Judul: Infeksi Cendawan Entomophthorales pada Wereng Batang Coklat, Nilaparvata Lugens Stảl. (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) pada Tanaman Padi di Karawang
Abstrak: Padi (Oryza sativa L.) merupakan sumber bahan makanan pokok bagi penduduk Indonesia. Wereng batang coklat (WBC) Nilaparvata Lugens Stảl. merupakan hama penting pada penanaman padi yang dapat menyebabkan tanaman padi mengering seperti terbakar (hopperburn). Cendawan Entomophthorales diketahui sebagai salah satu musuh alami WBC. Akan tetapi, di Indonesia informasi mengenai cendawan tersebut menginfeksi WBC di pertanaman padi masih sedikit. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan keberadaan cendawan Entomophthorales dan menghitung tingkat infeksinya terhadap WBC dari pertanaman padi di Karawang. Manfaat penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi awal mengenai keberadaan cendawan Entomophthorales yang menginfeksi WBC di Indonesia sehingga sebagai salah satu acuan untuk pengendalian WBC. Sampel WBC diambil di Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian Perikanan dan Kehutanan (BP3K) Kecamatan Rengasdengklok, Karawang, Jawa Barat sebanyak 7 kali setiap minggu dan dimasukkan ke dalam botol berisi alkohol 70%. Selain itu, sebanyak 25 tanaman contoh ditentukan untuk menghitung populasi WBC di lapangan. Preparat WBC dibuat dengan media larutan lactophenol cotton blue. Preparat diamati di bawah mikroskop untuk menentukan keberadaan fase cendawan yang menginfeksi WBC, yaitu: konidia sekunder, badan hifa, konidiofor dan konidia primer, resting spores, dan cendawan saprofit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa WBC terinfeksi cendawan Entomophthorales. Tingkat infeksi tertinggi sampai 93%. Fase cendawan Entomophthorales yang ditemukan pada WBC adalah konidia sekunder, badan hifa, dan konidia primer. Selain itu, cendawan menginfeksi fase WBC dari nimfa sampai imago.
Keyword: populasi, stadia cendawan, stadia wereng, tingkat infeksi

Judul: Kelimpahan Populasi Wereng Batang Cokelat, Nilaparvata lugens Stảl (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) dan Cendawan Entomophthorales pada Tanaman Padi.
Abstrak: Wereng batang cokelat (WBC), Nilaparvata lugens Stảl merupakan salah satu hama paling merugikan di Indonesia. Pada keadaan populasi wereng yang tinggi, serangannya dapat menyebabkan tanaman padi mengering seperti terbakar yang disebut hopperburn. Cendawan Entomophthorales diketahui sebagai salah satu musuh alami penting WBC. Namun, sampai saat ini informasi mengenai cendawan Entomophthorales yang menginfeksi WBC di pertanaman padi masih sangat sedikit. Sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan keberadaan cenda-wan Entomophthorales dan tingkat infeksinya serta hubungannya dengan kelim-pahan populasi wereng batang cokelat pada pertanaman padi di Bogor dan Su-bang. Penelitian dilaksanakan dari bulan Desember 2015 hingga Juni 2016. Po-pulasi WBC diamati setiap minggu sebanyak 3 kali. Sampel serangga diperoleh dari Desa Cibitung Kulon dan Desa Cibitung Wetan, Kecamatan Pamijahan, Ka-bupaten Bogor dan Desa Kiarasari, Kecamatan Compreng, Kabupaten Subang. Sampel tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam alkohol 70% dan dibuat preparat dengan pewarna lactophenol cotton blue. Preparat diamati di bawah mikroskop untuk me-nentukan keberadaan fase cendawan yang menginfeksi WBC, yaitu: konidia se-kunder, badan hifa, konidiofor dan konidia primer, resting spores, dan cendawan saprofit. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa WBC terinfeksi cendawan Ento-mophthorales. Fase cendawan yang ditemukan menginfeksi WBC adalah konidia sekunder, badan hifa, konidia primer, dan cendawan saprofit. Rata-rata rata-rata tingkat infeksi cendawan pada WBC sebesar 85.94%, 93.40%, dan 100% masing-masing dari Cibitung Wetan, Cibitung Kulon, dan Kiarasari.
Keyword: cendawan Entomophthorales, hama, padi, wereng batang cokelat

Judul: The construction of a rule to combine sentence graphs
Abstrak: Nowadays, people prefer to read an electronic article or text and it requires a short time to understand the content or substance of the text. This is due to time constraints and other activities are more important than reading. However, reading remains an important thing to do. This can be solved by making a summary of the text. Summary text is done by using the Knowledge Graph and carried through two stages, namely representation and simplification or simplification results representation. Representation of a text is carried out in stages because the text has several elements, ie words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs. Representation of text elements that have been researched are words, phrases, and clauses. The representation can be used to generate a representation of the sentence. Representation of sentences requires a rule so that everyone produces the same representation. Therefore, the authors conducts a study on a representation of the meaning of the sentence. This research aims are to create a rule to construct a sentence graph and a rule to combine sentence graphs. The benefit of this research is to provide the rules for constructing a sentence graph thus eliminating the ambiguity of the sentence. Knowledge Graph method is a way to describe or represent of human language that is more centered on the semantic aspects of the syntactic aspect. The Knowledge Graph consists of two components, namely concept and relationship. Concept consists of three elements, namely token, type, and name. Token is a concept that is understood by a person according to their perspectives; this affects token to be subjective. Type is a concept that has been agreed and it is considered as general information so that affect type to be objective. Name is an individualized concept and unique. Relationship consists of several types of relations, namely ALI, CAU, SUB, DIS, ORD, PAR, EQU, and SKO. ALI relation is used to connecting the token with the type. CAU relation is used to connecting the two concepts that have a causal relationship. SUB relation expresses a concept as a part of another concept. DIS relation is used to presenting two concepts are not the same. ORD relation is stated that two things have a certain order to each other. PAR relation is stated that a thing is an attributes (properties) of the other things. EQU relation is used to connecting the two equal or similar concept. SKO relation expresses dependency relationship between two concepts. This study uses a sentence that has a type based on the basic structure of the sentence, which is the structure of subject-predicate sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-object sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-adverb sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-complement sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-object-adverb sentence, and the structure of subject-predicate-object-complement sentence. Chronology of the research is as follows, (1) studying literature which is about the types of sentences, the Knowledge Graph methods, the application of the Knowledge graph methods, and the standard procedures for Indonesian language. (2) creating rules to construct a sentence graph, with the following steps, (2a) construct a sentence graph, (2b) test rules to
Keyword: a rule to combine sentence graphs, a rule to construct a sentence graph, Knowledge Graph, Sentence Graph