Judul: Identification of Gram Negative Bacteria and Escherichia coli Antibiotic Resistance Test in Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps)
Abstrak: Sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps) adalah hewan peliharaan eksotis yang populer. Hewan ini dapat terserang berbagai macam penyakit, termasuk penyakit bakterial yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Gram negatif. Salah satu metode transmisi infeksi bakteri yaitu kontak melalui rute fekal-oral, sehingga bakteri penyebab penyakit dalam feses penting untuk diidentifikasi. Resistansi antibiotik dapat menyebabkan pengobatan yang tidak efektif. Bakteri Gram negatif diantaranya Escherichia coli dapat berperan sebagai donor dan resipien gen resistansi, sehingga dapat memperoleh maupun meneruskan gen resistansi ke bakteri lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi bakteri Gram negatif pada feses sugar glider dan menguji resistansi bakteri Escherichia coli terhadap beberapa jenis antibiotik. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan karakterisasi koloni, mikroskopis melalui hasil pewarnaan Gram, dan sifat biokimia bakteri. Uji resistansi dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi cakram Kirby Bauer dengan 7 macam antibiotik. Dari sampel feses sugar glider, teridentifikasi sejumlah bakteri Gram negatif yaitu Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Proteus sp., Salmonella sp., dan Shigella sp.. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Escherichia coli resistan terhadap antibiotik eritromisin, tetrasiklin, ampisilin dan streptomisin., Sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps) are popular exotic pets. The animal can be infected by various diseases, including bacterial diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria. One method of transmitting bacterial infections is contact via the fecaloral route, so it is important to identify disease-causing bacteria in feces. Antibiotic resistance can lead to ineffective treatment. Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli can act as donors and recipients of resistance genes, so they can acquire or pass on resistance genes to other bacteria. This study aims to identify Gram-negative bacteria in sugar glider feces and test the resistance of Escherichia coli bacteria to several types of antibiotics. Identification of bacteria is carried out by colony characterization, microscopic analysis using Gram staining results, and the biochemical characteristics of the bacteria. Resistance testing was carried out using the Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method with 7 types of antibiotics. From sugar glider feces samples, a number of Gram negative bacteria were identified, namely Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Proteus sp., Salmonella sp., and Shigella sp.. The results of the resistance test showed that Escherichia coli bacteria were resistant to erythromycin, tetracycline, ampicillin and streptomycin.
Keyword: antibiotik, bakteri Gram negatif, Escherichia coli, resistansi, sugar glider

Judul: Identifikasi Bakteri Gram Negatif dan Uji Resistansi Escherichia coli pada Primata
Abstrak: Bakteri Gram negatif (Enterobacteriaceae) merupakan flora normal yang umumnya ditemukan pada saluran cerna. Identifikasi bakteri Gram negatif terutama pada primata dan resistansi bakteri terhadap antibiotik belum banyak dipublikasikan. Hal ini menyebabkan kurangnya informasi medis yang digunakan sebagai penunjang penting dalam penyelamatan primata. Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi bakteri Gram negatif pada feses primata dan pola resistansi bakteri Escherichia coli terhadap beberapa jenis antibiotik. Bakteri pada feses primata diisolasi kemudian dilakukan uji biokimia dan uji gula-gula untuk identifikasi. Uji resistansi antibiotik pada Escherichia coli dilakukan dengan metode disk atau difusi cakram. Bakteri Gram negatif yang dapat diisolasi dan diidentifikasi dari sampel feses orang utan, ungko coklat, ungko hitam, siamang adalah Shigella sp., Proteus sp., Escherichia coli, Yersenia sp., dan Klebsiella oxytoca, sedangkan pada feses lutung tidak ditemukan bakteri Gram negatif yang tumbuh. Hasil uji resitansi menunjukkan bakteri Escherichia coli mengalami resistan terhadap beberapa jenis antibiotik dari golongan beta laktam, tetrasiklin, aminoglikosida, kloramfenikol, makrolida, dan kuinolon.
Keyword: antibiotic, disc diffusion, Gram negative bacteria, primates, resistant

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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