Judul: Struktur Morfohistologi Saluran Pencernaan Mantis sp. dan Periplaneta sp.
Abstrak: Saluran pencernaan Mantis sp. dan Periplaneta sp. terbagi menjadi usus depan, usus tengah, dan usus belakang. Usus depan terdiri atas faring, esofagus, tembolok dan proventrikulus. Usus tengah terdiri atas ventrikulus, dan usus belakang terdiri atas kolon dan rektum. Pada pertengahan usus depan dan usus tengah ditemukan rumbai yang disebut gastrik sekum berjumlah 6 pada Mantis sp. dan 8 pada Periplaneta sp. Rata-rata panjang total saluran pencernaan Mantis sp. dari anterior hingga posterior adalah 5,35 cm dengan panjang usus depan 69%, usus tengah 12%, dan usus belakang 19%. Rata-rata panjang total saluran pencernaan Periplaneta sp. adalah 4,55 cm dengan panjang usus depan 42%, usus tengah 27%, dan usus belakang 31%. Untuk mengamati struktur histologi saluran pencernaan digunakan metode parafin dengan pewarnaan HE. Sel epitel penyusun jonjot usus terdiri atas sel epitel kolumnar dan sel epitel kubus. Pada ventrikulus bagian posterior terdapat membran peritrofik yang berfungsi untuk melindungi sel epitel usus dari gesekan makanan. Pada ventrikulus bagian anterior Mantis sp. terdapat kelenjar sekresi dengan bentuk yang unik, adanya struktur ini kemungkinan untuk memperluas serapan nutrisi.
Keyword: Mantis sp., Periplaneta sp., metode parafin, pewarna HE, histologi

Judul: Morfohistologi Saluran Pencernaan Valanga sp. dan Gryllus sp.
Abstrak: Belalang (Valanga sp.) merupakan serangga herbivora dengan sumber pakan utama berupa tumbuhan. Jangkrik (Gryllus sp.) merupakan serangga omnivora yang dapat memakan tumbuhan maupun serangga lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur dan membandingkan morfologi dan histologi saluran pencernaan Valanga sp. dan Gryllus sp. Panjang total saluran pencernaan belalang dari esofagus hingga rektum adalah 4,9 cm. Panjang total saluran pencernaan jangkrik dari esofagus hingga rektum adalah 2,3 cm. Lapisan otot yang paling tebal terdapat pada esofagus, tembolok, proventrikulus, ileum dan rektum. Usus tengah terdiri atas ventrikulus dan gastric caeca. Gastric caeca belalang berjumlah 6 sedangkan pada jangkrik berjumlah 2. Perbedaan morfologi dan histologi saluran pencernaan belalang dan jangkrik terdapat pada ukuran saluran pencernaan, jumlah gastric caeca dan susunan jaringan epitel. Berdasarkan analisis chi square, nilai rata-rata keliling dalam (KD), luas bidang usus (LBU) dan luas lumen (LL) Valanga sp. dan Gryllus sp. berbeda secara nyata pada setiap bagiannya (P < 0,05).
Keyword: belalang, jangkrik, jaringan, saluran pencernaan

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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