Judul: Validation of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) Method for Identification of Dog DNA (Canis familiaris) in Foods of Animal Origin.
Abstrak: Konsumsi daging anjing di Indonesia banyak dikaitkan dengan etnis ataupun wilayah tertentu seperti etnis Batak Karo dan Batak Toba di Sumatera Utara serta etnis Minahasa di Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan validitas metode dalam pengujian identifikasi DNA anjing pada produk pangan asal hewan. Sampel sebagai kontrol positif adalah campuran daging anjing dan daging ayam (1:9) dan daging ayam sebagai kontrol negatif. Pengujian validasi DNA anjing menggunakan real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) dengan SYBYR green melting curve analysis. Parameter uji yang digunakan meliputi repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection, dan spesificity. Hasil penelitian pada parameter repeatability menunjukkan bahwa sampel positif teramplifikasi seluruhnya, sedangkan sampel negatif tidak teramplifikasi. Pengujian nilai t terhadap nilai Ct dan Tm pada uji reproducibility tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata dalam mendeteksi DNA anjing dari kedua pengulangan menggunakan real-time PCR. Batas limit deteksi DNA anjing yang didapatkan sebesar 0,03125% serta tidak terdapat cross reaction dalam pengujian terhadap spesifisitasnya. Real-Time PCR dapat dijadikan metode pengujian untuk identifikasi DNA anjing ada dalam produk pangan asal hewan., The consumption of dog meat in Indonesia is mostly related to certain ethnicities or regions, such as the Batak Karo and Batak Toba ethnic groups in North Sumatra and the Minahasa ethnicity in North Sulawesi. This study aimed to determine the validity of the method in testing the identification of dog DNA in food of animal origin. Samples as positive control were the mixture of dog meat and chicken meat (1:9) and chicken meat as negative control. The examination on validation of DNA dog was conducted using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with SYBYR green melting curve analysis. The test parameters used included repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection, and specificity. The results of the research on repeatability parameters showed that the positive samples were all amplified, while the negative samples were not amplified. Testing the t value against the Ct and Tm values in the reproducibility test did not show any significant difference in detecting dog DNA from the two repetitions using real- time PCR. The limit for dog DNA detection was 0.03125% and there was no cross reaction in testing for its specificity. Real-Time PCR can be used as a testing method for identifying dog DNA in food products of animal origin.
Keyword: dog, DNA, halal, real-time PCR, validation

Judul: Validation method of the Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) DNA Identification using Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Abstrak: Banyak kasus pemalsuan produk pangan berbahan dasar daging yang dijumpai di masyarakat. Penambahan daging dengan daging spesies lain yang tidak terjamin mutunya, biasanya dengan kualitas lebih rendah dapat berdampak pada ekonomi dan kesehatan. Identifikasi spesies melalui penggandaan molekul DNA target dalam satu reaksi dapat dilakukan dengan metode real-time PCR. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memvalidasi metode real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) dalam identifikasi DNA kerbau pada produk pangan asal hewan. Metode qPCR dengan SYBR green melting curve analysis digunakan sebagai pengujian validasi metode DNA kerbau dengan menggunakan kit komersial QIAGEN DNeasy Food Mericon Kit. Parameter validasi metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi repeatability,reproducibility, limit of detection, dan spesifisitas. Hasil penelitian pada parameter validasi repeatability yaitu sampel positif teramplifikasi 100% sedangkan untuk sampel negatif tidak teramplifikasi. Hasil uji t terhadap nilai Ct dan Tm pada parameter reproducibility DNA kerbau menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang nyata dalam mendeteksi DNA kerbau pada dua pengujian dengan menggunakan metode qPCR, nilai limit deteksi untuk PCR spesifik kerbau sebesar 0,0625%, serta tidak terdapat reaksi silang antar DNA spesies pada pengujian spesifisitas. Metode qPCR dapat dijadikan sebagai metode pengujian untuk mengidentifikasi DNA spesies yang tidak dikehendaki pada pangan asal hewan yang beredar di masyarakat, khususnya terkait pemalsuan daging., There are many cases of fraud meat-based food products found in society. Meat substitution with an unsecured meat, usually of less quality, could have economic and health repercussions. Identification of species utilizing the multiplication of target DNA molecules in a single reaction can be carried out by real-time PCR. This research was aimed to validate the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method for identifying buffalo DNA on animal food product. The qPCR method with SYBR green melting curve analysis was used as a validation test for the buffalo DNA. The validation parameters used in this study were repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection, and specificity. The results showed that on repeatability validation parameters were 100% on positive and negative samples. The t test results on the Ct and Tm values of buffalo DNA reproducibility parameters showed that there was no significant difference in detecting buffalo DNA in two examination with using the qPCR method. The limit of detection (LOD) for buffalo using this method was 0,0625%, and there was no cross-reaction between DNA species in the specificity test. The qPCR method can be used as a testing method to identify the DNA of unwanted species in food of animal origin circulating in the community, especially related to meat adulteration.
Keyword: adulteration, buffalo, DNA, PCR, validation

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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