Judul: Uji Aktivitas Anti Bakteri secara In Vitro dan Gambaran Darah Ayam akibat Ekstrak Etanol Daun dan Buah Mahkota Dewa
Abstrak: One of bacterial pathogen that frequently attacks the birds is Salmonella enteritidis. Chicken as one of the world protein sources frequently reported infected by Salmonella enteritidis. Losses caused by the disease which caused by Salmonella enteritidis is large enough, because the infected chickens will decrease its productivity of eggs and meat. Therefore, it requires serious attention in this case. Indonesia is a country rich with herbal medicine, among which are Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Several previous studies have shown that the plant has several pharmacological effects, as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immunostimulant. Antibacterial activity in vitro and hematology profile of chickens due to giving ethanol extract of leaves and fruits of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl have never been tested on chickens. This study aims to (1) determine antibacterial activity of leaves ethanol extract and fruits ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl against Salmonella enteritidis in vitro, (2) determine hematology profile of chickens due to giving leaves ethanol extract and fruits ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. The study design completely randomized design consisting of 8 treatments. Each treatment consisted of 5 replications. Antibacterial treatment on testing those are, (1) leaf ethanol extract with concentration 100% + S. enteritidis, (2) leaf ethanol extract with concentration 50% + S. enteritidis, (3) leaf ethanol extract with concentration 25% + S. enteritidis, (4 ) fruit ethanol extract with concentration 100% + S. enteritidis, (5) fruit ethanol extract with concentration 50% + S. enteritidis, (6) fruit ethanol extract with concentration 25% + S. enteritidis, (7) Tetracycline + S. enteritidis (control positive), (8) aquadest + S. enteritidis (negative control). In vitro antibacterial activity test performed by Kirby-Bauer method. The parameters observed were inhibition zone, is clear zone formed around the disc. To determine hematology profile of chickens due to giving leaves ethanol extract and fruits ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl, the chickens treated with leaves ethanol extract and fruits ethanol extract at various doses were 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg for 7 days. The chickens given 20 mg of Echinacea purpurea extract (positive control), and without given extracts (negative control). Hematology profile was known through examination of total leukocytes and differential leukocytes before and after being given leaves and fruits ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Results showed that there was an effect (P<0.05) concentration of extract againts inhibition zone. Higher concentration produced greater inhibition zone. Based on LSD test, it found that there was significant differences (P <0.05) between the inhibition zone produced by tetracycline and leaves ethanol extract at all concentrations compared with aquadest. While the fruit ethanol extract reveal a significant differences (P <0.05) between the inhibition zone produced at 100% of concentration with 50%, 25% of concentration and aquadest. Student's t-test results showed that there was a significant inhibition zone difference (P <0.05) between the leaves ethanol extract and fruits ethanol extract. Leaves ethanol extract had antibacterial activity higher than fruits extract. Result of hematology test showed that leaves extract with 0.25 mg and fruits extract with 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg of doses could increase total of leukocytes
Keyword: antibacterial activity, hematology profile, leaves, fruits, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl

Judul: Effectivity of lime leaves (Citrus sp.) in inhibiting E. coli and S. aureus: A Meta-Analysis
Abstrak: Ayam broiler merupakan ternak yang rentan terinfeksi mikroorganisme patogen, sehingga banyak peternak menggunakan Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP). AGP merupakan imbuhan pakan yang diberikan untuk memacu pertumbuhan dan memperbaiki saluran pencernaan, namun kini penggunaan AGP sudah dilarang Pelarangan AGP menyebabkan peralihan penggunaan imbuhan pakan seperti imbuhan pakan fitogenik. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai imbuhan pakan fitogenik alternatif AGP adalah daun jeruk. Daun jeruk memiliki senyawa aktif metabolit sekunder. Banyak studi in vitro melaporkan tentang aktivitas daun jeruk terhadap bakteri E.coli dan S. aureus. Kedua bakteri tersebut umum ditemukan pada ayam broiler yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan dan performa ayam broiler. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengintegrasikan berbagai studi agar diperoleh informasi yang komprehensif mengenai aktivitas daun jeruk terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus dengan studi meta-analisis. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan studi daun jeruk dari berbagai spesies, asal, metode ekstraksi, dan metode uji antibakteri yang berbeda dan membandingkan perlakuan daun jeruk dengan kontrol dalam menghambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus dengan melihat diameter zona hambat. Tahap pertama yang dilakukan yaitu mengintegrasikan 45 studi tentang uji daun jeruk terhadap bakteri E. coli dan 24 studi tentang uji daun jeruk terhadap bakteri S. aureus. Studi tersebut berasal dari Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, dan Crossref melalui software Publish or Persish. Artikel yang didapatkan kemudian diseleksi menggunakan software Mendeley dengan melihat judul dan abstrak. Data yang diperlukan dalam penelitian ini adalah kontrol dan perlakuan eksperimen (penambahan daun jeruk) yang meliputi nilai rerata, jumlah sampel, dan standar deviasi. Artikel yang memenuhi syarat tersebut kemudian ditabulasi dengan MS Excel 2010 dan dianalisis menggunakan software OpenMee dengan nilai effect size menggunakan Hedge’s d. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daun jeruk sebagai imbuhan pakan fitogenik alternatif AGP efektif dalam menghambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus. Kemampuan daya hambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan spesies daun jeruk, asal daun jeruk, dan metode ekstraksi, sedangkan perbedaan level dan metode uji antibakteri tidak berpengaruh terhadap daya hambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus. Ekstrak daun jeruk pada konsentrasi rendah 5 mg/ml sudah mampu menghambat bakteri E. coli, sedangkan dalam menghambat S. aureus memerlukan konsentrasi terendah 50 mg/ml., Broiler chickens are livestock that are susceptible to infection with pathogenic microorganisms. so that many breeders use antibiotic growth Promoter (AGP). AGP is a feed additive that is given to stimulate growth and improve the digestive tract, but now the use of AGP has been banned. The AGP ban has caused a shift in the use of feed additives such as phytogenic feed additives. One of the plants that has the potential to be used as an alternative phytogenic feed additive to AGP is citrus leaves. Citrus leaves have active secondary metabolites. Many studies in vitro reported on the activity of lime leaves against E. coli and S. aureus. Both of these bacteria are commonly found in broiler chickens which can interfere with the health and performance of broiler chickens. Therefore, this study aims to integrate various studies in order to obtain comprehensive information on the activity of lime leaves against E. coli and S. aureus with
Keyword: Escherichia coli, lime leaf, meta-anaysis, Staphylococcus aureus

Judul: Rantai Markov Pada Bilangan Biner
Abstrak: Ranlai Markov {Xn} yang didefinisikan pada ruang peluang (n, P, P) dilllana n = (O,I],dan 'Fadalah cr-lapangan Borel, lllelllpunyai ekspansi biner X n = 0, dl(n) din).. n = I, 2, ... Mengkonstruksi rantai Markov ini diawali dengan memilih sembarang bilangan ..Y o di (0,1], nyatakan bilangan Xo dalam ekspansi biner Xo =0, diD) diD) ... d~O) ... dimana { d~O) ,n = 1,2, ... } adalah barisan nol dan satu. Peubah acak XI ditentukan oleh .Xo dan asumsi berikut.
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