Judul: Analisis Variabilitas Curah Hujan Indonesia pada Kejadian ENSO
Abstrak: Indonesia is one of the countries which experiences El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impact on rainfall variability. The purpose of this study included to investigate the Indonesian climate variations related to ENSO events and to understand the effect of ENSO on rainfall temporal distributions at Indramayu (6.35°LS, 108.32°BT) and Tabing (0.88°LS, 100.35°BT). Composite analysis method was used to reveal the trend of sea surface temperature anomaly, wind at 850 hPa, OLR and TRMM 3B43 rainfall data, whereas temporal and correlation analysis was used to observe rainfall and nino-3.4 index. When El Niño sea surface temperature anomaly (ASPL) maximum in October-December, 850 hPa wind backwards from west to east along with increased speed and deviation of OLR below the average values in central and eastern equatorial Pacific which indicates the accumulation of rain cloud. La Niña occurrence is indicated by the deviations of sea surface temperature below average. Low pressure center in Asia reached 850 hPa winds and strengthened Walker circulation, the movement of the air mass brought moisture to Indonesia. Based on the composite of TRMM rainfall, it appeared that the El Niño events gave more significant impact at the end of the year (October to December) on East Indonesia, Java and parts of Sumatra and Kalimantan, while La Niña (December to February) in south and eastern part of Indonesia. Monsoonal pattern (Indramayu) showed ENSO impacts more strongly than equatorial (Tabing). The shift of dry season and low rainfall were affected by ASPL fluctuations on nino-3.4 region.
Keyword: TRMM, SPL, Rainfall, OLR, ENSO

Judul: Dampak ENSO dan ENSO Modoki terhadap Variabilitas Curah Hujan di Indonesia
Abstrak: Variabilitas curah hujan Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh fenomena El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dan ENSO Modoki. Saat fenomena El Nino (La Nina), terjadi kenaikan (penurunan) suhu permukaan laut di bagian tengah hingga selatan Samudera Pasifik. Saat El Nino (La Nina) Modoki, peningkatan (penurunan) suhu permukaan laut terkonsentrasi pada bagian tengah Samudera Pasifik, sedangkan penurunan (peningkatan) suhu terjadi di bagian barat dan timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak dari ENSO dan ENSO Modoki terhadap variabilitas curah hujan di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah Indeks Nino 3.4 untuk mewakili peristiwa ENSO, El Nino Modoki Index (EMI) untuk mewakili peristiwa ENSO Modoki, dan data curah hujan bulanan dari CHIRPS. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis korelasi, analisis temporal, serta analisis komposit dan spasial. Hasil korelasi antara curah hujan Indonesia dengan Indeks Nino 3.4 lebih signifikan daripada korelasi curah hujan dengan EMI pada tingkat kepercayaan 90%. Respon anomali curah hujan terhadap ENSO Modoki lebih lemah dibandingkan pada saat ENSO. Saat El Nino Modoki, anomali curah hujan bernilai negatif tetapi lebih lemah daripada saat terjadi El Nino dimulai dari bulan Juni-November. Saat La Nina Modoki, anomali curah hujan bernilai positif tetapi lebih lemah terlihat dibandingkan saat La Nina pada bulan Juli-Agustus. Angin di ketinggian 850 hPa yang bergerak dari timur ke barat (barat ke timur) lebih kuat saat El Nino (La Nina) dibanding saat El Nino (La Nina) Modoki. Anomali OLR bernilai positif (negatif) saat El Nino (La Nina) menunjukkan rendahnya (tingginya) jumlah awan yang menyebabkan terjadi hujan di wilayah Indonesia, sedangkan saat El Nino Modoki dan La Nina Modoki anomali OLR bernilai lebih lemah pada dua kejadian tersebut.
Keyword: curah hujan, ENSO, modoki, OLR

Judul: Case Study of Gallbladder Mucocele and Treatment Used In Small Animals
Abstrak: Gallbladder mucocele (GM) is defined as distention of the gallbladder caused by an inappropriate accumulation or deposition of high concentrations of bile. The purpose of this case study is to study GM conditions in small animals and to report the clinical sign and characteristics of GM through the sonogram interpretation and blood chemistry test evaluation, and studies related to the therapy given and other treatments recommended. A 14-year-old Toy Poodle dog has been diagnosed with severe GM and cholecystitis. No pain signs were shown during the physical examination as asymptomatic is a common characteristic in the early stage of biliary related diseases. In this study Abdominal ultrasonography interpretation and blood chemistry evaluation was conducted in 2021-2022 and analyzed as a secondary data source. Ultrasonography results showed presence of hyperechoic, immobile deposits in gallbladder accompanied by wall thickening and enlarged in size, followed by a significant increase in the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This study has summarized mainly the diagnosis and treatments of GM in small animals and suitable alternatives treatments were recommended to encounter the GM conditions in small animals. The effectiveness of combined therapy shows the positive impact on the patient, the condition of GM has been under control.
Keyword: ultrasound, gallbladder, biliary sludge, abdominal ultrasonography