Judul: Analysis of Mangroves Density and Health in Mundupesisir, Mundu District, Cirebon Regency
Abstrak: Mangrove merupakan jenis tumbuhan yang memiliki fungsi penting terhadap ekosistem khususnya di daerah pesisir yang menjadi area pasang surut. Pada tahun 2022, 90% mangrove di Pantai Utara Jawa Barat mengalami kerusakan, salah satunya di Kabupaten Cirebon. Kerusakan mangrove menyebabkan perlunya pemantauan kondisi hutan mangrove untuk mencegah dampak berkelanjutan di Mundupesisir, Kecamatan Mundu, Kabupaten Cirebon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan serta menganalisis kerapatan dan kesehatan mangrove di Mundupesisir. Analisis kerapatan mangrove dilakukan dengan membandingkan uji regresi linear terhadap 5 indeks vegetasi berbeda, dan kesehatan mangrove dianalisis dengan menggunakan algoritma Mangrove Health Index (MHI). Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dipilih menjadi indeks vegetasi kerapatan mangrove dengan nilai koefisien determinasi tertinggi. Nilai koefisien korelasi (r) tutupan kanopi mangrove berdasarkan data survei lapang dengan NDVI sebesar 0,7992 dan koefisien determinasi (R2) sebesar 0,6388, Kerapatan mangrove yang dihasilkan terklasifikasi menjadi 3 kelas kerapatan, yaitu mangrove jarang (1,05 ha), mangrove sedang (0,76 ha) dan mangrove rapat (29,33 ha), serta kesehatan mangrove yang dihasilkan terklasifikasi menjadi 3 kelas kesehatan, yaitu mangrove buruk (2,44 ha), mangrove sedang (22,5 ha), dan mangrove sehat (6,2 ha) dengan total luasan mangrove sebesar 31,14 ha. Hasil uji akurasi confusion matrix pada klasifikasi sebaran kerapatan mangrove memperoleh nilai sebesar 92,86% dan kappa coefficient sebesar 0,74, serta pada klasifikasi sebaran kesehatan mangrove memperoleh nilai 82,14% dan kappa coefficient sebesar 0,49. Metode regresi linear sederhana kembali digunakan untuk melakukan uji korelasi antara persentase tutupan kanopi mangrove dengan menggunakan NDVI, dan kesehatan mangrove. Nilai koefisien korelasi (r) kerapatan mangrove berdasarkan NDVI dengan kesehartan mangrove berdasarkan MHI sebesar 0,7009 dan koefisien determinasi (R2) sebesar 0,4912, Mangrove is a type of plant that has important functions to the ecosystem especially in the coastal areas that are receding areas. By 2022, 90% of the mangroves on the North West Java Coast were damaged, one of them in the district of Cirebon. Mangrove damage has led to the need to monitor the conditions of mangrove forests to prevent sustainable impact in Mundupesisir, Mundu district, Cirebon district. The research aim at mapping and analyzing the density and health of mangroves in the Mundupesisir. The mangrove density analysis was done by comparing the linear regression test to 5 different vegetation index, and the mangrove health was analyzed using the Mangrove Health Index (MHI) algorithm. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was selected as the vegetation density index of mangrove with the highest determination coefficient value. The value of the correlation coefficient (r) of the coverage of mangrove canopy is based on field survey data with NDVI of 0.7992 and the determination factor (R2) of 0.6388, The mangrove density is classified into 3 density classes, namely rare mangrove (1,05 ha), moderate mangrove (0,76 ha) and dense mangrove (29,33 ha), as well as the mangrove health are classified in 3 health classes, that is unhealthy mangrove (2.44 ha), moderate mangrove (22,5 ha), and healthy mangrove (6.2 ha) with a total mangrove area of 31.14 ha. The confusion matrix accuracy test results on the distribution distribution of mangroves obtained a score of 92.86% and the kappa coefficent of 0.74, and on the classification of health distribution mangrove received
Keyword: Health, Mangrove, MHI, Mundupesisir, NDVI

Judul: Mapping the Extent and Density of Mangroves Using Sentinel 2A Image Classification in CMC Tiga Warna
Abstrak: Mangrove adalah tumbuhan pantai yang tumbuh di daerah pasang surut dan pantai berlumpur. Berfungsi sebagai zona penyangga dan melindungi garis pantai dari kerusakan akibat abrasi. Teknologi penginderaan jauh sangat tepat digunakan untuk pemantauan ekosistem mangrove di CMC Tiga Warna yang mengalami peningkatan belakangan ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perubahan luasan dan kerapatan mangrove menggunakan Citra Sentinel-2A. Klasifikasi kerapatan citra menggunakan metode Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dan dilakukan pengambilan data lapang sebanyak 55 titik menggunakan metode Hemispherical photography. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 3 kelas kerapatan mangrove yaitu kelas rapat dengan luasan sebesar 46,10 ha, kelas sedang 0,75 ha, dan kelas jarang 0,82 ha pada tahun 2015. Tahun 2023 luas mangrove untuk kelas rapat, sedang dan jarang masing-masing adalah 62,27 ha, 1,01 ha, dan 0,59 ha. Luas total hutan mangrove tahun 2015 sebesar 47,67 ha dan tahun 2023 sebesar 63,87 ha. Kerapatan mangrove di CMC Tiga Warna mengalami peningkatan selama 8 tahun terakhir pada kelas rapat dan sedang. Hal ini mengindikasikan program pengelolaan mangrove di lokasi ini dapat dikatakan berhasil., Mangroves are coastal plants that grow in tidal and muddy areas. They function as buffer zones and protect coastlines from abrasion damage. Remote sensing technology is highly suitable for monitoring the mangrove ecosystem in CMC Tiga Warna, which has experienced recent growth. The objective of this study is to determine changes in the extent and density of mangroves using Sentinel-2A imagery. The classification of density was conducted using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) method, and field data collection is conducted at 55 points using the Hemispherical Photography. The research results show that there are 3 density classes of mangroves, namely dense class with an area of 46.10 ha, moderate class 0.75 ha, and sparse class 0.82 ha in 2015. In 2023, the area of mangroves for dense, moderate, and sparse classes respectively are 62.27 ha, 1.01 ha, and 0.59 ha. The total area of mangrove density in 2015 was 47.67 ha, while in 2023 it reached 63.87 ha. The mangrove density in CMC Tiga Warna has increased by 16.2 ha over the past 8 years for the dense and moderate classes. It indicates that the development program of mangrove in this location can be considered successful.
Keyword: CMC Tiga Warna, Kerapatan, Mangrove, NDVI, Sentinel 2A Satelit

Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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