Judul: Analisis Kegagalan Pipa Primary Separator
Abstrak: Hening Pram Pradityo.2012.Failure Analysis on Primary Separator Pipeline. Skripsi. Physics Departmen. MIPA Faculty. Bogor Agricurtular University. Failure Analysis used in order to study what type of corrosion that attack pipeline and causes of corrosion to be occurred. Visual examination done by eyes and digital camera, macroscopic examination by stereo microscope, and microscopic examination by optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Elements analysis on pipeline by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Compound analysis done by XRD. Visual examination result that decimation is occured in pipeline. This decimation is because of corrosion. Macroscopic and micorscopic examination result that type of occured corrosion is general corrosion, pitting corrosion and erosion corrosion. Based on result of elements analysis, elements that form pipeline is not appropriate to American Petroleum Institute (API) standard. Compound analysis show that causes of occurred corrosion are included CO2 and H2S in sour crude oil.
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Judul: Aplikasi instrumen Multibeam sonar dalam kegiatan peletakan pipa bawah laut (contoh studi perairan balongan)
Abstrak: In this time government tries to solve the problems of oil and gas transportation from drilling area to processing area. This problems related with time and money. For that reason, the solution of this problems have to found immediately. The purpose of this research is to get under water topography information, sediment classification and also to make under water pipeline route. Survey held in Balongan, Indramayu, West Java. Data acquisition done by using hydrostar software. Bathymetry data was processed with Caris HIPS&SIPS. Amplitude data was processed with MB-Systems this data was used to make underwater sediment classification. Depth in study area arrange from 11.5 m – 22.5 m. According to the rules of DNV-OS-F101 Submarine Pipelines Systems 2007 under water pipeline route is the right side from sounding route in 108.39 E, 6.36 S, until 108.62 E, 6.36 S, with bathymetry slope 1.5 m between area 2 and 3 also 1 m in area 3. The center region from sounding route has plain bathymetry slope but pipeline construction can not be placed because another pipeline has placed there. The type of underwater sediment gotten by processing amplitude data and core sample sediment. Then the amplitude data interpolated with Gaussian method to get underwater sediment classification. Sediment in the pipeline route dominated with clayey silt type,then silty clay type, and the last is silt type.
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Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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