Judul: Tingkat Kesuburan Situ Rawa Besar Depok Berdasarkan Kandungan Unsur Hara N dan P
Abstrak: Kualitas sering dipakai sebagai acuan terhadap pendekatan tingkat kesuburan perairan, dan kesuburan perairan situ sangat ditentukan oleh ketersediaan unsur hara fosfor (P) dan nitrogen (N) yang merupakan unsur esensial bagi pertumbuhan fitoplankton kandungan unsur hara N dan P pada suatu badan perairan dapat terjadi secara alami maupun akibat aktivitas manusia.
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Judul: Tingkat kesuburan perairan Situ Lengkong Panyalu, Ciamis, Jawa Barat berdasarkan kandungan unsur P dan N
Abstrak: Perairan Situ Lengkong Panjalu dimanfaatkan sebagai tempat rekreasi, mandi dan cuci oleh penduduk sekitarnya, untuk pengairan ke area pertanian dan tempat kegiatan perikanan (terdapat beberapa lokasi jaring apung). Semua kegiatan di alas diduga akan memperkaya unsur hara terutama fosfor (P) dan nitrogen (N) situ sehingga akan mempengaruhi tingkat kesuburannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat sumber-sumber penyebab kesuburan perairan Situ Lengkong Panjalu secara kualitatif dan mengkaji tingkat kesuburannya berdasarkan eksistensi unsur hara fosfor dan nitrogen. Pengambilan contoh dan pengamatan di lapangan dilakukan pada tanggal 8 Agustus 1998 dan analisis contoh di Laboratorium Fisika-Kimia-Biologi Perairan, Fakultas Perikanan dan llmu Kelautan, IPB dilakukan tanggal 10-11 Agustus 1998. Pengamatan dilakukan di 6 stasiun yaitu stasiun di sekitar inlet, stasiun yang diduga mendapat pengayaan unsur hara dari limbah domestik, dari limbah perahu motor, stasiun di tengah situ, stasiun yang diduga mendapat pengayaan unsur hara dari kegiatan jaring apung dan stasiun di sekitar outlet. Pengamatan dilakukan secara vertikal (menurut kedalaman yaitu permukaan, tengah dan dasar) lalu dikompositkan. Tiap stasiun diambil 2 contoh yang sama, kecuali untuk oksigen terlarut (tidak dikompositkan dan hanya diambil 1 contoh). Untuk ammonia ditambah dengan contoh dari dasar perairan di stasiun yang diduga mendapat pengayaan unsur hara dari limbah domestik dan dari kegiatan jaring apung, dan diambil contoh pada 3 kedalaman di stasiun yang berada di tengah. Parameter-parameter yang diukur meliputi parameter utama kesuburan yang terdiri dari ortofosfat, total fosfor, nitrat, nitrit, ammonia dan parameter penunjang yang terdiri dari suhu, kecerahan, kekeruhan, pH, alkalinitas, TOM (Total Organic Matter) atau bahan organik total, dan DO (Dissolved Oxygen) atau oksigen terlarut.
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm