Judul: Five Essays on Building Energy Efficiency and Policies in Indonesia
Abstrak: Indonesia's energy demand is increasing as a result of growth in infrastructure and economy. As energy demand grows, opportunities for energy efficiency also expand in various sectors in Indonesia. The green retrofitting is an exception despite the vast opportunity, and Indonesia has multimillion-dollar energy efficiency potential. Nevertheless, only a tiny percentage of this available potential can be attained. Under technological innovation, retrofitting in building sectors is technically feasible and economically viable. New technologies could increase building energy efficiency and energy saving, where some of the techniques needed for retrofitting are already available in the market. However, acceptance among business owners varies across the building, industrial and commercial sectors. It is due to a lack of awareness about the savings potential of the best available technologies (one of the barriers). Hence, the government needs to help and incentivize new energy-saving companies (ESCOs) to enter the building energy efficiency sector. These incentives are necessary to overcome the paradox of the energy gap and let the ESCO enter the building energy performance program. With the explanation above, the author undertakes this study to learn more about the strategy of the ESCO to gain opportunities and open new markets in the building energy efficiency sector. It can be done by promoting the use of environmentally friendly technology equipment that ultimately aims to keep its performance growing on an ongoing basis. New opportunities that ESCO can do are to offer a Product Service System (PSS) business model in the form of Energy Saving Agreement (ESA) or Energy Saving Performance Contract (ESPC), which is known as the "retrofit" contract. Hence, the purpose of this research are as follow: 1) Investigate ESCO's confidence and tapping potential in energy efficiency business sectors, 2) To explore the retrofit practices and retrofit financing, 3) To investigate the decomposition Factors of Energy Consumption in Indonesia and Forecasting Energy Intensity, and 4) To analyze and evaluate the driving factors of carbon emissions in Indonesia. This dissertation consists of five independent essays. The dissertation explores the relationship between energy consumption, building energy efficiency (BEE) Industry, energy saving, energy conservation services company or energy service company (ESCO), and energy-economic growth relationships. This dissertation helps understand how market barriers are the main problem and affect the organization's energy efficiency development behavior. Understanding the market drivers and nature of the energy efficiency development and the consequences, its new PSS business model, the value of the investment, and new intelligent financing options will benefit all the participants. Energy efficiency retrofitting is viable in Indonesia. However, non-market and market barriers in implementing energy-saving vary across sectors. Thus, again, the energy efficiency retrofitting remains an anomaly. Indonesia requires a comprehensive set of government policies to spurs the building energy efficiency industry and avoid the "energy gap." Moreover, Indonesia will receive many benefits as a result of its building energy efficiency. By supporting the energy service companies and introducing new funding scheme rules in the building energy efficiency industry, the government will ensure and reduce the demand for energy consumption. It helps eliminate the need for new coal-fired power plants, reducing the
Keyword: Building energy-efficiency, Business Model Innovation, Energy Service Company, Government Measure, Product Service System

Judul: Analisis konsumsi dan penyediaan energi dalam perekonomian indonesia
Abstrak: The general objective of this study develop a model of energy consumption by users and the energy supply by energy type in the Indonesian economy. The model used is a simultaneous equation model with two stage least square method. The design of this model uses the assumption that along with economic progress the need for energy has increased so that the necessary supply of energy is greater, and vice versa. The main findings of this study are: First, world oil prices, domestic energy prices, GDP, and exchange rates are the main factors that influence the consumption and supply of energy in Indonesia. Second, the increase in world oil prices and declining goverment expenditure of oil subsidies decrease consumption and supply of energy in Indonesia. The apresiation of the IDR to US Dollar increase consumption and supply of energy in Indonesia. And third, the results of forecasting analysis show overall energy consumption by all sectors tend to increase, except for biomass consumption by the industrial and total of biomass consumption. In addtion, supply of energy tends to increase with smaller rate the increasing of energy consumption. In the short term, it should be an effort to increase energy utilization efficiency and productivity through conversion using fuel oil by gas and the reduction of subsidies oil in energy prices gradually, accompanied by efforts to increase economic growth, among others, by applying a low interest rate policy and maintain stable exchange rates. In the medium term, some efforts are required to increase investment from the aspect of production, processing, and distribution of fossil energy, and effort-based energy conversion using fuel oil by industry sector into other energy types. Along with that, efforts to increase the number and capacity of oil refineries, gas and electricity generation are required to be done to reduce the level of dependence on the final energy that comes from imports. In the long term, the implemention of green energy development strategy, which shifts the energy use sourced from unrenewable resources to energy use that are renewable resources, such as utilization of water energy, wind, biomass, biodiesel, biogas and other sources of sustainable energy.
Keyword: Energy consumption, Economic growth, Water energy, Biomass, Biodiesel, Biogas

Judul: Approximation of the Median of Poisson Distribution Using the Relation of Poisson-Gamma Distribution
Abstrak: A major drawback of median is that median cannot usually be defined in closed form, even in the cases where their distribution functions are known. This study gives an approximation of the closed form for the median of the Poisson distribution by using the relation of Poisson-Gamma distribution. The approximation uses elementary techniques based on the monotonicity of certain sequences involving tail probabilities of the Poisson distribution and the Central Limit Theorem. Furthermore, a closed form expression for the mean absolute deviation 􀜧|􀜰􀰒 􀵆 􀜯􀝁􀝀􁈺􀜰􀰒􁈻| is also studied. The median is relevant because of the fact that it minimizes the mean absolute deviation of a Poisson random variable (􀜰􀰒􁈻 by considering median as central tendency.
Keyword: