Judul: Effectiveness of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) Infusion as an Analgesic Effects and Stamina Enhancer in Male Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Kayu manis merupakan tanaman herbal yang memiliki beragam khasiat bagi kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari efektivitas infusa kayu manis sebagai analgesik dan peningkat stamina tubuh hewan. Penelitian ini menggunakan 20 ekor mencit jantan galur Deutschland Denken Yoken yang dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan dengan tiap kelompok terdiri atas 5 ekor mencit. Kelompok perlakuan dibagi menjadi kelompok mencit kontrol dan mencit perlakuan yang diberi infusa kayu manis dengan dosis 1, 2, dan 4 g/kg BB. Perlakuan dilakukan secara peroral dengan 3 kali ulangan dengan selang waktu satu hari. Pengujian pada uji analgesik dengan metode tail immersion flick test dan uji stamina dengan metode forced swim test. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian infusa kayu manis pada mencit jantan mampu memberikan efek analgesik pada dosis 4 g/kg BB dan mampu meningkatkan stamina pada dosis 2 dan 4 g/kg BB. Kesimpulan penelitian ini ialah kayu manis memiliki potensi sebagai analgesik dan peningkat stamina., Cinnamon is a herbal plant that has various health benefits. This research aims to study the effectiveness of cinnamon infusion on analgesic effects and to increase stamina for animals body. This study used 20 male mice of the Deutschland Denken Yoken strain which were grouped into 4 treatment groups with each group consisting of 5 mice. The treatment group was divided into control mice and treatment mice that were given cinnamon infusion at doses of 1, 2, and 4 g/kg BW. The treatment was carried out peroral with 3 repetitions with an interval of one day. The analgesic test uses the tail immersion flick test and the stamina test uses the forced swim test. The data obtained were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey test. The results of the study showed administrating cinnamon infusion to male mice was able to provide an analgesic effect at a dose of 4 g/kg BW and was able to increase stamina at a dose of 2 and 4 g/kg BW. The conclusion of this research is that cinnamon has the potential as an analgesic and stamina enhancer.
Keyword: kayu manis, stamina, analgesik, mencit, obat herbal

Judul: The Potential of Secang Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Infusion as a Body Stamina Stimulator in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai obat herbal telah dilakukan turun-temurun untuk menyembuhkan penyakit ataupun menjaga kebugaran tubuh. Salah satu pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai obat herbal adalah obat stimulator stamina. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas infusa kayu secang sebagai stimulator stamina dan pengaruhnya terhadap fisiologis tubuh. Uji stimulator stamina infusa kayu secang dilakukan pada 20 ekor mencit jantan dengan menggunakan metode swimming endurance. Mencit dikelompokkan menjadi lima kelompok perlakuan yakni satu kelompok kontrol negatif (perlakuan akuades), satu kelompok kontrol positif (perlakuan kafein 6,5 mg/kg BB), dan tiga kelompok perlakuan yang diberi infusa kayu secang dengan dosis masing-masing 1, 3, dan 5 g/kg BB. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik t - Student dan uji non-parametrik Kruskal-wallis yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Dunn. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa infusa kayu secang efektif meningkatkan stamina pada dosis 1 g/kg BB dengan total kemampuan berenang sebesar 732 detik. Efek peningkatan stamina ini terbedakan secara signifikan pada menit ke-30 waktu pengamatan. Ketiga dosis infusa kayu secang meningkatkan ketahanan berenang mencit yang setara dengan mencit kontrol positif dan lebih tinggi secara nyata dari mencit kontrol negatif. Infusa kayu secang juga ditemukan tidak mempengaruhi fisiologis tubuh mencit secara signifikan yang ditunjukkan dengan suhu tubuh, frekuensi napas, dan frekuensi denyut jantung dalam rentang normal. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kayu secang memiliki efek stimulator stamina pada mencit terutama pada dosis 1 g/kg BB. Kata kunci: fisiologi, infusa, kayu secang, stamina, The use of plants as an herbal medicine to cure disease or maintain body fitness has been carried out for generations. One of the uses of plants as herbal medicine is stamina stimulator. This study aimed to examine the potential of herbal medicine from sappan wood infusion as a stamina stimulator and its effect on body physiology. The stamina test was carried out on 20 male mice using the swimming endurance method. The mice were divided into 5 grouped, namely one group of a negative control group (aquadest treatment), one group of a positive control group (caffeine 6,5 mg/kg BW treatment), and three treatment groups that were given sappan wood infusion at a dose of 1, 3, or 5 g/kg BW respectively. The data were analyzed by using the t-Student test and Kruskal-Wallis continued with Dunn's test. The results showed that the sappan wood infusion effectively increased the stamina at a dose of 1 g/kg BW with a total swimming endurance of 732 seconds. This effect was significantly different at the 30th -minute observation. The three doses of sappan wood infusion increased the mice’s ability to swim which was equal to positive control mice and significantly higher than negative control mice. The secang wood infusion also did not affect the mice’s physiology as indicated by body temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate in the normal range. Therefore, it was concluded that sappan wood infusion has a stamina stimulator effect in mice, especially at a dose of 1 g/kg BW. Keywords: infusion, physiology, sappan wood, stamina
Keyword: Infusion, Physiology, Sappan wood, Stamina

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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