Judul: Characterization of Sponge-Associated Bacteria from Jaspis sp. Producing Wide Spectrum Antimicrobial Compound
Abstrak: Nowadays, symbiosis between bacteria and sponge has been learned nowaday. Sponge-associated bacteria are known producing various secondary metabolites that have antimicrobial activity. This research purposed to know characteristic sponge-associated bacteria as producer of wide spectrum antimicrobial compound. Eight isolates of potential bacteria that have been isolated from Jaspis sp. was extracted use solvent n-butanol. They are SAB E-8, SAB E-32, SAB E-33, SAB E-35, SAB E-37, SAB E-38, SAB E-40, and SAB S-43. Antimicrobial activity screening of sponge-associated bacteria extracts showed that SAB E-35 is a bacteria having widest spectrum antimicrobial activity. SAB E-35 can inhibit indicator microbes, e.g. E. coli, Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Minimum inhibitory concentration of this isolate is only 6.25% of filtrates to inhibit some indicator microbe. This isolate also has poliketide sinthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide sinthetase (NRPS) gene. Analysis based 16S rRNA sequence of SAB E-35 showed homologous with Providencia vermicola and close relationship with some marine bacteria producing bioactive compound (maximum identity 99%).
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Judul: Sponge-associated Bacteria Producing Antimicrobial Compounds and their Genetic Diversity Analysis
Abstrak: Bacteria associated with the marine sponge Haliclona sp. from the coastal region of Waigeo Island were screened for antimicrobial activities using the agar-overlay method. There were 125 bacterial isolates recovered and were subjected to antimicrobial screening for antibiotic production against five test bacterial strains, viz., Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa and two fungal pathogen, viz., Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. A total of 39 (31%) bacterial strains were found to be antimicrobial producers; however, 15 (38%) of these active strains were eliminated based on the results of Hemolytic Test. The remaining 24 isolates were further analyzed by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) to assess their genetic diversity and results obtained revealed eight phylotypes. There were nine isolates that were exhibiting wide spectrum of activities against the test strain. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the nine strains was determined and three strains (HAL13, HAL74, and HAA01) showed bactericidal effects. Bacterial extracts were obtained using n-butanol and were subjected to bioactivity assay and TLC autobiography overlay assay. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the nine strains belong to the genus Bacillus. The isolation of sponge associated bacteria possessing inhibitory activity against clinical pathogenic strains suggests that they could be potential sources of novel marine natural products.
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Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular