Judul: Sintesa Mentol Dari Sitronelal Dalam Proses Satu Tahap Dengan Katalis Dwifungsi
Abstrak: Menthol is one of volatile compound which gives cooling effect if it is consumed. Since long time ago, menthol has used in medical field as a medicines treating sore throats and mouth irritations. It has also used in treatments for analgesics and decongestants. In the 1920 and 1930, menthol has used as flavoring and reducing for irritation, especially to the throat (Cotton, 2007). Menthol is obtained by separation of natural sources (natural menthol) and by organic synthesis. Natural menthol is obtained by extraction from mint plants such as Mentha piperita and Mentha arvensis. One of organic synthesis of menthol is obtained from citronellal. Citronellal is one of compound citronella oil which is obtained by fractionation. Generally, the synthesis of menthol from citronellal has carried out through two-step process; there have cyclization and hydrogenation. The aim of this research is to synthesize menthol from citronellal oil fractionate product through one-step process over catalyst, which can be performed to isomerate citronellal to the cylic alcohol (isopulegol) and to hydrogenate isopulegol into menthol (bifunctional catalyst). The parameters that has used in this research are the temperature of cyclization, time process, hydrogenation’s temperature, pressure, dan the kind of catalyst. This research has used the variation for temperature of cyclization at 100 °C and 150 °C. The variation for time process has used 20 hours (10 hours for cylization and 10 hours for hydrogenation) and 6 hours (3 hours for cylization and 6 hours for hydrogenation). The variation for hydrogenation’s temperature has used 70 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C. The variation for pressure has used 5 bar, 10 bar, and 15 bar. The condition process has determinated over Ni/Sulfated-Bentonite 5 % has used to determinate the condition process. The best condition process will has used at Ni/Sulfated-Bentonite, Ni/Sulfated-Bentonite with ball mill preparation, and Ni/Sulfated-Titanium. Based on Gas Chromatography can be known that the best conditions process for synthesis of menthol are cyclization’s temperature at 100 °C, 6 hours for the time process, hydrogenation’s temperature at 100 °C, 5 bar for the pressure. The catalyst of Ni/Sulfated-Bentonite has produced menthol 0.85 percent. Ni/Sulfated- Bentonite has produced menthol 2.38 percent. In this research, Ni/Sulfated-Titanium Dioxide has produced menthol that has the highest percentage about 3.12 percent.
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Judul: Optimization of para-Menthane-3,8-diol Production Process From the Citronellal Fraction of Citronella Oil on a Pilot Scale
Abstrak: Senyawa para-Menthane-3,8-diol merupakan bahan aktif alami yang dapat menjadi pengganti bahan aktif sintetik DEET dalam produk anti nyamuk karena memiliki kemampuan mengusir nyamuk yang hampir sama. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui kondisi optimum dalam mensintesis PMD yang dilakukan dalam skala pilot, mengetahui perbedaan PMD yang dihasilkan dari bahan baku yang berbeda, mengetahui karakteristik PMD yang dihasilkan serta mengetahui stabilitas PMD tersebut. Proses sintesis PMD dilakukan dengan memanaskan campuran fraksi sitronelal dan katalis ??2????4 0,15% pada suhu 50? dan kecepatan pengadukan yang bervariasi (750 rpm, 1000 rpm dan 1250 rpm) selama 5 jam. Proses sintesis PMD menghasilkan kadar PMD sebesar 67,07%70,91%, tidak mengandung PMD sitronelal asetal, persentase konversi sitronelal sebesar 99,30%-99,60% dan selektivitas PMD sebesar 82,93%-85,11%. Sintesis PMD dengan bahan baku fraksi sitronelal dari fraksinasi laboratorium menghasilkan kadar PMD sebesar 32,13%-32,25%. PMD berbahan dasar fraksi sitronelal minyak serai wangi memiliki aroma seperti mentol dan berwarna jernih dengan nilai pH 5, nilai massa jenis rata-rata yaitu 0,970 g/cm, nilai indeks bias rata-rata yaitu 1,4641 dan rasio kelarutan yaitu 1:2 pada etanol 70% dan 1:1 pada etanol 90%. PMD bersifat stabil pada suhu ruang dan suhu 40? yang dilihat melalui sifat fisik, karakteristik, dan konsistensi kadar senyawa PMD yang terdapat didalamnya., Para-Menthane-3,8-diol (PMD) is a natural active ingredient that can serve as a substitute for the synthetic active ingredient DEET in mosquito repellent products, as it has almost the same ability to repel mosquitoes. The aim of this study is to determine the optimal conditions for synthesizing PMD on a pilot scale, to identify the differences in PMD produced from different raw materials, to characterize the produced PMD, and to determine its stability. The synthesis process of PMD is carried out by heating a mixture of citronellal fraction and 0,15% ??2????4 catalyst at a temperature of 50? with varying stirring speeds (750 rpm, 1000 rpm, and 1250 rpm) for 5 hours. The PMD synthesis process resulted in a PMD content of 67,07%-70,91%, no citronellal acetal PMD, a citronellal conversion percentage of 99,30%-99,60%, and a PMD selectivity of 82,93%85,11%. The synthesis of PMD using citronellal fraction from laboratory fractionation produced a PMD content of 32,13%-32,25%. PMD derived from citronellal fraction of lemongrass oil has a menthol-like aroma and is clear in color, with an average pH value of 5, an average density value of 0,970 g/cm, an average refractive index value of 1,4641, and a solubility ratio of 1:2 in 70% ethanol and 1:1 in 90% ethanol. PMD is stable at room temperature and at 40?, as evidenced by its physical properties, characteristics, and consistent PMD compound content.
Keyword: Optimization, Citronellal fraction, para-Menthane-3,8-diol, Synthesis

Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan