Judul: Biometric Study of Cynomolgus Macaque's Upper Face as the Basis for Development of Automated Temperament  Recognition System
Abstrak: Penerapan prinsip refinement untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan monyet ekor panjang (MEP) sebagai salah satu hewan coba dapat dilakukan dengan melihat kestabilan koloni melalui penilaian temperamen individu serta mengamati keadaan klinis melalui ekspresi wajah. Perangkat Automated Face Recognition (AFR) dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi ekspresi satwa sebagai indikator penentu temperamen. Dibutuhkan basis data berupa hasil evaluasi biometrik wajah bagian atas untuk mengoperasikan perangkat tersebut. Hasil evaluasi akan menunjukkan unit aksi wajah bagian atas yang dapat menjadi parameter penentu ekspresi, termasuk yang berkorelasi dengan pain recognition. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi pengukuran regio Action Unit (AU) secara numerik pada beberapa foto. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa evaluasi numerik terhadap AU1+2 (Brow raiser) yang diidentifikasi dengan mengukur luas daerah underbrow dapat dijadikan parameter ekspresi aggressive pada MEP. Nilai AU1+2 relatif tidak berbeda pada ekspresi lainnya sehingga diperlukan biometrik wajah bagian bawah sebagai data komplementer. Evaluasi AU6 (Cheek raiser) yang diidentifikasi melalui luas segitiga infraorbital, serta AU41 (Glabella lowerer) yang diidentifikasi melalui jarak antara medial alis ke medial mata tidak memberikan hasil numerik yang nyata untuk mengidentifikasi ekspresi sehingga tidak dapat dijadikan parameter penentu. Identifikasi ekspresi melalui evaluasi AU6 dan AU41 harus dilakukan bersamaan dengan evaluasi biometrik wajah bagian bawah agar dapat mengidentifikasi suatu ekspresi., The implementation of refinement principles to increase laboratory cynomolgus macaque’s welfare can be done by observing social stability based on the temperament of each individual and observing clinical conditions through facial expressions. The development of Automated Face Recognition (AFR) device for nonhuman primates is currently underway with the aim to refine the identification of various facial expressions as indicator of temperament and welfare. The aim of this study was to evaluate biometrics of the upper face to identify the facial action unit that numerically changes with different expression, specifically those that correlate with pain recognition and stress condition. The study was conducted by quantifying the facial Action Unit (AU) of the upper face regions utilizing digital images obtained through observation of cynomolgus macaques that exhibited aggressive, neutral, affiliative, and fearful expressions. The results showed that measurement of AU1+2 (Brow raiser), which was identified by measuring the underbrow area, can be used as a parameter to identify aggressive expression. The evaluation of AU6 (Cheek raiser), which was identified through the area of the infraorbital triangle, and AU41 (Glabella lowerer) which was identified through the distance between the medial eyebrows to the medial eye, did not differ between different expressions which suggest that these AUs may not be useful as determinant parameter for temperamen recognition when used as a single unit. Expression identification by evaluation of AU6 and AU41 should be performed alongside evaluation of lower facial biometric.
Keyword: Automated Face Recognition, animal welfare, refinement, facial expression, nonhuman primates

Judul: Positive Reinforcement Training as a  Refinement Auscultation for Male Macaca fascicularis in Colony Enclosures
Abstrak: Monyet ekor panjang (MEP; Macaca fascicularis) memiliki kemiripan dengan manusia baik secara anatomis maupun fisiologis, sehingga satwa ini sering dijadikan hewan model untuk pengembangan terapi serta penyembuhan berbagai penyakit. Pemeliharaan dan penggunaan MEP di bidang biomedis melibatkan program kesehatan hewan untuk mendukung upaya menjamin kesejahteraan hewan. Tindakan medis untuk menunjang kesehatan hewan seperti auskultasi, palpasi serta injeksi, harus dilakukan dengan meminimalkan rasa tidak nyaman, takut, dan stres hewan. Upaya refinement diperlukan untuk meniadakan atau mengurangi hal-hal yang bertentangan dengan prinsip kesejahteraan hewan, salah satunya dengan melakukan Positive Reinforcement Training (PRT). Pengamatan perilaku MEP jantan usia tua di kandang koloni dilakukan dengan focal animal sampling serta temperament assessment untuk mengidentifikasi MEP yang dapat dilatih. Prosedur PRT dilakukan terhadap empat MEP dengan tujuan membentuk perilaku yang mendukung prosedur auskultasi agar dapat dilakukan tanpa restraint. Hasil temperament assessment menunjukkan terdapat empat MEP yang dipilih untuk dilatih dengan pendekatan PRT. Dari keempat MEP tersebut juga menunjukkan hasil focal sampling yang sama, yaitu memiliki temperamen neutral. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh MEP yang dilatih dengan PRT dapat menyelesaikan tahap target training namun hanya satu MEP dengan temperamen moderate dan perilaku neutral yang berhasil mencapai tahap akhir PRT. Selain temperamen, tingkat keberhasilan PRT juga kemungkinan ditentukan oleh jumlah personil di fasilitas hewan, aktivitas MEP dan urutan hierarki MEP di dalam koloni., Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis, MEP) have many similarities with humans both anatomically and physiologically, and therefore serve as animal model for the development of therapies for various diseases. The care and use of MEP in biomedical research involves veterinary care programs to support efforts to ensure animal welfare. Medical procedures carried out to support animal health, such as auscultation, palpation, and injection, must be achieve while minimizing discomfort, fear and stress. Refinement efforts are needed to support animal welfare, one of which is by carrying out Positive Reinforcement Training (PRT). Behaviour observation was performed in old male MEPs housed in the colony enclosure, using focal animal sampling and temperament assessment to determine the temperament of each individual and their trainability, PRT was carried out an fourMEPs to shape behaviour that supports voluntary auscultasion without restraint. Temperament assessment results showed that there were four MEPs selected to be trained with PRT. They also showed the same focal sampling results, that is, have a neutral temperament. The study showed that all MEPs were able to complete the target training stage, but only one MEP with moderate temperament and neutral behaviour managed to reach the final stage of PRT. Other than temperament, the success rate of PRT is also probably determined by the number of personnel in the animal facility, MEP activity and the hierarchical order of MEPs within the colony.
Keyword: kesejahteraan hewan, macaca fascicularis, positive reinforcement training, refinement, macaca fascicularis, positive reinforcement training, refinement, Auskultasi, Auscultation, animal welfare

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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