Judul: Mempelajari Pembuatan Sirup Glukosa dari Pati Sagu (Metroxylon sp.) secara Enzimatis serta Analisa Keseimbangan pada Mesin Fermentor
Abstrak: Pembuatan sirup glukosa melalui dua tahap utama, yaitu proses liquifikasi dan sekarifikasi. Untuk memperoleh larutan yang jernih, dilakukan proses dekolorisasi.
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Judul: Mempelajari prises pembuatan sirup glukosa dari pati sorghum secara enzimatis
Abstrak: Tanaman sorghum adalah salah satu tanaman pangan yang menghasilkan karbohidrat, mempunyai daya adaptasi yang tinggi terhadap kondisi lingkungan yang buruk seperti kemarau yang panjang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari pembuatan pati sorghum dan penggunaannya sebagai bahan baku dalam proses pembuatan sirup glukosa secara enzimatis. Selain itu untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis varietas sorghum, pH proses saka- rifikasi dan konsentrasi enzim AMG 200 L. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan percobaan faktorial dan ulangan dilakukan seba- nyak dua kali. Faktor yang diteliti pada penelitian pendahu- luan adalah konsentrasi enzim 50 KNU, 100 KNU, 200 KNU dan 300 KNU per kg pati. Faktor yang diteliti pada penelitian lanjutan adalah jenis varietas sorghum (KERIS dan UPCA-S2), pH proses sakarifikasi (4.0 dan 4.5) dan konsentrasi enzim AMG 200 L (220 AGU, 440 AGU dan 660 AGU per kg pati). Hasil ekstraksi pati dari biji sorghum diperoleh rende- men 35.05 persen untuk KERIS dan 32.51 persen untuk pati UPCA-S2. Hasil analisa menunjükkan bahwa varietas sorghum berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen, gula pereduksi, ekuiva- len dekstrosa dan kadar abu. Faktor pH pada proses sakarifi- kasi berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen, warna dan kejerni- han sirup. Konsentrasi AMG 200 L berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen, kadar bahan kering, kadar gula pereduksi, ekuivala- len dekstrosa, kadar abu dan warna. Rendemen tertinggi diperoleh dengan kombinasi perlakuan pati sorghum varietas KERIS, pH proses sakarifikasi 4.0 dan enzim AMG 200 L konsentrasi 220 AGU per kg pati yaitu 85.03 persen. Ekuivalen dekstrosa tertinggi adalah 91.75 persen diperoleh dengan kombinasi perlakuan pati sorghum varietas KERIS, pH proses sakarifikasi 4.5 dan enzim AMG 200 L konsen- trasi 220 AGU per kg pati. Kadar abu terendah adalah 0.08 persen yang berasal dari pati sorghum varietas KERIS…
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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