Judul: Institutional model for utilizing mining resources and it’s relation to regional development in Bone Bolango Regency in Gorontalo Province. (case study of governance guidelines of economy policy at mining sector after removing part of national park through revision of regional planning of Gorontalo Province)
Abstrak: Bone Bolango region located in Gorontalo Province covers an area of 188,006.43 Ha which consist of 142,664.38 Ha or 75,88% forest and 45,326,5 Ha or 24,22% is regional stated. The regency is endowed with rich mineral resources, yet it finds some difficulties in regional planning and developing in regional economics, based on existing land. The Government has already issued licenses for optimizing the mining resource called (Kontrak Karya) since 1971. In 2008 Minerals and Energy Resources Department calculated the deposit the value of mineral reached as much as $ 18,9 M, or equal with Rp 190 Trillion with price is 103,4/troy-once. Increased in mineral value and unclear land rights has created an un-fair competition and create conflicts over resources. This is impacted “institutional vacuum”. The Illegal Mining and social economy activities become informal institutional or shadow economy to fulfill the uncertainty of resources authority. The objectives of this study as follows: 1) provided historical perspective of changes in land ownership and to provide the map of identification, inventarization, occupied concession land using spatial analysis. 2) to analyze the economy feasibility of mining resources based on marketing structure and extraction aspects as well as at the ore, price and environmental fee and the effect for regional development using economics valuation and Hotelling model.3) developed an institutional framework for mining resources utilization for sustainable development using logistic regression analysis and institutional economic framewrok. Results are (1) the land use and land cover is dominated by forestry and agriculture is covered in Bulawa also Bone Raya sub districts. Property is covered in all sub districts. (2) sub district Bone Raya, Bulawa, Suwawa Timur, Bone and Bone Pantai sub district occupied in the land of consesion of this company. (3) the agriculture is covered in all sub districts, but Bone Raya and Bulawa is more much than the other sub districts. (4) Property also covered in all sub districts, such as Bone Raya, Bulawa and Bone sub districts. (5) illegal mining is more covered in Suwawa Timur sub district. Economic valuation showed that (1) IRR of investment is 21.3%, and NPV is $ 462.42 Billion, and payback period is 7,84 years, with the criteria of investment is evaluated by constant dollars. showed that production planning of gold, cooper, and silver of this company is feasible. (2) changed in discount rate of 5%, 8%, 10% and 15% will affect production on the first ten years only. The change of price from $ 900, $ 1200, $ 1600 to $ 2000 will tend to decrease extractio, yet it will not postpone the company for extraction planning. The change in environmental cost of 1%, 1,5%, and 5% will not change significantlt to the extraction. Variables that are significant to influence participation in mining sectors are age of respondent, education and socio-economics infrastructures. These will influence to reduce illegal mining and to form institutional framework. An institutional model is proposed to manage the mining revenues through multi stake holder institution.
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Judul: Valuasi Ekonomi Kegiatan Pertambangan Emas dan Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Dampak Sosial di Kecamatan Huta Bargot, Sumatera Utara
Abstrak: Mandailing Natal is one of the regencies in North Sumatra which is rich in natural resources. The natural resource which has been managed is gold mining. Huta Bargot is one of the sub-districts in the regency where there is Illegal Gold Mining (PETI). The existence of this illegal gold mining has socio-economic impact on the people involved in the mining activities either directly or indirectly, which can be positive or negative. This study aimed to analyze the economic impact through economic valuation with cost-benefit analysis, people’s perceptions of social changes due to the gold mining, and the form of community wisdom on the utilization of natural resources. This study used secondary data and primary data. The secondary data was obtained from written documents either in the form of scientific papers or official documents from the relevant authorities. The primary data was obtained from direct observation at the study site and through interviews (in-depth and structured). The determination of the respondents in the study used purposive sampling method, which was based on the research need appropriate to the research objectives. The respondents included 30 miners and 30 non-miners, with 9 key persons consisting of 3 religious leaders, 3 adat leaders and 3 village heads. The data analysis of economic valuation used Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) with a period of 20 years and an interest rate of 8%. The data analysis of the people’s perceptions used perception index. The data analysis of local wisdom was conducted descriptively. The cost analysis obtained from mining costs due to the forest degradation (as producer firewood, animals, medicinal plants, erosion-flood control) amounted to Rp. 1 966 086 740 per year. The cost of water resource reduction (water availability and fish production) was Rp 275,676,000 per year. The cost of ladang production decline was Rp. 530 596 800 per year. The cost of people’s health deterioration amounted to Rp. 19 936 000 per year. The benefit value derived from the increase in revenues was Rp. 128 679 996 per year. Based on the costbenefit analysis, the NPV obtained was Rp. -21 606 438 873 and the BCR was 0.055. The NPV indicated that the land conversion—from the forest land to the mine land—resulted in a loss of Rp. -21 606 438 873, so that the people’s gold mining was not feasible to continue. The BCR showed that every Rp 1 000 spent by the people only brought benefit to a group of people from mining activities amounting to Rp 55. Social changes had occurred in the form of increased crime, social jealousy and an increasingly consumptive community.There was a perception gap between miners and non-miners on the social impacts in terms of increased crime, social jealousy, an increasingly consumptive community, and those who should rehabilitate the post-mining land. The people were concerned about the impacts which would continue to increase due to the absence of land rehabilitation. According to the local wisdom in Bargot Huta, people should utilize the natural resources wisely and they must have the awareness of maintaining the quantity and quality
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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