Judul: The study of crude palm oil transportation using pipeline
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh model transportasi minyak kelapa sawit moda pipa dengan mengembangkan rancangan teknis dasar dan melakukan kajian aspek finansial rancangan teknis dasar tersebut. Penelitian mencakup perancangan teknis dasar transportasi MKS moda pipa, analisis finansial rancangan teknis dasar (diamater pipa 2 hingga 12 inci), dan pengembangan model transportasi rninyak kelapa sawit moda pipa. hcangan teknis dasar dikembangkan dengan menerapkan dua pendekatan, yaitu pendekatan berdasarkan volume minyak kelapa sawit yang diangkut saat ini, dan pendekatan berdasarkan kondisi pengaliran ideal.
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Judul: Characteristics of crude palm oil and their control techniques design to support the development of pipeline mode transportation
Abstrak: Indonesia is the largest producer and exporter of crude palm oil (CPO) in the world. CPO usually transported from palm oil factory to the storage tank by using tank truck. This mode of transportation is less efficient, and should be replaced by more efficient mode of transportation such as pipeline mode. Engineering principles must be applied in CPO’s pipeline mode transportation, which need basic data related to flow properties of CPO. This research was conducted to obtain basic data on the characteristics of CPO related to flow properties, and also to design their control techniques in order to support and strengthen the engineering approaches for the development of pipeline mode transportation of CPO. The research consisted of (1) study on CPO’s quality and physical properties; (2) study on the effect of temperature on physical properties of CPO; (3) study on rheological and crystallization properties of CPO in dynamic conditions; and (4) study on control techniques design of CPO’s pipeline mode transportation. CPO samples had variety on their quality attributes dan physical properties. There was good correlation between iodine values of CPO to the rheological properties of CPO at 25°C. Density, solid fat content (SFC), and rheological properties of CPO were influenced by temperature. Method of temperature preconditioning, determined the rheological properties of CPO. The flow properties of CPO samples equilibrated for 24 hour has shifted from Newtonian behaviour (detected in 55 to 45 oC) to become pseudoplastic (detected in 40 to 25 oC). CPO samples without equilibration with cooling rate from 55 oC to the measurement temperatures, had Newtonian behaviour until temperature of 30 oC. Temperature cycles in the rate of 1oC/minute between 25-55 oC affected the entalphy, SFC, and apparent viscosity () reversibly. Cooling rate and shear rate from 55 oC to 30 oC had no influence on  as long as the temperature of CPO were not reach isothermal conditions, with maximum  in 30 oC about 60 mPa.s. Study on CPO flow by using circulated pipeline in isothermal conditions showed that non-isothermal condition below its melting point (TM) must be controlled for maintaining low  of CPO. Rheology and crystallization properties of CPO can be controlled along the pipeline by using two flow systems: (A) isothermal flow system for transporting CPO in short distance in any temperature above 40 to 55 oC maintained by insulation system; and (B) non-isothermal flow system from 55 oC to the minimun temperature of 30 oC before isothermal condition, for transporting CPO in long distance, which controlled by insulation system and some heating stations in several points along the pipeline. Data of CPO’s characteristics and their control techniques design resulted from this research is very useful for the development of CPO’s pipeline mode transportation.
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Judul: Distribution and Diversity of Ectoparasite Mites on Geckos in Indonesia
Abstrak: Data on the diversity and dispersal of parasitic mites on house geckos in Indonesia are very scarce. In this work, the distribution and diversity of mites living on three species of house geckos, namely Cosymbotus platyurus, Hemidactylus frenatus, and H. garnotii collected throughout Indonesia, has been elaborated. Geckos and mites were captured and immediately preserved in 70% ethanol. Whole mount of the mites was prepared by clearing in lactophenol followed by mounting on polyvinyl lactophenol solutions. The SEM preparation was conducted to examine the detail morphological characters of the mites. The results showed that among 448 individuals of geckos, 221 geckos were infected by Geckobia mites. Prevalences of C. platyurus, H. frenatus, and H. garnotii infested by mites were 14.8%, 50.69%, and 79.6%, respectively. Three different spesies of Geckobia (G1, G2, and G3) could be differentiated; and based on similarities of their morphological characters to ones described in published literatures, Geckobia G2 is Geckobia glebosum and Geckobia G3 is Geckobia bataviensis while G1 could not be identified to the species level. The highest mean intensity of Geckobia G1 infestation was found on H. garnotii (I=7.0), G. glebosum infestation on H. frenatus (I=3.5), and G. bataviensis infestation on H. garnotii (I=11.8). In general, C. platyurus was infested by the least number of mites. Geckobia G1 were found living on the skin folds on the claws, G. glebosum were found mainly on the body and thigh, and G. bataviensis were found on almost all parts of the host’s body. Geckobia mites are distributed randomly throughout Indonesian Archipelago, following the pattern of distribution of their hosts. So it is concluded that Geckobia G1, G. glebosum, and G. bataviensis are sympatric.
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