Judul: Food safety strategy development of fishery products export to the United States
Abstrak: In the era of free trade, Indonesian fishery products face challenges to improve competitiveness, in quality of product and production efficiency. The biggest challenge for Indonesian fishery products in the era of free trade is food safety. Although the Indonesian government has required the fisheries supply chain to implement the HACCP quality system through the Integrated Quality Management Program (IQMP) in 1998 based on HACCP concept, but Indonesia still face rejection fishery products in the United States. In 2010 – 2012 recorded 1203 cases of refusal fishery products from FDA (Food and Drug Administration). United States is the main export of Indonesian fishery products. This study aims to analysis fishery products rejection case supported by case study and to design a recommendation on food safety strategy development of fishery products export to United State. Use data collection method and gap analysis to design the recommendation food safety strategy development of fishery products export to the United States. The results of data collection indicate that Indonesian products rejection by FDA in 2010, 2011, and 2012 has fluctuated, 351 cases in 2010, 587 in 2011, and 541 cases in 2012. In percentage 83, 84, and 77% dominated by fishery products. The highest cause of rejection in 2010 are filthy (41 % or 118 cases) and Salmonella (37% or 108 cases), in 2011 are filthy (30 % or 146 cases) and Salmonella (64% or 315 cases), and 2012 are filthy (42 % or 176 cases) and Salmonella (27% or 111 cases). Cause of rejection related to GMP, sanitation and HACCP documentation and implementation. The case study on application of HACCP system in PT. AAA found 8 gaps of FDA regulation (21 CFR 123, FDA Food Code 2009 and the Fish and Fishery Products Hazards and Controls Guidance) which indicates the failure of implementation of HACCP systems due to differences in standards, regulations and auditing HACCP certification. Based on the gap analysis between the existing regulation for fishery products in Indonesia and FDA regulation, 7 (seven) recommendations are proposed. They are 1) effective implementation of National Single Window (NSW), 2) establish a simple and comprehensive regulatory, 3) harmonization of HACCP standards, 4) the accreditation of ISO 17021 for HACCP Certification Bodies, 5) the provision of infrastructure of product certification, 6) improve laboratory infrastructure and 7) build MoU cooperation development with United State of America.
Keyword: accreditation, fishery products, HACCP, standardization, strategy policy.

Judul: Determinants of Indonesian Fishery  Commodities and Products Export Rejection by The United States and The  European Union
Abstrak: Ikan dan produk perikanan Indonesia merupakan komoditas strategis berorientasi ekspor. Neraca perdagangannya menunjukkan tren yang positif pada periode 2012-2020. Berdasarkan nilai ekspor tahun 2016-2020, Amerika Serikat dan Uni Eropa termasuk lima besar negara tujuan utama ekspor hasil perikanan Indonesia. Peningkatan nilai ekspor Indonesia di negara tersebut selalu diiringi dengan kasus penolakan ekspor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perkembangan penolakan ekspor, menganalisis alasan penolakan ekspor, dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi penolakan ekspor. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis Unit Rejection Rate, Relative Rejection Rate, Regresi Poisson (GLMM.ZINB), dan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai URR dan RRR Indonesia di sepuluh negara mengalami penurunan dan hanya di Italia yang mengalami peningkatan. Penurunan nilai URR dan RRR menandakan adanya perbaikan compliance terhadap keamanan pangan di negara mitra, demikian sebaliknya. Share penolakan lebih tinggi dibandingkan share nilai ekspor di sebelas negara, artinya Indonesia masih perlu meningkatkan food safety dan kualitas kinerja ekspor. Tuna segar paling banyak ditolak di Amerika Serikat dan swordfish di Uni Eropa. Filthy (54,97%) menjadi penyebab penolakan tertinggi di Amerika Serikat dan mercury (54,41%) di Uni Eropa. Variabel jarak geografis berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap penolakan ekspor perikanan Indonesia. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan jarak geografis, dapat melakukan perbaikan logistic performance., Indonesian fish and fishery products are export-oriented and strategic commodities. The trade balance showen a positive trend in the period 2012-2020. Based on the export value for 2016-2020, the United States and the European Union are among the top five main export destinations for Indonesian fishery products. The increase in the value of Indonesia's exports in these countries is always accompanied by cases of export refusal. This study aims to analyze the development of export refusal, analyze the reasons for export refusal, and analyze the factors that influence export refusal. The analytical methods used are Unit Rejection Rate, Relative Rejection Rate, Poisson Regression (GLMM.ZINB) analysis, and descriptive analysis. The results showed that Indonesia's URR and RRR values in ten countries decreased and only Italy experienced an increase. The decrease in URR and RRR values indicates an improvement in compliance with food safety in partner countries, and vice versa. The share of rejection is higher than the share of export value in eleven countries, meaning that Indonesia still needs to improve food safety and the quality of export performance. Fresh tuna is the most rejected in the United States and swordfish in the European Union. Filthy (54,97%) was the highest cause of rejection in the United States and mercury (54,41%) in the European Union. The geographical distance variable has a positive and significant effect on the rejection of Indonesian fishery exports. To overcome the problem of geographical distance, can improve logistics performance.
Keyword: Export Rejection, Fish and Fishery Products, Poisson Regression, Relative Rejection Rate, Unit Rejection Rate

Judul: Penentuan Nilai Eigen dan Vektor Eigen dari Matriks Tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz dengan Pendekatan Polinomial Chebyshev
Abstrak: The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix can be determined by finding its characteristic polynomials. The characteristic polynomials of a tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz matrix is shown to be closely connected to polynomials which satisfy the Chebyshev recurrence relationship. If the order of the matrix is odd, then the eigenvalues are found explicitly in terms of the Chebyshev zeros and the eigenvectors are found in terms of the polynomials satisfying the recurrence relationship. For even ordered matrices, the situation is more complicated. The problem in these cases is that although the Chebyshev recurrence formula is still applied, its initial values are not generating Chebyshev polynomials
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