Judul: Optimization of Serum Formulation for Facial Skin Care  Based on Gold Nanoparticles/Oligokitosan
Abstrak: Sinar UV menyebabkan kerusakan kolagen dan dehidrasi pada kulit yang dapat memicu penuaan dini. Efek penuaan dapat dicegah dengan menggunakan kosmetik, misalnya serum wajah yang mengandung antioksidan. Nanoemas banyak digunakan sebagai bahan kosmetik modern karena dapat berperan sebagai antioksidan. Tambahan oligokitosan dapat meminimumkan penggunaan antibakteri sintetis pada serum. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi respons permukaan desain Box Behnken, dengan tujuan mengoptimisasi serum perawatan kulit wajah berbasis nanoemas dan oligokitosan. Formula optimum ditentukan berdasarkan parameter sifat fisik pH dan viskositas, kemudian dilakukan uji stabilitas, pengukuran aktivitas antioksidan, dan karakterisasi dengan mikroskop elektron transmisi (TEM). Kombinasi konsentrasi oligokitosan dan asam hialuronat optimum berturut-turut adalah 2,5% dan 1%; 5% dan 0,6%; 0% dan 0,6%, serta 2,5% dan 0,2%. Keempat formula tersebut memiliki nilai pH pada rentang 4,64–5,02 dan nilai viskositasnya pada rentang 15–1320 cP. Kapasitas antioksidan keempat formula ini lemah serta analisis TEM menunjukkan ukuran sediaan pada rentang 3−123 nm., UV rays cause collagen damage and dehydration in the skin, triggering premature aging. The effects of aging can be prevented using cosmetics, such as facial serum containing antioxidants. Nanogold is widely used as an ingredient in modern cosmetics because it can act as an antioxidant. The addition of oligochitosan can minimize the use of synthetic antibacterials in serum. This research uses the Box Behnken design surface response methodology to optimize facial skin care serums based on nanogold and oligochitosan. The optimum formula was determined based on the physical property parameters pH and viscosity, then stability tests were carried out, antioxidant activity measurements were carried out, and characterization was carried out using a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The optimum concentration combination of oligochitosan and hyaluronic acid is 2.5% and 1%, respectively; 5% and 0.6%; 0% and 0.6%, and 2.5% and 0.2%. These four formulas have pH values in the range of 4.64–5.02 and viscosity values in the range of 15–1320 cP. The antioxidant capacity of these four formulas is weak, and TEM analysis shows the size of the preparations in the range of 3−123 nm.
Keyword: antioksidan, desain Box Behnken, nanoemas, oligokitosan, serum wajah

Judul: Physicochemical Stability of Anti-aging Cream Formulas with Active Ingredients of Nanoemulsion and Nanophytosome of Merbau Wood  Extracts and Pegagan Leaf Extracts Combination
Abstrak: Penuaan kulit dapat dicegah dengan menggunakan krim anti-aging, tetapi umumnya berbahan aktif sintetik yang berbahaya dan impor. Nanofitosom dan nanoemulsi kombinasi ekstrak kayu merbau dan daun pegagan (KE) menjadi subsitusinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan stabilitas sifat fisikokimia empat belas formula krim berbahan aktif KE1:2 (F1:1,2%; F2:2,4%), KE2:1 (F3:4%; F4:8%), nanoemulsi KE1:2 (F5:4%; F6:8%), nanoemulsi KE2:1 (F7:4%; F8:8%), nanofitosom KE1:2 (F9:4%; F10:8%), nanofitosom KE2:1 (F11:4%; F12:8%), kontrol negatif (KN), dan kontrol positif (KP) yang disimpan pada suhu ruang selama 21 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan homogenitas, warna, dan aroma semua formula krim stabil. Kecuali F2 dan F12, kedua belas formula krim memenuhi standar SNI 16-4399- 1996 untuk nilai pH, viskositas, dan daya sebar. Formula krim KP, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, dan F8 termasuk krim terbaik untuk diaplikasikan pada wajah karena memiliki pH sekitar 4,5-6,5. Penyimpanan selama 21 hari mempengaruhi nilai pH, viskositas, dan daya sebar formula krim tersebut, tetapi masih memenuhi standar SNI 16-4399- 1996., Skin aging can be prevented by using anti-aging creams, but generally using synthetic active ingredients that are dangerous and imported. The combination of merbau woods extract and pegagan leaves (KE) became the substitute. To improve its bioavailability, KE was made into nanophytosome and nanoemulsion. This study aim to determine the stability of the physicochemical properties of fourteen cream formulas with active ingredients KE1:2 (F1:1,2%; F2:2,4%), KE2:1 (F3:4%; F4:8%), KE1 nanoemulsion: 2 (F5:4%; F6:8%), KE2:1 nanoemulsion (F7:4%; F8:8%), KE1:2 nanophytosome (F9:4%; F10:8%), KE2:1 nanophytosome (F11:4%; F12:8%), negative control (KN), and positive control (KP). The creams were stored at room temperature for 21 days. The results showed that all cream formulas' homogeneity, color, and aroma were stable. Except for F2 and F12, the twelve cream formulas met the standards of SNI 16-4399-1996 for the value of pH, viscosity, and spreadability. KP, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, and F8 cream formulas are among the best creams to be applied to the face because they have a pH value of around 4.5-6.5. The storage for 21 days affected the pH value, viscosity, and spreadability, but they still met the standard of SNI 16-4399-1996.
Keyword: spreadability, homogeneity, organoleptic, pH, viscosity

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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