Judul: Internalisasi Biaya Eksternal Pengolahan Limbah Gula (Sudi Kasus: PG XYZ Kabupaten Cirebon).
Abstrak: Pabrik gula menghasilkan produk sampingan berupa blotong dan ampas tebu. Blotong dan ampas tebu adalah limbah yang dapat menimbulkan eksternalitas negatif bagi pihak ketiga, yaitu masyarakat yang berada di sekitar pabrik gula. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif, Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), analisis regresi linear berganda, metode biaya produksi, dan pendekatan harga pasar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan eksternalitas negatif yang dirasakan masyarakat meliputi penurunan kualitas lingkungan, seperti bau tidak sedap dan banyaknya nyamuk, penurunan kualitas udara bersih, dan penurunan kualitas air tanah. Manfaat dari internalisasi biaya eksternal limbah gula yang telah dilakukan pihak pabrik gula adalah pengurangan eksternalitas negatif bagi masyarakat dan penghematan bahan bakar serta keuntungan tambahan bagi pihak pabrik gula. Rata-rata biaya eksternal yang harus ditanggung masyarakat adalah sebesar Rp 628 200 per tahun per kepala keluarga. Estimasi total nilai manfaat ekonomi internalisasi biaya eksternal yaitu sebesar Rp 39 740 400 000 per tahun.
Keyword: Blotong, ampas tebu, Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), biaya produksi, manfaat ekonomi

Judul: Analisis Eksternalitas Negatif Akibat Pencemaran Limbah Cair Pabrik Gula Tjoekir, Kabupaten Jombang.
Abstrak: Aktivitas industri yang memiliki skala produksi besar akan menghasilkan limbah dalam jumlah yang besar pula. Pabrik Gula Tjoekir didukung oleh aksesibilitas bahan baku berupa tebu yang cukup tinggi di Kabupaten Jombang, memiliki skala produksi yang cukup besar, yaitu 4200 tcd (ton cane per day). Akibatnya limbah cair yang dihasilkan menyebabkan eksternalitas negatif bagi masyarakat di sekitar pabrik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis eksternalitas negatif yang dirasakan masyarakat, menganalisis biaya eksternal, nilai kompensasi, dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi besarya nilai kompensasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif, penilaian kerugian, cost of illness, Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), dan regresi linear berganda. Metode pengambilan contoh dengan purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan eksternalitas negatif yang paling dirasakan adalah penurunan kualitas lingkungan dan pencemaran bau. Biaya eksternal rata-rata untuk rumahtangga yang merasakan pencemaran bau Rp26.441 per bulan, rumahtangga yang mengalami pencemaran sumur Rp23.067 per bulan, dan rumahtangga petani dan buruh tani Rp119.508 per bulan. Total nilai kerugian yang ditanggung oleh masyarakat sebesar Rp8.704.445.461 per tahun. Dugaan nilai willingness to accept (WTA) adalah Rp27.286 per bulan per kepala keluarga. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai WTA responden adalah tingkat pendapatan, tingkat pendidikan, usia, jumlah tanggungan, pekerjaan petani, pencemaran bau, dan pencemaran sumur.
Keyword: biaya eksternal, eksternalitas negatif, limbah cair, willingness to accept

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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