Judul: Estimation model of basin water yield of five main rivers in Aceh Province, Estimation model of basin water yield of five main rivers in Aceh province
Abstrak: The design of hydrologic model may vary depend on some influencing factors, such as size, slope, river network and land use of the watershed. All these factors will affect the water yield. This research will study the estimation model of water yield of five main rivers in Aceh. The objectives of this research are : (1) present the characteristic of watershed of five main rivers in Aceh (2) present the variation of water yield estimates of the different watersheds and what are the influences of the different factors, (3) present water yield analysis and simulate the effect of rehabilitation and land use conservation for water yield in five watershed in Aceh Province with three subsequent models: H2U (Hydrogramme Unitaire Universel) model, Integration models between NRCS (Natural Resources Conservation Service) and baseflow and Mock Model. H2U model interpreted the Unit Hydrograph as the travel time probability density function (pdf) to the watershed outlet. Each flow path is characterized by the probability that a water drop follows it, its length and the pdf of its travel time. NRCS-TR 55 uses the runoff curve number (CN) method to estimate runoff from storm rainfall. Determination of CN depends on the watershed’s soil and cover conditions, which the model represents as hydrologic soil group, cover type, treatment, and hydrologic condition. Mock Model aims at a preliminary assessment of the available water resources in three main forms: precipitation; surface water and ground water. H2U model is able to simulate flood discharge at watershed in Aceh Province with efficiency coeficient 92 % compared to discharge measured. Integration models between NRCS and baseflow, capable to simulate water yield in Aceh Province with Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coeficient 79.05 % compared to discharge measured. Mock model that used in this research capable to estimate of monthly discharge with efficiency coeficient 86.8 percentage, average yearly water yield in Aceh Province is 62.9 x 109 m3/year. Rehabilitation and land use conservation by reforestation at five watersheds in Aceh to result in stable water yield in a whole year and capable to lower runoff and increase baseflow.
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Judul: Modeling of Flood for Land Use Management (Case Study of Ciliwung Watershed)
Abstrak: Floods are one of the major disasters affecting many countries in the world year after year. It is an inevitable natural phenomenon occurring from time to time in all rivers and natural drainage systems. It causes damage to lives, natural resources and environment as well as the loss of economy and health. Floods represent complex problems because of its variety. Therefore, this variety cannot be studied or controlled only by one or two specific methods. The objectives of this research are to understand the process of flood events and its interaction with hydrometeorological components, to develop flood model for watershed management and to determine the effect of land use change to watershed discharge which indicates flood event. The research consists of four processes those are 1) Data Preparation, 2) Model Development, 3) Model Simulation and 4) Model Calibration and Validation. Data preparation was conducted for two kinds of data namely spatial data and tabular data. Model developed as numerical model of the hydrology of a river basin system. This model includes the response of watershed to precipitation, the actions of the river network as water flows through the river, the effect of land use changes, and the effect of engineering structures to the watershed. Model simulated by change land use as an input. Model calibrated by using water level data of field measurement in year 1996 and model validated by using water level data of field measurement in year 2000. The result of this reseach showed how the process based modeling is useful to model hidrological processes over the watershed. Precipitation is the main input for hidrology simulation and land use change gives the effect of water level in the watershed. The model which is built in this research can be used to evaluate runoff from different land use areas. For assessing the hydrological effects of land use changes on floods, three hypothetical scenarios, namely urbanization, deforestation and afforestation scenario, were considered made. It was found from the model simulation that the urbanization scenario has the higest negative impact on increasing water level. Deforestation has the second largest negative impact, while afforestation causes positive impact shown by decreasing water level. The result indicated that the urbanization produce the highest peak flow, followed by the deforestation and afforestation scenario. The simulated water level for the present land use is 84 cm, for the urbanization scenario 135 cm, deforestation scenario 92 cm, and afforestation scenario 59 cm. Accordingly, the urbanization scenario increases the peak discharge by 61%, the deforestation scenario increase 15%, and afforestation decrease by 19%.
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Judul: Penyakit kudis pada kelinci ( Scabies ) dan cara penanggulangannya
Abstrak: Salah satu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh parasit terutama ektoparasit pada kelinci yang sering dijumpai adalah penyakit kudis. Kudis merupakan penyakit kulit yang sangat menular yang disebabkan oleh beberapa jenis tungau. Beberapa jenis tungau penyebab kudis yang telah diketahui antara lain Sarcoptes scabiei, Notoedres sp. dan Psoroptes sp. Hewan umur muda, hewan tua yang dipelihara dalam kondisi jelek merupakan faktor-faktor predisposisi bagi infestasi penyakit kudis. Infeksi meluas terutama oleh kontak dengan larva, nympha dan betina yang bunting. Tungau sangat peka terhadap kekeringan dan tidak dapat hidup lama pada hostnya dalam keadaan tersebut. Dalam penyebarannya lebih menyukai bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupi banyak bulu seperti kepala dan telinga. Gejala klinis yang ditimbulkannya antara lain hewan menampakkan rasa gatal, gelisah dan selalu menggaruk-garuk badannya, kulit merah, menebal, ada exudat, bulu rontok dan kulit menjadi gundul. Apabila kasusnya parah maka hewan bisa mengalami kekurusan, dehidrasi dan akhirnya terjadi Kematian. Diagnosa didasarkan atas gejala klinis. Selain itu untuk lebih meyakinkan diagnosa dilakukan pemeriksaan mikroskopis dari bahan kerokan kulit. Tindakan pencegahan mencakup penempatan hewan di kandang yang bersih dan hangat, memberi makan yang bergizi baik. Untuk pemberantasan populasi tungau diperlukan tindakan isolasi hewan sakit, bulu-bulu atau rambut dicukur kemudian bagian kerak-kerak yang tebal dibersihkan dengan sabun dan air hangat dan dijaga terhadap kontak dengan hewan yang sehat. Obat-obat yang sering digunakan antara lain emulsi belerang, benzyl benzoat, Lindane, Tetmosol, Coumaphos dan Ivermectin.
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