Judul: Identifikasi Marka Molekuler Ikan Nilem Osteochilus hasselti Resistan Aeromonas hydrophila melalui RAPD-PCR
Abstrak: Ikan nilem merupakan ikan air tawar asli Indonesia yang terdistribusi di daerah Pulau Jawa, khususnya Jawa Barat. Serangan penyakit perlu diwaspadai dalam kegiatan budidaya. Salah satu penyakit yang menyerang yaitu motile aeromonad septicaemia (MAS) yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi marka molekuler yang resistan terhadap A. hydrophila dengan teknik RAPD-PCR. Ikan nilem yang digunakan berukuran panjang total 8,44±0,36 cm dan bobot 6,19±0,47 g. Kepadatan bakteri yang digunakan pada penentuan LD50 yaitu 106,107, dan 108 CFU mL-1 dan diperoleh dosis LD50 yaitu 106 CFU mL-1. Sebanyak sepuluh ekor ikan nilem hidup dan sepuluh ekor ikan nilem mati pada 24 jam pascainfeksi diambil bagian sirip ekor (10-20 mg) untuk ekstraksi DNA genom. Proses optimasi amplifikasi PCR dilakukan dengan menggunakan empat primer RAPD (OPA-08, OPA-11, OPB-06, dan OPC-09), dan dielektroforesis dengan gel agarosa 1,5%. Primer OPA-11 menghasilkan pita berukuran 1.400 bp yang terdapat pada ikan hidup dengan peluang kemunculan pita sebesar 40% dan 250 bp dengan peluang kemunculan pita sebesar 20%. Pita tersebut menjadi pembeda antara ikan resistan dan rentan, serta dapat dijadikan sebagai kandidat marka molekuler penanda ikan yang resistan.
Keyword: ikan nilem, marka molekuler, RAPD, resistan

Judul: Identifikasi kandidat marka molekuler pada ikan nilem (Osteochilus hasselti) rentan stres menggunakan teknik RAPD-PCR
Abstrak: Ikan nilem (Osteochilus hasselti) merupakan ikan budidaya air tawar di Indonesia, khususnya Jawa Barat. Transportasi menyebabkan ikan stres, dan perubahan respons fisiologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi kandidat marka molekuler menggunakan teknik RAPD-PCR pada ikan nilem yang rentan stres. Ikan berukuran panjang total 4.82±0.54 cm, ditransportasikan selama 4 jam dengan jarak tempuh sekitar 76 km. Kepadatan ikan dibedakan menjadi 100, 300, dan 500 ekor per lima liter air, dengan tiga ulangan. Ekstraksi DNA genom dilakukan dengan mengambil masing-masing dua ekor dari tiap kepadatan ikan yang sehat dan moribund, kemudian sirip ekor dipotong 10-20 mg. Amplifikasi PCR dilakukan menggunakan lima primer (OPA08, OPA11, OPB06, OPC03, dan OPC09), amplikon dielektroforesis dengan gel agarosa 1.5%. Pasca transportasi kualitas air parameter suhu, CO2, amonia, nitrit, dan suhu mengalami peningkatan, sementara parameter DO dan pH mengalami penurunan pada setiap kepadatan. Persentase ikan nilem sehat kepadatan 100 (99.33±0.57) lebih tinggi dari kepadatan 500 ekor (96.27±0.80). Persentase ikan nilem moribund pada kepadatan 100 (0.67±0.58) lebih rendah dari kepadatan 500 ekor (1.93±0.12). Primer OPA11 menghasilkan pita berukuran 1250 bp yang terdapat pada ikan yang moribund, dengan peluang kemunculan pita sebesar 67%. Pita tersebut menjadi pembeda antara ikan nilem yang sehat dengan moribund dan dapat menjadi kandidat marka molekuler penanda ikan yang rentan stres.
Keyword: :ikan nilem, moribund, RAPD, stres, transportasi

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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