Judul: Kelembagaan Model Desa Konservasi di Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat
Abstrak: Salah satu bentuk pengelolaan kawasan konservasi yang didorong oleh Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan untuk meningkatkan peran serta masyarakat dalam pengelolaan kawasan konservasi yaitu pengembangan Model Desa Konservasi (MDK), Program ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat di dalam dan sekitar kawasan konservasi melalui berbagai program pemberdayaan kelompok masyarakat. Secara konseptual model desa konservasi merupakan desa yang dijadikan model dalam upaya memberdayakan masyarakat di dalam dan sekitar hutan konservasi dengan memperhatikan aspek sosial, ekonomi, budaya, serta aspek lainnya dan akan menjadi contoh dalam pemberdayaan di tempat lain (PERMENHUT No 29 Tahun 2013). Program MDK pada tahap awal dilaksanakan selama periode 2005 sampai dengan 2009. Pada awal tahun 2005, masing-masing unit pelaksana teknis Ditjen PHKA diberikan mandat untuk membangun sebanyak 2 Unit MDK. Hingga tahun 2009 tercatat sebanyak 133 MDK telah dibangun di seluruh UPT Ditjen PHKA termasuk di wilayah Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani (Direktorat PJLWA KEMENHUT 2009). Bentuk intervensi yang dilakukan Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani (BTNGR) dalam kerangka pelaksanaan MDK yaitu dengan memberikan sejumlah bantuan kepada kelompok masyarakat, dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat melalui gerakan pemberdayaan, sehingga dapat mengurangi konflik dan tindakan pelanggaran kehutanan di kawasan taman nasional tersebut. Namun demikian, sampai saat ini program MDK yang dijalankan oleh BTNGR belum berjalan optimal. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara dengan masyarakat setempat dan laporan pelaksanaan evaluasi MDK tahun 2012 di TNGR menunjukkan bahwa saat ini kondisi pelaksanaan MDK sudah tidak lagi berjalan efektif. Beberapa bantuan peralatan yang diberikan sebagai bentuk upaya pemberdayaan saat ini sudah tidak lagi dapat digunakan karena mengalami kerusakan, dan kelembagaan yang ditunjuk untuk mengawal pelaksanaan MDK juga sudah tidak lagi berfungsi. Secara konseptual, kelembagaan merupakan mekanisme, aturan main, norma, larangan, dan aturan yang mengatur dan mengontrol perilaku individu di masyarakat atau organisasi (Schmid 1987; North 1990; Kasper & Streit 1998; Mackay 1998; Ostrom 2005). Kelembagaan dibangun untuk mengurangi ketidakpastian terhadap kontrol atas sumberdaya dan untuk menekan perilaku oportunistik dan membahayakan sehingga perilaku manusia dalam memaksimalkan kesejahteraannya lebih dapat diprediksi (Kasper dan Streit 1998). Namun demikian, masalah kritis dalam merancang sebuah kelembagaan, termasuk kelembagaan pengelolaan hutan, adalah isu keberlanjutan kelembagaan (Adiwibowo et al. 2013). Rancangan kelembagaan seringkali tidak menjadi aturan yang dijalankan oleh para pihak dalam berinteraksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk v menelaah dan mengevaluasi MDK di TNGR dari perspektif kelembagaan (situasi, struktur dan kinerja) serta peran pemangku kepentingan dalam pelaksanaan MDK di TNGR, dan merumuskan strategi kelembagaan MDK yang berkelanjutan dan adaptif dengan kehidupan masyarakat. Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan kerangka kerja yang berlandaskan pada teori dampak institusi yang diadopsi dari Schmid (1987;2004) dengan mengacu pada tiga komponen utama yaitu situasi, struktur dan kinerja kelembagaan. Situasi sebagai sumber interdependensi masyarakat terhadap sumberdaya TNGR dianalisis menggunakan analisis preferensi (Sheil & Liswanti 2006) dan karakteristik masyarakat yang meliputi sejarah, hak dan penghidupan masyarakat (Mahmud et al 2015). Analisis struktur kelembagaan meliputi aturan formal yang digunakan dan pilihan tindakan masyarakat di TNGR dengan menggunakan teori multiple levels of rule making (Ostrom 1990; Hess & Ostrom 2007). Kinerja pelaksanaan MDK di TNGR dianalisis menggunakan prinsip kelembagaan yang bertahan lama (Ostrom 1990). Hasil penelitian mendeskripsikan bahwa secara spesifik masyarakat yang menjadi sasaran program MDK telah lama
Keyword: Kelembagaan, MDK, Masyarakat, Taman Nasional Gunung Rinjani

Judul: Efektifitas Pemberdayaan Masyarakat di Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan (TNBBS): Kasus Model Desa Konservasi (MDK) di Pekon Sukaraja dan Pekon Kubu Perahu, Lampung
Abstrak: Deforestation and degradation caused by encroachment area are the greatest threats to conservation of Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) as the third-largest protected area in Sumatera. Meanwhile, many aspects related to those threats with social phenomena such as what drives people to fullfil their need and its impact to their conservation behavior cannot be separated from its management. Community has an important role in conservation, they are not only being a threat but also a potential resource. Community empowerment then become a key point. Empowering community is not just to stop the damage but directed as an effort to provide opportunities, convenience and facilitation of the people living surrounding conservation areas. In accordance with those purpose, the empowerment considered to be effective by the increase of community involvement and self-reliance. This term of effectiveness then refers to sense of willingness to be able to develop their knowledge, awareness and skills, in order to utilize the natural resources for the welfare and conservation in the fields of ecological, economic, social and cultural. Model Desa Konservasi (MDK) is a form of community empowerment-based-economy and conservation conducted in BBSNP. MDK is an effort to improve community access, mutual roles and functions of the national park toward its preservation and community welfare. Understanding its process and impact are the most important step relating to BBSNP conservation and its management especially for designing the most appropriate approach to apply. This study has three main objectives that include the following: (1) to analyze the effectiveness of community empowerment through MDK; (2) to analyze the factors correlated with effectiveness of community empowerment; and (3) to analyze enhancement of community empowerment approach that could ensure its effectiveness. This study was conducted at Sukaraja and Kubu Perahu, Lampung, as a buffer zone and enclave of BBSNP from February to October 2012. The study was design using survey method. The analysis used in this study were: (1) descriptive statistic by using distribution frequency and Mann Whitney non parametric test; (2) inferencial statistic by using Rank Spearman correlation. Analysis helped by SPSS 20.0 software. The result showed that community participations are in low level and community self-reliance was categoryzed in good level. Socio-demogaphic characteristic (formal education, training, income, land ownership, membership in community group, etnic, and information reveal) and another factors like community interaction and acess to BBNSP (community involvement and their acces, dependence toward BBSNP, and perceived direct benefit to BBSNP) have very significant positif correlation on the effectiveness of community empowerment due to community participation and self-reliance. Meanwhile, another factors such as age, livelihoods and household size doesn’t show any correlation with. Empowerment approach (understanding, organizational, facilitators, assistance, form of empowerment activity, and monitoring and evaluation) have a very significant positive correlation with the effectivenees of community empowerment. Understanding of community characteristics and their correlation with BBNSP and applying the most appropriate approach have relevancy to be priority and the most important point at once to improve the effectiveness of MDK empowerment program in BBSNP. The effectiveness can be increased by improving training, strengthening group, community understanding toward empowerment, facilitator’s
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Judul: Pembuatan Film Tipis Cu2ZnSnS4 sebagai Lapisan Penyerap Cahaya pada Sel Surya Menggunakan Metode Elektrodeposisi
Abstrak: Thin film of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is an alternative semiconductor used as light absorber layer on solar cell. CZTS can replace silicon that commonly used as commercial semiconductor. The advantage of using CZTS as absorber layer is due to the abundance of its chemical composer on earth, and its high value of absorption coefficient. The absorber layer was made by using electrodeposition method on ITO glass substrates. The films were deposited at room temperature using potentiostatic mode with a potential of –1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes. After that, the films were annealed at two different temperatures, 180 ºC and 500 °C, for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, the polycrystalline thin film obtained fall into kesterite crystal phase. This type of crystal was obtained when the CZTS was annealed at 500 °C in H2S/N2 atmosphere. The value of optical band gap energy for the CZTS thin film was 2.2 eV with the film thickness about 1.228–6.366 μm. The sample of CZTS with electrodeposition time of 45 minutes and annealing temperature of 500 °C showed the best result and in conformity with absorber layers criteria for solar cells.
Keyword: semiconductor, ITO glass, CZTS thin film, electrodeposition