Judul: Evaluation of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaves Infusion as a Stamina Stimulator in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Manusia dalam menjalankan aktivitas sehari-hari memerlukan energi untuk menjaga stamina atau daya tahan tubuh. Penurunan daya tahan tubuh akan menyebabkan individu cepat merasa lelah sehingga menghambat aktivitas sehari– hari. Pemilihan daun pepaya sebagai obat herbal stimulator stamina tubuh merupakan alternatif pengobatan tradisional untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari efektivitas infusa daun pepaya sebagai stimulator stamina tubuh dalam berbagai dosis pada mencit, dan mengamati perubahan fisiologis tubuh meliputi suhu, frekuensi napas dan denyut jantung. Uji efektivitas stamina menggunakan metode ketahanan renang (swimming endurance). Penelitian ini menggunakan 25 ekor mencit jantan yang dikelompokkan menjadi lima kelompok: kontrol positif diberikan kafein, kontrol negatif diberikan akuades, dan kelompok perlakuan dengan diberikan infusa daun pepaya pada dosis 1, 3, dan 5 g/kg BB. Setiap kelompok terdiri atas lima ekor mencit. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA), kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Hasil penelitian didapatkan dosis efektif pada uji stamina adalah 3 g/kg BB sebesar 80,18 detik. Daun papaya dapat menyebabkan perubahan fisiologis meliputi penurunan suhu, denyut jantung, dan frekuensi napas, namun masih dalam rentang normal. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah daun pepaya memiliki potensi sebagai stimulator stamina alami. Kata kunci: daun pepaya, infusa, stamina, stimulator., Humans need energy to maintain stamina or endurance in order to carry out daily activities. Decrease in endurance will cause individuals to feel tired quickly, so it will inhibit daily activities. The selection of papaya leaves as an herbal medicine is an alternative to traditional medicine to increase endurance. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of papaya leaf infusion as a stamina stimulator with various doses in mice and to observe physiological changes in the body including temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate. The stamina was tested using swimming endurance method. This study used 25 male mice which were divided into five groups: positive control (with caffeine), negative control (with distilled water), and the treatment groups with papaya leaf infusion at doses of 1, 3, and 5 g/kg BW. Each group consisted of five mice. The data collected were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), then continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that the effective dose in the stamina test was 3 g/kg BW for 80,18 seconds. Papaya leaf is able to cause physiological changes with a decrease in temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, but still in normal ranges. It is concluded that papaya leaf has the potential to be a natural stamina stimulator. Keywords: infusion, papaya leaf, stamina, stimulant.
Keyword: infusion, papaya leaf, stamina, stimulant

Judul: The Acute Toxicity of Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) of Male California Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) Infusion in Mice
Abstrak: Pepaya (Carica papaya L) merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai obat beragam penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui toksisitas ekstrak daun pepaya California jantan pada mencit betina menggunakan metode penentuan nilai lethal dose 50 (LD50), pengaruhnya pada organ tubuh mencit, dan konsentrasi ekstrak daun pepaya yang paling efektif. Penelitian ini menggunakan 20 mencit galur DDY yang terbagi ke dalam 4 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok kontrol (pemberian akuades) dan kelompok perlakuan yang diberikan infusa daun pepaya California jantan dengan dosis 5, 10, dan 15 g/kg BB secara per oral. Variabel yang diamati adalah mortalitas, gejala klinis, respons fisiologis, bobot badan, dan bobot relatif organ. Pengujian toksisitas akut LD50 menunjukkan bahwa infusa daun pepaya California jantan termasuk ke dalam sediaan yang bersifat praktis tidak toksik. Pemberian infusa daun pepaya California jantan sampai dengan dosis 15 g/kg BB tidak menyebabkan gejala toksisitas, seperti gejala klinis yang bersifat patologis, perubahan makroanatomi organ, maupun kematian. Selain itu, pemberian infusa juga memiliki efek terhadap peningkatan dan penurunan bobot badan, walaupun tidak signifikan. Infusa daun pepaya California jantan dengan dosis 10 g/kg BB terbukti paling efektif dalam meningkatkan pertambahan bobot badan secara normal dan tidak menimbulkan sifat toksik., Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a plant that has the potential to be used as a medicine. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of male California papaya leaf extract in female mice using the lethal dose 50 (LD50) method, to observe its effect on organ shape, and to determine the most effective concentration. This study used 20 DDY mice which were divided into four groups; control (aquadest) and treatment groups with different infusion at dose 5, 10, and 15 g/kg BW orally. Variables observed were mortality, clinical symptoms, physiological response, body weight, and relative organ weights. Based on the LD50 acute toxicity test showed that the male California papaya leaf infusion was included in a practically non-toxic preparation. Administration of male California papaya leaves infusion up to a dose of 15 g/kg BW did not cause symptoms of toxicity, such as pathological clinical symptoms, abnormalities in organ macroanatomy, or death. In addition, infusion also has an effect on increasing and decreasing body weight, although it is not significant. Infusion of male California papaya leaves at a dose of 10 g/kg BW was proven to be the most effective in increasing normal body weight and did not cause toxic.
Keyword: daun pepaya california jantan, infusa, mencit, nilai LD50, uji toksisitas akut, acute toxicity test, infusion, LD50 value, male California papaya leaves, mice

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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