Judul: Pengaruh Hukum Adat dan Program Keluarga Berencana terhadap Nilai Anak Laki - Laki dan Perempuan pada Masyarakat Bali yang sedang Berubah
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari jawaban terhadap permasalahan pokok sebagai berikut: 1) Bagaimanakah pengaruh Hukum Adat dan program Keluarga Berencana terhadap perilaku suami istri dalam pembentukan keluarga? 2) Bagaimanakah nilai anak dalam keluarga berubah dengan diterimanya nilai-nilai baru tentang anak (nilai keluarga kecil dan nilai anak laki-laki perempuan sama) dalam program Keluarga Berencana? 3) Mengapa program Keluarga Berencana di Bali berhasil tanpa mengganggu eksistensi Hukum Adat?
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Judul: Relasi gender dalam hukum adat perkawinan sentana rajeg pada masyarakat Bali
Abstrak: Adat istiadat dan adat istiadat perkawinan dalam suatu masyarakat tidak bisa dihilangkan begitu saja oleh Tuhan karakteristik komposisi keluarga yang diikuti oleh masyarakat. Terkait, jika memang demikian dilihat dari komposisi keluarga di Bali yang menganut sistem keluarga paternalistik, seorang istri masuk ke dalam keluarga suaminya. Oleh karena itu, kedudukan laki-laki dalam masyarakat Bali keluarga sangat tinggi. Setiap keluarga berusaha memiliki anak laki-laki. Salah satu caranya adalah dengan Nikah nyeburin, yaitu perkawinan yang mana seorang laki-laki membuang keluarga dan kehidupannya sepenuhnya, keluarga istrinya. Kedudukan Sentana Rajeg dalam sistem pewarisan Adat istiadat Bali yang menempatkan anak perempuan sebagai ahli waris sama dengan anak laki-laki sebagai ahli waris. Meski begitu, anak perempuan tersebut hanya memiliki warisan dari orang tuanya properti. Sedangkan tugas mewakili keluarga sebagai anggota banjar, anggota desa adat, dan pura diserahkan kepada suami yang melaksanakan pernikahan nyeburin.
Keyword: Gender, Mariage balinese

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable