Judul: Detection of Beta-Lactam Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli from Shredded Chicken Meat of Chicken Porridge
Abstrak: Escherichia coli (E. coli) penghasil extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) telah banyak dilaporkan oleh berbagai studi sehingga ditemukannya E. coli yang resistan terhadap antibiotik beta-laktam pada daging ayam suwir bubur ayam menjadi ancaman serius bagi kesehatan masyarakat. E. coli yang resistan memiliki gen yang dapat memindahkan sifat resistannya ke lingkungan dan organisme lain sehingga resistansi antibiotik dapat menyebar secara cepat dan luas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta-laktam pada E. coli yang diisolasi dari daging ayam suwir bubur ayam yang dijual di lingkar Kampus IPB Dramaga, Bogor. Sebanyak 7 isolat dari 45 sampel yang telah diuji terhadap keberadaan E. coli dan resistansi antibiotik dimurnikan kembali di Laboratorium Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner, Sekolah Kedokteran Hewan dan Biomedis, IPB dan dilanjutkan dengan deteksi gen menggunakan qPCR di Balai Pengujian Mutu dan Sertifikasi Produk Hewan (BPMSPH), Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 86% (6/7) isolat E. coli dari daging ayam suwir bubur ayam memiliki setidaknya satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta-laktam dengan persentase masing-masing gen adalah 57% blaCTX-M, 57% blaTEM, dan 0% blaOXA. Studi ini juga menunjukkan sampel daging ayam suwir yang mengandung E. coli dengan gen resistan beta-laktam terdeteksi pada 4 dari 15 (27%) pedagang bubur ayam., Various studies have extensively reported the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing (ESBL) Escherichia coli. Therefore, the identification of E. coli resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics in shredded chicken meat of chicken porridge poses a serious threat to public health. Resistant E. coli have antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that can transfer their resistance to the environment and other microorganisms, thus leading to rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This research conducted to detect the presence of beta-lactam ARGs in E. coli isolated from shredded chicken meat of chicken porridge sold around IPB University, Dramaga, Bogor. A total of 7 isolates out of 45 samples that had been tested for the presence of E. coli and antibiotic resistance were purified at the Veterinary Public Health Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, IPB University, and continued with gene detection using qPCR at the Animal Product Quality Testing and Certification Center (BPMSPH), Bogor. The results showed that at least one beta-lactam ARG was detected in 86% (6/7) of E. coli isolates from shredded chicken meat with the percentage of each gene was 57% blaCTX-M, 57% blaTEM, and 0% blaOXA. This study also showed that shredded chicken meat samples containing E. coli with beta-lactam ARG were detected in 4 out of 15 (27%) chicken porridge merchants.
Keyword: Beta-lactam, chicken meat, Escherichia coli, resistance gene

Judul: Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolates in Chicken Soto Meat Sold Around Dramaga Campus of IPB University
Abstrak: Makanan khususnya yang dijual di pinggir jalan rentan terkontaminasi oleh Escherichia coli (E. coli) salah satunya adalah soto ayam. Escherichia coli patogen sering kali bersifat resistan terhadap antibiotik yang mengakibatkan bahaya bagi manusia karena infeksi yang semula mudah diobati dengan antibiotik kini menjadi kurang efektif. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengidentifikasi resistansi antibiotik dari bakteri E. coli yang diisolasi dari daging ayam suwir soto ayam yang dijual di lingkar Kampus IPB, Dramaga, Bogor. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 21 isolat yang telah diuji positif terhadap keberadaan E. coli. Pengujian resistansi antibiotik menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion dan mengacu pada Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute 2023. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 11 isolat E. coli mengalami resistansi terhadap ampisilin (33,33%), tetrasiklin (23,81%), sulfametoksazol-trimethoprim (14,29%), sefotaksim (19,05%), streptomisin (4,76%), dan terendah adalah antibiotik kloramfenikol (9,52%). Empat isolat E. coli bersifat multi-drug resistance dengan sebagian besar pola ampisilin-tetrasiklin- sulfametoksazol trimetoprim-sefotaksim. Keberadaan E. coli yang resistan antibiotik dapat menimbulkan ancaman kesehatan masyarakat., Food especially those sold on the roadside, is susceptible to contamination by Escherichia coli (E. coli) one of them is chicken soto. Pathogenic Escherichia coli is often resistant to antibiotics which can cause danger to humans because infections that were previously easily treated with antibiotics are now less effective. The purpose of this study was to identify antibiotic resistance from E. coli isolated from shredded chicken in chicken soto sold around IPB University, Dramaga, Bogor. The samples used were 21 isolates that had been tested positive for the presence of E. coli. The antibiotic resistance was examined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and referred to the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute 2023. The results indicated that 11 E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin (33.33%), tetracycline (23.81%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (14.29%), cefotaxime (19.05%), streptomycin (4.76%), and the lowest was the antibiotic chloramphenicol (9.52%). Four E. coli isolates were multi-drug resistant, predominantly showing the pattern of ampicillin-tetracycline-sulfamethoxazole trimethoprim-cefotaxime. The ocurance of antibiotic resistance E. coli can pose a public health threat.
Keyword: antibiotik, daging ayam, Escherichia coli, resistansi

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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