Judul: Resistensi terhadap Antibiotika pada Bakteri Kokus Gram Positif dari Peternakan Ayam Pedaging di Kabupaten Cianjur
Abstrak: Penggunaan antibiotika sebagai pemacu pertumbuhan pada ayam pedaging menjadi isu dunia peternakan dan kesehatan karena dapat meningkatkan kasus resistensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri kokus Gram positif dari peternakan ayam pedaging di Kabupaten Cianjur serta menguji resistensinya terhadap beberapa jenis antibiotika. Sebanyak 60 sampel ulas kloaka ayam pedaging dari dua peternakan (masing-masing 30 sampel). Isolat bakteri yang diidentifikasi sejumlah 3 isolat (5%) bakteri Streptococcus sp. dan 16 isolat (26.67%) bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Isolat tersebut diuji resistensinya menggunakan metode difusi cakram menurut Kirby-Bauer lalu dibandingkan dengan tabel standar Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2018. Hasil uji menunjukkan isolat Streptococcus sp. resisten terhadap sefotaksim (100%) dan oksitetrasiklin (66.67%). Isolat S. aureus resisten terhadap penisilin G (100%), oksitetrasiklin (100%), azitromisin (100%), ampisilin (75%), steptomisin (31.25%), dan enrofloksasin (31.25%). Antibiotik yang masih dapat digunakan untuk infeksi S. aureus adalah enrofloksasin dan gentamisin sedangkan infeksi Streptococcus sp. dapat diobati dengan ampisilin, amoksisilin, kloramfenikol, dan eritromisin.
Keyword: antibiotika, ayam pedaging, bakteri kokus Gram positif, resistensi

Judul: Resistensi Bakteri Klebsiella sp. yang diisolasi dari Peternakan Ayam Pedaging di Desa Cibangbara terhadap antibiotik.
Abstrak: Klebsiella sp. adalah flora normal yang terdapat pada saluran pencernaan ayam. Bakteri tersebut dapat menyebabkan penyakit akibat adanya perubahan cuaca, defisiensi nutrisi, kelelahan, kelaparan, dan adanya infeksi parasit. Pada unggas, infeksi Klebsiella sp. dapat menyebabkan kematian embrio, infeksi kantung kuning telur, septikemia, salpingitis dan oophoritis pada ayam betina. Antibiotik sering digunakan untuk pencegahan dan pengobatan. Penggunaan antibiotik dengan dosis yang tidak sesuai dipeternakan ayam dapat memicu terjadinya resistensi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi bakteri Klebsiella sp. yang diisolasi dari swab kloaka ayam pedaging dan mengetahui gambaran resistensi Klebsiella sp. pada ayam pedaging terhadap antibiotik ampisilin, oksitetrasiklin, gentamisin, asam nalidiksat, eritromisin, tetrasiklin, dan kloramfenikol. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan metode diffusion test Kirby- Bauer dengan cara mengukur diameter zona hambat yang terbentuk kemudian dibandingkan dengan standar sensitivitas antibiotik yang ditetapkan oleh CLSI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bakteri Klebsiella sp. telah resisten terhadap antibiotik ampisilin (100%), oksitetrasiklin (100%), eritromisin (100%), tetrasiklin (100%) dan asam nalidiksat (71.4%). Antibiotik kloramfenikol dan gentamisin bersifat sensitif dengan persentase masing-masing sebesar 85.7% dan 85.7%.
Keyword: antibiotik, Klebsiella sp, resisten

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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