Judul: Deteksi Geminivirus yang menginfeksi tanaman terung (Solanum melongena L.) dengan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction.
Abstrak: Diseases caused by whitefly-transmitted Geminiviruses (WTGs) have become serious constraints for crops throughout the world, including Indonesia. WTGs has been reported to cause significant yield loss especially in chili pepper and tomato in Java. This research aims to detect and identify Geminivirus infecting eggplant using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleotide sequencing. The methods involved DNA extraction using CTAB, DNA amplification and nucleotide sequence analysis by Bioedit V 7.0.5 and ClustalW. Three pair of universal primers, i.e. pAL1v1978/pAR1c715, SPG1/SPG2, pAV494/pAC1048, was used for DNA amplification. Infection of Geminivirus was evidenced from leaves collected from West Java (Bandung) and Central Java (Pati, Rembang, Bantul). Universal primer SPG1/SPG2 was able to amplify DNA fragments of ≈912 bp from all leaf samples. Nucleotide analyses showed that Geminivirus infecting eggplant from West Java and Central Java has a close relationship (98.8%) with Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLCVKaV) from Thailand.
Keyword: universal primers., sequence analysis, DNA amplification

Judul: Identifikasi dan Variasi Sekuen Nukleotida Begomovirus Penyebab Penyakit Mosaik Kuning pada Beberapa Tanaman
Abstrak: Begomovirus is one of genera in the family Geminiviridae that has been reported globally to cause significant yield losses on crops production. Its infection causess typical symptoms, such as curling, yellow mosaic, and yellowing on the leaf. In Indonesia, yellow mosaic diseases associated with various Begomoviruses have been reported on chili pepper, yard long bean, cucumber and eggplant. Therefore, the aims of this study are (i) to detect Begomoviruses infecting chili pepper, yard long bean, cucumber, and eggplant and (ii) to analyze their genetic variation to determine the dynamics of Begomovirus development in Indonesia in the last ten years. Leaf samples were collected from infected plants (chili pepper, yard long bean, cucumber, and eggplant) in Bogor (West Java) and Brebes (Central Java). In addition, Begomovirus nucleic acid from the collection of Plant Virology Laboratory were used as comparison. These samples were isolated ten years ago from Bogor (West Java) and Magelang, Klaten, and Brebes (Central Java). Begomovirus detection was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method using a universal primer pair (SPG1/SPG2) followed by nucleotide sequence analysis. DNA samples were successfully amplified from both field and laboratory samples. Three Begomovirus species were identified, i.e., Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PYLCIV) on chili pepper, Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) on yard long bean and Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) on cucumber and eggplant. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that all samples from the field and laboratory were grouped in one cluster. However, nucleotide base differences were found in each Begomovirus species. This finding indicates a change in the nucleotide sequence of the virus over a period of time., Begomovirus adalah salah satu genera dalam famili Geminiviridae yang telah dilaporkan secara global dapat menyebabkan kehilangan hasil yang nyata pada produksi tanaman. Gejala infeksi Begomovirus umumnya menimbulkan gejala khas, seperti keriting, mosaik kuning, dan daun menguning. Di Indonesia, penyakit mosaik kuning yang diasosiasikan dengan berbagai Begomovirus telah dilaporkan terjadi pada tanaman cabai, kacang panjang, mentimun, dan terung. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (i) mendeteksi Begomovirus yang menginfeksi tanaman cabai, kacang panjang, mentimun, dan terung, dan (ii) menganalisis variasi genetiknya untuk mengetahui dinamika perkembangan Begomovirus di Indonesia dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir. Sampel daun dikumpulkan dari tanaman yang terinfeksi (cabai, kacang panjang, mentimun, dan terung) di Bogor (Jawa Barat) dan Brebes (Jawa Tengah). Selain itu, sampel asam nukleat Begomovirus dari koleksi Laboratorium Virologi Tumbuhan digunakan sebagai pembanding. Sampel tersebut diisolasi sepuluh tahun yang lalu dari tanaman cabai, kacang panjang, mentimun, dan terung dari beberapa lokasi. Deteksi Begomovirus dilakukan dengan metode polymerase chain reaction (PCR) menggunakan pasangan primer universal (SPG1/SPG2) yang dilanjutkan dengan analisis sekuen nukleotida. Sampel DNA berhasil diamplifikasi dari sampel lapangan dan laboratorium. Tiga spesies Begomovirus berhasil diidentifikasi, yaitu Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (PYLCIV) pada cabai, Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) pada kacang panjang, dan Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) pada mentimun dan terung. Analisis pohon filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa semua sampel dari lapangan dan laboratorium mengelompok dalam satu klaster. Namun, perbedaan basa nukleotida ditemukan pada setiap spesies Begomovirus. Temuan ini mengindikasikan adanya perubahan sikuen nukleotida
Keyword: Geminiviridae, genetic diversity, PCR, phylogenetic analysis, universal  primer

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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