Judul: Optimize the Production Process of Wafer Supplements Containing Prill Fat and Physicochemical Quality During Storage
Abstrak: Prill fat merupakan salah satu hasil samping pembuatan minyak goreng yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak. Prill fat dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan sumber lemak dengan kandungan asam palmitat yang tinggi. Karakteristik prill fat yang berbentuk granula halus dan susah homogen dengan bahan lain menjadi kendala dalam pemanfaatannya. Pengolahan prill fat menjadi wafer supplemen dapat dijadikan alternatif dalam pemanfaatanya dengan tetap memperhatikan titik leleh prill fat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengoptimalkan proses produksi wafer supplemen mengandung prill fat dengan response surface methodology dan perubahan kualitas fisik yang terjadi selama masa penyimpanan. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua tahapan, tahap pertama optimasi proses produksi dengan faktor suhu dan lama pemanasan dengan respon yang diuji yaitu efisiensi produksi, kadar air serta wafer durability index dan tahap kedua penyimpanan wafer selama 5 minggu. Parameter yang diuji pada penelitian tahap kedua yaitu kadar air, wafer durability index, aktivitas air, berat jenis ,kadar lemak, bilangan peroksida, serangan serangga dan kontaminasi jamur. Suhu dan lama pemanasan optimal yang didapat dari penelitian tahap satu yaitu suhu 50°C dengan lama pemanasan 1 menit dengan respon efisiensi 95,2%, kadar air 5,6% dan wafer durability index 95% dan hasil validasi memiliki tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Terjadi perubahan kualitas fisikokimia wafer supplemen yang berbeda nyata (P<0,05) selama masa penyimpanan, namun masih berada pada batas normal. Pada minggu ke-5 penyimpanan didapatkan nilai kadar air wafer 9,8%, Aw 0,660, wafer durability index 69,9%, berat jenis 0,79 g mL-1 dan tidak ditemukan serangga serta kontaminasi jamur pada wafer. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa suhu 50°C dengan lama pemanasan 1 menit dapat diterapkan pada produksi wafer supplemen mengandung prill fat dan mempunyai kualitas yang cukup baik selama masa penyimpanan 5 minggu., Prill fat is one of the by-products of cooking oil production that can be utilized as animal feed. Prill fat can be used as a source of fat with a high content of palmitic acid. The characteristics of prill fat, which are in the form of fine granules and difficult to homogenize with other ingredients, pose a challenge in its utilization. Processing prill fat into wafer supplements can be an alternative in its utilization while still considering the melting point of prill fat. This study aims to optimize the production process of wafer supplements containing prill fat using RSM and monitor the changes in physical quality during storage. The study consists of two stages: the first stage involves optimizing the production process with temperature and heating time as factors, with responses tested including production efficiency, moisture content, and wafer durability index .The second stage involves storing the wafers for 5 weeks and testing parameters such as moisture content, wafer durability index, water activity, bulk density, fat content, peroxide value, insect infestation, and fungal contamination. The optimal temperature and heating time obtained from the first stage were 50°C for 1 minute, resulting in an efficiency of 95.2%, moisture content of 5.6%, and wafer durability index of 95%, with validation results showing 95% confidence. Significant changes in the physicochemical quality of the wafer supplements were observed (P<0.05) during storage but remained within normal limits. At week 5 of storage, the wafer had a moisture
Keyword: production optimization, optimasi produksi, prill fat, physicochemical quality

Judul: Feeding Test of Prill Fat Wafer Supplements on Milk Production and Quality in Small-Holder Farms Kabupaten Boyolali
Abstrak: Penelitian bertujuan menguji pemberian wafer suplemen mengandung prill fat terhadap produksi susu, kualitas susu (lemak, Solid Non Fat (SNF), berat jenis, latosa, protein), persistensi produksi susu, dan perhitungan Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC). Penelitian ini menggunakan 18 ekor sapi perah dengan rata-rata bobot badan 435,76 ± 43,66 kg, produksi susu 10,25 ± 3,31 L/ekor/hari, periode laktasi 2, dan bulan laktasi 6 bulan. Penelitian terdiri dari 2 perlakuan dan 9 ulangan, yaitu P0 = ransum kontrol dan P1 = P0 + 400 gram wafer suplemen prill fat. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji T-student. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian 400 gram wafer suplemen prill fat berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap produksi susu, persistensi produksi susu, dan komponen lemak susu. Persistensi produksi susu sebesar 122,49%. Pemberian 400 gram wafer suplemen prill fat tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap SNF, berat jenis, protein, dan laktosa susu. Nilai IOFC yang dihasilkan yaitu Rp21.329. Pemberian 400 gram wafer suplemen prill fat mampu meningkatkan produksi, persistensi, komponen lemak susu dan IOFC., This study aimed to evaluate the effect of prill fat wafer supplements on milk yield, milk components (fat, Solid Non Fat (SNF), density, lactose, protein), milk yield persistency and Income Over Feed Cost (IOFC). This study involved 18 dairy cows with an average body weight of 435.76 ± 43.66 kg, milk yield rate of 10.25 ± 3.31 L/cow/day, lactation periods of 2, and lactation months of 6 months. This study consisted of 2 treatments and 9 replications, P0 = control ration and P1 = P0 + 400 gram prill fat wafer supplement. The data obtained were analyzed using T-test. The results of the study showed that the addition of 400 grams of prill fat wafer supplements significantly affected (P<0.05) milk yield and milk fat. Milk yield persistence was 122.49%. It did not significantly affect (P>0.05) SNF, density, protein, and lactose in milk. The IOFC value was Rp21.329. The effects of 400 grams prill fat wafer supplements was able to increase milk yield, persistence, milk fat, and IOFC.
Keyword: dairy cows, milk yield, milk components, prill fat, wafer supplement

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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