Judul: Identifikasi dan Studi Patomorfologi Avian Coronavirus pada Ayam dan Beberapa Spesies Psittacine.\
Abstrak: Birds has an important role in daily lives of Indonesia. Poultry in Indonesia is important as the main source of protein and companion birds are bred to fulfill market demand for pets. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of avian coronaviruses that can cause economic loss in poultry and found in various birds. The finding of IBV in birds other than poultry suggests a link between poultry and other birds, but there is limited information on IBV in other birds in Indonesia to assess the risk. Indonesia has several endemic Psittacine species often bred to be kept as pet to help in conservation effort. Research of viral diseases which affect productivity such as IBV in these species is very limited, despite its importance for conservation and disease prevention. Meanwhile in poultry, IBV prevention in Indonesia still faces trouble such as difficulty for IBV detection, ineffective vaccination, and lack of information of pathological lesion in field cases. Sufficient information from both sectors is required to assess the link between poultry and companion birds. Thus, this research aimed to find better detection method of IBV cases and its pathomorphological lesion in chicken as well as identifying avian coronavirus in several Psittacine species commonly bred for companion birds. For poultry research, a total of 11 flock samples of suspected IBV infections were collected from cases submitted to Pathology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, and from farms around Bogor, Sukabumi, and Padang. Organ samples were analyzed by RT PCR using two primer sets: IBVN+/IBVN- targeting partial gene N and XCE+/XCE- targeting partial gene S of IBV. RT PCR result showed one sample is positive for gene S, 5 samples are positives for gene N. All positive samples of N gene were proven positive by immunohistochemistry, showing that RT PCR targeting N gene had better sensitivity than S1 gene. Due to mutations often occurring within S1 gene, detection by RT PCR targeting S1 gene can be challenging despite pathological lesion showing IBV infection. The mutation may caused primers unable to capture new field strains, causing false negatives and requires researchers to design new primers. However, S1 gene is still important because it plays a role in immunoprotectivity, which is important for vaccination, and thus still need to be identified after N gene positive result is found. Immunohistochemistry by Ostrich IgY anti-IB Antibody showed the virus could be found on the trachea, kidney, and oviduct of positive samples which may differ in the degree of severity and or microscopic lesion depending on the phase of infection and the strain of infecting virus. For psittacine research, cloacal swabs were taken from 41 healthy Psitaccine birds from two breeding facilities consisted of 15 sulfur-crested cockatoos (Cacatua sulphurea), 10 palm cockatoos (Probosciger aterrimus), 10 Eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus), two blue and yellow macaws (Ara ararauna), two green winged macaws (Ara chloropterus), and two scarlet macaws (Ara macao). One batch of swab samples were inoculated to Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) embryonated egg for allantoic fluid and embryo. Swab samples and allantoic fluid samples were tested by RT PCR for avian
Keyword: Avian Coronavirus, Immunohistochemistry, Psittacine, Infectious Bronchitis, RT PCR

Judul: Molecular Detection of Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Viruses in Several Bird Species in Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
Abstrak: Virus Newcastle Disease (NDV) dan virus Avian Influenza (AIV) telah tersebar di seluruh dunia dan infeksinya dapat menyebabkan berbagai manifestasi klinis pada spesies burung yang berbeda. Walaupun kasus asimptomatis telah dilaporkan dari kebun binatang dan burung peliharaan, infeksi NDV dan AIV pada merak, ayam pegar, kakatua, dan burung hantu sering disertai dengan gejala neurologis. Sejak pertengahan tahun 2020, informasi mengenai penyakit neurologis yang mudah menular dan fatal mulai bermunculan, dan beberapa kasus dilaporkan oleh Klinik Taman Burung Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII). Perubahan patologi yang berhasil diamati berupa hemoragi di syrinx trakea, paru-paru, dan otak. Karena NDV dan AIV endemik di Indonesia, maka dilakukan pelacakan keberadaan virus tersebut menggunakan teknik molekuler. Pengujian dilakukan terhadap swab orofaring dan kloaka serta organ-organ patologis yang memungkinkan dari keempat spesies burung, baik yang menunjukkan gejala klinis maupun tidak. Meskipun gejala klinis dan perubahan patologis yang diamati cukup jelas, hasil beberapa metode reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR) secara gel-based dan real-time tidak mendeteksi keberadaan NDV dan AIV. Pengujian lebih lanjut menggunakan primer spesifik spesies, genus, maupun famili perlu dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi patogen penyebab potensial.
Keyword: Avian influenza, Newcastle disease, neurological symptoms, RT-PCR, TMI

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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