Judul: . Effectiveness of Shallot Bulb Infusion (Allium cepa L.) as an Antidiarrheal on Pediatrics Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Abstrak: Penyakit diare menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat baik di Indonesia maupun dunia. Upaya penanggulangan diare dapat dilakukan dengan obat modern dan obat tradisional. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas terbaik antidiare dari umbi bawang merah (Allium cepa L.) pada tikus pediatri. Metode transit intestinal dilakukan dengan tikus diberikan minyak jarak dan perlakuan (kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, dan infusa umbi bawang merah pada konsentrasi 1,25%, 2,5%, 5%, dan 10%) secara peroral. Kemudian tikus diberikan tinta cina secara peroral dan dilakukan pembedahan ruang abdomen setelah dianestesikan. Lalu dihitung rasio jarak antara panjang usus yang dilalui tinta cina dibandingkan dengan panjang usus total. Data-data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan metode Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Hasil menunjukkan infusa umbi bawang merah dapat menghasilkan efek antidiare pada tikus pediatri dengan konsentrasi 2,5 dan 5%. Sediaan infusa umbi bawang merah memiliki efektivitas sebagai antidiare dengan senyawa-senyawa yang terkandung di dalamnya (flavonoid, tannin, dan saponin). Sebagai kesimpulan, konsentrasi 5% efektif untuk mengatasi diare pada tikus pediatri., Diarrheal disease has become one of the public health issues both in Indonesia and worldwide. Efforts to combat diarrhea can be carried out using modern medicine as well as traditional remedies. This study aims to determine the best effectiveness of the shallot bulb (Allium cepa L.) as an antidiarrheal agent in young rats. Intestinal transit method is conducted with the rats are administered castor oil and some treatments (negative control, positive control, and shallot bulb infusion at concentrations of 1,25%, 2,5%, 5%, and 10%) orally. Furthermore, the rats are orally administered Chinese ink and undergo abdominal surgery after being anesthetized. The ratio of the distance that the Chinese ink traveled through the intestines is then measured compared to the total length of the intestines. The collected data are analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) method. The results show that the shallot bulb infusion could produce an antidiarrheal effect in young rats at concentrations of 2,5% and 5%. The shallot bulb infusion formulation has effectiveness as an antidiarrheal agent due to its compounds in it (flavonoids, tannins, and saponins). In conclusion, the 5% concentration is effective to overcome diarrhea in pediatric rats.
Keyword: antidiare, tikus, antidiarrheal, Allium cepa L., pediatri, transit intestinal, intestinal transit, pediatrics, rat

Judul: Effectiveness of Infusion of Guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L.) as Antidiarrhea in Pediatric Rats (Rattus novergicus)
Abstrak: Diare merupakan salah satu gangguan pencernaan yang umum terjadi pada anak-anak dan menyumbang angka kematian terutama pada balita. Salah satu obat tradisional yang umum digunakan dalam penanganan diare adalah daun jambu biji. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan dosis yang efektif dari ekstrak daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.) pada tikus lepas sapih dengan metode transit intestinal. Penelitian ini menggunakan 30 ekor tikus yang dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok perlakuan negatif (akuades), kontrol positif (atropin 2,5 mg/kg BB), dan empat perlakuan infusa daun jambu biji dengan dosis bertingkat (100, 200, 400, dan 800 mg/kg BB). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan efek antidiare terbaik di antara pemberian infusa daun jambu biji adalah pemberian dengan dosis 200 mg/kg BB. Namun, hasil ini tidak berbeda secara nyata dengan pemberian infusa daun jambu biji yang lain dan kontrol negatif. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa belum ada dosis efektif dari ekstrak daun jambu biji dengan dosis yang diberikan yang memberikan efek antidiare pada tikus pediatri., Diarrhea is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders in children and contributes to the mortality rate, especially in toddlers. One of the traditional medicines used for diarrhoea treatment is guava leaf. This study aims to determine the effective dose of guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava L.) in weaned rats by intestinal transit method. This study used 30 rats divided into six groups, namely the negative control (distilled water), positive control (atropine 2,5 mg/kg BW), and four guava leaf infusa treatments extract with graded doses (100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW). The result showed that the best antidiarrheal activity among guava leaf infusa was the 200 mg/kg BW dose. However, this result was not significantly different from the other doses of guava leave extract and negative control. This study concludes that there is no effective dose of guava leaf extract at the given dose that provides antidiarrheal effects in pediatric rats
Keyword: antidiare, infusa, jambu biji, tikus pediatri

Judul: Pengembangan Model Codebook untuk Identifikasi Chord Gitar
Abstrak: Acoustic guitar can produce sound waves with different types of tones. High-low tone is determined by the fundamental frequency of the sound wave. Human sense of hearing can distinguish high-and low tones, but can not know for sure what kind of tone is heard by him. This study developed a guitar chord recognition system. This study uses MFCC as feature extraction methods and the codebook as pattern recognition method for identification of the guitar chord. Cluster technique used in this study is the K-means clustering. Data obtained from MFCC are clustered using the K-Means method, and the model for classification is constructed using the codebook method. The parameters used in MFCC is the number of cepstral coefficients, overlap, and the time frame, while an important parameter in the K-Means is the number of clusters. This study uses 8640 guitar chord sounds from 24 classes. Each of the data is made up of two chords which will be tested. Simulation results show that the maximum accuracy obtained is 98.89% obtained on 26 cepstral coefficients, overlap 0.4, time frame is 30 ms, on 100 clusters.
Keyword: chord, codebook, k-means, mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC)