Judul: Limbah pemanenan kayu, faktor eksploitasi dan karbon tersimpan pada limbah pemanenan kayu di IUPHHK-HA PT. Indexim Utama, Kalimantan Tengah
Abstrak: Forest was one of renewable natural resource. One of mostly used resource was wood. Thus to change it into economically valued, its need to exclude it from forest that named by wood harvesting. Wood harvesting activity could cause any problem such as wood harvesting waste. Total of waste could be used as an estimation base of exploitation factors value. Necromass was essential component of carbon storage and have to be measured to obtain accurate carbon storage. Total of necromass will affect the carbon storage potential of forest. This research was supposed to calculate waste volume that occurred on felling area, TPn (temporary wood collecting site) and TPK (final wood collecting site), to analyze factors that affect waste volume, to estimate value of exploitation factor, and to estimate total of storaged carbon on wood harvesting waste. Waste on this research was in form of stump, non-branched stem, upper stem and branch with minimum diameter 30 cm. Data were collected from 10 sample plots with 100 m x 100 m dimension. Effect of slope, tree felling intensity, basal area and feller skill to waste volume were analyzed by using multilinear regression model. Exploitation factor was calculated by using waste percentage approach and also felling index, skidding index, and hauling index approaches. Logging waste sample was collected in 3 repetitions by using 5 cm stem cross section of each trees part. Necromass in this research was calculated by using volume approach. Necromass and necromass carbon were obtained from laboratory analysis result. Average waste volume was 46,57 m3/ha. Wood harvesting waste mostly occurred in felling area. Waste on felling area was amounted 29,20 m3/ha, while at TPn amounted 1,17 m3/ha and at TPK amounted 0 m3/ha. Waste at felling area mostly caused by chainsaw operator’s mistake in logging, stem cutting and bucking. Waste at TPn was in form of log deformed by hole, crack and crooked, while at TPK wasn’t found any waste from researched stems. Waste percentage of non-branched stem based on logged trees was 25,16 %. Most significant factors that affect waste volume variance were trees basal area of logged tree and tree felling intensity. Total of exploitation factor based on waste percentage approach was 0,7484, while based on felling index, skidding index, and hauling index was 0,7484. Storaged carbon of wood harvesting waste was 13,91 ton C/ha, that including stem carbon amounted 10,76 ton C/ha, stomp carbon amounted 2,26 ton C/ha, and branch carbon amounted 0,89 ton C/ha.
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Judul: Limbah Pemanenan Kayu dan Faktor Eksploitasi di IUPHHK-HA PT. Diamond Raya Timber, Provinsi Riau
Abstrak: Diamond Raya Timber forest company lies on Semenanjung Bagan Siapiapi which is a region biosfer heritage. To meet the criteria and indicators PHPL (sustainable production forest management) as well as the fifth principle (forest stewardship council), the company must do identification, calculation, and monitoring the waste of wood harvesting. The amount of waste used as the determination basis the value of factor exploitation so that can be conducted emphasis and reduction the waste of harvesting wood efficiently. This research aimed to know volume, percentage, and scatter of waste occurring in logging compartment, skidding way, log yard and hauling way as the result of harvesting activity, and knowing the value of exploitation factor in Diamond raya timber forest company. Logging waste is defined as stump, stem, upper stem and branches in diameter at least 30 cm. The data retrieval is performed on a compartment of example 6 (100 m x 100 m) with 3 sample plots in manual compartment and 3 sample plots in mechanical compartment. Logging waste of wood harvesting manually and mechanically most occur in logging compartment. The Volume of waste produced on average tree is felled in the compartment of manual entirely going on in that amounting to slash compartment 7,81 m3/ha. The Volume of waste produced on average tree is felled in the compartment of mechanical of 19.75 m3/ha, made up of waste in the compartment of slash of 16.9 m3/ha, and waste in the TPn of 2.85 m3/ha.The waste which occurred in manual compartment is smaller than mechanical compartment. It can be shown from the manual compartment using manpower to perform all harvesting activities from logging, skidding, landing and transporting, while in mechanical compartment most using mechanical power. The average of waste in mechanical compartment is larger because of chainsaw operator error in determining falling direction, logging, cutting and division of stem or can be caused by logfisher operator in skidding. Percentage of waste based on total waste volume in manual compartment is 100% occurring in logging compartment. Meanwhile, percentage of waste in mechanical compartment is namely 85,57% occurring in logging compartment and 14,43% in log yard. The magnitude of a factor of exploitation in compartment manual (0.83) while in compartment mechanical (0,71), amounting to it indicates that waste is at the compartment manual is less than with the waste which resides in compartment mechanical
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Judul: Tinjauan immunoglobulin dan peranannya dalam saluran gastrointestinal terutama terhadap serangan cacing
Abstrak: Immunoglobulin merupakan suatu glikoprotein yang terdapat dalam serum dan cairan jaringan. Immunoglobulin ini diproduksi bila sistem limfoid berkontak dengan anti gen. Immunoglobulin ini berperan dalam melindungi tubuh dari infeksi. Didalam tubuh immunoglobulin terdiri dari lima klas yang masing-masing klas mempunyai karakteris- tik dan fungsi yang spesifik yaitu Ig G, Ig A, Ig M, Ig E dan Ig D.. Diantara klas immunoglobulin, Ig G adalah yang pa- ling melimpah dalam serum darah dan strukturnya dapat di pakai sebagai model bagi immunoglobulin yang lain. Dalam saluran gastrointestinal, immunoglobulin da- pat berperan dalam sistem kekebalan lokal. Diantara ke- lima klas immunoglobulin, Ig A merupakan immunoglobulin terbesar yang terdapat dalam sekresi saluran gastrointes tinal. Hal ini disebabkan karena Ig A mampu bertahan terhadap enzim proteolitik yang terdapat dalam saluran gastrointestinal dibanding klas immunoglobulin lainnya. Agar dapat bertahan terhadap enzim tersebut Ig A dilin- dungi oleh komponen sekretori. Oleh karena itu struktur Ig A yang berada dalam serum berbeda dengan Ig A yang terdapat dalam sekresi saluran gastrointestinal. Ig A sekresi ini mempunyai kemampuan mencegah perlekatan bakteri pada permukaan mukosa saluran gastrointestinal dan dapat mengontrol koloni mikroorganisma yang secara normal terdapat dalam saluran gastrointestinal seperti Escherichia coli agar tidak membahayakan tubuh. Dalam resistensi terhadap virus, Ig A dapat mencegah replikasi virus pada mukosa yang merupakan tempat masuknya. Ig A memiliki dua subklas yang dapat dibedakan oleh asam amino pada rantai alpha () dan pada pengikat disulfida…dst
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