Judul: Mengurangi dampak negatif limbah peternakan terhadap sanitasi lingkungan dengan proses biogas
Abstrak: Limbah peternakan berupa tinja, kemih dan sisa makanan merupakan masalah bagi peternakan di Indonesia. Pembangunan di bidang peternakan mengakibatkan lebih banyak limbah peternakan yang dihasilkan. Pencemaran lingkungan oleh limbah peternakan terutama berupa bau dan gangguan kesehatan lingkungan. Menurut Wellinger (1984) mengolah limbah punya tujuan awal untuk menghilangkan bau yang mengganggu. Menurut Jewell (1975) usaha yang melengkapi pengolahan limbah peternakan adalah pengembangan pengendalian polusi lingkungan dan penggunaan limbah sehingga menguntungkan terhadap bahan organik yang terkandung. Fermentasi anaerob pada limbah yang lebih dikenal dengan proses biogas merupakan salah satu cara untuk menanggulangi masalah tersebut. ...
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Judul: Pengembangan Teknologi Biogas dengan Pemamfaatan Kotoran Ternak dan Jerami Padi Sebagai Alternatif Energi Pedesaan.
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara agraris yang kaya akan sumber biomassa. Sumber biomassa tersebut tersebar hampir di seluruh daerah, baik berupa limbah pertanian ataupun produksi hasil hutan. Sejalan dengan peningkatan produksi pertanian dan peternakan, maka jumlah limbah yang dihasilkan dari kedua sektor ini juga cukup besar. Dua macam limbah yang cukup besar jumlahnya dari pertanian dan peternakan adalah jerami dan kotoran ternak. Limbah-limbah ini selain belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal, limbah-limbah tersebut juga ikut memberi peran dalam meningkatkan efek rumah kaca yang menyebabkan pemanasan global. Teknologi pengolahan limbah pertanian yang sangat efektif untuk pemecahan masalah di atas adalah teknologi biogas. Bertolak dari masalah tersebut, maka penelitian ini bertujuan mencari kombinasi terbaik antara jerami dan kotoran ternak dalam memproduksi biogas.
Keyword: Teknologi Biogas, Pemanfaatan Kotoran Ternak, Jerami Padi, Alternatif Energi Pedesaan, Sumber biomassa

Judul: Systematics of Desmos (Annonaceae) in Malesia
Abstrak: Desmos is a woody climbing genus of Annonaceae which has been widely used as traditional medicine in several countries such as China, Indo-China, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia to treat dysentery, vertigo, fever, and postpartum. Phylogenetic studies on Desmos showed a close relationship between Desmos and Dasymaschalon. They share similar moniliform monocarpic fruits, but their flowers are different. It has been debated among Annonaceae researchers whether both genera should be treated as the same or distinct genus. Therefore, investigation on the taxonomic delimitation of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon will be necessary. Plastid genome (plastome) identification, leaf epidermal section of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon species, a taxonomic revision of Desmos in Malesia using morphological data, the spatial distribution of Desmos species in Malesia, and morphological and genetic variation in Desmos chinensis population using ISSR marker were used to investigate taxonomic delimitation of Desmos. Plastome study of Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was carried out to determine the origin, evolution, phylogenomics, and identify marker candidates for Desmos and Dasymaschalon or with other genera in Annonaceae. We discovered that the plastome of Desmos chinensis was circular with the size of 167,677 bp (smaller than Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum), consist of 111 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 29 transfer RNAs, and 4 ribosomal RNAs. The plastome showed a typical quadripartite structure, i.e., large single copy (LSC), small single copy (SSC), and two inverted repeats (IRs). The plastome of Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was 191,488 bp in length, which also exhibited a typical quadripartite structure (LSC, SSC, and two IRs). Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum showed different copies of accD, ndhD, ndhF, rps18, and ycf2. Protein coding genes of rpoB, rpoC1, rbcL, matK, rpl32, infA, and rpl36 were identified based on nucleotide diversity, sequence variability, and parsimony-informative sites. The genes are defined as molecular marker candidates of plastome for phylogenetic, barcoding, and population genetic research. We predicted that Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum separated at ca. 64 million years ago during the Paleocene. Leaf anatomical feature study was carried to support the taxonomic delimitation of interspecific Desmos and intergeneric of Desmos and Dasymaschalon. Leaf anatomy in the paradermal section of 20 taxa (12 species of Desmos, eight species of Dasymaschalon) have been carried out. According to the leaf epidermal section, Desmos and Dasymaschalon are two distinct genera mainly distinguished based on the anticlinal wall undulation of epidermal cells and supported by variation of the crystal type and size. The anticlinal wall undulation of Desmos was almost straight to slightly wavy and never sinuous; meanwhile, Dasymaschalon varies from almost straight to deeply sinusoid. The crystals of Desmos consist of rhombohedral, druse type A, and druse type B crystals, whereas Dasymaschalon has prism, druse type A, druse type B, and druse type C crystals. The recent taxonomic revision using the morphological data was mainly based on the examination of about 1374 specimens from BO, L, WAN, ANDA, SING, SAN, K, P, HUH herbaria. The Desmos species in Malesia consists of eight species: D. acutus, D. chinensis, D. chryseus, D. dunalii, D. pedunculosus, D. subbiglandulosus, two new records: D. lawii and D. macrocarpus, and one
Keyword: Dasymaschalon, Desmoid clade, Magnoliid, plastid genome, phylogenomics analysis