Judul: Utilization of kraft lignin from black liquor pulp factory to produce sodium lignosulfonate and sulfonate hydroxymethyl phenol sulfuric acid lignin as dispersant material
Abstrak: Black liquor kraft is a sulfuric chemical pulping byproduct. Lignin is the highest component in a black liquor approximatelly 46% from the total solid. Lignin can be isolated from kraft process black liquor by precipitation using H2SO4 20% to pH 2. The purposes of this research were to obtain and characterize kraft lignin, to find an optimum condition for sulfonation process in order to get a sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) product with appropriate characteristics as a dispersant material, to get sulfonate hydroxymethyl phenol sulfuric acid lignin (SHP-SAL), and to understand the performance of SLS and SHPSAL as dispersant agents on gypsum paste. The raw materials used in the production of SLS and SHP-SAL were obtained from sulfonated lignin which was isolated from black liquor. The SLS were made from lignin which was obtained from the sulfonation of isolated lignin in the presence of NaHSO3, also from the optimized sulfonation process of lignin using Response Surface Method (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) with three factors. The SHP-SAL were made in three steps: (1) sulfuric acid lignin (SAL) was phenolated to produce phenol sulfuric acid lihnin (PSAL), (2) the hydroxymethylation of P-SAL to give hydroxymethyl phenol sulfuric acid lignin (HP-SAL), and (3) the sulfonation of HP-SAL to yield sulfonate hydroxymethyl phenol sulfuric acid lignin (SHP-SAL). The lignosulfonate compounds were identified using infrared spectrophotometer.
Keyword: Response Surface Method (RSM), Central Composite Design (CCD), Dispersibilitas

Judul: Process design of sulphonation of isolated Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) lignin to produce Sodium Lignosulphonat (SLS) surfactant
Abstrak: Process design of sulphonation of isolated empty fruit bunch (EFB) lignin to produce sodium lignosulphonat (SLS) surfactant was conducted by process synthesis, then process development by empiric systematic approach (modelling). The results were integrated into process engineering flow diagram (PEFD), and analyzed feasibility of SLS industry. The objective of this research was to obtain “the process design” especially to identify the best pulping process and the best isolating lignin path to obtain the best isolated lignin; to find the optimum process condition in production of the SLS; to determine the reaction kinetic modelling, total cost equation as a function of production capacity and optimum production capacity were also developed and to obtain the financially feasible criteria in setting up SLS industry. The best influence of NaOH addition in organosolv pulping process was obtained at 10% of concentration, and of H2SO4 addition in lignin isolation using Kim method was obtained at 20% concentration. The yield of isolated lignin was 19,945% (w/w) with 88,93% of purity. The optimum process conditions was obtained ie: reactant ratio (NaHSO3 to lignin) of 60,32 % (w/w); pH of 6,03; reaction temperature of 90,28OC; conversion of 72,20%; validation of conversion of 70,04 %. Identification of SLS by using spectrophotometer FTIR, LC-MS and UV showed that SLS product of sulphonation, was similar to SLS standard from Aldrich (SLS-Aldrich). In addition, the properties of SLS and performance test of SLS were adequate to be a dispersant agent because the purity of SLS was high ( more than 80 %).
Keyword: pulping process, isolating lignin path, kinetic modelling, optimum production capacity

Judul: Ragam jenis ektoparasit burung tekukur (Streptopelia chinensis) dan burung puter (Streptopelia bitorquata) di penangkaran
Abstrak: Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove are the bird species that are easily raised in captivity. Nevertheless, good management is required to successfully breed and raise the birds in captivity; otherwise, the condition may endanger the sustainability of the two bird species. Information on ectoparasites on the bodies of this bird as well as their captivity breeding has not been available, although admittedly taking ectoparasites from these bird families has much been done so that a research is obviously needed. This study aimed to find out various kinds of Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove ectoparasites and to learn various kinds of parasitic insects around the Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove cages. The study was conducted from April to June 2010. The methods of data collection included the general condition of the location, collection of ectoparasites specimens, processing and specimens identification. The data analysis was done descriptively and tabulated with the degree of infestation. The kinds of ectoparasites from the class of insects found in the body of Spotted dove were Goniocotes sp. and Columbicola columbae of phthiraptera order and Pseudolynchia canariensis of diptera order, and arachnida class, that is, tungau from the pterolichidae family. In terms of ectoparasites, Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove were similar, except that Javan turtle dove had no Pseudolynchia canariensis. Goniocotes sp. and Columbicola columbae were mallopaga order (biting lice) and were obligate. The kinds of parasitic insects in the vicinity of Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove cages were from the Ordo Diptera. The diptera classified as parasites included Anopheles, Culex, Psychodidae, Culicoides and Simulium, most of them vectors of disease. The presence of ectoparasites was closely related to how a breeding place is managed.
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