Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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Judul: Sintesis Flavonol melalui 2’-Hidroksikalkon
Abstrak: Flavonol is a class of flavonoids commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Flavonol is very useful, especially in food sector and health. In this study, flavonol unsubstituted was successfully synthesized from an intermediate material 2’-hydroxychalcone. The 2’-hydroxychalcone was synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation method between o-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde using 4 different catalysts, namely KOH 60%, solid pellet of KOH-grinding technique, BF3-Et2O, and NaH in DMF. The KOH 60% was the best catalyst, giving the highest yield (57%). Afterward, the flavonol was synthesized in 1-stage oxidation cyclization of o-hydroxyacetophenone using Algar-Flynn-Oyamada (AFO) reaction, giving 76%. The flavonol total yield from 2’-hydroxychalcone was 43%. All synthesized products were characterized by their melting points and their spectra. The success of the synthesis flavonol opens the way to synthesis of useful flavonol derivatives such as quercetin and kaempferol
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Judul: Estimation of Life Weight of Madura Fat Tail Sheep Based on Morfometric Measurements
Abstrak: Ukuran tubuh domba dapat digunakan untuk menaksir bobot hidup dan memberi gambaran bentuk tubuh sebagai ciri khas suatu bangsa tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menduga bobot hidup domba berdasarkan ukuran morfometrik tubuh panjang badan, lingkar dada, dan dalam dada domba di Pulau Madura pada umur dan jenis kelamin berbeda. Materi yang digunakan data sekunder dari pengukuran morfometrik tubuh domba ekor gemuk (DEG) madura dengan jumlah 86 ekor domba dan dibedakan menjadi empat kelompok berbeda umur dan jenis kelamin yaitu betina I0, betina I2, jantan I0, jantan I2. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis regresi linier ganda dengan persamaan Y = β0+ β1X1+ β2X2+...+ βnXn. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran tubuh panjang badan, lingkar dada, dan dalam dada DEG dapat digunakan untuk menaksir bobot hidup dengan pengukuran morfometrik memiliki tingkat pengaruh yang sangat signifikan dengan nilai koefisien determinasi dan korelasi yang berpengaruh sangat kuat
Keyword: bobot hidup, domba ekor gemuk madura, pendugaan bobot hidup, morfometrik