Judul: Aplikasi Probiotik, Prebiotik dan Sinbiotik melalui pakan pada Udang Vaname Litopenaeus vannamei yang dipelihara pada jaring hapa
Abstrak: Sistem budidaya intensif pada udang vaname Litopenaeus vannamei dihadapkan pada masalah munculnya serangan penyakit yang semakin meningkat sehingga diperlukan usaha-usaha untuk mencegahnya. Aplikasi probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik melalui pakan diketahui dapat digunakan sebagai pencegahan melawan terjangkitnya wabah penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas pemberian probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik melalui pakan terhadap kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan udang vaname yang dipelihara menggunakan hapa di tambak. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Tambak Pinang Gading Bakauheni Lampung Selatan pada bulan Juni sampai Agustus 2012. Perlakuan yang diberikan adalah probiotik, prebiotik, sinbiotik dan kontrol dengan masing-masing tiga ulangan. Udang berukuran 2,52 ± 0.29 gram/ekor dipelihara selama 40 hari pada hapa berukuran 100 x 150 x 100 cm dengan padat tebar 100 ekor/hapa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian prebiotik menghasilkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup (87,5%), laju pertumbuhan harian (3,92%), rasio konversi pakan (1,68), dan biomassa (1026,69 gram) yang lebih baik dibanding kontrol. Selain itu, perlakuan probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik dapat meningkatkan respon imun udang vaname., Shrimp intensification in vaname shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei confronted with disease emerge problem that need efforts that can prevent it. Aplication of probiotic, prebiotic and sinbiotic in feed was known can be used as a prevention against outbreak of disease. The objective of this research was to test the effectiveness of application probiotic, prebiotic, and sinbiotic in feed to survival rate and growth of vaname shrimp. Research was done in Pinang Gading shrimp pond, Bakauheni, South Lampung in June to August 2012. The treatment that given was probiotic, prebiotic, sinbiotic and control each three repetition. Shrimp with sized 2,52 ± 0.29 gram/shrimp reared during 40 days in hapa 100 x 150 x 100 cm contain 100 shrimp/hapa. Result of this experiment show that giving prebiotic provide survival rate (87,5%), daily growth rate (3,92%), feed convertion ratio (1,68), and biomass (1026,69 gram) that better than control. In other hand, application of prebiotic, probiotic, and sinbiotic can increase vaname srimp imune response.
Keyword: hapa, prebiotik, probiotik, sinbiotik, udang vaname

Judul: Application of Multispesies Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics for the Prevention of Vibriosis in Vannamei Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Abstrak: Salah satu masalah dalam budidaya udang adalah serangan penyakit vibriosis akibat infeksi bakteri Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Alternatif preventif dan ramah lingkungan yang dapat ditawarkan yaitu menggunakan probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pemberian multispesies probiotik Lactobacillus plantarum dan Bacillus cereus, prebiotik mannanoligosakarida serta sinbiotik terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan respons imun udang vaname yang diinfeksi bakteri V. parahaemolyticus. Penelitian ini terdiri atas empat perlakuan pada uji suplementasi dan lima perlakuan pada uji tantang, yaitu kontrol (tanpa suplementasi), suplementasi multispesies probiotik L. plantarum dan B. cereus, prebiotik MOS serta sinbiotik. Udang vaname dengan bobot rata-rata 0,55±0,01 g dipelihara dengan padat tebar 15 ekor/akuarium. Udang diberi pakan komersial yang telah diperkaya dengan multispesies probiotik L. plantarum dan B. cereus, prebiotik MOS serta sinbiotik selama 40 hari, kemudian diuji tantang dengan bakteri V. parahaemolyticus. Parameter yang diamati selama penelitian meliputi tingkat kelangsungan hidup, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, rasio konversi pakan, total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, aktivitas fagositik, aktivitas respiratory burst, dan aktivitas phenoloxidase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian multispesies probiotik L. plantarum dan B. cereus, prebiotik MOS serta sinbiotik dapat meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan dan respons imun udang vaname yang diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus dengan hasil terbaik pada perlakuan multispesies probiotik dan sinbiotik., One of the problems in shrimp farming is the attack of vibriosis disease due to infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria. Preventive and environmentally friendly alternatives that can be offered are using probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. This study aimed to examine the effect of multispecies probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus cereus, mannanoligosaccharide prebiotics and synbiotics on growth performance and immune response of white vaname shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus bacteria. This study consisted of four treatments in the supplementation test and five treatments in the challenge test, namely control (without supplementation), multispecies supplementation of probiotics L. plantarum and B. cereus, MOS prebiotics and synbiotics. Vannamei shrimp with an average weight of 0.55±0.01 g were reared at a stocking density of 15 fish/aquarium. Shrimp were fed commercial feed enriched with multispecies probiotic L. plantarum and B. cereus, MOS prebiotic and synbiotic for 40 days, then challenged with V. parahaemolyticus. Parameters observed during the study included survival rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity, and phenoloxidase activity. The results showed that the administration of multispecies probiotics L. plantarum and B. cereus, MOS prebiotics and synbiotics could improve the growth performance and immune response of white vaname shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus with the best results in the multispecies treatment of probiotics and synbiotics.
Keyword: Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Litopenaeus vannamei, Mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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