Judul: Pemberian probiotik tunggal (Bacillus apiarius) dan probiotik campuran (Bacillus sp.) pada proventrikulus ayam yang diinfeksi
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian probiotik tunggal (Bacillus apiarius) dan probiotik campuran (Bacillus alvei, B. apiarius, B. brevis, B. circulans, B. coagulans, B. laterosporus) pada proventrikulus ayam yang diinfeksi Salmonella typhimurium. Jumlah hewan coba sebanyak tigapuluh dua ekor ayam dibagi dalam delapan kelompok yaitu: kelompok yang diberi air minum biasa (K(-)A), kelompok yang diberi air minum biasa dan dünfeksi (K(-)B), kelompok yang diberi antibiotik, kelompok yang diberi antibiotik dan diinfeksi (K(+)B), kelompok yang diberi probiotik tunggai (P1A), kelompok yang diberi probiotik tunggal dan diinfeksi (P1B), kelompok yang diberi probiotik campuran (P2A) dan kelompok yang diberi probiotik campuran dan diinfeksi (P2B). Ayam diinfeksi pada umur erpat minggu. Proventrikulus dipanen pada minggu pertama dan minggu keempat pasca infeksi. Selanjutnya proventrikulus diperiksa secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis serta dihitung jumlah limfosit, makrofag dan heterofilnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian probiotik tidak mengakibatkan perubahan makroskopis dan mikroskopis organ proventrikulus. Probiotik tunggal dan probiotik campuran dapat meningkatkan jumlah makrofag sebagai pertahanan tubuh ayam dalam menghadapi infeksi Salmonella typhimurium.
Keyword: Bacillus apiarius, Bacillus sp., chicken

Judul: Jumlah Bakteri Salmonella sp. dalam Sekum Ayam yang diberi Probiotik Bacillus apiarius dan Bacillus coagullans dan diinfeksi Salmonella typhimurium
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengadaan pemberian probiotik Bacillus apiarius dan Bacillus coagulans terhadap jumlah bakteri pada sekum ayam yang diinfeksi Salmonella typhirnurisrm. Sebanyak 160 ekor ayam Strain CP 707 AA (Arbor Acres) digunakan dalam penelitian ini yang dibagi ke dalam 8 kelompok yaitu : kelompok kel diberi air minum biasa{K(-)A)), kelompok ke2 diberi air minum biasa dan diinfeksi(K(-)B), kelompok ke3 diberi antibiotika {K(+)A) , kelompok ke4 diberi antibiotika dan diinfeksi {K(+)B), kelompok ke- 5 diberi probiotik B.apiarius (P1A), kelompok ke6 diberi probiotik B. apiarius dan diinfeksi (P1B), kelompok ke-7 diberi probiotik B. coagulans (P2A), kelompok ke-8 diberi probiotik B. coagullans dan diinfeksi (P2B). Ayam diinfeksi pada umur 4 minggu. Jumlah bakteri Salmonella sp. diperiksa pada minggu ke-2 dan ke-4 setelah infeksi.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite