Judul: Pemodelan spasial dalam monitoring reforestasi Kawasan Pertambangan Nikel Pt. Inco di Sorowako Sulawesi Selatan
Abstrak: The success of the reforestation was expected to reach a climax forest ecosystem. The objectives of this study were to develop spatial model and to identify key indicators for monitoring reforestation success. The study used a comprehensive and systematic approach to obtain key indicators for determining the success level of reforestation in mining area. The success indices for each variable was derived from the best regression model developed, while the weights of each variable were computed based on magnitude of regression coefficient for each indicator. The level of reforestation success index was initially developed using six indicators, i.e. diversity index, nutrient retention index, colonization index, wildlife index, and environmental index. Of those indicators, the study found that the best key indicator for reforestation monitoring was canopy index which is composed of canopy stratification, crown cover and number of tree.
Keyword: South Sulawesi, Degraded land

Judul: Evaluasi keberhasilan revegetasi di lahan bekas tambang nikel PT.International Nickel Indonesia Soroako, Sulawesi Selatan
Abstrak: Secara geologis daerah Soroako yang ditumbuhi vegetasi hutan alam merupakan bagian dari pegunungan Verbeek Sulawesi yang menyimpan deposit nikel dalam jumlah yang sangat besar. Kegiatan penambangan nikel yang dikelola oleh PT. International Nickel Indonesia (INCO Limited Canada) di Soroako Sulawesi Selatan, merupakan jenis kegiatan penambangan terbuka, dimana untuk mendapatkan lapisan Ore (bijih mineral) yang mengandung nikel tertinggi, pembukaan dan pengupasan tanah hutan tidak dapat dihindarkan. Pengupasan lapisan tanah hutan sama dengan memusnahkan hutan tropika itu sendiri, karena eksistensi mahluk hidup penyusun hutan terletak pada horisan top soil, A dan B. Kegiatan penambangan terbuka ini memberikan dampak negatif berupa hilangnya keanekaragaman spesies tumbuhan, erosi yang dapat mencemarkan perairan, dan perubahan drastis iklim mikro akibat hilangnya fungsi hutan tersebut. Dalam upaya mengurangi dampak negatif pembukaan lahan tersebut, sejak tahun 1984 PT. INCO telah melakukan kegiatan revegetasi (penanaman kembali) dengan tanaman-tanaman penghijauan. Pada periode tahun 1984 1990 kegiatan revegetasi dilakukan tanpa memperhatikan karakteristik dan manajemen lahan yang benar, tingkat adaptibilitas jenis tanaman, metode penanaman yang tepat, dan sebagainya. Hal ini disebabkan kurangnya pengetahuan para perencana dan pelaksana kegiatan revegetasi dalam hal ilmu pembinaan hutan. Sejak tahun 1991 penerapan teknik silvikultur yang tepat telah digunakan untuk merehabilitasi lahan bekas tambang yang ada. Pemilihan jenis tanaman adaptif, pemanfaatan cendawan mikoriza, manajemen top soil dan penyiapan lahan adalah salah satu rangkaian kegiatan yang telah dilakukan PT. INCO untuk memecahkan masalah dalam menanami kembali lahan-lahan bekas tambang yang tersebar di wilayah konsesi penambangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar tingkat keberhasilan revegetasi yang telah dilakukan PT. INCO selama dua periode penanaman, yaitu periode 1984-1990 dan periode 1991 1996, ditinjau dari parameter pertumbuhan tanaman dan perkembangan proses suksesi. Penelitian dilakukan di lokasi penambangan nikel PT. INCO Soroako, Sulawesi Selatan, selama 3 bulan yang dimulai pada tanggal 25 Februari sampai dengan 25 Mei 1997. Obyek yang diteliti adalah lahan revegetasi dari tahun tanam 1984 (berumur 13 tahun) sampai dengan tahun tanam 1996 (berumur 1 tahun) di lokasi yang berbeda. Plot-plot berbentuk lingkaran berukuran 0,1 ha sebanyak 3 plot ditempatkan secara acak diatas peta untuk setiap tahun tanam pada lokasi tertentu. Parameter pertumbuhan yang diamati adalah tinggi, diameter batang, luas penutupan...
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Judul: Price Discrimination Analysis of Butter in the German Market
Abstrak: Germany is the largest producers of butter among other countries in the EU. The trend of butter production in Germany increase steadily during 2010 – 2013. In 2013, butter production in Germany reach to 491 460 tons and German’s butter production amounted to 25% of the EU butter production. So, Germany has an advantage in butter production compared with other countries in the EU. The advantage in butter production and stock availability of butter strongly supports the development of food industry in Germany. However, there were fluctuations in the average price of butter in Germany during 1999-2010 and it was occurred from year to year. Fluctuation of butter prices can affects business risk, the competition of butter producers, and economic surplus of consumers in the German butter market. One of the strategies which can be done by producers and retailers to survive in the competition is establish right price strategy, such implement price discrimination strategy. Price discrimination strategy aims to get consumer surplus, to increase profits, and to face business competition. The main objective of the study is to analyze butter price discrimination in German market. In detail, objectives of this study are: first, to analyze the necessary conditions (market power, different demand elasticity, and preventing arbitrage) of occurrence in price discrimination of butter products in the German market through structure analysis, second, to analyze demand function of butter products based on types of retail store in Germany, third, to analyze price discrimination of butter products based on regions in Germany, and fourth, to analyze price difference of butter products across types of retail store in Germany. The result shows that the three necessary conditions (market power, different demand elasticity, and preventing arbitrage) for the occurrence of butter price discrimination in the German retail market are fulfilled. The butter industry in Germany has an HHI value of 1 635 and the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4) index reached 71%, which indicates that the German butter industry has either a moderate level of market concentration and an oligopoly market structure with some dominant firms. The oligopoly butter market structure in Germany is dominated by four producers of butter, are: Irish Dairy Board, Campina, Sachsenmilch, and Arla Foods. Market power in an oligopoly is also greatly influenced by some main producers who also produce private label products. We can conclude that the three demand curves (hypermarket, supermarket and discounter) have a negative slope or downward shape (progressive decrease from the upper left to the lower right). This condition is in accordance with the theory of demand that price and quantity have the opposite relationship. The slope of the demand function in the hypermarket is -3.701, -2.883 in the supermarket, and -5.517 in the discounter (largest value of discounter indicates that it is the most elastic of the retail stores). We also can conclude that on the demand side, butter consumption is not discriminating along the demand curve (price and quantity) across regions in Germany. On the supply side, producers and retailers are not discriminating in regards to butter prices across regions in Germany. The mean
Keyword: price discrimination, butter, semi and double logarithm model, the German market