Judul: Study of Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) Molecular  Research Methods
Abstrak: Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) merupakan entomovirus dari kelompok Baculovirus yang bekerja spesifik terhadap inang. Saat ini, NPV telah digunakan sebagai bioinsektisida dalam bidang pertanian. Berbagai penelitian dilakukan seperti deteksi, amplifikasi, analisis genetik, transkriptomik, proteomik, dan rekombinasi genetik untuk mempelajari mekanisme virus menyerang inangnya dan meningkatkan patogenesitas serta kisaran inang NPV. Kajian pustaka ini bertujuan memberikan rincian informasi mengenai jenis penelitian NPV secara molekuler beserta metode yang digunakan. Kajian pustaka ini dilakukan dengan menelaah berbagai jurnal mengenai penelitian NPV secara molekuler dan metode-metode yang digunakan. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) merupakan metode umum yang digunakan dalam perbanyakan DNA untuk kemudian digunakan dalam penelitian lebih lanjut secara molekuler. Selain itu, berbagai metode telah dikembangkan dan diaplikasikan dalam penelitian NPV secara molekuler. Analisis fungsi genetik memberikan informasi mengenai fungsi suatu gen yang untuk selanjutnya dapat digunakan dalam modifikasi genetik untuk meningkatkan kinerja NPV. Rekombinasi genetik untuk meningkatkan kinerja NPV juga telah dilakukan seperti penyisipan satu atau beberapa gen ke dalam genom NPV lain untuk memperluas kisaran inang dan meningkatkan patogenesitas virus. Analisis transkriptomik dan proteomik dapat dilakukan untuk mengetahui mekanisme virus menyerang sel inang dan mekanisme sel inang untuk menghalangi infeksi lebih lanjut oleh NPV., Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) is an entomovirus of the Baculovirus group that works specifically against the host. Currently, NPV has been used as a bioinsecticide in agriculture. Various studies were conducted, such as detection, amplification, genetic analysis, transcriptomics, proteomics, and genetic recombination to study the mechanisms of viruses attacking their hosts and increase the pathogenicity and range of NPV hosts. This literature study aims to provide detailed information about the type of molecular NPV research along with the methods used. The literature study was conducted by studying various journals on molecular NPV research and the methods used. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a standard method used in DNA multiplication for later use in further molecular research. In addition, various methods have been developed and applied in molecular NPV research. Genetic function analysis provides information on the function of a gene which can then be used in genetic modification to improve NPV performance. Genetic recombination to improve NPV performance has also been carried out, such as insertion of one or more genes into the genome of another NPV to expand the host range and increase viral pathogenicity. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis can be performed to determine the mechanism of the virus attacking the host cell and the mechanism of the host cell to prevent further infection by NPV.
Keyword: literature study, research development, Baculovirus

Judul: Genetic Information Mapping of Helicoverpa armigera Nucleopolyhedrovirus DNA Polymerase Gene from Bogor Isolate
Abstrak: Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) merupakan virus entomopatogen dari famili Baculoviridae yang ditemukan menginfeksi berbagai jenis serangga dari ordo Lepidoptera, salah satunya adalah Helicoverpa armigera dari famili Noctuidae. Jenis NPV yang spesifik menginfeksi H. armigera disebut HearNPV. H. armigera merupakan hama penting pada berbagai komoditas seperti jagung, tomat, kapas, dan kedelai. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendesain primer spesifik DNA polymerase dalam teknik PCR yang digunakan untuk melengkapi informasi karakter genetik dari gen DNA polymerase pada HearNPV isolat Bogor. Amplifikasi gen HearNPV dilakukan dengan metode PCR dilanjutkan dengan pengurutan DNA menggunakan program BioEdit dan BLAST. Analisis homologi dan filogeni dilakukan dengan MEGA 11 untuk mengetahui hubungan kekerabatan genetik dari isolat NPV dengan isolat dari negara lain yang terdapat pada GenBank. Hasil amplifikasi PCR menunjukkan ukuran fragmen DNA NPV sebesar 367 pb. Berdasarkan hasil analisis sekuens, isolat HearNPV asal Bogor memiliki hubungan dekat dengan isolat NPV yang berasal dari Spanyol dan India. Nilai homologi nukleotida dan asam amino tertinggi secara berturut-turut sebesar 99,15% dan 99%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis filogeni, isolat HearNPV asal Bogor termasuk dalam kelompok yang sama dengan NPV yang menginfeksi genus Helicoverpa., Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) is an entomopathogenic virus from the Baculoviridae family that infects various types of insects from the order Lepidoptera, one of which is Helicoverpa armigera. HearNPV is an NPV that specifically infects H. armigera. H. armigera is an important pest on commodities such as corn, tomatoes, cotton and soybeans. This study was conducted to design DNA polymerase-specific primers using PCR techniques and to complement the genetic information of the DNA polymerase genes in HearNPV Bogor isolate using those pre-designed primers. HearNPV gene amplification were carried out using the PCR method, followed by DNA sequencing using the BioEdit software and the BLAST program. Homology and phylogeny analyses were carried out using the MEGA 11 program to determine the genetic relationship of NPV isolates with isolates from other countries found in GenBank. The PCR amplification results showed that the size of the NPV DNA fragment was 367 bp. Based on the sequence analysis results, HearNPV isolates from Bogor are closely related to NPV isolates from Spain and India. The highest nucleotide and amino acid homology values were 99.15% and 99%, respectively. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis, HearNPV isolates from Bogor belong to the same group as the NPVs that infect the genus Helicoverpa.
Keyword: Baculovirus, filogeni, hubungan genetik, sekuens nukleotida, virus serangga

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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