Judul: Pengaruh Jenis Ester Asam Lemak dan Konsentrasi Katalis pada Proses Sintesis Surfaktan Sukrosa Ester
Abstrak: Sukrosa ester dalam bentuk sukrosa monoester dan diester memiliki beberapa keunggulan seperti tidak berbau, tidak berasa, tidak menyebabkan iritasi pada kulit atau mata, tidak beracun dan memiliki sifat biodegradabilitas yang baik. Sukrosa ester dapat digunakan sebagai emulsifier pada produk detergen karena memiliki daya detergensi yang baik. Penelitian yang sudah ada fokus pada optimasi penggunaan konsentrasi katalis Na2CO3 dan CH3ONa pada sintesis sukrosa ester. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan metil ester dan etil ester pada karakteristik fisikokimia (pH dan gugus fungsional) dan kinerja (daya detergensi, penurunan tegangan permukaan dan antar muka, kestabilan emulsi dan busa) sukrosa ester. Pengaruh dari konsentrasi katalis (2-6%) juga dianalisis. Sukrosa ester dari asam lemak minyak sawit disintesis menggunakan reaksi transesterifikasi menggunakan katalis sodium karbonat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sukrosa ester berhasil disintesis dari metil ester dan etil ester berdasarkan uji deteksi surfaktan nonionik. Nilai pH surosa ester yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 9,41 sampai 10,00. Jenis asam lemak ester dan konsentrasi katalis memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan pada penurunan tegangan permukaan dan tegangan antarmuka, kestabilan emulsi dan busa, serta gugus fungsional sukrosa ester. Kondisi perlakuan terbaik ditinjau dari jenis asam lemak ester dan konsentrasi katalis untuk menghasilkan sukrosa ester adalah metil ester pada konsentrasi katalis 6%. Karakeristik sukrosa ester yang dihasilkan adalah sebagai berikut: nilai pH sebesar 9,96; penurunan tegangan permukaan sebesar 39,36 dyne/cm; penurunan tegangan antarmuka sebesar 39 dyne/cm; stabilitas emulsi sebesar 70,77%; stabilitas busa sebesar 391 menit; dan daya deterjensi sebesar 506,5 FTU turbidity., Sucrose ester in form of monoester and diester sucrose has several advantages since it is odorless, tasteless, non-irritating to the skin and eye, as well as being nontoxic and having excellent biodegradability properties. Sucrose ester can be used as an emulsifier for a detergent product since it has high foaming and detergency ability. The present study portrays the investigations on the optimization of the Na2CO3 and CH3ONa-catalyzed synthesis of sucrose-palm fatty acids esters. The objectives of this research are to investigate the influence of methyl ester and ethyl ester use towards physicochemical properties (pH and functional group) and performances (detergency ability, surface and interface tension reduction, emulsion and foaming stability) of sucrose ester. The influence of different concentrations of catalyst (2-6%) used in this research is also investigated. Sucrose-palm fatty acids esters synthesized through transesterification reaction with sodium carbonate catalyst. The pH of sucrose esters varied from 9,41 to 10,00. The fatty acid ester type and catalyst ratio has a significant effect on the surface and interface tension reduction, emulsion and foaming stability, and functional group of sucrose ester. The best physicochemical properties and performances of sucrose ester gain from methyl ester and 6% catalyst concentration treatment. This treatment produce sucrose ester with pH 9,96; surface tension reduction 39,36 dyne/cm; interface tension reduction 39 dyne/cm; emulsion stability 70,77%; foaming stability 391 min; and detergency ability 506,5 FTU turbidity.
Keyword: ethyl ester, methyl ester, performances, sucrose ester

Judul: Synthesis of Sucrose Esters from Methyl Ester Olein
Abstrak: Sukrosa ester merupakan senyawa organik yang dapat dihasilkan dari reaksi antara sukrosa dengan berbagai kelompok ester asam lemak. Sukrosa ester termasuk ke dalam golongan senyawa aktif jenis non-ionik yang memiliki keunggulan yaitu larut pada air dingin, bersifat non-toksik, tidak berbau, tidak berasa, tidak mengiritasi kulit, dan tidak mencemari lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, sukrosa ester saat ini banyak digunakan dalam produk pangan sebagai emulsifier dan stabilizer. Pengembangan proses produksi sukrosa ester selain untuk meningkatkan local content pada industri produk personal care, kosmetika dan cleaning, juga untuk mendukung upaya hilirisasi sawit dan pengembangan industri hilir kelapa sawit di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sukrosa ester dapat dibuat dari minyak olein dengan bantuan katalis K2CO3 dan Na2CO3 dengan suhu 70 °C selama 2 jam. Konsentrasi katalis yang digunakan adalah 6%, 7%, dan 8%. Perlakuan terbaik dihasilkan dengan menggunkan katalis K2CO3 dengan konsentrasi 6% dengan nilai daya emulsi yaitu 828 detik. Nilai tegangan permukaan sebesar 32,5 dyne/cm sedangkan nilai tegangan antar muka sebesar 7,2 dyne/cm. Rendemen sukrosa ester olein diddapat sebesar 37,22%., Sucrose ester is an organic compound produced from the reaction between sucrose and various fatty acid ester groups. Sucrose esters belong to a class of nonionic active compounds with the advantage of being soluble in cold water, non-toxic, odorless, tasteless, non-irritating to the skin, and do not pollute the environment. Therefore, sucrose ester is widely used in food products as an emulsifier and stabilizer. The development of the sucrose ester production process, in addition to increasing local content in the personal care, cosmetics, and cleaning product industries, is also to support efforts to downstream palm oil and develop the downstream palm oil industry in Indonesia. The results showed that sucrose ester can be prepared from olein oil with the help of K2CO3 and Na2CO3 catalyst at 70°C for 2 hours. The catalyst concentrations used were 6%, 7%, and 8%. The best treatment was produced by using a K2CO3 catalyst with a concentration of 6% with an emulsion power value of 828 seconds. The surface tension value is 32.5 dyne/cm, while the interfacial tension value is 7.2 dyne/cm. The yield of olein ester sucrose was obtained at 37.22%.
Keyword: CPO, emulsifier, kinetika reaksi, olein, sukrosa ester

Judul: Etno-ornitologi Burung Kancilan Flores (Pachycephala nudigula nudigula Hartert 1897) pada Masyarakat Lio di Taman Nasional Kelimutu
Abstrak: Bare-throathed whistler is one of several wild birds in Kelimutu National Park (TNKL) that is believed to have correlation with Lio Community‟s belief. The estimation of Bare-throated whistler‟s population in Kelimutu National Park was about 186.41-1668.07 individual by the density about 0.0389-0.3481 ind/ha with the sex ratio 6.2:1 that spreaded on area with height of 1100 – 1600 masl. The characteristic of Bare-throated whistler‟s habitat is a natural forest with various canopy level, high plant species diversity and high density. The habitat characteristics related to the availability of food in the form of insects, cover, safety and a nesting site. Generally the most of Lio community knew the existence of Bare-throated whistler directly or from their parents‟ stories. The perceptions of Lio Community to the Bare-throated whistler‟s existence is generally support the conservation efforts. The perceptions construct the Lio Community‟s atitude that tend to be conservative to the existence of Bare-throated whistler. The attitude shown by their behavior that not cathing the Bare-throated whistler from the TNKL‟s area or the outside. The attitude have an important role to the existence of Bare-throated whistler in Kelimutu National Park‟s area.
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