Judul: Modifikasi Biohidrogenasi Rumen dan Suplementasi Asam Lemak Tidak Jenuh untuk Meningkatkan Asam Linoleat Terkonjugasi dalam Susu
Abstrak: Recently, people have become increasingly aware of their health by consuming bioactive compounds such as Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) found in CLA-rich milk. Various factors, such as the type of feed, environmental conditions, fatty acid content, and biohydrogenation processes in the rumen, influence the synthesis of CLA in milk. To date, there has been limited research on optimizing feed selection, environmental conditions, fatty acid (FA) content in the feed, and protection against biohydrogenation in the rumen to produce CLA-rich milk. In general, this research aims to produce CLA-rich milk through a series of studies with specific objectives: (1) Selecting the type of forage, its environmental origin, and in vitro fermentation biohydrogenation processes that have the potential to provide precursors and the best conditions for CLA synthesis, (2) Choosing the supplementation of high unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) oils and their inclusion levels in the diet that do not disrupt rumen fermentation and digestion, and (3) Testing the diet with the best forage type and protected oil supplements to achieve the highest milk production and CLA content. This research's first phase was to select the type of grass, its origin, and harvest age that contains the best FAs for healthy milk fat synthesis. Forage was the primary and most cost-effective source of FAs, including CLA, which influences milk FAs. The first phase of the research aims to analyze fermentation, digestibility, biohydrogenation, nutritional composition, and FAs of diets consisting of elephant grass (EG) and king grass (KG). The forage was obtained from highland (Pangalengan Regency) and lowland (Dramaga Regency) areas, with three different harvest ages (1, 1.5, and 2 months). The diets were then analyzed for their nutrition and FAs. In vitro research was conducted to analyze in vitro fermentation, biohydrogenation, and digestibility. The treatments showed significant differences in NH3 levels, ranging from 5.31 to 8.86 mM. The highest NH3 levels were found in diets containing highland EG harvested at 1.5 months. Dry matter digestibility (DMD) values ranged from 58.27 – 64.39 %, and organic matter digestibility (OMD) values ranged from 61.07 – 67.18 %. Different digestibility values were found for different harvest ages, with an interaction between elevation and harvest age. This aligns with the content of cellulose, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and lignin in the grass. The highest digestibility was found in EG at 1.5 months. Diets containing KG significantly produced higher C18:0 and trans C18:1 than diets containing EG. The lower content of C18:0 and trans C18:1 in EG diets was likely due to partial biohydrogenation processes. Inhibition of the biohydrogenation process was suspected to be caused by the phenolic content in EG grass. Thus, it can be concluded that highland EG at 1.5 months was a potential diet to support healthier FA production in milk. The study's second stage was to choose the high UFA oil supplementation used. High UFA supplementation oil is believed to improve milk FA, including CLA. The study aimed to analyze the effect of oil high in UFA supplementation on the fermentation and digestibility of the ration. The ration contains 40 % EG and 60 % commercial
Keyword: biohydrogenation products, calcium soap, digestibility, fatty acid, lemuru oil

Judul: Reconstruction of Dairy Cow Feed Based on Milk Quality and Fermentation Profiles In Vitro
Abstrak: Susu merupakan salah satu komoditi utama dari produk hasil ternak. Selain dikonsumsi dalam bentuk segar, susu juga dapat disajikan dalam bentuk yang sudah diproses sehingga lebih tahan lama dan lebih mudah untuk dikonsumsi. Kandungan lemak dan asam lemak susu merupakan salah satu nutrien yang menentukan kualitas susu. Sejumlah asam lemak memiliki manfaat yang baik bagi kesehatan sebagai contoh asam linoleat terkonjugasi (CLA). Asam lemak susu sangat kompleks dan sangat mudah berubah terutama disebabkan oleh faktor pakan dan ketinggian wilayah. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa profil asam lemak susu mampu membedakan kualitas susu dari ketinggian berbeda. Sedangkan perbedaan kualitas susu antar kedua wilayah tidak terlihat pada komposisi nutrien susu yang umum digunakan sebagai komponen penentu harga meliputi kadar lemak, solid non-fat, protein, dan laktosa. Berdasarkan hasil survey, diketahui bahwa terdapat beragam pola pemberian pakan. Dilakukan penelitian lanjutan guna mempelajari pengaruh pola pemberian pakan terhadap kualitas susu. Lima peternak dipilih dengan mengacu kepada kadar CLA tertinggi pada susu. Rekonstruksi ransum juga dilakukan guna mempelajari fermentabilitas ransum di rumen yang dilakukan secara in vitro. Hasil pengamatan dan analisis, diketahui bahwa pemberian ransum dengan variasi nutrien harian yang rendah, menghasilkan produksi susu, kualitas asam lemak susu, dan fermentabilitas serta kecernaan pakan yang lebih baik., Milk is one of the main commodities of livestock products. It can also be served in a processed form so that it is more durable and easier to consume. Milk fats and fatty acids is one of the nutrients that determine the quality of milk. A number of fatty acids have good health benefits as an example of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Milk fatty acids are very complex and very volatile mainly due to feed factors and the height of the region. This research shows that the profile of milk fatty acids is able to distinguish the quality of milk from different heights. While the difference in milk quality between the two regions is not seen in the composition of milk nutrients commonly used as a price-determining component including fat content, solid non-fat, protein, and lactose. Based on the results of the survey, it is known that there are various feeding patterns. Further research was conducted to study the influence of feeding patterns on the quality of milk. Five breeders were selected with reference to the highest CLA levels in milk. Ration reconstruction is also done to study the fermentability of rations in rumen conducted in vitro. It is known that the administration of rations with low daily nutrient variations, resulting in milk production, quality of milk fatty acids, and better fermentability and digestibility of feed.
Keyword: asam lemak, in vitro, lemak susu, sapi perah, dairy cows, fatty acid, milk fat

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf