Judul: Design of the lignocellulosic bioethanol production as a source of renewable energy using the ecoefficiency approach
Abstrak: Corn stover, as an agricultural residue, is one of the lignocellulosic biomass abundantly available in Indonesia. It is an attractive material for bioethanol fuel production. Conversion of lignocellulosic to ethanol consists of four major unit operations: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and ethanol purification. Biomass pretreatment is one of the main processing steps which have significant contribution to the cost effectiveness of cellulosic biomass conversion to ethanol. The purpose of this research was to elucidate the ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass through development of pretreatment technology as well as simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) technology. The pretreatment consisted of the delignification using Ca(OH)2 and two stages hydrothermolysis at 121 OC for one hour and at 180-190 OC for 20 minutes respectively, while the SSCF elaborated the use of cellulase and xylanase enzymes for saccharification and the use of mixed culture fermentation. An optimum process condition for chemical pretreatment was achieved at Ca(OH)2 loading of 0.075 g/g biomass and the use of 6.25 ml water/g biomass, heated at 69.61 OC for 2 hours. Hydrothermolysis produced solid fraction that contained 42.68% of cellulose and 34.68% of hemicellulose. The highest ethanol concentration (43.08 g/l) was obtained after 48 hours of incubation. The energy required for ethanol production was 44.154 MJ/L ethanol and the Net Energy Ratio (NER) value was 5.60, while the water demand reached 114.08 L/L ethanol. Consequently, this production system emitted CO2 (21.93 kg/L ethanol), N2O (0.00003 kg/L ethanol), and CH4 (0.0000002 kg/L ethanol). The suitable design of production process had a negative impact on global warming potential, because the emitted greenhouse gas was 6.578 ton CO2-eq annually. The techno-economic analysis showed that the investment needed to produce 1000 L ethanol per day was Rp 1,891,508,861.00, with working capital of Rp 466,230,881.00 and production costs of Rp 2,797,385,287.00 per year. The production was feasible because its Net Present Value (NPV) value was Rp 957,794.270.00, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) was 19.29%, which was higher than interest rate 12%, and the payback period was 4.96 years. With the raw materials intensity of 7,881 kg/L, the environmental impact was equivalent to 248.68 tons of CO2-eq. If the price of CO2 was Rp 270,000 per ton (based on 2020), then the ratio of value-added and environmental impact, which called ecoefficiency value, was 0.032.
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Judul: Produksi Bioetanol dari Limbah Tanaman Jagung Melalui Sakarifikasi dan Fermentasi Simultan Menggunakan Biakan Zymomonas mobilis dan Pichia stipitis
Abstrak: Bioethanol is renewable energy can produce from fermentation of sugar (Anuj et al., 2007). Bioethanol can be given from material that has lignocellulose. Indonesia has a pottential raw material that can be renewable. In Indonesia this material is plenitude and have a high componnent cellulose inside. The use of harvest stover has advantages there are not have competitive with food, price is cheap, and that material is so much in Indonesia (Rachamniah et al., 2009). Usually, cornstover only can be used to fuel (dirrect), feedstock, and most of not use and only be waste. This waste have a component such as cellulose 36.81%, hemicellulose 27.01%, lignin 15.07% and ash 6.04%. (Anonim, 2009). Use of Lignococellulotic only a part of cellulose, whreas 27.01% ingredients of cornstover is hemicellulose can be used to ethanol production. Use of hemicellulose hoped can increase concentration of ethanol. Hydrolysis process and fermentation will be effective and efficient if done continiusly without long time break or use simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process (SSF). In tis process use enzym cellulase, xylanase, β-glucosidase added for produce glucose and xylose. Microorganism that can used for produce ethanol such as Zymomonas mobilis and Pichia stipitis. Zymomonas mobilis can produce ethanol (5-10%) and productivity (2,5 times) higher than Saccharomyces cereviseae (Zhang et al., 1995 and Dien et al., 2003). Pichia stipitis can use pentose that can not use by Saccharomyces cererviseae and Pichia stipitis. The objectives of this research are to determine productivity of saccharification and fermentation process with measuring fermentation parameters, such as producing biomass, changing of pH, using of reduction sugar, using of total sugar, producing ethanol, the correlation of substrate consumption to the product or biomass, biomass to the product and efficiency for each microorganism. In this research, pretreatment process there are delignification, hydrothermal I and hydrothermal II. Delignification using 0,073 g/g cornstover. Condition temperature of delignification that is 74,6oC as long as 2 hour (Hakim, 2010). Condition temperature of hydrothermal I that is 121oC as long as 1 hour. Condition temperature of hydrothermal II that is 180oC as long as 20 minute. After that, cornstover that has pretreatment 6,67% (dw/v) mix with liquor substrate. Liquor substrate consist of liquor from pretreatment and buffer sitrate phosphate pH 5 with comparison 1:1. After that, hydrolysis enzym process done with added cellulase 7 IU/g cellulose and xylanse 3 IU/g hemicellulose. Condition temperature of hydrolysis enzym that is 50oC as long as 24 hour. After process hydrolysis enzim finished, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation done with the temperature condition that is 32oC, added nutrient fermentation that is urea (24%) has many 0,167% (v/v) (Thomsen et al., 2008). Hydrolysis enzym process done with added cellulase 7 IU/g cellulose, xylanse 3 IU/g hemicellulose, and β-glucosidase added has many 1 IU/g cellulose. The starter added that is 10% (v/v) (Samsuri et al., 2007). Starter that use from microorganism Zymomonas mobilis, mix of microorganism Zymomonas mobilis and Pichia stipitis and Pichia stipitis As long as simultaneous saccharification and fermentation going on, measuring done such as biomass, pH, reduction sugar and total sugar analysis.
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Judul: Trichomonas Gallinae Penyebab Trichomonosis Pada Unggas
Abstrak: Trichomonas gallinae adalah protozoa yang bergerak aktof dengan keempat flagella yang mempunyai layar dan pada salah satu sisinya terdapat membran seperti sirip ikan yang berombak. Spesies dari genus Trichomonas ini mempunyai arti penting pada unggas, karena dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada alat pencernaan bagian atas.
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