Judul: Evaluasi tepung bungkil biji karet Hevea brasiliensis yang difermentasi cairan rumen domba sebagai pengganti bungkil kedelai dalam pakan ikan lele Clarias sp.
Abstrak: The study evaluates the utilization of fermented defatted rubber seed meal (FDRSM) as soybean meal replacement on growth performance of catfish Clarias sp. The effect of FDRSM on feed digestibility was observed as well. A thirty day feeding experiment was performed to observe the effect of partial replacement of defatted soybean meal as protein source by FDRSM. Five isonitrogenous and iso energy of diet were used in this experiment. Diet A all plan protein come from SBM. Diet B, C, D and E soybean meal was replaced by FDRSM at the level of 12, 23, 34, and 44% respectively. Cr2O3 were used as a tracer for measuring digestibility. Fish were fed experimental diet three times dialy at satiation level. Growth and feeding performance of fish fed with diets containing 12-23% FDRSM protein replacement was comparable to that of control. Increasing level of FDRSM to more than 23% resulted in a decreased in growth performance and feed digestibility.
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Judul: Evaluasi tepung biji kapuk Ceiba Petandra Gaertn yang difermentasi cairan rumen domba sebagai pengganti bungkil kedelai dalam pakan ikan bawal Collosoma Macropomum
Abstrak: This study aimed to evaluate performance of kapok seed meal (KSM) which has been fermented with sheep rumen liquor as a feed of red belly fish. Treatments consisted of 0% KSM, 10% KSM, 20% KSM, 30% KSM, and 40% KSM. Protein content and amount of energy in each treatment targeted by 33±0,34% and 3800±240 kcal/kg feed. A total of 20 red belly fish (7,84 ± 0,18 gram) was reared for 40 days in 200 L tank, which has been equiped with aeration and recirculation sytem and heater (28 - 30°C). Fish feeding was conducted three times at 08.00, 12:00, and 16:00 (at satiation). The experimental design was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and triplicate. The results showed that, the amount of feed intake, feed efficiency, protein retention, daily growth rate and survival in KSM 30% not significantly different from controls (P> 0,05). However, the daily growth rate and fat retention in KSM 40% was declining if compared with controls (P<0,05). Conclusion is kapok seed meal as much as 30% can be used as a replacement of soy bean meal in red belly feed,
Keyword: sheep rumen liquor, fermentation, kapook seed meal, Collosoma macropomum, Ceiba petandra Gaertn

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite