Judul: Analysis of Anatomical, Secretory and Histochemical Structures of Salam Plants (Syzygium polyanthum Wight)
Abstrak: Salam (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) merupakan tumbuhan yang termasuk ke dalam famili Myrtaceae. Salam dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan pengharum dan penyedap makanan alami serta sebagai bahan obat diabetes, obat hipertensi, maag, malaria dan kanker. Ekstrak daun salam mengandung senyawa metabolit berupa alkaloid, flavonoid, fenol dan terpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari struktur anatomi, struktur sekretori dan menganalisis kandungan senyawa metabolit yang terakumulasi dalam struktur sekretori. Struktur anatomi, struktur sekretori dan histokimia diamati pada daun dan ranting. Salam memiliki daun hipostomata dengan stomata tipe parasitik. Berkas pembuluh pada tulang daun utama menyerupai bentuk hati dengan tipe kolateral tertutup, sedangkan pada ranting berkas pembuluh bertipe bikolateral. Pada salam terdapat kristal kalsium oksalat berbentuk drus yang tersebar di jaringan palisade daun dan empulur ranting. Struktur sekretori berupa rongga sekretori dan sel idioblas yang terdapat pada daun dan ranting. Rongga sekretori pada daun tersebar di antara jaringan palisade, jaringan bunga karang dan korteks pada ranting. Sel idioblas pada daun dapat dijumpai di antara jaringan epidermis, jaringan bunga karang, floem dan korteks pada tulang daun. Sel idioblas juga teridentifikasi pada korteks, floem dan empulur pada ranting. Alkaloid, terpenoid, fenol dan senyawa lipofilik terdeteksi pada struktur sekretori seperti sel idioblas dan rongga sekretori. Selain itu, senyawa tersebut dapat dijumpai pada jaringan umum seperti kutikula, jaringan palisade dan pembuluh floem pada daun. Terpenoid, fenol dan senyawa lipofilik terakumulasi pada sel idioblas, periderm dan korteks pada ranting. Flavonoid tidak terdeteksi pada daun maupun ranting., Salam (Syzygium polyanthum Wight) is belongs to the Myrtaceae famili. Salam is used as a natural food flavoring agent, as well as medication for diabetes, hypertension, ulcer, malaria and cancer. Salam leaf extract contains metabolite compounds in the form of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and terpenoids. This research aimed to study the anatomical structure, secretory structure, and analyze the content of metabolite compounds that accumulate in the secretory structures. The anatomical, secretory and histochemical analyses were conducted on the leaves and twigs. Salam had hypostomata leaves with parasitic stomata. The vascular bundle on the leaf midrib was arranged in a heart shape with a closed collateral type, while on the twig was a bicolateral type. Calcium oxalate crystals in the form of drus were scattered in the palisade tissue of the leaf and pith of the twigs. The secretory structures in the form of secretory cavities and idioblast cells were found on leaves and twigs. Secretory cavities in the leaves were scattered among the palisade and spongy mesophyll cells, while on the twig were found in the cortex. Idioblast cells in leaves can be found among epidermal cells, spongy mesophyll cells, phloem and cortex in the midrib. Idioblast cells were also identified in the cortex, phloem and pith in the twigs. Alkaloids, terpenoids, phenols and lipophilic compounds were detected in secretory structures i.e: idioblast cells and secretory cavities. In addition, these compounds were also presented in other tissues including palisade tissue, phloem vessels and cuticles on the leaves. Terpenoids, phenols and lipophilic compounds were accumulated in idioblast cells, periderm and cortex in the twigs. Flavonoids were not detected on both leaf and twigs.
Keyword: alkaloids, cuticle, idioblast, Syzygium polyanthum

Judul: Analysis of Anatomical Structure, Secretory Structure and Histochemical of Sow thistle plants (Sonchus arvensis L.).
Abstrak: Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.) mampu mengatasi demam, peradangan, membantu peredaran darah, dan berperan dalam detoksifikasi. Kandungan fitokimia tumbuhan ini telah diketahui, namun belum diketahui lokasi keberadaan senyawa metabolit sekunder tersebut dalam jaringan tumbuhan, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur anatomi, struktur sekretori, serta akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terdapat di dalamnya. Metode yang digunakan yaitu pembuatan sediaan mikroskopis meliputi sediaan paradermal dan transversal. Keberadaan senyawa fenol, tanin, flavonoid, alkaloid, dan terpenoid diuji dengan pemberian reagen tertentu. Analisis struktur anatomi menunjukkan bahwa stomata pada tumbuhan tempuyung terdapat di kedua permukaan daun dan bertipe anomositik. Daun memiliki mesofil yang terdiferensiasi menjadi jaringan palisade dan bunga karang. Struktur sekretori yang ditemukan berupa sel idioblas. Akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder ditemukan pada sel idioblas dan beberapa jaringan lain. Hasil uji histokimia menunjukkan bahwa tempuyung mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa fenol, tanin, flavonoid, dan terpenoid. Pada bagian helai daun, metabolit sekunder terakumulasi pada sel idioblas jaringan epidermis, perbatasan antar sel jaringan mesofil, dan jaringan mesofil. Metabolit sekunder pada tulang daun terakumulasi pada sel idioblas jaringan epidermis, kolenkima, dan parenkima, sedangkan pada batang terakumulasi pada sel idioblas di jaringan parenkima., Sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) can overcome fever, inflammation, help blood circulation, and function for detoxification. The phytochemical content of this plant has been reported, but the location of the secondary metabolites in the plant tissues was still unknown. This study aimed to analyze the anatomical structure, secretory structure, and the accumulation site of secondary metabolites in the plant tissue. Microscopic observation was using paradermal and transverse section of each organ. The presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids were tested by application of specific reagents, prior to observation using a light microscope or a fluorescence microscope. Anatomical analysis showed that stomata found on both leaf surfaces were anomocytic. Leaves mesophyll was differentiated into palisade and spongy tissue. The secretory structures found were idioblast cells. Secondary metabolites were detected in idioblast cells and several tissues. Histochemical test showed that tempuyung contains phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. In the leave blades, secondary metabolites were accumulated in the idioblast cells of the epidermis and mesophyll tissue, while in the midrib were found in idioblast cells of the epidermis and parenchyma. In the stems, secondary metabolites were detected in idioblast cell in parenchyma tissue
Keyword: anomositik, antioksidan, trikoma, idioblas, terpenoid, anomocytic, antioxidant, idioblasts, terpenoids, trichomes

Judul: Uji Robust T2-Hotelling dengan Menggunakan Penduga Minimum Covariance Determinant
Abstrak: Hotelling’s T2 statistic is a good statistic for inference about the mean of a multivariate normal population. In Hotelling’s T2 statistic, approximation with Bonferroni confidence intervals provides shorter interval than T2 confidence intervals. Therefore, to find the mean of a multivariate normal population, simultaneous t-intervals based on the Bonferroni method is often applied. However, hypothesis test and confidence intervals based on T2 statistic can be significantly affected by outliers in a set of multivariate normal data. Therefore, to find a good estimator for the mean of a multivariate normal population, the Minimum Covariance Determinant (MCD) estimator is used. To increase the efficiency of the MCD estimator, this test statistic is applied using the reweighted MCD which gives weights to the mean and covariance based on the robust of the observations.
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