Judul: Pembuatan Soygurt Sinbiotik dengan Menggunakan Kultur Campuran: Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus casei Galur Shirota dan Bifidobacterium brevis
Abstrak: Susu kedelai merupakan minuman hasil olahan kedelai yang memiliki nilai gizi tinggi, dimana kandungan proteinnya mencapai 3.5-4.0%. Selain harganya yang lebih murah jika dibandingkan dengan susu sapi, susu kedelai juga memiliki kelebihan lain, seperti bebas kolesterol, bebas laktosa sehingga baik dikonsumsi oleh orang yang alergi dengan susu sapi (lactose intolerance). Namun masyarakat umumnya lebih menyukai susu sapi karena adanya bau langu (beany flavor) pada susu kedelai. Salah satu cara untuk meminimalkan bau langu ini adalah dengan pengolahan lebih lanjut menjadi yogurt, yang dikenal dengan nama soygurt.
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Judul: Pembuatan soygurt sinbiotik dengan menggunakan kultur campuran : Bifidobacterium bifidum, Streptococcus thermophilus dan Lactobacillus casei galur Shirota
Abstrak: Soygurt adalah suatu produk fermentasi dari susu kedelai. Substitusi susu pi dengan susu kedelai dilakukan karena susu kedelai mempunyai kandungan tein yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan susu sapi. Selain itu harga susu edelai lebih murah dibandingkan susu sapi sehingga masyarakat dapat emperoleh pangan sumber protein dengan harga yang lebih murah. Kelebihan. lain dari susu kedelai adalah bebas kolesterol dan mengandung beberapa jenis oligosakarida seperti raffinosa dan stakiosa yang digolongkan sebagai pangan prebiotik. Kultur bakteri asam laktat yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Streptococcus thermophilus dan dua kultur bakteri probiotik yaitu Bifidobacterium bifidum dan Lactobacillus casei galur Shirota. Penggunaan Streptococcus thermophilus disini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan rasa asam yang optimum sehingga dihasilkan produk yang benar-benar menyerupai yogurt. Sedangkan pemanfaatan bakteri probiotik bertujuan untuk menciptakan kesehatan dan kebugaran bagi mikroflora usus. Karena adanya kandungan prebiotik dan probiotik dalam satu produk, maka soygurt dalam penelitian ini disebut soygurt sinbiotik.
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Judul: Exchange Market Pressure and Central Bank Intervention for Three ASEAN Countries
Abstrak: Two of the exchange rate systems which are adopted by many countries are the floating and the fixed exchange rate system. Both the exchange rate systems have different characteristics. Countries that implement fixed exchange rates system tend to set their domestic currency exchange rate at a certain point. On the contrary, countries which implement floating exchange rate system tend to let their domestic currency exchange rate to move flexibly and thus their value will always change according to the demand and supply of the currency in the foreign exchange market. Countries which implement floating exchange rate system are facing the risk of fluctuation in the exchange rate of their domestic currency against foreign currencies. The currency exchange rate fluctuation may be caused by economic problems such as a financial crisis. A country can also be potentially affected by other countries’ earlier financial crisis. This effect could potentially happen if these countries are in the same region, such as ASEAN. The 1997 ASEAN economic crisis was an example of a country’s financial crisis could affect other countries. At that time, some countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand had to change their currency exchange rate system from the fixed exchange rate system to the floating exchange rate system due to the high costs which has to be incurred if they were to enforce the fixed exchange rate system. During 2002 until 2012, the domestic exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand against the U.S. dollar had tended to fluctuate. If the domestic currency exchange rate fluctuated excessively then the central bank would intervene to stabilize the exchange rate in the foreign exchange market. The pressure on domestic currency exchange rate pressures has forced the central bank to intervene. The amount of those pressures can be analyzed by calculating the Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) index. Apart from that, the time when interventions are done by the central bank can be known based on EMP by calculating the Exchange Market Intervention (EMI) index. The purposes of this study were to determine the level of international pressure on the currency exchange market and monetary authorities intervene in three ASEAN countries, as well as to determine the effect of the monetary authorities intervene on the exchange rate of the domestic currency against the U.S. dollar in those three ASEAN countries. Based on the EMP index calculation results which are obtained during 2002 to 2012 period, the exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand’s domestic currency had always fluctuated and the results of the EMP index indicated that each country were under diverse level of currency exchange rate appreciation and depreciation pressures. Thailand was the country with the highest currency exchange rate pressure compared to Indonesia and Malaysia. The results on the intervention index calculation showed that Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand have intervention index between zero and one and more than one. We can also see from the intervention index that Indonesia and Thailand implement the controlled floating currency exchange rate instead of the freely floating one. Based on the calculation of the currency exchange rate by comparing
Keyword: exchange rate, exchange market pressure, intervention