Judul: Uji Efektivitas Madu dari Empat Spesies Lebah Berbeda sebagai Agen Antibakteri.
Abstrak: Banyak penyakit yang diakibatkan oleh bakteri. Pengobatan infeksi dapat dilakukan dengan memberikan antibakteri pada luka. Salah satu antibakteri alami adalah madu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis efektivitas madu sebagai agen antibakteri. Bakteri target yang digunakan adalah Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442. Uji antibakteri terdiri dari 4 tahap yaitu uji disk, uji viabilitas, uji pH dan uji proksimat. Hasil uji antimikroba menunjukkan bahwa madu TG1_PND yang berasal dari Stingless Bee memiliki aktivitas antibakteri tertinggi dibanding madu lainnya. Hasil uji viabilitas menunjukkan ketiga bakteri mengalami penghambatan pertumbuhan terbaik dalam konsentrasi madu 100%. Adapun kandungan pH madu diuji melalui pengukuran menggunakan pH meter dan diketahui bahwa madu dengan kode TG1_PND memiliki pH terendah yaitu 2,7. Kandungan air pada madu dapat memengaruhi kualitas madu dan pertumbuhan mikroba., Many diseases are caused by bacteria. Treatment of infection can be done by giving antibacterial to the wound. One natural antibacterial is honey.The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential of honey as an antibacterial. The target bacteria used were Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442. The test consisted of 4 stages, namely disk test, viability test, pH test and proximate test. The antibacterial test results showed that TG1_PND honey from Stingless Bee had the highest antibacterial activity compared to other honeys. The results of the viability test showed that the three bacteria experienced the best growth inhibition in 100% honey concentration. The pH content of honey was tested by measuring using a pH meter and it was found that honey with the code TG1_PND had the lowest pH of 2.7. Water content in honey can affect honey quality and microbial growth.
Keyword: Antibakteri, Bakteri, Madu, Penghambatan, antibacterial, bacteria, honey, inhibition

Judul: Diastase Enzyme Activity and Antibacterial Effectiveness to Gastroenteritis by Apis mellifera Honey from Indonesia
Abstrak: Kualitas madu monoflora (Apis mellifera) sebagai antibakteri dapat dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas enzim diastase dan metabolit sekunder sumber nektar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan aktivitas enzim diastase dan efektivitas madu monoflora yang berasal dari lebah Apis mellifera sebagai antibakteri alami terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, dan Salmonella typhi. Metode pengambilan sampel madu monoflora dari sembilan sumber nektar yang berbeda (akasia, kaliandra, rambutan, kayu putih, randu, mangga, kopi robusta 1, kopi robusta 2, dan karet) dilakukan dengan menentukan nilai diastase menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis dan zona hambat bakteri menggunakan cakram difusi. Analisis multivariatif kadar brix, aktivitas enzim diastase, dan antibakteri menggunakan Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas enzim diastase tertinggi sebesar 20,00 DN pada madu mangga, rambutan, dan kopi robusta 2, sedangkan terendah sebesar 4,00 DN pada madu kaliandra. Aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus tertinggi sebesar 19,47 mm pada madu kopi robusta 2, terhadap E. coli sebesar 27,93 mm pada madu randu, dan terhadap S. typhi sebesar 18,53 mm pada madu kopi robusta 2. Nilai konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) tehadap bakteri yang diuji sebesar 8 µg/mL pada madu akasia, kayu putih, randu, kopi robsuta 1, dan kopi robusta 2. Analisis klasterisasi berdasarkan kadar brix, aktivitas enzim diastase, dan antibakteri yaitu klaster 1 (kaliandra); klaster 2 (akasia, kayu putih, randu, kopi robusta 1); klaster 3 (mangga, rambutan, kopi robusta 2); klaster 4 (karet)., The quality of monoflora honey (Apis mellifera) as an antibacterial can be influenced by the activity of the diastase enzyme and the secondary metabolites of the nectar source. This study aims to compare the activity of the diastase enzyme and the effectiveness of monoflora honey derived from Apis mellifera bees as a natural antibacterial agent against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella typhi. The sampling method for monoflora honey from nine different nectar sources (acacia, calliandra, rambutan, eucalyptus, randu, mango, robusta coffee 1, robusta coffee 2, and rubber) was carried out by determining the diastase value using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and the bacterial inhibition zone using the diffusion disc. Multivariate analysis of brix content, diastase enzyme and antibacterial activity using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that the highest diastase enzyme activity was 20.00 DN in mango, rambutan, and robusta coffee 2 honeys, while the lowest was 4.00 DN in calliandra honey. The highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus was 19.47 mm in robusta coffee 2 honey, against E. coli was 27.93 mm in randu honey, and against S. typhi was 18.53 mm in robusta coffee 2 honey. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the tested bacteria were 8 g/mL on acacia honey, eucalyptus, randu, robsuta coffee 1, and robsuta coffee 2. Clusterization analysis was based on brix content, diastase enzyme activity, and antibacterial activity, namely cluster 1 (calliandra); cluster 2 (acacia, eucalyptus, randu, robusta coffee 1); cluster 3 (mango, rambutan, robusta coffee 2); and cluster 4 (rubber).
Keyword: antibakteri, enzim diastase, madu Apis mellifera, antibacterial, diastase enzyme, Apis mellifera honey

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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