Judul: Evaluasi Triterpenoid sebagai Kandidat Antikanker Hati Melalui Penurunan Ekspresi miR-494 dan TNF-α dengan Pendekatan In Silico.
Abstrak: Karsinoma hepatoselular (HCC) menyumbang hingga 90% dari semua kanker hati primer di seluruh dunia. Sinobufagin diketahui menghambat miR-494 sebagai target HCC. Peningkatan ekspresi TNF-α menghasilkan respons yang buruk terhadap obat antikanker hati. Model dalam penelitian ini adalah sinobufagin, sikloartenol, dan fraksi etil asetat Ganoderma lucidum, yaitu 3–6. Target penambatan pada penelitian ini adalah Akt, ERK1, ERK2, PI3K, TNF-α, TNFR1, dan TNFR2. Sikloartenol dan fraksi 5 memenuhi aturan Veber, aturan 5 Lipinski, dan memiliki toksisitas sedang. Akt menjadi target potensial penambatan karena menghasilkan afinitas ikatan dari 3–6 yang memiliki kesesuaian dengan IC50 pada literatur. Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian secara in vitro. Akt memiliki inhibitor, yaitu AZD5363 (7). Sikloartenol kurang mampu menghambat Akt. Sebaliknya, fraksi 5 mampu menghambat Akt lebih baik dibandingkan sikloartenol, walaupun tidak sebaik sinobufagin dan fraksi 7, sehingga fraksi 5 berpotensi menjadi kandidat antikanker hati. Triterpenoid dengan kerangka dasar lanostana berpotensi menjadi kandidat antikanker hati.
Keyword: Akt, Ganoderma lucidum, karsinoma hepatoseluler, sikloartenol, triterpenoid

Judul: Evaluasi Sikloartenol sebagai Kandidat Antikanker Hati Melalui Penghambatan ERK2 dengan Pendekatan in Silico.
Abstrak: Senyawa yang mirip sikloartenol dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas antikanker dengan menghambat proliferasi lini sel kanker hati Hep G2. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi aktivitas penghambatan sikloartenol pada sel kanker hati melalui penurunan ekspresi miR-494 dengan pendekatan komputasi. Penambatan sikloartenol pada protein yang telah diketahui dapat menurunkan ekspresi miR-494 didapati memiliki afinitas ikatan terbaik pada ERK2. Sifat farmakodinamik menggunakan penambatan menunjukkan bahwa sikloartenol kurang baik dalam menghambat ERK2 dibandingkan SCH772984. Dari penambatan lentur P-loop diidentifikasi bahwa sikloartenol mungkin dapat mengadopsi inhibitor kinase tipe I tetapi memerlukan modifikasi struktur pada rantai sampingnya. Mendukung hasil penambatan yang kurang memuaskan, simulasi dinamika molekul menunjukkan bahwa sikloartenol masih kurang mampu mempertahankan konformasi kompleks. Tinjauan sifat farmakokinetik menunjukkan sikloartenol sebenarnya memiliki sifat absorpsi, permeabilitas, dan toksisitas yang cukup baik tetapi parameter koefisien partisi sikloartenol memperlihatkan lipofilisitas yang sangat tinggi sehingga mungkin dapat mengurangi potensi molekul menjadi kandidat obat.
Keyword: antikanker hati, ERK2, in silico, RNA-mikro 494, sikloartenol

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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