Judul: Premium Determination on Bonus Malus System Using Mixed Poisson Distribution.
Abstrak: Bonus malus system is an insurance system that conciders classes of premium division. Its premium depends on the number of claims that are proposed by policyholder each year. Therefore, the rate of premium on current year is determined by the number of claims which were made on previous year. This paper studies determination methods of insurance premium with bonus malus system using mixed Poisson distribution. Further, it also studies construction of a bonus malus table using the net premium principle (principle of zero utility) on mixed Poisson distribution. There are two cases in determining the premium estimates using mixed Poisson distribution, i.e. the parametric and non-parametric estimation. Determination of the best premium on parametric estimation can be made using Hofmann distribution. Determining the best premium with nonparametric estimation can be made using different parameters on the three groups of risk. The nonparametric case is better than the parametric case in context of goodness of fit test. The best distribution of both estimation cases are then used to construct the best optimal bonus malus table and a bonus malus table for weighted premium. In this case, the parametric estimation fits better than the nonparametric estimation.
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Judul: Penentuan Premi Sistem Bonus Malus dengan Menggunakan Fungsi Utilitas Eksponensial
Abstrak: A Bonus Malus system is one of systems used in the automobile insurance. This system introduces the clasification of premium level, which is influenced by the number of claims from the policyholder every year. This paper discusses premium calculation on Bonus Malus system for automobile third party liability insurance with two different methods, which both are based on exponential utility functions. The first method is carried out by applying the principle of zero utility using the exponential utlilty function. The second method is formulated by breaking the symmetry between overcharges and undercharges by weighting them differently in the utility function in order to penalize the overcharges. In order to compare the calculation methods of both approaches, the expected value principle should be given in advance. Number of claims from each policyholder is assumed to follow Poisson distribution, while the parameters follow the gamma distribution. This leads to an unconditional negative binomial distribution. The posterior distribution of frequency claim parameter is to be determined in order to estimate the parameters using Bayes estimation technique. The premium calculation on Bonus Malus system using expected value and zero utility principle implies very high cost for high risk. In the Bonus Malus premium using the penalization of overcharges approach, the ratio between extreme premiums is reduced to produce a smaller Malus. Therefore, the most appropriate premium for policyholder in every class is the premium which applies penalization of overcharges
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Judul: Karakterisasi Enzim Karagenase dari Isolat Mikroba Laut untuk Hidrolisis Eucheuma cottonii
Abstrak: Enzim yang memiliki aktivitas karagenase belum banyak ditemukan untuk saat ini. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan isolasi bakteri dari lingkungan hidup Eucheuma cottonii segar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik enzim karagenase sebelum dan setelah pemurnian dengan pengendapan aseton dan melakukan identifikasi spesies bakteri secara molekuler 168 TDNA. Tahapan penelitian dimulai dari peremajaan isolat (IH21 dan IH22), penentuan kurva pertumbuhan isolat, produksi enzim karagenase, karakterisasi enzim ekstrak kasar, pemurnian enzim dengan pengendapan aseton pada berbagai konsentrasi (50%, 60%, 70% dan 80%), karakterisasi enzim hasil pengendapan asefon, penentuan bobot molekul, identifikasi isolat dan fermentasi. Karakteristik enzim karagenase ekstrak kasar yaitu pH 5 dan suhu 30°C untuk IH21 dan 50°C untuk IH22. Karakteristik yang dihasilkan dari enzim hasil pengendapan aseton memiliki aktivitas tertinggi pada konsentrasi 60% aseton untuk IH21 sebesar 0.069 IU/mL dan 80% aseton untuk IH22 sebesar 0.06 IU/mL. Tingkat pH dan suhu untuk IH21 (60%) adalah 6 dan 30°C, sedangkan IH22 adalah 6 dan 40°C. Stabilitas aktivitas enzim karagenase untuk isolat IH21 adalah 3 jam pada suhu 306 dan isolat IH22 selama 2 jam pada suhu 40°C. Hasil SDS page menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 4 band protein dalam sampel dengan bobot molekul sebesar 13.58 kDa, 25.87 kDa, 41.44 kDa dan 49.29 kDa. Isolat IH21 yang teridentifikasi 16S rDNA adalah Vibrio parahaemolyticus dan Isolat IH22 adalah Vibio alginolyticus. Kadar etanol yang dihasilkan dari proses hidrolisis karagenan oleh enzim karagenase sebesar 0.89 (%v/v)….
Keyword: Bacteria, Eucheuma cottonii, K-carrageenase, Purification, Vibrio sp, Enzymes production, Vibrio alginolyticus, Saccharomyces ceroviseae