Judul: Perilaku serangan dan jumlah populasi kutulilin pinus (Pineus boerneri Annand.) pada Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese
Abstrak: Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese adalah satu-satunya spesies pinus yang tumbuh asli di Indonesia, dengan berbagai keunggulan (cepat tumbuh, pionir, dan menghasilkan kayu dan getah), sehingga digunakan sebagai tanaman reboisasi dan penghijauan di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia. Serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT) dapat menurunkan fungsi hutan. Saat ini yang menjadi masalah pada tegakan pinus adalah adanya serangan kutulilin pinus yang dapat menyebabkan kematian pohon. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) Untuk mempelajari perilaku serangan kutulilin pinus, (2) Untuk mengetahui jumlah individu kutulilin pinus dalam populasi dari 3 kriteria serangan (ringan, sedang, dan berat). Penelitian dilakukan dengan menularkan kutulilin pinus yang berasal dari 5 KPH di Jawa Timur. Kutulilin pinus tersebut ditularkan dari cabang pohon pinus yang terserang dari semua tingkat serangan yang berasal dari masing-masing KPH. Penularan dilakukan pada bibit sehat yang berumur 6 bulan dengan dua metode, yaitu metode penularan dari bagian pohon terserang dan penularan langsung dengan kutu hidup. Penularan dilakukan dengan menempelkan cabang pinus yang terserang kutulilin pinus dari tiap tingkat serangan dan masing-masing KPH sepanjang 5cm, penularan dilakukan pada 3 bibit sehat. Penularan langsung dilakukan dengan mengambil lilin pada cabang pinus yang terserang kutulilin pinus dari tiap tingkat serangan dan masing-masing KPH sebesar 1mm dan diletakkan pada ketiak daun bibit pinus, penularan ini juga dilakukan pada 3 bibit sehat.
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Judul: Identifikasi, siklus hidup dan penyebaran kutulilin pinus pineus boerneri annand (Hemiptera: adelgidae) di hutan tanaman pinus di Pulau Jawa
Abstrak: Pine Woolly Adelgide (PWA), is a newly-found exotic pests, in P. merkusii plantations in Java Island, causing dieback or abnormality of the plants, dried and defoliated branches, and eventually killed the trees. A study was conducted to identified the species of this exotic pest and detrmined its life cycle, as well as geographics distribution. Based on the specific characters of PWA, the insect was identified as Pineus boerneri Annand (Hemiptera; Adelgidae). Abdomen spiracles consisted of four pairs. Wax gland was spread all over the body. The spread was regular at the body, while at the head was irregular. Significantly different measurement of each morphological character observed was found in specimens from different KPH indicating high diversity of the insect despite of its parthenogenetic regeneration. PWA had six stadia of development, which totally lasted for 24,5 ± 1,79 days. The whole cycle was shorter than its original cycle in temperate zone. Shorter life cycle indicates rapid regeneration and multiplication ability that this new pest has a potential for invasiveness. The occurrence of PWA was found concentrated in specific location of host plant area. The pest attacks pine plantation on the high altitude > 900 m above sea level, having temperature between 16-200C, and humidity 80-90%. The intensity of the attack was correlated clearly to temperature and altitude of the host plant location. Percentage of attack ranged from 15-100%. The PWA could attack pine in all ages of development. The fast distribution of attacks and rather narrow range of climatic requirement of the pest posted special call for careful silvicultural consideration for new pine plantation establishment, especially in Java. Recently pine is considered as promising fast growing species for plantation in Java with newly introduced moratorium policy, because pine can give other non-timber forest products, such as gum for terpentine.
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Judul: Exergy Analysis of Membrane Utilization for Solution Separation in LiBr-H2O Absorbtion Refrigeration System
Abstrak: Absorbtion refrigeration system provides prominent advantages in tems of environmental impact and energy consumption. Absorbtion refrigeration system uses natural refrigerant, such as water, which gives no harm to the environment. In terms of energy consumption, it requires heat to regenerate refrigerant from its absorber and provide the refrigeration effect. This form of energy is preferred since heat can be supplied from various sources, including waste heat and renewable energy, and thermodynamically categorized as low quality energy. However, effectiveness of refrigerant regeneration could only be obtained if the temperature is high enough. In this study, the heat utilization in the regeneration process will be eliminated by introducing membranes for separating the refrigerant from the absorber. Specifically, the objectives of this research are to :1) to study the absorbtion mechanism of water vapor by LiBr-H2O solution in a controlled condition, 2) to study the regeneration process of LiBr-H2O using reverse osmosis (RO) membrane and vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) when applied in LiBr-H2O absorbtion refrigeration system, 3) to perform the energy and exergy analysis in LiBr-H2O absorbtion refrigeration system using RO membrane. The membrane was used as a tool to separate the refrigerant from absorbent which performs as regeneration process in conventional absorbtion system. As separation component, RO membrane employs pressure to oppose the osmotic pressure and pass certain component through the pores. While, VMD employs vacuum pressure and thermal, so that the substance to be transported through the membrane is in form of vapor. The result shows that absorbtion rate of water vapor by LiBr-H2O solution was influenced by solution concentration, temperature, humidity and pressure. The highest absorbtion rate was 0.031 g/minute which was occurred at temperature 40°C, RH 70% and solution concentration 60%. Prediction model was developed to calculate the absorbtion parameter inspite of P-T-X diagram.The highest water vapor absorbtion in absorber using spiral wound module-based RO membrane occurred at initial concentration of 30%, wich is the highest concentration used in the experiment. Increasing of operation pressure during separation process will increase permeation flux but decrease rejection factor.Unexpectedly, permeate of the RO membrane still contain LiBr at concentration 7w/w %-9w/w%, which affect the achievable cooling temperature and cooling capacity. Optimization of regeneration using VMD was conducted with response surface methodology (RSM) and the result show that highest permeate flux (0.93 kg.m-2.s-1) can be achived at initial concentration of 47.5%, temperature of 80°C and flow rate of 1.9 L.min-1.COP obtained in absorbtion refrigeration system using RO membran with initial concentration 20% was in the range of 1.147-1.171. Exergy analysis shows that increasing pressure of RO membrane at concentration 20% increased the irreversibity.On the other hand, exergy analysis on VMD shows that higher concentration and temperature will increased irreversibility.
Keyword: refrigeration, absorbtion, reverse osmosis, vacuum membrane distillation, energy, exergy