Judul: Synthesis of Sucrose Esters from Methyl Ester Olein
Abstrak: Sukrosa ester merupakan senyawa organik yang dapat dihasilkan dari reaksi antara sukrosa dengan berbagai kelompok ester asam lemak. Sukrosa ester termasuk ke dalam golongan senyawa aktif jenis non-ionik yang memiliki keunggulan yaitu larut pada air dingin, bersifat non-toksik, tidak berbau, tidak berasa, tidak mengiritasi kulit, dan tidak mencemari lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, sukrosa ester saat ini banyak digunakan dalam produk pangan sebagai emulsifier dan stabilizer. Pengembangan proses produksi sukrosa ester selain untuk meningkatkan local content pada industri produk personal care, kosmetika dan cleaning, juga untuk mendukung upaya hilirisasi sawit dan pengembangan industri hilir kelapa sawit di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sukrosa ester dapat dibuat dari minyak olein dengan bantuan katalis K2CO3 dan Na2CO3 dengan suhu 70 °C selama 2 jam. Konsentrasi katalis yang digunakan adalah 6%, 7%, dan 8%. Perlakuan terbaik dihasilkan dengan menggunkan katalis K2CO3 dengan konsentrasi 6% dengan nilai daya emulsi yaitu 828 detik. Nilai tegangan permukaan sebesar 32,5 dyne/cm sedangkan nilai tegangan antar muka sebesar 7,2 dyne/cm. Rendemen sukrosa ester olein diddapat sebesar 37,22%., Sucrose ester is an organic compound produced from the reaction between sucrose and various fatty acid ester groups. Sucrose esters belong to a class of nonionic active compounds with the advantage of being soluble in cold water, non-toxic, odorless, tasteless, non-irritating to the skin, and do not pollute the environment. Therefore, sucrose ester is widely used in food products as an emulsifier and stabilizer. The development of the sucrose ester production process, in addition to increasing local content in the personal care, cosmetics, and cleaning product industries, is also to support efforts to downstream palm oil and develop the downstream palm oil industry in Indonesia. The results showed that sucrose ester can be prepared from olein oil with the help of K2CO3 and Na2CO3 catalyst at 70°C for 2 hours. The catalyst concentrations used were 6%, 7%, and 8%. The best treatment was produced by using a K2CO3 catalyst with a concentration of 6% with an emulsion power value of 828 seconds. The surface tension value is 32.5 dyne/cm, while the interfacial tension value is 7.2 dyne/cm. The yield of olein ester sucrose was obtained at 37.22%.
Keyword: CPO, emulsifier, kinetika reaksi, olein, sukrosa ester

Judul: Pengaruh Jenis Ester Asam Lemak dan Konsentrasi Katalis pada Proses Sintesis Surfaktan Sukrosa Ester
Abstrak: Sukrosa ester dalam bentuk sukrosa monoester dan diester memiliki beberapa keunggulan seperti tidak berbau, tidak berasa, tidak menyebabkan iritasi pada kulit atau mata, tidak beracun dan memiliki sifat biodegradabilitas yang baik. Sukrosa ester dapat digunakan sebagai emulsifier pada produk detergen karena memiliki daya detergensi yang baik. Penelitian yang sudah ada fokus pada optimasi penggunaan konsentrasi katalis Na2CO3 dan CH3ONa pada sintesis sukrosa ester. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan metil ester dan etil ester pada karakteristik fisikokimia (pH dan gugus fungsional) dan kinerja (daya detergensi, penurunan tegangan permukaan dan antar muka, kestabilan emulsi dan busa) sukrosa ester. Pengaruh dari konsentrasi katalis (2-6%) juga dianalisis. Sukrosa ester dari asam lemak minyak sawit disintesis menggunakan reaksi transesterifikasi menggunakan katalis sodium karbonat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sukrosa ester berhasil disintesis dari metil ester dan etil ester berdasarkan uji deteksi surfaktan nonionik. Nilai pH surosa ester yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 9,41 sampai 10,00. Jenis asam lemak ester dan konsentrasi katalis memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan pada penurunan tegangan permukaan dan tegangan antarmuka, kestabilan emulsi dan busa, serta gugus fungsional sukrosa ester. Kondisi perlakuan terbaik ditinjau dari jenis asam lemak ester dan konsentrasi katalis untuk menghasilkan sukrosa ester adalah metil ester pada konsentrasi katalis 6%. Karakeristik sukrosa ester yang dihasilkan adalah sebagai berikut: nilai pH sebesar 9,96; penurunan tegangan permukaan sebesar 39,36 dyne/cm; penurunan tegangan antarmuka sebesar 39 dyne/cm; stabilitas emulsi sebesar 70,77%; stabilitas busa sebesar 391 menit; dan daya deterjensi sebesar 506,5 FTU turbidity., Sucrose ester in form of monoester and diester sucrose has several advantages since it is odorless, tasteless, non-irritating to the skin and eye, as well as being nontoxic and having excellent biodegradability properties. Sucrose ester can be used as an emulsifier for a detergent product since it has high foaming and detergency ability. The present study portrays the investigations on the optimization of the Na2CO3 and CH3ONa-catalyzed synthesis of sucrose-palm fatty acids esters. The objectives of this research are to investigate the influence of methyl ester and ethyl ester use towards physicochemical properties (pH and functional group) and performances (detergency ability, surface and interface tension reduction, emulsion and foaming stability) of sucrose ester. The influence of different concentrations of catalyst (2-6%) used in this research is also investigated. Sucrose-palm fatty acids esters synthesized through transesterification reaction with sodium carbonate catalyst. The pH of sucrose esters varied from 9,41 to 10,00. The fatty acid ester type and catalyst ratio has a significant effect on the surface and interface tension reduction, emulsion and foaming stability, and functional group of sucrose ester. The best physicochemical properties and performances of sucrose ester gain from methyl ester and 6% catalyst concentration treatment. This treatment produce sucrose ester with pH 9,96; surface tension reduction 39,36 dyne/cm; interface tension reduction 39 dyne/cm; emulsion stability 70,77%; foaming stability 391 min; and detergency ability 506,5 FTU turbidity.
Keyword: ethyl ester, methyl ester, performances, sucrose ester

Judul: Habitat characteristics of timor friarbird philemon inornatus in Camplong Landscape Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara
Abstrak: Timor Friarbird (Philemon inornatus, G. R. Gray, 1846) is one of the six endemic birds of Timor and is a protected species. The population of bird is suspected to have been decreasing over the past six years along with the decreasing of the quantity and quality of physical and biotic factors of its habitat. Knowledge on landscape spatial pattern could be used to evaluate the quantity and quality of habitat. This research aimed at identifying spatial habitat characteristics of Timor Friarbird based on dominant factors of physical and biotic habitat components. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) on the physical habitat factors showed that variables that have strong correlation with the presence of the bird were Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), slope, distance from secondary forest, distance from bush, distance from cashew plantation, distance from crop plantation, and distance from roads. The biotic factors that have strong correlation with the presence of Timor Friarbird were the total number of plant species, number of plants used for food and cover, and mean height of trees. Height of poles was the only variable that has no correlation with the presence of Timor Friarbird. The most dominant physical and biotic factors that influent the presence of Timor Friarbird at a site are the density of foraging trees, slope, distance from the river, the distance from secondary forest, the density of cover pole and the distance from road. The estimation population of Timor Friarbird in Camplong region is low; this might be caused by low feeding tree density, high rates of poaching, the uneven distribution of feed vegetation and the flowering season, habitat degradation due to illegal logging, grazing cattle in the wild, and invasion of siam weed or chromolaena (Chromolaena odorata). The results of land cover classification at Camplong region based on Landsat_5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image with ArcGIS 9.3 and Erdas 9.1 obtained 11 land cover classes, with shrub as the dominant class. Keyword: Philemon inornatus, Habitat Spatial Characteristics, PCA, Population, Land Cover
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