Judul: Keanekaragaman jenis burung pada beberapa tipe habitat di Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation (TWNC), Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan Lampung
Abstrak: Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation (TWNC) is part of the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The area called Tambling (Tampang-Belimbing) is a conservation area that conserve high biodiversity. TWNC is managed by PT Adhiniaga Kreasinusa (AKN). The purposes of this research are 1). to compare the diversity of bird species at several types of habitat in TWNC, those are coastal forest, lowland forest, plantation and grassland. 2). to identify the difference of bird species composition among types of habitat. 3). to know the local birds distribution related to the types of habitat in TWNC. This research was conducted from August to November 2009. Data of birds was collected using MacKinnon species list and point count method or IPA (Ponctuel Indices d'Abondance). Data of habitat was collected using vegetation analysis and habitat used approach. Data of vegetation was collected by sampling plot 20 x 100 m. T-test was used to determine differences in bird species diversity among the coastal forest, lowland forest, plantation, and grassland habitats at the 95% confidence level. The vegetation in the coastal forest habitat was dominated by beach hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus) with Important Value Index (IVI) 114.49%. In the lowland forest habitat was dominated by meranti (Shorea sp) with IVI 66.71%. Vegetation in plantation habitat consisted of coffee (Coffea robusta) and cacao (Thebroma cacao). Grassland habitat is dominated by species kerawatan (Cyonodon dactylon) and rumput jarum (Andropoghon aciculatus). The total bird species found in four types of habitat were 116 species, comprising 38 families. Twenty-eight species are categorized as protected by Indonesian government regulation No. 7 of 1999, 12 species are listed in the IUCN (Critically Endangered and Near Threatened), and 19 species are listed in CITES (Appendix I and II). The highest bird Diversity Index was found in plantation habitat (H’=2.93). The Evenness Index in four habitat types are distributed evenly. The habitats that have the highest similarity are between lowland forest and plantation habitats (ISJ=0.54). T-test results shows that there is no significant differences among four habitats in terms of birds diversity, it was predicted because of small sample size and a narrow area of research. Bird species in each habitat type has a different level of dominance. Regarding vertical distribution, birds in coastal forest lived in C to E strata. Vertical distribution of birds in lowland forest was found in A to E strata. Vertical distribution of birds in plantation habitat was found from C to E strata. While in grassland habitat birds were only found in E strata. The common bird activities were perching, singing, flying, and walking. Bird activity that was mostly found at coastal forest, lowland forest, and plantation was perching. At grassland habitat, common bird activity was walking.
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Judul: Kekayaan Jenis Burung pada Habitat Perairan sebagai Potensi Wisata Birdwatching di Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation, Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan Provinsi Lampung.
Abstrak: Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation (TWNC) is a conservation area located in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (TNBBS). The management of this area is conducted by PT. Adhiniaga Kreasinusa through the Minister of Forestry Decree No.415/Kpts-II/1992 using IPPA (The Consension of Nature Tourism Bussiness) . Tourism activity that has been already run in this area is night safari. To maximize the visitation to this area, other tourism activities should be provided to give more experiences to visitors and contribute positive impact for conservation. One of alternative tourism is birdwatching. The objectives of this study are to record bird species, count the abundance of bird, describe bird spatial and temporal distribution, and give recommendations for birdwatching tourism. Habitats in TWNC consisted of coastal forest, mangrove forest, lowland forest, and aquatic habitats (lakes, beaches, swamps, estuaries and coral reefs). The study was conducted in the aquatic habitats of TWNC (lakes, beaches, estuaries). Preliminary survey was conducted in October 2008 and the research was conducted in August-September 2009. Data was collected by using concentration count methods, survey methods and the “look and see” methods. Data analysis was done by counting bird species richness, abundance, and distribution at each study site. Bird species distribution was analyzed based on the place (spatial distribution) and time of daily activity (temporal distribution). There were 83 bird species found in TWNC. The highest abundance was sea Imperial-pigeon (Ducula bicolor). The species that were commonly found in every locations included Copsychus saularis, Egretta sacra, Charadrius dubius, Tringa hypoleucos, and Todirhamphus chloris. Species that was found in only certain locations were Burhinus giganteus, Egretta garzetta, and Eudynamys scolopacea. Most bird activities occurred between 06.00-10.00 a.m. and 03.00 – 06.00 p.m. The potential species for Birdwatching are Burhinus giganteus, Leptoptilos javanicus, Phaenicophaeus spp., Haliaeetus leucogaster, Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus, Anthracoceros albitrosis, Ardea sumatrana, Pelargopsis capensis, and Egretta sacra. The recommended locations for Birdwatching are Saung Bajau, Sei Leman, Way Tinggal, and Menjukut. The birdwatching activity will be better if done during 06.00-10.00 am (morning) and between 03.00-06.00 pm. The results of this study is expected to be a baseline data for managers to prepare packages of special interest toursim, that is birdwatching, in TWNC area, and conduct birds monitoring in aquatic habitats. In addition, the manager is expected to provide infrastructure and facilities for birdwatching activities such as birds observation equipment, interpretation boards, leaflets and guide person.
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Judul: Approximation of the Median of Poisson Distribution Using the Relation of Poisson-Gamma Distribution
Abstrak: A major drawback of median is that median cannot usually be defined in closed form, even in the cases where their distribution functions are known. This study gives an approximation of the closed form for the median of the Poisson distribution by using the relation of Poisson-Gamma distribution. The approximation uses elementary techniques based on the monotonicity of certain sequences involving tail probabilities of the Poisson distribution and the Central Limit Theorem. Furthermore, a closed form expression for the mean absolute deviation 􀜧|􀜰􀰒 􀵆 􀜯􀝁􀝀􁈺􀜰􀰒􁈻| is also studied. The median is relevant because of the fact that it minimizes the mean absolute deviation of a Poisson random variable (􀜰􀰒􁈻 by considering median as central tendency.
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