Judul: Analisis kebutuhan ruang terbuka hijau di Kota Pekanbaru
Abstrak: The main factor in environmental issues is human population. The increase of population is a major source that triggering the development of residential and other permanently public facilities. Therefore, the need of energy such as electricity, petroleum, gasoline and diesel fuel increase significantly. The existing urban green space due to the conversion of residential development is decreasing. Scattered clusters of inhabitant and residential site in one particular area generate a kind of negative impact into environmental carrying capacity. The need of energy as a sequencing consequence from urban development was considerably distressing the quality of air in Kota Pekanbaru. The study was purposed to estimate the need of urban green space based on total area, number of citizens and CO2 level. The standard for the need of urban green space is acquired by literatures study. The estimated total need of urban green space was obtained from land coverage analysis, whereas the level of CO2 was estimated from an amount of energy consumption (electricity, petroleum, gasoline and diesel fuel) and emission factors that obtained furthermore from literature. The result of this study revealed that based on the size of area, Kota Pekanbaru was experiencing a shortage of green space for 12.499,27 ha, but considerably insufficient condition based on population and CO2 emission, as well as Kecamatan Rumbai dan Kecamatan Bukit Raya for subsequent level. To comply a standard prerequirement in such space, Kecamatan Pekanbaru Kota was recommended to extend as large as 3.033,19 ha urban forest. For another district that were Kecamatan Senapelan, Limapuluh, Sukajadi Sail, Rumbai, Bukit Raya and Tampan required open spaces 266 ha, 164,62 ha, 246,34 ha, 130,40 ha, 5.305,67 ha, 2.206,76 ha, and 4.134,84 ha, respectively.
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Judul: Analisis kebutuhan ruang terbuka hijau berdasarkan kebutuhan oksigen dan air di Kota Depok, Propinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Perubahan penggunaan lahan dari kawasan bervegetasi menjadi kawasan terbangun mengakibatkan keseimbangan ekologi kota terganggu, salah satunya terhadap kebutuhan oksigen dan ketersediaan air di Kota Depok. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan luas ruang terbuka hijau berdasarkan kebutuhan oksigen dan ketersediaan air, serta menilai prefernsi masyarakat terhadap prioritas pengembangan pembangunan di Kota Depok. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan perhitungan Gerarkis dan TIM Fahutan IPB. Metoda Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) dipergunakan untuk menentukan faktor-faktor pengembangan pembangunan RTH di Kota Depok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Kota Depok saat ini memiliki ruang terbuka hijau (RTH) seluas 5.125,43 ha, dan berdasarkan perhituangn metoda Gerarkis, RTH untuk tahun 2005 sudah tidak mampu lagi memenuhi kebutuhan oksigen bagi manusia, kendaraan bermotor dan hewan ternak, karena luas RTH di Kota Depok seharusnay 6.155,18 ha.
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Judul: Influenza Specific Immunoglobulin Y Purification from Egg Yolk with Sodium Chloride Precipitation Method
Abstrak: Imunoglobulin Yolk (IgY) yang terdapat dalam kuning telur telah banyak dimanfaatkan untuk imunoterapi dan imunodiagnostik. Salah satu kendala dalam pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur adalah pemisahan Ig dengan lemak, sehingga teknik pemurnian Ig selalu berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur dengan metode pengendapan menggunakan sodium chloride (NaCl) serta melakukan karakterisasi IgY spesifik influenza. Sodium chloride dipilih karena bahan kimia ini relatif murah, ramah lingkungan, dan tidak merusak imunoaktivitas IgY. Kuning telur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari telur ayam layer yang divaksinasi dengan vaksin influenza Flubio® yang berisi virus Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 dan B/Washington. Pemurnian IgY hanya dilakukan pada kuning telur yang mengandung antibodi spesifik influenza. Deteksi keberadaan antibodi spesifik influenza ditentukan dengan uji agar gel presipitasi (AGP) dan metode enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Konsentrasi IgY hasil pemurnian dihitung dengan spektrofotometer dan karakterisasi protein dilakukan dengan metode Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Konsentrasi protein dari hasil pemurnian IgY memiliki nilai rata – rata 50,403 mg/mL. Hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan enam pita protein, yaitu struktur IgY utuh (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), rantai berat IgY (66,54 kDa), Fab ( 47,65 kDa), rantai ringan IgY (21,85 kDa), dan β-livetin (36,74 kDa). IgY hasil pemurnian masih dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza berdasarkan uji ELISA. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemurnian IgY menggunakan metode pengendapan NaCl dapat memurnikan IgY dengan struktur utuh, meskipun masih ada dua protein tidak spesifik hasil pemurnian. IgY yang dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza mengindikasikan prospek pemanfaatannya untuk pencegahan influenza dan imunodiagnostik., Yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) contained in egg yolk has been widely used for immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. One of the obstacles in IgY purification from egg yolk is separating Ig from fat, so that IgY purification techniques are always developing. This study aimed to purify IgY from egg yolk using sodium chloride (NaCl) precipitation method and to characterize influenza-specific IgY. Sodium chloride was chosen because this chemical is relatively unexpensive, environmentally friendly, and does not impair IgY immunoactivity. The egg yolks used in this study were collected from layer eggs vaccinated with the Flubio® influenza vaccine, which contains the Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 and B/Washington viruses. IgY purification was only carried out on egg yolks containing influenza specific antibodies. The presence of influenza-specific antibodies was determined by the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The purified IgY concentration was determined using spectrophotometer, and protein characterization was performed using the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. Protein concentration from purification has a mean value of 50,403 mg/mL . SDS-PAGE result showed six protein bands, namely intact IgY structure (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), IgY heavy chain (66,54 kDa), Fab (47,65 kDa), IgY light chain (21,85 kDa), and β-livetin (36,74 kDa). The purified IgY still able to bind with influenza antigen based on the ELISA test. The results of this study indicate that purification of IgY using the NaCl precipitation method can purify IgY with intact structure, although there are still two unspecific proteins in the purification results. The resulting IgY can bind to influenza antigens indicating the
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, influenza, egg yolk, purification, sodium chloride