Judul: Sintesis Mono-diasilgliserol (M-DAG) dari Destilat Asam Lemak Minyak Sawit (DALMS) Melalui Esterifikasi Enzimatis.
Abstrak: Mono-diacylglycerol (M-DAG) are emulsifiers in food industries with GRAS (Generally recognized as safe) statuta. M-DAG can be synthesized by chemical or enzymatic way. Biosyntheses of M-DAG can be catalyzed by lipase enzyme with three ways; esterification fatty acid with glycerol, hydrolysis triglicerida and transesterification. The objectives of this research was to look for the optimum conditions (solvent, time and temperature reaction) to syntheses of M-DAG by enzymatic esterification of PFAD (Palm Fatty Acid Destilate) and glycerol using lipase. Substrat ratio of PFAD: glycerol in this research was 2 : 3 with 1g of total mass and 4% of lipase from total substrat. This research used a central composite design (CCD) with 20 unit experiments and respon surface model to evaluated the effects of solvent, time and temperature reaction to syntheses of M-DAG. The product of M-DAG were evaluated the physicochemical properties including melting point, free fatty acid and iodine value. The result showed that optimum conditions to syntheses of M-DAG for yield parameter were 54o C, 14 hours and 11 ml of tertier-butanol as solvent and were chosen as optimum conditions for syntheses of M-DAG due to the maximal yield (58%) and high MAG fraction. From statistic analysis, yield parameter model has significantly affected (P= 0,0449< 0,1) and had high coefficient of correlation (r = 0,8591). The verification of the optimum conditions had coefficient of varian 6,66% and 51,66% for yield, which consist of 78,31% with coefficient of varian 8,70% for MAG fraction and 21,69% for DAG fraction with coefficient of varian 31,6%. The melting point of M-DAG was 57,0-62,5o C, free fatty acid content was 0,75% and iodine value was 16,7.
Keyword: 

Judul: Penentuan Suhu Reaksi dan Rasio Volume Gliserol dan Palm Fatty Acid Distillate untuk Sintesis Mono-Diasilgliserol
Abstrak: Mono-diacylglycerol (M-DAG) is one of emulsifiers which can be obtained by esterification of glycerol and free fatty acids. Glycerol are used is glycerol byproduct of biodiesel production, while the free fatty acids that are used is Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD). The main objective of this research is to determine the volume ratio of glycerol and PFAD, also the best temperature for the synthesis of M-DAG. The research began with the purification of crude glycerol that produced glycerol which had 73-81% glycerol content, 1.14% ash content, and pH 5. Glycerol and PFAD were reacted using 2% of methyl ester sulfonic acid catalyst for 60 minutes then the result’s characteristic was analyzed. The best temperature and volume ratio is at 160 °C with ratio between 1:3 and 1:4. This condition resulting M-DAG with yield 32.60% and 27.20%, amount of M-DAG was 61.99% (24.68% MAG, 37.31% DAG) and 49.92% (20.27% MAG, 29.66% DAG), 70.97% and 71.19% emulsion stability, 55 °C and 56 °C melting point, pH 3, 40.01% dan 39.01% acid value, and also dry and whitey-brown physical characteristic
Keyword: M-DAG, mono-diacylglycerol, emulsifier, PFAD, glycerol

Judul: Etno-ornitologi Burung Kancilan Flores (Pachycephala nudigula nudigula Hartert 1897) pada Masyarakat Lio di Taman Nasional Kelimutu
Abstrak: Bare-throathed whistler is one of several wild birds in Kelimutu National Park (TNKL) that is believed to have correlation with Lio Community‟s belief. The estimation of Bare-throated whistler‟s population in Kelimutu National Park was about 186.41-1668.07 individual by the density about 0.0389-0.3481 ind/ha with the sex ratio 6.2:1 that spreaded on area with height of 1100 – 1600 masl. The characteristic of Bare-throated whistler‟s habitat is a natural forest with various canopy level, high plant species diversity and high density. The habitat characteristics related to the availability of food in the form of insects, cover, safety and a nesting site. Generally the most of Lio community knew the existence of Bare-throated whistler directly or from their parents‟ stories. The perceptions of Lio Community to the Bare-throated whistler‟s existence is generally support the conservation efforts. The perceptions construct the Lio Community‟s atitude that tend to be conservative to the existence of Bare-throated whistler. The attitude shown by their behavior that not cathing the Bare-throated whistler from the TNKL‟s area or the outside. The attitude have an important role to the existence of Bare-throated whistler in Kelimutu National Park‟s area.
Keyword: