Judul: Dampak Konversi Lahan Terhadap Keberlanjutan Ekologi. Studi Kasus: Kelurahan Mulyaharja, Kecamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Provinsi Jawa Barat.
Abstrak: This study has three objectives: 1) to identify the phenomena and factors that cause land conversion, 2) to examine the impact of land conversion in terms of sociological, economic, and political aspects, 3) to examine the impact of land conversion of ecological aspects .This study was conducted in the village Mulyaharja. It is an area of land conversion, where almost the entire area of Mulyaharja has switched its functions into a settlement area (real estate). Previously the area was productive agricultural land. The case of agricultural land conversion in Mulyaharja was caused by the farmers’ decision to sell their land and such decision was promoted by such factors as economic, social, and policies. The effects of land conversion involve a number of aspects. For example, its sociological impacts include the gap between indigenous people and immigrants as well as lifestyle changes introduced by the immigrants. The economic impacts include changes in land tenure, productivity and income levels of the community. The political impact can be seen from the many companies that are committed to investment of funds in one or more assets for several periods in the future. The conversion of agricultural land to settlement area has greatly negative impact on the ecology. The ecological already apparent now shows the damage to the environment at an alarming stage because of the big large opportunity for the rural communities of Mulyaharja to move and open up land on the higher ground. Now, there should be fundamental changes in the paradigm of development in relation with nature.
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Judul: Konversi Lahan dan Perubahan Strategi Nafkah Masyarakat Pedesaan (Kasus: Kelurahan Mulyaharja, Kecamatan Bogor Selatan, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat).
Abstrak: Cases of land conversion in the Sub-district of Mulyaharja are caused by the people's decision to sell their land. The decision to sell the land is triggered by several factors. These factors include low levels of education, low income, ownership of small land, life necessities, lifestyle, corporate mediators' strategies, company's investment. The decision to sell the land turns out to have a major impact on the economic and social aspects of the community. In the social aspects, there is a change in the social relations between the land owner and farm workers from the fifty-fifty system of cultivation to a rental system. Economically, the status of farmers' livelihoods has changed and new strategies of livelihood have emerged. In agriculture, prior to land conversion, most people were land owners. In contrast, after conversion they mostly become land workers or cultivators. In addition, there are a variety of community's strategies of livelihood.
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Judul: Influenza Specific Immunoglobulin Y Purification from Egg Yolk with Sodium Chloride Precipitation Method
Abstrak: Imunoglobulin Yolk (IgY) yang terdapat dalam kuning telur telah banyak dimanfaatkan untuk imunoterapi dan imunodiagnostik. Salah satu kendala dalam pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur adalah pemisahan Ig dengan lemak, sehingga teknik pemurnian Ig selalu berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur dengan metode pengendapan menggunakan sodium chloride (NaCl) serta melakukan karakterisasi IgY spesifik influenza. Sodium chloride dipilih karena bahan kimia ini relatif murah, ramah lingkungan, dan tidak merusak imunoaktivitas IgY. Kuning telur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari telur ayam layer yang divaksinasi dengan vaksin influenza Flubio® yang berisi virus Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 dan B/Washington. Pemurnian IgY hanya dilakukan pada kuning telur yang mengandung antibodi spesifik influenza. Deteksi keberadaan antibodi spesifik influenza ditentukan dengan uji agar gel presipitasi (AGP) dan metode enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Konsentrasi IgY hasil pemurnian dihitung dengan spektrofotometer dan karakterisasi protein dilakukan dengan metode Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Konsentrasi protein dari hasil pemurnian IgY memiliki nilai rata – rata 50,403 mg/mL. Hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan enam pita protein, yaitu struktur IgY utuh (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), rantai berat IgY (66,54 kDa), Fab ( 47,65 kDa), rantai ringan IgY (21,85 kDa), dan β-livetin (36,74 kDa). IgY hasil pemurnian masih dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza berdasarkan uji ELISA. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemurnian IgY menggunakan metode pengendapan NaCl dapat memurnikan IgY dengan struktur utuh, meskipun masih ada dua protein tidak spesifik hasil pemurnian. IgY yang dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza mengindikasikan prospek pemanfaatannya untuk pencegahan influenza dan imunodiagnostik., Yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) contained in egg yolk has been widely used for immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. One of the obstacles in IgY purification from egg yolk is separating Ig from fat, so that IgY purification techniques are always developing. This study aimed to purify IgY from egg yolk using sodium chloride (NaCl) precipitation method and to characterize influenza-specific IgY. Sodium chloride was chosen because this chemical is relatively unexpensive, environmentally friendly, and does not impair IgY immunoactivity. The egg yolks used in this study were collected from layer eggs vaccinated with the Flubio® influenza vaccine, which contains the Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 and B/Washington viruses. IgY purification was only carried out on egg yolks containing influenza specific antibodies. The presence of influenza-specific antibodies was determined by the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The purified IgY concentration was determined using spectrophotometer, and protein characterization was performed using the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. Protein concentration from purification has a mean value of 50,403 mg/mL . SDS-PAGE result showed six protein bands, namely intact IgY structure (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), IgY heavy chain (66,54 kDa), Fab (47,65 kDa), IgY light chain (21,85 kDa), and β-livetin (36,74 kDa). The purified IgY still able to bind with influenza antigen based on the ELISA test. The results of this study indicate that purification of IgY using the NaCl precipitation method can purify IgY with intact structure, although there are still two unspecific proteins in the purification results. The resulting IgY can bind to influenza antigens indicating the
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, influenza, egg yolk, purification, sodium chloride