Judul: Optimizing Retention of Insurance Companies for Stop Loss Reinsurance using the Value at Risk Method
Abstrak: Perusahaan asuransi seringkali mengalami fluktuasi pendapatan dan pengeluaran pembayaran klaim yang dapat mengakibatkan kerugian atau kesulitan membayar klaim, maka dalam suatu perusahaan asuransi pembagian risiko diperlukan. Reasuransi merupakan salah satu mekanisme transfer risiko dari perusahaan asuransi kepada reasuradur. Salah satu jenis reasuransi yang sering digunakan adalah reasuransi stop loss. Dalam membagi risiko, ditentukan proporsi perusahaan dan reasuradur, hal ini disebut retensi. Retensi penting untuk ditentukan agar perusahaan tidak terlalu banyak membayar premi reasuransi namun tidak terlalu banyak menanggung risiko. Penentuan retensi yang optimal dapat dilakukan menggunakan Value at Risk dengan asumsi retensi bergantung pada distribusi besar klaim dan faktor loading. Dengan tingkat kepercayaan 90%, untuk faktor loading sebesar 10%, 20%, dan 30% diestimasi retensi optimalnya yaitu sebesar Rp. 170,351,556, Rp. 325,904,536, dan Rp. 468,982,963, dan risiko yang dialihkan ke reasuradur sebesar sisa klaim apabila besar klaim melebihi retensi optimalnya.
Keyword: reasuransi, retensi, stop loss, Value at Risk

Judul: Asuransi Optimal dan Kebijakan Reasuransi dalam Proses Risiko
Abstrak: Insurer has a risk to bankrupt because the distribution of its claim size has a thick tail. This means that the probability of a big claim is relatively high. For this situation, insurer divides a part or all risk of to other insurer (reinsurance) to minimize the expected maximal losses. Insurer can optimize insurance policies, reinsurance, or both. When insurer optimizes insurance policies for minimizing the expected maximal losses, insurer limits its claim size to be paid by insured. When insurer optimizes reinsurance, insurer do not limit the claim size submitted by insured but insurer just paid a part from the claim submitted by insured and the rest being paid reinsurance. When insurer uses the combination polices, insurer limits the claim size submitted by insured and insurer paid a part from the claim it and the rest being paid by reinsurance. The result of optimizes insurance policies, reinsurance, or both is a stop loss policy to minimize the expected maximal losses.
Keyword: reinsurance., insurance policies, insurance, risk

Judul: Hybrid solar cells of ZnO nanoparticles/chlorophyll was modified metal ions (Zn2+ and Cu2+ )
Abstrak: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a n-type semiconductor with a wide the energy band (Band Gap) is 3.37 eV at room temperature and 3.34 eV at low temperature with a large exiton binding energy is 60 meV. ZnO has been synthesized by hydrothermal method, resulting in a decrease in particle size over the duration of the hydrothermal changes. Crystallographic structure of ZnO were characterized using XRD, has shown the characteristic pattern of a hexagonal wurtzite structure, the crystallite size increases to changes in particle size. Changes in particle size has also led to a change in the absorption peak of ZnO as has been demonstrated posted under test using the optical properties of UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Changes of this uptake has also led to changes in the energy band gap, which increases its band gap energy of the particle size. In electronic applications, especially in solar cells. Chlorophyll is considered less effective, because of their very nature are easily degraded as a result of several reactions which are acid, lighting and temperature. The results of the stability test using a halogen lamp 34 W/m2 for 5 hours, that the substitution of chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form more stable than natural chlorophyll. The characterization of the optical properties, the combination of ZnO / chlorophyll in the form of hybrid films has led to a shift in the absorption region of ZnO becomes more widely from the UV to Visible. ZnO/chlorophyll has absorption range of 350-515 nm, ZnO / Zn-feofitin 332-401 nm and 332-632 nm for Cu-feofitin. The combination of ZnO/chlorophyll and CuSCN as a solid electrolite in hybrid solar cell, a modified chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form a more stable I-V curve. It is characterized by its fill factor value greater than natural chlorophyll. Nevertheless, solar cells with natural chlorophyll has been able to produce higher efficiency values of chlorophyll were substituted.
Keyword: Hydrothermal, ZnO/Chlorophyll modified, Hybrid Solar Cell