Judul: Physical Properties, Test of Degree of Acidity (pH) and Solubility of Energy Source Feed Ingredients and Their Degradation in the Rumen
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi sifat fisik, uji derajat keasaman (pH), kelarutan dan korelasinya dengan degradasi pati secara in sacco didalam rumen. Dua buah rancangan percobaan digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Untuk mengukur sifat fisik, pH dan kelarutan digunakan rancangan acak lengkap menggunakan 5 bahan pakan sumber energi, yaitu jagung, sorgum, sagu, gandum dan gaplek yang masing-masing perlakuan 4 ulangan. Pengukuran degradasi pati dengan in sacco digunakan rancangan acak kelompok menggunakan 5 bahan sumber energi, yaitu jagung, sorgum, sagu, gandum dan gaplek yang masing- masing diinkubasi dengan waktu 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 24, 48 dengan 3 ekor sapi fistula sebagai ulangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa gaplek merupakan bahan pakan sumber energi yang dapat menjadi alternatif pakan ruminansia, gaplek memiliki nilai pH yang rendah, tingkat degradasi pati yang tinggi, serta nilai effective degradability yang baik. Oleh karena itu, gaplek dapat dijadikan sebagai pakan sumber energi yang lebih baik untuk meningkatkan pencernaan dan ketersediaan nutrisi dalam rumen. Degradasi pati pada bahan pakan sumber karbohidrat dapat dipengaruhi oleh protein kasar, lemak kasar, BETN, dan pati., This study aims to evaluate the physical properties, acidity test (pH), solubility and its correlation with starch degradation in sacco in the rumen. Two experimental designs were used in this study. To measure physical properties, pH and solubility, a completely randomized design was used using 5 energy source feed ingredients, namely corn, sorghum, sago, wheat and cassava, each treatment was 4 replications. Measurement of starch degradation with in sacco used a randomized block design using 5 energy source ingredients, namely corn, sorghum, sago, wheat and cassava, each of which was incubated for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 24, 48 with 3 fistula cows as replications. The results of this study indicate that cassava is an energy source feed ingredient that can be an alternative to ruminant feed, cassava has a low pH value, a high starch degradation rate, and a good effective degradability value. Therefore, cassava can be used as a better energy source feed to improve digestion and nutrient availability in the rumen. Starch degradation in carbohydrate source feed materials can be influenced by crude protein, crude fat, BETN, and starch.
Keyword: in sacco, pati, sumber energi

Judul: In Vitro Digestibility and Ruminal Fermentation in Dairy Cattle Rations Based on NFC from Cassava Meal and Protected Soybean by Formaldehyde
Abstrak: Rasio Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) dan Rumen Undrgradable Protein (RUP) yang ideal diketahui mampu meningkatkan produktivitas ternak sapi perah. Kedelai merupakan salah satu bahan pakan konsentrat yang memiliki kandungan protein kasar tinggi dan asam amino yang lengkap, namum karena sifatnya yang mudah terdegradasi dalam rumen dibutuhkan upaya untuk memproteksi protein pada kedelai, salah satunya dengan penambahan formaldehid. Ketersediaan energi juga harus diperhatikan untuk digunakan dalam proses sintesis protein mikroba. Mineral sulfur dibutuhkan untuk mensintesis asam amino bersulfur seperti metionin dan sistein. Penelitian bertujuan mengevaluasi tingkat kecernaan dan fermentabilitas ransum yang menggunakan komponen Non-Fiber Carbohydrates (NFC) asal gaplek dan kedelai terproteksi menggunakan formaldehid 1% secara in vitro menggunakan metode Tilley dan Terry (1963). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan, pengelompokkan berdasarkan waktu pengambilan cairan rumen dijadikan sebagai ulangan. Data dianalisis dengan analisis varian (ANOVA) dan uji kontras ortogonal menggunakan aplikasi SPSS versi 25. Hasil evaluasi ransum secara in vitro menunjukkan bahwa penambahan NFC asal gaplek, kedelai terproteksi formaldehid, dan suplementasi sulfur dalam ransum tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P>0,05) terhadap fermentabilitas rumen in vitro. Kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik meningkat (P<0,05) pada ransum yang ditambahkan NFC asal gaplek., An ideal ratio of Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) and Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP) is known to increase the productivity of dairy cattle. Soybean contains high crude protein and complete amino acid, besides that most of the protein components in soybeans degraded quickly in rumen so we need to protect the protein. Energy availability is required to support the microbial protein synthesis process. Sulfur also needed to synthesize sulfuric amino acids like methionine and cysteine. This study aimed to evaluate the digestibility and fermentability of dairy cattle ration with the addition of Non-Fiber Carbohydrates (NFC) sources from cassava meals and protected soybeans by formaldehyde using Tilley and Terry’s (1963) in vitro method. The experimental design was a randomized block design with 5 treatments and 4 repeats, grouping based on the rumen fluid collection time. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and contrast’s multiple range test using the SPSS 25th version. The result of the in vitro rations evaluations showed that the addition of NFC, protected soybean, and sulfur supplementation in rations had no significant effect (P>0.05) on rumen fermentability. Dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility increased (P<0.05) in the ration that was added with NFC from cassava meals.
Keyword: formaldehid, gaplek, kedelai, sulfur, cassava meal, formaldehyde, soybean, sulfur

Judul: Etno-ornitologi Burung Kancilan Flores (Pachycephala nudigula nudigula Hartert 1897) pada Masyarakat Lio di Taman Nasional Kelimutu
Abstrak: Bare-throathed whistler is one of several wild birds in Kelimutu National Park (TNKL) that is believed to have correlation with Lio Community‟s belief. The estimation of Bare-throated whistler‟s population in Kelimutu National Park was about 186.41-1668.07 individual by the density about 0.0389-0.3481 ind/ha with the sex ratio 6.2:1 that spreaded on area with height of 1100 – 1600 masl. The characteristic of Bare-throated whistler‟s habitat is a natural forest with various canopy level, high plant species diversity and high density. The habitat characteristics related to the availability of food in the form of insects, cover, safety and a nesting site. Generally the most of Lio community knew the existence of Bare-throated whistler directly or from their parents‟ stories. The perceptions of Lio Community to the Bare-throated whistler‟s existence is generally support the conservation efforts. The perceptions construct the Lio Community‟s atitude that tend to be conservative to the existence of Bare-throated whistler. The attitude shown by their behavior that not cathing the Bare-throated whistler from the TNKL‟s area or the outside. The attitude have an important role to the existence of Bare-throated whistler in Kelimutu National Park‟s area.
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