Judul: Case Study of Horses Producing Antisera: Macroscopic Examination and Biochemical Testing of Urine
Abstrak: Studi kasus ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan gambaran makroskopis urine kuda penghasil antisera serta mengetahui komposisi biokimiawi urine menggunakan dipstick. Sampel urine diperoleh melalui metode free catch dari 6 ekor kuda produksi anti bisa ular serum, 2 ekor kuda produksi anti tetanus serum, 1 ekor kuda produksi anti difteri serum, dan 3 ekor kuda kontrol. Pemeriksaan makroskopis dilakukan dengan melihat warna dan bau urine. Pemeriksaan biokimiawi urine dilakukan terhadap 10 parameter yaitu leukosit, nitrit, urobilinogen, protein, darah (eritrosit), pH, berat jenis, keton, bilirubin, dan glukosa. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan 1 ekor kuda yang memproduksi anti bisa ular serum memiliki warna urine kecoklatan dan bau amonia yang menyengat. Parameter biokimiawi urine yang berubah adalah leukosit, protein, darah, bilirubin, dan glukosa. Imunogen bisa ular, tetanus, dan difteri yang disuntikkan pada kuda penghasil antisera menyebabkan perubahan komposisi biokimiawi urine. Penyuntikan dengan imunogen bisa ular mengakibatkan perubahan parameter yang paling banyak dibandingkan dengan imunogen toksoid tetanus dan toksoid difteri., This case study was aimed to describe the macroscopic appearance of antisera-producing horse urine and determine the biochemical composition of urine using a dipstick. Urine samples were obtained using the free catch method from 6 horses producing anti-snake venom serum, 2 horses producing anti-tetanus serum, 1 horse producing anti-diphtheria serum, and 3 control horses. Macroscopic examination was carried out by observing the color and odor of urine. Urine biochemical examination was carried out on 10 parameters, namely leukocytes, nitrites, urobilinogen, protein, blood (erythrocyte), pH, specific gravity, ketones, bilirubin, and glucose. Test results showed that 1 horse that produced anti-snake venom serum had brownish urine and a strong smell of ammonia. The immunogens of snake venom, tetanus, and diphtheria injected into antisera-producing horses cause changes in the biochemical composition of urine. The biochemical parameters of urine that change are leukocytes, protein, blood, bilirubin and glucose. Injection with snake venom immunogen resulted in the most changes in parameters compared to tetanus toxoid immunogen and diphtheria toxoid immunogen.
Keyword: antisera, immunogen, horse, hyperimmune, urine

Judul: Identification and Sensitivity Test of Salmonella sp. Bacteria in Horses (Equus caballus) to Several Antibiotics.
Abstrak: Kuda memainkan peran yang semakin penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Sistem pencernaan kuda mengandung berbagai jenis bakteri, seperti Salmonella sp. , dan dianggap sebagai salah satu penyebab utama penyakit zoonosis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri Salmonella sp. dalam tinja kuda, serta menguji sensitivitas bakteri Salmonella sp. terhadap beberapa antibiotik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan terdiri dari koleksi 20 sampel, isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri, serta pengujian sensitivitas bakteri terhadap antibiotik menggunakan metode difusi cakram atau metode Kirby Bauer. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa 9 isolat Salmonella sp. ditemukan dari 20 sampel tinja kuda. Hasil uji sensitivitas bakteri Salmonella terhadap antibiotik yang digunakan menunjukkan bahwa 89% isolat sensitif terhadap gentamisin dan kloramfenikol, 55% terhadap asam nalidiksik, 44% terhadap amoksisilin dan oksitetrasiklin. Hasil intermediat ditemukan untuk beberapa jenis antibiotik seperti amoksisilin (22%), oksitetrasiklin (11%), asam nalidiksik (22%), dan kloramfenikol (11%), sedangkan Salmonella menunjukkan resistansi 100% terhadap sefotaksim. Penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Salmonella sp. yang terdeteksi dalam tinja kuda menunjukkan resistansi terhadap sefotaksim namun masih sensitif terhadap amoksisilin, gentamisin, asam nalidiksik, oksitetrasiklin, dan kloramfenikol., Horses play an increasingly important role in human life. The digestive system of horses contains various types of bacteria, such as Salmonella sp. and is considered one of the main causes of zoonotic diseases. The aim of this study was to isolat and identify Salmonella sp. bacteria in horse feces, as well as to test the sensitivity of Salmonella sp. bacteria to several antibiotics. The research method used consisted of collecting 20 samples, isolating and identifying the bacteria, and testing the sensitivity of the bacteria to antibiotics using the disk diffusion or Kirby Bauer method. The identification results showed that 9 isolats of Salmonella sp. were found out of 20 horse feces samples. The results of the bacterial sensitivity test on horses to the antibiotics used showed that 89% of the isolats were sensitive to gentamicin and chloramphenicol, 55% to nalidixic acid, 44% to amoxicillin and oxytetracycline. Intermediate results were found for some types of antibiotics such as amoxicillin (22%), oxytetracycline (11%), nalidixic acid (22%), and chloramphenicol (11%), while Salmonella showed 100% resistance to cefotaxime. This study can be concluded that Salmonella sp. detected in horse feces has shown resistance to cefotaxime but is still sensitive to amoxicillin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, oxytetracycline, and chloramphenicol
Keyword: Antibiotic resistance, Identification, Horses, Salmonella sp.

Judul: Penyelesaian Stacker Crane Problem dengan Algoritme Largearcs dan Smallarcs
Abstrak: In graph theory, the Rural Postman Problem (RPP) aims to determine the shortest route with minimum cost, in which only certain edges or arcs are necessarily traversed. One type of RPP is Stacker Crane Problem (SCP) which deals with a mixed graph but only arcs are necessarily traversed. SCP can be solved by using two heuristic algorithms, i.e. Largearcs and Smallarcs algorithms, which include other algorithms in their steps, such as: Dijkstra algorithm to determine shortest route, Hungaria method to determine minimum bipartite matching, Prim algorithm to determine minimum spanning tree, and van Aardenne-Ehrenfest & de-Bruijn algorithm and Fleury algorithm to determine Euler circuits. The shortest Euler circuit resulted from two heuristic algorithms can be used to find a solution of SCP. The application of SCP is illustrated in establishing the minimum distance route of catering delivery.
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