Judul: Ekologi Perilaku Ayam Hutan Hijau (Gallus varius Shaw & Nodder, 1798) di Taman Nasional Bali Barat
Abstrak: Gallus varius is one of the birds of Gallus genus that has local name of green junglefowl, and it is one of endemic Indonesia junglefowl found only on the islands of Java, Bali, Kangean and Flores. One of its natural habitat is in Bali Barat National Park. Gallus varius is a species that become increasingly important and widely used as the male parent in the production of bekisar. Production of bekisar derived mostly from wild populations in Java, Madura and Bali. Exploiting in the wild course threaten the populations of green junglefowl. Knowledge of its bio-ecology is important in conserning the bird. One of the important knowledge in green junglefowl ecology is behaviour study of green junglefowl. The research was aimed to identify and describe the behaviour of Gallus varius and identify the behavioural strategy of Gallus varius at different habitats in Bali Barat National Park. The research was carried out in July until September 2011 in Tanjung Gelap monsoon forest and savannah in Prapat Agung. The method used for observation of daily activity was focal animal sampling. Behaviour was observed through observation at certain points where Gallus varius present. Data of habitat was obtained through analysis of vegetation using the line transect method. The result showed that habitat of Gallus varius consisted of two vegetation types that were the monsoon forest and savannah. Gallus varius in Tanjung Gelap monsoon forest habitat could easily be found at open area with grass and shrub. In the avannah Prapat Agung, Gallus varius could easily be also found at open area with grass, sandy soils and shrub. Its activity started at 05:30 am until 18:30 pm. The largest proportion of behaviour was resting and the smallest was movement. The main behaviour observed were feeding, drinking, sleeping, resting, movement and calling behaviour. The behaviour (feeding, drinking, sleeping, resting, movement and calling) frequency of Gallus varius in Bali Barat National Park was not affected by differences of habitat type, while the duration its behaviour was significantly affected by habitat type. Behavioural strategy of Gallus varius tent to adapt with habitat in fulfilling its needs.
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Judul: Ekologi Perilaku Berbiak Merak Hijau (Pavo muticus Linnaeus, 1766) di Taman Nasional Alas Purwo dan Baluran Propinsi Jawa Timur
Abstrak: Green peafowl is one of the protected birds in Indonesia. Habitat fragmentation and hunting have caused the decrease in habitat area and quality, which lead to population disperse with limited distribution. Because of its high threat, there is a possibility that the green peafowl will be extinct in a short time. In really, green peafowl still survive in several distribution locations. This indicates that there is a strategy related to behavior ecology of green peafowl with this habitat condition and sort of pressure. The most vulnerable period for green peafowl population development is from breeding to nursing period. The objectives of this research were: (1) to study and describe behavior ecology tht was related with green peafowl breeding and (2) to identify the strategy and mechanism of green peafowl breeding behavior related to its habitat in both national parks. This research was conducted from August to December 2007 in Alas Purwo National Park (August-October) and Baluran National Park (November- December). Behavior data were taken using ad libitum sampling method with continuous recording system from 5.00 am to 6.00 pm. Type of data taken included breeding behavior and daily behavior during breeding season. Data were analyzed using behavior rate, mean duration, mean, sample variance, F-test and chi-square (􀟯􀬶). In Alas Purwo NP, green peafowl breeds from September to November while in Baluran NP breeding occurs from October to December. Breeding season for green peafowl is characterized by a display activity brought by the male where it also produces a distinctive sound. Copulation process in green peafowl lasts for a short time, approximately 9-19 seconds. After mating, the female broods its eggs while the male sheds its fine feathers. Green peafowl carries out its eating behavior in open area. In dry season, water source for green peafowl is obtained from an artificial water tub provided in Alas Purwo and Baluran National Park. Preening activity is carried out in open area so it can monitor any disturbance either from competitors or from predators. Sunning activity is carried out in the morning (06.00-07.00 am), related to warm sun rays. Dusting is more often carried out by female green peafowl (Fmeasured > Ftable). Green peafowl encounters more interference in forest habitat. Fighting activity is carried out only by male. Sleeping tree is usually utilized also as a resting cite at day. Resting and eating the most time sending activities by green peafowl both in Alas Purwo and Baluran National Park. Open areas are important as places for dusting, sunning, and fighting while forest habitat is important for shelter, resting and sleeping. Habitat type in Alas Purwo NP is significantly influence the frequency and duration of preening, eating, sunning, take shelter and resting. Habitat type in Baluran NP is significantly influence the frequency of vocalization, preening, sunning, take shelter, resting and sleeping, also to the duration of preening behavior, sunning and take shelter.
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Judul: Membran Komposit Kitosan-Natrium Alginat untuk Aplikasi Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Abstrak: Composite of chitosan and sodium alginate can be utilized as base material of proton exchange membrane (PEM). The composite membranes were produced by various concentrations of chitosan-sodium alginate, namely 3:3, 3:4, 3:5, 3:6, 4:3, 5:3, and 6:3 (% b/v). The composites were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and were tested for the performance as PEM from the proton conductivity obtained by using impedance spectrometer. The FTIR spectrum indicated the NH3C group at 1637.29 cm-1 and symmetrical COO group at 1253.68 cm-1 indicating interactions between chitosan and sodium alginate. SEM micrographs showed that the composite membrane was nonporous. Composite membrane with 3:5 chitosan-sodium alginate composition had the highest proton conductivity, namely 9.594 × 10-7 S/cm. Based on this research results, chitosan-sodium alginate composite membrane can be applied well in direct methanol fuel cell system.
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