Judul: Pendugaan model kebutuhan fiskal
Abstrak: Perlunya pembentukan Undang-Undang tentang perimbangan keuangan antara pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah dimaksudkan untuk mendukung pendanaan atas penyerahan urusan kepada pemerintah daerah yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Pendanaan tersebut menganut prinsip money follows function, yang mengandung makna bahwa pendanaan mengikuti fungsi pemerintahan yang menjadi kewajiban dan tanggung jawab masing-masing tingkat pemerintahan. DAU bertujuan untuk pemerataan kemampuan keuangan antar daerah yang dimaksudkan untuk mengurangi ketimpangan kemampuan keuangan antar daerah melalui penerapan formula yang mempertimbangkan kebutuhan dan potensi daerah. Alokasi DAU bagi daerah yang potensi fiskalnya besar tetapi kebutuhan fiskal kecil akan memperoleh alokasi DAU relatif kecil. Sebaliknya, daerah yang potensi fiskalnya kecil, namun kebutuhan fiskal besar akan memperoleh alokasi DAU relatif besar. Secara implisit, prinsip tersebut menegaskan fungsi DAU sebagai faktor pemerataan kapasitas fiskal.
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Judul: Analisis pelaknsanaan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pemerataan kemampuan keuangan dan kinerja pembangunan daerah (studi kasus kabupaten/kota di provinsi Banten)
Abstrak: Salah satu tujuan pelaksanaan desentralisasi fiskal yang merupakan amanat Undang-Undang Nomor 25 Tahun 1999 sebagaimana telah diubah menjadi Undang-Undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2004 adalah untuk mengurangi ketimpangan kemampuan keuangan antardaerah (mengoreksi horizontal imbalance), sehingga setiap daerah di Indonesia memiliki kemampuan keuangan yang relatif sama dalam membangun daerahnya. Koreksi horizontal imbalance tersebut dilakukan melalui pengalokasian Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU). Dengan mekanisme DAU, daerah yang miskin akan mendapat proporsi DAU yang lebih tinggi dari daerah yang kaya. Dalam penelitian ini dianalisis dampak pelaksanaan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pemerataan kemampuan keuangan dan kinerja pembangunan daerah kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Banten. Pemerataan kemampuan keuangan antardaerah dianalisis dengan Indeks Williamson, sedangkan kinerja pembangunan daerah untuk bagian (1) perekonomian dianalisis dengan LQ, SSA, Entropy; (2) keuangan dianalisis dengan derajat desentralisasi dan kemandirian daerah; (3) kesejahteraan penduduk dianalisis dengan Indeks Williamson, laju pengangguran, Gini Rasio, dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia; (4) pengaruh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap perkembangan perekonomian dan distribusi pendapatan dianalisis dengan ekonometrika – metode Panel Data.
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Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable