Judul: Kemampuan Candida Sp. Icbb 1167 Dan Pseudomonas Sp. Icbb 1170 Dalam Mendegradasi Fenol Pada Limbah Industri Tekstil
Abstrak: Fenol merupakan senyawa hidrokarbon aromatik yang sebagian besar terdapat dalam limbah industri tekstil. Penggunaan fenol dan turunannya dalam proses industri mengakibatkan semakin meluasnya pencemaran oleh senyawa beracun tersebut dan memberikan ancaman yang serius terhadap lingkungan. Biodegradasi menjadi salah satu strategi yang penting dalam upaya mengatasi polutan yang berbahaya tersebut, yaitu dengan menguraikan polutan menjadi produk yang tidak berbahaya dengan diperantarai oleh mikroorganisme.
Keyword: 

Judul: Biodegradasi Fenol Limbah Cair Industri Tekstil oleh Candida tropicalis
Abstrak: Large quantities of textile waste were produced during the operation of textile industry. It materials contained a high level of phenol compounds that results a serious environmental problem. One of microorganism that used phenol for carbon source is Candida tropicalis. In this studi, Candida tropicalis was used in an aerobic biodegradation process to reduce phenol concentration in order to optimum condition. Phenol concentration was determined by 4-aminoantipyrine method on 510 nm. Results showed that degradation rate is optimum at 30oC and a pH of 6. Phenol concentration in control not decrease during observation, meanwhile textile wastewater that inoculation Candida tropicalis decrease 30% for 6 hours with degradation rate 0.025 mg L-1 h-1. This degradation rate is lower than in pure phenol 12.5 mg L-1 h-1. The other results show that phenol disposed to degraded than to produce cell biomass that showing optical density of cell biomass is constant during observation.
Keyword: 

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite