Judul: Pengaruh Kadar Substrat pada Perombakan Pod Kakao secara Anaerobik untuk Pembentukan Biogas
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari proses perombakan pod kakao secara anaerobik membentuk biogas dalam rangka meningkatkan nilai tambah tanpa menghilangkan fungsi utamanya sebagai pupuk alam. Biogas yang dihasilkan dapat digunakan langsung sebagai sumber bahan bakar untuk pengeringan biji kakao.
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Judul: Karakteristik proses fermentasi pulp kakao untuk produksi etanol pada biorektor
Abstrak: Kakao merupakan salah satu komoditi unggulan Indonesia yang telah memberikan sumbangan devisa bagi negara karena telah lama menjadi komoditi ekspor Indonesia. Biji kakao secara alami dilapisi oleh pulp dengan konsentrasi antara 1.10-1.30 ml per biji. Lapisan pulp ini sebaiknya diambil atau dikupas terlebii dahuiu sebelum biji kakao diolah lanjut. Selain untuk menghasilkan biji kakao dengan mutu yang baik, pulp yang terkumpul dapat dikendalikan agar tidak mencemari lingkungan (Purwadaria, Mulato dan Syarief, 2007). Potensi pemanfaatan pulp kakao yang selama ini hanya sebagai limbah organik ke lingkungan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan dasar pelarut untuk proses dekafeinasi kopi yaitu pelarut tersier etanol - asam asetat - etil asetat sebagai hasil fermentasi pulp kakao. Tujuan umurn dari penelitian ini adalah memanfaatkan limbah pulp kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) untuk produksi etanol sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan pelarut tersier etil asetat dengan mengamati pengaruh kadar glukosa awal, fak&r penambahan gula, serta galur-mikrobadalam bioreaktor. Sedangkan tujuan khusus penelitian ini adalah menentukan kadar etanol hasil fermentasi sistemfed-batch pulp kakao dengan penambahan berbagai konsentrasi gula pada bioreaktor, menentukan kadar etanol hasil fermentasi sistem batch pulp kakao pada bioreaktor dan menentukan sistem fermentasi pulp kakao terbaik dengan membandingkan hasil kadar etanol yang diperoleh dari kedua sistem fermentasi yang dilakukan.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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