Judul: Potensi Buah Makasar (Brucea javanica) sebagai Antikanker
Abstrak: Brucea javanica or makasar fruit is a plant having anticancer potency. This research aimed to obtain toxic fraction of makasar fruit against Artemia salina shrimp larvae and identify the compounds. Partition of the fruit’s crude methanol extract resulted n-hexane, dichloromethane, and n-butanol + methanol 50% extracts. Dichloromethane extract was the most toxic extract with 50% lethal concentration value of 4.2 ppm. Fractionation of the extract with column chromatography gave 21 fractions. Fraction 3 having single spot was characterized using Fourier transformed infrared spectrophotometer and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer to identify the compounds. Three dominant compounds were obtained in fraction 3, which were alkaloid and phenolic group, namely vanillin, 1,3-diacetylindole, and 1-(1H-indol-3-yl)-3-methylbut-2-en-1-one
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Judul: Potensi Buah Makasar (Brucea javanica (L.) Merr) sebagai Inhibitor Enzim α-Glukosidae
Abstrak: Brucea fruit is one Indonesian medicine plants which rich in advantages. Empirically, brucea fruit can decrease blood glucose concentration for patient of diabetes mellitus. Water fraction of brucea fruit extract have been observed to determine its ability as antidiabetic would be compared with acarbose as positive control in same concentration (1%). Antidiabetic test in water and hexane fraction of brucea fruit extract use α-glucosidase inhibition method. Antidiabetic activity has been measured by formation of p-nitrophenol from enzymatic reaction of nitrophenil--D-glucopyranose (p-NPG) which is catalyze by α-glucosidase enzyme. The formation of p-nitrophenol was measured by spectrophotometer at λ=400 nm. Phytochemistry test showed that water fraction contains alkaloid and flavonoid, whereas hexane fraction only contain alkaloid. The result of this research is water fraction and hexane of brucea fruit (Brucea javanica (L.) Merr) at concentration 1% (b/v) can inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme activity 14.32% and 12.76%, whereas Acarbose as positive control can inhibit α-glucosidase enzyme activity 81.15%.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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