Judul: Produktivitas Lebah Trigona spp. sebagai Penghasil Propolis pada Perkebunan Pala Monokultur dan Polikultur di Jawa Barat
Abstrak: One of the stingless bee, namely Trigona spp. is a good propolis producer but, until now the species is not cultivated yet. Propolis is made from resin collected by bee from plants and mixed with enzim from bee saliva. The best resin produced by plants that used as medicine. Nutmeg is original plant from Indonesia, and commonly used as medicine. The aim of this study was to analyze the productivity of Trigona bee as propolis producer which were cultivated at monoculture and policulture plantations. This study was carried on at the Experimental Plantation (Cicurug Monoculture Farm) and Community Plantation (Cijeruk Policulture Farm) and data collection were conducted for three months from March until May 2012. Methodology used in this study was direct observation on daily activity and measurement the colony weight of Trigona that was kept at two different farms. Propolis production was measured in the two agroecosyestems and analysed to measure the flavonoid content of propolis produced in each locality. The results showed that the weight of Trigona at monoculture farm was higher than those at the policulture (299 g : 170 g), but the weight of propolis at policulture farm was higher than monoculture farm (92,75 g : 65,57 g). The result of flavonoid content of propolis at monoculture farm is 0,186%, and 0,288% at policulture farm. The difference might be related to the activity of the stingless bee which were more active at the monoculture farm to develop their colony rather than their product (propolis). It shows that the activity of the stingless bee at monoculture was more active than those at the policulture farm.
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Judul: Studi Efikasi Propolis Cair Trigona spp Sebagai Imunomodulator
Abstrak: Propolis adalah produk yang dihasilkan oleh serangga (lebah madu). Lebah menghasilkan beberapa produk seperti madu, royal jeli, polen dan propolis. Propolis disebut sebagai lem lebah, merupakan substansi resin, berwarna kecoklatan kehitaman yang dibuat lebah dengan mengumpulkan getah resin dari pohon-pohon kemudian mencampurnya dengan nectar dan membentuk substansi wax lilin di sarangnya. Secara kimia propolis mengandung bahan-bahan yang sangatlah kompleks, lebih dari 200 komponen telah teridentifikasi. Propolis membantu meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh secara alami, karena propolis yang kaya akan kandungan polifenol, dapat membantu meningkatkan produksi serta aktifitas sel-sel imun. Sistem kekebalan tubuh harus selalu dalam keadaan seimbang, jika respon imunnya kurang maka perlu ditingkatkan dan kalau respon imunnya terlalu tinggi perlu diturunkan. Namun, ada kalanya tubuh tidak berhasil menormalkan sistem imunnya sendiri. Cara menormalkan sistem imun tubuh dari luar adalah dengan imunomodulator. Propolis dengan komponen senyawa-senyawa kimianya menunjukkan bermacam-macam efek biologis dan aktivitas farmakologis salah satunya imunomodulator. Tujuan penelitian ini antara lain yaitu untuk (1) mengidentifikasi profil fitokimia sampel propolis Trigona spp. yang diperoleh dari 3 (tiga) daerah di Indonesia, (2) mengkaji efikasi ekstrak propolis cair Trigona spp. terhadap kemampuan fagositosis makrofag dan memproduksi metabolit NO, (3) mengkaji efikasi ekstrak propolis cair Trigona spp. terhadap respon imun yang diukur melalui produksi sitokin TNF-α, IFN-γ dan IL-2 makrofag, dan (4) mengkaji efikasi ekstrak propolis cair Trigona spp. terhadap kemampuan meningkatkan respon antibodi pada hewan model tikus Sprague Dawley. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratorik yang dilakukan dalam dua tahap penelitian, yaitu Tahap 1 melakukan pengujian kandungan fitokimia propolis cair yang berasal dari provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, Kalimantan Selatan, dan Banten dengan desain penelitian komparatif deskriptif sedangkan, Tahap 2 melakukan pengujian propolis cair secara in vivo menggunakan hewan coba dengan desain Rancangan Acak Lengkap pada 3 taraf perlakuan pemberian propolis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengujian kandungan fitokimia ekstrak etanol propolis Trigona spp. masing-masing yang berasal dari wilayah Sulawesi Selatan teridentifikasi mengandung 12 (dua belas) senyawa volatil (octadecane, (Z)-9-Octadecen-1-ol, pentatriacontane, limonene, tricosane, 1-heptacosanol, heptacosane, 1-hexadecanol, 1-hexadecene, dioctyl adipate, hexadecane dan asam 2-methyl-butanoat); wilayah Kalimantan Selatan mengandung 8 (delapan) senyawa volatil (tricosane, asam hexadecanoat, tetratetracontane, asam asetat, methyl-silane, 1-(acetyloxy)-2-propanone, asam 2-oxo-methyl ester propanoat dan 1-(acetyloxy)-2-butanone); dan wilayah Banten mengandung 8 (delapan) senyawa volatil (nonacosane, tetratetracontane, bis(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate, asam hexadecanoat, tricosane, limonene, pentadecane, dan 2,6-dimethyl-phenol). dst...
Keyword: propolis, Trigona spp. bee, immune response, immunomodulatory

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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