Judul: Karakteristik Ekologi, Potensi dan Upaya Konservasi Tumbuhan Tebu Rawa (Hanguana malayana) di Kabupaten Mappi, Papua
Abstrak: Hanguana is known as endemic plant in Papua, grows rapidly in the river of Obaa, Miwamen, Keeme, Widelman and Eilanden. Its presence is considered to become obstruction of river transportation, at the same time it is consumed by local people. Hanguana’s ecological characteristic and its potency have not been studied intensively. This research is aimed to study its ecological characteristic, to analyze the content of its primary and secondary metabolism compounds, its conservation efforts and to identify the local wisdom of Mappi indigenous people on this plant. The methods employed in this research are site observation, direct measurement, laboratory analysis, and interview with the local people at the observation sites. Purposive sampling method is utilized to determine the sampling of survey sites, interview with local people and local government officers. Hanguana is an aquatic plant therefore the tip of its stems and stolons up to its tip of the leaves are above the surface of the water while its roots, stems, and stolons are growing submerged under the water. Its roots are not attaching to any substrate. Ecological characteristics of the river water has a pH of approximately 4, temperature ranges from 28.2° to 30° C and total dissolved solid (TDS) of 6-8 ppm. The monthly average of rainfall varies between 46 to 391.5 mm. The soil of river base has an organic content of C of 1.67% (w/w), nitrogen 0,21% (w/w), potassium 279.44 ppm, phosphor 280.90 ppm and C/N ratio of 7.95. The vegetations that grow at the surrounding of Hanguana include Oryza rufipogon, Eleocharis dulcis, Pandanaceae, Nuclea grandifolia. Melaleuca symphiocarpa and Livistona benthamii are the common vegetations that grow at the river banks at the observation sites. Laboratory analysis results of Hanguana’s stem contain primary metabolism compounds are ccarbohydrate 2.62% (w/w), protein 2.7% (w/w), sucrose 0.01% (w/w), glucose <0.01% (w/w), fructose <0.01% (w/w), while secondary metabolism compounds are anti-oxidant 340.29 ppm, and toxicity of 1438.79 ppm. The stolon’s content primary metabolism compounds are carbohydrate 18.59% (w/w), protein 1.57%(w/w), sucrose <0.01%(w/w), glucose 0.5% (w/w) and fructose 0.38%(w/w), while secondary metabolism compounds are flavonoid 1.27%(w/w), tanin 0.30% (w/w), and toxicity of 712.84 ppm. Furthermore, Hanguana’s leave contains secondary metabolism compounds are flavonoid 1.54% (w/w), tanin 0.30% (w/w), fiber 32.03% (w/w), and toxicity of 850.70 ppm. Due to those compounds content, Hanguana is believed to have a potential as a medicine for prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
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Judul: Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan Pangan dan Obat pada Masyarakat Suku Mbaham Mata di Kampung Werabuan, Kabupaten Fakfak
Abstrak: The society of Papua still depends on forest resources, plants and animals, to fulfill their daily needs. Particularly, the utilization of food and medicinal plants has been done hereditarily until now. The aim of this research is to identify the diversity of food and medicinal plants, also to identify the local wisdom of Mbaham Mata Tribe on the utilization of plant resources. Data collection was done using semi-structured interview and snowball technique. Food plant species which is identified as much as 35 species from 21 family, while medicinal plants are 41 species from 28 family. Beside that, there are 25 species which is identified from 21 family which are utilized as functional food plant. Functional food plant is plants that has double function, as food and also medicine. The society of Mbaham Mata Tribe is still utilizing available plant resources and there are some rituals on doing conservation activities. The local wisdom of the society on plant conservation can be seen on the sasi installation ritual, prohibition to enter the forest, nahahara.
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm