Judul: Status of Foot and Mouth Disease Antibodies in Dairy Cattle in The North Cianjur Cattle Cooperative Region
Abstrak: Penyakit mulut dan kuku (PMK) adalah penyakit infeksi pada hewan berkuku belah dan merupakan penyakit re-emerging di Indonesia. Kasus PMK mulai terjadi pada ternak sapi perah di wilayah Cianjur Utara pada bulan Mei 2022, kemudian program vaksinasi PMK mulai dilakukan di wilayah ini sejak bulan Juni 2022. Monitoring keberadaan antibodi setelah vaksinasi penting dilakukan guna mengevaluasi efektivitas program vaksinasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan status antibodi PMK pada sapi perah di wilayah Cianjur Utara dengan kriteria berikut: pernah terinfeksi-divaksin satu kali, tidak pernah terinfeksi-divaksin dua kali, dan pernah terinfeksi-belum divaksin. Dua puluh lima sampel susu individu dikoleksi dan dianalisa keberadaan antibodi PMK dengan metode enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kompetitif. Hasil ELISA menunjukkan bahwa 2 sampel susu asal sapi pernah terinfeksi-divaksin satu kali positif memiliki antibodi PMK, sedangkan sampel lainnya negatif antibodi PMK. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa antibodi PMK lebih banyak terbentuk pada individu yang pernah terinfeksi dan divaksin, dibandingkan individu yang tidak pernah terinfeksi dan divaksin dua kali maupun individu yang pernah terinfeksi dan belum divaksin. Selain itu, hasil ini juga memperlihatkan bahwa sampel susu individu dapat digunakan sebagai sampel alternatif non-invasif untuk monitoring antibodi PMK setelah vaksinasi karena pengambilan sampelnya relatif lebih mudah dilakukan dan aspek kesejahteraan hewan terpenuhi., Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious disease in cloven hooves and is a re-emerging disease in Indonesia. FMD cases began to occur in dairy cattle in the North Cianjur region in May 2022, then the FMD vaccination program began in this region in June 2022. Post-vaccination antibody monitoring is important to evaluating the effectiveness of vaccination programs. This study aims to determine the FMD antibody status in dairy cattle in the North Cianjur region with the following criteria: infected-vaccinated once, never infected-vaccinated twice, and infected-not vaccinated. Twenty-five milk samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of FMD antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA results showed that 2 milk samples from dairy cattle that have been infected-vaccination once were positive for FMD antibodies, while the other samples were negative. These results indicate that more FMD antibodies are formed in individuals who have been infected and vaccinated, compared to individuals who have never been infected and vaccinated twice or individuals who have been infected and have not been vaccinated. Moreover, these results showed that individual milk samples can be used as a non-invasive alternative sample for monitoring FMD antibodies after vaccination because the sampling is relatively easy and animal welfare aspects are met.
Keyword: antibodies, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), foot and mouth disease (FMD), milk samples, vaccination

Judul: Impact of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) on Productivity of Dairy Cows in Pangalengan Subdistrict and its Management Strategy
Abstrak: Penyakit Mulut dan Kuku (PMK) menjadi masalah yang besar untuk sentra peternakan sapi perah di Kecamatan Pangalengan karena dampaknya terhadap penurunan produktivitas sapi perah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi dampak PMK dan strategi penanganan pada ternak sapi perah anggota Koperasi Peternakan Bandung Selatan (KPBS) Pangalengan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode survei kepada peternak anggota KPBS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 50 responden 46% anggota KPBS berusia >45 tahun, 66% tingkat pendidikan terakhir Sekolah Dasar (SD), 34% memiliki pengalaman beternak selama 21-30 tahun. Sebelum wabah PMK, total populasi ternak responden sejumlah 218 ekor. Saat wabah terjadi, 66% (143 ekor) diantaranya terjangkit PMK, 34% (75 ekor) lainnya dinyatakan bebas PMK. Produksi susu harian mengalami penurunan, sebelum wabah didapatkan 1926 kg hari-1, fase saat wabah berlangsung turun 51% menjadi 942 kg hari-1, fase setelah wabah produksi susu mengalami kenaikan menjadi 1695 kg hari-1. Produksi susu menurun karena kebutuhan nutrien induk sapi perah tidak tercukupi disebabkan mulut melepuh dan kuku kaki yang lepas, akibatnya hewan ternak tidak bisa makan. Pencegahan yang dilakukan peternak yaitu dengan pembatasan terhadap lingkungan luar, vaksinasi, sanitasi dan praktik biosekuriti. Tindakan penanganan yang dilakukan pada ternak terinfeksi PMK yaitu penyemprotan obat pada bagian tubuh ternak yang luka dengan tujuan agar luka tersebut bisa cepat kering., Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) is a major problem for dairy farming centers in Pangalengan Subdistrict because of its impact on reducing dairy cattle productivity. This study aims to evaluate the impact of FMD and management strategies on dairy cattle members of Koperasi Peternakan Bandung Selatan (KPBS). The research was conducted using a survey method to KPBS members. The results showed that out of 50 respondents, 46% of KPBS members were >45 years old, 66% were elementary school graduates, and 34% had 21-30 years of experience. Before the FMD outbreak, the total livestock population of respondents was 218 heads. During the outbreak, 66% were infected with FMD, 34% were FMD-free. Daily milk production decreased, before the outbreak it was 1926 kg day-1, during the outbreak it decreased by 51% to 942 kg day-1, after the outbreak milk production increased to 1695 kg day-1. Milk production decreases because the nutrient needs of dairy cows are not met due to mouth blisters and loose toenails, as a result the cattle cannot eat. Prevention is by limiting the external environment, vaccination, sanitation and biosecurity practices. The treatment for FMD infected livestock is spraying medicine on the wounded body part with the aim that the wound dries quickly.
Keyword: Dairy Cows, FMD, KPBS Pangalengan

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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