Judul: Rural Transformation and Income in Indonesia
Abstrak: Transformasi perdesaan merupakan suatu proses perubahan sosial yang komprehensif dimana masyarakat perdesaan melakukan diversifikasi ekonomi dan mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap sektor pertanian. Proses transformasi perdesaan yang sedang terjadi di Indonesia ditandai dengan meningkatnya share PDRB high-value agriculture dan share tenaga kerja nonpertanian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran tipologi dan pengaruh transformasi perdesaan terhadap pendapatan perdesaan. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder multitahunan dari 2000 hingga 2018 dengan observasi individu 25 provinsi dan diestimasi menggunakan metode data panel statis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan transformasi perdesaan tidak terjadi pada kecepatan yang sama antarprovinsi. Transformasi perdesaan diketahui berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap pendapatan perdesaan di Indonesia., Rural transformation is a process of comprehensive social change where rural people diversify their economy and reduce their dependency on agricultural sector. Rural transformation process is happening in Indonesia shown by increasing of share of high-value agricultural GDPR and share of non-farm employment. This research aims to illustrate the typology and impact of rural transformation to rural income. This research uses multiyear secondary data from 2000 to 2018 with individual observation of 25 provinces and estimated by using static panel data method. This research showed that rural transformation growth not happened at the same speed across provinces. Rural transformation also has a positive and significant impact to rural income in Indonesia.
Keyword: data panel statis, transformasi perdesaan, pendapatan perdesaan, static panel data, rural transformation, rural income

Judul: Structural Transformation and Its Implications on The Level of Non-Agricultural Workers in Rural Areas of Indonesia
Abstrak: Salah satu implikasi transformasi struktural dan transformasi perdesaan adalah meningkatnya kontribusi sektor non pertanian pada output dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implikasi transformasi struktural terhadap tingkat pekerja non pertanian di wilayah perdesaan periode tahun 2000-2020. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi data panel. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi proses transformasi struktural di wilayah perdesaan. Namun hasil analisis antarwilayah menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pekerja non pertanian tidak selalu berhubungan positif dengan pendapatan perdesaan dan tingkat upah. Hasil estimasi regresi menunjukkan bahwavariabel tingkat PMA dan PMDN sektor non pertanian, angkatan kerja dengan pendidikan tertinggi yang ditamatkan SMTA, upah rata-rata sektor non pertanian, belanja pemerintah desa untuk sektor pembangunan desa, dan kontribusi PDRB sektor non pertanian berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap tingkat pekerja non pertanian. Sementara belanja pemerintah untuk sektor pemberdayaan masyarakat dan upah riil rata-rata sektor pertanian tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan. Perbaikan pada struktur upah dan upaya peningkatan kualitas tenaga kerja diperlukan untuk mencapai kondisi optimum di kedua sektor, One of the implications of structural transformation and rural transformation is the increasing contribution of the non-agricultural sector to the output and absorption of labor. This study aims to analyze the implications of structural transformation to the level of non-agricultural workers in rural areas in the period 2000-2020. The analysis methods used are descriptive analysis and regression analysis of panel data. The results of descriptive analysis show that there has been a process of structural transformation in rural areas. But interregional analysis shows that the level of non-farm workers is not always positively related to rural income and wage levels. The results of the regression estimates show that variable levels of PMA and PMDN in the non-agricultural sector, the labor force with the highest education ended by SMTA, the average wage of the non-agricultural sector, village government spending for the village development sector, and the contribution of non-agricultural sector GDP positively and significantly to the level of non-agricultural workers. While government spending for the community empowerment sector and the average real wage of the agricultural sector don’t have a significant influence. Improvements to the wage structure and efforts to improve the quality of labor are needed to achieve optimum conditions in both sectors
Keyword: Data Panel, Non Pertanian, Perdesaan, Tenaga Kerja, Transformasi

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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