Judul: Penyisihan Nutrien dalam Limbah Cair secara Biologis dengan Reaktor Dua Tahap
Abstrak: Limbah cair dari kegiatan prtanian serta agoindustri mengandung nutrien berupa senyawa nitrogen dan fbsfor. Kedua senyawa ini pada siskrn perairan akan mengakibatkan eutrofikasi. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi tingkat pencemaran tersebut: adalah dengan pengolahan limbah secara biologis dengan penerapan proses nitrifikasi-denitrifikasi.
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Judul: Penyisihan senyawa nitrogen menggunakan reaktor dua tahap
Abstrak: Limbah agroindustri sangat kaya akan kandungan bahan organik dan nutrien, sehingga kalau dibuang langsung ke lingkungan tanpa pengolahan dahulu akan mengganggu lingkungan. Pengolahan limbah untuk menurunkan kandungan bahan organik dan nutrien yang populer adalah dengan pengolahan secara biologi. Pada penelitian ini dipelajari optimasi nitrifikasi dan denitrifikasi untuk menurunkan kandungan nutrien, dalam hal ini kandungan senyawa nitrogen. Konfigurasi reaktor yang digunakan menggunakan dua sistem, yaitu reaktor sinambung aerobik dan anoksik. Sirkulasi limbah dilakukan dari reaktor anoksik ke reaktor aerobik, begitu pula lumpur dari penjernih disirkulasikan ke reaktor anoksik Sirkulasi limbah yang merepresentasikan masa tinggal limbah dalam reaktor, mempengaruhi proses nitrifikasi dan denitrifikasi. Total penyisihan kandungan senyawa nitrogen pada rasio COD/N 10/1 adalah 30%, 49%, 76%, 60% dan 61% masing-masing untuk sirkulasi 0%, 50%, 100%, 200% dan 300%, sedangkan pada rasio COD/N 20/1 untuk sirkulasi 100% adalah 31%. Penyisihan nitrogen total yang optimum pada rasio COD/N 10/1 sebesar 76% dicapai pada sirkulasi 100% atau masa tinggal hidrolik (HRT) 0,6 hari untuk reaktor anoksik dan aerobik, sedangkan HRT sistem adalah 2,3 hari. Nitrifikasi pada rasio COD/N 10/1 yang optimal dicapai pada sirkulasi 100% dengan efisiensi sebesar 99%, sedangkan pada rasio COD/N 20/1 pada sirkulasi yang sama sebesar 94%. Denitrifikasi pada rasio COD/N 10/1 yang optimal dicapai pada sirkulasi 100% dengan efisiensi sebesar 95%, begitu pula pada rasio COD/N 20/1 dicapai pada sirkulasi 100% sebesar 95%. Nilai pH yang terjadi pada setiap reaktor berkisar antara 7,0 - 8,5 sehingga sesuai untuk proses pengolahan limbah secara aerobik dan anoksik. Pada kondisi optimal denitrifikasi nilai ORP (mV) dicapai pada sirkulasi 100% dengan nilai +70 mV. Kondisi optimal yang dicapai pada penelitian ini adalah sirkulasi limbah internal dari reaktor aerobik ke reaktor anoksik sebesar 100% dari influen, hal ini merepresentasikan bahwa HRT terbaik adalah 0,6 hari (14 jam) baik di reaktor anoksik maupun direaktor aerobik.
Keyword: Nitrogen removal, Waste water engineering, Nitrification, Aerobic reator, Anoxic reactor

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite