Judul: Ready to Drink Lemon Water
Formula Optimization using a D-Optimal Mixture Design
Abstrak: Meningkatnya permintaan terhadap minuman ready to drink (RTD) semakin mendorong industri makanan dan minuman untuk menciptakan formula optimal yang dapat memenuhi kebutuhan konsumen berdasarkan kualitas, umur simpan, manfaat, dan bahan baku yang digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan formula optimal lemon water RTD menggunakan d-optimal mixture design dengan mempertimbangkan respon fisik dan sensori hedonik, kemudian menganalisis perbandingan kandungan antioksidan (DPPH) dan sensori hedonik antara formula optimal dengan produk komersil. Komposisi bahan dengan batas bawah-atas adalah sebagai berikut: sari lemon (5,00-15,00%), GKR (5,00-10,00%), HFS (2,00-5,00%), pewarna (0,00-0,25x10-2%), dan air (70,00-88,00%). Rancangan formula yang dihasilkan peranti lunak Design Expert 13.0® sebanyak 25 rancangan formula. Penentuan jumlah panelis pada uji sensori menggunakan metode balanced incomplete block design. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan formula optimal (5,00% sari lemon, 10,00% GKR, 5,00% HFS, 0,15x10-2% pewarna, dan 80,00% air) memiliki desirability sebesar 0,927. Formula optimal yang dihasilkan tidak memiliki kapasitas antioksidan namun memiliki tingkat penerimaan sensori tertinggi berdasarkan atribut warna, aroma, rasa, dan overall dibandingkan dengan dua produk komersil lainnya sehingga produk lemon water RTD dapat dikatakan layak dikembangkan menjadi produksi skala pilot plant., The increasing demand for ready to drink (RTD) drinks further encourages the food and beverage industry to create optimal formulas that can meet consumer needs based on quality, shelf life, benefits, and raw materials used. This study aims to determine the optimal formula of lemon water RTD using d-optimal mixture design by considering physical response and hedonic sensory, then analyzing the comparison of antioxidant content (DPPH) and hedonic sensory between the optimal formula and commercial products. The ingredient composition with lower and upper limits is as follows: lemon juice (5,00-15,00%), GKR (5,00-10,00%), HFS (2,00-5,00%), colorant (0,00-0,25x10-2%), and water (70,00-88,00%). The design formula produced by Design Expert 13.0® software was 25 design formulas. The determination of the number of panelists in the sensory test used the balanced incomplete block design method. The results showed that the optimal formula (5,00% lemon juice, 10,00% GKR, 5,00% HFS, 0,15x10-2% coloring, and 80,00% water) had a desirability of 0.927. The optimal formula produced does not have antioxidant capacity but has the highest level of sensory acceptance based on color, aroma, taste, and overall attributes compared to the other two commercial products so that RTD lemon water products can be said to be feasible to be developed into pilot plant scale production.
Keyword: Antioksidan, Sensori hedonik, Optimasi formula, lemon water RTD

Judul: Optimasi Formula Minuman Sari Buah Nanas-Wortel Menggunakan Desain Mixture D-Optimal
Abstrak: Pasar minuman ringan Indonesia sudah tersaturasi dengan minuman yang sama, dengan sedikit variasi, seperti minuman teh kemasan Ready to drink (RTD) dan minuman ringan berkarbonasi. Minuman ringan dengan basis buah jarang ditemukan, dan lebih jarang lagi berdasarkan buah nanas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan formula optimal untuk minuman ringan berbasis nanas-wortel dengan menggunakan metode Response Surface Method (RSM) dengan desain mixture D-Optimal. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan mengukur kadar antioksidan dari formula optimal yang didapatkan dengan menggunakan metode DPPH. Formulasi menggunakan tiga variabel bebas dan lima variabel tetap, variabel bebas berupa jumlah ekstrak wortel (10-30%, bb), jumlah ekstrak nanas (15-35%, bb), dan jumlah gula (5-10%, bb). Variabel tetap berupa jumlah air mineral (50%, bb), jumlah CMC (500 mg/L), jumlah Na-Alginat (500 mg/L), jumlah asam sitrat (200 mg/L), dan jumlah asam askorbat (200 mg/L). Menggunakan piranti lunak Design Expert 13.0® dengan parameter desain model special cubic, algoritma pencarian both exchanges, dan jenis keoptimalan D-Optimality didapatkan 17 formulasi yang diukur respon fisik (Total Padatan Terlarut (TPT) dan Warna (L*, a*, b*, C*, h)), respon kimia (pH), dan respon sensori (warna, aroma, rasa, keseluruhan) untuk optimasi. Dari optimasi menggunakan respon 17 formulasi tersebut didapatkan formula optimal dengan komposisi 5% (bb) gula, 10% (bb) ekstrak wortel, 35% (bb) esktrak nanas, 50% (bb) air, 500 mg/L CMC, 500 mg/L Na-Alginat, 200 mg/L asam askorbat, dan 200 mg/L asam sitrat yang memiliki desirability 0,93. Pengukuran kapasitas antioksidan formula optimal menunjukkan bahwa formula optimal memiliki kapasitas antioksidan ekuivalen dengan 93,05 mg/L asam askorbat., The Indonesian soft drink market is currently saturated with the same kinds of drinks like RTD tea, soda, et cetera. Rarely do we find soft drinks based on fruit, and even rarer based on pineapple. This research is aimed to find an optimal formula for a soft drink based on pineapple-carrot juice using the Response Surface Method (RSM) using a D-Optimal mixture design. This research also aims to measure the antioxidant activity of the obtained optimal formula using the DPPH method. The formulation of the drink consists of three independent variable and five control variables, which are amount of carrot extract (10-30%, wb), amount of pineapple extract (15-35%, wb), and amount of sugar (5-10%, wb). The control variables are water (50%, wb), CMC (500 mg/L), Na-Alginate (500 mg/L), ascorbic acid (200 mg/L), and citric acid (200 mg/L). Formulation using Design Expert 13.0® with a special cubic model, both exchanges search algorithm using D-Optimality, we get a total of 17 formulas. These 17 formulas are then measured for physical response (Total soluble solids (TSS) and Color (L*, a*, b*, C*, h)), chemical response (pH), and sensory response (color, aroma, taste, overall). Using the responses from those 17 formulas, optimation was done to receive an optimal formula consisting of 5% (wb) sugar, 10% (wb) carrot extract, 35% (wb) pineapple extract, 50% (wb) water, 500 mg/L CMC, 500 mg/L Na-Alginate, 200 mg/L citric acid, and 200 mg/L ascorbic acid, which has a desirability of 0,93. Measuring the capacity of the optimal formula, it is found to be equivalent to 93.05 mg/L of ascorbic acid.
Keyword: Antioksidan, Optimasi Formula, Respon Sensori, Sari Buah

Judul: Anatomi Otot Daerah Panggul dan Paha Landak Jawa (Hystrix javanica)
Abstrak: This study was conducted to observe the anatomical structure of pelvic and thigh muscles in Javan porcupine included their origins and insertions in order to describe the possible functions of each muscles. This study used two specimen of adult male porcupines preserved in 10% formalin. Observations carried out by observing the outer morphology of pelvic and thigh regions. Determination of structures, origins, and insertions of each muscles was done by dissecting the superficial and deep layers and the muscles were named according to the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria 2005. The muscles which found in pelvic and thigh regions were the cutaneous, psoas minor, iliopsoas (psoas major and iliacus venter lateral et medial), quadratus lumborum, tensor fasciae latae, gluteus superficialis, gluteus medius, piriformis, gluteus profundus, biceps femoris, abductor cruris caudalis, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, quadriceps femoris (vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis), gemelli, obturatorius externus, obturatorius internus, sartorius, gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, and adductor magnus et brevis. The results showed that Javan porcupine has unique structure of pelvic and thigh muscles that is the prominent of cutaneous muscle was extended up to the pelvic and thigh regions, the quadratus lumborum with two bellies, and the course of biceps femoris and semitendinosus which reached up to the sacrum and coccygeal regions. The structure of these pelvic and thigh muscles are sugested to be related with the adaptation and behavior of Javan porcupine during erecting the quills, rattling the tail quills, rushing enemies, and digging burrows.
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