Judul: Hemoglobinuria pada Sapi
Abstrak: Cairan tubuh yang mudah diperoleh adalah darah. Darah mempunyai berbagai macam fungsi, dan diantaranya yang penting dalam menjalankan fungsi darah adalah hemoglobin. Berat molekul hemoglobin rata-rata 68.000. Secara normal dapat melalui saringan glomerulus, t etapi di tubulus renalis akan diserap kembali, sehingga dalam urin tidak didapatkan hemoglobin.
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Judul: Tinjauan albumin dan globum darah pada beberapa hewan domesiek dan analisisnya
Abstrak: Protein plasma merupakan komponen utama zat-zat ada dalam plasma. yang Pada hewan rata-rata kadar protein. plasma sekitar 7 7,5 g/dl. Protein plasma terdiri dari protein sederhana dan protein campuran seperti protein dan lipoprotein. gliko- Pemisahan terhadap protein plasma menghasilkan tiga golongan protein, yaitu Fibrinogen, Albumin dan Globulin (Harper, 1977). Albumin dan sebagian besar komponen globulin disintesis dalam hati. Albumin adalah fraksi protein terkecil, yang mempunyai berat molekul sekitar 69.000 (Girindra, 1988). Albumin berfungsi dalam keseimbangan. cairan, makanan, keseimbangan hormon dan fungsi-fungsi lain yang menjaga kesehatan tubuh. Globulin terbagi lagi menjadi beberapa golongan, yaitu : Mukoprotein dan glikoprotein (alfa-1 dan alfa-2 globulin), lipoprotein (Beta globulin), protein pengikat logam dan gamma globulin. Gamma globulin banyak dihasil- kan oleh sel-sel plasma dan jaringan limfoid, berat molekulnya sekitar 150.000 - 160.000 (Harper, 1977). Fungsi protein plasma darah dalam tubuh hewan adalah sebagai pengatur keseimbangan cairan, pengatur keseimbangan asam basa, sebagai cadangan protein tubuh, zat pengangkut, sebagai zat pembeku darah, sebagai alat pertahanan tubuh dan sebagai enzim (Varley's, 1988). Kadar protein plasma pada beberapa hewan berbeda- beda. Pada domba, kambing dan anjing, albumin lebih dominan (utama) daripada globulin.. Sedang pada hewan kuda, sapi dan babi, imbangan antara albumin dan relatif sama, (Duke's, 1982). kadang-kadang globulin lebih globulin dominan Perubahan konsentrasi dari albumin dan globulin, dipengaruhi oleh faktor fisiologik dan faktor patologik (Schalm 1986). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa albumin sangat dipengaruhi faktor-faktor yang mendukung kesehatan tubuh. Bila Sedang gangguan pada oleh hewan tersebut sakit, maka kadar albumin menurun. Globulin dipengaruhi tubuh lain. oleh adanya infeksi atau Bila terjadi peradangan atau infeksi tubuh, maka kadar globulin kemungkinan meningkat….
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Judul: Mixed effect models for high –dimensional longitudinal data with latent variables
Abstrak: A set of data that consist of repeated measurements on a large number of outcomes and covariates are known as high-dimensional longitudinal data. The high-dimensional longitudinal data may consist of several effects of interest that cannot be directly measured, known as latent factors or latent variables. During the last decade, the multivariate responses or high-dimensional in longitudinal data have been a big issue. The analysis of high-dimensional longitudinal data is complicated due to its complex correlation structures between outcomes. To understand changes over time of outcome variables, having correlations in individuals with explanatory variables is not enough. Hence, complex correlation structures between outcomes need to be considered. One approach that is commonly used to overcome high-dimensional longitudinal data is simultaneous equation modeling. A well-known simultaneous equation modeling method is the structural equation model (SEM). This approach has several appealing modeling abilities and can be used for high-dimensional longitudinal data. Under the SEM framework, the continuous time SEM is developed to avoid some issues associated with autoregressive and cross-lagged problems in SEM. Another simultaneous equation modeling method is by combining factor analysis and multivariate analysis methods to overcome high dimensional longitudinal data, namely latent factor linear mixed model (LFLMM). The factor analysis is used to reduce the high-dimensional outcomes, and the multivariate linear mixed model is used to study the longitudinal trends of several latent factors. One example of high-dimensional longitudinal data is the General Election Study. This study is carried out repeatedly to observe tendencies towards political attitudes and behavior over time in Belgium. The data contain political information, knowledge, perceptions, and preferences of a political party and the level of participation in politics. One of the most interesting things to study from the data is to analyze the change of political attitudes and behavior of respondents over time. Also, the relationship of changes in these outcomes is important to analyze. The General Election Study in Belgium was designed to include a representative sample of the target population under the Belgian electorate, so accurate estimates about the population could be made. This sampling design was created by the Institute for Social and Political Opinion (ISPO) and the Inter-university Center for Political Opinion Research (PIOP). The Belgian data set contained three subsamples, the Flemish (Dutch-speaking), the Walloon (French-speaking), and the Brussels Capital Region (Dutch and French-speaking). Several studies conducted on the Belgium data are carried out to understand the relationships between the latent variables Individualism (I), Ethnocentrism (E), and Authoritarianism (A) in Flanders. Cross-sectional or a longitudinal studies have also been carried out. In such cases, it is critical to capture the trend of the latent variables over time and, more importantly, whether there is any association or relationships between the development of nationalism (N), ethnocentrism (E), individualism (I), and authoritarianism (A) in Belgium. An empirical analysis of CT-SEM has been done to present the interdependencies among the four latent variables mentioned above on the basis of the General Election Studies for Belgium in 1991, 1995, and 1999 (Interuniversitair steunpunt politieke-opinieonderzoek, 1991, 1995, 1999). Although the four variables have been the subject of
Keyword: Belgium, CT-SEM, high-dimensional longitudinal data, LFLMM, Supplemented EM Algorithm