Judul: Pemurnian surfaktan nonionik alkil poliglikosida (APG) berbasis tapioka dan dodekanol
Abstrak: Alkyl polyglycosides (APG) , a nonionic surfactant, has got some green labels such as Ecocert, EU Eco-flower and Green Seal as environmentally friendly surfactant. Sugar as APG's raw material, supplied the hydrophilic group, and fatty alcohol acted as hydrophobic group. Some undesirable compounds formed during the APG production had caused low quality. The research aimed to increase the quality and performance of APG, by controlling its process. The catalyst of p-toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) was added and investigated the effect of catalysis concentration (0,018-0,036 mole per mole of starch) to enhance the butanolysis of starch. Addition 0-10% of activated carbon and 0-0,3% of NaBH4 in APG pre-purification process; 2% (w/w) of H2O2 35% and 500 ppm of MgO in the bleaching process were examined to process high quality and high performance of APG. The results showed that 0.027 mole of PTSA per mole starch and process temperature of 140 OC could minimize the residual sugars after butanolysis. The best APG was obtained from purification step by addition 0% of activated carbon and 0,2% of NaBH4, with the characteristics of clarity of 59,02(%T); the ability to reduce surface and interfacial tensions at 1% concentration were 61,98% and 95,60% respectively; 81,71% of stability of emulsion, 62,5% of foam height and stable up to 315 minutes.
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Judul: Pemurnian surfaktan nonionik alkil poliglikosida (APG) berbasis pati sagu dan fatty alcohol dari minyak kelapa
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara agraris yang kaya akan hasil pertanian dan perkebunan. Minyak kelapa dan kelapa sawit dapat dibuat berbagai produk oleokimia dasar dan turunan yang dapat diolah lebih lanjut untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah. Fat@ alcohol merupakan salah satu produk turunan dari minyak kelapa maupun kelapa sawit yang dapat dijadikan bahan baku dalam pembuatan surfaktan. Jenis surfaktan ramah lingkungan yang perkembangan penggunaannya sangat pesat saat ini adalah Alkil Poliglikosida (APG). Surfaktan APG merupakan jenis surfaktan nonionik yang biasa digunakan pada formulasi beberapa produk seperti herbisida, produk-produk personal care, kosmetik, dan bleachii~g kain tekstil. Bahan baku pembuatan surfaktan APG adalah fat@ alcohol dari minyak kelapa atau minyak inti sawit dan karbohidrat (glukosa) dari pati Sagu. Fat@ alcohol bersifat hidrofobik (Zipofilik), sedangkan glukosa bersifat hidrofilik. Proses pemurnian dalam pembuatan surfaktan APG diperlukan untuk mendapatkan karakteristik produk yang sesuai dengan permintaan pasar. Ditinjau dari segi estetika, faktor pemutihan terhadap suatu produk APG sangat penting artinya. Hal ini karena penampakan warna produk APG menjadi salah satu kunci keberhasilan dalam proses pemasaran. Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan jenis bahan pemucat dan bahan pengkelat yang digunakan dalam proses pemurnian surfaktan Alkil Poliglikosida (APG) dan mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan bahan pemucat dan bahan pengkelat terpilih dalam proses pernumian surfaktan Alkil Poliglikosida (APG) terhadap kinerja APG.
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Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship