Judul: Analisis Hubungan Pinjaman Luar Negeri dan Kebijakan Fiskal di Indonesia
Abstrak: Indonesia is one of many developing countries that use foreign debt in its development. Foreign debt is one of aspects in fiscal policy. Accumulation of foreign debt every year has a relation with fiscal policy instruments such as government expenditure and tax revenue. Foreign debt also affected by economic growth and international interest rate. This research will discuss the analysis of the relation of foreign debt and fiscal policy in Indonesia. Analysis tools that used in this research are Granger causality method, Vector Auto Regression (VAR), Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), Impulse Response Function (IRF), and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD). VECM estimation model result shows that in the short term equation, foreign debt is positively and significantly affecting the debt itself, while in the long term equation, all variables significantly affecting foreign debt which are Gross Domestic Product, government expenditure, tax revenue, and international interest rate. Gross Domestic Product positively affecting foreign debt. Government expenditure, tax revenue, and international interest rate is negatively affecting foreign debt. Result of IRF shows the same result with VECM estimation model for the effect of shocks from Gross Domestic Product, tax revenue, and international interest rate toward foreign debt. However, result of IRF for government expenditure shocks shows positively affecting foreign debt. Foreign debt shocks is affected by the debt itself that contribute with higher proportion in short term. While for long term, foreign debt is affected by the debt itself and other macroeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product, government expenditure, tax revenue, and international interest rate, but the effect of Gross Domestic Product toward foreign debt is higher than other variables.
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Judul: The Effect of the Domestic Public Debt on Financial Development in Indonesia
Abstrak: Pemenuhan defisit pada pembiayaan sektor publik melalui utang domestik dapat memengaruhi kinerja financial development, terutama di negara yang sektor keuangannya masih bertumpu pada satu sub-sektor yaitu perantara keuangan seperti Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh domestic public debt terhadap financial development di Indonesia. Data sekunder yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berbentuk time series dengan periode waktu 2010Q1-2020Q3. Metode pengolahan data yang digunakan yaitu principal component analysis (PCA) dan regresi ordinary least squares (OLS). Dalam penelitian ditemukan bahwa peningkatan pada domestic public debt akan berdampak positif pada financial development di Indonesia. Selain itu ditemukan pula bahwa domestic public debt berdampak positif pada finance-activity dan finance-size namun berdampak negatif pada finance-efficiency. Dengan demikian, pemerintah perlu mengurangi instrumen utang yang diterbitkan ke sistem perbankan demi mengantisipasi dampak financial crowding out yang dalam jangka panjang dapat menghambat proses financial development., Fulfillment of the deficit in the public sector financing through domestic debt may affect the financial development performance, especially in countries where the financial sector is still relies on a single sub-sectors, while the other sub-sectors are not sufficiently developed as Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of the domestic public debt on financial development in Indonesia. Secondary data that used in this study is in form of time series data in the 2010Q1-2020Q3 period. The methods used in this study are principal component analysis (PCA) and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. The results show that an increase in domestic public indebtedness will have a positive impact on Indonesia's financial development. In addition, it was also found that domestic public debt had a positive impact on finance-activity and finance-size but had a negative impact on finance-efficiency. Thus, government should reduce the securitized debt instruments issued mostly to the banking system because it crowds out financial development in the long term.
Keyword: budget deficit, domestic public debt, financial development, ordinary least squares (OLS)

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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