Judul: Optimization of Extraction of Phenolic Content and  Antioxidant Activity of Gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa Burm f.) Leaf with  Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Abstrak: Ektraksi daun gandarusa (Justicia gendarussa Burm f.) dapat dipengaruhi oleh pelarut, suhu, dan waktu ekstraksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan suhu, waktu, dan konsentrasi pelarut optimum kadar total fenolik dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol daun gandarusa dengan metode Respon Surface Methodology (RSM). Parameter uji yang dilakukan terhadap ekstrak daun gandarusa antara lain penentuan kadar total fenolik dengan metode Folin-Ciocalteu serta aktivitas antioksidan DPPH dan FRAP. Variabel bebas yang digunakan dalam desain eksperimen adalah konsentrasi etanol (10%, 50%, dan 90%), suhu (30℃, 45℃, dan 60℃) dan waktu ekstraksi (60, 120, dan 180 menit). Kadar total fenolik menunjukan korelasi yang positif dan signifikan terhadap aktivitas antioksidan FRAP daun gandarusa. Kondisi optimal untuk kadar total fenolik dan aktivitas antioksidan DPPH dan FRAP ekstrak daun gandarusa yaitu pelarut etanol 16,8%; suhu 30℃; dan waktu 180 menit. Nilai prediksi dan nilai verifikasi kadar total fenolik dan aktivitas antioksidan DPPH tidak berbeda secara signifikan., Extraction of gandarusa leaves (Justicia gendarussa Burm f. ) can be affected by solvent, temperature, and extraction time. This study aimed to determine the optimum temperature, time, and concentration of solvents, the total phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of gandarusa leaf ethanol extract by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Parameters of the test carried out on the extract of gandarusa leaf include determination of total phenolic contents using the Folin-Ciocalteu method as well as the antioxidant activity of DPPH and FRAP. The independent variables used in the experimental design were ethanol concentration (10%, 50%, and 90%), temperature (30℃, 45℃, and 60℃) and extraction time (60, 120, and 180 minutes). Total phenolic content showed a positive and significant correlation to the antioxidant activity of FRAP gandarusa leaves. Optimal conditions for total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of DPPH and FRAP of gandarusa leaf extract are 16,8% ethanol solvent; temperature 30℃; and time 180 minutes. The predictive value and verification value of the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of DPPH did not different significantly.
Keyword: Antioxidant activity, gendarussa, independent variables, phenolic, RSM

Judul: Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Gandarusa Leaf (Justicia gendarussa Burm.f.) Extract with Difference of Concentraction of Solvent and Duration of Extraction
Abstrak: Konsentrasi pelarut yang digunakan dalam ekstraksi dan durasi ekstraksi akan memengaruhi kadar total fenolik dan aktivitas antioksidan daun gandarusa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur dan membandingkan pengaruh antara konsentrasi pelarut dan durasi ekstraksi daun gandarusa terhadap kadar total fenolik dan aktivitas antioksidan. Daun gandarusa diekstraksi dengan menggunakan pelarut metanol pada konsentrasi dan durasi yang berbeda. Kadar total fenolik diukur dengan menggunakan Uji Folin-Ciocalteu dan aktivitas antioksidan diukur dengan menggunakan uji DPPH dan CUPRAC. Kadar total fenolik tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan konsentrasi metanol sebesar 30% dengan durasi 180 menit (0,1024 mg GAE/g bobot kering). Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi pada uji DPPH (0,1853 μmol TE/g bobot kering) dan CUPRAC (5,2444 μmol TE/g bobot kering) terdapat pada perlakuan konsentrasi metanol 30% dengan durasi 180 menit., Concentration of solvent and duration of extraction will affect the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of gandarusa leaf. This research was aimed to measure and compare the effect of concentration of solvent and duration of extraction on Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. Gandarusa leaf was extracted using the methanol solvent with different concentration and duration. Total phenolic content was measured with FolinCiocalteu and antioxidant activity was measured with DPPH and CUPRAC. The highest TPC is gandarusa leaf’s extract with 30% of methanol for 180 minutes (0,1024 mg GAE/mg dry weight). The highest antioxidant activity with DPPH (0,1853 µmol TE/gr dry weight) and CUPRAC (5,2444 µmol TE/gr dry weight) is gandarusa leaf’s extract with 30% of methanol for 180 minutes
Keyword: Antioxidant Activity, Concentration of Solvent, Duration of Extraction, Gandarusa Leaf, Phenolic

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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