Judul: Physicochemical Properties of Fermented Cocoa Pulp and Its Ability on Starch Digestion Inhibition: In Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion Analysis
Abstrak: Cocoa, a fruit consumed globally, is rich in bioactive compounds associated with numerous health benefits. This study investigated the chemical composition and functional properties of fermented cocoa pulp, as well as its capacity to inhibit starch digestion through in vitro gastrointestinal analysis. Cocoa pods underwent natural fermentation, producing cocoa pulp samples analyzed over the course of a week. The total phenol content reached its peak on day 7 at 294.94 µg GAE/mL, accompanied by high antioxidant activity. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detected the presence of acetic acid, reaching its peak on day 6. Ethanol content increased until day 7 (2.43 ppm). Statistical analyses confirmed significant daydependent effects. Fermentation time showed a positive correlation with αglucosidase and α-amylase inhibition, indicating potential for diabetes management. In vitro digestion analysis revealed decreased starch digestibility with longer fermentation, reaching optimal levels at around 60 minutes, providing insights for cocoa processing optimization.
Keyword: Cocoa pulp, fermentation, total phenol, antioxidant

Judul: Nutritional Properties of Cocoa Pods as Ruminant Feedstuff
Abstrak: An attempt to increase cocoa pods quality feed for ruminant have been done using fermentation techniques with or without urea addition. Five treatments (Fresh cocoa pod = C; fermentation with addition urea 0 g/kg = U0 or ensilage; 10 g/kg = U1; 20 g/kg = U2 and 30 g/kg fresh substances of cocoa pods) have been examined for their effect on pH, proximate composition, N-fractions, amino acid compositions, cell wall constituents, anti nutritive compounds, in vitro gas production (Gb), estimate organic matter digestibility (OMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) of cocoa pods. Ensilage (U0) improve feed values of cocoa pods by weakening the lingo-cellulose or –hemicellulose bonds, resulting in higher in vitro gas production as well as higher OMD and ME contents compare to fresh cocoa pods. The protein value of cocoa pods, expressed as true protein (TP) or non ammonia nitrogen (NAN) minus urea nitrogen (UR) was also improved. Addition of urea affected the composition of the fibre fraction as to the proportion of NDF, ADF and ADL and the content of TP was slightly increased. Urea treatment increased Gb, OMD and ME compared to ensiled or fresh cocoa pods. The optimum level of urea for maximum Gb was 6.7 g/100 g DM cocoa pods. The optimum level to reach maximum OMD and ME were also reached at urea level 6.5 – 6.7 g/100 g DM cocoa pods.
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Judul: Identifikasi Kejadian Banjir Rob (Pasang) di DAS Sunter pada 9-13 Januari 2008.
Abstrak: Banjir Rob merupakan fenomena meluapnya air laut ke daratan, istilah tersebut pertama kali dikenal di daerah Semarang. Fenomena banjir Rob dipengaruhi oleh pasang surut air laut. Pasang surut sendiri dipengaruhi gravitasi bulan dan matahari, serta dipengaruhi pula posisi bulan dan matahari terhadap bumi. Banjir ini biasa terjadi pada saat pasang air laut yaitu bertepatan dengan kejadian bulan baru dan bulan purnama. Pada bulan Januari 2008, di wilayah utara Jakarta yang berbatasan dengan laut, fenomena banjir Rob (pasang) melanda kawasan tersebut. Fenomena ini mengakibatkan sejumlah kawasan di wilayah utara Jakarta terendam air laut, hal ini diperburuk dengan penurunan muka tanah Jakarta. Selain dilanda banjir pasang air laut, kawasan utara Jakarta sering dilanda banjir akibat luapan sungai-sungai yang bermuara di Jakarta, salah satu sungai yang menyumbang banjir Jakarta adalah sungai Sunter. Tutupan lahan di DAS Sunter yang sebagian besar berupa pemukiman makin meningkatkan limpasan permukaan ketika terjadi hujan. Tanggal 9-13 Januari 2008 di perairan Teluk Jakarta sedang terjadi pasang air laut karena bertepatan dengan bulan baru yang mengakibatkan terjadinya banjir Rob di beberapa wilayah di Jakarta Utara, termasuk DAS Sunter. Berdasarkan pemetaan banjir Rob di DAS Sunter pada tanggal 9-13 Januari 2008 diketahui bahwa daerah yang tergenang air laut yaitu Kalibaru dan Marunda dengan tinggi genangan 48-72 cm. Luas genangan maksimum terjadi pada tanggal 11 Januari 2008 yaitu sebesar 66.000 m2. Pada tanggal 9-13 Januari, DAS Sunter tidak ikut menyumbangkan limpasan permukaan yang dapat menyebabkan banjir karena nilai limpasan permukaan berkisar 0-3,03 mm. Sehingga kejadian banjir pada tanggal 9-13 Januari 2008 di DAS Sunter hanya berasal dari pasang air laut. Kata Kunci : Banjir Rob, Pasang-Surut, Limpasan Permukaan, DAS Sunter.
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