Judul: Specific Primary Design for Detection of Shark Species Utilization Prionace glauca and Carcharhinus spp. Using Real-Time PCR Method
Abstrak: Permintaan pasar internasional terhadap hiu yang semakin meningkat, mengakibatkan angka penangkapan beberapa spesies hiu semakin meningkat pula. Spesies Prionace glauca dan Carcharhinus spp. termasuk spesies hiu dilindungi yang masuk dalam daftar IUCN redlist dan Apendix II CITES. Autentikasi menggunakan biomolekuler dengan memanfaatkan DNA perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat primer spesifik secara in silico berbasis gen marka COI dan cyt b pada kelompok hiu yang terancam punah (Prionace glauca dan Carcharhinus spp.) serta aplikasinya secara in vitro untuk autentikasi produk hasil perikanan dengan teknik real-time PCR. Penelitian dilakukan dengan merancang desain primer spesifik spesies target, preparasi sampel, isolasi DNA, amplifikasi DNA, pengujian kualitas dan kuantitas DNA, dan analisis menggunakan real-time PCR. Perancangan primer spesies target Prionace glauca marka gen cyt b dan primer degenerate Carcharhinus spp. marka gen COI berhasil dilakukan secara in silico. Efisien kondisi real-time PCR sampel Prionace glauca dan Carcharhinus spp. telah sesuai dengan standar pengujian menggunakan metode qPCR., International market demand for sharks is increasing, resulting in the number of catches of several shark species also increasing. Prionace glauca and Carcharhinus spp. including protected shark species that are included in the IUCN redlist and CITES Appendix II. Authentication using biomolecular by utilizing DNA is necessary. This study aims to produce in silico specific primers based on COI and cyt b marker genes for endangered sharks (Prionace glauca and Carcharhinus spp.) and to apply them in vitro to authenticate fishery products using real-time PCR techniques. The research was carried out by designing target species-specific primers, sample preparation, DNA isolation, DNA amplification, DNA quality and quantity testing, and analysis using real-time PCR. Primary design of target species Prionace glauca marker cyt b gene and degenerate primer Carcharhinus spp. COI gene markers were successfully carried out in silico. Efficient real-time PCR conditions of Prionace glauca and Carcharhinus spp. complies with testing standards using the qPCR method.
Keyword: CITES, hiu, in silico, IUCN redlist, primer spesifik, shark, specific primer

Judul: Production of Specific Primer for Cytochrome B Gene for Detection of Protected Shark Utilization Using qPCR Method
Abstrak: Ikan hiu banyak dimanfaatkan bagian tubuhnya membuat permintaan pasar ikan hiu meningkat, sehingga ikan hiu mengalami peningkatan volume penangkapan beberapa tahun terakhir. Spesies hiu sendiri yang masuk daftar hiu dilindungi di Indonesia ada delapan dan spesies Rhynchobatus australiae tergolong dalam kategori CITES Appendix II. Autentikasi produk perikanan menggunakan analisis DNA perlu dilakukan dalam menjaga ketersediaan populasi hiu. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat primer spesifik DNA barcoding secara in silico untuk delapan hiu yang dilindungi di Indonesia dan satu spesies Rhynchobatus australiae marka cyt b dengan metode qPCR serta optimasi kondisi qPCR untuk autentikasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan preparasi sampel, merancang desain primer spesifik, isolasi DNA sampel, pengujian kualitas dan kuantitas DNA, amplifikasi DNA, dan analisis real-time PCR. Pasangan primer spesifik marka cyt b delapan ikan hiu yang dilindungi di Indonesia dan satu spesies dalam CITES Appendix II berhasil dibuat. Kondisi optimum qPCR penggunaan pasangan primer spesifik spesies R. australiae gen cytochrome b pada konsentrasi primer 50 nM dengan nilai Ct sebesar 16., Sharks are widely used for their body parts, making the market demand for sharks increase, so that sharks have increased the volume of fishing in recent years. There are eight shark species that are included in the list of protected sharks in Indonesia and the Rhynchobatus australiae species are included in the CITES Appendix II category. Authentication of fishery products using DNA analysis needs to be done to maintain the availability of shark populations. The study aims to make specific primers for DNA barcoding in silico for eight protected sharks in Indonesia and one species of Rhynchobatus australiae marker cyt b using the qPCR method and optimizing qPCR conditions for authentication. The research was carried out by sample preparation, designing specific primer designs, isolation of sample DNA, testing the quality and quantity of DNA, DNA amplification, and real-time PCR analysis. Specific primer pairs for cyt b markers of eight protected sharks in Indonesia and one species in CITES Appendix II were successfully created. The optimum conditions for qPCR were using a specific primer pair for the R. australiae cytochrome b gene at a primer concentration of 50 nM with a Ct value of 16.
Keyword: shark, in silico, specific primer, qPCR

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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