Judul: Kemampuan sejumlah insulat Aspergillus niger utnuk menghasilkan Asam sitrat secara fermentasi terbenam
Abstrak: Asam sitrat merupakan 8.Sa.M organik yang banyak digunakan dalam industri makanan dan minuman, karena mempunyai rasa 8.Sam yan enak. Kegunaan a.sam sitrat diantaranya adalah sebagai pengasam makanan, bahan pemacu rasa, anti oksidan dan kadang-kadang sebagai pengemulsi (Prescott and Dunn, 1959). Selain itu, sebanyak 10 % asam sitrat digunakan dalam indusatri farmasi, kimia dan kosmetika (Paturau, 1982; Rohr, Kubicek and Kominek, 1983). Fermentasi asam sitrat dapat dilakukan dengan tiga cara yaitu fermentasi medium padat, fermentasi permukaan dan fermentasi terbenam (Rohr et al., 1983). Kedua macam fermentasi yang disebut terakhir menggunakan medium cair, namun fermentasi terbenam mempunyai beberapa keuntungan yaitu hasilnya lebih tinggi, pengerjaannya lebih seder- hana dan resiko kontaminasi kecil. Selain itu, meskipun investasi awalnya tinggi (untuk skala besar) tetapi keuntungan selanjutnya juga tinggi karena ongkos pemeli- haraan alatnya rendah (Paturau, 1982). Asam sitrat merupakan produk metabolisme primer, yang dikeluarkan ke dalam medium dalam kondisi tidak normal akibat kesalahan genetik, metabolisme tidak seimbang karena kekurangan beberapa zat gizi dan lain ...
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Judul: Pembuatan asam sitrat dari tetes dengan menggunakan Aspergillus niger TC2 7II/6
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari produksi asam sitrat dari tetes tebu dengan menggunakan Aspergillus niger 102.711/6 yang diinokulasi pada media terpilih. Media yang digunakan adalah media Schweigher, media yang telah digunakan oleh Hasanudin, media Sanchez-Marroquin, media Shu dan Johnson, dan media Kubicek et al.. Ferlakuan dalam proses fermentasi adalah waktu (2, 4 dan 6 hari), PH awal media (5 dan 6) dan konsentrasi metanol (2, 3 dan 4 per-sen). Untuk merancang percobaan digunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial dengan dua kali ulangan. Dari penelitian pendahuluan didapatkan total padatan tetes tebu 76.95 persen dengan kadar gula total 54.05 persen, gula pereduksi 25.16 persen dan total nitrogen 1.62 persen. Sedangkan media terpilih yang menghasilkan asam sitrat yang tertinggi adalah media Schweigher. Perlakuan yang terbaik diperoleh pada waktu fermentasi 6 hari, pH awal media 5, konsentrasi metanol 2 persen dan kadar asam sitrat yang diperoleh 19.150 g/1. ...
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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