Judul: Kajian Pengaruh Bahan Baku Dan Nisbah Minyak Daun Cengkeh Dengan Larutan NaOH 10% Terhadap Rendemen Dan Karakteristik Isolat Eugenol
Abstrak: Indonesia has high potential clove leaves oil business opportunity especially in the areas that have high production of cloves, example Java island with cloves cultivation area are about ± 50,000 ha (Balitro 2005) .. It's predicted have falls clove leaves about ± 305 tones/day or equivalent with 4.4 ton clove leaves oil/day. According to Uhe (2005), International market prices for clove leaves oil on February 2005 are 4.25 US Dollar per kg. One way to increase clove leaves oil value is producing isolate compound of clove leaves oil, called eugenol. Eugenol prices is more expensive than clove leaves oil. For illustration, while clove leaves oil prices is Rp. 25,000lkg, eugenol prices is Rp. 75,000/kg (lndesso, 2006). In international market, eugenol from Indonesia has lower raw price because of its lower quality. The price is about 5.15 US Dollar per kg CUhe 2(05). Eugenol can be used as raws material in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food industries, and also as mixture in ingredient for cigarette industries. Eugenol was produce by isolating eugenol from clove leave oil. The chemical process of eugenol isolating is conducted by reaction of clove ' leave oil and strong base by using (Natrium Hidroxyde) to form Na-eugenolat. Eugenol can be regmerated from Na-eugenolat by using the HCI solution. Based on Sumangat et. al research (2003), eugenol isolation with NaOH 6% and ratio of clove leaves and NaOH is 1:7 producing eugenol with yield 67.8- 68.3, purity 99.3% - 99.5% and effectively about 89.5%. The aim of this research is to get the best combination treatment between raws material and ratio between clove leaves oil and NaOH 10%. Distillation method will be doing in 2 ways, treatment will be conducted for distilled clove leaves oil with steam method and condensation method. Ratio between Clove leaves oil and NaOH 10% are 1: 2; 1 : 2.5; and 1 : 3. Treatment design will be using Complete Factorial Random Design Clove leaves oil reacting with NaOH 10%, squealer for 30 minutes with 590 rpm, left for 24 hours, then the substratum which is eugenol compound reacting with HCl 6%, then it washes using hexane. The yield, purity, effectively, and also the physical chemical of eugenol (i.e. refraction index, density, purity, solubility in ethanol 70% and colour) were analysed. The analysis shows that distilled clove leaves oil method affecting the yield, degree of purity, isolation process effectively, and isolat eugenol yield aspect, but the ratio clove leaves oil with NaOH 10% affecting isolation process effectively, and isolate eugenol yield. The Yield by distillation method of clove leaves oil are 63.71 % while steam method are 63.24%. Yield by ratio treatment of clove leaves oil and NaOH 10% (1: 2~ 1 : 2.5; 1 : 3) in sequence arc 63.37 %, 63.62 (%, ancl 63.44%. Eugenol purity by distillation method of clove leaves oil are 97.24 % while by steam method are 98.36 %. Eugenol purity by ratio treatment of clove leaves oil and NaOH 10% (1: 2; 1 : 2.5; 1 : 3) in sequence are 97.44 %,97.57 (Xl, and 98.39 %, and the isolation
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Judul: Process design in the production of isoeugenol and vanillin from eugenol of clove leaf oil
Abstrak: Clove leaf oil contains a high amount of eugenol (70-95%) and hence it has been considered as a potential raw material for production of isoeugenol and vanillin, which have high economic value. This study was aimed at designing production of isoeugenol and vanillin from eugenol of clove leaf oil and analyzing the potential product development financially.The specific objectives of this research work are 1) Identify the isoeugenol and vanillin, 2) Model simulation of process design of isoeugenol and vanillin, 3) Study on financial feasibility and added value. This research is expected to provide maximum economic potential of eugenol to enhance the added value of clove leaf oil. The results showed that the FTIR and NMR products confirmed that isoeugenol and vanillin present in the synthesized product were identical to the reference standards. Model simulation of process design suggested that isomerization reaction of eugenol to produce isoeugenol occurred at temperatures of 25-200oC and 1 atm pressure, with the average conversion and isoeugenol of 90% and product purity of 89,6%. Meanwhile, oxydation of isoeugenol which then produced vanillin took place at temperatures of 19.22-150oC and 1 atm pressure resulting in the average conversion of 90% and product purity of 98%. Financial analysis on isoeugenol and vanillin industries showed feasible at production capacities of 1,157,280 kg/year and 853,929 kg/year respectively, with total investment of Rp. 3,795,050,000 and 3,795,050,000 as well as working capital of Rp. 127,487,726,119 and Rp. 154,794,595,559 respectively. At an interest rate of 12% and 10 years project lifetime showed the NPV of Rp. 645,341,441,970 and Rp. 779,561,530,094 respectively. Furthermore, the IRR were 47,40% and 47,43%; net B/C ratio 3.90 and 3.91; BEP 8,178 and 5,063 products unit; PBP 1.27 and 1.25 years. Value added of eugenol to isoeugenol and vanillin industry were Rp. 145,193 and Rp 175,651/kg respectively, while labor incomes were Rp. 447.0 and Rp. 2.190/kg, processor profits Rp. 144.476 and Rp. 173.461/kg. It is concluded that designing industrial production of isoeugenol and vanillin from eugenol of clove leaf oil is financially feasible.
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Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular