Judul: Pembuatan Pepton Keong Sawah (Pila ampullacea) dengan Enzim Papain Kasar Getah Pepaya untuk Media Pertumbuhan Bakteri
Abstrak: Sumber nitrogen seperti pepton dalam media pertumbuhan mikroba merupakan nutrien yang harganya paling mahal. Pengembangan pepton dapat memanfaatkan potensi sumber protein lokal, seperti keong sawah (Pila ampullacea) melalui proses hidrolisis enzimatis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan pepton keong sawah melalui hidrolisis secara enzimatis, mengetahui kondisi proses terbaik, dan membandingkan kualitas pepton keong sawah sebagai media pertumbuhan bakteri dengan pepton komersial. Enzim papain kasar yang didapatkan memiliki aktivitas 3.0097 U/mg.menit dan kadar protein tepung keong sawah 61.98%. Produk pepton dihasilkan dengan hidrolisis pada kondisi terbaik, yaitu konsentrasi enzim 2.5% selama 6 jam dengan suhu 50 oC. Kandungan asam amino tertinggi yaitu arginin. Pepton keong sawah sebagai media pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli menghasilkan pertumbuhan yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan pepton komersial bactopeptone, sedangkan pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus pertumbuhan lebih rendah namun masih lebih tinggi dibandingkan media tanpa pepton.
Keyword: hidrolisis, keong sawah, papain, pepton

Judul: Pembuatan Pepton Kacang Tanah dengan Enzim Papain Kasar untuk Media Pertumbuhan Bakteri
Abstrak: Pepton merupakan komponen penting dalam media pertumbuhan mikroba yang berperan sebagai sumber nitrogen. Rata-rata impor pepton yang mencapai US $17.84 juta per tahun dalam lima tahun terakhir merupakan peluang tersendiri untuk pengembangan pepton dengan memanfaatkan bahan sumber protein yang tersedia di Indonesia, seperti kacang tanah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan pepton kacang tanah dengan hidrolisis enzimatis menggunakan enzim papain kasar, menentukan kondisi hidrolisis terbaik (waktu hidrolisis, konsentrasi enzim, dan suhu hidrolisis), dan mengujicobakan pepton kacang tanah sebagai media pertumbuhan bakteri. Kadar protein kacang tanah yang digunakan adalah 21.84% dan aktivitas enzim papain kasar yang digunakan sebesar 5057.47 U/g.menit. Proses hidrolisis berlangsung dengan menggunakan substrat kacang tanah dan air dengan perbandingan 1:2. Kondisi hidrolisis terbaik untuk menghasilkan pepton kacang tanah dicapai dengan menggunakan enzim papain sebesar 0.4% dengan hidrolisis selama 4 jam pada suhu 55 oC. Pepton yang dihasilkan merupakan produk cair berwarna kuning kecoklatan, supernatan dari proses sentrifugasi. Rendemen proses hidrolisis ini adalah 1.23 ml/g kacang tanah. Kandungan asam amino tertinggi pepton ini adalah asam glutamat. Hasil pengujian pertumbuhan pada Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus menunjukkan bahwa pepton kacang tanah dapat digunakan sebagai komponen dalam media pertumbuhan bakteri.
Keyword: Escherichia coli, hidrolisis enzimatis, papain, pepton kacang tanah, Staphylococcus aureus

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite