Judul: Formulasi Nanopartikel Kitosan-Ekstrak Rimpang Kunyit (Curcuma longa) untuk Menghambat Antraknosa pada Buah Pepaya
Abstrak: Kitosan merupakan polimer alam yang dapat digunakan sebagai antifungi. Sifat antifunginya dapat ditingkatkan dengan mengecilkan ukuran menjadi nanopartikel dengan metode gelasi ionik dan menambahkan metabolit sekunder tanaman seperti ekstrak rimpang kunyit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan formula nanopartikel kitosan-ekstrak rimpang kunyit yang terbaik untuk menghambat penyakit antraknosa yang disebabkan oleh jamur Colletotrichum gloeosporioides pada buah pepaya. Efektivitas terbaik nanopartikel kitosan-ekstrak rimpang kunyit terhadap jamur tersebut secara in vitro dan in vivo menunjukkan bahwa formula terbaik nanopartikel ialah kitosan:ekstrak (5:5), dengan tingkat hambat relatif 64.71% dan luas koloni jamur 27%. Berdasarkan penciriannya, formula terbaik memiliki rerata ukuran partikel 654.35.6 nm, indeks polidispersitas 0.3270.041, dan zeta potensial 47.21.0 mV.
Keyword: antifungal, chitosan, nanoparticles, turmeric rhizome

Judul: Daya inhibisi nanokitosan terhadap patogenisitas penyakit antraknosa pada buah cabai dan pepaya
Abstrak: Penyakit antraknosa disebabkan oleh cendawan Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji potensi formula nanokitosan dalam menginhibisi pertumbuhan C. gloeosporioides sehingga dapat mengendalikan penyakit antraknosa melalui pengujian in vitro dan in vivo. Nanokitosan diperoleh dengan mereaksikan kitosan berat molekul rendah (KBMR) dengan NaTPP sebagai zat pengikat silang. Formula nanokitosan dengan karakteristik ukuran terkecil, nilai IP terkecil, dan nilai PZ terbesar dipreparasi dengan rasio volume KBMR:NaTPP 5:1 dan waktu pengadukan 60 menit. Berdasarkan uji in vitro, nanokitosan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan C. gloeosporioides sebesar 85.72%. Selain itu nanokitosan mampu menghambat perkecambahan konidia sebesar 61.16%. Uji in vivo menggunakan dua metode pengujian yaitu pra-inokulasi dan pasca-inokulasi. Pengujian pada buah cabai dan pepaya menunjukkan bahwa metode pra-inokulasi memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibanding metode pasca-inokulasi.
Keyword: Anthracnose, C. gloeosporioides, Inhibitory activity, Nanochitosan, In vitro methods, In vivo methods, LMWC, Cross linking agent, NaTPP, Papaya, Chili

Judul: Hubungan antara perdagangan terbuka dan pengembangan sector keuangan di negara-negara Asia Timur dan Asia Selatan
Abstrak: Trading activities play an important role in expanding economic growth. The government can either isolate trading or open trading to other countries. It is possible for a country to be open to trade without financial development. Trade openness and financial development are linked; one part cannot be sustained without the other part. There is a debate regarding the link between these two sectors are stronger in middle income countries or high-income countries. Some studies believe the relationship between these two sectors seem stronger in developed countries while some in developing countries. The link between these two sectors are still inconclusive, thus this research regarding this issue need to be taken in East Asian and South Asian countries. In this study, we analyse data set from 12 countries over the period of 2000 to 2016. The data for financial development is collected by Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Čihák, Feyen, and Levine (2018) in Financial Structure Database. Three bankbased financial development measurements are used: liquid liabilities (llgdp), bank assets (dbagdp) and private credit (pcrdbofgdp). Liquid liabilities are defined by the sum of demand and currency and interest-bearing liabilities of financial institutions, divided by GDP. It is usually used as an indicator for financial depth. Bank assets are the value of claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by deposit money banks as GDP share. Private credit is equal to the value of credits by banks and non-banks to private sector divided by GDP. The data for trade openness is collected from World Development Indicator, published by World Bank (2019). As an indicator in trade openness, trade share is used, in which the logarithm of sum of imports and exports divide GDP (lto). In order to strengthen the results, this research also used controls variables between financial development and trade openness. This study estimates the long- and short-run relationships between trade openness and financial development in East Asian and South Asian countries over the period 2000-2016. Comparing a pooled mean group (PMG) estimator and a mean group (MG) estimator. The regressions are separated based on income levels and regions. The results emphasize that a pooled error correction term predicts that there is a long run relationship between trade openness and financial development. However, only bank assets are insignificant in any regressions. In the short run, mostly financial development indicators are insignificant on trade openness in highand- middle income countries. In addition, robustness test outlines the relationship between trade openness and financial development are insignificant in the long run and short run. It means that the relationship between trade and finance are influenced by omitted variables.
Keyword: trade openness, financial development