Judul: Literature Review on Limonoid Compounds as Anticancer
Abstrak: Limonoid merupakan metabolit sekunder golongan turunan triterpenoid yang diduga berpotensi sebagai antikanker. Eksplorasi tanaman dari famili Meliaceae dan Rutaceae menunjukkan bahwa limonoid memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik yang potensial menghambat sel kanker payudara, serviks, hati, kolon, pankreas, dan paru-paru. Telaah pustaka ini bertujuan menelaah senyawa limonoid pada tanaman famili Meliaceae dan Rutaceae baik dari segi struktur, klasifikasi, serta bioaktivitasnya sebagai antikanker. Pustaka ditelaah dengan mengumpulkan pustaka terpublikasi dan menganalisis data serta informasi secara deskriptif. Evaluasi aktivitas sitotoksik secara in vitro terhadap senyawa limonoid dari tanaman Meliaceae dan Rutaceae menunjukkan potensi yang sangat tinggi sebagai antikanker masing-masing dengan IC50 1,27-18,42 µg/mL dan cukup tinggi (moderat) dengan IC50 20,6-69,0 µg/mL. Mekanisme sitotoksik dari senyawa limonoid diidentifikasi melalui induksi apoptosis jalur intrinsik. Aktivitas sitotoksik yang potensial dipengaruhi oleh struktur senyawa limonoid. Limonoid dari Meliaceae termasuk kelompok meksikanolida, limonoid cincin D-seco, azadiradion, dan turunan limonoid. Pada genus Citrus (Rutaceae) limonoid yang ditemukan merupakan limonoid cincin A, D-seco., Limonoids are secondary metabolites of triterpenoid derivatives that are thought to be potential as anticancer. Exploration of plants from the Meliaceae and Rutaceae families showed that limonoids have potential cytotoxic activities to inhibit breast, cervical, liver, colon, pancreatic, and lung cancer cells. This literature review examines limonoid compounds in plants of the Meliaceae and Rutaceae families in terms of structure, classification, and bioactivity as anticancer. This literature review is carried out by collecting published literature, analyzing data and information descriptively. Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of limonoids using the in vitro method showed limonoids from Meliaceae and Rutaceae plants had very high potential as anticancer with IC50 of 1,27-18,42 µg/mL and high enough (moderate) with IC50 of 20,6-69,0 µg/mL. The cytotoxic mechanism of limonoid compounds is identified by induction of apoptosis through the intrinsic pathways. In addition, the activity is affected by their chemical structure limonoids from Meliaceae belong to the mexicanolide group, D-seco ring limonoids, azadiradione, and limonoid derivatives. In the Citrus genus (Rutaceae), the limonoids found were ring A, D-seco limonoids.
Keyword: anticancer, in vitro, limonoid, Meliaceae, Rutaceae

Judul: Potential of Limonoid in the Rutaceae Family as Receptor Obstacle for Breast Cancer using In Silico Analysis
Abstrak: Kanker payudara menjadi kasus kanker terbanyak di Indonesia dengan penderita terbanyak adalah wanita. Obat kanker payudara telah ditemukan, salah satunya tamoksifen, tetapi menimbulkan efek samping. Senyawa potensial sebagai obat antikanker payudara perlu ditemukan salah satunya melalui cara penambatan molekuler karena biaya penelitian yang murah dan waktu pengerjaan yang singkat. Ligan alami pada reseptor yang terekspresi dalam kanker payudara memiliki kemiripan bentuk dengan senyawa limonoid. Senyawa tersebut banyak ditemukan dalam famili Rutaceae. Penelitian ini bertujuan memprediksi senyawa limonoid dari famili Rutaceae yang berpotensi sebagai obat antikanker payudara melalui teknik penambatan molekuler. Hasil penambatan molekuler serta prediksi toksisitas dan farmakokinetik menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat senyawa yang berpotensi sebagai obat antikanker payudara dengan ekspresi dominan reseptor progesteron, yaitu obakunon, 7α-obakunol, 7α-obakunil asetat, dan epoksiazadiradion. Keempat senyawa tersebut berpotensi dijadikan obat oral dan tidak toksik., Breast cancer has become the most cancer case in Indonesia, which is women are the main patient of the case. A cure for breast cancer has been found, one of them is tamoxifen, but it has side effects. Potential compounds as anticancer drugs need to be found, one of which is through molecular docking because the research costs are cheap and the processing time is short. Natural ligands on receptors expressed in breast cancer have a similar shape to limonoid compounds. Limonoid compounds are commonly found in the Rutaceae family. The goal of this study is to predict limonoid compounds from the family Rutaceae that have the potential as anticancer drugs for breast cancer through molecular docking techniques. The results of molecular docking, toxicity prediction, and pharmacokinetic prediction have shown that four compounds have the potential as breast anti-cancer drugs with a dominant expression of progesterone receptors, there are obacunone, 7α-obacunol, 7α-obacunyl acetate, and epoxyazadiradione. The four compounds can be used as oral drugs and are not toxic.
Keyword: breast cancer, in silico, limonoid, oral drug, Rutaceae

Judul: Pemodelan Nilai Tukar Rupiah terhadap Dollar Amerika Menggunakan Deret Waktu Hidden Markov Empat Waktu Sebelumnya
Abstrak: The exchange rate of Rupiah to US Dollar fluctuates according to time in a long period. An existing exchange rate might happen again in the future. Assume that the causes of the fluctuation are not observed directly and form a Markov chain, then the exchange rate of Rupiah to US Dollar can be modeled by the hidden Markov time series. In this research, the model used to describe the exchange rate of Rupiah to US Dollar is the four previous time in hidden Markov time series. This model assumes that the exchange rate of Rupiah to US Dollar depends on Markov chain explained by the cause of occurence and the four previous exchange rates of Rupiah to US Dollar. The model parameter is estimated by using the maximum likelihood method, while the estimation itself is calculated using the expectation maximization algorithm, which is implemented using Mathematica. After estimating the parameter, the exchange rate of Rupiah to US Dollar are calculated. The results are as follows. The symmetric mean absolute percentage error (SMAPE) is 2,1%, the maximum absolute error is 19,16%, the minimum absolute error is 0,0036%, and only 1,95% of the whole absolute percentage error that is bigger than 10%. These results show that the four previous time in hidden Markov time series can describe the exchange rate of Rupiah to US Dollar very well.
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