Judul: Imago and Egg Hatching Behavior of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Abstrak: Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) atau ulat grayak jagung (UGJ) merupakan hama kosmopolitan yang menyebabkan kerusakan berat pada pertanaman jagung di beberapa negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari perilaku imago dan penetasan telur UGJ. Perilaku hinggap dan peletakan telur diamati pada pagi pukul 07:00 s.d. 09:00 dan sore pukul 16:00 s.d. 18:00 terhadap 223 imago jantan dan 366 imago betina yang dilepaskan di dalam sungkup kasa berukuran 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 2 m dengan sembilan tanaman jagung. Perilaku imago juga diamati setiap dua jam selama 24 jam terhadap kurang lebih 30 pasang imago. Proses penetasan telur dilakukan dengan mengamati dua puluh kelompok telur setiap dua jam sekali selama dua hari. Tidak terdapat perbedaan pola distribusi hinggap pada beberapa lokasi selama pengamatan pagi dan sore, dan juga diantara jenis kelamin. Sepertiga dari populasi imago hinggap pada tanaman jagung dan secara keseluruhan hinggap pada bagian permukaan atas (adaksial) daun jagung. Sebagian besar imago S. frugiperda meletakkan kelompok telur pada permukaan bawah (abaksial) daun jagung. Imago S. frugiperda aktif malam hari dan seluruh aktivitas bergerak/terbang, kawin, serta meletakkan telur terjadi antara pukul 18:00 s.d. 04:00. Telur S. frugiperda menetas antara pukul 02:00 s.d. 12:00 dan sekitar 75% kelompok telur menetas di antara pukul 02:00 s.d. 06:00., The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a cosmopolitan pest that may cause severe damages on corn in many countries. This research was to study FAW moth and egg hatching behavior. The perching and egg laying behaviors were observed in the morning (7–9 am) and late afternoon (4–6 pm) on 223 males and 366 females moths released inside a 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 2 m cage with 9 corn plants in it. The behaviors were also observed every two hours for 24 hours involving about 30 pairs of moths. Egg hatching processed were carried out by observing 20 egg clusters every 2 hours for 2 days. There were no differences on the pattern of moth perching locations during the morning and afternoon observations, and also between sexes. One third of the moths perched on the corn plants and almost all moths perched on upper surfaces of the corn leaves. About half numbers of egg clusters were laid on the corn plants, and most of them were laid at lower surfaces of the corn leaves. Fall armyworm moths were nocturnal and activities of moving/flying, mating and egg laying occurred between 6 pm to 4 am. Fall armyworm egg hatching occurred between 2 am to 12 am, and 75% of them hatched between 2 am to 6 am.
Keyword: Egg laying, FAW, imago behavior, perching pattern

Judul: Biology and Life Table of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Babycorn
Abstrak: Biologi dan neraca hayati ulat grayak jagung, Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) pada babycorn. Ulat grayak jagung, S. frugiperda merupakan hama asing invasif yang telah menimbulkan kerusakan berat pada tanaman jagung di Pasaman Barat, Sumatera Barat pada awal tahun 2019. Informasi mengenai biologi dan neraca hayati S. frugiperda di Indonesia masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui biologi dan neraca hayati S. frugiperda yang dipelihara di laboratorium dengan pakan jagung semi. Larva tahap pertama (110) dipelihara secara individual pada wadah yang berisi babycorn sebagai pakan. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap hari samapi munculnya imago. Imago yang muncul dipasangkan dan dipelihara dalam kurungan yang terpisah. Pengamatan terhadap imago dilakukan setiap hari sampai imago mati. Data yang diperoleh yaitu data stadium, data pengukuran, dan data neraca hayati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata stadium dari telur, larva 6 instar, pra-pupa, dan pupa berturut-turut adalah 2.47, 14.96, 1.83, 9.75 (jantan), dan 8.81 (betina) hari. Rataan masa pra-oviposisi, oviposisi, pasca-oviposisi, lama hidup imago, dan siklus hidup berturut-turut, yaitu 1.60, 7.90, 2.27, 11.34 (jantan), 11.77 (betina), 37.69 (jantan), dan 37.70 (betina) hari. Telur yang diletakkan imago betina rata-rata sebanyak 1365.86 butir dengan persentase fertilitasnya sebesar 94.68%. Kurva kesintasan S. frugiperda adalah kurva sintasan tipe I, dengan laju reproduksi kotor (GRR) 1442.49 individu per generasi, laju reproduksi bersih (Ro) 1342.77 individu per induk per generasi, laju pertambahan intrinsik (r) 0.23 individu per induk per hari, rataan lama generasi (T) 31.23 hari, dan waktu yang dibutuhkan populasi untuk berlipat ganda (DT) adalah 3.01 hari., Biology and life table of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on babycorn. The fall armyworm, S. frugiperda is an invasive pest that caused serious damage on corn in West Pasaman, West Sumatera, in early 2019. In Indonesia, research and information about this pest still limited. This research aimed to determine the biology and life table of S. frugiperda on babycorn under laboratory condition. First stage larvae (110) were reared individually in the petridish supplied babycorn as feed. Observation were conducted everyday until adult emergence. Emerging adults were paired and reared in separated cages. Observation of adults were conducted everyday until adult death. Results showed that mean developmental duration of egg, 6 instars larvae, pre-pupa, and pupa were 2.47, 14.96, 1.83, 9.75 (male), and 8.81 (female) days, respectively. The periode of pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition, longevity of adult, and life cycle were 1.60, 7.90, 2.27, 11.34 (male), 11.77 (female), 37.69 (male), and 37.70 (female) days. The average of the eggs laid by female was 1365.86 eggs and a fertility percentage was 94.68 %. The survival curve of S. frugiperda categorized as a type I, with the gross reproduction rate (GRR) of 1442.49 individual per generation, the net reproduction rate (Ro) was 1342.77 individual per female per generation, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.23 individual per female per day, the mean generation time (T) was 31.23 days, and the population doubling time (DT) was 3.01 days.
Keyword: babycorn, invasive species, life cycle, life table

Judul: Sintesis dan Pencirian Benzalkonium KIOl'ida
Abstrak: One active compound which is used in disinfectant is benzalkonium chloride. It is one of the safest biocides known and has a long history of efficacious use; hence, benzalkonium chloride becomes important in disinfectant production. Accordingly, economically benzalkonium chloride synthesis needs to be found. The principle of benzalkonium chloride synthesis is alkylation of amine compound by linear synthesis route. First of all, ammonium carboxylic salt was synthesized with yield of 87% and showed infrared absorption of N-H stretch at 3428 cm·l , strong absorption of C=O stretch at 1717 cm-I, and also aliphatic C-H stretch at 2849 cm-I and 2917 cm-I. Secondly, an amide was synthesized with yield of 84% and showed strong absorption of C=O stretch at 1704 em-I, absorption of aliphatic C-H at 2849 cm-I and 2917 em-I, and also absorption of CNat 942 em-I. In the third step, the amine was synthesized with yield of 89% and showed disappearance of C=O stretch at 1700 cm-I . In the last step, benzalkonium chloride was synthesized through 2 ways, i.e. reflux and microwave assisted organic synthesis (MAOS). Both benzalkonium chloride infrared spectra, fi'om reflux and MAOS, showed some absorptions of aryl C-H stretch at 3033 cm-I , aryl C-C bending at 1455 cm-I , 1496 cm-I and 2 peaks which were shouldershaped at around 1600 cm-I . This last step gave a mixed product which was proven by absorption at 1700 cm-I . Consequently, the yield could not be calculated.
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