Judul: Potential of Limonoid in the Rutaceae Family as Receptor Obstacle for Breast Cancer using In Silico Analysis
Abstrak: Kanker payudara menjadi kasus kanker terbanyak di Indonesia dengan penderita terbanyak adalah wanita. Obat kanker payudara telah ditemukan, salah satunya tamoksifen, tetapi menimbulkan efek samping. Senyawa potensial sebagai obat antikanker payudara perlu ditemukan salah satunya melalui cara penambatan molekuler karena biaya penelitian yang murah dan waktu pengerjaan yang singkat. Ligan alami pada reseptor yang terekspresi dalam kanker payudara memiliki kemiripan bentuk dengan senyawa limonoid. Senyawa tersebut banyak ditemukan dalam famili Rutaceae. Penelitian ini bertujuan memprediksi senyawa limonoid dari famili Rutaceae yang berpotensi sebagai obat antikanker payudara melalui teknik penambatan molekuler. Hasil penambatan molekuler serta prediksi toksisitas dan farmakokinetik menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat senyawa yang berpotensi sebagai obat antikanker payudara dengan ekspresi dominan reseptor progesteron, yaitu obakunon, 7α-obakunol, 7α-obakunil asetat, dan epoksiazadiradion. Keempat senyawa tersebut berpotensi dijadikan obat oral dan tidak toksik., Breast cancer has become the most cancer case in Indonesia, which is women are the main patient of the case. A cure for breast cancer has been found, one of them is tamoxifen, but it has side effects. Potential compounds as anticancer drugs need to be found, one of which is through molecular docking because the research costs are cheap and the processing time is short. Natural ligands on receptors expressed in breast cancer have a similar shape to limonoid compounds. Limonoid compounds are commonly found in the Rutaceae family. The goal of this study is to predict limonoid compounds from the family Rutaceae that have the potential as anticancer drugs for breast cancer through molecular docking techniques. The results of molecular docking, toxicity prediction, and pharmacokinetic prediction have shown that four compounds have the potential as breast anti-cancer drugs with a dominant expression of progesterone receptors, there are obacunone, 7α-obacunol, 7α-obacunyl acetate, and epoxyazadiradione. The four compounds can be used as oral drugs and are not toxic.
Keyword: breast cancer, in silico, limonoid, oral drug, Rutaceae

Judul: Literature Review on Limonoid Compounds as Anticancer
Abstrak: Limonoid merupakan metabolit sekunder golongan turunan triterpenoid yang diduga berpotensi sebagai antikanker. Eksplorasi tanaman dari famili Meliaceae dan Rutaceae menunjukkan bahwa limonoid memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik yang potensial menghambat sel kanker payudara, serviks, hati, kolon, pankreas, dan paru-paru. Telaah pustaka ini bertujuan menelaah senyawa limonoid pada tanaman famili Meliaceae dan Rutaceae baik dari segi struktur, klasifikasi, serta bioaktivitasnya sebagai antikanker. Pustaka ditelaah dengan mengumpulkan pustaka terpublikasi dan menganalisis data serta informasi secara deskriptif. Evaluasi aktivitas sitotoksik secara in vitro terhadap senyawa limonoid dari tanaman Meliaceae dan Rutaceae menunjukkan potensi yang sangat tinggi sebagai antikanker masing-masing dengan IC50 1,27-18,42 µg/mL dan cukup tinggi (moderat) dengan IC50 20,6-69,0 µg/mL. Mekanisme sitotoksik dari senyawa limonoid diidentifikasi melalui induksi apoptosis jalur intrinsik. Aktivitas sitotoksik yang potensial dipengaruhi oleh struktur senyawa limonoid. Limonoid dari Meliaceae termasuk kelompok meksikanolida, limonoid cincin D-seco, azadiradion, dan turunan limonoid. Pada genus Citrus (Rutaceae) limonoid yang ditemukan merupakan limonoid cincin A, D-seco., Limonoids are secondary metabolites of triterpenoid derivatives that are thought to be potential as anticancer. Exploration of plants from the Meliaceae and Rutaceae families showed that limonoids have potential cytotoxic activities to inhibit breast, cervical, liver, colon, pancreatic, and lung cancer cells. This literature review examines limonoid compounds in plants of the Meliaceae and Rutaceae families in terms of structure, classification, and bioactivity as anticancer. This literature review is carried out by collecting published literature, analyzing data and information descriptively. Evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of limonoids using the in vitro method showed limonoids from Meliaceae and Rutaceae plants had very high potential as anticancer with IC50 of 1,27-18,42 µg/mL and high enough (moderate) with IC50 of 20,6-69,0 µg/mL. The cytotoxic mechanism of limonoid compounds is identified by induction of apoptosis through the intrinsic pathways. In addition, the activity is affected by their chemical structure limonoids from Meliaceae belong to the mexicanolide group, D-seco ring limonoids, azadiradione, and limonoid derivatives. In the Citrus genus (Rutaceae), the limonoids found were ring A, D-seco limonoids.
Keyword: anticancer, in vitro, limonoid, Meliaceae, Rutaceae

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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