Judul: Attractiveness and Mortality of Tetragonula laeviceps Smith (Apidae: Meliponini) to Imidacloprid and Deltamethrin Insecticides
Abstrak: Lebah Tetragonula laeviceps merupakan salah satu serangga yang berperan penting dalam penyerbukan tanaman. Saat ini, keberadaan lebah mengalami ancaman penurunan populasi yang salah satunya disebabkan oleh penggunaan pestisida yang tidak tepat. Golongan pestisida yang diduga mengganggu populasi lebah adalah neonikotinoid dan piretroid. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh insektisida imidakloprid dan deltametrin terhadap T. laeviceps melalui pengujian ketertarikan dan mortalitas. Pengujian ketertarikan T. laeviceps dilakukan dengan metode uji olfaktori menggunakan tabung-Y olfaktometer dengan membandingkan sumber aroma yang terdiri atas insektisida berbahan aktif imidakloprid (200 ppm), deltametrin (12,5 ppm), air, dan madu. Sementara itu, pengujian mortalitas T. laeviceps dilakukan dengan aplikasi topikal, efek residu, dan paparan secara oral pada lima taraf konsentrasi insektisida. Berdasarkan hasil uji olfaktori, T. laeviceps lebih menyukai insektisida berbahan aktif imidakloprid dibandingkan dengan deltametrin (p-value = 0,51). Pengaruh paparan insektisida terhadap T. laeviceps pada uji mortalitas menunjukkan bahwa insektisida berbahan aktif imidakloprid pada konsentrasi 0,2 ppm memiliki kecenderungan mematikan lebah pada tiga metode uji, sedangkan insektisida berbahan aktif deltametrin pada konsentrasi 12,5 ppm tidak mematikan pada pengujian efek residu dan paparan oral. Hasil pengujian ini mengindikasikan bahwa T. laeviceps lebih tertarik terhadap insektisida berbahan aktif imidakloprid dibandingkan deltametrin, yang memiliki tingkat mortalitas yang tinggi., Tetragonula laeviceps is one of the insects that play an important role in pollinating plants. Currently, the existence of the bee population is in danger of decreasing. One of the reasons was the inappropriate use of pesticides. The pesticide groups that influenced the population of T. laeviceps were neonicotinoids and pyrethroids. This study aimed to determine the effect of insecticides imidacloprid and deltamethrin on T. laeviceps in attractiveness and mortality test. The attractiveness test of T. laeviceps was carried out using an olfactory test using Y-tube olfactometer by comparing odor sources, consisting of insecticides with active ingredients imidacloprid (200 ppm), deltamethrin (12,5 ppm), water, and honey. Meanwhile, mortality testing of T. laeviceps was carried out by topical application, residual effect, and oral exposure at five levels of insecticide concentration. According to the results of the olfactory test, T. laeviceps preferred insecticide with the active ingredient imidacloprid to deltamethrin (p-value = 0,51). The effect of insecticide exposure on mortality test showed that insecticides with active ingredient imidacloprid at concentration 0,2 ppm tended to kill bees in three test methods. In comparison, an insecticide with the active ingredient deltamethrin at a concentration of 12,5 ppm was not lethal in testing residual effect and oral exposure. The results of this test indicated that T. laeviceps was more attracted to an insecticide with the active ingredient imidacloprid than deltamethrin, it had a high mortality level.
Keyword: olfactory, oral exposure, residual effect, stingless bee, topical application, toxicity

Judul: Effects of Insecticide and Three Adjuvants on Bee Tetragonula laeviceps Smith (Apidae: Meliponini)
Abstrak: Pengendalian kimia menggunakan insektisida adalah salah satu bagian dari strategi pengendalian yang umum digunakan pada tanaman budi daya. Hal ini menyebabkan serangga non-target, seperti lebah, dapat terpapar insektisida dan adjuvan saat melakukan aktivitasnya. Beberapa penelitian menyebutkan bahwa insektisida dan adjuvan dapat menyebabkan mortalitas pada lebah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh insektisida dan adjuvan terhadap lebah Tetragonula laeviceps dalam aspek ketertarikan serta mortalitasnya. Pengujian ketertarikan dilakukan dengan uji olfaktori dengan aroma uji insektisida BI (b.a. bifenthrin 25 g/l), adjuvan MI (b.a. polyether modified trisiloxane ≥ 75%), adjuvan AG (b.a. alkil aril poliglikol eter 400 ml/l), dan adjuvan LO (b.a. tridecyl ethoxylate dan fatty amine 672 g/l). Pengujian mortalitas dilakukan dengan uji dermal (aplikasi topikal dan residu) serta uji oral pada lima taraf konsentrasi secara tunggal dan majemuk. Berdasarkan uji ketertarikan, T. laeviceps lebih tertarik pada AG dibandingkan BI, MI, dan LO (p-value < 0,01). AG dan LO secara tunggal bersifat tidak toksik bagi lebah berdasarkan klasifikasi EPA. MI menunjukkan ketertarikan lebah yang rendah, tetapi memiliki tingkat mortalitas yang tinggi pada uji tunggal dan majemuk (uji dermal dan uji oral). Oleh karena itu, penggunaan insektisida dan adjuvan dalam kegiatan budi daya di lapangan harus mempertimbangkan kelestarian populasi lebah., Chemical control by using insecticides is a part of control strategies commonly used in cultivated crops. It can cause harm to non-target insects, for instance, bees, to be exposed to insecticides and adjuvants during their activities. Several studies mention that insecticides and adjuvants can cause mortality in bees. This study aimed to determine the effect of insecticides and adjuvants on Tetragonula laeviceps bees in terms of attraction and mortality. Attraction testing was done by an olfactory test with the test aroma of insecticide BI (b.a. bifenthrin 25 g/l), adjuvant MI (polyether-modified trisiloxane ≥ 75%), adjuvant AG (alkyl aryl polyglycol ether 400 ml/l), and adjuvant LO (tridecyl ethoxylate and fatty amine 672 g/l). Mortality testing was conducted by dermal test (topical and residual application) and oral test at five concentration levels singly and compounded. Based on the attraction test, T. laeviceps was more attracted to AG than BI, MI, and LO (p-value < 0.01). AG and LO singly were non-toxic to bees based on EPA classification. MI showed low bee attraction but high mortality in both single and compound tests (dermal and oral). Therefore, the use of insecticides and adjuvants in field cultivation activities must consider the sustainability of bees.
Keyword: bifenthrin, dermal testing, oral exposure, stingless bee

Judul: Implementasi Algoritme Enkripsi Advanced Encryption Standard secara Paralel dengan GPU NVIDIA CUDA
Abstrak: Processor streaming architecture in GPU has provide general purpose computation which have its own potential to help CPU with its parallel computation capability. One example of supported processor streaming architecture is Fermi which is developed by NVIDIA. Furthermore, NVIDIA has developed its own software development kit namely CUDA, which can integrate many popular existing programming languanges such as C++ for GPU-based parallel computation. This research focus on the implementation of parallel AES algorithm with GPU and analyze the performance result of the implementation in two different NVIDIA devices, namely NVIDIA GeForce GT220 and NVIDIA Quadro 600. In general, the performance of parallel GPU computation is better than sequential computation for large data input. It is obtained that the maximum speedup of NVIDIA GeForce GT220 in 8 MB input is 89.3 with 180% efficiency. Higher speedup of 101.6 can be obtained by NVIDIA Quadro 600 with the same input size with around 100% efficiency.
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