Judul: Chemical Properties and Biological Value Evaluation of Defatted Maggot as an Alternative to Meat Bone Meal in Poultry Feed
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan memproduksi defatted maggot sebagai konsentrat protein dan mengevaluasi sifat kimia, serta nilai biologis defatted maggot sebagai bahan pakan alternatif meat bone meal dalam pakan unggas (in vitro). Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan untuk penelitian kecernaan in vitro (P1 = maggot kontrol, P2 = defatted maggot, P3 = meat bone meal) dan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan dan 7 ulangan untuk penelitian kecernaan protein (in vivo) dan retensi nitrogen (P1 = Ransum basal + Maggot Kontrol 5%, P2 = Ransum basal +Defatted Maggot 5%, P3 = Ransum basal+Meat Bone Meal 5%). Parameter penelitian ini adalah kecernaan nutrien (in vitro), skor kimia, indeks asam amino esensial, nilai biologis, kecernaan protein (in vivo), dan retensi nitrogen. Data yang diperoleh akan dianalisis ragam (ANOVA) dan akan dilanjutkan uji duncan jika terdapat perbedaan nyata. Data skor asam amino, IAAE, dan nilai biologis yang diperoleh dianalisa secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai yang tidak signifikan (P>0.05) pada data uji kecernaan protein kasar (in vitro), kecernaan lemak kasar, kecernaan serat kasar, kecernaan protein (in vivo), konsumsi nitrogen, ekskresi nitrogen, dan retensi nitrogen. Data penelitian ini memiliki nilai yang signifikan (P<0.05) pada hasil uji kecernaan bahan kering dan kecernaan bahan organik. Proses ekstraksi maggot dengan pelarut hexane dapat menghasilkan produk maggot (defatted maggot) yang memiliki nilai kandungan protein yang tinggi dan kandungan lemak dibawah 5%. Proses ekstraksi tidak dapat merubah asam amino yang defisien, namun dapat meningkat nilai kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik yang dilakukan secara in vitro.
Keyword: nilai biologis, maggot, in vitro, ekstraksi

Judul: Chemical and Physical Properties of Chemically Extracted Defatted Maggot
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kualitas kimia dan fisik dari maggot hasil ekstraksi dengan rasio pelarut yang berbeda sebagai bahan pakan alternatif sumber protein. Rancangan acak lengkap digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari P0 = maggot kontrol tanpa perlakuan, P1 = maggot + larutan heksan 1:5 kg L-1, P2 = maggot + larutan heksan 1:7 kg L-1, P3 = maggot + larutan heksan 1:9 kg L-1. Parameter yang diukur pada uji fisik meliputi: warna, tekstur, bau, berat jenis, kerapatan tumpukan, kerapatan pemadatan tumpukan, sudut tumpukan, kelarutan dan pH. Parameter yang diukur pada uji kimia meliputi: kadar air, kadar abu, serat kasar, lemak kasar dan protein kasar. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan ragam (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Duncan jika terdapat perbedaan nyata. Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil yang signifikan (P<0.05) pada uji kadar abu, protein kasar, lemak kasar, kerapatan tumpukan, kerapatan pemadatan tumpukan, sudut tumpukan dan pH, serta tidak signifikan (P>0.05) pada uji berat jenis dan kelarutan. Disimpulkan bahwa proses defatted maggot menyebabkan penurunan bobot rendemen, namun meningkatkan kualitas kimia dan fisik pada maggot. Proses defatted pada P1 paling efisien menghasilkan rendemen serta meningkatkan kadar nutrien pada maggot. Proses defatted juga mampu merubah karakteristik dan sifat fisik maggot pada kerapatan tumpukan, kerapatan pemadatan tumpukan, sudut tumpukan dan pH., This study aims to evaluate the chemical and physical quality of maggot extracted with different solvent ratios as an alternative feed ingredient for protein sources. Completely randomized design was used in this study with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments consisted of P0 = control maggot without treatment, P1 = maggot + hexane solution 1:5 kg L-1, P2 = maggot + hexane solution 1:7 kg L-1, P3 = maggot + hexane solution 1:9 kg L-1. Parameters measured in the physical test include: color, texture, odor, true density, bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, solubility and pH. Parameters measured in the chemical test include: ash content, crude fiber, crude fat and crude protein. The data obtained were analyzed for variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan's test if there was a significant difference. This study showed significant results (P<0.05) on the test of ash content, crude protein, crude fat, bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose and pH, and not significant (P>0.05) on true density and solubility tests. The defatted maggot process causes a decrease in yield weight, but increases the chemical and physical quality of the maggot. It is concluded that the defffated process in P1 is the most efficient in producing yields and increasing nutrient levels in maggot. The defffated process is also able to change the characteristics and physical properties of the maggot on the bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose and pH.
Keyword: defatted maggot, sifat fisik, sifat kimia

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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