Judul: Detection of Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli from Shredded Chicken Meat of Chicken Porridge
Abstrak: Escherichia coli (E. coli) penghasil extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) telah banyak dilaporkan oleh berbagai studi sehingga ditemukannya E. coli yang resistan terhadap antibiotik beta-laktam pada daging ayam suwir bubur ayam menjadi ancaman serius bagi kesehatan masyarakat. E. coli yang resistan memiliki gen yang dapat memindahkan sifat resistannya ke lingkungan dan organisme lain sehingga resistansi antibiotik dapat menyebar secara cepat dan luas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta-laktam pada E. coli yang diisolasi dari daging ayam suwir bubur ayam yang dijual di lingkar Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor. Sebanyak 7 isolat dari 45 sampel yang telah diuji terhadap keberadaan E. coli dan resistansi antibiotik dimurnikan kembali di Laboratorium Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner, Sekolah Kedokteran Hewan dan Biomedis, IPB dan dilanjutkan dengan deteksi gen menggunakan qPCR di Balai Pengujian Mutu dan Sertifikasi Produk Hewan (BPMSPH), Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 86% (6/7) isolat E. coli dari daging ayam suwir bubur ayam memiliki setidaknya satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta-laktam dengan persentase masing-masing gen adalah 57% blaCTX-M, 57% blaTEM, dan 0% blaOXA. Studi ini juga menunjukkan sampel daging ayam suwir yang mengandung E. coli dengan gen resistan beta-laktam terdeteksi pada 4 dari 15 (27%) pedagang bubur ayam., Various studies have extensively reported the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Escherichia coli. Therefore, the identification of E. coli resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics in shredded chicken meat of chicken porridge poses a serious threat to public health. Resistant E. coli have antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that can transfer their resistance to the environment and other microorganisms, thus leading to rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This research conducted to detect the presence of beta-lactam ARGs in E. coli isolated from shredded chicken meat of chicken porridge sold around IPB University, Dramaga, Bogor. A total of 7 isolates out of 45 samples that had been tested for the presence of E. coli and antibiotic resistance were purified at the Veterinary Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, and continued with gene detection using qPCR at the Animal Product Quality Testing and Certification Center (BPMSPH), Bogor. The results showed that at least one beta-lactam ARG was detected in 86% (6/7) of E. coli isolates from shredded chicken meat with the percentage of each gene was 57% blaCTX-M, 57% blaTEM, and 0% blaOXA. This study also showed that shredded chicken meat samples containing E. coli with beta-lactam ARG were detected in 4 out of 15 (27%) chicken porridge merchants.
Keyword: Beta-lactam, chicken meat, Escherichia coli, resistance gene

Judul: Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolates in  Shredded Chicken Meat of Chicken Porridge Sold Around the Campus of IPB  University
Abstrak: Bubur ayam merupakan salah satu pangan asal hewan yang berpotensi terkontaminasi bakteri Escherichia coli (E. coli) resistan terhadap antibiotik. Escherichia coli yang resistan terhadap antibiotik menjadi masalah kesehatan di dunia karena menyebabkan pengobatan menjadi tidak efektif. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mendapatkan gambaran tingkat resistansi antibiotik dari bakteri E. coli yang diisolasi dari daging ayam suwir bubur ayam yang dijual di lingkar Kampus IPB, Dramaga, Bogor. Sebanyak tujuh isolat yang teridentifikasi E. coli dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini. Pengujian resistansi menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion dan mengacu pada Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute 2023. Resistansi E. coli dari daging ayam suwir bubur ayam menunjukkan terhadap tetrasiklin dengan persentase (57%; 4/7) dan diikuti ampisilin dan sulfametoksazol trimetoprim sebesar (14%; 1/7). Isolat E. coli juga menunjukkan hasil intermediet pada ampisilin sebesar (57%; 4/7). Semua isolat bakteri E. coli masih sensitif terhadap streptomisin (100%), sefotaksim (100%), dan kloramfenikol (100%), sedangkan isolat masih sensitif terhadap sulfametaksazol-trimetoprim (86%), tetrasiklin (43%), dan ampisilin (29%). Isolat E. coli bersifat multi-drug resistance dengan pola ampisilin-tetrasiklin-sulfametoksazol trimetoprim.
Keyword: antibiotik, daging ayam, Escherichia coli, resistansi

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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