Judul: Technical Production Efficiency of Shallot Central Production in Java and Outside Java
Abstrak: The community's need for shallots according to the results of SUSENAS (2021) states that the participation rate for household consumption is 93.08 percent. The central government seeks to increase shallot production by extensification and intensification in all potential areas in Indonesia, especially areas outside Java. In addition, the government projects that Indonesia will have a surplus of shallots in 2024. The increase in shallot production is inseparable from the expansion of central production areas. The Java region has a land area of only 6% of Indonesia's territory and is larger outside Java but can contribute around 90% of national production. Seeing the conditions in Java, increased production can be directed towards expanding production areas outside Java by utilizing red onion production areas. Based on these problems, in an effort to increase shallot production it is necessary to analyze how potential shallot production areas are in Java and Outside Java, what factors affect the technical efficiency of shallots in Java and Outside Java. In general, this study aims to (1) identify the technical efficiency of shallot production in Java and Outside Java, (2) determine the factors that influence the technical efficiency of shallot production. In this study, there are two production functions that are used separately, namely for the production function of Java and Outside Java. The analytical method used is the Stochastic Frontier with the Cobb Douglas production function model which is carried out simultaneously with technical inefficiency factors using Stata 15 software. The data used is the 2014 Horticultural Crop Household Survey data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). Based on the results of the analysis it is known that the production function in Java shows all variables, namely, Harvested Area, Labor, Seeds, Fertilizers, Pesticide, Season¸ dummy and Land Type dummy significantly affect shallot production. While the production function outside Java, the only variables that are efficient are harvested area, labor, seeds, and fertilizers which have a significant effect on shallot production. Furthermore, the average value of technical efficiency outside Java is higher than in Java. Meanwhile, the factors that significantly increase the technical efficiency of shallot farming in Java are the role of farmer groups and the factors that influence outside Java, namely KUD participation in cooperatives.
Keyword: bawang merah, efisiensi teknis, stochastic frontier analysis

Judul: Analysis of environmental efficiency for sustainable shallots farming in Nganjuk District-East Java province with Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) method
Abstrak: Tuntutan praktek pertanian berkelanjutan semakin dibutuhkan, terutama terkait dengan kontinuitas produk pertanian untuk memenuhi kebutuhan saat ini dan masa mendatang. Bawang merah merupakan salah satu produk pertanian yang memiliki peran di dalam praktek pertanian berkelanjutan ini. Produksi bawang merah tidak terlepas dari faktor-faktor produksi yang mempengaruhinya. Salah satu faktor produksi tersebut adalah pupuk Nitrogen. Penggunaan pupuk Nitrogen sangat baik untuk merangsang pertumbuhan vegetatif dan meningkatkan hasil buah, namun penggunaan pupuk Nitrogen yang berlebihan dapat memberikan dampak negatif salah satunya adalah pencemaran lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor produksi apa saja yang mempengaruhi tingkat produksi bawang merah dan analisis efisiensi lingkungan terhadap penggunaan pupuk Nitrogen. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis stokastik frontier (Stochastic Frontier Analysis/SFA) dengan fungsi produksi translog. Hasil analisis menunjukkan interaksi antara bibit dan pestisida, interaksi antara pemberian pupuk P dengan surplus Nitrogen, dan interaksi antara pemberian pupuk K dengan surplus Nitrogen adalah faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi bawang merah di Nganjuk, Jawa Timur. Rata-rata nilai efisiensi lingkungan petani yang diperoleh sangat kecil yaitu sebesar 0.2765. Nilai ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan pupuk Nitrogen oleh petani tidak sesuai dosis yang dianjurkan sehingga menghasilkan surplus Nitrogen yang diduga dapat mencemari lingkungan., Demands for sustainable agriculture are needed, especially related to the continuity of agricultural products to fulfill needs of current and future days. Shallots is one of the agricultural products that has a role in this sustainable farming practices. Shallots production is cannot be separated from the production of factors which influence it. One of the factors is production of Nitrogen fertilizers. Utilization of Nitrogen fertilizer is very good to stimulate vegetative growth and to increase the yield of fruit, however excessive use of Nitrogen fertilizers can give bad impacts, one of them is environmental pollution. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the production of shallots production levels and environmental efficiency of the use of Nitrogen fertilizers. The method used is Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) with translog production function. Results of the analysis shows that interaction between seeds and pesticides, the interaction between P fertilizer with Nitrogen surplus, and the interaction between K fertilizer with Nitrogen surpluses are factors that influence shallots production in Nganjuk, East Java. The average value of environmental efficiency obtained is very small that is equal to 0.2765. This value indicates that the Nitrogen fertilizer used by the farmers is not the recommended dosage so it results surplus of Nitrogen that can pollute the environment. Keywords: environmental efficiency, translog production function, Nitrogen fertilizer, Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA)
Keyword: efisiensi lingkungan, fungsi produksi translog, pupuk Nitrogen, Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA)

Judul: Pengaruh Infeksi Haemoproteus columbae (Kruse, 1890) Pada Burung Merpati Dan Cara Penanggulangannya
Abstrak: Haemoproteus columbae merupakan paras it yang menyerang sel-sel darah merah burung rnerpati. Siklus hidupnya kompleks dan dapat dibagi menjadi dua yaitu siklus hidup asexual terjadi delam tubuh burung merpati dan siklus hidup sexual terjadi dalam tubuh lalat dari famili Hippoboscidae sebagai vektor. Stadium yang nampak dalam peredaran darah perifer hanyalah garoetosit yang dapat dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu gametosit jantan (mikrogametosit) dan gametosit betina (makrogametosit).
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