Judul: Penapisan Bakteri Resisten Terhadap Merkuri sebagai Alternatif Agen Bioremediasi pada Pencemaran Tanah Pertambangan
Abstrak: Heavy metal pollution of mercury (Hg) in soil and water are very harmful to the environment and human health. Mercury compounds in the form of Hg (II) can be bound to the cysteine residues of proteins of human / animal so that the protein loses its activity. This research was expected to help provide solutions to environmental problems caused by environmental pollution, especially mercury around industries that use mercury and as information on the type of bacteria that were resistant to mercury. Mercury-resistant bacteria are a biological agent that can degrade the mercury from Hg2+ to Hg which has un harmful properties to the environment and health. There are two mercury-resistant bacteria that had isolated from gold mine waste disposal areas of PT.ANTAM. The bacteria were cultivated on solid media supplemented with 1 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL HgCl2. Identification of two mercury-resistant bacteria had through the morphology test and biochemical assay, were compared with the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Enterobacter sp. decreased consentration of HgCl2 in the media of 3.3 ppm after three days incubation, whereas the Bacillus sp. showed a decrease of 0.9 ppm. Bacillus sp. better than the Enterobacter sp. as a bioremediation agent for the level of resistance to antibiotics lower so it was easy to control.
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Judul: Bioremidiasi Limbah Mengandung Merkuri Menggunakan Bakteri Tempatan dan Tanaman Dengan Sistem Bioreaktor dan Lahan Basah Buatan
Abstrak: Pertambangan Emas Skala Kecil (PESK) di Talawaan-Tatelu, Kabupaten Minahasa Utara, Sulawesi Utara yang mulai beroperasi 1998 menggunakan merkuri dalam memproses produk emas menghasilkan limbah merkuri yang mencemari sungai, sumur, tanah, tanaman, dan udara yang ada dilokasi dan sekitarnya. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa telah terjadi pencemaran merkuri di lokasi tersebut berdasarkan data sampel tahun 2002 s/d 2006. Bioremediasi dengan menggunakan bakteri merupakan suatu teknik pembersihan lingkungan tercemar merkuri yang efektif dan efisien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengisolasi dan mengkarakteristik serta menguji aktivitas bakteri pereduksi merkuri tempatan asal PESK Talawaan-Tatelu; (2) mengkaji kemampuan bakteri pereduksi merkuri, arang aktif, tanaman typha dan tanaman eceng gondok menggunakan bioreaktor dalam mereduksi merkuri; (3) mengkaji kemampuan tanaman typha, tanaman eceng gondok, dan arang aktif menggunakan reaktor lahan basah buatan dalam mereduksi merkuri. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Bioteknologi Lingkungan Indonesian Center for Biodiversity and Biotechnology (ICBB), Bogor. Sampel tanah diambil dari PESK Talawaan-Tatelu. Isolasi dilakukan dengan metode sebar, contoh tanah diencerkan dengan larutan fisiologis (8.5 g NaCl/l) sampai dengan pengenceran 10-4, kemudian disebar pada media Luria Bertani (LB) yang mengandung 10 ppm HgC12 dan diinkubasi pada suhu 27°C selama tiga hari. Isolat yang diperoleh diseleksi berdasarkan kemampuan tumbuh pada media LB yang telah ditetesi dengan berbagai konsentrasi Hg, dikarakterisasi iv morfologi dan diidentifikasi sampai tingkat genus serta diuji aktivitas bakteri tersebut dalam mereduksi merkuri. Penelitian ini memperoleh 10 isolat bakteri pereduksi merkuri yang mampu tumbuh pada 500 ppm HgCl2 yaitu: Pseudomonas sp. ICBB 9115, Bacillus sp. ICBB 9116, Eschericia coli ICBB 9117, Bacillus sp. ICBB 9118, Morganella morganii ICBB 9119, Micrococcos luteus ICBB 9120, Bacillus sp. ICBB 9121, Bacillus sp. ICBB 9122, Brevibacillus sp. ICBB 9123, dan Brevibacillus sp. ICBB 9124. Reduksi merkuri kelompok bakteri gram positif berbentuk batang berspora adalah Bacillus sp. ICBB 9116 sebesar 77.79% - 96.00%; Bacillus sp. ICBB 9118 sebesar 80.60% - 98.62%; Bacillus sp. ICBB 9121 sebesar 79.15% - 98.18%; dan Bacillus sp. ICBB 9122 sebesar 52.65% - 96.46%. Hasil reduksi merkuri dari kelompok bakteri gram positif berbentuk batang dan bulat berturut-turut yaitu: Brevibacillus sp. ICBB 9123 sebesar 63.75% - 94.91%; Brevibacillus sp. ICBB 9124 sebesar 69.27% - 96.40%; dan Micrococcos luteus ICBB 9120 sebesar 79.42% - 98.65%. Hasil reduksi merkuri kelompok bakteri gram negatif berbentuk batang yaitu: Pseudomonas sp. ICBB 9115 sebesar 59.69% - 96.20%; Morganella morganii ICBB 9119 sebesar 80.10% - 98.50%; dan isolat Eschericia coli ICBB 9117 sebesar 53.76% - 95.19%. Reduksi merkuri dalam sistem bioreaktor selama 6 hari pembentukan biofilm menggunakan Bacillus sp. ICBB 9118 sebesar 98.89% (dari 6.85 menjadi 0.076 ppm), Morganella morganii ICBB 9119 sebesar 98.73% (dari 6.72 menjadi 0.085 ppm), Micrococcos luteus ICBB 9120 sebesar 99.12% (6.92 menjadi 0.061 ppm), dan Bacillus sp. ICBB 9121 sebesar 99.33% (6.61 menjadi 0.044 ppm). Kemampuan mereduksi merkuri reaktor lahan basah buatan selama 3 hari dengan tanaman typha sebesar 82.18% (dari 6.96 menjadi 1.24 ppm), dengan eceng gondok sebesar 44.25% (dari 6.96 menjadi 3.88 ppm), dan arang aktif sebesar 85.34% (dari 6.96 menjadi 1.02 ppm).
Keyword: mercury-reducing bacteria, mercury, bioreactor, artificial wetland

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite