Judul: Fermentasi bakteri pelarut fosfat (Pseidomonas sp. ) dan penambat nitrogen (Alcaligenes sp.) untuk pupuk mikroba
Abstrak: Penggunaan pupuk mikroba merupakan alternatif untuk menggantikan pupuk kimia. Pseudomonoas sp. dan Alcaligenes sp. berpotensi sebagai pupuk mikroba pelarut fosfat dan penambat nitrogen.Produksi bakteri diawali dengan optimasi pH dan nutrien. Optimasi pH dilakukan pada kisaran pH 5.5 hingga 7.5. Optimasi nutrien dilakukan pada media King's B dengan penggantian sumber nitrogen dan sumber karbon. Sumber nitrogen pada media King's B diganti dengan hidrosilat kedelai sedangkan sumber karbon divariasikan dengan gliserol, manitol, sukrosa, dan glukosa. Kultivasi bakteri diamati dengan hitungan cawan dan mengukur pH.
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Judul: Produksi masal inokulum azotobacter, azospirillum dan bakteri pelarut fosfat dengan menggunakan media alternatif
Abstrak: Azospirillum, Azotobacter dan bakteri pelarut fosfat adalah jenis mikroba yang paling umum digunakan dalam pupuk hayati. Untuk mendapatkan inokulan pupuk hayati yang baik, tingginya jumlah sel inokulan, bahan pembawa yang baik serta metode sterilisasi merupakan faktor paling penting dalam menentukan kualitas pupuk hayati. Terkait jumlah sel inokulan dalam bahan pembawa, media tumbuh yang digunakan untuk menumbuhkan sel-sel mikroba memainkan peran yang sangat penting. Untuk produksi massa sel mikroba, media harus mampu mendukung pertumbuhan mikroba yang cepat dengan jumlah sel yang tinggi dengan harga yang murah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari media tumbuh mikroba yang mampu mendukung pertumbuhan mikroba yang cepat dengan jumlah sel yang tinggi, media mudah didapatkan dan harganya murah. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Bioteknologi Tanah, dan Kimia dan Kesuburan Tanah Laboratorium, Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa media IPB RI-1 dapat menghasilkan 1010 cfu/ml Azotobacter, 108 cfu/ml Azospirillum dan 109 cfu/ml Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat. Media Nutrient Broth hanya mampu menghasilkan jumlah mikrob sebanyak 108 cfu/ml media. Ini berarti bahwa media IPB RI-1 mampu meningkatkan populasi Azotobacter 100 kali lipat dan Bakteri Pelarut Fosfat meningkat 10 kali lipat dari populasi mereka di dalam media Nutrient Broth. Media IPB RI-2 mampu meningkatkan populasi Azotobacter 10 kali lipat dibandingkan dengan media Nutrient Broth. Biaya bahan media IPB RI-1 dan IPB RI-2 sangat murah dibandingkan dengan biaya bahan media Nutrient Broth. Biaya bahan media IPB RI-1 hanya 3% ( Rp. 945) dan IPB RI-2 sekitar 2 % (Rp. 690) dari biaya media Nutrient Broth ( Rp.27.752).
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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