Judul: Pengaruh Penambahan H2O2 sebagai Bahan Pemucat pada Proses Pemurnian Surfaktan MESA (Methyl Ester Sulfonates Acid) dari Jarak Pagar terhadap Sifat Fisiko Kimia Surfaktan yang Dihasilkan.
Abstrak: Surfactant is a surface active agent that capable to reduce surface and inter- facial tension. One of them that can be developed prospectively is a MES surfactant that can be applied largely as a cleaning agent. This condition based on the oil contain C18 of MES by the jatropha curcas has a detergency nature that can be used as a cleaning agent. Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES) is the anionic surfactant made from vegetable oil that is now being developed. MES has the similar, or even better than Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates that is now the most produced anionic surfactant synthesized from petroleum. Jatropha curcas is potential to be developed as MES feedstock because of oil contain and the C18 as a dominant of fatty acid composition. Methyl Ester Sulfonates synthesis can be done by a chemical process of metyl ester as a raw material with SO3 reactant. In this research, preparation of the sample carried out by the reaction of the methyl ester with SO3 at a certain temperature condition with level 100oC and sampling sample in the 3rd period (after 3 hours). The sulfonation process in this research using single tube falling film reactor. Methyl ester input flow rate into the reactor is 100 ml/minute. For the perfect sulfonation, process will be continued by aging process with 80 oC temperature condition and 45 minutes duration. MESA produced in black color which is the main problem in its aplication as a cleaning agent so that the purification process such as bleaching and neutralization process required. The reason of usage the hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent because of its nature as a stronger oxidizer and versatile oxidant which is both safe and effective. Afterwards, the proportion of H2O2 consentration to get the best purification process will be undertaken, because of H2O2 addition in the certain concentration will be given the effect to the physic and chemical characteristic of product, so that the best purification condition can be achieved. This research purpose to learn the effect of the H2O2 addition as a bleaching agent in MESA purificaton process of Methyl Ester Sulfonates Acid from Jatropha curcas L applicable to the physic and chemical characteristic of the produced surfactant. Research was begun with the Jatropha seeds pressing until the purification and analysis process. This research using single factorial completely randomized design with two replications. The treatments used are bleaching with 2, 4 dan 6% variation of H2O2 consentration followed by neutralization process so that the neutral surfactant can be produced. From the physic and chemical analysis process of MESA, the neutralized MESA, bleached MESA and bleached-neutralized MESA has an active matter value from 18,94 to 23,47 percent, iodine value from 29,75 to 32,82 mg Iod/g MES, absorbency color percent from 0,27 to 0,52 percent, and pH from 1,11 to 7,15. Performance test shows that the bleaching and the bleaching-neutralization process in 2, 4 and 6% variation of H2O2 consentration have no significant effect in the iodine value, acid number, pH, color and active matter of MESA. The best condition of MES purification process reached at
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Judul: Pengaruh Lama Reaksi dan Laju Alir SO3 pada Produksi Surfaktan Methyl Ester Sulfonate Acid (Mesa) dari Metil Ester Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L)
Abstrak: Surfactant is an active agent which could reduce surface tension. Surfactant could be found in cleaning agent, emulsifier, and homogenizer. Applications of surfactant are in detergent industry, food and beverage industry, and oil industry. According to its hydrophilic complex we could divide surfactant into four groups which is anionic surfactant, cationic surfactant, amphoteric surfactant, and non-ionic surfactant. Anionic surfactant is the most needed surfactant in the world Methyl ester sulfonates Acid (MESA) are one of the anionic surfactant which is renewable. One of the prospective feedstock of MESA is jatropha curcas. The dominant fatty acid of jatropha curcas oil is C16 unti 18. This fatty acid will have good detergency if it converted to surfactant. Jatropha curcas also doesn’t compete with food as a industry feedstock. Sulfonation method to produce MESA are falling film method with Single Tube Falling Film Reactor (STFR) 5 liter scale. The feedstock are jatropha curcas oil which is converted to methyl ester trough esterification process and continued with trans-esterification process (es-trans). The reactant which is used is sulfur trioxide (SO3). This reactant is chosen because it more reactive and produce less sludge than H2SO4 or Na2SO3 reactant. This research scope is only cover MESA production. MESA is an intermediate product for MES which is not purified yet. The goal of this research is to know the effect of reaction time and reactant flow rate to physic-chemical characteristic of MESA. The levels of reaction time are 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes. The SO3 reactant flow rate levels are 2,2, 2,8 dan 3,0 kg/hour. Analyses of MESA cover interfacial tension, surface tension reduction, iodine value, active matter content, acid value, and pH. . The range of interfacial tension of MESA are 1,1-4,43 dyne/cm. The
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Judul: Penyebaran virus Newcastle-Disease (ND) pada burung liar
Abstrak: Banyak usaha yang telah dilakukan untuk mencegah dan mengendalikan terjadinya serangan wabah ND, seperti misalnya peningkatan sanitasi dan vaksinasi ND. Akan tetapi sam pai saat ini pengendaliannya belum dapat dilakukan secara tuntas. Banyak masalah yang menyebabkan kegagalan dari usaha untuk mengendalikan wabah ND, salah satu masalah yang perlu dipertimbangkan dalam penanggulangan wabah ND adalah sumber dan penyebaran virus ND oleh burung liar (Ronohardjo, 1980). Walaupun telah diketahui bahwa burung liar mempunyai peranan dalam penyebaran penyakit unggas, tetapi harus diakui bahwa sedikit sekali informasi mengenai jenis burung yang mempunyai potensi sebagai sumber dan penyebar virus ND. Selain menyebarkan penyakit unggas, burung liar juga dapat menyebarkan penyakit mammalia (Ottis and Bachmann, 1983). ...
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