Judul: Livelihood Strategy and Welfare of Farmers' Households Affected by Tidal Flood (Case: Pesanggrahan Village, Wonokerto Districts, Pekalongan Regency, Jawa Tengah Province)
Abstrak: Banjir rob di Desa Pesanggrahan terjadi karena pengaruh dari hulu dan kenaikan muka air laut sebagai akibat dari perubahan iklim. Hal ini berdampak terhadap produktivitas pertanian hingga menghilangnya beberapa mata pencaharian petani, sehingga petani perlu menerapkan strategi nafkah untuk menghadapi dampak dari perubahan iklim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perkembangan terjadinya banjir rob, menganalisis modal nafkah yang dimanfaatkan rumah tangga petani, menganalisis strategi nafkah yang diterapkan rumah tangga petani, dan menganalisis kesejahteraan rumah tangga petani. Metode penelitian ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif yang didukung oleh data kualitatif. Data diperoleh dengan wawancara mendalam kepada 4 informan dan kuesioner kepada 35 rumah tangga petani Desa Pesanggrahan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa banjir rob banyak memberikan dampak negatif bagi kehidupan rumah tangga petani serta menghilangnya beberapa mata pencaharian. Strategi nafkah yang diterapkan rumah tangga petani adalah diversifikasi mata pencaharian. Modal nafkah diperlukan untuk menerapkan strategi nafkah, namun tidak ada hubungan kepemilikan modal nafkah dengan keberagaman strategi nafkah. Kesejahteraan berhubungan dengan keadaan berupa banjir rob yang mengganggu kegiatan sosial ekonomi responden., Tidal flooding in Pesanggrahan Village occurred due to the influence of upstream and sea-level rise as a result of climate change. This has an impact on agricultural productivity and the loss of some farmers' livelihoods, so farmers need to implement livelihood strategies to deal with the impacts of climate change. This study aims to describe the development of tidal flooding, analyze the livelihood capital used by farmer households, analyze the livelihood strategies applied by farmer households, and analyze the welfare of farmer households. This research method is a quantitative approach supported by qualitative data. Data were obtained by in-depth interviews with 4 informants and questionnaires to 35 farmer households in Pesanggrahan Village. The results showed that the tidal flood harmed the household life of farmers and the loss of several livelihoods. The livelihood strategy applied by farming households is livelihood diversification. Livelihood capital is needed to implement livelihood strategies, but there is no relationship between livelihood capital ownership and the diversity of livelihood strategies. Welfare is related to conditions in the form of tidal floods that disrupt the socio-economic activities of the respondents.
Keyword: Climate Change, Livelihood Capital, Livelihood Strategy, Tidal Flood

Judul: Pola Strategi Nafkah Rumahtangga di Kawasan Rentan Banjir Pedesaan (Kasus Desa Sungai Buntu, Kecamatan Pedes, Kabupaten Karawang, Provinsi Jawa Barat)
Abstrak: Flood events that occurred in Karawang included in river flooding. Flooding of the river is flooding events due to the overflow of the river water. Karawang district is an area drained by streams Citarum. Genesis flood in Karawang regency not only affects the home and road stagnant, but also have an impact on stagnancy of agricultural region. These conditions led to increased social and economic problems in farming communities in the region downstream of Karawang. This research attempts to see how the whole community of farmers who live in the area downstream doing living strategies for survival of flood event. In addition to this , this research tries to analyze the choice of action and livelihood strategies undertaken by farmers as well as its impact on life in the household. At the same time trying to conclude option better livelihood strategies in the face of extreme climatic conditions. This research uses the approach of moral theory of peasant economy as a basis for the analysis of the actions of households facing flood events. Livelihood strategies are analyzed by using the approach of Ellis (1998 ), which emphasizes on the choice of livelihood strategies in times of crisis and during normal livelihood strategies. Last analysis using the approach of decision making within the household to see the role of dominance in the household decision during a flood event or when normal. This research was conducted in the village of Sungai Buntu, Karawang District Pedes for 6 months with twice the data collection is in May to June 2013 and March to May 2014. This study used a qualitative approach to the quantitative data supported the case study method flood events that occurred in Sungai Buntu Village. Data obtained from in-depth interview process and using a simple questionnaire. This study took 30 respondents farm workers and 6 respondents landowners with key informants are local community organizations, village chiefs, village officials, and the local community. Data were analyzed using qualitative data analysis that begins with the reduction and ends with a conclusion. Increased incidence of poverty due to flooding caused by extreme climate issues and the high land conversion due to development policies that destroy natural resources and the environment so as to encourage an increase in the vulnerability of communities in flood -prone areas. Increased vulnerability of communities is an increase in poverty in society. Flood events that occurred in the village of Sungai Buntu divided into two inter alia regular flooding events with a period of one year once and flood events. Regular flood events is an event that happens once a year that have an impact on the acceleration of the decline of the growing season and harvest time. Genesis flood disaster is an event that occurred in more than a month with a high pool of more than one meter. Flood events cause various problems both social and economic problems that occur within the ii community and household. Various problems due to flood events that the community must take action to be able to survive. Action to survive referred to as
Keyword: Maintenance strategies, flooding, Resilience Households

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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