Judul: Dampak kebijakan fiskal daerah terhadap kemiskinan di Indonesia pada masa desentralisasi fiskal
Abstrak: Local government spending has been increasing from year to year during decentralization era, which the largest proportion derives from central government. Nevertheles, the economic performance, mainly poverty decrease very slowly, far from the government target in 2009. Therefore, this research has aim 1) to determine the dynamic of local fiscal, output and poverty, 2) to determine factors that affect fiscal policy, output and poverty, 3) to analyze the impact of fiscal policy on output and poverty. This study uses simultaneous equations model (SEM) to identify the factors that affect local government revenues and spending and their impact on fiscal and economic performance of regions. The result shows that government revenue is affected by GDRP, fiscal gap, and population. Government spending is affected by GDRP, revenue, and spending the previous year. Increased government revenues and spending has a positive impact on economic performance and negatif impact on poverty. Combination of spending on education and health, and agriculture provides the greatest impact to decrease poverty.
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Judul: Dampak desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pembangunan sosial ekonomi daerah di Indonesia
Abstrak: Fundamental change in the Indonesian governance mechanisms from centralized into decentralized system has been occured since 1st January 2001. The successes of the government during the period of decentralization can be seen from several indicaators such as economic growth, the number of poor people as well as human development index. However, many parties felt that the implementation of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia only in terms of its political success through the implementation of direct election of regional heads, while from an economic standpoint is still not satisfactory. Based on the background above, the purpose of this research are: 1) to analyze the factors that affect revenue, expenditure of local government and regional socio-economic development in Indonesia, 2) analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization on the revenue and expenditure of local government in Indonesia, 3) Analyzing the impact of changes in revenues and expenditures of local governments towards local socio-economic development in Indonesia. The analysis used in this research is descriptive analysis and analysis of simultaneous equations. The results of simulation models from the revenue side generally indicates that the increase in general allocation funds more influential and effective in improving the performance of socio-economic development compared with the increase in taxes and tax-sharing and non-tax. From the expenditure side, the agricultural sector development spending significantly more effective increasing the GRDP and poverty reduction in Sumatera, Kalimantan, and Sulawesi. As for education and health sector spending provides a larger impact on the increase GRDP and poverty reduction in Java-Bali and Papua.
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Judul: Beberapa aspek biologi reproduksi pada buaya
Abstrak: Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan biolo- gi reproduksi buaya seperti organ reproduksi, saa, dewasa kelamin, tingkah laku kelamin, masa bersarang dan penetasan telur dalam hubungannya dengan pelestarian satwa ini. Buaya termasuk amniota yang bersifat carnivora. Ter- dapat sisik epidermal sepanjang tubuhnya. Mempunyai lam- aung pengunyan yang mirip gizzard Letapi tidak mempunyai vesica urinaria. Kaki depan terdiri dari 5 jari, kaki be- lakang terdiri dari 4 jari dan ada cakar sejati. Organ reproduksi buaya jantan terdiri dari testes, epi- didymis, ductus deferens dan penis. Organ reproduksi buaya betina terdiri dari ovarium, oviduct, uterus dan klitoris. Penis dan klitoris berada di ruang kloaka yang paling luar. Oviduct dan uterus mempunyai kelenjar penghasil albumin dan kerabang untuk melapisi sel telur sebelum telur dikeluarkan. Mempunyai dua macam gonadotropin, yaitu FSH dan LH. Dewasa kelamin dicapai pada umur ± 2,5 tahun dimana panjang tubuh maksimum belum tercapai. Buaya mengeluarkan suara yang khas dan bau yang merangsang pasangannya sepan- jang musim kawin. Telur buaya berkerabang keras, berwarna putih atau putih kekuningan dengan bercak-bercak coklat kemerahan. Ukur- annya bervariasi dengan panjang 6,1 - 9,9 cm, lebar 4,2 - 5,7 cm, volume 90 -105 ml dan beratnya 66 - 140 gram. Ada dua macam bentuk sarang yaitu berbentuk gundukan dengan ceruk berbentuk V di atasnya (Crocodylus porosus dan C. novaeguineae) dan berbentuk lubang (C. siamensis dan C. palustris). Masa bersarang untuk sarang berbentuk gundukan adalah pada waktu musim kering dan yang berbentuk lu- bang pada awal musim hujan. Masa pengeraman pada spesies C. porosus 40 - 90 hari, C. novaeguineae 77 - 83 hari, C. palustris C.. siamensis 40. - 60 hari dan tidak ada catatan pada spesies Pada C. porosus dan C. palustris ada kebiasaan induk dalam menjaga sarangnya selama pengeraman, anak bersuara di dalam telur sehingga merupakan panggilan kepada induknya untuk membantu membuka sarang untuk merangsang penetasan te- lur dan membebaskan anaknya dari dalam sarang. Dua spesies lainnya tidak mempunyai sifat semacam ini….
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