Judul: Fermentabilitas dan Kecernaan in vitro  Biomineral Dienkapsulasi
Abstrak: One of the waste product of ruminant digestive tract is rumen liquid. Rumen liquid is inhabited by microbes. Rumen microbes bind minerals as components for constructing their body. Rumen liquid can be processed into biomineral product; this biomineral product can be protected from rumen degradability by using xylose. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentability and the digestibility of the encapsulated biomineral (in vitro). This study was arranged in a factorial Randomized Block Design (3x3) with four replications. The first factor was source of xylose (paper waste, sawdust and hydrolyzed sawdust). The second factor was level of xylose source (2%, 4% and 6% v/v of rumen liquid). The rumen liquid was used as replications. Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the differences between treatments were determined by a contrast and polinomial orthogonal. The results showed that the differences in source of xylose affected significantly the degradability of dry matter, the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter (P<0.05), but did not affect the ammonia and VFA concentrations and the degradability of organic matter. The degradability of dry matter, the digestibility of dry matter and the organic matter were significantly higher (P<0.05) in xylose treatment with paper waste than those with sawdust and hydrolyzed sawdust. There were no significant differences in level of xylose source treatments in all variables measured, but the result of polinomial orthogonal showed that the amonia concentration was lower at 4% level of xylose source than those at 2 and 6% level of xylose source. It was concluded that using paper waste at 4% v/v of rumen liquid was the optimum level in protecting biomineral based on its fermentability and digestibility (in vitro).
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Judul: in vitro Fermentability and Digestibility of Dairy Ration Supplemented with Encapsulated Biomineral
Abstrak: Produktivitas pada peternakan sapi perah di Indonesia masih rendah, baik secara kualitas maupun kuantitasnya. Produktivitas yang rendah disebabkan oleh faktor ketersediaan pakan yang tidak mencukupi untuk produksi ternak. Perbaikan dalam hal ketersediaan zat makanan dan proses metabolisme pada tubuh hewan perlu dilakukan. Peningkatan kualitas zat makanan dan penurunan masalah defisiensi dapat dilakukan dengan suplementasi. Cairan rumen memiliki potensi sebagai suplemen yang berkualitas, karena cairan rumen mengandung nutrien seperti protein, vitamin, mineral dan lain-lain yang diproduksi oleh mikroba rumen. Suplemen ini dinamakan biomineral. Biomineral perlu dilindungi dari degradasi oleh mikroba rumen untuk meningkatkan manfaat sebagai suplemen bagi sapi perah, yaitu penggunaan xylosa sebagai bahan pelindung melalui proses pemanasan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mencari taraf optimum dari pemberian biomineral cairan rumen yang diproteksi atau dienkapsulasi dengan 4% larutan (biomineral dienkapsulasi) terhadap fermentabilitas dan kecernaan in vitro ransum sapi perah. Dalam penelitian ini perlakuan yang diterapkan terdiri dari R1 = Ransum kontrol berupa rumput + konsentrat, R2 = R1 + 1,5% mineral mix komersial, R3 = R1 + 1,5% biomineral kontrol (tanpa dienkapsulasi), R4 = R1 + 0,5% biomineral dienkapsulasi xylosa, R5 = R1 + 1% biomineral dienkapsulasi xylosa, R6 = R1 + 1,5% biomineral dienkapsulasi xylosa, dan R7 = R1 +2% biomineral dienkapsulasi xylosa. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah rancangan acak kelompok 4 ulangan, dengan kelompok berupa cairan rumen dari sapi yang berbeda. Peubah yang diamati dalam penelitian ini meliputi konsentrasi amonia, konsentrasi Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA), degradabilitas bahan kering (DBK) dan bahan organik (DBO), dan kecernaan bahan kering (KCBK) dan bahan organik (KCBO). Data dianalisis dengan sidik ragam (analysis of variance – ANOVA) untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan, sedangkan perbedaan antara perlakuan diuji dengan kontras ortogonal. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap semua peubah yang diamati; perbedaan cairan rumen sebagai kelompok atau ulangan sangat mempengaruhi fermentabilitas, degradabilitas dan kecernaan BK dan BO (P<0,01). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa suplemen biomineral tanpa enkapsulasi pada taraf 1,5% dari ransum dan yang dienkapsulasi dengan xylosa pada berbagai taraf (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 dan 2% dari ransum) mempunyai potensi yang sama dalam fermentabilitas, degradabilitas bahan kering dan bahan organik, maupun kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik dengan mineral mix komersil. Dengan hasil tersebut, biomineral yang dienkapsulasi pada taraf 0,5% dari ransum dapat digunakan sebagai suplemen mineral. Cairan rumen yang bervariasi dalam kandungan mikroba rumennya diakibatkan oleh perbedaan individu sapi atau ternak, pakan dan waktu pengambilan sampel. Pengelompokan cairan rumen merupakan upaya untuk menurunkan keragaman sudah sesuai dengan rancangan percobaan berupa rancangan acak kelompok.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite