Judul: Proses esterifikasi transesterifikasi in situ minyak sawit dalam tanah pemucat bekas untuk proses produksi biodiesel
Abstrak: Pada umumnya proses pembuatan biodiesel melalui tahapan ekstraksi minyak, pemurnian minyak dan tahapan esterifikasi-transesterifikasi minyak menjadi biodiesel. Tahapan-tahapan proses yang harus dilalui menyebabkan rendahnya efisiensi dan tingginya konsumsi energi, yang mengakibatkan tinginya biaya produksi biodiesel. Sehingga, perlu dikembangkan proses pembuatan biodiesel yang lebih efisien melalui proses esterifikasi-transesterifikasi in situ. Esterifikasi atau transesterifikasi in situ adalah proses ekstraksi minyak dan reaksi esterifikasi atau transesterifikasi dilangsungkan secara simultan. Selain lebih efisien proses ini juga akan mempersingkat waktu karena proses konversi bahan baku menjadi biodiesel dilakukan secara simultan dengan proses ekstraksi minyak.
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Judul: Rekayasa Proses Produksi Biodiesel Minyak Residu dalam Tanah Pemucat Bekas Melalui Proses Esterifikasi - Transesterifikasi In Situ
Abstrak: Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that is produced from vegetable oils or animal fats. It consists of the mono alkyl esters formed by a catalyzed reaction of the triglycerides in the oil or fat with a simple monohydric alcohol. Biodiesel is a biodegradable, renewable, non-toxic and environmental friendly alternative fuel. It can be mixed with petroleum diesel in any proportion or used directly in diesel engines without modification. Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE) is an industrial solid waste of palm cooking oil industry that has a high residual oil and the potential to be utilized as biodiesel. This study aims to develop a biodiesel production process technology by utilizing the residual oil contained in SBE and to test the use of hexane in the transesterification process. Optimization was done by using the Response Surface Method.Variables studied included the catalyst concentration and reaction time. On the other hand, the deoiled SBE resulted from biodiesel production was tested as an adsorbent on biodiesel purification. The method used included an in situ acid catalyzed esterification followed by in situ base catalyzed transesterification. The results of the response surface analysis on transesterification showed that the optimum process was at NaOH concentration of 1.8% and reaction time of 104.73 minutes, with a predicted response rate of 97.18% and 95.63% for validation results. Furthermore, the effect the use of hexane can also increase the yield of biodiesel. It was obtained on the ratio hexane to methanol 0.4:1 (volume of hexane: volume of methanol). On the other hand, the reactivated bleaching earth and fresh bleaching earth were effective as an adsorbent in biodiesel production with still conform with the Indonesian National Standard (viscosity, density, acid number and saponification number)
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan