Judul: Efficiency of Indonesian Palm Oil Mills
Abstrak: Crude palm oil (CPO) is one of Indonesian agricultural products that are widely developed. It is produced by palm oil mills. This study analyzes the efficiency of Indonesian palm oil mills and the way to improve the efficiency. The difference in the efficiency score based on managerial factors of the mills are analyzes to enhance the result of the study. The managerial factors that used are ownership, export participation, and location of the mills. This study uses 2010 manufacturing industry survey conducted by the Statistics Indonesia. The efficiency analysis is done by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with production value as the output, and production expenses, labor expenses, other expenses, and fixed capital as the inputs. The result shows that the Indonesian palm oil mills are inefficient. The inefficient firms are state-owned, non-exporting, and firms that located in Sumatera islands. On average the firms can improve the efficiency by decreasing the use of fixed capital, other expenses, labor expenses, and raw material expenses. Based on managerial factors, the difference in efficiency score occur between foreign-owned and other ownership, exporting and non-exporting firms, and firms that located in Sumatera and other islands. In regard of average efficiency score and production scale, it is not suggested to increase the number of palm oil mills. Considering the efficiency, it is suggested to learn the way to achieve efficiency from foreign-owned firms. State-owned are the least efficient firms. The source of inefficiency is fixed capital owned and labor expenses. Regarding fixed capital owned, the efficiency can be improved by renewing the technology. Reducing the number of labor or improving the productivity of the labor could rise the efficiency of state-owned firms. Based on export participation, it is suggested that the government support the firms in export participation, considering exporting firms are more efficient than non-exporting firms. The development of palm oil mills in other islands are recommended following the growing of the oil palm plantation in the area.
Keyword: crude palm oil, data envelopment analysis, efficiency, palm oil mills

Judul: Competitiveness of Indonesia Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Exports in Main Destination Countries
Abstrak: Kelapa sawit adalah salah satu komoditas sub sektor perkebunan yang memiliki peran penting dalam perekonomian nasional. Kelapa sawit menghasilkan produk utama yaitu CPO (Crude Palm Oil). Indonesia merupakan negara dengan produksi CPO terbesar di dunia. Seiring dengan pergeseran konsumsi minyak nabati dunia kepada minyak sawit, volume ekspor CPO di pasar dunia juga semakin meningkat. Adanya kebijakan bea keluar tahun 2008 menyebabkan perubahan komposisi ekspor produk kelapa sawit yang awalnya berupa minyak sawit mentah menjadi produk turunannya. Malaysia merupakan negara pesaing yang melakukan ekspor CPO di dunia. Negara tujuan utama ekspor CPO Indonesia adalah India, Belanda, Malaysia, Italia, dan Singapura. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kinerja ekspor CPO Indonesia di pasar dunia dan menganalisis daya saing ekspor CPO Indonesia di pasar dunia terutama negara tujuan utama. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) untuk menghitung keunggulan komparatif CPO Indonesia dan Market Share Index (MSI) untuk menghitung pangsa pasar CPO Indonesia di negara tujuan utama dibandingkan dengan negara pesaing. Hasil dari analisis RCA menunjukkan bahwa CPO Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif di negara tujuan utama ekspor sedangkan analisis MSI menunjukkan jika CPO Indonesia memiliki pangsa pasar yang besar di India, Italia, dan Singapura. Hasil dari kedua analisis tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki daya saing yang kuat di negara tujuan ekspor., Oil palm is one of the plantation sub-sector commodities that has an important role in the national economy. Palm oil produces the main product, namely CPO (Crude Palm Oil). Indonesia is a country with the largest CPO production in the world. In line with the shift in world vegetable oil consumption to palm oil, the volume of CPO exports on the world market is also increasing. The export duty policy in 2008 caused a change in the export composition of palm oil products from crude palm oil to its derivative products. Malaysia is a competitor country that exports CPO in the world. The main export destinations for Indonesian CPO are India, the Netherlands, Malaysia, Italy and Singapore. The purpose of this research is to analyze the performance of Indonesian CPO exports in world markets and to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian CPO exports in world markets, especially the main destination countries. The methods used in this research are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) to calculate the comparative advantage of Indonesian CPO and Market Share Index (MSI) to calculate the market share of Indonesian CPO in the main destination countries compared to competing countries. The results of the RCA analysis show that Indonesian CPO has a comparative advantage in the main export destination countries, while MSI's analysis shows that Indonesian CPO has a large market share in India, Italy and Singapore. The results of the two analyzes indicate that Indonesia has strong competitiveness in export destination countries.
Keyword: export duty, comparative advantage, market share, export potential, RCA

Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
Keyword: