Judul: Degradasi dan kecernaan in vitro pakan sumber serat oleh kultur campuran bakteri simbion rayap
Abstrak: The experiment was carried out to study the ability of combined isolates of termite simbion cellulolytic bacteria to degrade fibre feeds. The experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with factorial 3 x 3, factor 1 : terminate species which included SB 53 5(3)1, SB 53 1(3), SC 51 5 (2), factor 2 : fibre feeds which included Napier grass, rice straws and palm press fibre. Variables measured were NH3 concentration, VFA production, dry matter and organic matter digestibilities. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA).
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Judul: Kemampuan Berbagai Kombinasi Isolat Bakteri Simbion Rayap dengan Isolat Bakteri Rumen dalam Mendegradasikan Pakan Sumber Serat
Abstrak: This experiment was conducted to determine ability of termite simbion bacteria that combined with rumen bacteria to degrade fibrous feeds. This experiment used a randomized block design with factorial design (7x3) and three replications. The first factor was combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria P1 (A + D + SE511), P2 (A + D + SE512), P3 (A + D + SE513), P4 (A + D + SE511 + SE512), P5 (A + D + SE512 + SE513), P6 (A + D + SE511 + SE513) and P7 (A + D + SE511 + SE512 + SE513). A (SB 53 5(3)1) and D (SC 51 5(2)) were isolates of termite bacteria and SE511, SE512 and SE513 were isolates of rumen bacteria. The second factor was fibrous feeds (napier grass, rice straw and palm press fibre). The rumen liquid was used as replications. The variables measured were concentration of NH3, total VFA production, degradabilities of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM), digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM). The data were analyzed by using analysis of variance and the differences between treatments were determined by contrast orthogonal. The results showed that differences in fibrous feeds affected significantly NH3 concentration, degradability of DM and OM and digestibilities of DM and OM (P<0.01), but did not produce significant effect on total VFA production. Napier grass has higher (P<0.01) NH3 concentration and DM digestibility than rice straw and palm press fibre. DM and OM degradabilities of napier grass and palm press fibre are higher (P<0.01) than those of rice straw. Napier grass and rice straw have higher (P<0.01) digestibilities of OM than palm press fibre. There are no significant effects of combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria treatment on all variables measured. It can be concluded that the combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria have synergic relationship in degradating fibrous feeds. Keywords: termite simbion bacteria, fermentability, degradability, fibrous feeds
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite