Judul: Konstruksi Vektor Biner dan Transformasi Gen Lisozim pada Rumput Laut Kappaphycus alvarezii Menggunakan Perantara Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Abstrak: Ice-ice disease is the biggest problem in the cultivation of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii. The disease is caused by bacterial infection and induced by drastic changes of water quality. Lysozyme has the ability to break down bacterial cell wall. Lysozymes are well-characterized hydrolases, which cleave beta-1,4 linkages of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) homopolymers and beta-1,4 linkages of the bacterial cell wall component GlcNAc-N-acetylmuramic acid peptidoglycan. Chicken lysozyme had lytic activities against Micrococcus lysodeikticus, Flavobacterium columnare, Aeromonas hydrophilla and Vibrio anguillarum. The purpose of this research was to construct of a binary vector pMSH1-Lis carrying chicken lysozyme (Lis) gene and introduce pMSH1-Lis on K. alvarezii. Lysozyme gene was amplified from pJfKer-Lis using PCR with specific primers for chicken lysozyme gene. Plasmid pMSH-1 and PCR product of lysozyme gene was cut with enzymes NotI and SpeI. Lysozyme gene was ligated into the expression vector pMSH1 to design a binary expression vector of pMSH1-Lis. The pMSH1-Lis was transformed to Escherichia coli DH5α by heat shock, cultured and then the plasmid was isolated. The binary vector expression was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 by tri-parental mating. Thallus was inoculated with A. tumefaciens carrying pMSH1-Lis and then the transformed thallus was selected by adding 20 mg/L hygromycin to the culture medium.PCR analysis showed that the construction of the binary plasmid pMSH1- Lis was established. Percentage of transformation of pMSH1-Lis on K. alvarezii was 23.56%, while the efficiency of putative bud was 11.32%. PCR analysis showed that three of the regenerated thallus contained lysozyme gene. Thus, transgenic K. alvarezii was produced successfully and this can be useful for studying the mechanisms of seaweed defense against bacterial infection. Based on the percentage of the transformation, the transformation protocols need to be established for increasing transformants and regenaration thallus. Test bacterial resistance and environmental stress is necessary to examine the transformants tolerance.
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Judul: Transformasi Gen Kappa (K)-Carrageenase pada Rumput Laut Kappaphycus alvarezii
Abstrak: Foreign gene transformation technique have been applied to improve the valuable traits of farmed organism. Carrageenan content determines quality of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii. As the first step towards increasing of kappa(κ)-carrageenan content in K. alvarezii, in this study kappa(κ)-Carrageenase gene (κ-Car) from Pseudoalteromonas was transformed into K. alvarezii mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens method. The κ-Car gene involves in κ-carrageenan biosynthesis. This research consisted of three steps. The first steps of research purpose was to produce a cloning vector and an expression vector for transformation process. The κ-Car gene sequence was artificially synthesized, an then inserted in pMSH plasmid to generate a binary pMSH/κ-Car plasmid. The pMSH/κ-Car was controlled by 35S CaMV promoter (35S) and Nos terminator (tNos). Transformation of pMSH/κ-Car to Escherichia coli as cloning vector was performed using a heat-shock method, while into Agrobacterium tumefaciens was using triparental mating method. The result showed that the transformed E. coli and A. tumefaciens colonies could grow on the selective media. PCR analysis with DNA template from bacterial colonies using 35S-Forward primer (35S-F) and tNos-Reverse (tNos-R) produced DNA fragment with size of 2,000 bp, the same size with the total length of 35S promoter, κ-Car gene, and tNos sequences. Thus pMSH/κ-Car construct and A. tumefaciens transformant carrying pMSH/κ-Car were successed to be produced. The second steps of research purpose was to produce a transgenic K. alvarezii carrying κ-Car gene. Transfomation of κ-Car gene to K. alvarezii was conducted using A. tumefaciens mediation method. Analysis of K. alvarezii transgenic carrying κ-Car was performed by PCR method with two set primers. The result showed that survival percentage posttransformation of K. alvarezii explants was 36% and sprout was 88.9% while the percentage of transgenic was 100% out of the sprout explants samples. The size of DNA band of PCR product from K. alvarezii transformants using 35S-F and tNos-R set primers was 2,000 bp, the same size as PCR product of the positive control of pMSH/κ-Car plasmid as template, while no amplification product in non-transformated as negative control was found. Furthermore, PCR analysis using 35S-F and 35S-R set primers showed amplification product of 300 bp, the same size as the length of 35S promoter sequence. Thus, K. alvarezii transgenic carrying κ-Car gene had been generated..dst
Keyword: Kappaphycus alvarezii, Kappa(κ)-Carrageenase gene, transgenesis

Judul: Analisa deret waktu curah hujan di Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui model deret Fourier yang dominan pada harmonik tertentu, guna menjelas- kan gambaran tentang musim untuk keperiodikan curah hujan bulanan setiap tahun, disamping itu ingin diketahui juga pengaruh korelasi diri dari setiap curah hujan bulanan dan rata-rata bergeraknya sebagai usaha untuk mengetahui ke- teraturan periodik atau menghilangkan keadaan yang eratik dari curah hujan bulanan. Bahan penelitian berupa data curah hujan bulanan yang dihimpun menjadi curah hujan tahunan, dari tahun 1953 sampai tahun 1977 atau selama 25 tahun. Dalam penelitian ini diambil data dari lima stasiun penakar hujan yang data- nya paling lengkap, masing-masing stasiun Jakarta Pusat, Kemayoran, Manggarai, Ragunan dan Jatipadang. Data diperoleh dari Badan Meteorologi dan Geofisika Jakarta. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model yang dominan sebagai gambaran musim untuk keperiodikan curah hujan bulan- an setiap tahun adalah model deret Fourier untuk harmonik pertama, dari model diperoleh sari antaranya, diperkirakan bulan Februari akan terjadi curah hujan tertinggi dan bulan Agustus sebagai bulan dimana curah hujan terendah setiap tahun. Di stasiun penakar Jakarta Pusat, Kemayoran dan Manggarai terjadi tiga bulan kering secara berturut-turut pada bulan Juli, Agustus dan September. Sedangkan bulan basah mulai bulan Januari sampai Mei dan bulan Oktober sampai bulan Desember, kecuali di stasiun penakar Kemayoran pada bulan November dan Desember. Di stasiun Ragunan dan Jatipadang diharapkan tidak akan terjadi bulan kering, sedangkan bulan basah terjadi mulai bulan Januari sampai Juni dan bulan Oktober sampai Desember. Perbedaan antara musim hujan dan kemarau lebih jelas nampak untuk daerah-daerah bagian selatan kota atau di- Ragunan dan Jatipadang, kemudian semakin berkurang untuk daerah-daerah Manggarai dan Jakarta Pusat, sedangkan di- Kemayoran perbedaan antara kedua musim paling kecil. Curah hujan pada suatu bulan tertentu ada hubungannya dengan curah hujan pada bulan berikutnya, hubungan ini semakin berkurang dengan curah hujan pada bulan berikutnya lagi, kemudian dengan curah hujan pada bulan ketiga hubungannya sudah tidak ada. Gambaran fluktuasi curah hujan bulanan memperlihatkan pola yang teratur setelah dilakukan perataan (pemulusan) terhadap rata-rata bergerak curah hujan bulanan pada periode tiga bulan.
Keyword: Rainfall, model deret Fourier, Meteorologi, Geofisika