Judul: Release of fixed potassium by adding oxalic acid and cations to increase available potassium for plant growth on smectitic soils
Abstrak: Research aimed to study the role of oxalic acid, Na+, NH4+, and Fe3+ in increasing available K in smectitic soils for maize (Zea mays, L.) were conducted in Laboratory of Soil Science, Kyoto University, Laboratory of Research and Soil Test, and Green House of Indonesian Soil Research Institute, Bogor. The experiments used 91 of composite soil samples taken from Java that represented Inceptisols, Vertisols, as well as Alfisols. Four bulk soil samples taken from Jonggol, Bogor (Typic Hapludalfs), Sidareja, Cilacap (Chromic Endoaquerts), Padas, Ngawi (Typic Endoaquerts), and Todanan, Blora (Typic Haplustalfs) were also used in the experiments. The results showed that most of K in the smectitic soils was in non-exchangeable form, thus it was not available for plant growth immediately.
Keyword: smectitic soils, composite soil, bulk soil, non-exchangeable form, soil buffering capacity, maximum sorption

Judul: Pemberian kotoran sapi pada pertanaman jagung (Zea mays) perubahan beberapa sifat kimia dan fraksi fosfor inorganik pada ultisol Gunung Sindur
Abstrak: Indonesia has wide area for acid upland soils. This upland soils are potential to develop as agricultural land. Soil order which dominantly occupied these acid upland is Ultisols. The Ultisols occupied about 24.3 % of the total acid upland soils. Acid upland soils in Indonesia have some limiting factors chemically and physically. Chemically, they have very low nutrient status and deficient in phosphorus (P), so that P fertilizer is recommended. Application of organic matter such as cow dung was expected to improve some chemical properties and P availability on acid upland soils. This reasearch was conducted in acid upland soil situated at Gunung Sindur District, Bogor Regency Cibadung Village. Analyses of soil chemical properties and the P inorganic fractions were held in the Laboratory of Chemistry and Soil Fertility, Department of Soil Science and Land Resource, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of cow dung on the changes of some chemical properties and inorganic phosphorus fractions under maize cultivation. The rates of cow dung applied were 0, 10, 20, and 40 tons ha-1. The soil samples used were collected at the time before planting as initial soil properties, two weeks after incubation of manure application and harvest time in the rhizosphere area and between the plant rows The Application of cow dung increased soil pH significantly on two weeks after incubation and after harvest in rhizosphere area. These increases soil pH were followed by the decreases of exchangeable Aluminum. The Application of cow dung increased cation exchange capacity (CEC) significantly on two weeks after incubation but not significantly on that of after harvest in rhizosphere area and between plant rows as well. The application of cow dung increased soil organic carbon (C) on two weeks after incubation and on after harvest in rhizosphere area. The application of cow dung increased base saturation of the soil on two weeks after incubation and after harvest in rhizosphere area and between plant rows as well. The Application of cow dung increased resin-Pi and NaHCO3-Pi fractions on two weeks after incubation and on after harvest in the rhizosphere area and between plant rows as well. As for NaOH-Pi fraction, the application of cow dung only increased this P fraction on two weeks after incubation. Analyses of the P fraction changes (the content of the P fraction after harvest - two weeks after incubation) showed that the resin-Pi was negative values both in rhizosphere and between planting rows. This suggested the resin-Pi contents partly were transformed into other P fraction. The changes NaHCO3-Pi after harvest in rhiszosphere area and between plant rows were positive values. It suggested that partly resin-Pi contents were transformed into this fraction. From the evaluation of the changes on NaOH-Pi fraction which were interpreted as Al-P and Fe-P, the 3 contents of this P fraction of some samples decreased. This suggested that the NaOH-Pi fraction was not stable because it transformed to replenish if available P in soil solution depleted. Dynamics of P fractions that occurred after harvest were related to plant activities.
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Judul: Sistem Dinamik Penyebaran Penyakit Flu Burung dengan Vaksinasi.
Abstrak: Avian influenza mengacu pada penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus avian (burung) influenza (flu) Tipe A. Virus ini terjadi secara alami di antara burung air liar di seluruh dunia dan dapat menginfeksi unggas domestik dan spesies burung serta hewan lainnya. Terdapat dua kategori virus influenza tipe A yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada burung, yaitu patogen avian influenza rendah (LPAI) dan patogen avian influenza tinggi (HPAI). Burung liar biasanya menyebarkan virus LPAI ke burung domestik dan dalam kondisi tertentu, LPAI mengalami mutasi dan berevolusi menjadi HPAI. HPAI menyebabkan kegagalan organ dalam dan mengakibatkan tingkat kematian sebesar 90-100 persen di antara burung domestik dalam waktu 48 jam. Virus influenza tipe A menjadi penyakit yang ditakuti oleh masyarakat, karena virus ini tidak hanya menyerang unggas namun juga dapat menyebar dari unggas yang terinfeksi ke manusia. Sementara itu, pada tahun 1997 di Hong Kong, terdapat pasien yang dirawat di Rumah Sakit karena virus flu burung, yang kemudian tertular pada anggota keluarga pasien dan perawat kesehatan. Diketahui dari dua perawat yang terpapar, salah satunya melaporkan penyakit pernapasan setelah dua hari berinteraksi dengan pasien tersebut. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa penularan dari manusia ke manusia telah terjadi. Manusia yang terinfeksi oleh gejala flu burung menunjukkan gejala seperti demam, batuk, sakit tenggorokan, nyeri otot, dan pada kasus yang parah dapat mengalami kesulitan bernapas, pneumonia, gangguan pernapasan akut, dan kegagalan pernapasan. Subtipe flu burung H5N1 telah mewabah di Asia dan beberapa tempat lain, dengan 860 infeksi manusia yang dikonfirmasi oleh laboratorium selama tahun 2003-2018, 454 atau 52,8 persen diantaranya telah berakibat fatal. Saat ini, penyebaran virus H5N1 diketahui terkendali, tetapi infeksi bisa muncul kembali kapan saja di masa depan. H5N1 dapat bermutasi menjadi strain yang mampu menularkan penyakit dari manusia ke manusia secara efisien. Jika situasi berlanjut tanpa kontrol yang efektif, pandemi flu burung dapat terjadi di antara manusia dengan tingkat kematian yang berpotensi tinggi. Sehingga, diperlukan tindakan pengendalian untuk mencegah pandemik flu burung di antara manusia, salah satunya adalah vaksinasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun kerangka pemodelan yang mengacu pada model Chong et al. (2014) dan Modnak dan Wang (2018). Model matematika penyebaran penyakit flu burung akan dimodifikasi dengan memperhatikan pengaruh vaksinasi serta penambahan kompartemen lain, yaitu individu yang terpapar. Hasil analisis yang dilakukan pada model hasil modifikasi diperoleh dua titik tetap, yaitu titik tetap tanpa penyakit dan titik tetap endemik. Titik tetap tanpa penyakit stabil asimtotik lokal pada kondisi ℛ0<1, sedangkan titik tetap endemik stabil asimtotik lokal pada kondisi ℛ0>1. Hasil simulasi numerik dinamika populasi menunjukkan hasil yang sesuai dengan kestabilan titik tetap tanpa penyakit dan titik tetap endemik. Analisis sensitivitas menghasilkan parameter laju alamiah kelahiran manusia dan tingkat vaksinasi pada populasi manusia rentan memiliki nilai mutlak indeks sensitivitas yang paling besar. Kemudian dilakukan simulasi numerik pada parameter laju alamiah kelahiran manusia dan tingkat vaksinasi pada populasi manusia rentan. Semakin besar laju alamiah kelahiran manusia maka jumlah populasi manusia rentan, populasi manusia terpapar, populasi manusia terinfeksi dengan strain avian, populasi manusia terinfeksi dengan strain mutan dan populasi manusia sembuh akan semakin menurun. Sedangkan populasi burung rentan dan populasi burung terinfeksi akan tetap. Tingkat vaksinasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah populasi
Keyword: analisis sensitivitas, bilangan reproduksi dasar, flu burung, vaksinasi