Judul: Jamur-jamur parasit daun mikania micrantha dan chromolaena odorata di sekitar Bogor
Abstrak: Mikania (Mikania micrantha) dan kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata) merupakan gulma tahunan yang banyak menimbulkan gangguan dan kerugian, terutama di perkebunan karet. Dalam rangka penyiapan pelaksanaan pengendalian gulma secara hayati, telah dilakukan berbagai upaya untuk mencari musuh alaminya, antara lain jamur patogen. Berdasarkan pertimbangan ini telah diadakan penelitian yang bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi jamur-jamur parasit pada daun mikania dan kirinyuh serta menentukan tingkat patogenisitas jamur terhadap mikania dan kirinyuh di alam. Berdasarkan pengamatan mikroskopik dengan cara langsung mencungkil jamur yang tumbuh pada organ gulma serta isolasi jamur dengan metode penanaman bahan, telah diperoleh jamur-jamur dari mikania dan kirinyuh. Pada mikania ditemukan Cercospora mikaniae, Curvularia lunata dan Fusarium semitectum. Pada kirinyuh ditemukan Cercospora eupatorii-formosani, Cladosporium cladosporioides dan F. graminearum. Selain itu dilakukan pula pengamatan tingkat patogenisitas. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan, tingkat patogenisitas jamur yang menyerang daun mikania dan kirinyuh tidak tinggi dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap perbungaan.
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Judul: Jamur-jamur parasit pada gulma di sekitar Bogor
Abstrak: Untuk membantu program pengendalian hayati gulma di Indonesia, telah dilakukan pengamatan jamur parasit gulma di sekitar Bogor. Selama penelitian dalam bulan Juni-- September 1989 telah diinventarisasi 21 jenis jamur yang tergolong dalam Uredinales (11 jenis), Ustilaginales (3) jenis), Pyrenomycetes (5 jenis), dan Hyphomycetes (2 jenis). Gejala umum penyakit, potensi patogenitas, fitogeografi dan sifat biologi lainnya disajikan.
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm