Judul: Penapisan Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Aseton Sianobakteria.
Abstrak: Sianobakteria adalah kelompok prokariota fotoautotropik Gram-negatif yang memiliki sifat-sifat bakterial dan tanaman. Sianobakteria diketahui memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penapisan isolat sianobakteria yang berpotensi untuk antibakteri terhadap bakteri Gram negatif dan Gram positif. Ekstraksi aseton dipilih dengan maksud memperoleh senyawa aktif polar dari isolat yang diuji. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa seluruh ekstrak yang diuji dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Gram negatif dan Gram positif. Isolat LIPI-F-32 dan LIPI-F-59 memiliki daya hambat paling tinggi terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli yaitu sebesar 90.59% pada konsentrasi 0.05 mg/mL untuk isolat LIPI-F-32 dan 94.85% pada konsentrasi 0.2 mg/mL untuk isolat LIPI-F-59. Sedangkan daya hambat tertinggi pada bakteri Micrococcus luteus didapat dari LIPI-F-44 dan LIPI-F-45 dengan daya hambat sebesar 88.40 % dan 83.66% pada konsentrasi 0.2 mg/mL. Isolat isolat ini termasuk ke dalam ordo Chrooccoccales. Isolat LIPI-F-31 dan LIPI-F-45 mampu menghambat bakteri Escherichia coli dan Micrococcus luteus dengan persen daya hambat yang tinggi. Sehingga isolat isolat ini dapat dilanjutkan untuk penelitian selanjutnya.
Keyword: Antibakteri, aseton, Chroococcales, sianobakteria

Judul: Penapisan Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol Sianobakteria Terhadap Micrococcus luteus dan Escherichia coli
Abstrak: Sianobakteria adalah mikroalga yang mempunyai ciri seperti bakteri Gram negatif. Namun sianobakteria memiliki klorofil sehingga dapat melakukan fotosintesis. Sianobakteria memiliki bioaktifitas yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji strain sianobakteria yang mempunyai aktivitas senyawa antibakteri dengan metode mikrodilusi. Sianobakteria yang didapat berdasarkan karakteristik morfologi adalah ordo Oscillatoriales dan Chroococcales. Ekstrak sianobakteria yang dibuat dengan menggunakan pelarut metanol dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Gram positif dan Gram negatif. Ekstrak metanol sianobakteria dengan kode isolat LIPI-F-069 dan LIPI-F-077 memiliki aktivitas antibakteri paling besar dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Micrococcus luteus dan Escherichia coli. Pada konsentrasi 0.02 mg/mL, ekstrak dari isolat LIPI-F-069 memiliki nilai penghambatan sebesar 80.43% terhadap Micrococcus luteus dan 96.16% terhadap Escherichia coli, daya hambat untuk Lipi-F-077 sebesar 79.51% terhadap Micrococcus luteus dan sebesar 95.61% terhadap Escherichia coli.
Keyword: aktivitas antibakteri, kultivasi, morfologi, sianobakteria

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite