Judul: Factors Affecting the Reproductive Performance Efficiency of Beef  Cattle in the South Sulawesi Province
Abstrak: Penerapan teknologi inseminasi buatan (IB) terus ditingkatkan terutama di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan sebagai salah satu daerah sentra populasi sapi pedaging di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi efisiensi reproduksi ternak pada program inseminasi buatan di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Data kinerja reproduksi merupakan data sekunder dari iSIKHNAS. Data ditabulasi berdasarkan lokasi (kabupaten), inseminator, bangsa sapi, dan peubah reproduksi yaitu nilai S/C dan persentase (%) kebuntingan. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif, analisis ragam dan korelasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sapi bali, peranakan limosin dan peranakan semental masingmasing memiliki skor S/C yaitu 2.24; 2.44; 2.61. Lokasi (kabupaten) yang memiliki efisiensi reproduksi baik, ditunjukkan dengan skor S/C yang lebih baik (P<0.05) adalah Kota Palopo, Kabupaten Barru, Kabupaten Sidenreng Rappang, Kabupaten Jeneponto, Kabupaten Luwu Utara, Kabupaten Sinjai, Kabupaten Bantaeng, dan Kabupaten Tana Toraja. % Persentase inseminator berpengaruh nyata (P<0.05) terhadap efisiensi reproduksi, meskipun di kabupaten Tana Toraja memiliki jumlah inseminator kurang baik namun memiliki efisiensi reproduksi yang terbaik. Sebaliknya di Kabupaten Pinrang jumlah inseminator tinggi akan tetapi memiliki efisiensi reproduksi yang rendah (P<0.05). Efisiensi reproduksi secara umum dapat dijelaskan bahwa sangat dipengaruhi oleh lokasi kabupaten dan jumlah inseminator, sedangkan bangsa sapi tidak memengaruhi skor S/C dan % kebuntingan., The application of artificial insemination (AI) technology continues to improve, especially in South Sulawesi, one of Indonesia's beef cattle population centers. This study aims to determine the factors influencing AI implementation in South Sulawesi. Reproduction performance secondary data was obtained from iSIKHNAS. Data were tabulated by district, inseminator, cattle breed, and reproductive variables (S/C value and pregnancy percentage). Data were analyzed using descriptive, variance, and correlation analyses. Bali, Limousin, and Simmental cattle had S/C of 2.24, 2.44, and 2.61, respectively. Different district locations have better S/C (P<0.05), such as Palopo, Barru, Sidenreng Rappang, Jeneponto, North Luwu, Sinjai, Bantaeng, and Tana Toraja. The performance of inseminators had a significant effect (P<0.05). Although with a low number of inseminators, Tana Toraja had the best reproductive efficiency, compared to Soppeng, which has many inseminators but low livestock reproductive efficiency (P<0.05). In conclusion, reproductive efficiency performance is influenced by location (district topography) and inseminator performance, whereas the breed of cattle does not affect S/C values and pregnancy percentage. The results of the correlation analysis showed that S/C has a positive correlation with inseminator performance of 44.3%.
Keyword: artificial insemination, beef cattle reproduction, service per conception, South Sulawes

Judul: Reproductive Performance of Bali Cows through Artificial Insemination Program in Polewali Mandar West Sulawesi
Abstrak: Intesifikasi Inseminasi Buatan (IB) pada sapi Bali merupakan program pemerintah untuk meningkatkan populasi dan produktivitas sapi lokal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja reproduksi induk sapi Bali melalui Program IB di Kabupaten Polewali Mandar, Sulawesi Barat. Penelitian dilaksanakan di dua lokasi yaitu di dataran rendah (<200 m dpl) yaitu di Kecamatan Wonomulyo dan Campalagian dan dataran tinggi (>300 m dpl) yaitu di Kecamatan Limboro dan Bulo di wilayah Kabupaten Polewali Mandar. Pendataan dilakukan terhadap profil peternak dan inseminator, serta parameter reproduksi sapi yang meliputi service per conception (S/C), angka kebuntingan (CR), angka kelahiran (CvR), jarak beranak (CI) dan calf Mortility (CM). Data-data tersebut dihitung dan dianalisis secara deskriptif. Ternak sapi diusahakan oleh petani dengan skala usaha sebagian besar dibawah 5 ekor dan menerapkan pembiakan melalui IB yang dilakukan oleh inseminator dengan pengalaman diatas 10 tahun. Pada dataran rendah, meskipun memiliki nilai S/C (1,26 dan 1,17) dan CI (366,31 dan 360 hari) yang hampir sama, induk sapi Bali yang di IB dengan semen pejantan Bali memiliki CvR (75,69%) yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang di IB semen pejantan Simmental CvR (49,69%). Sementara pada dataran tinggi, induk sapi Bali yang di IB dengan semen pejantan Bali cenderung memiliki nilai S/C (1,30) dan CI (356,95 hari) yang lebih rendah tetapi memiliki nilai CvR (61%) dan CR (77%) yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan yang di IB semen pejantan Simmental (S/C 1,5; CI 412,96 hari; CvR 50%; CR 66,67%). Tingginya S/C di dataran tinggi (1,50) disebabkan kendala lokasi atau jarak ternak dengan tempat inseminator yang cukup jauh, sehingga membutuhkan waktu untuk melakukan layanan IB dan merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat menyebabkan belum optimalnya pemberian layanan IB bagi sapi betina birahi. Didataran tinggi Sapi sebagian digembalakan dikebun, sehingga peternak nenyulitkan mendeteksi birahi. Secara umum, sapi Bali hasil IB di dataran rendah di Polewali Mandar menunjukkan kinerja reproduksi yang cenderung lebih baik dibandingkan di dataran tinggi. S/C di dataran rendah (1,26 dan 1,17) lebih rendah di banding di dataran tinggi (1,3 dan 1,5),, Intesification of artificial insemination (AI) in Bali cattle is a government program to increase the population and productivity of local cattle. The objective of this study was to examine the reproductive performance of Bali cows through the AI program in Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi. The study was conducted in two different locations, i.e. in the low lands (<300 m ASL) including Wonomulyo and Campalagian Districs, and high lands (>300 m ASL); including Limboro and Bulo Districts in Polewali Mandar Regency. Data collection was carried out on farmers and inseminators profiles, and cow’s reproductive parameters including service per conception (S/C), conception rate (CR), calving rate (CvR), calving interval (CI) and Calf Mortility (CM). These data were calculated and analyzed descriptively. The cows in this study were raised by farmers in small-scale farm, mostly under 5 heads. The cattle breeding through AI program was carried out by inseminators with over 10 years of experience. In the lowlands, S/C values were 1.26 – 1.17 and CI were 360 to 366.31 days, respectively. Bali cows that were inseminated using Bali bulls semen had a CvR of 75.69% which
Keyword: IB, Sapi Bali, Dataran rendah dan tinggi, Kinerja Reproduksi, Artificial insemination, Bali cows, lower lands and hinger lands reproductive performance

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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