Judul: The Structure of the Tachypleus gigas and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Prosoma using Acoustic Impulse Response
Abstrak: Klasifikasi belangkas didominasi kekhasan pada eksoskeleton. Spesifikasi struktur eksoskeleton (prosoma) dapat dikembangkan melalui pengukuran non destruktif menggunakan metode respon impuls akustik. Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan struktur prosoma Tachypleus gigas (T. gigas) dan Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (C. rotundicauda) menggunakan respon impuls akustik. Penelitian meliputi identifikasi dan karakterisasi morfometrik, karakterisasi komponen dan struktur prosoma T. gigas dan C. rotundicauda. T. gigas dan C. rotundicauda memiliki protein dan serat kasar yang tinggi, serta gugus fungsi yang sesuai dengan kitin. Terlihat pula kesamaan berat prosoma dan prosoma 484.33 ± 5.13 g dan 493.33 ±15.28 g serta densitas 1206.45 ± 148.01 kg/m3 dan 1264.60 ± 120.01 kg/m3. Perbedaan terlihat pada diameter pori dan penampang atau (strut) T. gigas, yaitu 431.39μm ± 166.22 dan 153.30μm ± 33.62 sedangkan C. rotundicauda yaitu 120.09μm ± 57.83 dan 98.0881μm ± 26.75 serta kuat tekan 220,68 kPa dan 285,88 kPa, dan elastisitas 17,85 dan 38,12. Kerapatan gelombang akustik dapat mendeteksi perbedaan struktur prosoma T. gigas dan C. rotundicauda yang selaras dengan ukuran unit rongga pori, diameter penopang (strut) dan kuat tekan, The classification of the horseshoe crab is dominated by the peculiarities of the exoskeleton. Exoskeleton structure specifications (prosoma) can be developed through non-destructive measurements using the acoustic impulse response method. The aim of the study was to determine the structure of the prosoma of Tachypleus gigas (T. gigas) and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (C. rotundicauda) using acoustic impulse responses. The research includes and determines the morphometric characterization, component characterization and structure of the prosoma of T. gigas and C. rotundicauda. T. gigas and C. rotundicauda have high protein and crude fiber, as well as functional groups corresponding to chitin. It is also seen that the weights of prosoma and prosoma are 484.33 ± 5.13 g and 493.33 ± 15.28 g and the densities are 1206.45 ± 148.01 kg/m3 and 1264.60 ± 120.01 kg/m3. The difference is seen in the pore diameter and cross section or (strut) of T. gigas, which is 431.39μm ± 166.22 and 153.30μm ± 33.62 while C. rotundicauda is 120.09μm ± 57.83 and 98.0881μm ± 26.75 and compressive strength of 220.68 kPa and 285.88 kPa, and elasticity 17.85 and 38.12. Acoustic wave density can detect differences in the structure of the prosoma of T. gigas and C. rotundicauda which is in line with the size of the pore cavity unit, the diameter of the strut and the compressive strength.
Keyword: belangkas, gelombang akustik, acoustic wave, horseshoe crab

Judul: Gagasan Awal Material Struktur Sarang Lebah Belangkas dari Asia (Tachypleus tridentatus) dan Amerika (Limulus polyphemus)
Abstrak: The honeycomb structure serves as a catalyst for future advancements in biomaterial development due to the integration of bioinspired designs and the study of renewable materials. The prosoma, a distinctive feature of horseshoe crabs resembling a horseshoe-shaped plate, have not been developed in terms of its material specifications and role in the honeycomb structure. This study aimed to determine the physical-chemical characteristics of honeycomb structure materials from the prosoma of Tachypleus tridentatus (TT) and Limulus polyphemus (LP). The study included the identification and morphometric analysis of the species, macro and microstructure appearance. Mechanical physical properties included compressive strength, tensile strength, elasticity, and thermal properties, while chemical properties included composition, elements or components, functional groups, and the estimation of honeycomb structure with acoustic impulse. The prosoma structure of horseshoe crabs exhibited a twisted plywood network with a Bouligand pattern. The compressive strength of prosoma TT and LP is 108 kPa and 115 kPa, while tensile strength is 62 kPa and 64 kPa. Thermal properties showed the same phase range value and component decomposition occurred at 350°C. Chemically, high protein content with functional groups suitable for chitin was present. The density and amplitude of the acoustic wave differed at a frequency of 5000 Hz.
Keyword: bioinspiration material, chitin, non destructive testing, superior material

Judul: Pengusahaan tanaman teh di P.T. Perkebunan XII cianten, bogor
Abstrak: Sejarah menyebutkan bahwa Teh (Camellia sinensis) pada mulanya hanya terdapat didataran Asia perbatasan negara negara Muangtai, Burma, India, Laos, Kamboja, dan Cina yang berupa vegetasi hutan liar di wilayah dengan sifat keadaan tanah dan iklim seragam yang baik bagi pertumbuhan teh secara alami. - Cina merupakan negara yang pertama kali mengguna- kan teh sebagai bahan minuman. Buku "Pen Tsao" di ja- man kerajaan Shen Nung pada tahun 2737 SM antara lain telah menulis mengenai teh sebagai hidangan bagi para raja raja di negeri Cina. Pada tahun 780 seorang pe nulis dan ahli tentang teh bernama Lu Yu dalam bukunya yang berjudul "Cha Ching" telah menguraikan mengenai pertanaman teh, cara pemeliharaan, pemetikan daun, pe- ngolahan dan me amu teh sebagai minuman. - Akhir abad keenam teh telah mulai dikenal di ne geri Jepang. Pada tahun 1738 Soichiro Nagatani menemu kan sistim pengolahan teh hijau, dan sejak itu tanaman teh tumbuh dan berkembang dalam suatu areal perkebunan luas. ...
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