Judul: The Relationship between Tropical Climatic Conditions and the Incidence of COVID-19: A Systematic Literature Review
Abstrak: COVID-19 merupakan penyakit pernapasan akut yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2. Penularan virus COVID-19 dapat berkaitan dengan berbagai faktor lingkungan. Pada daerah beriklim tropis, faktor iklim yang sering dikaitkan, di antaranya adalah suhu, kelembapan, dan curah hujan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan review dan sintesis mengenai hubungan antara COVID-19 dengan faktor iklim di wilayah tropis, mengevaluasi penyebab tidak konsistennya hasil penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya, mengidentifikasi dukungan kondisi iklim tropis terhadap penyebaran virus COVID-19, dan mendapatkan hasil mengenai pengaruh faktor non iklim terhadap hasil yang didapatkan dalam literatur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode tinjauan pustaka sistematis. Proses pencarian literatur dilakukan melalui database PubMed, Google Scholar (Bahasa Indonesia dan Inggris), dan Scopus dengan menggunakan kata kunci yang terstruktur berdasarkan metode PICO. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan adanya keragaman hubungan antara faktor iklim dan kasus COVID-19. Setiap jenis hubungan, baik secara positif maupun negatif, memiliki alasan penguat masing-masing dikarenakan pengaruh langsung maupun tidak langsung yang berbeda-beda. Faktor iklim cenderung memiliki hubungan yang nyata. Inkonsistensi temuan penelitian sebelumnya dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor non-iklim. Diperoleh faktor iklim bukan satu-satunya penentu sehingga diperlukan upaya lain untuk mengurangi penularan., COVID-19 is an acute respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The transmission of COVID-19 can be influenced by various environmental factors. In tropical regions, climatic factors often associated with it, include temperature, humidity, and rainfall. This study aims to obtain a review and synthesis of the relationship between COVID-19 and climatic factors in tropical regions, to evaluate the causes of inconsistencies in previous studies, to identify whether tropical climate conditions support the spread of the COVID-19 virus, and to determine the influence of non-climatic factors on the results obtained in the literature. This research employs a systematic literature review method. The literature search process was conducted through databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar (in both Indonesian and English), and Scopus using keywords structured based on the PICO method. The synthesis results show a variety of relationships between climatic factors and COVID-19 cases. Each type of relationship, whether positive or negative, has its own supporting reasons due to the different direct and indirect influences. Climatic factors tend to have a significant relationship. The inconsistency of previous research findings is influenced by various non-climatic factors. Climatic factors are not the only determinants, thus other efforts are needed to reduce transmission.
Keyword: covid-19, rainfall, temperature, humidity, tropical

Judul: Relationship Between The Prevalence Of Diarrhea With Climate Factors And Hydrometeorological Events In Tropical Regions : A Systematic Literature Review
Abstrak: Diare merupakan penyakit menular yang menjadi penyebab masalah kesehatan dan kasus kematian, terutama pada balita. Penyakit diare dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan seperti iklim, kejadian hidrometeorologi dan faktor non-iklim. Terdapat ketidakkonsistenan antara faktor tersebut dengan prevalensi diare. Hal tersebut membuka celah untuk mengkaji ketidakkonsistenan tersebut dengan mempelajari literatur mutakhir melalui tinjauan pustaka sistematis (systematic literature review).Tinjauan pustaka sistematis dilakukan dengan identifikasi research question, pencarian literatur, penyaringan literatur serta estraksi informasi. Hasil tinjauan menunjukkan faktor iklim yang berpengaruh pada kejadian penyakit diare meliputi curah hujan, suhu udara, kelembapan udara, dan kecepatan angin, sedangkan kejadian hidrometeorologi yang berpengaruh, yaitu banjir dan kekeringan. Faktor non-iklim yang berpengaruh adalah topografi, level air sungai, kepadatan penduduk, kualitas air, status ekonomi, fasilitas toilet, air pipa, dan pendidikan/literasi. Ketidakkonsistenan faktor iklim dikarenakan perbedaan patogen diare, penggunaan lag time dan terjadinya konsentrasi dan dilusi dari patogen. Kesenjangan dari penelitian, yaitu terbatasnya perhatian pada faktor iklim dalam konteks threshold curah hujan, suhu dan banjir yang digunakan dalam analisis, limitasi dalam penyertaan agen patogen, keterbatasan pada data diare yang digunakan dalam analisis memungkinkan tidak mewakili data diare yang sebenarnya, terbatasnya perhatian pada peralihan kondisi kering dan basah. Hubungan antara faktor iklim dengan prevalensi diare dapat diketahui lebih mendalam dengan melakukan meta analisis., Diarrhea is one of infectious disease that causes health problems and causes of death, especially in toddlers. The diseases is influenced by various environmental factors including climate, hydrometeorological events and non- climatic factors. But the influence may vary among the factors that leads to the inconsistency knowledge on the topics. Here, inonsistency is systematically based on the latest literatures on the topics by conducting a systematic literature review. The review was carried out based on the following procedures: identifying research questions, searching the literatures, filtering literatures, and extracting information from the selected literatures. The results show that diarrhea was influenced by the following climatic factors : the incidence of rainfall, air temperature, humidity, and windspeed. For, hydromteorological events floods and drought events are the major contributor to diarrheas. The findings also reveal that topography, river water level, population density, air quality, economic status, toilet facilities, water pipes, and education/literacy are categorized as non-climatic factors that influence diarrhea. Inconsistency of climatic factors due to differences in diarrheal pathogens, time delays and the occurrence of concentrations and dilutions of pathogens. The gaps in the study, namely the limited attention to climatic factors in the context of the rainfall, temperature, and flood thresholds used in the analysis, limitations in the inclusion of pathogenic agents, and limitations in the diarrhea data used in the study, may not represent the actual diarrhea data, limited attention to the transition dry and wet conditions. The relationship between climatic factors and the prevalence of diarrhea can be known more deeply by conducting a meta-analysis
Keyword: climate factors, inconsistent, hydrometeorological events, non-climate factors, the prevalence of diarrhea

Judul: Membran Komposit Kitosan-Natrium Alginat untuk Aplikasi Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
Abstrak: Composite of chitosan and sodium alginate can be utilized as base material of proton exchange membrane (PEM). The composite membranes were produced by various concentrations of chitosan-sodium alginate, namely 3:3, 3:4, 3:5, 3:6, 4:3, 5:3, and 6:3 (% b/v). The composites were characterized by using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and were tested for the performance as PEM from the proton conductivity obtained by using impedance spectrometer. The FTIR spectrum indicated the NH3C group at 1637.29 cm-1 and symmetrical COO group at 1253.68 cm-1 indicating interactions between chitosan and sodium alginate. SEM micrographs showed that the composite membrane was nonporous. Composite membrane with 3:5 chitosan-sodium alginate composition had the highest proton conductivity, namely 9.594 × 10-7 S/cm. Based on this research results, chitosan-sodium alginate composite membrane can be applied well in direct methanol fuel cell system.
Keyword: