Judul: The relationship of  shrinkage with thin layer drying characteristics of  Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb simplicia
Abstrak: Experiments were undertaken to study the relationship of shrinkage with thin layer drying characteristics of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb simplicia. In order to estimate and select a suitable drying curve, three different thin layer drying models were fitted to experimental data. Experiment were performed at the air temperature of 50, 60, and 70 ⁰C with relative humidity ranging from 30 to 50%. At each performed level, velocity of drying was adjusted 0.8-0.9 m/s. All of model were investigated by comparing the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and chi square (χ2). Among all the selected drying models, the Page model was found as the best mathematical model for describing the characteristics of ginger simplicia, where the shrinkage of Curcuma linearly decreased with a reduction of the moisture content and increased of temperature.
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Judul: Optimization of thin-layer drying of temu putih and temu lawak based on energy analysis
Abstrak: Temu putih or zedoary (Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.) and temu lawak or java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) are two of some important medicinal plants in Indonesia. The dried slices of their rhizome are called simplicia and used as raw materials for jamu or traditional herbal medicine. The aim of this research were (a) to study the influence of drying process conditions on simplicia drying characteristics, quality and exergy eficiency during the drying, and (b) to determine the optimum process conditions to get the best quality. In the first study, the influence of drying air temperature, relative humidity (RH) and flow rate on the thin layer drying of temu putih and temu lawak slices were investigated. A laboratory air dryer was designed and used for drying experiments. The system was operated in an air temperature range of 40–70o C, relative humidity range of 20–80% and air flow rate 0.2-0.9 m/s. Three mathematical models available in the literature were fitted to the experimental data. It was found that drying of temu putih and temu lawak took place in the falling rate period. Higher drying air temperature and flow rate and lower drying air relative humidity resulted in a lower final moisture content and shorter drying time. By statistical comparison of the three models, it was concluded that the Page model represents drying characteristics was better than the other equations for describing single layer drying of both temu putih and temu lawak. In the second part, the effects of drying conditions on shrinkage and quality of temu putih and temu lawak were studied. A thin-layer dryer with machine vision system and image analysis software were used. Temu putih and temu lawak slices were dried at temperatures of 50, 60 and 70 oC and relative humidities of 20%, 30% and 40%. Changes in area of the slice were measured continuously during the drying. Shrinkage showed almost linear relation with moisture content. It was found that air temperature and relative humidity had no significant effect on shrinkage. Slices dried in a higher temperature showed more bend than a lower one. Lower drying air temperature resulted higher quantity of curcumin of temulawak and worse visually performance of sample. The last part was concerned with the energy and exergy analysis of the thin layer drying process of temu putih and temu lawak at different air temperatures and humidities using a laboratory dryer. Using the first law of thermodynamics, energy analysis was carried to estimate the amounts of energy gained from air drying and the ratios of energy utilization. Exergy analysis was accomplished to determine exergy destroyed and exergy efficiencies during the drying process by applying the second law of thermodynamics. The optimum process conditions for temu putih drying were at a temperature of 50 oC 20% RH and air flow rate of 0.2-0.3 m/s, while for temu lawak drying were at a temperature of 50 oC and 30% RH.
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Judul: Kelembagaan Panglima Laot Dalam Mengatasi Perubahan Ekosistem Kawasan Pesisir Pulau Sabang
Abstrak: Kelembagaan Panglima laot merupakan perangkat adat dalam komunitas nelayan yang memiliki tugas dan tanggung jawab dalam melestarikan adat, wadah menyelesaikan sengkerta, mengatur tata kelola perikanan, dan penghubung dengan pemerintah. Beberapa peran yang dilakukan kelembagaan Panglima Laot dalam sektor perikanan maupun dalam komunitas nelayan perlu dikembangkan terutama dalam menggerakan komunitas nelayan menghadapi tantangan perubahan ekosistem pesisir di Pulau Sabang. Perubahan ekosisem telah memberi dampak sosial dan ekonomi terhadap aktivitas nelayan. Keberadaan Panglima Laot diharapkan berperan dalam menggerakkan komunitas untuk bertindak menghadapi perubahan ekosistem. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis tantangan perubahan ekosistem kawasan pesisir yang dihadapi nelayan. (2) menganalisis keberadaan kelembagaan Panglima Laot dalam komunitas nelayan. (3) menganalisis peran kelembagaan Panglima Laot dalam mengorganisir komunitas nelayan dalam melestarikan ekosistem kawasan pesisir. (4) menganalisis hubungan antara berbagai pihak dalam mengurangi dampak (sosial, ekonomi) dari perubahan ekosistem. Penelitian lapangan dilaksanakan pada Maret hingga Juni 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif yang didukung oleh data kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan survei, wawancara mendalam, fokus diskusi kelompok, dan observasi. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling sebanyak 70 responden nelayan Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komunitas nelayan sedang menghadapi tantangan perubahan ekosistem. Penyebab kerusakan ekositem pesisir adalah pencemaran limbah industri, degradasi mangrove dan karang, serta penggunaan alat tangkap deskruktif. Perubahan ekosistem membawa dampak sosial dan ekonomi pada komunitas nelayan. Secara ekonomi perubahan ekosistem memeberi dampak terhadap nelayan dengan adanya penurunan pendapatan nelayan, perubahan jarak tempuh penangkapan ikan, musim ikan yang tidak menentu dan menurunnya keragaman ikan. Secara sosial perubahan ekosistem telah menimbulakan tantangan dengan mulai sering terjadinya konflik nelayan sesama nelayan, menumbuhkan tumbuh kesadaran bagi sebagian golongan muda, dan menguatnya peran perempuan dalam mencari nafkah membantu rumah tangga. Kelembagaan yang efektif perlu mendapatkan dukungan pilar kelembagaan yang meliputi aspek regulatif, normatif dan kognitif. Keberadaan Panglima Laot tergolong kuat dalam menyelesaikan sengketa dalam komunitas nelayan. Panglima Laot dalam melestarian adat cenderung melemah, kecuali dalam pelaksanaan ritual kenduri laot. Peran Panglima Laot dalam mengatur tata aturan penangkapan juga melemah, kecuali pada penetapan wilayah kelola. Penetapan wilayah kelola saat ini dibantu oleh Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan dengan sistim koordinat.Peran dalam koordinasi (penghubung) dengan komunitas dan Pemerintah masih lemah. Banyak nelayan yang merasa keluhannya tidak disampaikan oleh Panglima Laot kepada pemerintah. Peran Panglima Laot dalam mengurangi melestarikan ekosistem dilakukan dengan mengupayakan advokasi melalui pertemuan duek pakat terhadap aktivitas perusakan pesisir, melakukan tindakan bersama, dan membangun jaringan denggan lembaga lainya. Pihak yang terlibat dalam mengurangi dampak perubahan ekosistem dilakukan dengan menjalin komunikasi, koordinasi dan kerjasama antar lembaga. Peranan lembaga desa belum terlihat dalam upaya penangan dampak perubahan ekosistem. Pengelolaan secara Co Management di Desa iboh saat ini masih berada pada tahap konsultatif. Pemerintah baru mulai mempertimbangkan pandangan masyarakat dan keterlibatannya sebelum membuat keputusan. Kegiatan penyusunan rencana pengelolaan, pelaksanaan program, pengawasan dan evaluasi masih belum melibatkan seluruh pemangku kepentingan dari pihak masyarakat.
Keyword: Kelembagaan, Panglima Laot, Komunitas nelayan, dan perubahan ekosistem