Judul: Pengaruh pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi
Abstrak: Pertumbuhan ekonomi adalah perkembangan kegiatan dalam perekonomian yang menyebabkan barang dan jasa yang diproduksi dalam masyarakat bertambah. Tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi ditunjukkan oleh persentase kenaikan pendapatan nasional real dari tahun sebelumnya. Nilai yang berbeda untuk pengeluaran pemerintah dan pajak memiliki dua efek dalam pemerintahan, yaitu kenaikan pajak akan mengurangi pertumbuhan ekonomi dan peningkatan pengeluaran pemerintah akan meningkatkan produk marjinal terhadap modal. Peningkatan produk marjinal terhadap modal akan menyebabkan peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Untuk tingkat pengeluaran pemerintah yang kecil, penggunaan pajak penghasilan menghasilkan laju pertumbuhan konsumsi dan tingkat tabungan yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan penggunaan lump-sum tax, sedangkan untuk tingkat pengeluaran pemerintah yang besar, penggunaan lump-sum tax menghasilkan laju pertumbuhan konsumsi yang cenderung meningkat monoton dan tingkat tabungan yang meningkat perlahan dan cenderung konstan jika dibandingkan dengan penggunaan pajak penghasilan yang menghasilkan laju pertumbuhan konsumsi dan tingkat tabungan yang semakin menurun
Keyword: Government spending, Economic growth, Tax, Lump-sum tax, Bogor Agricultural University, Institut Pertanian Bogor, IPB

Judul: Pengaruh Pengeluaran Pemerintah pada Investasi Infrastruktur dan Pendidikan terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Jangka Panjang
Abstrak: Economic growth is the development of economic activities leading to the increase of goods and services within community. Government expenditure is one of the factors that affect the rate of economic growth, it is financed through tax revenues. This paper discusses two types of government expenditures which affect long-term economic growth. The first type is government expenditures on infrastructure investments, such as roads, airports, ports, research, and development. In the second type, the government expenditures are invested on technology, such as investment on education. The tax rate that maximizes economic growth is affected by the elasticity of public capital in the first type of government expenditures, while the second type is affected by the elasticity of private capital. Simulation results show that the second type of government expenditure produces higher economic growth rate than the first type.
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Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship