Judul: Rural Transformation and Income in Indonesia
Abstrak: Transformasi perdesaan merupakan suatu proses perubahan sosial yang komprehensif dimana masyarakat perdesaan melakukan diversifikasi ekonomi dan mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap sektor pertanian. Proses transformasi perdesaan yang sedang terjadi di Indonesia ditandai dengan meningkatnya share PDRB high-value agriculture dan share tenaga kerja nonpertanian. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui gambaran tipologi dan pengaruh transformasi perdesaan terhadap pendapatan perdesaan. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder multitahunan dari 2000 hingga 2018 dengan observasi individu 25 provinsi dan diestimasi menggunakan metode data panel statis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan transformasi perdesaan tidak terjadi pada kecepatan yang sama antarprovinsi. Transformasi perdesaan diketahui berpengaruh secara positif dan signifikan terhadap pendapatan perdesaan di Indonesia., Rural transformation is a process of comprehensive social change where rural people diversify their economy and reduce their dependency on agricultural sector. Rural transformation process is happening in Indonesia shown by increasing of share of high-value agricultural GDPR and share of non-farm employment. This research aims to illustrate the typology and impact of rural transformation to rural income. This research uses multiyear secondary data from 2000 to 2018 with individual observation of 25 provinces and estimated by using static panel data method. This research showed that rural transformation growth not happened at the same speed across provinces. Rural transformation also has a positive and significant impact to rural income in Indonesia.
Keyword: data panel statis, transformasi perdesaan, pendapatan perdesaan, static panel data, rural transformation, rural income

Judul: The Effect of Rural Transformation on Rural Income Inequality in Indonesia
Abstrak: Transformasi perdesaan adalah suatu proses di mana terjadi perubahan struktur pertanian dari komoditas bernilai rendah ke komoditas bernilai tinggi serta terjadi perubahan struktur tenaga kerja perdesaan dari sektor pertanian ke sektor non-pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan, faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan dan bagaimana pengaruh transformasi perdesaan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan di Indonesia masih berfluktuasi dengan Provinsi Papua menjadi provinsi dengan rasio gini perdesaan tertinggi pada 2000-2018. Variabel institusi, kebijakan pemerintah dan investasi (IPIs) berpengaruh negatif, akan tetapi hanya dana desa dan KUR sebagai perangkat kebijakan pemerintah yang berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan, sedangkan transformasi perdesaan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan di Indonesia., Rural transformation is a changing process of economic structure from low value agriculture to high value agriculture and also there are shifting of rural employment structure from agricultural sector to nonagriculture. This study aims to analyze the condition of rural income inequality on rural transformation, factors that affect rural income inequality, and the impact of rural transformation to rural income inequality in Indonesia. The result showed that rural income inequality still fluctuated with Papua Province which had the highest rural gini ratio in 2000-2018. Institutions, policies, and investments (IPIs) variables had a negative effect, but only Dana Desa and KUR, which are part of policy have a significant effect on rural income inequality, while rural transformation had a significant negative effect on rural income inequality in Indonesia.
Keyword: non-agriculture employment, panel data, rural income inequality, rural transformation

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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