Judul: Evalusi Pemberian Dosis Koagulan Aluminium Sulfat Cair dan Bubuk Pada Sistem Dosing Koagulan di Instalasi Pengolahan Air Minum PT. Krakatau Tirta Industri
Abstrak: Surface water before being used for particular purposes must be processed first in order to be viable consumed. One of the worth attempts is by building a water treatment such as the installation of Water Treatment Plant that been practiced by PT. Krakatau Tirta Industri, Cilegon. One of the processes is coagulation using aluminium sulfate powder and liquid as the coagulant. This research purpose is to find the optimum dose of aluminium sulfate (liquid) at PT. KTI by comparing the quality and the production cost. The methods including several stages such as preparation phase, data collection, data processing and analysis and presentation of results. The optimum dose for powder using is 60 ppm and for liquid is 100 ppm. The production cost of aluminium sulfate (liquid) using wet alumina is Rp 6.491.838,36 and the cost of goods is Rp 1.131,17/ kg and for dry alumina the production cost is Rp 8.829.278,36 and the cost of goods is Rp 1.538,46/ kg the cost are cheaper than the aluminium sulfate powder cost of goods Rp 1.760/ kg. As resulted from the sensitivity test, the most sensitive variable from the cost of goods is sulfate acid for wet alumina and dry alumina for aluminium sulfate that using dry alumina as the raw material.
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Judul: Evaluasi dan Desain Peningkatan Kapasitas Instalasi Pengolahan Air Minum di PT. Krakatau Tirta Industri
Abstrak: PT. Krakatau Tirta Industri (PT KTI) has a rule as supplier of Cilegon Municipality’s water needs. Considering the demand for water supply continues to grow, PT. KTI intends to increase its capacity up to 2500 liters/sec. This study aims to evaluate current condition of water treatment plant of PT. KTI, and to review the increasing of installation capacity by process and design aspects. The study is conducted in two stages, namely collecting primary and secondary data and analyzing process and design calculations. Water treatment plant at PT. KTI are bar screen, sand trap, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Bar screen unit was designed with 40 pieces bar and width of 6 mm. Sand trap unit has minimum height of 4.30 m. Three pumps must have an efficiency of 90%. If the efficiency doesn’t reach that value, then the addition of at least one pump unit is needed. Coagulation unit design is carried out by hydraulic jump and mechanical mixing. Flocculation unit design is done by changing the impeller rotation to 32 rpm. On sedimentation units, plate settlers as much as 891 pieces is designed with inter-plate distance of 0.05 m and height of 1 m. Conclusions of this study are almost all units have parameters that don’t meet the design criteria, and design takes on the unit bar screen, and accelator.
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Judul: Anatomi Otot Daerah Bahu dan Lengan Atas Beruk (Macaca nemestrina)
Abstrak: The aim of this study is to observed the anatomy of muscles in shoulder and arm region of pigtail macaque, also to described the function of the muscles in relation with the type of terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion. Furthermore, the results were compared with the muscles in shoulder and arm region of longtail macaque and chimpanzee which had different locomotion type. This study used two pigtail macaques which had been preserved in 10% formaline v/v. The observation was conducted on the shoulder and arm region morphology of pigtail macaque. The muscles were dissected by four dissection into the skin. The location of origin and insertion of the muscles were determined by muscle dissection, whereas the muscles name were based by Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria 2005. Then, the results were documented by photography equipment. The muscles which found in shoulder and arm region were the panniculus carnosus, trapezius, rhomboideus, serratus ventralis cervicis, serratus ventralis thoracis, pectoralis transversus, pectoralis descendens, pectoralis ascendens, deltoideus, coracobrachialis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii, teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis muscles. In general, the muscles which observed in pigtail macaque were more similar with those of longtail macaque than chimpanzee. The pigtail macaque is terresterial semiarboreal species, whereas the longtail macaque is arboreal semiterresterial one. This matter was estimated because the behavior of pigtail macaque were similar with longtail macaque. The differences among pigtail macaque, longtail macaque, and chimpanzee were the celerity of the locomotion movement which estimated because the flexibility of scapula movement and the strength of arm. The flexibility of scapula movement in pigtail macaque was influenced by the trapezius, rhomboideus, serratus ventralis cervicis, and serratus ventralis thoracis muscles. The strength movement of pigtail macaque when climbed the trees were influenced by the pectoralis transversus, pectoralis descendens, pectoralis ascendens, deltoideus, coracobrachialis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi muscles. The strength movement of pigtail macaque when walked on the ground was influenced by the biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii, and latissimus dorsi muscles. The shoulder stability of pigtail macaque was influenced by the teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis muscles.
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