Judul: Konversi Langsung Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit menjadi Gula Pereduksi pada Kondisi Aerobik
Abstrak: The utilization of lignocellulosic materials from palm oil mill effluent (POME) for reducing sugar production attract increasing attention as an abundantly available and cheap renewable residue. The most challenging part in conversion of lignocellulosic materials is the direct conversion process in order to obtain a reducing sugar. The influence factors and response surface of the shaking culture rate and cultivation time were investigated towards the direct conversion in POME. The determination of shaking culture rate was carried out in the range of 100 until 150 rpm and cultivation time for 2 until 6 days. The experiment design used to determine the response surface was Central Composit Design (CCD) with three center point. The result of this research showed that the shaking culture rate negatively affect the direct conversion with 90.09 %. The response surface shape of the equation resulted the saddle point. The best forecast for direct conversion process obtained at the shaking culture rate of 152.28 rpm and cultivation time of 4.35 days and the degradation of cellulose’s value was 0.61 g/l or 7.68% with total of reducing sugar obtained of 0.81 g/l.
Keyword: aerobic, optimization, response surface, POME, direct conversion

Judul: Konversi Lignoselulosa Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit menjadi Gula Pereduksi Menggunakan Enzim Xilanase dan Selulase Komersial
Abstrak: Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) has the potential to hydrolized into reducing sugar. This research aimed to know best concentration and time of enzymatic hydrolysis using commercial xylanase and cellulase. OPEFB was milled, delignification of OPEFB, proximat analysis, chemical hydrolysis, detoxification and decolorization, and enzymatic hydrolysis by commercial xylanase and cellulase were done. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of OPEFB was used 2 different enzymes, xylanase and cellulase, which 2 different concentrations were used, 0.25% and 0.5% as well as hydrolysis time for 48 hours and 96 hours. After 48 hours hydrolysis by xylanase showed reducing sugar level 50.5 mg/L, and after 96 hours hydrolysis by cellulase showed 56.7 mg/L. Combination hydrolysis by 0.5% cellulase and netralization by HCl 1% and CH3COOH 1% showed reducing sugar level 56.7 mg/L and 21.04 mg/L respectively, larger than hydrolysis by 0.25% cellulase. Combination Hydrolysis by 0.5% xylanase and netralization by 1% HCl and 1% CH3COOH showed reducing sugar level 50.5 mg/L and 28.47 mg/L respectively, larger than hydrolysis by 0.25% xylanase.
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Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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