Judul: Dampak Ekonomi dan Strategi Pengelolaan Kebun Raya Bogor Sesuai Daya Dukung Kawasan Wisata
Abstrak: Bogor Botanical Garden is an ex-situ conservation which provides variety of flora that developed for recreation and natural observation tourism. The increasing of visitors every year directly and indirectly produce income generating for the local community. Besides, it also can decrease the ecological functions. Therefore, based on the potensial positive and negative impact of the tourism activity, it is necessary to recognize the carrying capacity, economic impact, and management strategy of Bogor Botanical Garden. The result shows that the estimation of area carrying capacity is 29 655 people/day. The highest carrying capacity ratio is the observations of flora that is 41.67%. This ratio indicated that existing condition of Bogor Botanical Garden is still lower than the area carrying capacity should be. The economic impact generated from tourism activities was measured by the value of the multiplier effect. The values of keynesian income multiplier was 1.00, ratio income multiplier type 1 was 1.4, and ratio income multiplier type 2 was 1.6. These results indicate that Bogor Botanical Garden has considerable economic impact and affected the economy of local communities. Based on SWOT analysis, some alternative management strategies are: (1) maintain the tourism management system including affordable entrance fee of Bogor Botanical Garden travel, (2) the management and tourist should work together to preserve natural resources and environment, (3) increase tourism promotion primarily for research activities, (4) tourism segmentation in order to avoid over-carrying capacity in the points of specific areas, (5) improvement of flora education which is offered by the human resources in tourism, (6) improve and manage the business units which considering of sustainability as ex-situ conservation, and (7) improve and explain about the information of availability of facilities and biodiversities.
Keyword: SWOT, Multiplier Effect, Economic Impact, Carrying Capacity, Bogor Botanical Garden

Judul: Economic Benefits and Adaptive Strategies  for Management of Bogor Botanical Gardens During the Covid-19 Pandemic.
Abstrak: Kebun Raya Bogor (KRB) merupakan Ruang Terbuka Hijau yang juga dijadikan sebagai kawasan wisata perkotaan. Wisata KRB tidak hanya memberikan manfaat ekonomi bagi masyarakat, tetapi juga dapat menjaga kelestarian fungsi utama KRB sebagai kawasan konservasi ex-situ tumbuhan. Adanya pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan wisata KRB diharuskan tutup selama bulan Maret-Juli 2020. Kemudian, dengan adanya Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Nomor HK.01.07/MENKES/382/2020 tentang Protokol Kesehatan bagi Masyarakat di Tempat dan Fasilitas Umum, wisata KRB kembali dibuka sejak bulan Juli namun dengan adanya pembatasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menganalisis sistem pengelolaan wisata Kebun Raya Bogor di masa pandemi, (2) mengestimasi manfaat ekonomi dari dari keberadaan wisata Kebun Raya Bogor di masa pandemi, (3) menganalisis strategi adaptif pengelolaan wisata Kebun Raya Bogor di masa pandemi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa wisata KRB dikelola oleh LIPI bermitra dengan pihak swasta yakni PT Mitra Natura Raya (MNR) dengan sistem self financing. KRB yang memiliki manajemen pengelolaan baru yakni dikelola oleh PT. MNR yang mempunyai tujuan untuk menjadikan KRB sebagai taman konservasi dan rekreasi yang terintegrasi berkelas dunia. Terdapat bagian dari pendapatan yang juga disetorkan dalam bentuk Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak (PNBP). Secara umum, manfaat ekonomi wisata KRB mengalami penurunan sebesar 3,48 %. Khusus unit usaha, terjadi penurunan pendapatan sebesar 54,42%. Namun, untuk tenaga kerja justru mengalami peningkatan pendapatan 11,36%. Di masa pandemi, share pendapatan meningkat dan covering pengeluaran menurun yang artinya tingkat pemenuhan terhadap kebutuhan rumah tangga mengalami penurunan. Pengelola wisata KRB sudah melakukan strategi adaptif untuk membuat pengunjung wisatawan KRB merasa nyaman dan aman untuk berwisata kembali ke KRB diantaranya pembuatan member card, penyewaan fasilitas kendaraan, dan revitalisasi area KRB., Bogor Botanical Gardens (KRB) is a green open space which is also used as an urban tourism area. KRB tourism not only provides economic benefits for the community, but can also preserve the main function of KRB as an ex-situ plant conservation area. The existence of the Covid-19 pandemic caused KRB tourism to be required to close during March-July 2020. Then, with the Decree of the Minister of Health Number HK.01.07/MENKES/382/2020 concerning Health Protocols for Communities in Public Places and Facilities, KRB tourism was re-opened since July but with restrictions. This study aims to (1) analyze the Bogor Botanical Gardens tourism management system during the pandemic, (2) estimate the economic benefits of the existence of Bogor Botanical Gardens tourism during the pandemic, (3) analyze the adaptive strategies of Bogor Botanical Gardens tourism management during the pandemic. The results showed that KRB tourism was managed by LIPI in partnership with the private sector, namely PT Mitra Natura Raya (MNR) with a self-financing system. KRB which has a new management that is managed by PT. MNR which aims to make KRB a world-class integrated conservation and recreation park. There is a part of the income which is also deposited in the form of Non-Tax State Revenue (PNBP). In general, the economic benefits of KRB tourism decreased by 3.48%. Specifically for business units, there was a decrease in revenue of 54.42%. However, the workforce actually experienced an increase in income of 11.36%. During the pandemic, the share of income increases and the covering
Keyword: income analysis, covering expenses, economic benefits, new normal, share income

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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