Judul: Pemberian Tepung Daun Sirih (Piper Betle L.) Dalam Waktu Lama Untuk Mengatasi Mastitis Subklinis Dan Meningkatkan Produksi Susu Sapi Perah
Abstrak: Mastitis merupakan salah satu penyakit yang membahayakan pada sapi perah. Penyakit ini ditandai dengan peningkatan jumlah sel somatis, radang pada ambing (kelenjar mamae), rendahnya kualitas susu dan penurunan produksi susu pada sapi perah. Penggunaan antibiotik dalam mencegah dan mengobati mastitis subklinis memiliki kontribusi sebagai penyebab resistensi bakteri dan perpindahan residu dari ternak ke manusia. Antibakteri yang aman dibutuhkan untuk menggantikan penggunaan antibiotik sebagai feed aditif pada ternak ruminansia diantaranya daun sirih (Piper betle L.), tetapi kajian dalam alat pencernaan ruminansia belum banyak dilakukan menggunakan daun sirih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dan mencari metode terbaik dari pemberian tepung daun sirih dalam jangka waktu lama untuk mengatasi mastitis subklinis dan produksi susu sapi perah. Penelitian ini terdiri dari 2 tahap yaitu : 1) Kajian in vivo pemberian tepung daun sirih (Piper betle L.) dalam waktu lama untuk mengatasi mastitis subklinis dan meningkatkan produksi susu sapi perah 2) Kajian in vivo pengaruh pemberian tepung daun sirih sejak awal laktasi terhadap produksi dan kualitas susu sapi perah. Kajian in vivo yang pertama digunakan 12 ekor sapi perah laktasi ke-2 sampai laktasi ke-4 dengan bulan laktasi normal (bulan ke-3 sampai ke-5) yang menderita mastitis subklinis berdasarkan identifikasi menggunakan reagen IPB-1. Ternak tersebut dikelompokkan kedalam 4 perlakuan dan masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak 3 kali dengan masa penelitian 15 minggu. Perlakuan yang diterapkan yaitu : P0 : Kontrol, tidak diberikan tepung daun sirih; P1 : Tepung daun sirih 2% pemberian setiap hari; P2 : Tepung daun sirih 2% pemberian selang seminggu; P3 : Tepung daun sirih 2% pemberian selang tiga minggu. Parameter yang diukur adalah produksi susu, komposisi susu, jumlah sel somatis, kadar immunoglobulinG (IgG) didalam susu, kadar glukosa dan kadar trigliserida di dalam plasma darah. Pada kajian in vivo ke-2 ternak yang digunakan adalah sapi perah Fries Holland laktasi ke-2 sampai ke-4 sebanyak 9 ekor yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diteliti yaitu: P0: Kontrol, tidak diberikan tepung daun sirih; P1: Pemberian tepung daun sirih setiap hari dengan taraf 2% dari konsentrat; P2: Pemberian tepung daun sirih berselang satu hari dengan taraf 2% dari konsentrat. Parameter yang diukur adalah jumlah sel somatis, produksi susu, kadar lemak, padatan tanpa lemak (solid non fat) dan kadar protein susu. Data produksi susu, komposisi susu, jumlah sel somatis, kadar immunoglobulinG didalam susu, kadar glukosa dan kadar trigliserida dianalisis berdasarkan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Sedangkan data produksi susu, jumlah sel somatis dan kadar lemak, padatan tanpa lemak (solid non fat) dan kadar protein susu dianalisis berdasarkan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian in vivo tahap 1 menunjukkan bahwa penambahan tepung daun sirih 2% nyata (P<0.05) menurunkan jumlah sel somatis pada setiap perlakuan. Pemberian tepung daun sirih 2% selang seminggu menunjukkan nyata (P<0.05) menurunkan jumlah sel somatis dan meningkatkan produksi susu menjelang akhir laktasi. Penambahan tepung daun sirih 2% tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kadar lemak, BK, BKTL, IgG, glukosa dan trigliserida, tetapi berpengaruh nyata (P<0.05) terhadap kadar protein susu. Penambahan tepung daun sirih 2% pemberian selang tiga minggu cenderung menurunkan rataan kualitas susu. Dari hasil penelitian in vivo
Keyword: daun sirih, kualitas susu, mastitis subklinis, produksi susu, sapi perah

Judul: Penambahan tepung daun sirih (Piper betle L.) dalam ransum untuk mengobati dan mencegah penyakit mastitis subklinis pada sapi perah
Abstrak: Mastitis is one of the most costly problems in dairy industry, particularly subclinical mastitis which is hard to be identified visually. The use of antibiotic to prevent and cure it had contribution on emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their transmission from livestock to human. An alternative antibacterial compound is needed to replace antibiotic use as feed additive such as betel leaf (Piper betle L.), but it must be investigated its effect on rumen fermentation condition before it is fed to mastitis cow. The purpose of this research was to elaborate the addition of betel leaf in dairy cow ration as an effort to prevail over subclinical mastitis and increase milk production. The research was consisted of two stages; 1) In vitro study of betel leaf meal (BLM) addition effect on antimastitis trough rumen fermentation test and viability of rumen microorganisms, 2) In vivo study of betel leaf meal addition into ration on lactating cow infected by subclinical mastitis. In vitro study consisted of three experiments i.e a) antibacterial activity test of BLM on Staphylococcus sp. growth, b) effect of BLM on rumen fermentation; and c) effect of BLM on viability of rumen microorganism. Five BLM level of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% in concentrate feed were used as treatment treatment and 4 rumen liquors were taken as replicates. Elephant grass was used as fiber source. Parameters observed were a) inhibition zone; b) number of rumen protozoa and bacteria; c) VFA production, NH3 concentration, dry matter (DM) and Organic Matter (OM) digestibility. In vivo study was conducted using 12 heads of lactating cows with lactation period 2 until 5. They were identified before using IPB-1 reagent. They were grouped into five treatments and treated for 21 days. The treatments were 0, 2% given daily, 4 % given daily, 2% given skip a day, and 4 % given skip a day. The result showed that the highest the level of BLM addition, the highest the inhibition of BLM on Staphylococcus sp. growth before fermentation. Meanwhile addition of BLM did not differ among treatments after fermentation. The increment of BLM level significantly decreased rumen protozoa (P<0.05), but did not affect number of bacteria. VFA production significantly increase (P<0.01), but did not affect NH3 concentration, DM, and OM digestibility. The increment of VFA was due to the increment of bacteria population thus fermentation process optimally occurred when given 2% of BLM. The results of in vitro study indicated that 2% and 4% can be further used for in vivo experiment. The result of in vivo study showed that 2% addition of BLM given daily significantly increased average milk production of fat-uncorrected (FUCM 4%) and 2% addition of BLM given skip a day significantly increased average milk production of fat-corrected (FCM 4%). Furthermore, addition of 2% BLM given daily significantly affect (P<0.05) milk composition, somatic cell count, but did not affect IgG. Addition of BLM more than 4% and given daily tended to lower milk quality. It is concluded that the best level of betel leaf in in vitro study is 2% of BLM in
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Judul: Pengembangan Model Codebook untuk Identifikasi Chord Gitar
Abstrak: Acoustic guitar can produce sound waves with different types of tones. High-low tone is determined by the fundamental frequency of the sound wave. Human sense of hearing can distinguish high-and low tones, but can not know for sure what kind of tone is heard by him. This study developed a guitar chord recognition system. This study uses MFCC as feature extraction methods and the codebook as pattern recognition method for identification of the guitar chord. Cluster technique used in this study is the K-means clustering. Data obtained from MFCC are clustered using the K-Means method, and the model for classification is constructed using the codebook method. The parameters used in MFCC is the number of cepstral coefficients, overlap, and the time frame, while an important parameter in the K-Means is the number of clusters. This study uses 8640 guitar chord sounds from 24 classes. Each of the data is made up of two chords which will be tested. Simulation results show that the maximum accuracy obtained is 98.89% obtained on 26 cepstral coefficients, overlap 0.4, time frame is 30 ms, on 100 clusters.
Keyword: chord, codebook, k-means, mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC)