Judul: Binding of Flavonoid Compounds from Dutch Teak and Salam Leaves with B-Cell Lymphoma-2 Protein Induced Macrophage Cell Apoptosis In Silico
Abstrak: Induksi apoptosis menjadi strategi alternatif dalam pencegahan aterosklerosis. B-Cell Lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) merupakan protein regulator apoptosis yang mencegah aktivasi protein BAX untuk menginduksi apoptosis. Terikatnya protein BCL-2 dengan aktivator BAX akan menghambat induksi apoptosis, sehingga ikatan antara keduanya harus dihambat agar apoptosis terinduksi. Senyawa flavonoid daun jati belanda dan salam dilaporkan menginduksi apotosis, namun belum diketahui pengikatannya dengan BCL-2. Penelitian ini bertujuan memprediksi potensi senyawa flavonoid daun jati belanda dan salam dalam menginduksi apoptosis melalui pengikatan dengan BCL-2. Metode yang digunakan yaitu penambatan molekuler meggunakan software AutodockVina, analisis bioavailabilitas, dan prediksi toksisitas. Penambatan molekuler menunjukkan 11 senyawa uji berikatan kuat dengan BCL-2. Kuersimeritrin memiliki pengikatan terkuat dengan energi afinitas= -8,4 kkal/mol, konstanta inhibisi (Ki)= 0,69 µM dan %BSS= 62,50%. Kuersetin memiliki energi afinitas= -7,3 kkal/mol, Ki= 4,40 µM, dan %BSS= 43,75%. Semua senyawa uji kecuali rutin memiliki bioavailabilitas yang baik, tetapi hanya katekin diprediksi tidak toksik (LD50>5000 mg/kg). Dengan demikian, senyawa flavonoid diprediksi menginduksi apoptosis melalui pengikatannya dengan BCL-2 sehingga menghambat interaksi BCL-2 dengan aktivator BAX.
Keyword: Daun Salam, Daun Jati Belanda, Aterosklerosis

Judul: Studi In Silico Potensi Antiaterosklerosis Daun Jati Belanda dan Daun Salam melalui Regulasi Lintasan Persinyalan NFKappa B
Abstrak: The IKK2 (inhibitory-κB kinase β) receptor is an important molecule in activation cascade of the transcription factor NF-κB that triggers inflammation. Inflammation is the initial cause of atherosclerosis which characterized by thickening of blood vessel walls. The active compounds of jati belanda (JBL) and salam (SLM) leaves have anti-atherosclerotic properties, but their role in inhibiting the activation of NF-κB still unkown. The purpose of this study is to examine the bioactive compounds of JBL and SLM that can inhibit the activation of NF-κB, and predict interactions with the active site of the IKK2 enzyme. Molecular docking using YASARA Structure software obtained 7 test ligands with ideal binding energy and Ki (inhibitor constant). Quercetin, JBL and SLM marker compounds have binding free energy values of -5.383 cal/mol. Kaempferol is the test ligand with the best binding free energy and Ki, -7.373 cal/mol and 3.8864 x 10-6 μM. The results showed that kaempferol is the test ligands with the best potential in inhibiting the IKK2 enzyme based on energy affinity, inhibitory constants, and binding of amino acid residues., Reseptor IKK2 (inhibitory-κB kinase β) merupakan molekul penting dalam kaskade aktivasi faktor transkripsi NF-κB yang memicu inflamasi. Inflamasi adalah penyebab awal terjadinya aterosklerosis yang ditandai dengan penebalan dinding pembuluh darah. Senyawa aktif daun jati belanda (JBL) dan salam (SLM) memiliki sifat antiaterosklerosis, namun belum diketahui perannya dalam penghambatan aktivasi NF-κB. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji senyawa bioaktif JBL dan SLM yang dapat menghambat pengaktifan NF-κB, serta interaksinya dengan sisi aktif enzim IKK2. Penambatan molekuler menggunakan perangkat lunak YASARA Structure didapatkan 7 ligan uji dengan energi bebas pengikatan dan Ki (konstanta inhibisi) yang baik. Kuersetin, senyawa penciri JBL dan SLM memiliki nilai energi bebas pengikatan sebesar -5,383 kal/mol. Kaemferol memiliki nilai energi bebas pengikatan dan Ki terbaik, yaitu -7,373 kal/mol dan 3,8864 x 10-6 μM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kaemferol (JBL) merupakan ligan dengan potensi terbaik dalam menginhibisi enzim IKK2 berdasarkan energi afinitas, konstanta inhibisi, dan pengikatan residu asam amino.
Keyword: aterosklerosis, atherosclerosis, IKK2, jati belanda, NF-KB, Salam

Judul: Model Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Perkotaan Berdasarkan Geografi Ekonomi
Abstrak: In economic activity, economic growth means increasing production of goods and services. Economic geography is economic system with respect to spatial dimension. Rapid economic development and structural changes such as rents, residential area, and transportation systems are indicators of progressivity of a country and its economics. A country is said to progress when the production rate of goods and services are increasing, then the volume of goods and services produced are also increasing from time to time. Neoclassical theory of economic growth depends on the increased the supply of factors of production and the rate of technological progress. The production factors are labor and capital. Domar in 1948 stated that production output is a function of capital. As a result, labor is always combined with capital on fixed proportion. Solow in 1956 added labour as one of the variables of production function. This study aims to examine the dynamics of urban growth model based on economic geography, i.e. study of the economic system based on the location and geographical conditions. The urban economic growth model considers the urban area to be divided into two areas, namely residential area and central business district. Urban area is assumed to have centralized workforce and multi sector economic system. The main economic activity in the central business district is production. On the other hand, consumption and saving activities are carried out in the residential area. More over people need to travel from residential area to the business district in their economic activities. This study will also examine the equilibrium solutions of the model and then give simulation on the model. The results of theoretical study show that the dynamic system of urban economic growth model is formulated in the form of linear system of first order differential equations. The variables which determine economic growth are the accumulation of capital and labor inputs. The equilibrium of these variables can be determined. Capital accumulation shows a pattern that follows an exponential function. Simulation study give the following results. The characteristics of urban economic growth are confirmed by the fact that when the elasticity of the urban industrial sector capital increases, then production output of the two sectors, both industrial and service sector, are increased. The industrial production increases sharply, while the service sector production output is relatively stagnant and then increased with a slower rate compared to the industrial sector. Increased elasticity of capital in industrial sector also tends to increase the income of urban residents, the labor wages, and the capital of both sectors. However, housing consumption tends to fall with increases in industrial sector capital elasticity. Furthermore, simulation results demonstrate the spatial and temporal changes in urban land rental values tend to decrease with increasing distance from the central business district and increasing time. Highest land rent is in a location that has the shortest distance to the central business district. The simulations also show increase in consumption following the increase in distance from the central business district. This suggests that the further away from the business district, the more people who rent or buy housing.
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