Judul: Analysis on Secretory Structures and Histochemistry of Kitolod (Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G.Don.)
Abstrak: Kitolod (Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G.Don) merupakan tumbuhan obat yang tumbuh di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Tumbuhan ini dimanfaatkan masyarakat untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit, seperti sakit mata, luka, anastesi lokal, dan obat kanker. Tumbuhan obat mengandung metabolit sekunder yang umumnya diproduksi, dan diakumulasi di berbagai macam struktur sekretori. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur sekretori pada tanaman kitolod, serta kandungan beberapa metabolit sekunder yang terdapat pada struktur sekretori tersebut melalui uji histokimia. Analisis struktur sekretori yang dilakukan pada sediaan paradermal, sayatan transversal dan longitudinal, meliputi identifikasi bentuk, letak, tipe, dan kerapatannya. Uji histokimia yang dilakukan meliputi uji alkaloid, lipofilik, terpenoid, fenolat, dan flavonoid. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan struktur sekretori yang ditemukan berupa Trikoma kelenjar uniseriat tipe 1 dan tipe 2, serta sel idioblas, yang mengandung berbagai metabolit sekunder. Selain itu, akumulasi senyawa tersebut juga ditemukan pada struktur yang tidak terspesialisasikan, seperti jaringan epidermis, parenkim, dan berkas pembuluh pada tangkai bunga, palisade dan bunga karang pada daun, berkas pembuluh pada batang, serta korteks, perisikel, parenkim, dan berkas pembuluh pada akar. Tanaman kilotod positif mengandung senyawa alkaloid, lipofilik, terpenoid, fenolat, dan flavonoid. Kata kunci: idioblas, metabolit sekunder, tanaman obat, trikoma., Kitolod (Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G.Don.) is a medicinal plant that grows in tropical and subtropical areas. This plant is used by the community to treat various diseases, such as sore eyes, wounds, and as local anesthetics and cancer drugs. Medicinal plants contain secondary metabolites which are generally produced, and accumulated in various secretory structures. This study aimed to analyze the secretory structures in kitolod plants as well as several secondary metabolites contained in the secretory structures through histochemical tests. The secretory structure analysis carried out on the paradermal, transversal, and longitudinal sections, comprising of identification of their shape, location, type, and density. The histochemical tests carried out on alkaloids, lipophilics, terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids. The results showed that the secretory structures found in kitolod plant were uniseriate glandular trichomes type 1 and type 2, as well as idioblast cells. In addition, the accumulation of secondary metabolites was also found in non-specialized structures, such as epidermis, parenchyme, and vascular bundle tissue of flower stalk; palisade and spongy parenchyme of leaves; vascular bundle of stems; as well as cortex, pericycle, parenchyme, and vascular bundle of roots. The histochemical test provided positive results for the compounds alkaloids, lipophilics, terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids.
Keyword: idioblasts, medicinal plant, secondary metabolite, trichome

Judul: Analysis of Anatomical Structure, Secretory Structure and Histochemical of Pacar air (Impatiens balsamina Linn.)
Abstrak: Pacar air (Impatiens balsamina Linn.) dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai tanaman obat. Hasil studi fitokimia tanaman ini mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa fenol, alkaloid, lipofilik, flavonoid dan terpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur anatomi, struktur sekretori, serta akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terkandung di dalam jaringan tanaman pacar air. Metode penelitian meliputi pengamatan anatomi pada sayatan paradermal dan transversal pada bagian daun, tangkai daun, batang, dan akar, analisis struktur sekretori serta analisis histokimia yang meliputi pengujian senyawa fenol, alkaloid, lipofilik, flavonoid, dan terpenoid. Analisis struktur anatomi menunjukkan stomata terdapat di kedua permukaan daun dengan tipe anomositik. Pembuluh pada tangkai daun terdiri dari tiga berkas. Pigmen antosianin dijumpai pada epidermis dan korteks tangkai daun, batang, dan akar, serta terdapat kristal kalsium oksalat di seluruh bagian tanaman. Struktur sekretori yang ditemukan pada tumbuhan pacar air berupa sel idioblas dan trikoma uniseriat. Uji histokimia menunjukkan bahwa semua organ pada tanaman ini mengakumulasi senyawa fenol, alkaloid, lipofilik, flavonoid, dan terpenoid. Akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder pada helai daun terletak pada sel idioblas di jaringan mesofil, sedangkan pada tangkai daun terletak di sel idioblas jaringan epidermis, korteks, dan trikoma uniseriat. Metabolit sekunder pada batang dan akar terletak di sel idioblas jaringan epidermis dan korteks., Pacar air (Impatiens balsamina Linn.) is used by society as a medicinal plant. Phytochemical studies indicated that this plant contains secondary metabolite compounds such as phenols, alkaloids, lipophilic, flavonoids, and terpenoids. This study aimed to analyze the anatomical, secretory structure, and accumulation site of secondary metabolite compounds in this plant tissues. The method consisted of anatomical observations on paradermal and transverse sections of leaves, petioles, stems, and roots, analysis of secretory structures, and histochemical analysis which included testing for phenols, alkaloids, lipophilic, flavonoids, and terpenoids compounds. Anatomical structure analysis showed that stomata were found on both leaf surfaces with anomocytic type. Vessels on the petiole consist of three bundles. Anthocyanin pigments are found in the epidermis and cortex of petioles, stems and roots, and there are calcium oxalate crystals in all parts of the plant. The secretory structures found in this plants are idioblast cells and uniseriate trichomes. Histochemical tests showed that all organs in this plant accumulated phenolic compounds, alkaloids, lipophiles, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The accumulation of secondary metabolites in the leaf blade is located in idioblast cells in the mesophyll tissue, while in the petiole it is located in the idioblast cells of the epidermis, cortex, and uniseriate trichomes. Secondary metabolites in stems and roots are located in idioblast cells of the epidermis and cortex.
Keyword: alkaloid, kristal kalsium oksalat, monoterpen, sel idioblas, trikoma uniseriat, alkaloids, calcium oxalate crystals, idioblast cells, monoterpene, uniseriate trichomes

Judul: A monte carlo investigation of the power of white and breuschpagan tests on detecting regression heteroscedasticity
Abstrak: White and Breusch-Pagan Tests were designed to test whether the data violate the assumption of homoscedasticity in a linear model or not. In this research, a Monte Carlo Simulation was used to investigate the power as well as the consequence of failure of both tests in detection of heteroscedasticity as measured with Relative Efficiency (RE) of estimators between OLS and WLS. This research was focused on simple linear regression case and the variance function used was g(z, a) = I +a1 z", and the z was assumed as x. In this experiment, three factors were tried, the sample size or the ma"imum value of x, the proportion of contamination of error and the power of variauce fuuction. The simulation reveals that both tests have a similar pattern in the power due to the effects of three factors tried. However, the Breusch-Pagan Test always shows better power. The maximum value of x has increasing effect in the power of both tests and has interaction with power of the variance function. The proportion of contamination has non-linear effect on the power and has little interaction effect witll tile other factors. In general, the consequence of failure as measured with RE was the increase of RE as the power of both tests increased due to the increased of variance ratio between tile smallest and the largest value of the error variance yielded by tile variance function.
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