Judul: Analisis Konfigurasi Lubang Obstacle Terhadap Laju Reaksi Pembentukan Biodiesel pada Bubble Column Reactor
Abstrak: One of the non catalytic biodiesel production method is the Superheated Methanol Vapor in the Bubble column reactor. However, the weakness of this method is the low of rate of biodiesel production. The rate of biodiesel production was influent by the surface area between the methanol vapor bubble and oil, while the surface area was affected by the distribution of bubble size which produced from the obstacle hole. The objective of the study was to determine the best configuration of obstacle hole in order to increase the rate of biodiesel production in the Bubble Column Reactor from three design of obstacles tested until obtained the highest result of non catalytic biodiesel production. The design of obstacles were TO(123), TO(100), and TO(68), perforate plate which are connected by steel axis, where the three scenarios given name TO(X) means Triple Obstacle and symbol (X) is total hole in obstacle. These scenarios design were analyzed by the simulation processed using iv Computational Fluid Dynamics method. The best design from the simulation result was TO(100). The result obtained based on the highest surface area as a result of CFD simulation which was 0.0205 m2 and proven within the experiment result obtained the highest rate of biodiesel production which was 0.0114 gram/minute.
Keyword: Superheated methanol vapor., Obstacle, Computational fluid dynamics, Bubble column reactor, Biodiesel

Judul: Desain Tipe Obstacle pada Bubble Column Reactor untuk Produksi Biodiesel Secara Non-Katalitik
Abstrak: Biodiesel is produced through the transesterification reaction of methanol with vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed, palm, sunflower seeds or jatropha. Commonly, there are two methods used in producing biodiesel; a non-catalytic and catalytic. One of application of non-catalytic method of biodiesel production is the Superheated metanol vapor method (SMV)-Bubble Column. However, the reaction rate of this method is very low. The reaction rate of biodiesel production could be increased by adding a perforated plate (called obstacle) in the reactor, due to obstacle serves to enlarge the contact surface area between methanol vapor and oil. The design of obstacle structures is thought to affect the contact surface area between metanol vapor and oil. By using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the several types of obstacle will be simulated. The analysis of the design of obstacles performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) because the use of CFD in the design analysis can reduce costs and shorten the time of research. CFD can also clearly describe the shape and distribution of bubbles in the reactor, making it easier to analyze the performance of the obstacles created. The simulation result shows that obstacle A3 has higher contact surface area than other obstacles that is equal to 0.0257 m2. The verification of the simulation data has proven that the obstacle (A3) results a higher total production compared to obstacle that has lower contact surface area (obstacle DO7 with an average of 0.0200 m2 surface contact area). For 5 hours time of operation, the total biodiesel production using obstacle DO7 are 7.32 gram at the first production and 7.41 gram at the second production, while the total production of biodiesel by using A3 obstacle at the first and second production are 7.74 gram and 8.7 gram respectively
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Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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