Judul: The Effect of Democracy and Oligarchy on Economic Inequality in Indonesia (Period 2006-2018)
Abstrak: Demokrasi adalah sistem pemerintahan yang dinilai mampu menjamin persamaan hak warga negara, kebebasan individual, dan tegaknya keadilan hukum. Demokrasi membuat hak suara setiap masyarakat setara. Oleh karena itu, demokrasi dinilai dapat mengurangi ketimpangan ekonomi karena masyarakat kelas menengah dan bawah akan menuntut redistribusi pendapatan yang lebih adil. Pada sisi yang lain, para pemimpin akan berfokus pada keinginan para pemilih agar dapat dipilih pada pemilu selanjutnya. Pada kenyatannya di Indonesia terjadi distribusi kekuasaan politik yang timpang karena pengaruh dari oligarki. Sumber daya material yang dimilikinya membuat posisi daya tawar terhadap keputusan pembuatan kebijakan lebih besar daripada masyarakat yang membuat ketimpangan ekonomi semakin memburuk. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh demokrasi dan oligarki terhadap ketimpangan ekonomi di Indonesia tahun 2006-2018. Data yang digunakan merupakan data primer dan sekunder. Metode analisis kuantitatif menggunakan analisis regresi dengan metode OLS, sedangkan analisis kualitatif menggunakan metode wawancara mendalam dan konten analisis. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa demokrasi dan oligarki berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan ekonomi di Indonesia.
Keyword: democracy, economic inequality, oligharcy

Judul: The Effect of Fiscal Policy on Income Inequality in Indonesia
Abstrak: Ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat yang direpresentasikan oleh rasio gini merupakan hal penting dalam mengukur pembangunan ekonomi. Ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di Indonesia cenderung berfluktuasi dari tahun 2010-2019. Namun disisi lain, kebijakan fiskal dari penerimaan daerah maupun pengeluaran daerah selalu meningkat di tahun yang sama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kebijakan fiskal dapat memengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di Indonesia dari tahun 2010-2019. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder 33 provinsi Indonesia. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis data panel dinamis. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran daerah yang dapat menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat adalah belanja kesehatan serta penerimaan daerah yang dapat menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat adalah Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD). Selain itu, pengeluaran daerah yang tidak dapat menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat adalah belanja pendidikan. Sedangkan penerimaan daerah yang tidak berpengaruh terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat adalah Dana Bagi Hasil (DBH)., Income inequality represented by the Gini ratio is an important factor in measuring economic development. Income inequality in Indonesia, measured by the Gini Ratio, from year 2010 – 2019 tend to fluctuate. In the other hand, fiscal policy from regional revenue and regional expenditure has increased in the same period. This study aims to find how fiscal policy can affect the income inequality in Indonesia from 2010-2019. The data used are secondary data from 33 provinces of Indonesia. The analysis used in this study is descriptive analysis and dynamic panel data analysis. The result of study showed that regional expenditure that can reduce income inequality is health expenditure and regional revenue that can reduce income inequality is Local Government Revenue (PAD). Moreover, the regional expenditure that can’t reduce income inequality is education expenditure. Meanwhile, regional revenue income that can’t affect income inequality is Revenue Sharing Funds (DBH).
Keyword: dynamic panel data, income inequality, Indonesia, regional expenditure, regional revenue

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable