Judul: Identification and Pathogenicity of Primary Fungi Causing Dieback Disease on Jabon Seedlings (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq).
Abstrak: Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) Miq) is indigenous plant of Indonesia which is currently attracted by many people due to able provide benefits, both economical and ecological. Along with its development and cultivation, the market demand of jabon will get increase. Propagation of jabon potentially facing diseases disorders in the nursery area. This is because of available seedlings in the nursery area have the potential to be a host for the pathogens and the succulent seedling conditions are relatively vulnerable to disease attacks. The disease symptoms are often found in the jabon nursery areas and potentially leading to death of seedlings are dieback diseases. This study was conducted with the aim to isolate and identify the fungal pathogen cause of dieback diseases on jabon seedlings, determine the primary cause of dieback diseases and test the virulence levels of those isolates, and to study the mechanisms of pathogen infection and host defense mechanisms to against pathogens. The study consisted of the observation of symptoms and sampling diseased plants from the nursery locations, isolation and identification of fungi, pathogenicity assay of fungal isolates, analysis of pectinase and cellulase activities produced by fungal pathogens, and analysis of peroxidase activity on jabon. Based on observation of symptoms at the nursery sites, jabon seedlings infected dieback disease had necrotic symptoms on stems or leaves, withered or shriveled on stems. A total of 21 isolates of the fungus could be isolated from diseased plants showed necrotic symptoms at the plant tips. Identification based on morphological characters, these isolates were known as Botryodiplodia spp. as much as 9 isolates, Fusarium spp. 9 isolates, Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., and Pestalotiopsis sp. each 1 isolate. Based on Koch's postulates, the fungal isolates which were pathogenic to jabon were Botryodiplodia spp., Fusarium spp., and Colletotrichum sp.. The fungus suspected as the primary cause of the dieback disease was Botryodiplodia spp. This is because of Botryodiplodia spp. isolates inoculation could produce identical symptoms with dieback symptoms that occur naturally in the field. The results of pathogenicity assay of 5 Botryodiplodia spp. isolates showed that these isolates had different degrees of pathogenicity. It could be seen from the percentage of disease severity caused. Based on Duncan's multiple interval test (α 5%) on the disease severity, could be seen that 3 of 5 Botryodiplodia spp. isolates tested were highly virulent to jabon seedlings, while the others were less virulent. The mechanisms used by Botryodiplodia spp. isolates to infect the hosts presumably performed using mechanical and biochemical forces. These were showed by the appearance of necrotic symptoms on unwounded inoculation sites and the pectinase and cellulase activities detectable from Botryodiplodia spp. isolates cultured in CMS (Corn Meal Sand) media. Pectinase activity produced by Botryodiplodia spp. isolates was ranging from 18.131 to 26.083 U ml-1, whereas cellulase from 0.014 to 0.023 U ml-1. The defense mechanism of jabon plant against pathogen infection, one of them was vii performed by produce peroxidase which plays role of lignification process and secondary metabolite compound formation. Peroxidase activity detectable on the jabon plants after pathogen inoculation was ranging from 0.0006 to 0.0012
Keyword: Botryodiplodia spp., Fusarium spp., Koch’s postulate, necrotic, nursery

Judul: Pengaruh pH dan Penggoyangan Media terhadap Pertumbuhan Botryodiplodia sp. dan Uji Patogenisitas Botryodilodia sp. pada Bibit Jabon
Abstrak: Die back disease on jabon seedling caused by a genus of Botryodiplodia. The objectives of this research are to investigate the effect of pH and media shaking on growth Botryodiplodia sp. and to examine the disease incidence and disease severity of die-back on jabon seedling. The result shows that giving pH, shaking media, and pathogenicity testing give influence of diverse on the growth of Botryodiplodia sp. On the media of PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) and PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth), Botryodiplodia sp. live at range pH 4-8. The best growth of Botryodiplodia sp. shows on PDA with pH 4 and PDB with pH 6. When shaking speed is 50 rpm, weight biomass on PDB shows optimum growth. All seedlings with inoculation pathogen shows disease incidence. Top level of disease severity attained 61%, when seedling at the age of 3 month. Seedling without inoculation pathogen does not show disease incidence until last observation.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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