Judul: Isolation and Characterization of Proteolytic Bacteria  from Banana Peel Ecoenzymes
Abstrak: Limbah buah segar hasil fermentasi atau ekoenzim merupakan suatu cairan fermentasi yang dihasilkan dari limbah organik yang dapat dimanfaatkan di bidang pertanian, pangan, dan rumah tangga. Ekoenzim mengandung enzim protease, amilase, dan lipase yang dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme yang terlibat dalam proses fermentasinya. Bakteri proteolitik merupakan bakteri penghasil enzim protease yang bermanfaat meningkatkan fungsi detergen dalam membersihkan noda, penambah cita rasa, dan menguraikan limbah organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan melakukan karakterisasi bakteri proteolitik dari limbah buah pisang. Sebanyak 12 bakteri proteolitik berhasil diisolasi dari ekoenzim pada media Nutrient Agar yang ditambahkan susu skim 1%. Seluruh isolat diketahui memiliki kemampuan proteolitik yang ditunjukkan dengan pembentukan zona bening di sekitar koloni. Isolat EP03 dan EP07 merupakan bakteri proteolitik terpilih, karena memiliki indeks proteolitik tertinggi sebesar 3,00 dan 3,40. Produksi protease tertinggi isolat EP03 sebesar 0,114 U/mg pada jam ke-21 inkubasi pada suhu ±27 °C dan pH 7. Produksi protease isolat EP07 sedikit lebih rendah dibandingkan EP03 yaitu 0,099 U/mg pada jam ke-18 pada suhu ±27 °C dan pH 7. Isolat EP03 dan EP07 memiliki aktivitas optimum enzim masing-masing pada pH 7 dan suhu 30 oC., Fermented fresh fruit waste or ecoenzyme is a fermented liquid produced from organic waste that can be used in agriculture, food, and households. Ecoenzymes contains protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes produced by microorganisms involved in the fermentation process. Proteolytic bacteria are bacteria that produce protease enzymes that are useful in increasing the function of detergents in cleaning stains, enhancing flavors and decompose organic waste. This study aims to isolate and characterize proteolytic bacteria from fermented banana waste products. A total of 12 proteolytic bacteria were isolated from the ecoenzymes on nutrient agar media with 1% skim milk added. All isolates were known to have proteolytic ability as indicated by the formation of a clear zone around the colony. Isolates EP03 and EP07 were the selected proteolytic bacteria, because they had the highest proteolytic index of 3,00 and 3,40, respectively. The highest protease production of EP03 isolate was 0.114 U/mg at the 21st hour of incubation at a temperature of ±27 °C and pH 7. The protease production of EP07 isolate was slightly lower than that of EP03, which was 0.099 U/mg at the 18th hour at ±27 °C and pH 7. Isolates EP03 and EP07 had optimum enzyme activity at pH 7 and 30 °C, respectively.
Keyword: coenzyme, organic waste, protease, proteolytic index, specific activity

Judul: Pembuatan dan Analisis Karakteristik Eco-Enzyme Berbahan Dasar Kombinasi Kulit Buah: Nanas, Melon, Pepaya, dan Pisang
Abstrak: Eco-enzyme merupakan larutan multifungsi yang dihasilkan melalui proses fermentasi dari sampah organik (kulit buah), gula dan air dengan perbandingan 3:1:10 dalam wadah plastik kedap udara. Waktu fermentasi eco-enzyme umumnya selama tiga bulan kemudian larutan disaring. Eco-enzyme memiliki manfaat sebagai anti-jamur, anti-bakteri, insektisida, agen pembersih. bahkan penyubur tanaman. Perbedaan bahan baku yang digunakan dalam pembuatan eco-enzyme menghasilkan sifat fisik, kimia, dan biologi yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui karakteristik organoleptik, kimia dan biologi eco-enzyme berbahan kombinasi kulit buah: nanas, melon, pepaya, dan pisang. Kombinasi bahan baku eco-enzyme menggunakan dua variasi gula yaitu gula pasir (G1) dan gula merah (G2), dan empat variasi kombinasi kulit buah di antaranya nanas–melon (K1), nanas–pepaya (K2), melon-pepaya (K3) dan pisang-nanas-melon (K4). Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi uji organoleptik, pH, N-tersedia, N-total, P, K, C-organik, total populasi mikrob dan fungi. Hasil penelitian uji organoleptik terdapat perbedaan warna dan aroma pada setiap kombinasi. Nilai pH yang dihasilkan di antara 3,05 – 3,41. Hasil pengukuran N-total tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan G1K3 yaitu sebesar 0,56%, P-total tertinggi pada perlakuan G2K2 dan G2K3 sebesar 0,06% dan 0,07%, K-total tertinggi pada perlakuan G2K4 yaitu sebesar 0,99%, dan C-organik pada perlakuan G1K4 menunjukkan nilai yang tertinggi sebesar 1,44%. Nilai pH dan kandungan unsur hara pada eco-enzyme belum memenuhi standar mutu pupuk organik cair. Analisis populasi mikrob dan fungi menggunakan metode total plate count (TPC). Analisis populasi mikrob mengalami penurunan total populasi pada fermentasi bulan ketiga kecuali perlakuan G1K3 dan G2K3 yang mengalami kenaikan. Begitu juga pada total populasi fungi mengalami penurunan pada fermentasi bulan ketiga., Eco-enzyme is a multifunctional solution produced through a fermentation process from organic waste (fruit peel), sugar and water in a ratio of 3: 1: 10 in an airtight plastic container. The fermentation time of eco-enzymes is generally three months then the solution is filtered. Eco-enzymes have benefits such as anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, insecticide, cleaning agent, and even plant fertilizers. The difference in raw materials used to manufacture eco-enzymes results in different physical, chemical, and biological properties. This study aims to determine the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of eco-enzymes made from a combination of pineapple, melon, papaya, and banana peels. The variety of eco-enzyme raw materials uses two variations of sugar, white sugar (G1) and brown sugar (G2), and four variations of fruit peel combinations consisted of pineapple-melon (K1), pineapple-papaya (K2), melon-papaya (K3) and banana-pineapple-melon (K4). The analysis included organoleptic tests, pH, available N, total N, total P, total K, C-organic, total population of microbe and fungal. The results of organoleptic test research have differences in color and scent in each combination. The resulting pH value is between 3.05 – 3.41. The highest total N measurement results were found in the G1K3 treatment at 0.56%, the highest total P in the G2K2 and G2K3 treatment at 0.06% and 0.07%, the highest total K in the G2K4 treatment at 0.99%, and the C-organic in the G1K4 treatment showing the highest value of 1.44%. The pH value and nutrient content in eco-enzymes have not met the quality standards of liquid organic fertilizers. Analysis of microbial and fungi populations using the total plate count (TPC)
Keyword: fermentation, microb, nutrient, organic fertilizer, organic waste

Judul: Implementation of Spatio-Temporal Change Query in Relational Database.
Abstrak: Geographic object changes in various views. Object changes are recorded using a model of static storage. No historical connection between old version data and new version data has been built. For that, a storage model of spatio-temporal queries that can analyze spatio-temporal changes has been developed. The object changes the geometry are grouped according to the taxonomy of Spatio-Temporal Pattern Change. This research has been able to apply the query patterns change including born, expand, merge, contract, split, normal and die. This query based on geometric (area) changes. The implementation of spatio-temporal change queries represents an object changes continuously with easy, change detection is done by comparing two versions of data. Keyword: spatio-temporal change query, spatio-temporal change pattern.
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