Judul: Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Karbon Dot (C-dot) dari Ampas Kopi dengan Metode Solvotermal
Abstrak: Karbon dot (C-dot) merupakan nanopartikel karbon nol dimensi yang memiliki sifat optik yang khas. C-dot dapat disintesis dari limbah biomassa yang kaya akan karbon. C-dot dalam penelitian ini disintesis dari limbah ampas kopi dan urea sebagai agen pasivasi. Sifat optik C-dot hasil sintesis dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, antara lain pelarut yang digunakan dalam sintesis dan proses pemurnian C-dot. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyintesis C-dot dari ampas kopi melalui metode solvotermal dengan tiga pelarut berbeda (air, etanol, dan campuran etanol dan air) serta mengidentifikasi pengaruh pelarut yang digunakan dan perbedaan proses pemurnian terhadap sifat optik C-dot yang dihasilkan. Ketiga pelarut yang digunakan menghasilkan C-dot dengan pendaran berwarna biru, namun intensitas yang dihasilkan berbeda. Pemurnian tanpa dialisis membuat intensitas fluoresens dua kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan C-dot yang dimurnikan dengan dialisis. C-dot yang disintesis dari ampas kopi dengan menggunakan etanol/air menghasilkan intensitas fluoresens tertinggi. Penambahan etanol sebagai pelarut sintesis C-dot dapat sedikit menggeser panjang gelombang emisi, yaitu sebesar 4 nm dan dapat meningkatkan intensitas fluoresens C-dot.
Keyword: dialysis, ethanol, fluorescence, optical properties, water

Judul: Sintesis Nanopartikel Karbon dari Limbah Padat Kelapa Sawit Secara Hidrotermal dan Mikrogelombang
Abstrak: Nanopartikel karbon (C-dot) merupakan nanomaterial berfluoresens yang berukuran kurang dari 10 nm. C-dot dapat disintesis dari berbagai bahan yang memiliki kandungan karbon yang tinggi, seperti limbah kelapa sawit. Untuk meningkatkan fluoresensi C-dot dapat ditambahkan urea sebagai agen pasivasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyintesis dan mencirikan C-dot dari limbah padat kelapa sawit, yaitu bungkil, tandan kosong, dan cangkang dengan tambahan dan tanpa tambahan urea menggunakan metode hidrotermal dan mikrogelombang. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa sintesis C-dot menggunakan metode hidrotermal lebih baik daripada mikrogelombang dan tambahan urea meningkatkan intensitas pendaran C-dot. Puncak emisi maksimum yang dihasilkan C-dot dari bungkil tanpa dan dengan tambahan urea berturut-turut adalah 505 nm dan 503 nm untuk metode hidrotermal, serta 512 nm dan 511 nm untuk metode mikrogelombang. Jadi, bungkil sawit merupakan sumber C-dot terbaik. Spektrum infra-merah menunjukkan keberadaan gugus fungsi –OH, N-H, C=O, C-H, dan CH2 pada permukaan C-dot. Analisis menggunakan mikroskop elektron payaran energi dispersif sinar-X menunjukkan kandungan unsur C, N, O, Si, dan S.
Keyword: C-dot, fluorescent, hydrothermal, microwave, palm oil waste

Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua