Judul: Characteristics of Rumen Fermentation In Vitro with Supplementation of Cellulolytic Probiotic: Quantitative Literature Review
Abstrak: Probiotik selulolitik merupakan feed additive yang mengandung bakteri selulolitik sebagai penghasil enzim selulase yang digunakan untuk menghidrolisis selulosa kompleks dari pakan hijauan menjadi glukosa, yang selanjutnya diubah menjadi Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji penggunaan probiotik selulolitik secara in vitro terhadap karakteristik fermentasi di rumen dengan menganalisis data dari berbagai studi terkait menggunakan model matematis analisis regresi linear dan kuadratik. Sebanyak 19 studi diperoleh 119 data digunakan dengan variabel yang meliputi nilai pH, produksi gas total, produksi gas metana, konsentrasi amonia, konsentrasi total VFA, proporsi asetat, propionat, dan butirat, rasio asetat:propionat, kecernaan bahan kering dan organik, kecernaan Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), populasi bakteri, serta populasi protozoa. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa pemberian probiotik selulolitik sangat nyata meningkatkan (P≤0,01) produksi gas total, konsentrasi amonia, konsentrasi total VFA, proporsi asetat, serta kecernaan bahan kering dan organik. Pemberian probiotik selulolitik juga nyata meningkatkan (P≤0,05) proporsi asam butirat, rasio asetat:propionat, kecernaan NDF, dan populasi bakteri, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai pH dan populasi protozoa. Selain itu, pemberian probiotik selulolitik sangat nyata menurunkan (P≤0,01) proporsi propionat. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian probiotik selulolitik secara in vitro dengan taraf penggunaan mulai dari 106 -1012 cfu ml-1 cairan rumen dapat memodifikasi fermentasi di rumen.
Keyword: cellulolytic probiotic, cellulose, rumen

Judul: Kecernaan dan Fermentabilitas Rumen secara In Vitro dengan Penambahan Konsorsium Bakteri Selulolitik
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh pemberian konsorsium bakteri selulolitik yang berasal dari feses hewan herbivora endemik Indonesia terhadap karakteristik fermentatif dan kecernaannya dalam rumen secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri atas P0 (40% pakan konsentrat komersial, 30% rumput gajah, dan 30% daun sawit) sebagai kontrol, P1 (P0 + 105 cfu konsorsium bakteri selulolitik per gram sampel), P2 (P0 + 106 cfu konsorsium bakteri selulolitik per gram sampel), dan P3 (P0 + 107 cfu konsorsium bakteri selulolitik per gram sampel). Peubah yang diukur meliputi nilai pH, NH3, VFA total, koefisien cerna bahan kering (KcBK), koefisien cerna bahan organik (KcBO), dan koefisien cerna serat kasar (KcSK). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian konsorsium bakteri selulolitik memberi efek yang signifikan pada perlakuan P3 terhadap peningkatan nilai VFA total, KcBK, dan KcSK, namun tidak signifikan terhadap nilai pH, NH3, dan KcBO. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian konsorsium bakteri selulolitik dalam ransum dapat bekerja secara optimal terhadap fermentabilitas dan kecernaan rumen.
Keyword: cellulolytic bacteria, digestibility, in vitro, rumen fermentability

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite