Judul: Karakterisasi dan Uji Aktivitas Bakteri Denitrifikasi Pereduksi Dinitrogen Oksida (N2O) yang Diisolasi dari tanah sawah
Abstrak: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is one of the main greenhouse gases and rice fields are among major contributors of this ozone depleting agent. Soil denitrifiers possessing high N2O reduction activity are important for controlling N2O emission. Nitrous oxide reduction is the last step of denitrification process. The aim of this study was to isolate denitrifying bacteria from rice soils possessing high ability of N2O reduction and potential in reducing N2O emission. Soil samples were collected from 6 locations of rice fields in Bogor (West Java) and Tangerang (Banten), Indonesia. Bacteria were isolated through enrichment culture supplemented with NO3 -. Measurement of growth and N2O reduction activity were conducted by growing bacterial isolates in medium with N2O as a sole terminal electron acceptor. Physiological characterization and identification were performed using API 20NE while molecular identification was conducted based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. nosZ gene was analyzed by cloning and sequencing. N2O emission activity was carried out using rice soil slurry experiment. It was found that 10 isolates of denitrifying bacteria could grow on N2O. The bacterial growth indicated by optical density (OD) increased up to 0.12-0.47. During 5 days incubation, isolate BL1, BL2 and BLN1 reduced N2O up to 4.09, 5.41 and 3.91 μmol mL-1 bacterial cultures respectively. BL1, BL2 and BLN1 grew well in medium supplemented with 900, 1380 and 1979 μM N2O but did not grow well with 88 μM N2O in medium during 10 hours, this facts indicated that the isolates consumed N2O during their growth. Maximum growth rate (μmax) using N2O and Monod constant (Ks) of BL1, BL2 and BLN1 were 0.21 h-1 and 102.3 μM h-1, 0.23 h-1 and 213.3 μM h-1, 0.18 h-1 and 172.4 μM h-1 respectively. N2O reduction rate of BL1, BL2 and BLN1 were 0.26, 0.28 and 0.43 μmol mL-1 h-1 respectively. N2O reduction proceeded along with growth. Based on the API 20NE assay, 3 isolates showed different physiological characteristics on hydrolysis of esculine and P-nitrophenyl-β-D-galactopyranoside and also for the assimilation of potassium gluconate and trisodium citrate. From its physiological characteristics, BLN1 was identified as Ochrobactrum anthropi with 99.9% similarity, while BL1 and BL2 were not identified. Based on their 16S rRNA sequence, BL1, BL2 and BLN1 were closely related to Ochrobactrum anthropi ATCC 49188 with similarity of 99, 95 and 98% respectively. Analysis of nosZ gene did not give the expected result. BLN1 isolate reduced the dissolved N2O concentration in surface water from 32.12 to 12.94 nmol L-1 after 6 hours supplementation of 0.6 mmol NO3 -.
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Judul: Aktivitas Oksidasi Metan dan Reduksi Dinitrogen Oksida (N2O) Kultur Kombinasi Bakteri Metanotrof dan Ochrobactrum anthropi
Abstrak: Methane Oxidation and Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Reduction Activity on Combination Culture of Methanotrophic Bacteria and Ochrobactrum anthropi. Under supervision of IMAN RUSMANA and ALINA AKHDIYA. Rice fields are one source of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission. Methanotrophic bacteria and denitrifying bacteria possesing high methane oxidation and N2O reduction activity are very important for controlling CH4 and N2O emission from rice fields. This research was conducted to test the activity of methane oxidation and N2O reduction from four methanotrophic bacteria (BGM 1, BGM 5, BGM 9, and SKM 14 isolates) and two Ochrobactrum anthropi isolates (BL 1 and BL 2 isolates). Six combination were inoculated into Nitrate Mineral Salt (NMS) media mixed with denitrification media, then the activity of methane oxidation, N2O reduction, accumulation of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate was analyzed. Combination culture E of BGM 1, SKM 14, BL 1, and BL 2 isolates had the highest CH4 oxidation (2,9 x 10-8 ìM/cell/day), N2O reduction activities (0,15 x 10-9 ìM/cell/day), and accumulation of ammonium (19,3 x 10-8 ìM/cell/day) than the other combination cultures. Combination culture of BGM 1, SKM 14, and BL 1 isolates had the highest accumulation of nitrate (17,6 ìM) and combination culture of BGM 5, BGM 9, BL 1, and BL 2 isolates had the highest accumulation of nitrite (10,9 ìM).
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Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular