Judul: Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Karbon Dot (C-dot) dari Ampas Kopi dengan Metode Solvotermal
Abstrak: Karbon dot (C-dot) merupakan nanopartikel karbon nol dimensi yang memiliki sifat optik yang khas. C-dot dapat disintesis dari limbah biomassa yang kaya akan karbon. C-dot dalam penelitian ini disintesis dari limbah ampas kopi dan urea sebagai agen pasivasi. Sifat optik C-dot hasil sintesis dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, antara lain pelarut yang digunakan dalam sintesis dan proses pemurnian C-dot. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyintesis C-dot dari ampas kopi melalui metode solvotermal dengan tiga pelarut berbeda (air, etanol, dan campuran etanol dan air) serta mengidentifikasi pengaruh pelarut yang digunakan dan perbedaan proses pemurnian terhadap sifat optik C-dot yang dihasilkan. Ketiga pelarut yang digunakan menghasilkan C-dot dengan pendaran berwarna biru, namun intensitas yang dihasilkan berbeda. Pemurnian tanpa dialisis membuat intensitas fluoresens dua kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan C-dot yang dimurnikan dengan dialisis. C-dot yang disintesis dari ampas kopi dengan menggunakan etanol/air menghasilkan intensitas fluoresens tertinggi. Penambahan etanol sebagai pelarut sintesis C-dot dapat sedikit menggeser panjang gelombang emisi, yaitu sebesar 4 nm dan dapat meningkatkan intensitas fluoresens C-dot.
Keyword: dialysis, ethanol, fluorescence, optical properties, water

Judul: Synthesis of Carbon Dot (C-Dot) Nanoparticles from Seeds  and Skins Annatto (Bixa orellana) with Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Methods
Abstrak: C-dot merupakan nanopartikel 0 dimensi yang memiliki sifat fotoluminesens dan dapat disintesis dari tanaman, contohnya adalah tanaman kesumba keling. Kesumba keling memiliki pigmen merah yang berasal dari zat warna biksin dan norbiksin dengan gugus fungsi ‒COOH dan ‒COO‒, yang diharapkan dapat meningkatkan intensitas pendaran C-dot yang dihasilkan. Penelitian bertujuan menyintesis C-dot dari biji dan kulit kesumba keling dengan metode hidrotermal dan solvotermal, menganalisis pengaruh pelarut serta agen pasivasi terhadap pendaran C-dot, serta membandingkan warna fluoresens yang dihasilkan. Rendemen tertinggi diperoleh dari kulit kesumba keling dengan pelarut etanol tanpa penambahan urea, yaitu 73,26%. Pendaran C-dot pelarut etanol lebih terang dibandingkan C-dot pelarut akuabides. Warna pendaran C-dot dari hasil sintesis seluruhnya berwarna biru. Karakterisasi C-dot dengan spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukkan puncak serapan di panjang gelombang 260‒280 nm dan 320‒340 nm. Hasil puncak serapan spektrofotometer Fourier transform infrared sesuai dengan karakteristik C-dot. Metode solvotermal merupakan metode terbaik untuk sintesis C-dot karena menghasilkan intensitas pendaran tertinggi.
Keyword: C-dot, hidrotermal, kesumba keling, solvotermal, urea

Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua