Judul: Sintesis Krisin dari Floroglusinol
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, widely distributed in vascular plants. Flavones containing hydroxyl groups at 5 and 7 position are quite important regarding their biological activities and their abiquity in nature. Flavone having hydroxyl groups only at position 5 and 7 or 5,7-dihydroxyflavone is known as chrysin. In this study, crude chrysin had been successfully synthesized in 3 steps from phloroglucinol as starting material. Phloroglucinol was acetylated with acetonitrile and HCl gas, resulting phloroacetophenone amount to 74%. Phloroacetophenone benzoylation with 4.5 equivalents of benzoyl chloride produced tribenzoyl phloroacetophenone in 103–107% of yield and the subsequent Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester by using KOH in dried pyridine produced crude chrysin, with conversion percentage of 71.62%. All synthetic products had been characterized by melting point and spectroscopically.
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Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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Judul: Studi Keberadaan Dugong (Dugong dugon Müller, 1776) dan Habitatnya di Kabupaten Bangka Selatan, Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung.
Abstrak: Dugong merupakan salah satu mamalia laut Famili Dugongidae yang terancam punah dan habitatnya di padang lamun. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keberadaan, distribusi, dan habitat dugong serta keterkaitannya dengan kondisi habitat lamun. Data primer diperoleh dengan menggunakan Kuisioner Survei Dugong CMS-UNEP (CMS-UNEP Dugong Questionnaire Survey) yang telah distandarisasi secara internasional. Adapun data sekunder didapatkan dari beberapa jurnal. Penyajian data dengan menggunakan Microsoft Excel, sedangkan pemetaan data spasial dengan Google Earth dan Arc GIS. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa keberadaaan dugong di Kabupaten Bangka Selatan sangat jarang ditemui. Perairan Toboali, perairan Sadai hingga Kurau, dan perairan Tanjung Berikat merupakan tiga lokasi potensi keberadaan dugong terbanyak secara berkala. Distribusi lamun banyak ditemukan di pantai Tanjung Kerasak, desa Tukak, dan Pulau Lepar. Distribusi keberadaan dugong banyak ditemukan di daerah padang lamun dengan kedalaman 5 meter, yang mana padang lamun sebagai habitat dugong mencari makan.
Keyword: dugong, kuisioner survei dugong CMS-UNEP, lamun