Judul: Karakteristik Refined Carrageenan Hasil Hidrolisis Kappaphycus alvarezii menggunakan Kapang Endofit Laut dengan Pretreatment Panas.
Abstrak: Hidrolisis Kappaphycus alvarezii untuk menghasilkan karaginan secara biologis dapat dilakukan menggunakan kapang laut EN, namun rendemen, derajat putih dan kekuatan gel masih rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karakteristik refined carrageenan hasil hidrolisis biologis Kappaphycus alvarezii segar dan kering dengan kapang EN dan RS 6A serta bantuan pretreatment panas. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam beberapa tahap, yaitu kultivasi kapang EN dan RS 6A, hidrolisis rumput laut K. alvarezii segar dan kering menggunakan kapang dan analisis karakteristik karaginan. Perlakuan terbaik dalam menghasilkan karaginan pada penelitian ini adalah RK20 (K. alvarezii kering dihidrolisis dengan kapang RS 6A, pemanasan 20 menit). Rendemen yang dihasilkan sebesar 71.28%, persentase hidrolisis selulosa 90.18%, dan persentase hidrolisis lignin 90.21%. Karakteristik kimia dan fisik karaginan perlakuan KR20 cukup baik dan sudah memenuhi persyaratan refined carrageenan. Nilai derajat putih yang didapat sebesar 66.17 % dan nilai kekuatan gel yang dihasilkan sebesar 43.35 gf.
Keyword: hidrolisis, kapang laut, karaginan, pretreatment

Judul: Ultrasound-Assisted Depolymerization of Carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii Hydrolysis by Marine Endophytic Fungi RS6A
Abstrak: Kappaphycus alvarezii merupakan spesies rumput laut penghasil kappakaragenan. Karagenan merupakan polisakarida yang terbentuk dari unit Dgalaktosa dan 3,6-anhidrogalaktosa yang dihubungkan oleh ikatan α-1,3 dan β-1,4- glikosidik. Proses hidrolisis K. alvarezii dilakukan secara enzimatis dengan memanfaatkan kapang RS6A sebagai penghasil enzim selulase untuk mengekstrak karagenan. Penelitian bertujuan menentukan waktu ultrasonikasi yang optimal dalam proses depolimerisasi karagenan. Perlakuan diberikan pada proses depolimerisasi dengan perbedaan waktu ultrasonikasi (0, 30, 60 dan 90 menit). Viskositas karagenan diukur menggunakan viskometer Brookfield, yang kemudian digunakan untuk menghitung bobot molekul melalui persamaan Mark-Houwink. Nilai viskositas dan bobot molekul yang diperoleh bervariasi antara 3.73-6.13 cP dan 35.58-52.15 kDa, serta memiliki korelasi terbalik dengan waktu ultrasonikasi. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan ultrasonikasi efektif menurunkan bobot molekul dalam proses depolimerisasi. Perlakuan terpilih diperoleh ultrasonikasi selama 30 menit dengan kesesuaian standar sesuai SNI dan FAO., Kappaphycus alvarezii is a species of seaweed that produces kappacarrageenan. Carrageenan is a polysaccharide formed from D-galactose and 3,6- anhydrogalactose units which linked by α-1,3 and β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. The hydrolysis process of K. alvarezii was carried out enzymatically by fungus RS6A as a cellulase enzyme producer to extract carrageenan. This study aims to determine the optimal ultrasonication time in the carrageenan depolymerization process. Treatment was given on depolymerization process with differences in ultrasonication time (0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes). Carrageenan viscosity was measured using Brookfield viscometer, which was then used to calculate the molecular weight by Mark-Houwink equation. The viscosity and molecular weight values varied between 3.73-6.13 cP and 35.58-52.15 kDa, and had an inverse correlation with the ultrasonication time. These results indicate that ultrasonication was effective in reducing molecular weight in the depolymerization process. The selected treatment was obtained by ultrasonication for 30 minutes with conformity to standards according to SNI and FAO.
Keyword: depolimerisasi, hidrolisis enzimatis, karagenan, ultrasonikasi., carrageenan, depolymerization, enzymatic hydrolysis, ultrasonication.

Judul: A Continuous Vaccination Strategy in the SVIR Epidemic Model
Abstrak: Vaccination is conducted to minimize the spread of a disease. The vaccination is usually done several times within a fixed time interval. In the SVIR model, it is assumed that individuals do not get immediate immunity following a vaccination program. So according to process of vaccination on SVIR model, there are two strategies, i.e. the continuous vaccination strategy (CVS) and the pulse vaccination strategy (PVS). In this study, only the CVS strategy in epidemic model SVIR is considered. Results of the study indicate that dynamics of the CVS system depends on the basic reproductive number. If the basic reproductive number is less than one, then the disease-free fixed point is asymptotically stable. It means that the disease will eventually disappear from the population. Conversely, if the basic reproductive number is greater than one, then the endemic fixed point is asymptotically stable, which means that the disease will remain exist in the population. Simulation result shows that the vaccination would minimize the spread of disease by reducing the basic reproductive number. If the time for the vaccinated recipients to obtain the immunity, as well as a possibility of vaccinated recipients to be infected are neglected, then the disease will be eradicated. This condition is called an over-evaluating effect of vaccination.
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