Judul: The Use of Alkaline Agents and Soaking Fillet on Making of Catfish Surimi (Pangasius pangasius) on Pempek Formulation
Abstrak: Palembang sebagai sentra produksi pempek, mengandalkan bahan baku pembuatan pempek gabus dari hasil tangkapan. Pada beberapa tahun terakhir muncul kecenderungan hasil tangkapan yang semakin kecil ukurannya. Ikan gabus belum dapat dibudidayakan dan harganya mahal. Penggunaan bahan baku alternatif perlu dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan ikan budidaya dengan tingkat produksi tinggi dan bernilai jual rendah misalnya ikan patin. Patin banyak digunakan oleh masyarakat setempat sebagai bahan baku masakan tradisional, seperti pindang dan brengkes. Kadar lemak yang tinggi menyebabkan warna daging agak kekuningan dan kemampuan membentuk gel menjadi rendah., Catfish (Pangasius pangasius) was initially washed with NaHCO3 and Na2HPO4 solution (0%, 3%, 5% and 7% w/v), followed by 1, 2, 3 and 4-washing cycles to obtain surimi with lower fat content and better gel strength. At alkaline solution of 0% (water) and one-washing cycle produced best gel strength of surimi (230,42 g.cm) and had fat content lower in compared to minced flesh. Soaking of fillet before mincing were carried out for 0, 10, 20 and 30 minutes and followed by either with or without washing. The treatments were performed to determine the effectiveness of washing with water to reduce fat content. The gel strength of the surimi was prepared by 30-minutes soaking and one-washing cycle in cold water was highest. This surimi was subsequently used in pempek formulation. Commercial pempek was used as comparing control. Based on the different assessment of panelists gained formulation of 400 g surimi, tapioca 200 g, 150 ml water and 24 g of salt produced the best pempek. The level of similarity between this pempek with comparing control is 65%.
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Judul: Quality changes of freeze dried catfish surimi and predicting of shelf life
Abstrak: Indonesian fish consumption rate in 2012 reached 30.17 kg/capita/year, but still lower than Singapore fish consumption levels of 48.1 kg/capita/year, even Malaysia reached the high level of fish consumption up to 56.61 kg/capita/year. Catfish as surimi raw material has a tremendous opportunity to be developed in order to utilize oversized catfish as an alternative efficiency in trade. Catfish easily cultivated and affordable for the grassroots level. Selling price of catfish is determined by its size, because it was adapted to the target market. Catfish with the normal size (7-10 fishes/kg) did not encounter sales problems due to high market demand. The problem faced is marketing catfish that weighs more than the consumption size (oversize) that accounted for 10% in each production cycle. The aforemention problems can occur lossing for farmers due to the many oversized catfish that will not sold. Therefore one of the proposed solutions is utilization of catfish in the manufacture of surimi as intermediate raw materials. Research and study of surimi has evolved, but the major problems are the sustainability and continuity of raw materials. Catfish as a aquaculture commodity is expected to be the solution. Surimi products have increased demand in several countries, including in Asia and Europe region. Further processing of surimi into powder form to be one of the important studies in recent years, surimi drying installations are considered to reduce the cost of freezing during storing and transporting. This study aims to determine the best concentration of NaHCO3 duration of soaking, surimi washing frequency and the best dryoprotectant, to evaluate quality changes of dried surimi and to estimate its shelf life. This research is expected to be useful as an initial step oversized catfish used as raw material for surimi products (intermediate product). This study provides an alternative technology in the manufacture of surimi and surimi industry to increase the potential raw material through using inexpensive types of fish that have not been used optimally. This study is conducted into two step mainly the process on making dried catfish surimi and surimi shelf life estimation. The first step research consisted of defatting process, selecting of surimi washing frequency, determination of dryoprotectant, as well as the comparison of the physicochemical properties of wet surimi and dried surimi. Lipid concentration is a key in the process of deffating, the best determination washing frequency is measured through whiteness value, WHC, gel strength, salt soluble protein content, pH value and sensory parameters (folding test and teeth cutting test) analysis. The second step is determination of the best dryoprotectant, the treatments given are trehalose 6%, carrageenan 2%, and mixture dryoprotectant (4% sorbitol, 4% sucrose and 0.5% phosphate). Some test were performed in order to measure and to find out the best dryoprotectant such as yield, water holding capacity, gel strength, salt soluble proteins, density, rehydration ratio, emulsion and foaming properties and the microstructure. The final step were comparison of fish meat, 8 wet surimi, dried surimi and kamaboko through measuring of SEM (microstruture) testing, yield, proximate, water holding capacity, gel strength, measurement of pH, gel strength and sensory testing (folding
Keyword: catfish, freeze dried surimi, microstructure, shelf life, trehalose

Judul: Persamaan Geodesik Black Hole dengan Metrik Kerr 4+1 Dimensi dalam Koordinat Waktu Kosmik
Abstrak: Persamaan geodesik black hole dengan metrik Kerr 4+1 dimensi dalam koordinat waktu kosmik merupakan interpretasi lain dari persamaan geodesik black hole dengan metrik Kerr 4+1 dimensi, dimana acuan waktu yang digunakan diubah dari koordinat waktu wajar (proper time) ke dalam koordinat waktu kosmik (cosmic time). Waktu kosmik merupakan koordinat waktu yang dimana pengamat bergerak mengikuti ekspansi dari alam semesta. Penelitian ini merekonstruksi persamaan geodesik black hole dengan metrik Kerr 4+1 dimensi yang telah ditemukan pada penelitian sebelumnya menjadi persamaan geodesik yang memiliki fungsi terhadap dimensi waktu (t). Hasil akhir dari transformasi persamaan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan studi pustaka untuk penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai persamaan geodesik black hole dalam koordinat waktu kosmik.
Keyword: Dimensi ekstra, Metrik Kerr, Persamaan geodesik, Waktu kosmik