Judul: Ektraksi senyawa antibakteri dari mikroalga laut jenis chaetoceros gracilis dan uji aktivitasnya terhadap beberapa bakteri
Abstrak: Penelitian terhadap Chaetoceros gracilis, salah satu jenis mikroalga yang dominan pada perairan lepas pantai Indonesia, bertujuan untuk menentukan pola pertumbuhan mikroalga tersebut pada suliu ruang, mengekstrak senyawa antibakterinya, dan menguji aktivitas antibakteri tersebut terhadap beberapa bakteri. C. gracilis dikultivasi dalam medium Guillard pada suhu ruang dengan kepadatan awal l,0xl0⁴ sel/ml, pengaturan aerasi, dan pemberian cahaya sebesar 1500 luks dari lampu TL 20 watt. Penentuan pola pertumbuhan dilakukan dengan metode hitungan langsung di bawah mikroskop, mengkonversi nilai kepadatannya ke dalam log, dan memplotkannya pada milimeter blok sehingga diperolah kurva pertumbuhan. Ekstraksi senyawa antibakteri ekstraseluler dan intraseluler dilakukan dengan memodifikasi prosedur umum dari metode Quinn (1988) dan Pratt (1945). Setelah diperoleh ekstrak kasar intraseluler dan ekstraseluler antibakteri, dilakukan uji aktivitasnya terhadap bakteri Gram negatif (E. coli dan Pseudomonas sp.) dan Gram positif (B. subtilis dan S. aureus) dengan memodifikasi metode Caliberated Dichotomous Sensitivity (CDS) test. Antibiotik streptomycin dan aquadest steril digunakan sebagai kontrol positif dan negatif.
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Judul: Ekstraksi dan uji aktivitas senyawa antibakteri dari mikroalga chlorella sp
Abstrak: Mikroalga adalah mata rantai awal dalam suatu ekosistem perairan yang menghasilkan energi. Di Indonesia, mikroalga jenis Chiarella sp telah dibudidayakan tetapi secara umum, pemanfatannya masih terbatas di bidang akuakultur yaitu sebagai pakan alami seperti pakan larva udang, moluska dan zooplankton air tawar seperti rotifer, copepoda dan artemia. Selain sebagai pakan alami, Chiarella sp juga menghasilkan komponen bioaktif yang dapat berupa antibiotik, algisidal, toksin, bahan aktif untuk industri farmasi dan pemacu pertumbuhan (Pyne and Meeting, 1986). Ekstrak sel dan ekstrak media tumbuh Chiarella vulgaris dilaporkan memberikan aktivitas antibakteri pada bakteri gram positif dan bakteri gram negatif (Aubert, Aubert and Gauthier, 1979; Reichelt and Borowitzka, 1984 yang dikutip Pyne and Meeting, 1986). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kurva pertumbuhan Chiarella sp, mengekstrak senyawa antibakteri pada tiap fase pertumbuhan dan menguji aktivitasnya pada bakteri gram positif dan bakteri gram negatif. Mikroalga yang digunakan adalah Chiarella sp. Penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi tahap kultivasi Chiarella sp, ekstraksi dan uji aktivitas senyawa antibakteri yang dihasilkan terhadap bakteri gram positif Staphylococcus aureus dan Bacillus subtilis serta bakteri gram negatif Escherichia coli dan Pseudomonas sp.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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