Judul: Evaluation of Inverse Distance Weighting Method and Kriging Method in Spatial Mapping of Weather Parameters in Lake Batur Region, Bali
Abstrak: Danau Batur merupakan salah satu danau terbesar di Pulau Bali dan termasuk dalam kategori sebagai danau prioritas nasional. Sehingga pembangunan di kawasan Danau Batur sangat diperhatikan.Proses perencanaan pembangunan Danau Batur memerlukan data cuaca untuk langkah perencanaan yang lebih baik. Namun, ketersediaan data cuaca terbatas dan tergantung pada stasiun pengambil data. Berdasarkan keterbatasan ini, dilakukan metode interpolasi spasial untuk memperkirakan data cuaca di lokasi yang tidak memiliki stasiun pengambil data.Penelitian ini berfokus pada metode interpolasi Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) dan metode Kriging yang dibandingkan untuk mengetahui meteode terbaik dalam memetakan curah hujan, suhu, dan kelembaban rata-rata bulan Januari 2023 di Danau Batur, Bali. Evaluasi dilakukan menggunakan metode skalar error seperti Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Square Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), dan Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode interpolasi Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) lebih baik dalam memetakan curah hujan dan kelembaban. Sedangkan metode interpolasi Kriging lebih baik dalam memetakan suhu udara. Artinya metode Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) memberikan perkiraan yang lebih akurat untuk curah hujan dan kelembaban, sementara metode Kriging memberikan perkiraan yang lebih akurat untuk suhu udara di Danau Batur, Bali., Lake Batur is one of the largest lakes on the island of Bali and is categorized as a national priority lake. In planning the development of Lake Batur, weather data is required for better planning steps. However, the availability of weather data is limited and depends on the data collection station. Based on this limitation, a spatial interpolation method is performed to estimate weather data in locations that do not have data collection stations. In this study, the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method and the Kriging method were compared to determine the best method for mapping the January 2023 average rainfall, temperature, and humidity at Lake Batur, Bali. The evaluation was conducted using error scalar methods such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Square Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The results showed that the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) interpolation method is better at mapping rainfall and humidity. While the Kriging interpolation method is better at mapping air temperature. This means that the IDW method provides more accurate estimates for rainfall and humidity, while the Kriging method provides more accurate estimates for air temperature in Lake Batur, Bali.
Keyword: Batur Lake, IDW, Kriging, Interpolation, Weather

Judul: The Statistical Bias Correction for Rainfall Data around Lake Toba Using the Quantile Delta Mappings
Abstrak: Danau Toba, terletak di Sumatera Utara, merupakan danau tektonik dan vulkanik terbesar di Indonesia. Danau Toba memiliki iklim ekuatorial dengan ciri curah melimpah sepanjang tahun. Curah hujan tinggi ditambah dengan peningkatan tiap tahunnya akibat perubahan iklim menyebabkan rentannya terjadi cuaca ekstrim yang tidak dapat diprediksi sehingga merugikan warga sekitar. Dengan demikian, diperlukan suatu model prediksi curah hujan yang dapat mengantisipasi dampak curah hujan ekstrim tersebut. Salah satu model prediksi curah hujan adalah ERA5-Land. Namun model prediksi ini memiliki bias yang dapat dihindari. Metode yang dapat digunakan adalah koreksi bias statistik dengan quantile delta mapping (QDM) dengan mengkoreksi data model ERA5-Land terhadap data observasi BMKG. Metode QDM yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menggunakan dua jenis metode yaitu menggunakan sebaran perbulan dan lengkap. Hasilnya, kedua metode dapat memperbaiki bias pada Stasiun Silaen, Laguboti dan Doloksanggul, dan juga memperbaiki model di musim kemarau iklim ekuatorial di Mei, Juni, Juli, dan Agustus. Namun metode pertama lebih memperbaiki sebaran model di Silaen, dan Laguboti, sedangkan metode kedua memperbaiki sebaran model di Doloksanggul., Lake Toba, located in North Sumatra, is the largest tectonic and volcanic lake in Indonesia. Lake Toba has an equatorial climate characterized by abundant rainfall throughout the year. High rainfall, coupled with annual increases due to climate change, results in vulnerability to unpredictable extreme weather, causing harm to surrounding communities. Consequently, a rainfall prediction model is needed to anticipate the impacts of such extreme rainfall. One of the rainfall prediction models used is ERA5-Land. However, this prediction model has biases that can be avoided. A method that can be used is statistical bias correction using quantile delta mapping (QDM) by correcting ERA5-Land model data against BMKG observation data. The QDM method used in this study employs two types of methods: monthly and full distribution. The results show that both methods can improve biases at Silaen, Laguboti, and Doloksanggul stations, as well as improve the model during the equatorial dry season in May, June, July, and August. However, the first method improves the model distribution more in Silaen and Laguboti, while the second method improves the model distribution more in Doloksanggul.
Keyword: curah hujan, Danau Toba, quantile delta mapping

Judul: Biology Of Columbia Lance Nematode (Hoplolaimus Columbus Sher) On Soybean Excised Root Culture
Abstrak: S. Supramana, S. A. Lewis,.J. D. Mueller, B. A. Fortnum, and R. E. Ballard. 2001. Biology of Columbia lance nematod. ~ (Hoplolaimus columbus Sher) on soybean excised root culture. Nematropica 31 :283-2~)O. Feeding, egg development and oviposition, embryology, and postembtyonic development or Hoplolaimus col'lmbuswere observed on soybean (cultivar Hutcheson) excised root culture in Gam borg's B5 medium (pH 5.7,1.3% agar). Petri plate sterile cultures were placed inverted on a heated microscope stage (30°C) and observations were conducted using a color video camera and a time lapse digital videoca:;sette recorder. Oocytes were obsetved in each gonad 38 hours after feeding commenced and all egg possessing a terminal stalk was laid 96 hours later. Eggs were deposited it, the one-celled stag~ and a total of 217 hours (9 days) was required for a"newly laid egg to develop into a hatching second-stage juvenile at 30°C. Postembryonic development consisted of threejuvenile stages and an adult female with prior feeding occurring before molts and oviposition. The nematode fed ectoparasiticallyon the subepidermal cells and endoparasitically in the cortex and outer vascular tissue and remained at the infection site for 2·9 days. Key words: Columbia lance nematode, embryology, excised root culture, feeding behavior, HOfilo{aimus columbus, life cycle, oviposition, postembryonic development, soybean.
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