Judul: Kultivasi Konsorsium Alamiah Mikroalga dengan Memanfaatkan Nutrien pada Berbagai Limbah Cair Agroindustri
Abstrak: During the last two decades, Indonesian economic growth focused on industrial development especially agroindustrial sector (Suardana, 2008). As a result, agroindustrial wastewater pollution became serious problem. Organic wastewater with high nutrient content can stimulate uncontrolled microalgae growth (Pustekkom, 2005), whereas discipline control can be very profitable. According to Pirt (1986), microalgae is low level vegetation (5 – 30 2m) with high productivity and efficiency in biofuel producing through photosynthesis. Its productivity in producing triglycerides reached 100 000 L/ha, while oil palm reached only 5 950 L/ha (Kabinawa, 2008). Specific cultivation of microalgae raised feasibility problem particularly in Indonesia. Cultivation of natural microalgae consortium in many agroindustrial wastewater, will be delivered to produce dominant, natural selected microalgae with good ability to survive in such extreme condition. This research was performed to determine the effect of several agroindustrial wastewater as nutrient in microalgae natural consortium cultivation. In addition, application of coagulation/flocculation and centrifugation method for separating/harvesting microalgae was also investigated. In the early stage, preparation was performed to create cultivation vessel based on raceway design, characterization of agroindustrial wastewater (slaughterhouse wastewater/L1, livestock wastewater/L2, and sugar mill wastewater/L3), characterization of microalgae natural consortium from LSI Lake- IPB, and also making of trial cultivation. Next stage, primary cultivation was launched in wastewater medium with circulation, wastewater medium without circulation, and synthetic wastewater medium (in many concentrations of NPK fertilizer, without circulation). In the last stage, separation of consortium after cultivation was carried out with centrifugation, and also coagulation/flocculation with alum and polyaluminium chloride (PAC). Characterization of wastewater showed that L2 contain the highest nitrogen (1 490 mg/L) and potassium (304.70 mg/L) concentration, but orthophosphate concentration (8.0 mg/L) lower than L1 (14.8 mg/L). Meanwhile L3 had nitrogen (0 mg/L), orthophosphate (0.6 mg/L), and potassium (107.70 mg/L) concentration at the lowest. Microalgae consortium cell density attained 2 250 000 cell/ml, and its prevalence showed that there are three species of chlorophyceae in large amount, Selenastrum sp., Ankistrodesmus sp., and Dictyosphaerium sp.. Uncounted species in consortium assumed to be in very small amount. Cultivation in wastewater medium with circulation showed that complete microalgae growth phase occurred in 20 – 30 days. During the phase, nutrients such as N, NO3 -, PO4 3-, and K decreased, however, fluctuation occurred (especially NO3 - and PO4 3-) by the perpetual conversion activity which related to food chain between microalgae and the other contaminant microorganisms. Its pH value ranging in proper microalgae growth pH from 7 to 9 but tend to be 8. Drastic color change according to chlorophyceae growth was not appeared due to effect of circulation on the chlorophyll amount. Next cultivation was carried out without circulation in wastewater medium. During 16 days cultivation, complete growth phase was well-detected. NO3 -, PO4 3-, and K concentration also showed decreasing trend, while pH value ranging from 6 to 9 but also tend to be 8. Cultivation in synthetic wastewater medium, consist of 9 serial concentrations of NPK fertilizer (Sy1 – Sy9), was run to prove that nutrient concentration affect the growth rate of microalgae. As a result, the growth peak of Sy3
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Judul: Karakterisasi Pertumbuhan Mikroalga dan Penyisihan Nutrien dari Limbah Cair Rumah Pemotongan Hewan dengan Sistem Kultur Semi Kontinu
Abstrak: Organic wastewater with high nutrient content can stimulate uncontrolled microalgae growth. Whereas discipline control led growth can be very profitable. The research was performed to determine the characteristic of growth microalgae nutrient elimination from slaughterhouse wastewater in semi continuous culture system with 75% concentration of slaughterhouse wastewater : 25% consortium of microalgae. In addition, the separation and harvesting of microalgae for the known oil content was also investigated. Cultivation of microalgae has been done at a temperature and pH of the field approach, then temperature and pH dependent on state in the field daily. The light source is obtained directly from the sun. Circulation in a semi continuous culture media which have been made simply by aeration when sampling. Microalgae consortium cell density attained 640 000 cell/ml. During the cultivation for 18 days, the growth of Chlorella sp dominate the culture, that follow by growth of Euglena on day 20 after the death phase of Chlorella sp through. The best growth of Chlorella sp (on day-12) occurred with a concentration of nutrients containing: 1 mg/l for N-organic content, 1 mg/l for NNH3, 4 mg/l for N-NO3 - then total of nitrogen 6 mg/l, orthophosphate content of 10 mg/l, and potassium values of 87.5 mg/l with consortium cell density attained 3 130 000 cell/ml and TSS Filtration 1 930 mg/l. Convertion of biomass from TSS with amount of nitrogen or TKN (on day 2 until 12) is 180 mg TSS/ mg TKN and convertion of biomass from TSS with orthophosphate content in the same time is 4 200 mg TSS/ mg Orthophosphate. Maximum population of microalgae decrease due to lower nutrient content in culture media. Although the consortium of microalgae dominated by Chlorella sp, oil content (3.03%) and oil productivity is 3 000 liter/ha/year still low compared with a previous study, that have been in research by Hsieh and Wu (2009), Widjaja (2009) along with Danusubrata (2010). It was caused by nutrient treatment which have not yet optimum.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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