Judul: Perbandingan Metode Cluster Validity pada Jenis Data Numerik dan Kategorik
Abstrak: Clustering is one of the important methods to determine the similarity of the objects set. Based on the similarity of these characteristics, it will form classes and get a pattern from a collection of unlabeled data. The resulting clusters cannot be ascertained if the accuracy has not been analyzed and tested using the method of cluster validity. This study implements the k-means clustering algorithm to classify three types of data: numerical, categorical, and a combination of numerical and categorical. The three data will be validated using the cluster validity methods: Dunn index, Hubert's statistic, and silhouette coefficient. Results of the three methods will be compared based on the three types of data used. Based on the result of the study, the data type used influences the cluster validation algorithm. The test result showed that Hubert's statistic can be used in the three types of data. Research involving bigger sized data is still needed to be able to conclude the most appropriate algorithm for the validation of numerical data, categorical, or a combination of both.
Keyword: clustering, cluster validity, index Dunn, Hubert’s statistic, silhouette coefficient

Judul: Kajian Metode Penggerombolan Dua Tahap untuk Data yang Mengandung Pencilan
Abstrak: Cluster analysis is often encountered in various studies. Analysis of classical clusters, such as hierarchical clustering method and k-means clustering cannot handle categorical variables or a mixture of numerical and categorical. In addition, the determination of the optimal number of clusters are still dependent on the subjectivity of the researcher and cannot handle very large datasets, which is larger than 500. One approach to addressing this problem is to use a two-step clustering method. The accuracy of the two-step clustering method of predicting the number of clusters generated as well as the classification of cluster membership, especially in the data containing outliers is important to be studied. Outliers in the data containing a small (1%), this method provides more accurate compared with the results of data containing a large outliers (5% or 15%). Scale use of outliers handling in the data containing outliers must be greater than the amount of outliers itself. Two-step clustering method is very accurate in producing a number of clusters associated with the actual number of population clusters that do not contain data outliers, especially in the most variable of type numeric and categorical rest. Clustering villages in Indonesia by a factor of progress and backwardness villages using a two-step clustering method generates optimal cluster 7.
Keyword: two-step clustering method, data outliers, cluster analysis

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable