Judul: Revision of Rhynchoglossum (Gesneriaceae) in Malesia
Abstrak: Revision on Rhynchoglossum in Malesia has been done. This research conducted based on morphological characters of 233 sheets of Herbarium specimen and Herbarium specimen photographs from Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), Singapore Botanic Gardens (SING), National Herbarium Netherlands (L), Royal Botanic Garden Kew (K), Natural History Museum London (BM), Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E), New York Botanical Gardens (NY), Smithsonian Institute (US), and Harvard University (A). The result shows that six species are recognized in Malesia and five are endemic. Five species are known previously namely R. borneense, R. klugioides, R. medusothrix, R. obliquum, and R. spumosum; one species is proposed as a new and newly described namely R. celebicum. Rhynchoglossum borneense and R. medusothrix endemic to Borneo, R. celebicum endemic to Sulawesi, while R. spumosum endemic to Philippine Islands. Rhynchoglossum klugioides and R. obliquum distributed wider in Malesia. Rhynchoglossum papuae and R. merrilliae are placed under synonym of R. obliquum and R. spumosum. A phylogenetic analysis using PAUP version 4.0 program based on 60 morphological characters with Stauranthera coerulea and Loxonia hirsuta as an outgroup was undertaken. The analysis resulted a parsimonious tree which shown that Rhynchoglossum in Malesia can be divided in two groups. First clade consist R. obliquum, R. spumosum and R. celebicum while the second clade consist R. klugioides, R. borneense and R. medusothrix. Taxonomic treatment was giving with a identification key to the species, description, nomenclature, distribution, and notes each species.
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Judul: Biosystematic Study of the Fern Genus Diplazium in West Malesia, Biosystematic Study of the Fern Genus Diplazium in West Malesia
Abstrak: Diplazium is a large genus consisting of about 400 species occur mainly in the tropics, sparingly in the subtropic and only locally extending into temperate. It was estimated that 300 species of the records were occurred in Malesia. Taxonomically, Diplazium is very difficult and quite insufficiently known. Therefore a comprehensive study on Diplazium in West Malesia was conducted by using morphological, ecological, geographic distribution, anatomical, palinological, cytological, as well as DNA analysis to understand the diversity and relationship among species. Based on gross morphological study on 1051 collection number of specimens as well as living collections, it was concluded that West Malesian Diplazium comprises of 69 species with 14 varieties. Thirteen species of them are proposed and described as new species, namely Diplazium asymmetricum, D. batuayauense, D. crameri, D. densisquamatum, D. halimunense, D. loerzingii, D. megasegmentum, D. megasimplicifolium, D. meijeri, D. parallelivenium, D. profluens, D. subalternisegmentum, and D. subvirescens. Two new varieties are poposed, namely D. accedens var. spinosum and D. silvaticum var. pinnae-ellipticum. D. pallidum var. montanum and D. accedens var. ridleyi are proposed as new status. Based on their main habitats, Diplazium can be classified into three major groups, viz. dryland (dominant), riparian and rheophytic species. Species diversity was culminated at 1000- 1500 m above sea level. The individuals with different genetic load in the same species sometimes grow in the different habitat gradients. Based on the range of the geographical distribution, West Malesian species can be divided into three types: (1) very wide species (19 species), (2) Malesian species (27 species), and (3) locally endemic species (23 species). Anatomical study on the transversal section of stipe of 27 species showed that the vascular bundle shape is varying among species. Therefore the leaf-trace shapes are important diagnostic features which support species delimitation in Diplazium. Spore morphology study showed that perine ornamentations support in delimitating species in Diplazium. However the phylogenetic analysis using parsimony revealed that morphological variation of spore is inadequate to depict natural relationship among Diplazium species. Cytological study on 117 collection number from 54 localities included in 31 species found that West Malesian Diplazium has six ploidy levels with x = 41 (diploid, triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid, and octoploid). New cytological information for science on 19 species are recorded. They are D. aequibasale (2n = 164), D. angustipinna (2n = 123). D. asymmetricum (2n = 123), D. batuayauense (2n = 164, 205), D. crenatoserratum (2n = 123, 164), D. halimunense (2n = 123), D. hewittii (2n = 123), D. profluens (2n = 164), D. loerzingii (2n = 82, 123), D. pallidum (2n = 82), D. petiolare (2n = 82), D. porphyrorachis (2n = 164), D. riparium (2n = 82, 123), D. spiniferum (2n = 82), D. subserratum (2n = 82, 123, 164), D. subvirescens (2n = 123), D. tomentosum (2n = 82, 205), D. xiphophyllum (2n = 82, 246), and D. wahauense (2n=164). Phylogenetic analysis on morphological data sets of 69 species using parsimony revealed that the phylogenetic relationship among species in the genus Diplazium was very difficult to explain due to the lack of or weak support
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Judul: Disain Model Alat pasteurisasi susu Otomatis
Abstrak: Pada umumnya, bahan pangan mempunyai sifat mudah rusak. Kerusakan ini tergantung dari jenis bahan pangannya, dapat berlangsung secara lambat misalnya pada biji-bijian, atau dapat berlangsung secara sangat cepat misalnya pada susu. Salah satu cara pengawetan bahan pangan adalah dengan menggunakan energi panas, misalnya cara pasteurisasi. Pasteurisasi merupakan suatu cara atau langkah dalam pengawetan yang biasa dilakukan pada susu. Pengaruh pasteurisasi susu antara sebagai berikut; air susu lebih lama dapat disimpan, раda suhu rendah malahan dapat disimpan beberapa hari; air su- su tidak lagi mengandung kuman-kuman patogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang suatu model alat pasteurisasi susu dengan memanfaatkan teknologi elektronik pada alat kontrol suhunya. Model alat pasteurisasi susu otomatis yang didisain terdiri dari dua bagian, yaitu alat pasteurisasi susu dan alat pengatur suhu. Bagian alat pasteurisasi terdiri dari tanki pasteurisasi, tanki medium pemanas, pompa dan unit pencatu daya. Sedangkan bagian alat pengatur suhu terdiri dari unit pengindera, unit penguat tegangan, unit penanding (comparator), unit penguat arus, unit kontrol (relai) dan unit pencatu daya. Dari hasil pengujian yang dilakukan terhadap keseragaman suhu, model alat pasteurisasi yang dibuat masih menghasilkan perbedaan suhu selama proses pasteurisasi. Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mencapai suhu pasteurisasi (63°C) dengan suhu awal 27, 29 dan 31.10 °C adalah berturut-turut 14.833, 14.733 dan 11.833 menit. Alat pengatur suhu yang dibuat dapat mencakup kisaran pengaturan suhu dari 40 sampai 75 °C, dengan selang kepekaan sebesar 0.003 volt. Penelitian lebih lanjut terhadap konstruksi tanki pasteurisasi dan sistim pengadukkannya perlu dilakukan untuk memperoleh tingkat keseragaman suhu yang lebih baik, begitu juga terhadap bahan pembalut sensor, kestabilan alat pengatur suhu, pengembangan rangkaian unit penanding (comparator) dan unit penguat serta kestabilan tegangan pada setiap unit fungsional alat pengatur suhu diperlukan untuk mempertinggi kualitas dan kemampuannya.
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