Judul: Prospek Perdagangan Gula Indonesia dalam Implementasi Kerangka Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas ASEAN-China
Abstrak: Sugar is an important and strategic commodity because it is one of the main foodstuff and sugar cane as a raw material of sugar produced by a large part of farmers in Indonesia. Globalization and unfair trade, including sugar trade, will affect the development of the sugar industry in Indonesia. Implementation of Asean-China Free Trade Agreement will reduce and eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers. Domestic production of sugar has not been able to fulfill the high demand for sugar in Indonesia. The objectives of study are to analyze the factors which influence demand for and supply of sugar in domestic and world markets, to evaluate the impact of economic policy in agricultural sector on the performance of Indonesian sugar trade for the period 2004-2010, and to forecast the impact of economic policy in agricultural sector and external factor on the performance of Indonesian sugar trade for the period 2011-2014 and 2015-2020. Indonesian Sugar Trade Model was constructed as a simultaneous equations system and estimated by 2SLS method with SYSLIN procedure. Historical and forecasting were simulated using NEWTON method with SIMNLIN procedure. Indonesian sugar import from China is more responsive than Indonesian sugar import from Thailand to changes in sugar import tariff, but the share of Indonesian sugar import from Thailand larger than Indonesian sugar import from China so that reducing import tariff policy will increase sugar import from Thailand larger than China. Elimination of import tariff will increase consumer’s surplus higher than decreasing of producer’s surplus but net surplus decrease because government’s tariff revenue also decrease. This study suggest that to increase sugar consumer’s and producer’s welfare (net surplus) the combinations of reducing sugar import tariff, increasing price of sugar, expansion of sugar cane plantations and strengthening the role of State Logistics Agency could be an appropriate policy instruments.
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Judul: The impact of economic policies in sugar commodity to sugar’s producers and consumers welfare in indonesia
Abstrak: Gula merupakan salah satu kebutuhan pokok masyarakat. Permintaan gula di Indonesia cenderung lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan produksi gula. Guna mencukupi permintaan gula maka pemerintah melakukan impor. Saat ini, impor gula Indonesia dibatasi melalui kebijakan tarif. Pada tahun 2015, tarif impor gula Indonesia harus dihapuskan kerena adanya kesepakatan regional ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). Penghapusan tarif impor gula ini akan menyebabkan pasokan gula impor yang besar dan menyebabkan harga gula menjadi rendah. Rendahnya harga gula menyebabkan petani tebu tidak memiliki insentif untuk meningkatkan produksi gula domestik. Oleh karena itu diperlukan suatu kebijakan yang dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan konsumen maupun produsen gula. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah : (1) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penawaran, permintaan, dan harga gula ; (2) menganalisis dampak kebijakan ekonomi komoditas gula dalam terhadap penawaran, permintaan, dan harga gula ; (3) menganalisis dampak kebijakan ekonomi komoditas gula terhadap kesejahteraan produsen dan konsumen gula di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan model ekonometrika dalam bentuk sistem persamaan simultan. Spesifikasi model Perdagangan Gula Indonesia terdiri dari 20 persamaan (13 persamaan struktural dan tujuh persamaan identitas). Penghapusan tarif impor gula akan menurunkan kesejahteraan produsen gula, sehingga kebijakan ini perlu dikombinasikan dengan peningkatan harga gula di tingkat petani agar kesejahteraan produsen dan konsumen meningkat., Sugar is one of the basic necessities for peoples. Demand of sugar in Indonesia tend to be higher than the production of sugar. In order to fulfill the highly demand of sugar, Indonesian government conduct to import the sugar. Indonesia’s sugar import are limited by tariff policy. In 2015, Indonesian sugar import tariff should be eliminated due to the regional agreement of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). The removal of sugar import tariff will cause large supply of imported sugar and causes sugar prices to be low. The low price of sugar causes sugarcane farmers doesn’t have incentive to increase domestic sugar productions. Therefore, it is a requirement to create a policy in order to improve sugar's producers and consumers welfare. The purpose of this research is: (1) to analyze the factors that affect the supply, demand, and price of sugar; (2) to analyze the impact of economic policies in sugar commodity on supply, demand, and price of sugar; (3) to analyze the impact of economic policies in sugar commodity to sugar's producers and consumers welfare in Indonesia. This research is analyzed using econometric model in the form of simultanous equations system. Specification of Indonesian sugar trade model consists of 20 equations (13 structural equations and 7 identity equations). The removal of sugar import tariff will decrease the welfare of sugar producers. The removal of sugar import tariff needs to be combined with increasing sugar prices at the farm level so producers and consumers welfare will be improved.
Keyword: AEC, gula, harga, kesejahteraan produsen dan konsumen, tarif impor

Judul: Penggunaan Teorema Homeomorphy 2-Manifold dan Teorema Euler Poincare pada Torus 𝑇�� dan Simplicial Complex 𝐾��
Abstrak: Two dimensional topological spaces are said to be homeomorphic if they have the same topological invariant, where one of topological invariant used is an Euler characteristic. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem and Euler Poincare’s Theorem are used to distinguish two topological spaces. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem uses Euler characteristic to identify two dimensional topological spaces. Euler Poincare’s Theorem is an alternative way to find Euler characteristic with Betti number, which is topological invariant as well. The objective of this paper is to investigate the homeomorphism of torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾�����. Topological space torus and simplicial complex 𝐾����� have the same Euler characteristic, which is two. Based on Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem topological space torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾����� is homeomorphic.
Keyword: simplicial, torus, Euler, homeomorphism, topology