Judul: Analisis Struktur Kristal PIZT Menggunakan Metode Gsas
Abstrak: GSAS (general structure analysis ,yslem) merupakan sebuah sojtware yang dapat menganalisa secara simuhan semua data yang dihasilkan oleh difraksi sinar-X dan hamburan neutron. Metode GSAS mengacu pada metode penghalusan (rejtnement) berdasarkan anal isis Rietveld. Analisis ini merujuk pada penghalusan struktur dengan cara mencocokan (fitiing) keseluruhan pola difraksi sinar-X dan berguna untuk mendapatkan data struktur mikro secara Iebih akural. Pada penelitian dilakukan penghalusan parameter-parameter struktur sembilan sampel PIZT dengan variasi doping indium dan substrat, didapat indikator keberhasilan R-pola (Rp) pada selang (5,63-10,36)%, R-pola dengan pemberat (wRp) pada selang antara (7,67-15,35)% dan Goodness oj Fil (GoF) pada selang antara 1,036-5,462. Indikatoryang didapat secara fisik dapat ditandai dengan miripnya kurva kalkulasi dengan kurva eksperimen. Pada PIZT serbuk dan PIZT substrat Si diperoleh bahwa PIZT memiliki sistem kristal tetragonal dan unsur Pt (Platina) memiliki sistem kristal kubik. Selain itu didapat nilai parameter kisi hasil penghalusan yang mendekati literatur Jnternalional Cenlre jar Dijraclio/1 Data (ICDD) dan Badan Standardisasi Nasiona!.
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Judul: Analisis struktur kristal kalsit (CaC3) dengan metode rietyeld
Abstrak: Telah dilakukan analisis data XRD pada suhu ruang dengan penghalusan parameter metode Rietveld pada bahan kalsit (CaCO3). Dihasilkan nilai indikator R-pola (Rp) 10,43%; R-pola dengan pemberat (Rw) 15, 35%; R-Bragg (Ra) - 3,94%; penyesuaian terbaik (GoF) 3,49 dan faktor Durbin-Watson (d) 0,642. Dalam analisis ini diperoleh 21 parameter yang diperhalus mencakup latar belakang (6), faktor skala (1), pergeseran titik nol (1), bentuk puncak U,V,W (3), koefisien puncak FWHM (3), ocupancy (6) dan arah orientasi yang disukai (1). Hasil analisis juga menunjukkan bahwa struktur kristal kalsit adalah heksagonal dengan parameter kisi hasil penghalusan adalah a=b=4,9891 A, c- 17,0424 A, a-B-90 dan y120"
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Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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