Judul: Delineation of Potential and Actual Rice Planting Scheduling in Lampung and West Kalimantan
Abstrak: Rice is the staple food for 95% Indonesian. As the population growth, the demand for rice is expected to increase at a rate of 2.5% per year (BPS, 2006). To meet this increasing demand, Government of Indonesian has planned and conducted intensification and extensification programs. However, inter annual variability of rice production is relatively high due the occurrence of extreme climate events. One approach to minimize the impact of extreme climate events is to determine appropriate cropping pattern and planting time as well as total area planting under different extreme climate condition. This study assessed appropriate cropping pattern, planting time, and optimal planting area for rainfed rice under dry, normal and wet years. The study was conducted in two main rice growing area of Indonesia, i.e. Lampung and West Kalimantan. The two districts contribute to about 3.9% and 2% of national rice production, respectively. Cropping system in lampung and west kalimantan depend on water availability, mainly is rice - rice – fallow. Based on 25 years of rainfall record, these two districts are sensitive to ENSO. The extreme climate events such as drought and flood are commonly associated with ENSO. This study classified the climate condition under three conditions, dry, normal, and wet years. Based on 30 years average rainfall data, wet year is a year when the rainfall is higher than 115% of the average. Normal year is a year when the rainfall is between 85% and 115% of the average, and dry year is a year when the rainfall is below 85% of the average. The classification is shown as isohyet, potential first planting , and cropping index maps. The isohyet map is used to determine the potential paddy plantation period during one year, the potential first planting map is used to determine the first time of paddy planting, and cropping index map is used to determine the crop rotation potential during one year. The first planting of paddy is based on water availability, when the rainfall during three decad is more than 150 mm. The three maps are then overlaid with land use map. The result is a database of potential planting scheduling of wet year, normal year, and dry year. This database is compared by the actual condition based on field research. Based on the potential and actual planting scheduling analysis in Lampung, it is concluded that the planting area in normal and wet years have not met its optimum area. Meanwhile, in dry years it has exceeded its optimum area. The actual annual cropped land is 64023 Ha, in wet years it increases to 130440 Ha, in normal years it 122133 Ha, and dry years is 56377 Ha. Lampung and West Kalimantan’s rainfall are sensitive to climate anomaly. It is concluded from the changing in first planting period and cropped land area potency during wet, normal, or dry years. The planting scheduling can increase agricultural production yield by giving information for first planting period, cropped land width potency, and crop rotation.
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Judul: Analisis Potensi Waktu Tanam Padi Sawah Tadah Hujan pada Wilayah Tidak Terkena dan Terkena Dampak ENSO dan IOD di Sentra Produksi Padi Jawa Barat (Studi Kasus : Kabupaten Indramayu dan Cianjur).
Abstrak: Timing of planting is part of the strategy of food cultivation. Increased fluctuations, the frequency and intensity of climate anomalies in the last decade caused by ENSO and IOD phenomena can have serious repercussions on food crops because of the early rainy season and dry season was delayed. Indramayu is one of the rice-producing centers in West Java, most of the area influenced by both ENSO and IOD. So in that area have an early shift planting time, while other rice-producing centers such as Cianjur mostly unaffected area either by ENSO and IOD. To determine the potential of planting time required analysis of water resource potential of integrating the components of climate, soil, and plants into a system. The study aims to determine the potential of good rice-planting time in the El-Nino, a positive IOD years or normal years and knowing the potential difference when planted in areas affected and not affected by ENSO and IOD. Planting time is determined based on an index of adequacy of water more than 0.8 and the potential loss of less than 20%. This two value is determined at the critical phase of the rice plant at flowering stage and grain filling. With the stipulation that the best planting time scenario obtained when the critical phase of plant have no water deficit, so that water sufficiency index values of more than 80% and the potential loss of less than 20%. The results showed that in normal conditions in the area of Krangkeng Indramayu, potential planting time can be done in the month from October to December. But in the year of El Nino events, rice planting can only be done in December. While the positive IOD events, planting can be done in mid-November until the end of January. For Ciranjang Cianjur district, in the normal years planting can be done in mid-September until the end of February. While the conditions of El Nino and IOD does not shift the start time of planting. During strong El Nino occurred simultaneously with the positive IOD in rainfed land, the rice can not be planted in Krangkeng. Different conditions occur in areas Ciranjang, the potential planting time can be done almost the same as planting time when normal conditions.
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Judul: Studi Kasus: Patomorfologi Trakheobronkhitis Supurativa Pada Kucing (Felis Catus).
Abstrak: Trakheobronkhitis merupakan penyakit saluran respirasi yang sering terjadi pada hewan kecil, terutama anjing dan kucing. Penelitian berupa studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari patomorfologi trakheobronkhitis supurativa pada kucing. Perubahan patologi anatomi berupa eksudat purulen pada lumen trakhea dan warna paru-paru yang tidak homogen, warna lebih gelap pada salah satu lobus, dan permukaan paru-paru lebih menonjol. Perubahan histopatologi berupa badan inklusi amfofilik-eosinofilik intranuklear yang dikelilingi oleh clear halo dan titik-titik kromatin ditepinya pada epitel kelenjar trakhea dan epitel bronkhiolus. Badan inklusi ini merupakan ciri dari FHV-1 dan adenovirus. Pada trakhea juga ditemukan koloni bakteri berbentuk coccobacillus sebagai infeksi sekunder. Bakteri tersebut diduga Bordetella sp. yang sering menginfeksi saluran respirasi kucing. Deskuamasi terjadi pada epitel trakhea dan bronkhiolus. Selain itu, ditemukan juga sel radang limfosit, makrofag, sel plasma, dan neutrofil. Pada paru-paru ditemukan lesio bronkhiolitis. Ditemukan juga bronkhopneumonia yang ditandai infiltrasi sel radang neutrofil dan sel nekrosis pada lumen bronkhiolus. Paru-paru juga mengalami emfisema dan edema pulmonum. Hiperemia dan hemoragi juga ditemukan pada kapiler paru-paru. Pada kasus ini, trakheobronkhitis supurativa diduga disebabkan oleh FHV-1, adenovirus, dan bakteri jenis Bordetella sp.
Keyword: badan inklusi amfofilik-eosinofilik intranuklear, infeksi bakteri, kucing, patomorfologi