Judul: Peptides Hydrolysate Derived from Collagen of Snakehead Murrel (Channa striata) Skin Demonstrate Anti-oxidant and Anti-cholesterol Activities.
Abstrak: Anti-cholesterol and anti-oxidant play crucial role to combat cardiovascular disease (CVD) related to formation of arterial plagues from oxidation of cholesterol. In the past decades, research on bioactive peptides demonstrating anti-cholesterol and anti-oxidant activities have been reported as the alternative drugs. In this study, acid soluble collagen was extracted from the skin of snakehead murrel and employed to induce production of collagenase by Bacillus licheniformis F11.4. The collagenases secreted were in turn purified through AKTA Purifier (ion exchange, DEAE column) and used to produce peptides hydrolysate. The purified enzymes were grouped in two distinct collagenase fractions, designated as fraction D and F. Peptides hydrolysate produced by the fraction D was found to demonstrate HMG-CoA inhibitor activity comparable to pravastatin and limited anti-oxidant activity. Meanwhile, peptides hydrolysate generated using the fraction F demonstrated anti-oxidant activity comparable to BHT (2mM), vitamin C (2mM) and vitamin E (2mM), but limited HMG-CoA activity. Combination of the fraction D and F resulted in substantial HMG-CoA inhibition and anti-oxidant activities.
Keyword: Anti-cholesterol, anti-oxidant, bioactive peptide, collagen, collagenase, snakehead murrel

Judul: Produksi Batch dan Kontinu Peptida Bioaktif dari Ikan Gabus
Abstrak: There is a high demand for functional foods. Bioactive peptides are potential ingredients in functional food development due to their functional properties, such as antioxidant activity. Snakehead fish (Channa striata) extract (SHFE) is a suitable source of parent proteins for producing bioactive peptides due to its high protein content and hydrophobic peptides. This study aimed to investigate the batch and continuous processes for producing SHFE-based bioactive peptides. Proteases such as Alcalase and Neutrase were used to hydrolyze the parent proteins. The enzymatic membrane reactor facilitated the continuous production of bioactive peptides from SHFE. Bioactive peptides from SHFE that exhibit antioxidant activity can be produced through enzymatic hydrolysis using Alcalase and Neutrase, either in a batch or continuous process. A substrate concentration of 3%, and enzyme-to-substrate ratio of 10%, using Alcalase were selected as the optimum conditions based on their antioxidant activity measured by DPPH and FRAP methods. Based on the calculated fouling rate of continuous operation under the obtained optimum conditions, the production of SHFE-based peptides has the potential to be performed continuously in the long term. Permeate filtration using a 2-kDa membrane increased the antioxidant activity, as indicated by a smaller DPPH IC50 value (i.e., 0.23 mg protein/ml). Further research is needed to identify the specific peptide sequences responsible for antioxidant activity and other bioactivities that might be exhibited by the SHFE-based bioactive peptides. This study is expected to increase the production of functional ingredients from snakehead fish.
Keyword: antioxidant, bioactive peptides, enzymatic membrane reactor, snakehead fish

Judul: Heisenberg Uncertainty of Double SlitSystem Based on Budiyono-Rohrlich Quantum Statistics Model
Abstrak: Interpretasi kuantum dikembangkan untuk memaknai secara fisis dengan jelas bagaimana suatu dinamika pada sistem mikroskopis yang dijelaskan dengan teori-teori kuantum, seperti interpretasi Copenhagen yang mendeskripsikan sistem kuantum sebagai suatu keadaan yang dideskripsikan dengan fungsi gelombang yang berisikan bagaimana peluang keadaan suatu sistem. Interpretasi kuantum juga bisa dibawa dari suatu sistem klasik seperti pada model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich yang menjelaskan bagaimana dinamika kuantum berhubungan dengan sistem klasik dengan penerapan statistika pada model Hamiltonian sistem. Fungsi distribusi dapat mendeskripsikan bagaimana suatu sistem terdistribusi pada suatu ruang pada pandangan klasik namun untuk sistem kuantum fungsi distribusi adalah peluang dari sistem tersebut. Sistem klasik dan kuantum juga dipisahkan berdasarkan pada ketidakpastian Heisenberg tentang suatu pengukuran yang tidak bisa secara sekaligus dilakukan bersamaan. Model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich membawa suatu sistem klasik menjadi sistem kuantum dengan dua aksioma yaitu hukum kekekalan energi rata rata dan konservasi rapat probabilitas. Sistem klasik yang didefinisikan akan diatur dengan menambahkan dua variable matematis berupa ontic extensions dan epistemic restrictions dimana kedua variabel ini yang akan menghubungkan bagaimana sistem klasik bisa diubah menjadi sebuah sistem kuantum. Dua variabel matematis tadi membuat sebuah sistem bisa diperlihatkan ketidakpastiannya lewat perhitungan simpangan rata-rata dan hasilnya akan selalu memenuhi ketidakpastian Heisenberg
Keyword: fungsi distribusi, model Budiyono-Rohrlich, ontic extension, epistemic restriction, ketidakpastian Heisenberg