Judul: Produksi bioetanol melalui detoksifikasi substrat hidrolisat ampas tebu dan adaptasi sel candida tropicalis
Abstrak: Ampas tebu merupakan limbah pertanian yang kaya akan lignoselulosa. Limbah tersebut dapat dikonversi oleh khamir menjadi bioetanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan memproduksi bioetanol melalui detoksifikasi substrat hidrolisat ampas tebu dan adaptasi sel candida tropicalis. Perlakuan pada penelitian ini meliputi adaptasi-detoksifikasi, adaptasi-non detoksifikasi, dan non adaptasi-detoksifikasi. Parameter yang diukur meliputi optical density (od), kadar gula pereduksi, dan kadar bioetanol. Produksi bioetanol terbaik diperoleh dari perlakuan adaptasi dan detoksifikasi pada jam ke-72 tanpa penambahan ko-substrat dengan kadar bioetanol sebesar 0.427%, rendemen bioetanol sebesar 2.509%, dan rendemen teoritis sebesar 4.921%. Penambahan 3% glukosa sebagai ko-substrat tidak meningkatkan produksi bioetanol, tetapi berperan untuk meningkatkan biomassa sel
Keyword: detoksifikasi substrat hidrolisat ampas tebu, adaptasi sel candida tropicalis, bioetanol, ko-substrat

Judul: Perlakuan Fisik dan Kimia pada Ampas Tebu untuk Produksi Bioetanol dengan Metode Sakarifikasi dan Fermentasi Serentak
Abstrak: Ampas tebu merupakan limbah biomassa dari tanaman tebu setelah proses penggilingan dan ekstraksi niranya. Kandungan lignoselulosanya dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi sumber energi alternatif seperti bioetanol. Pada penelitian ini, ampas tebu dihidrolisis oleh enzim xilanase kemudian akan difermentasikan oleh ragi Saccharomyces cerevisiae menjadi bioetanol melalui proses sakarifikasi dan fermentasi serentak (SFS). Tiga parameter yang dianalisis pada penelitian ini ialah perlakuan awal, penambahan enzim, dan lamanya waktu fermentasi. Proses SFS dilakukan dengan waktu inkubasi selama 0, 24, 48, dan 72 jam. Ampas tebu yang diberikan NaOH dengan tambahan enzim pada jam ke-0 dan jam ke-72 menghasilkan konsentrasi bioetanol berturut-turut 53 % dan 56 %. Ampas tebu yang diberi NaOH tanpa tambahan enzim pada jam ke-0 dan jam ke-72 menghasilkan konsentrasi bioetanol berturut-turut 50 % dan 55 %. Penambahan enzim dan jam ke-72 adalah kondisi terbaik dari proses SFS untuk menghasilkan bioetanol pada penelitian ini. Akan tetapi, bioetanol hasil fermentasi belum bisa menjadi bahan bakar karena kadarnya masih jauh dari batas minimum kadar bioetanol untuk bahan bakar.
Keyword: ampas tebu, bioetanol, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, SFS, xilanase

Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua