Judul: Biotransformasi Eugenol Menjadi Vanillin oleh Bakteri Asal Rizosfer Tanaman Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum)
Abstrak: Vanillin merupakan salah satu senyawa yang penting secara komersial karena banyak digunakan dalam industri seperti makanan, penyedap rasa, wewangian, dan obat – obatan. Karena luasnya aplikasi vanilin sebagai senyawa serta diikuti meningkatnya perhatian konsumen terhadap proses produksinya yang alami dan ramah lingkungan, maka penelitian ini difokuskan pada seleksi bakteri penghasil vanillin dengan menggunakan biotransformasi eugenol. Dua puluh delapan isolat bakteri dari rizosfer cengkeh diamati kemampuan pertumbuhannya pada media yang mengandung eugenol. Isolat bakteri dengan kode BKL 4 dan BKL 15 dipilih sebagai galur potensial untuk produksi vanilin dan diidentifikasi masing – masing sebagai Pseudomonas monteilii dan Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus menggunakan analisis filogenetik molekuler dari urutan gen 16S rDNA. Konfirmasi produk didasarkan pada analisis menggunakan High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) dan Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). Hasil molar vanillin adalah 10,43% (2,31 g/L) pada isolat BKL 4 dan 4,99% (1,11 g/L) pada isolat BKL 15 selama 144 jam biotransformasi pada kondisi kultur berikut: konsentrasi eugenol 24 g/L dan media konsentrasi 5 g/L untuk isolat BKL 4 dan 20 g/L untuk isolat BKL 15. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi berharga mengenai potensi bakteri dalam biotransformasi eugenol menjadi produk yang lebih bernilai seperti vanilin.
Keyword: Biotransformation, clove, eugenol, vanillin, rhizosphere bacteria

Judul: Process design in the production of isoeugenol and vanillin from eugenol of clove leaf oil
Abstrak: Clove leaf oil contains a high amount of eugenol (70-95%) and hence it has been considered as a potential raw material for production of isoeugenol and vanillin, which have high economic value. This study was aimed at designing production of isoeugenol and vanillin from eugenol of clove leaf oil and analyzing the potential product development financially.The specific objectives of this research work are 1) Identify the isoeugenol and vanillin, 2) Model simulation of process design of isoeugenol and vanillin, 3) Study on financial feasibility and added value. This research is expected to provide maximum economic potential of eugenol to enhance the added value of clove leaf oil. The results showed that the FTIR and NMR products confirmed that isoeugenol and vanillin present in the synthesized product were identical to the reference standards. Model simulation of process design suggested that isomerization reaction of eugenol to produce isoeugenol occurred at temperatures of 25-200oC and 1 atm pressure, with the average conversion and isoeugenol of 90% and product purity of 89,6%. Meanwhile, oxydation of isoeugenol which then produced vanillin took place at temperatures of 19.22-150oC and 1 atm pressure resulting in the average conversion of 90% and product purity of 98%. Financial analysis on isoeugenol and vanillin industries showed feasible at production capacities of 1,157,280 kg/year and 853,929 kg/year respectively, with total investment of Rp. 3,795,050,000 and 3,795,050,000 as well as working capital of Rp. 127,487,726,119 and Rp. 154,794,595,559 respectively. At an interest rate of 12% and 10 years project lifetime showed the NPV of Rp. 645,341,441,970 and Rp. 779,561,530,094 respectively. Furthermore, the IRR were 47,40% and 47,43%; net B/C ratio 3.90 and 3.91; BEP 8,178 and 5,063 products unit; PBP 1.27 and 1.25 years. Value added of eugenol to isoeugenol and vanillin industry were Rp. 145,193 and Rp 175,651/kg respectively, while labor incomes were Rp. 447.0 and Rp. 2.190/kg, processor profits Rp. 144.476 and Rp. 173.461/kg. It is concluded that designing industrial production of isoeugenol and vanillin from eugenol of clove leaf oil is financially feasible.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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