Judul: Evaluation of Pine Pollen Extract Dietary Supplementation on Masculinization and Reproduction Performance of Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Abstrak: Freshwater ornamental fish potential in Indonesia continues to increase, mainly male guppy (Poecilia reticulata) due to more beautiful color than female fish and more expensive price, which needs an effort to increase male percentage. Masculinization using androgenic synthetic hormone such as 17α-methyltestosterone is the most common way to increase total male fish produced. However, this hormone has several problems, namely high-cost import material and is thought to have a negative impact for the environment. Pine pollen (PP) is a highly potential material for organic androgenic source containing phytohormone or phytoandrogenic hormone. The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary supplementation of pine pollen extract fed during pregnant broodstock, larvae, and broodstock candidate phase on masculinization and reproduction performance of guppy fish. This study contained three steps, namely SSP extract dietary supplementation during pregnant broodtsock, larvae, and broodstock candidate phases. First step study was performed by evaluating the PP extract dietary supplementation in pregnant broodstock on the breed male sex ratio produced. This study used 5 treatments and 3 replications as each treatment unit was filled with 1 pregnant broodstock at 0.8-1 g broodstock-1 weight and 3.5-4.5 cm length. Treatments used were control (K), 1 mg kg-1 feed 17α-methyltestosterone (MT), 10 mg kg-1 feed SSP extract (SSP10), 50 mg kg-1 feed PP extract (SSP50), and 250 mg kg-1 feed SSP extract (SSP250). The feed available for pregnant broodstock was fed 3 times a day for 15 days at satiation. Parameters identified in this study were first- (B1) and second-born (B2) male sex ratios, B1 and B2 survival rates, broodstock testosterone hormone concentration on B1, broodstock estradiol level on B1, gonadosomatic index (GSI) on B1, hepatosomatic index (HSI) on B1, B1 and B2 birth difference, number of larvae produced by each broodstock, and testis and ovarium histology on B1 and B2. In the B1, the study results showed that the SSP250 treatment produced the highest male sex ratio at 66.40%, and had insignificant difference on survival rate (P>0.05). In the B2, the male sex ratio in control and PP treatments was insignificantly different. In the B1 and B2, the MT treatment obtained the highest male sex ratio compared to other treatments (P<0.05). The 17α-methyltestosterone residue still likely remained on 1-month after treatments were terminated. This condition induced the ongoing masculinization in the B2. The supplementation of SSP extract and MT certainly improve the plasma testosterone content either in broodstock or larvae. The first study step concludes that the dietary supplementation of SSP extract can increase the male sex ratio of guppy fish at 32.6% with 50 mg kg-1 feed as the optimal dose. The second study step was performed to evaluate the dietary supplementation of SSP extract in larvae on male sex ratio. This study contained 5 treatments and 3 replications filled with 20 0-3 days after birth larvae. Treatments applied were similar to the first study step. Feeding was performed at satiation 3 times a day for 15 days. Parameters identified were male sex ratio, survival rate, GSI, HSI, and testis and ovarium histology. The study results showed that SSP extract supplementation
Keyword: masculinization, pine pollen, Poecilia reticulata, reproduction performance, 17α-methyltestosterone

Judul: Effectiveness of Pine Pollen Extract as a Phytohormone for Masculinization of Sword Platy Fish (Xiphophorus helleri)
Abstrak: Ikan platy pedang jantan memiliki ukuran lebih kecil dan lebih ramping dari betina, dengan gonopodium dan proyeksi berbentuk pedang pada sirip ekor. Hal ini menjadikan ikan platy pedang jantan memiliki nilai jual yang lebih tinggi dan lebih disukai oleh pehobi, sehingga dilakukan upaya untuk menghasilkan ikan platy pedang monoseks jantan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas ekstrak serbuk sari pinus (ESP) dosis yang berbeda melalui pakan pada induk bunting terhadap rasio kelamin anak jantan ikan platy pedang. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri atas 4 perlakuan dengan 3 kali ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikan meliputi suplementasi ESP 10 mg.kg-1 pakan (ESP10), 50 mg.kg-1 pakan (ESP50), 250 mg.kg-1 pakan (ESP250), dan perlakuan tanpa suplementasi ESP atau kontrol. Nisbah kelamin jantan pada perlakuan ESP10, ESP50, dab ESP250 berturut-turut yaitu 33,33%; 46,29%; 58,49%; dan 48,57%. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa persentase nisbah kelamin jantan ikan platy pedang tertinggi diperoleh pada perlakuan ESP50, dengan peningkatan 25% lebih tinggi dibandingkan perlakuan kontrol. Hasil perlakuan ESP50 menghasilkan nisbah kelamin jantan 58,49%. Hasil tersebut lebih tinggi dibandingkan kontrol yang hanya menghasilkan nisbah kelamin jantan 33,33%. Kelangsungan hidup benih relatif sama pada semua perlakuan. Dengan demikian, ekstrak sari pinus dosis 50 mg.kg-1 pakan efektif digunakan untuk meningkatkan nisbah anak jantan ikan platy pedang., The male sword platy is smaller and more slender than the female, with a gonopodium and sword-shaped projections on the caudal fin. This makes the male sword platy fish have a higher selling value and are preferred by hobbyists, so efforts are made to produce male monosex sword platy fish. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of different doses of pine pollen extract (ESP) through feed in pregnant mothers on the sex ratio of male platy swordfish. This study used a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments with 3 replications. The treatments included ESP supplementation of 10 mg.kg-1 feed (ESP10), 50 mg.kg- 1 feed (ESP50), 250 mg.kg-1 feed (ESP250), and treatment without ESP supplementation or control. The male sex ratios in the ESP10, ESP50, and ESP250 treatments were 33.33%, respectively; 46.29%; 58.49%; and 48.57%. These results indicate that the highest percentage of male platy swordfish male sex ratio was obtained in the ESP50 treatment, with an increase of 25% higher than the control treatment. The results of the ESP50 treatment resulted in a male sex ratio of 58.49%. This result is higher than the control which only produces a male sex ratio of 33.33%. Seed survival was relatively the same in all treatments. Thus, pine extract at a dose of 50 mg.kg-1 of feed was effectively used to increase the male platy swordfish male ratio.
Keyword: masculinization, pine pollen, sword platy fish

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh.
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. ,,,
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular.