Judul: Escherichia coli yang Resisten terhadap Antibiotik yang Diisolasi dari Sapi Potong yang Diimpor melalui Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok Jakarta
Abstrak: Resistensi antibiotik merupakan perhatian utama di bidang kesehatan masyarakat. Tingkat resistensi terhadap antibiotik pada bakteri komensal Escherichia coli (E. coli) dipandang sebagai indikator yang baik untuk melihat cara penggunaan antibiotik dan masalah resistensinya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat keadaan resistensi E. coli pada sapi potong dari Australia yang diimpor melalui pelabuhan Tanjung Priok, Jakarta. Isolat E. coli (n=60) diperoleh dari 20 sampel feses sapi potong. Besaran sampel ditentukan menggunakan metode detect diseases. Seluruh isolat yang berjumlah 60 diuji resistensinya terhadap 10 jenis agen antibiotik (ampisillin, sefalotin, eritromisin, tetrasiklin, streptomisin, gentamisin, kloramfenikol, trimetoprim-sulfametoksasol, asam nalidiksid, dan enrofloksasin) dengan menggunakan metode disc diffusion pada agar Muller-Hinton dan interprestasi hasil mengacu pada pedoman Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Hasil pengujian resistensi pada isolat menunjukkan 6 isolat (10%) masih sensitif terhadap 10 agen. Isolat telah resisten terhadap eritromisin 49 (81.7%), cefalotin 22 (36.7%), ampisillin 15 (25%), streptomisin 2 (3.3%), tetrasiklin 2 (3.3%), enrofloksasin 1 (1.7%), dan trimetoprim-sulfametoksasol 1 (1.7%). Tidak ditemui resistensi terhadap agen antibiotik gentamisin, asam nalidiksid dan kloramfenikol. E coli yang berasal dari sapi potong impor dan telah mengalami resistensi terhadap antibiotik memiliki potensi menyebarkan resistensi tersebut. Kemampuan E. coli untuk memindahkan gen resisten tersebut harus diwaspadai terhadap penyebarannya di Indonesia.
Keyword: Escherichia coli, resistensi antibiotik, sapi potong

Judul: Uji Sensitivitas Beberapa Antibiotika terhadap Isolat Escherichia coli dari Sampel Feses Sapi Bakalan Asal Australia.
Abstrak: Kebutuhan daging sapi sebagai bahan pangan sumber protein hewani terus meningkat, namun produksi sapi dalam negeri belum dapat mencukupi kebutuhan masyarakat. Kebijakan impor sapi bakalan dilakukan sebagai upaya dalam mengatasi kekurangan produksi sapi dalam negeri. Kebijakan ini berpotensi membawa bakteri yang berpotensi sebagai agen penyebab foodborne disease yang telah resisten terhadap suatu jenis antibiotika diantaranya adalah Escherichia coli (E. coli). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pola resistensi E. coli terhadap beberapa antibiotika. E. coli yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah sembilan isolat dan berasal dari feses sapi bakalan asal Australia. Antibiotika yang digunakan yaitu aztreonam, seftriakson, sefotaksim, seftizoksim dan gentamisin. Pengujian resistensi E. coli terhadap antibiotika dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram Kirby Bauer. Hasil yang diperoleh kemudian dibandingkan dengan tabel standar sensitivitas antibiotika menurut Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa E. coli masih sensitif terhadap kelima antibiotika dengan persentase masing-masing 100% karena kelima antibiotika ini jarang digunakan di peternakan. Aztreonam, sefotaksim, seftriakson, seftizoksim dan gentamisin masih berkhasiat untuk digunakan sebagai terapi penanganan infeksi E. coli
Keyword: sapi, antibiotika, Escherichia coli, resistensi

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
Keyword: