Judul: Biologi hama penggerek tebu phragmatoecia castonea (hubner) (lepidoptera, cossidae)
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari bioekologi Phragmatoecia castanea (Hubner) (Lepidoptera, Cossidae) yang dasar. Penelitian terutama mencakup morfologi serangga, siklus hidup, perilaku, keperidian dan kesuburan serta musuh­ musuh alami. Dilakukan pula pengamatan tingkat serangan, saat terjadinya serangan dan gejala kerusakan tanaman tebu. Penelitian dilakukan di laboratorium dan di lapang. Ngengat Phragmatoecia castanea memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut; antena bertipe pektinat. Pangkalnya bertipe bipektinat, selebihnya bertipe unipektinat. Perbedaan kelamin ngengat dapat diketahui dengan mengamati perbedaan perbandingan bagian antena bipektinat dengan unipektinat. Pada ngengat jantan mulai dari pangkal hingga kira-kira tiga per­empat bertipe bipektinat selebihnya bertipe unipektinat, sedangkan dari pada betina bagian bipektinat lebih pendek bila dibandingkan dengan bagian bipektinat pada jantan. Palpus sangat kecil, tertutup oleh sisik kepala yang berbentuk seperti bantalan. Sayap agak memanjang, ujung dan termen sayap melengkung dan tepinya rata. Ngengat jantan terdiri dari sebuah rambut kaku, tetapi pada ngengat betina terdiri dari enam rambut kaku.
Keyword: Argyroploce schistaceana;, Diatraeophaga stratalis;, Chilo auricilius;, Bogor Agricultural University;

Judul: Biologi ngengat beras Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) pada beras, Tepung beras dan kacang tanah
Abstrak: Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Pengendalian Hayati, Jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh beras, tepung beras dan kacang tanah terhadap biologi C. cephalonica pada kondisi laboratorium. Sebagai perlakuan makanan dalam penelitian ini digunakan 5 g beras, 5 g tepung beras dan 5 g kacang tanah untuk masing-masing cawan petri. Setiap cawan petri diisi satu ekor larva C. cephalonica yang baru keluar dari telur. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan mengukur panjang larva, panjang dan lebar pupa, rentang sayap dan panjang tubuh imago, lama stadia larva dan pupa serta lama hidup imago dan jumlah telur yang diletakkan oleh imago betina. Panjang larva diukur pada waktu larva baru keluar dari telur dan pada waktu larva ganti kulit serta saat larva instar VIII mencapai ukuran maksimum. Panjang dan lebar pupa diukur setelah imago keluar dari pupa. Rentang sayap dan panjang tubuh imago diukur setelah imago mati. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan menggunakan kertas milimeter blok.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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