Judul: Pembuatan Bakso dan Sosis dari Bahan Dasar Daging Ikan Cucut Hasil Pemasakan Ekstruksi serta Evaluasi Mutunya
Abstrak: Daging ikan cucut merupakan sumber protein yang cukup potensial di Indonesia, tetapi pemanfaatannya masih sangat terbatas. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan cara pengolahan yang tepat sehingga daging ikan cucut ini dapat dimanfaatkan untuk konsumsi manusia. Ekstrusi merupakan cara pengolahan yang murah disamping dapat meminimalkan kerusakan zat-zat gizi. Pada proses ekstrusi ini bahan pangan dipaksa mengalir di bawah pengaruh satu atau lebih kondisi operasi seperti pencampuran (mixing), pemanasan dan pemotongan (shearing), melalui suatu cetakan yang dirancang untuk membentuk hasil ekstrusi yang gembung dan kering.
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Judul: Pembuatan Sosis dari Konsentrat Protein Ikan Cucut Bertekstur Daging
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan potensi daging ikan cucut lanyam(Charcharhinus limbatus) menjadi konsentrat protein ikan bertekstur daging (KPIBD) sesuai dengan metode yang dikembangkan oleh Astawan (1990) dan mengaplikasikan KPIBD yang dihasilkan dalam pembuatan produk sosis yang memenuhi standar SNI No. 01-3820-1995. Penelitian pembuatan sosis dari KPIBD terbagi dalam dua bagian yaitu pembuatan sosis KPIBD dengan penambahan daging sapi dan tanpa penambahan daging sapi. Pada sosis KPIBD yang tidak menggunakan daging sapi, adonan sosis dibuat dengan mencampurkan KPIBD yang telah direhidrasi dengan isolat protein kedelai (lPK), lesitin, garam, bumbu, minyak kelapa, tepung campuran (tepung sagu, tapioka dan terigu), flavor daging sapi atau daging ayam serta bahan pewarna merah Ponceau 4R. Proses pembuatan sosis KPIBD dengan penambahan daging sapi sam a dengan sosis KPIBD tanpa daging sapi tetapi tidak lagi menggunakan IPK. Adonan sosis kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam casing dan direbus selama 30 menit pada suhu 80 °C.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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