Judul: Business Analysis of Catching and Sustainable  Lobster Utilization in Pangandaran Regency, West Java
Abstrak: Lobster atau udang karang merupakan salah satu komoditas perikanan unggulan pada pasar domestik maupun ekspor. Stok komoditas lobster saat ini masih bergantung pada alam. Sebagian besar di wilayah pengelolaan perairan Indonesia telah mencapai batas maksimum jumlah tangkapan yang diperbolehkan. Usaha penangkapan lobster sebagai salah satu satu pengelolaan wilayah perairan Pangandaran perlu dikaji untuk mengetahui bagaimana sumberdaya lobster dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal dan berkelanjutan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) mengidentifikasi kondisi biologi lobster di Perairan Kabupaten Pangandaran Jawa Barat; (2) menganalisis kondisi pemanfaatan optimal lobster di Perairan Kabupaten Pangandaran Jawa Barat; (3) menganalisis kelayakan usaha finansial penangkapan lobster di Perairan Kabupaten Pangandaran Jawa Barat; dan (4) menganalisis strategi kebijakan pengelolaan lobster secara berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Pangandaran Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu: (1) analisis kondisi biologi lobster; (2) analisis bioekonomi spasial; (3) cost benefit analysis; dan (4) analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan rata-rata lobster yang tertangkap di Kabupaten tidak sesuai dengan ukuran layak tangkap. Tingkat CPUE lobster memiliki nilai yang berfluktuatif, namun terjadi penurunan secara signifikan pada tahun 2021, sehingga alokasi penangkapan optimal yang direkomendasikan yaitu 396 trip/bulan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, usaha penangkapan lobster layak untuk dijalankan. Adapun strategi kebijakan pengelolaan lobster yang dapat dilakukan agar tetap lestari yaitu dimulai dari pelarangan penangkapan benih bening lobster kemudian diikuti dengan kebijakan lainnya. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai laju pertumbuhan dan perkembangan biomassa lobster dan pengembangan budidaya lobster di Perairan Kabupaten Pangandaran, Jawa Barat., Lobster or crayfish is one of the leading fishery commodities in the domestic and export markets. Lobster commodity stocks are currently still dependent on nature. Most of the Indonesian water management areas have reached the maximum allowable catch. Lobster fishing as one of the management of the Pangandaran waters area needs to be studied to find out how lobster resources can be used optimally and sustainably. The aims of this study were: (1) to identify the biological conditions of lobsters in the waters of Pangandaran Regency, West Java; (2) analyzing the condition of optimal utilization of lobsters in the waters of Pangandaran Regency, West Java; (3) analyzing the financial feasibility of catching lobsters in the waters of Pangandaran Regency, West Java; and (4) analyze the policy strategy for sustainable lobster management in Pangandaran Regency, West Java. The methods used in this study were: (1) analysis of the biological conditions of the lobsters; (2) spatial bioeconomic analysis; (3) costbenefit analysis; and (4) qualitative descriptive analysis. This research shows that the average size of lobsters caught in the district is not suitable for catching size. The lobster CPUE level has a fluctuating value, but there will be a significant decrease in 2021, so the recommended optimal catch allocation is 396 trip/month the harvest season. Based on the results of the analysis, the lobster-catching business is feasible to run. The lobster management policy strategy that can be implemented to remain sustainable is to start with a ban on catching clear lobster seeds, followed by other policies. It is necessary to carry out further research regarding the growth rate and development of lobster biomass and the development of lobster cultivation
Keyword: bioeconomy, optimal fishing, sea lobster, sustainable fisheries

Judul: Business Analysis of Catching and Sustainable  Lobster Utilization in Pangandaran Regency, West Java
Abstrak: Lobster atau udang karang merupakan salah satu komoditas perikanan unggulan pada pasar domestik maupun ekspor. Stok komoditas lobster saat ini masih bergantung pada alam. Sebagian besar di wilayah pengelolaan perairan Indonesia telah mencapai batas maksimum jumlah tangkapan yang diperbolehkan. Usaha penangkapan lobster sebagai salah satu satu pengelolaan wilayah perairan Pangandaran perlu dikaji untuk mengetahui bagaimana sumberdaya lobster dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal dan berkelanjutan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) mengidentifikasi kondisi biologi lobster di Perairan Kabupaten Pangandaran Jawa Barat; (2) menganalisis kondisi pemanfaatan optimal lobster di Perairan Kabupaten Pangandaran Jawa Barat; (3) menganalisis kelayakan usaha finansial penangkapan lobster di Perairan Kabupaten Pangandaran Jawa Barat; dan (4) menganalisis strategi kebijakan pengelolaan lobster secara berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Pangandaran Jawa Barat. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu: (1) analisis kondisi biologi lobster; (2) analisis bioekonomi spasial; (3) cost benefit analysis; dan (4) analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini menunjukkan rata-rata lobster yang tertangkap di Kabupaten tidak sesuai dengan ukuran layak tangkap. Tingkat CPUE lobster memiliki nilai yang berfluktuatif, namun terjadi penurunan secara signifikan pada tahun 2021, sehingga alokasi penangkapan optimal yang direkomendasikan yaitu 396 trip/bulan. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, usaha penangkapan lobster layak untuk dijalankan. Adapun strategi kebijakan pengelolaan lobster yang dapat dilakukan agar tetap lestari yaitu dimulai dari pelarangan penangkapan benih bening lobster kemudian diikuti dengan kebijakan lainnya. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai laju pertumbuhan dan perkembangan biomassa lobster dan pengembangan budidaya lobster di Perairan Kabupaten Pangandaran, Jawa Barat., Lobster or crayfish is one of the leading fishery commodities in the domestic and export markets. Lobster commodity stocks are currently still dependent on nature. Most of the Indonesian water management areas have reached the maximum allowable catch. Lobster fishing as one of the management of the Pangandaran waters area needs to be studied to find out how lobster resources can be used optimally and sustainably. The aims of this study were: (1) to identify the biological conditions of lobsters in the waters of Pangandaran Regency, West Java; (2) analyzing the condition of optimal utilization of lobsters in the waters of Pangandaran Regency, West Java; (3) analyzing the financial feasibility of catching lobsters in the waters of Pangandaran Regency, West Java; and (4) analyze the policy strategy for sustainable lobster management in Pangandaran Regency, West Java. The methods used in this study were: (1) analysis of the biological conditions of the lobsters; (2) spatial bioeconomic analysis; (3) costbenefit analysis; and (4) qualitative descriptive analysis. This research shows that the average size of lobsters caught in the district is not suitable for catching size. The lobster CPUE level has a fluctuating value, but there will be a significant decrease in 2021, so the recommended optimal catch allocation is 396 trip/month the harvest season. Based on the results of the analysis, the lobster-catching business is feasible to run. The lobster management policy strategy that can be implemented to remain sustainable is to start with a ban on catching clear lobster seeds, followed by other policies. It is necessary to carry out further research regarding the growth rate and development of lobster biomass and the development of lobster cultivation
Keyword: bioeconomy, optimal fishing, sea lobster, sustainable fisheries

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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