Judul: Respon anatomi struktur sekretori getah kuning, morfologi, dan fisiologi buah manggis (garcinia mangostana l.) Terhadap aplikasi kalsium secara eksternal
Abstrak: Yellow latex (gamboges) in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) resulted from the damage of epithelium wall secretory duct in the pericarp is presumably caused by deficiency of calcium. The application of Ca to the soil in previous experiment didn’t increase calcium content on the fruit’s pericarp sufficiently. Therefore, the alternative method may need to be tried to improve Ca content. The objective of this research was to study the effect of calcium spraying to the growing mangosteen fruit on the anatomical structure of yellow latex secretory duct, morphological and physiological response. The Randomized Block Design with three replications was applied on fruit surface of ±30 years old mangosteen trees in Leuwiliang sub district. The treatments were CaCl2 0.25 M, CaCl2 0.5 M, CaCl2 1 M, Ca(OH)2 0.25 M, Ca(OH)2 0.5 M, and Ca(OH)2 1 M that was performed at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th weeks after anthesis (WAA). The parameters analyzed were the thickness, length and wide of epithelium secretory duct cell wall, yellow latex score, physical and chemical characteristics, calcium content and. The result showed that Ca application was generally able to decrease yellow latex score on the skin as well as in the aril, but there was different respond between CaCl2 and Ca(OH)2 treatment. The reduction of yellow latex score on skin was highest on Ca(OH)2 1M treatment (26%) while on the aril it was CaCl2 0.5 M treatment (28%). The physiology respond showed that the increase Ca pectat was in accordance to the reduction of yellow latex score on the skin fruit. The application of Ca didn’t influence physical and chemical characteristics of the fruit neither total Ca content of the pericarp significantly.
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Judul: Study to Control Yellow Latex and Pericarp Hardening of Mangosteen Fruit (Garcinia mangostana L.) with Calcium Spraying Aplication.
Abstrak: Calcium is one of important elements of cell membrane component and strengthen cell wall. Calcium is normally bound to pectin compound as a middle lamella component. Calcium deficiency affect the degradation of cell wall integrity. Low calcium content in the pericarp of mangosteen fruit could triggering the incidence of yellow latex or gamboges disorder on aryl and fruit pericarp. An experiment was conducted to determine the optimum combination of spraying frequency and concentration of CaCl2 in controlling yellow latex, pericarp hardening and quality of fruit. Factorial experiment was designed with two factors and three replications. The first factor was frequency of CaCl2 spraying that consist of three levels, i.e twice, four and six times. The second factor was calcium concentration that consist of four levels, i.e 0, 12, 24 and 36 g L-1. Result indicated that the combination of frequency of six times with 24 g L-1 is effective to reduce percentage of yellow latex in the aryl by 86% and 69% in the pericarp without pericarp hardening and reduction in fruit quality at harvest time and after 20 days storage
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Judul: Rekonstruksi Persamaan Pauli dan Representasi Kuantum Entanglement Berdasarkan Interpretasi Kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich.
Abstrak: Mekanika kuantum merupakan teori fundamental yang telah memberikan kontribusi besar dalam perkembangan sains dan teknologi hingga saat ini. Namun masih banyak masalah fundamental terkait realita fisis postulat-postulat dan perumusan mekanika kuantum yang menimbulkan pertanyaan. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan banyak perdebatan dan interpretasi yang berbeda mengenai fundamental teori mekanika kuantum. Salah satu interpretasi mekanika kuantum yang menggunakan dasar mekanika statistik klasik adalah interpretasi Budiyono-Rohrlich (BR). Interpretasi kuantum BR merupakan interpretasi mekanika statistik klasik yang menggunakan aksioma ontic extension dan epistemic restriction serta memuat tiga teorema untuk menjelaskan kuantum entanglement, prinsip ketidakpastian Heisenberg dan merekonstruksi persamaan Schrodinger. Namun, interpretasi kuantum BR belum melibatkan spin dalam perumusannya. Persamaan Schrodinger yang melibatkan interaksi elektromagnetik dan keadaan spin disebut sebagai persamaan Schrodinger-Pauli atau persamaan Pauli. Asumsi pemisahan distribusi probabilitas untuk keadaan spin-up dan spin-down dapat digunakan untuk merekonstruksi persamaan Pauli. Proses formulasi persamaan menggunakan aksioma ontic extension dan epistemic restriction dalam interpretasi kuantum BR serta menggunakan prinsip konservasi, yaitu konservasi energi rata-rata dan kontinuitas probabilitas. Formulasi ini juga dapat digunakan untuk mendapatkan persamaan dinamika dan representasi kuantum entanglement dua partikel, namun menggunakan asumsi pemisahan distribusi probabilitas yang berbeda, yaitu untuk masing-masing keadaan yang mungkin dari dua partikel tersebut. Dalam formulasi ini, spin sebagai intrinsik momentum sudut tidak dapat dinyatakan dalam epistemic restriction, melainkan menggunakan definisi operator.
Keyword: Budiyono-Rohrlich, entanglement, epistemic, ontic, Pauli, spin