Judul: Development of Low-Cost Ultrasound Phantom from Jelly Based for Simulation of Small Animal Organ Imaging
Abstrak: Penggunaan ultrasonografi membutuhkan pelatihan yang cukup untuk menunjang kompetensi operatornya. Namun, pelatihan menggunakan hewan hidup tidak selalu tersedia dan harus diminimalisir. Phantom ultrasonografi dapat dibuat sebagai solusi dalam pelatihan penggunaan ultrasonografi. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat suatu purwarupa phantom ultrasonografi yang ekonomis dari bahan dasar agar sebagai alat simulasi kanulasi intravena dan pencitraan organ pada hewan kecil. Phantom dibuat dari bahan agar dengan berbagai fomulasi yaitu phantom A dengan agar Nutrijell®, phantom B dengan agar Swallow®, dan phantom C dengan campuran kedua agar. Buah dan bakso digunakan sebagai model organ serta balon panjang digunakan sebagai model pembuluh darah. Setiap model organ dievaluasi bentuk, ukuran, dan nilai ekogenisitasnya menggunakan software ImageJ dan dibandingkan dengan organ dan kelainan pada hewan kecil. Konsistensi dan daya tahan phantom juga dievaluasi selama 4 minggu. Hasilnya phantom C memiliki konsistensi serta daya tahan yang paling baik dengan tingkat sineresis terendah yaitu 4.68%. Nilai ekogenisitas dari ketiga formulasi agar masih terlalu rendah (anekoik) dan belum dapat menunjukkan kemiripan dengan otot pada manusia dan hewan kecil. Bakso aci dan bakso dapat menjadi phantom organ ovarium, testis, kelenjar prostat, tumor, dan nodul, sedangkan bakso aci isi hidrogel dapat menjadi phantom kantung empedu dan kista berdasarkan nilai ekogenisitasnya. Balon panjang dapat memberikan kemudahan dalam pelatihan akses maupun kanulasi pembuluh darah menggunakan ultrasonografi., The use of ultrasound requires adequate training to support the competence of the operator. However, training using live animals is not always available and should be minimized. Ultrasound phantom can be used as a solution for ultrasound training. This study was aimed to make a jelly-based low-cost ultrasound phantom prototype for simulating intravenous cannulation and organ imaging in animals. Phantom were made with various formulations of jelly, phantom A with Nutrijell® jelly, phantom B with Swallow® jelly, and phantom C with mixture of both jelly. The organ model used various fruit and meatballs and the vein model used a long balloon. Each organ model was evaluated for shape, size, and ecogenicity values using the ImageJ software and compared with organs and abnormalities in small animals. Phantom consistency and endurance were also evaluated for 4 weeks. The result is that Phantom C has the best consistency and durability with the lowest syneresis level of 4.68%. The ecogenicity value of the three formulations was too low (anechoic) and could not show similarity to muscle in humans and small animals. Aci meatballs and regular meatballs can become phantom organs of the ovaries, testes, prostate glands, tumors, and nodules, while hydrogel filled meatballs can be phantom of the gallbladder and cyst based on its ecogenicity value. Long balloons can provide convenience in training for access and cannulation of blood vessels using ultrasound.
Keyword: agar Nutrijell®, agar Swallow®, ImageJ, phantom, ultrasonografi

Judul: Pengembangan Durable Low-cost Phantom untuk Media Pembelajaran Pencitraan Organ Reproduksi Jantan
Abstrak: Phantom merupakan alat yang dapat digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran untuk pencitraan medis seperti ultrasonografi dan radiografi. Penggunaan phantom komersial membutuhkan biaya yang besar, sehingga diperlukan pengembangan alternatif phantom yang murah. Namun, sebagian besar bahan kurang tahan lama dan terbuat dari bahan yang mudah rusak. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai formulasi phantom berbahan dasar agar dengan bahan pengawet terbaik sebagai model untuk media pembelajaran pencitraan organ reproduksi jantan yang murah dan tahan lama. Phantom dibuat dengan perpaduan 2 jenis agar, yaitu agar yang teksturnya lebih kenyal dengan yang kurang kenyal. Formulasi agar dibagi menjadi 8 berdasarkan suhu penyimpanan (ruang dan refrigerator) serta bahan pengawet seperti BNF 10%, boraks, dan kunyit. Testis tikus dan kucing dibenamkan kedalam phantom sebagai model organ. Phantom dan model organ dicitrakan dengan ultrasonografi Brightness mode dan radiografi digital. Ukuran, ekogenisitas, opasitas, dan berat phantom dianalisis hingga 31 hari. Durabilitas dievaluasi dengan mengukur berat phantom selama 31 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa phantom BNF memiliki daya tahan yang sangat baik tanpa adanya mikroba meskipun disimpan pada suhu ruang dibandingkan dengan phantom lain. Selain itu, bahan pengawet dapat membuat ekogenisitas model organ tampak lebih hiperekoik. Opasitas seluruh phantom yang dievaluasi dengan X-ray memiliki nilai antara 85-170 a.u. kecuali boraks (Rf), dan model organ tidak terlihat pada hasil pencitraan. Phantom berbahan dasar agar dengan BNF sebagai bahan pengawet dan disimpan pada suhu refrigerator, secara umum berpotensi sebagai media pembelajaran pencitraan organ reproduksi jantan., Phantom is an instrument that can be used as a learning media for medical imaging such as ultrasound and radiograph. The use of commercially phantom were costly, thus development of alternative inexpensive phantom is needed. However, most of the used materials are less durable and made of perishable materials. This study was aimed to evaluate agar phantom formulation with the best preservative as a model for inexpensive and durable imaging learning media of male reproductive organ. Phantoms were made by the combination of 2 types of agar, those were more and less chewy texture. The formulation was divided into 8 based on storage temperature (room and refrigerator) and preservatives such as BNF 10%, boraks, and kunyit. The mouse and cat testicles embedded in it as the organ models. Phantoms and organ models were imaging by brightness mode ultrasonography and digital radiography. Size, echogenicity, opacity, and their weight were analyzed up to 31 days. The results showed that BNF phantom has an excellent durability without microbes even it was stored at room temperature compared to the other phantoms. Furthermore, the preservative agents making the echogenicity of the organ model appeared to be more hyperechoic. The opacity of all phantoms that evaluated with X-ray were having value between 85–170 a.u. except boraks (Rf), and the organ models did not appear on it. Phantom that made from agar with BNF as a preservative agent and stored at refrigerator temperature, in general has potential as an imaging learning media for male reproductive organ.
Keyword: ImageJ, Phantom, Preservative, Radiograph, Ultrasound

Judul: Eksplorasi Masalah Logaritma Diskret pada Finite Field G P(2m)
Abstrak: Discrete logarithm problem represents a problem which is defined as modular arithmetic. It is often used to generate a key pair on public key cryptography as security object. Given cyclic group G of order n, αgenerator of G, and β∈􀜩, then, in general, discrete logarithm problem is determined as the integer 􀝔, 0≤􀝔≤􀝊−1, such that α􀯫≡β(mod 􀝊). In Menezes et al. (1997) the algorithm to solve the discrete logarithm problem in common cyclic group G are Exhaustive Search algorithm, Baby-Step Giant-Step, Pollard's rho, Pohlig Hellman and Index Calculus. Furthermore, these algorithms are explored to determine the solution of discrete logarithm problem on 􀜩􀜨(2􀯠). The reconstructed algorithms are implemented using Maple 11 software. These implementation can be used to measure security level of cryptography algorithm, which is based on security aspects of discrete logarithm problem
Keyword: