Judul: Friesian Holstein Bull Froze Semen Using Tris Egg  Yolk With the Addition of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma Extenders
Abstrak: Pengencer Tris Kuning Telur (TKT) dan penambahan aPRP secara keseluruhan mampu mempertahankan kualitas semen selama proses kriopreservasi. Penelitian bertujuan membandingkan kualitas semen beku sapi FH menggunakan pengencer Tris Kuning Telur (TKT) dan penambahan Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma. Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma dibuat dengan metode sentrifugasi selama 20 menit. Semen dikoleksi menggunakan vagina buatan, dikumpulkan dan dibagikan kedalam 5 alikuot, diencerkan dengan pengencer kuning telur-gliserol tris yang ditambahkan dengan proporsi aPRP yang berbeda [0% (kontrol), 2%, 5%, 10%, dan 15%] dilanjutkan dengan kriopreservasi menggunakan prosedur standar. Semen diekuilibrasi selama 3 jam, kemudian dibekukan dengan menggunakan uap nitrogen (N2) cair dan disimpan selama satu hari dalam kontainer N2 cair. Semen beku selanjutnya dithawing selama 30 detik di dalam air suhu 37 oC dan dievaluasi kualitasnya terhadap karakteristik motilitas spermatozoa dengan metode estimasi dan CASA, viabilitas spermatozoa, membran plasma utuh (MPU), dan recovery rate (RR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan nyata (P<0,05) ditemukan pada motilitas spermatozoa, viabilitas spermatozoa, MPU, dan RR. Inseminasi buatan diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan populasi sapi perah Friesian Holstein di Indonesia. Tris kuning telur dengan aPRP 5% merupakan pengencer dengan konsentrasi terbaik pada semen sapi FH selama proses kriopreservasi., Tris egg yolk with aPRP diluents were overall able to maintain semen quality during the cryopreservation process. The study aimed to compare the quality of frozen semen of FH cattle using Tris Egg Yolk (TKT) diluent with Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma. Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma was made by centrifugation method for 20 minutes. Semen was collected using artificial vagina, pooled and divided into 5 aliquots, diluted with Tris egg yolk-glycerol diluent supplemented with different proportions of aPRP [0% (control), 2%, 5%, 10%, and 15%] followed by cryopreservation using standard procedures. Semen was equilibrated for 3 hours, then frozen using liquid nitrogen (N2) vapor and stored for one day in a liquid N2 container. Frozen semen was then thawed for 30 seconds in 37 oC water and its quality was evaluated against the characteristics of spermatozoa motility by the estimation method and CASA, spermatozoa viability, intact plasma membrane (MPU), and recovery rate (RR). The results showed that significant differences (P <0.05) were found in spermatozoa motility, spermatozoa viability, MPU, and RR. Artificial insemination is needed to improve the quality and population of Friesian Holstein dairy cattle in Indonesia. Tris egg yolk with 5% aPRP was the diluent with the best concentration in FH cow semen during the cryopreservation process.
Keyword: CASA, Friesian Holstein, semen beku, Tris aPRP

Judul: Kriopreservasi Semen Kambing Peranakan Etawah (PE) Menggunakan Pengencer Tris-kuning telur dan Tris-soya dengan Modifikasi Karbohidrat dan Krioprotektan Berbeda
Abstrak: Artificial Insemination (AI) is known as a technology to improve the genetic quality of goats in Indonesia. AI in goat is still limited in its practical use; this is related to a variety of constraints, which one of those would be the guarded quality of frozen semen. The quality of frozen semen is determined by various factors, including the freezing techniques, the diluents and cryoprotectants. Buck frozen semen produced by AI centers usually use Tris-egg yolk (TEY) diluent. Egg yolk of animal origin has been recognized as a highly potential media allowing transfer microorganism to female tract through AI. Therefore, some research studies have been focusing to find another diluents using soy extract as an alternative of diluent. Preservation of buck semen using soy extract contains plant phospolipid has not been well studied. Dissacharide (trehalose) or trissacharide (raffinose) acts as an energy source as well as an extracellular cryoprotectants in diluents of frozen semen; these would aid in protecting the sperm during freezing process. Dimethylformamide (DMF) has smaller molecules than glycerol may act as a beneficial cryoprotectant when it is added into the diluents, showing a better effect in protecting the sperm membrane during freezing. This study was conducted in two steps: 1) Preserved liquid semen using tris-egg yolk (TEY) and tris-soya (TS) diluents with either trehalose and raffinose supplementation; 2) Produced frozen semen using TEY and TS with supplementation of the combination showing the best results in step 1. Both diluents used DMF and glycerol as the cryoprotectants. Semen were collected from three sexually mature bucks using artificial vagina, evaluated and divided into six aliquot treatment groups. Each of aliquot diluted with TEY and TS supplemented with 50 mM trehalose or raffinose, which contain 50x106 sperm concentration per 0.2 mL volume. All of them kept in refrigerator in 5°C. The progressive motility, viability and plasma membrane intact (PMI) were evaluated every 12 hours up to the time when only 50% of sperm display motility. The combination of trehalose or raffinose based showing the best results in analysis during the step 1 was added with TEY and TS diluents, supplemented with glycerol and DMF cryoprotectants in frozen semen process. Extended semen were kept in minitub straw, containing 100x106 sperm/0.25 mL. Equilibration time was 4 hours in 5°C, then freeze in N2 vaporated for 10 minutes in styrofoam box. The result showed that semen quality from three bucks were good, such as the average of volume was 1.29±0.21 mL, creamy and thick in consistency. The concentration was 3608.33±657.70x106/mL, motility was 77.78±2.56%, viability was 85.13±4.38%, PMI was 77.72±3.52% and abnormality was 7.51±2.88%. The motility of sperm kept in liquid semen diluents, TEY supplemented with trehalose or raffinose gave better result, it can be maintained sperm motility up to 50% for 72-84 hours, compared to TS diluent (48-60 hours) (P<0.05). TEY diluent supplemented with trehalose can maintained sperm motility longer (52.82±3.21%) for 84 hours, compared to raffinose supplementation (51.78±4.41%) and control (51.11±4.86%) for 72 hours. The viability of sperm evaluation showed 6-9% higher than sperm motility percentage, while the percentage of PMI gave similar percentage
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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