Judul: Daily Activity and Feeding Ecology of Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in Alas Purwo National Park, East Java, Indonesia
Abstrak: Food availability is an important factor affecting the feeding strategy of animals. Primate species in habitats with greater human activity should employ unique strategies to use both natural and human food resources. This study described behavioral aspects of free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) inhabiting Alas Purwo National Park, East Java, Indonesia. The activity budgets, dietary compositions, vertical usages, and ranging patterns of the macaques were recorded between October 2021 and March 2022 and examined the difference between day types and the relationships between these variables and the plant phenology index (a proxy of natural food availability) or the number of visitors (a proxy of human food availability). Using the scan sampling method (5-min scans with 15-min intervals), the macaques had been recorded consumed human foods (53.9%) than natural foods (42.5%). Several clear effects of human foods on behavioral aspects were showed: the macaques reduced moving and increased social activity in response to the number of visitors. The macaques consumed human food more, frequently used ground and sub-canopy strata, and their home range became smaller when the number of visitors increased. In contrast, the phenology index showed no significant relationships with macaques' behavioral aspects. This result implied that the relative importance of human provisioning on macaque behavior was much greater than that of natural foods. In order to decrease the risk of human-macaque conflict and zoonotic transmission, regulation of provisioning would be necessary.
Keyword: activity, food, macaque, provisioning food, ranging, visitor

Judul: Variasi Regional dalam Pola Makan Monyet Ekor Panjang dan Faktor Ekologi yang Mempengaruhinya
Abstrak: Dietary composition and activity budgets are important aspects of primate ecology, and habitat quality often affects them and makes a regional variation in the behavior of target species. This study describes the variations in activity budgets and dietary habits of free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in original habitats through a web-based survey. Then, the relationships between the behavioral aspects and geographical/ environmental variables were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation. Activity budgets of the macaques were stable regardless of the habitats, except for social behavior which showed a positive correlation with elevation. Percentages of primary foods (fruits, seeds, flowers, and leaves), on the other hand, were stable across habitats, while of non-primary foods (fungi, soil, and others) showed negative relationships with temperature. In several study sites, percentages of anthropogenic diets were remarkably higher. The lack of regional variations in activity and primary dietary composition is likely due to higher food availability in the tropical habitat, which is contrasting to those in the macaques inhabiting temperate regions that show drastic behavioral plasticity in response to regional variation in food environment. Percentage of fungi and soil showed positive relationship with human population, which is likely to contribute to neutralize nutritional compounds obtained from anthropogenic foods.
Keyword: Activity budgets, Daily Behavior, Feeding Behavior, Food habits, Food Preference, Meta-analysis, Regional variation

Judul: Sintesis nanopartikel Cu2ZnSnS4 menggunakan teknik hidrotermal
Abstrak: Nanopartikel Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) merupakan semikonduktor yang berpotensi sebagai fotokatalis untuk reaksi fotodegradasi zat pewarna. Semikonduktor ini memiliki sela pita yang jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan semikonduktor TiO2, sehingga memungkinkan dapat berkerja hanya dengan paparan sinar matahari. Nanopartikel Cu2ZnSnS4 telah berhasil disintesis menggunakan teknik hidrotermal dengan suhu 200 oC selama 24 jam. Larutan Cu2ZnSnS4 dinetralkan menggunakan amonium hidroksida dan dialiri gas N2 sebelum proses hidrotermal. Hasil analisis mikroskop elektron pemayaran menunjukkan nanopartikel Cu2ZnSnS4 mengalami aglomerasi karena memiliki ukuran partikel yang besar. Hasil analisis difraktogram sinar-X menunjukkan bahwa Cu2ZnSnS4 yang dihasilkan memiliki struktur kesterit dengan senyawa fase sekunder yang terbentuk adalah CuS, ZnS, dan Cu2SnS3. Hasil uji fotodegradasi menunjukkan bahwa senyawa hasil sintesis memiliki kemampuan degradasi dibawah sinar matahari lebih baik dibandingkan dengan TiO2. Namun, pada paparan sinar UV, TiO2 mendegradasi biru metilena lebih baik daripada senyawa hasil sintesis. Kapasitas adsorbsi terhadap biru metilena sebesar 2.6780 mg/g menunjukkan bahwa senyawa hasil sintesis tidak mampu mengadsorpsi dengan baik, sehingga disimpulkan bahwa hilangnya biru metilena dari larutan disebabkan oleh fotodegradasi, bukan oleh adsorpsi
Keyword: band gap, Cu2ZnSnS4, kesterite, photocatalyst, semiconductor