Judul: Comparative Advantage and Trade Flow of Indonesian Cocoa in International Market
Abstrak: Indonesia is the third largest cocoa beans producer in the world after Ivory Coast and Ghana, since total production of cocoa beans in Indonesia around 11.81 percent of the total world production. Cocoa export is driven from the demand side, showed by the growth of world consumption around 3 percent per year. Although the quantity of cocoa exports showed an increase, however, started in 2011 there is a change in the composition of Indonesian cocoa exports, exports of processed cocoa increased, while cocoa beans decreased. This happens due to the impact of taxation cocoa exports that began in 2010. With the increasing trend of Indonesian cocoa exports and an increase in world cocoa consumption, indicating the potential cocoa market is still high in the international market. The volume of cocoa export in the international market is determined by its competitiveness and other factors. Thus, the purposes of this study are: (1) to analyze the competitiveness and the level of competition of Indonesian cocoa beans and processed cocoa in the international market and (2) to analyze the factors that affect the flow Indonesian cocoa beans and processed cocoa trade and the potential trade in the international market. Secondary data were used in the form of panel data, combination between the time series and cross section data. The analysis methods used in this study are: (1) descriptive analysis, (2) Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), (3) Spearman rank correlation analysis, (4) analysis of panel data with gravity models, and (5) ratio of trade potential. The results of this study indicate that the Indonesian cocoa trade in the international market has the highest comparative advantage for cocoa beans (average value RCA 12.53) and the lowest for the cocoa butter (average value RCA 7.35), even though the value of the RCA of all cocoa products shows Indonesia has comparative advantage. Based on the competitiveness analysis, Indonesia has a positive correlation with Ghana in cocoa beans market, but has no correlation with other exporting countries in the markets of cocoa butter and cocoa powder. The variables that significantly influence the volume of Indonesian cocoa exports are real GDP per capita of the destination country, exchange rate, and the cocoa beans export tax. All of these variables have coefficient sign that consistent with the hypothesis. In the cocoa butter model, all variables significantly affect Indonesia's export. All of these variables have coefficient sign that consistent with the hypothesis. Meanwhile, in the cocoa powder model, the variables that significantly influence the volume of exports is Indonesia's per capita real GDP, real GDP per capita of the destination country, and the economic distance between Indonesia and destination countries. The countries that still under trade in cocoa beans model and potentially increased in the future are USA, China, and Brazil. While in cocoa butter trade are China, the Netherlands, and Japan, and in cocoa powder trade are Estonia, Russia, and the United States. This is indicated by the ratio of trade potential is greater than one, which means Indonesia's trade with trading partners has not exceeded the existing trade potential. The increasing potential
Keyword: competitiveness, export, gravity model, cocoa

Judul: Competitiveness of Indonesian Cocoa  Beans and Processed Cocoa Products in the International Market
Abstrak: Kakao memberikan kontribusi pendapatan nasional ketiga tertinggi setelah karet dan kelapa sawit. Sebagian besar kakao Indonesia diekspor dalam bentuk biji. Namun, setelah adanya kebijakan bea keluar terhadap biji kakao terjadi perubahan struktur ekspor yang semula didominasi biji bergeser menjadi produk olahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi perkembangan dan struktur ekspor kakao setelah adanya kebijakan bea keluar dan menganalisis daya saing biji kakao Indonesia dan beberapa produk olahannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah indeks Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Indeks Spesialisasi Perdagangan (ISP), dan Export Product Dynamics (EPD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daya saing biji kakao Indonesia setelah adanya kebijakan bea keluar diukur dengan metode RCA mengalami penurunan signifikan bahkan pada tahun 2016 sampai 2018 nilai RCA biji kakao Indonesia kurang dari satu yang artinya biji kakao Indonesia tidak memiliki keunggulan komparatif. Sedangkan daya saing produk olahan kakao Indonesia kecuali coklat mengalami peningkatan, nilai RCA pasta kakao, lemak kakao, dan bubuk kakao menunjukkan ketiga produk tersebut memiliki keunggulan komparatif., Cocoa provides the third highest contribution to national income after rubber and palm oil. Most of Indonesia's cocoa is exported in the form of beans. However, after the export tax policy for cocoa beans, there was a change in the export structure, which was originally dominated by cocoa beans, shifted to processed products. This study aims to evaluate the development and structure of cocoa exports after the export tax policy and to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa beans and some of their processed products. The methods used are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Trade Specialization Index (ISP), and Export Product Dynamics (EPD). The results showed that the competitiveness of Indonesian cocoa beans after the export tax policy measured by the RCA method decreased significantly, even 2016 to 2018 the RCA value of Indonesian cocoa beans was less than one, meaning that Indonesian’s cocoa beans did not have a comparative advantage. While the competitiveness of processed Indonesian cocoa products except chocolate has increased, the RCA value of cocoa paste, cocoa butter, and cocoa powder shows that these three products have a comparative advantage.
Keyword: Cocoa Beans, Cocoa Processed Products, Exports, RCA

Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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