Judul: Pencirian bakteri penghasil protease yang diisolasi  dari limbah cair tahu dengan bantuan pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Abstrak: Tiga isolat bakteri penghasil protease yaitu Y1, Y2 dan Y3 telah berhasil diisolasi dari limbah cair tahu. Ketiga isolat tersebut tumbuh dengan baik pada media Nutrient Agar dan media yang mengandung 150 mg/l siklohek- simid, tetapi tidak tumbuh pada media yang mengandung 20 mg/ml eritromisin. Identifikasi genus bakteri berda- sarkan Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, edisi ke-8 (1974) menunjukkan bahwa ketiga isolat termasuk dalam genus Bacillus yang resisten terhadap 50 µg/ml ampisilin. Identifikasi spesies bakteri menunjukkan bahwa ketiga bakteri adalah Bacillus pumilus. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) digunakan untuk melakukan pencirian sidik jari DNA menggunakan enzim restriksi BglI, Xhol dan Apal. Analisis PFGE menunjukkan bahwa skisotipe bakteri Y3 sama dengan skisotipe B. pumilus sedangkan skisotipe bakteri Y₁ identik dengan skisotipe Y2 tetapi berbeda dengan skisotipe B. pumilus. Hasil penelitian ini menun- jukkan bahwa analisis sidik jari DNA dengan PFGE dapat membedakan galur B. pumilus yang morfologi dan fisiologi- nya nampak sama.
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Judul: Seleksi primer dan sekunder bakteri penghasil protease
Abstrak: Dalam penelitian ini telah berhasil diisolasi mikroba penghasil enzim pro- tease dari air limbah rumah potong hewan. Diperoleh lima isolat yang berbeda dan diberi nama PE1, KE1, E2, E4 dan E5. Identifikasi mikroba proteolitik dilakukan dengan menggunakan Skim Milk Agar. Identifikasi lebih lanjut terha- dap sifat-sifat fisiologis mikroba yang secara kuantitatif memperlihatkan aktivitas proteolitik tinggi (E4 dan E5) menunjukkan jenis mikroba Pseudomonas. Identi- fikasi oleh Balai Penelitian Veteriner Bogor semakin memperjelas spesies isolat tersebut yaitu Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Diduga P. aeruginosa adalah jenis bakteri yang patogen terhadap manusia. Oleh karena itu dalam optimasi proses produksi menghasilkan protease digunakan mikroba yang aman bagi manusia, yaitu B. pumilus isolat Y3 yang diisolasi dari limbah cair tahu. Suhu fermentasi isolat Y3 dimana terjadi aktivitas proteolitik lebih tinggi adalah 37°C dan pH aktivitas optimum enzim pada pH 8.0. Penggunaan limbah cair tahu sebagai media fermentasi dapat meningkat- kan aktivitas protease dibandingkan dengan pada media sintetik. Pada percobaan menggunakan inkubator bergoyang, aktivitas tertinggi tercapai pada media LCT dengan penambahan glukosa 1%, yaitu sebesar 101.13 U/ml dalam waktu 8 jam fermentasi. Sementara itu pada fermentasi dengan fermentor suhu 37°C, pH 7.0- 7.2 dan agitasi 200 rpm, aktivitas tertinggi baru mencapai 57.6 U/ml pada jam ke- 6. Penggunaan limbah cair tahu sebagai media fermentasi masih memerlukan tambahan mineral, glukosa dan protein dari luar.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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