Judul: Aktivitas antifungal ekstrak dan minyak rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga L.) terhadap patogen rebah kecambah kedelai
Abstrak: Di Indonesia kerugian akibat hama dan penyakit dalam budidaya tanaman sangat merugikan, apabila tidak dikendalikan dengan baik. Petani masih menngandalkan pestisida sintetik untuk mengatasi serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman, walaupun telah diketahui banyak dampak negatif akibat penggunaan pestisida yang kurang bijaksana. peneliti dan sebagian praktisi pertanian sudah menyadari pentingnay pengendalian hama dan penyakit yang ramah lingkungan, antara lain menggunakan pestisida nabati.
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Judul: Aplikasi Ekstrak Tumbuhan untuk PerIakuan Benih Padi dan Kedelai
Abstrak: Patogen terbawa benih mengakibatkan penurunan daya kecambah benih, kecambah abnormal, mematikan bibit/tanaman muda, perkembangan penyakit, dan pembawa patogen atau penyakit baru hingga di penanaman. Untuk itu perIu tindakan perlakuan benih. Perlakuan benih yang sering dilakukun adalah dengan perlakuan fisik dan atau kimia. Penggunaan bahan-bahan kimia dapat sangat berbahaya bagi benih karena dapat mengakibatkan penurunan viabilitas benih dan memperpendek masa hidup benih sehingga diperlukan alternatif lain dalam perlakuan benih. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari keefektifan ekstrak biji Annona squamosa, Annona muricata, dan Piper retrofractum secara in vitro dan in vivo dalam menekan perkembangan cendawan terbawa benih padi dan kedelai. A. squamosa, A. muricata dan P. retrofractum diekstrak dengan metanol. Pad a pengujian in vitro konsentrasi ekstrak A. squamosa, A. muricata dan P. retrofractum adalah 10%, 5%, 3%, 1%, 0,01 %, 0% (kontrol), dan 0+ (fungisida sintetik dengan bahan aktif menfenoksam), sedangkan pada pengujian in vivo digunakan konsentrasi ekstrak yang memiliki daya hambat terhadap perkecambahan spora dan pertumbuhan koloni > 50%. Pengujian secara in vitro menunjukkan bahwa P. retrofractum 10% dan 3% memiliki daya hambat terhadap perkecambahan spora dan pertumbuhan koloni yang lebih baik dibandingkan A. squamosa dan A. muricata. P. retrofractum 10% memiliki daya hambat terhadap perkecambahan spora Fusarium oxysporum dan Aspergillus flavus sebesar 51,3% dan 75,2%, sedangkan konsentrasi 3% sebesar 46,7% dan 64,3%. Sementara daya hambat ekstnik P. retrofractum terhadap pertumbuhan koloni F. oxysporum dan A. flavus sebesar 57,5% dan 62,4% pada konsentrasi 10%, 51,7% dan 68,1% pad a konsentrasi 3%. Pengujian secara in vivo, aplikasi ekstrak P. retrofractum konsentrasi 10% dan 3% tidak menimbulkan fitotoksik pada benih padi, namun P. retrofractum 10% menimbulkan fitotoksik terhadap benih kedelai. Meskipun demikian, aplikasi ekstrak P. retrofractum konsentrasi 10% dan 3% efektif menekan tingkat infeksi F. oxysporum dan A. flavus terbawa benih padi dan kedelai, bahkan P. retrofractum konsentrasi 10% umumnya menunjukkan daya hambat terhadap infeksi F. oxysporum dan A. flavus yang tidak berbeda nyata dengan penggunaan fungisida sintetik.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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