Judul: Identifikasi Molekuler Bakteri Pengurai Kitin Serangga dan Karakterisasi Enzim Kitinasenya
Abstrak: Rhizobacteria have beneficial effects for plant growth as phytostymulator, biofertilizer, and biocontrol agent. Our previous study showed that rhizobacteria of I.5, I.21, and II.14 isolates produced chitinases. The enzymes could degrade chitin of leaf miner (Aphis gossypi) and white fly (Bemisia tabaci). This research was conducted to identify the bacteria based on 16S r-RNA gene sequences and to characterize protein of chitinase from selected rhizobacteria. PCR amplification of 16S rRNA gene yielded DNA fragments of 1300 bp for each isolate. Based on sequences of the 16S rRNA gene, I.5 isolate was similar to Bacillus sp. with similarity percentage of 88% and I.21 and II.14 isolates were similar to B. cereus with similarity percentage of 93% and 91% respectively. Zymogram analyses showed that molecular weight of chitinase from I.21 isolate was 145 kDA and 168 kDa. However, no protein bands were showed in zymogram analyses of I.5 and II.14 isolates. Three chitinolytic bacteria have an opportunity to be used as natural biocontrols and bioinsecticides.
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Judul: Karakterisasi kitinase hasil pemurnian parsial dari isolat bakteri tanah asal Cianjur
Abstrak: Kitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) merupakan enzim yang mampu menghidrolisis kitin yang terdapat dalam eksoskeleton serangga, bakteri, dan jamur, serta enzim ini berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memurnikan dan mengkarakterisasi kitinase dari isolat terpilih, serta mengukur kemampuan penghambatan terhadap jamur Colletotrichum sp. oleh bakteri kitinolitik. Aktivitas kitinase ditentukan dengan metode Spindler dan kadar proteinnya ditentukan dengan metode Bradford. Produksi kitinase isolat rizobakteri menunjukkan aktivitas spesifik kitinase tertinggi sebesar 0.0489 U/mg pada isolat C5C dengan pemurnian amonium sulfat 70% serta dapat meningkatkan kemurnian 13.97 kali dibandingkan ekstrak kasar dan fraksi lainnya. Karakterisasi kitinase asal isolat C5C menunjukkan bahwa enzim aktif pada suhu 55 °C, pH 7, waktu inkubasi optimum 120 menit, serta enzim ini memiliki nilai Km sebesar 1.300x 103 mg/L dan Vmaks sebesar 0.0294 mg L -1 detik-1 . Aktivitas antifungi isolat bakteri kitinolitik C5C dapat menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Colletotrichum sp. secara in vitro.
Keyword: Biocontrol, Chitin, Chitinase, Colletotrichum sp., Rhizobacteria, Insect, Bacteria, Fungi, Biocontrol agent, Chitinolitic bacteria, In vitro

Judul: Pricing of Lookback Options with Floating Strike Price Using The Monte Carlo Method
Abstrak: Opsi lookback adalah opsi yang payoff-nya bergantung pada harga saham terbesar atau harga saham terkecil yang dicapai selama masa berlaku opsi. Opsi lookback dikatakan dengan floating strike price jika nilai dari strike price sebesar harga saham pada saat jatuh tempo. Nilai hampiran opsi lookback ditentukan dengan metode Monte Carlo, sedangkan nilai eksak didapat dari nilai simulasi terbesar yang mampu dihitung oleh komputer. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, nilai galat relatif yang dihasilkan semakin kecil dengan semakin bertambah banyaknya simulasi yang dilakukan, sehingga metode Monte Carlo untuk menghitung harga opsi lookback dengan floating strike price konvergen ke nilai eksaknya., Lookback option is an option whose payoff depends on the maximum or minimum of the asset price reached during the option period. The lookback option is said to be a floating strike price if the value of the strike price is equal to the stock price at maturity. The value of the lookback option is determined by the Monte Carlo method, while the exact value is obtained from the largest simulation value that the computer can compute. Based on the calculation results, the resulting relative error value get smaller with the increasing number of simulations performed. Therefore, the Monte Carlo method to calculate the price of the lookback option with the floating strike price converges to the exact value.
Keyword: lookback option, floating strike price, Monte Carlo method, convergent