Judul: Potency of Water Extract Compounds of Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) and Pulai Leaves (Alstonia scholaris L.) as HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors In silico.
Abstrak: Ekstrak tunggal air daun pepaya dan pulai diketahui memiliki aktivitas inhibisi HMG-KoA reduktase (in vitro) yang secara in vivo mampu menurunkan kolesterol darah. Kombinasi kedua ekstrak memberi efek sinergis setara lovastatin, tetapi belum diketahui senyawa aktif serta interaksi yang terjadi dengan enzim tersebut. Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif pada kedua ekstrak tunggal tersebut menggunakan LC-MS/MS, serta prediksi potensi sebagai inhibitor HMG-KoA reduktase melalui studi in silico. Ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan metode dekokta, ekstrak kemudian dianalisis menggunakan LC-MS/MS, dan diprediksi potensinya sebagai inhibitor HMG-KoA reduktase melalui studi in silico. Terdeteksi masing-masing 28 senyawa aktif pada kedua ekstrak tunggal. Prediksi toksisitas, bioavailabilitas, dan penambatan molekuler menghasilkan 2 senyawa daun pepaya dan 6 senyawa daun pulai potensial. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah senyawa terbaik daun pepaya (2,4-diaminoptiridine glyoxal) dan daun pulai (xenocoumacin 1) serta senyawa potensial lain memiliki interaksi dengan residu katalitik HMG-KoA reduktase pada Ser684, Asp690, Lys691, dan Lys692., Water extract of papaya and pulai leaves is known to have HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity (in vitro) which in vivo can lower blood cholesterol. The combination of the two extracts has a synergistic effect equivalent to lovastatin, but the active compound and the interactions that occur with the enzyme are unknown. The aim of the study was to identify the active compounds in both single extracts using LC-MS/MS, as well as to predict their potential as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors through in silico studies. Extraction was carried out using the decoctal method, the extract was then analyzed using LC-MS/MS, and its potential as an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor was predicted through in silico studies. Each of the 28 active compounds was detected in both single extracts. Two papaya leaf compounds and 6 pulai leaf compounds were obtained which had the potential to pass the prediction of toxicity, bioavailability, and molecular anchoring. The conclusion of this study was the best compounds from papaya leaves (2,4-diaminoptiridine glyoxal) and pulai leaves (xenocoumacin 1) as well as other potential compounds have interactions with HMG-CoA reductase catalytic residues on Ser684, Asp690, Lys691, and Lys692.
Keyword: Alstonia scholaris L., Carica papaya L., HMG-CoA reductase, in silico

Judul: Kombinasi Ekstrak Air Daun Pulai (Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.) dan Daun Pepaya (Carica papaya L.) sebagai Inhibitor HMG-KoA Reduktase
Abstrak: Penyakit jantung menjadi penyebab kematian terbesar di dunia dalam kurun waktu 15 tahun terakhir. Penyakit ini memiliki beberapa faktor risiko primer, salah satunya hiperkolesterolemia. Biosintesis kolesterol di dalam hati dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas enzim pembatas laju yaitu HMG-KoA reduktase. Alternatif pengobatan hiperkolesterolemia adalah pengobatan tradisional. Daun pulai dan pepaya dilaporkan sebagai inhibitor HMG-KoA reduktase. Namun kajian terhadap khasiat campuran ekstrak air keduanya dalam inhibisi HMG-KoA reduktase masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan aktivitas campuran ekstrak air daun pulai dan pepaya. Aktivitas enzim HMG-KoA reduktase diukur dengan kit Abcam® No. Ab204701 dengan metode spektrofotometri pada λ334 nm. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ketiga ekstrak kombinasi daun pulai dan pepaya memiliki daya inhibisi empat kali lebih besar dibandingkan ekstrak tunggal (p<0,05) dan memiliki efek yang sama baiknya dengan kontrol positif lovastatin (p>0,05). Hasil penelusuran pustaka fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak air daun pulai dan pepaya mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, dan saponin., Heart disease has become the leading cause of death in the world in the last 15 years. This disease has several primary risk factors, one of which is hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver is influenced by the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme, HMG-CoA reductase. Traditional herbal medicine provides alternative treatment for hypercholesterolemia. Both pulai and papaya leaves were reported as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. There has been very limited study however, on the efficacy of a mixture of aqueous extracts of the two in inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. This study aims to determine the activity of a mixture of water extracts of both pulai and papaya leaves. The activity of the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase was measured by Abcam® kit No. Ab204701 by spectrophotometric method at 334 nm. The results showed that the three extracts of the combination of pulai and papaya leaves had four times better inhibitory action than the single extract (p<0.05) and had the same effect as the positive control lovastatin (p>0.05). The results of the phytochemical literature study showed that the aqueous extract contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins.
Keyword: combination, HMG-KoA reductase, inhibitors, papaya leaves, pulai leaves

Judul: Implementation of Spatio-Temporal Change Query in Relational Database.
Abstrak: Geographic object changes in various views. Object changes are recorded using a model of static storage. No historical connection between old version data and new version data has been built. For that, a storage model of spatio-temporal queries that can analyze spatio-temporal changes has been developed. The object changes the geometry are grouped according to the taxonomy of Spatio-Temporal Pattern Change. This research has been able to apply the query patterns change including born, expand, merge, contract, split, normal and die. This query based on geometric (area) changes. The implementation of spatio-temporal change queries represents an object changes continuously with easy, change detection is done by comparing two versions of data. Keyword: spatio-temporal change query, spatio-temporal change pattern.
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