Judul: Amfibi sebagai satwa peliharaan: Ekspor, Impor dan Perdagangan Domestik
Abstrak: Indonesia has exported amphibian as frozen frog legs (listed since 1969 under fishery product) for consumption and live amphibian (listed since 1983 under reptilian class in forestry product) for pets. There are also live amphibian trading in local level i.e in markets and malls. This research aims to identify amphibian species exported and imported by investigating document from related administration and to identify amphibian species traded in domestic market by observation at Jakarta. Research is primarily conducted by processing quota data taken from Department of Forestry Republic of Indonesia database in Jakarta. Market observation was carried out in 18 locations (3 markets and 15 malls) in Jakarta. I carried out interview with trader and export business, which related to net trading live amphibians for pets. Respondent was choosen using snowball sampling manner. Name of species is written according to Iskandar & Coljin (2000). If there is no such record in the checklist (for example species are from outside Indonesia), then the species name is written according to Frost (2004). There are 56 species from eight families of wild amphibians that have pets quota between 1998-2008. Nineteen species was traded since 1983. The highest export quota is Litoria caerulea (21,37%). Allocation of highest catching quota is for BKSDA Jayapura (20,40%) and BKSDA Papua Barat (18,96%). Four species are included in IUCN Red List categories as vulnerable, among others are Limnonectes macrodon, Meristogenys jerboa, Nyctixalus margaritifer and Rhacophorus margaritifer. The number of amphibians that have export realization are 39 species. Two species of amphibian, Leptobrachium hasseltii and Rhacophorus margaritifer are amphibian species whose been known infected by chytrid fungus in the wild. The biggest species exported is Litoria caerulea (54,34%). Between 1983-1991, the biggest import amphibian for pets from Indonesia (66,13%) is Netherlands. Number of quota was relative stable in the last eight years, where as the number of export realization is more fluctuates. Amphibian species imported and re-exported between 1983-2008 come from Africa, South Asia, Malaysian, Archipelago Oceania, North America, Central America and South America. The number of pet amphibian species traded at domestic market is less than exported. Data showed that Indonesia imports 15 amphibian species between 1983-2008, However I found different species in the market that was unrecorded in the Ministry of Forestry data, which is the Fire Belly Salamander.
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Judul: Perdagangan reptilia sebagai binatang peliharaan di DKI Jakarta
Abstrak: DKI Jakarta in the world of wildlife trade is often referred as yellow dots, a city vulnerable to illegal trade. Wildlife trade in DKI Jakarta consists not only on ornamental fish, mammals and birds, but even reptiles. This study aims to describe trade locations, identify species of trade and analyze preferences of pet reptiles. The study was conducted in five traditional markets and 35 pet shops in DKI Jakarta, using interviews and investigative methods. I also carried out survey on cyber-market trade and interviews to pet reptile owners. The study was carried out from August 20th to November 20th, 2010. A total of 52 species (26 species of turtles, 23 snakes and three lizards) were traded on traditional markets, and 46 species (21 species of turtles, 19 species of snakes and six species of lizards) at the pet store. In traditional markets the common species sold are local species, but not on pet stores where most are imported species. In total, survey found five species of protected reptiles according to PP No. 7 of 1999, four species of Appendix I CITES’s reptiles and six species listed as critically endangered by IUCN Red List. Three forums in internet carried out cyber markets of pet reptiles. The most favorite pet reptiles were snakes, especially the ball python (Python regius).
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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