreover, farmers need to be aware of the detrimental effects of chronic lice infestations on poultry health and productivity, Kutu unggas merupakan ektoparasit yang menyebabkan gangguan terhadap kesehatan dan produktivitas unggas, sehingga mempengaruhi nilai ekonomi komoditi unggas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman spesies, prevalensi, dan tingkat infestasi kutu pada lima spesies burung yang berbeda, yaitu ayam ras (Gallus gallus domesticus), kalkun (Meleagris gallapavo), merpati kipas (Columba livia domestica), angsa (Anser cygnoides), dan entog (Cairina moschata). Sampel kutu diambil dari berbagai bagian tubuh unggas dan diidentifikasi menggunakan kunci identifikasi morfologi. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan keberadaan genus Menacanthus dan Menopon pada ayam dan kalkun, dan keberadaan eksklusif Lipeurus pada ayam. Kutu Anaticola pada entog dan angsa, Colpocephalum pada merpati kipas dan angsa, Columbicola dan Campanulotes secara eksklusif pada merpati kipas, serta Holomenopon secara eksklusif pada angsa. Infestasi kutu pada semua jenis unggas menunjukkan prevalensi 100%, kecuali pada entog dengan prevalensi 40%. Ketidaktersediaan kunci identifikasi kutu unggas sampai tingkat spesies, menjadikan hasil identifikasi tidak lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunkjukkan bahwa peternak harus berwaspada tentang dampak infestasi kutu yang kronis dan merugikan
Keyword: chewing lice, poultry, prevalence, species diversity

Judul: Konversi asam karboksilat rantai panjang ke amina sekunder rantai karbon ganjil
Abstrak: The aim of this study was to convert long-chain carboxylic acids, both saturated and unsaturated,to become odd carbon-chain secondary amines. The synthetic routes were taken from carboxylic acids through acyl chloride and primary amine, and then both of them were reacted to obtain amide II that finally reduced to secondary amine using NaBH4-I2 system in THF. The primary amines with one less carbon was synthesized by the method of Schmidt reaction. The acidic solution of hydrazoic acid was used as a reagent in the reaction.
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