Judul: Determinants of United States’ Tobacco Import from Indonesia
Abstrak: Amerika Serikat merupakan negara keempat dengan tingkat konsumsi tembakau tertinggi di dunia. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara eksportir yang mengalami penurunan ekspor tembakau ke Amerika Serikat dalam 15 tahun terakhir. Apabila penurunan permintaan terhadap tembakau Indonesia terus terjadi maka akan menyebabkan Indonesia kehilangan tujuan pasar ekspor utama. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis determinan volume impor tembakau Indonesia oleh Amerika Serikat dengan pendekatan Error Correction Model (ECM). Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data deret waktu tahunan selama 31 tahun terakhir dalam rentang 1989 hingga 2019. Komoditas yang digunakan adalah tembakau dengan kode HS 240120. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam jangka panjang, variabel yang berpengaruh secara signifikan adalah harga tembakau Indonesia, harga tembakau Brazil, PDB riil perkapita Amerika Serikat, konsumsi cerutu Amerika Serikat, dan kebijakan TCA. Sedangkan dalam jangka pendek, variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan adalah harga tembakau Indonesia dan harga tembakau Brazil. Diperlukan intervensi harga untuk mendorong ekspor tembakau Indonesia dalam bentuk olahan, sehingga nilai tambah tembakau tercipta di dalam negeri., The United States is the fourth country with the highest tobacco consumption rate in the world. Indonesia is one of the exporting countries that has experienced a decline in tobacco exports to the United States in the last 15 years. If the demand for Indonesian tobacco continues to decline, it will cause Indonesia to lose its main export market destination. This study aims to analyze the determinants of Indonesian tobacco import volume by the United States with the Error Correction Model (ECM) approach. This study employed annual time series data that spans a period of 31 years from 1989 to 2019. The commodity used is tobacco with the HS code 240120. The ECM analysis revealed that tobacco import volumes are significantly affected by Indonesia’s tobacco prices, Brazilian’s tobacco prices, United States real GDP per capita, cigars consumption, and TCA policies in the long run while only Indonesia’s tobacco prices and Brazilian’s tobacco prices affect the tobacco import volumes in the short run. Price intervention is needed to encourage the Indonesian tobacco exports in processed form, so that added value of tobacco is created domestically.
Keyword: ECM, import volume, Indonesia, tobacco

Judul: Competitiveness and Determinants of Indonesian  Coffee Export Volume in the United States Market
Abstrak: Kopi merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan ekspor dari subsektor perkebunan Indonesia. Indonesia harus memanfaatkan perdagangan pada komoditas kopi melihat fakta bahwa Indonesia merupakan pengekspor kopi terbesar keenam di dunia. Amerika Serikat merupakan negara pengimpor dan pengkonsumsi kopi terbesar di dunia. Pangsa pasar kopi Indonesia di pasar Amerika Serikat saat ini berfluktuasi, hal ini terjadi karena banyaknya pesaing dari negara lain. Tujuan dari penelitian, yaitu menganalisis daya saing ekspor kopi Indonesia di pasar Amerika Serikat dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi volume ekspor kopi Indonesia di pasar Amerika Serikat. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Competitiveness Index (ECI), dan Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama periode 2001-2021, kopi Indonesia sudah memiliki daya saing baik dari keunggulan komparatif maupun kompetitif di pasar Amerika Serikat. Kegiatan ekspor kopi Indonesia di pasar AS dipengaruhi oleh GDP riil per kapita AS, rasio harga kopi Brazil dan Indonesia, dan harga ekspor teh dunia., tion subsector. Indonesia must take advantage of trade in coffee commodities considering the fact that Indonesia is the sixth largest coffee exporter in the world. The United States is the largest coffee importing and consuming country in the world. The market share of Indonesian coffee in the United States market is currently fluctuating, this is due to the large number of competitors from other countries. The purpose of this research is to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian coffee exports in the United States market and to analyze the factors that affect the volume of Indonesian coffee exports in the United States market. The methods used in this study are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Competitiveness Index (ECI), and Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The results of the study show that during the period 2001-2021, Indonesian coffee already has a competitive advantage both in terms of comparative and competitive advantages in the United States market. Indonesian coffee export activities in the US market are influenced by US real GDP per capita, the ratio of Brazilian and Indonesian coffee prices, and world tea export prices.
Keyword: ECI, Competitors, Consumption, OLS, Ratio

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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