Judul: Economic Value and Recommendations for Strengthening The Celebes Crested Macaque (Macaca nigra) Protection Program
Abstrak: Monyet Hitam Sulawesi merupakan satwa endemik Sulawesi Utara yang terancam oleh perburuan dan perdagangan. Satwa ini masuk dalam daftar spesies terancam punah IUCN dan dilindungi Permen LHK No. 106 Tahun 2018. Monyet Hitam Sulawesi menyediakan jasa penyebaran biji yang penting bagi ekosistem. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis rantai pasok perdagangan Monyet Hitam Sulawesi, mengestimasi nilai ekonomi jasa penyebaran biji, mengidentifikasi dan merekomendasikan penguatan program perlindungan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dan Replacement Cost. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan rantai pasok pada perdagangan terbuka dan tertutup. Pada perdagangan terbuka aktor yang paling berperan adalah pengepul, sementara pada perdagangan terbuka adalah pemburu. Nilai ekonomi jasa penyebaran biji mencapai Rp825.166 per ekor. Program perlindungan eksisting meliputi patroli jalan raya, penyadartahuan masyarakat, dan penanggulangan konflik manusia dengan Monyet Hitam Sulawesi. Rekomendasi penguatan program diantaranya mengombinasikan patroli jalan raya dengan patroli jerat, memperluas daerah jangkauan kampanye penyadartahuan masyarakat, dan menanggulangi konflik dengan pendekatan metode tradisional, modern, penghalang fisik, dan pengkayaan habitat., The Celebes Crested Macaque is an endemic North Sulawesi animal threatened by hunting and trading. The IUCN has listed The Celebes Crested Macaque as critically endangered and protected by the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation No.106/2018. This animal provides essential ecosystem services, namely seed dispersal services. This study aims to analyze the supply chain of The Celebes Crested Macaque trade, estimate the economic value of seed dispersal services, identify and recommend strengthening protection program. This study uses descriptive analysis and Replacement Cost. The findings indicate differences in the supply chain in open and closed trade. The most important actor in open trade is the collector, while in closed trade is the hunter. The economic value of the seed dispersal services reached IDR825.166 per head. The existing protection program includes road patrols, public awareness, and conflict management. Recommendations for strengthening the program include combining road patrols with snare patrols, expanding the scope of public information campaigns, and conflict mitigation with traditional method, modern method, physical barriers, and habitat enrichment approaches.
Keyword: rantai pasok, penyebaran biji, perburuan monyet hitam, replacement cost

Judul: Perilaku Harian Monyet Hitam Sulawesi (Macaca nigra) pada Masa Kebuntingan di Cagar Alam Tangkoko-Batuangus, Sulawesi Utara
Abstrak: Crested macaque (Macaca nigra), one of the seven endemic primates in Sulawesi is the most endangered macaque species that has been categorized as critically endangered by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, almost nothing is known about the reproductive biology in associated with the behavioral during pregnancy. The data is important to support a management and breeding programs such as pregnancy diagnostic and conservation program in this species. The research aimed to study the behavior of the crested macaques during pregnancy. Observations were performed on the 10 adult females of the Rambo 1 group (R1) which has been habituated at Tangkoko-Batuangus Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi. Behavioral data were collected using focal animal sampling and recorded using instantanaeous sampling on females during menstrual cycling, pregnancy, and after parturition (lactation). During five months observations, a total of 393,63 observation hours were recorded. The results showed that daily activities of the M. nigra during menstrual cycling were dominated by feeding (26.60%), foraging (15.95%), and locomotion (16.16%). Daily activities during pregnancy were dominated by feeding (27.03%), foraging (16.37%), and resting (13.45%), whereas after parturition (lactation) period was dominated by resting (26.12%), foraging (19.51%) and feeding (14.98%). The resting was the most activity in the end of pregnancy and few day after parturition. The diets which were collected successfully composed of the fruits (34 species, 20 families), arthropods (3 species, 2 families, 4 orders), fungi (4 genera and division), and plants (5 species and families). Climate influenced on the composition of the diet, especially on fruit and arthropods. In conclusion, the activity budgets were different during menstrual cycling, pregnancy, and lactation, especially feeding, foraging, locomotion, and resting.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), diet, lactation, pregnancy, menstrual cycling, M. nigra

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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