Judul: Subchronic Toxicity Test of Extract Mold Endophytic of Soursoup Leaf (Annona muricata L.) on Liver Function of Rats
Abstrak: Ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak memiliki peluang sebagai alternatif cisplatin. Kemampuan ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak dalam melawan bebagai macam sel kanker payudara sudah dibuktikan. Penelitian uji toksisitas subkronis bertujuan untuk melihat ada tidaknya efek samping ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak terhadap fungsi ginjal tikus Sprague Dawley. Metode yang digunakan adalah mengukur berat badan, mengukur konsumsi pakan, mengukur kadar Blood Urea Nitrogen, dan mengukur kadar kreatinin. 30 ekor tikus dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok secara acak yaitu kelompok ekstrak kapang endofit dosis 240 mg/kg Berat Badan, satelit standar, dan satelit ekstrak kapang endofit dosis 240 mg/kg BB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan berat badan rata-rata 142.33 g - 152.67 g, konsumsi pakan rata-rata 11.67 g - 16.1 g, kadar BUN rata-rata 56,51 mg/dl - 80.37 mg/dl, dan kadar rata-rata kreatinin 0.16 mg/dl - 0.29 mg/dl. Kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik dari penelitian adalah konsumsi ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak dosis 240 mg/kg BB tidak mempengaruhi bobot badan, nafsu makan, dan kreatinin darah. Namun meningkatkan kadar BUN dan mungkin berpeluang merusak fungsi ginjal., Extract mold endophytic of soursoup leaf have a chance to become another alternate cisplatin. Extract mold endophytic of soursoup leaf ability’s on countering breast cancer has been many knowledge of. The research of subchronic toxicity test is intended to observe whether there is negative side of consuming extract mold endophytic of soursoup leaf for Sprague Dawley’s liver. Method that were used are measuring body weight, measuring food consumption, measuring Blood Urea Nitrogen, and measuring creatinine. 30 rats divided into three groups by random into extract mold dosage 240 mg/kg Body Weight, satellite standard, and satellite extract mold dosage 240 mg/kg BW. This research shows body weight rate 142.33 g - 152.67 g, food consumption rate 11.67 g - 16.1 g, BUN rate 56,51 mg/dl - 80.37, and creatinine rate 0.16 mg/dl - 0.29 mg/dl. Conclusion that can be gained from this study is the consumption of extract mold endophytic of soursoup leaf dosage 240 mg/kg BW did not show any negative effect on body weight, food intake, and creatinine. But increasing BUN and might be chance to harm liver.
Keyword: BUN, Kreatinin, Ginjal, Tikus Sprague Dawley

Judul: Subchronic Toxicity Test of Soursop Leaf Endophytic Fungi Ethyl Acetate Extract Against Rats Kidney Function on Day 30th and Day 60th
Abstrak: Ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak berpotensi sebagai obat herbal kanker payudara. Uji toksisitas subkronis dilakukan untuk mendeteksi efek toksik setelah pemberian sediaan terhadap hewan coba. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi pengaruh ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak terhadap gejala klinis, bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, dan fungsi ginjal tikus Sprague Dawley pada hari ke-30 dan hari ke-60. Parameter yang diuji yaitu gejala klinis, bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, kadar BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), dan kadar kreatinin serum darah tikus. Tikus sebanyak 40 ekor dibagi menjadi empat kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok yang diberikan ekstrak secara oral dengan dosis 20, 80, dan 240 mg/kg BB. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bobot badan tikus memiliki rata-rata 155,25- 170,10 g, konsumsi pakan tikus rata-rata 16,20-20,40 g, kadar BUN tikus rata-rata 9,11-17,51 mg/dL, kadar kreatinin tikus rata-rata 0,90-1,30 mg/dL. Pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak tidak berpengaruh terhadap gejala klinis, bobot badan, dan konsumsi pakan ketiga kelompok dosis, serta terhadap fungsi ginjal pada kelompok dosis 20 dan 80 mg/kg BB., Soursop leaf endophytic fungi extract has potential as a breast cancer herbal medicine. Subchronic toxicity test was carried out to detect toxic effects after administration of the extract to experimental animals. This study aimed to detect the effect of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi on soursop leaves on clinical symptoms, body weight, feed consumption, and kidney function of Sprague Dawley rats on the 30th and 60th days. The parameters tested were clinical symptoms, body weight, feed consumption, BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) levels, and rat blood serum creatinine levels. The 40 rats were divided into four groups, namely the control group, the group that was given the extract orally at doses of 20, 80, and 240 mg/kg BW. The results showed that the average body weight of rats was 155,25-170,10 g, the average rat's feed consumption was 16,20-20,40 g, the average BUN levels of rats were 9,11-17,51 mg/dL, the average creatinine level of rats is 0,90-1,30 mg/dL. The administration of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi of soursop leaves had no effect on clinical symptoms, body weight, and feed consumption in the three dose groups, as well as on kidney function at doses of 20 and 80 mg/kg BW.
Keyword: BUN levels, creatinine levels, endophytic fungi, extract, soursop leaf

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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