Judul: The study of genetic diversity and relationship on Musa spp. by mean random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
Abstrak: Banana (Musa spp.) is belonging to the family Musaceae, a genus Musa. The cultivated bananas are developed from natural hybridization of two wild species of bananas, Musa acuminata Cola. (A) and Musa balbisiana Cola. (B). Banana is originated from South East Asia include indonesia. The biggest gemplasm collection in indonesia is belong to agricultural section of Yogyakarta province, that comprise 379 accesion of banana. In this study 17 accesions of Musa spp. obtained from the Jogyakarta collection, was subjected for there genetic variability base on morphological performance and Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Base on six morphological analyses it was revealed that the genotypes separated into dendogram of 36.63% level of similarity. At 60.09% level of similarity the accesion separated into five main groups. Difficulties on DNA extraction of the banana was observed in this study to overcame the problem secondary products, all of sample preparation treatment was conducted. The results showed that sample taken without aluminum wrapping, stored at extraction buffer without mercaptoethanol, and finally extracted with 65°C preheated buffer extract was successfully use to extract DNA at level at sufficient for RAPD analysis. RAPD analysis was successfully amplified a total 26 fragments (100%) polymorphic from these DNA genom by using eight primer. The number of fragments of each primer ranged from 1-9 on average was 3.25 fragments per primer. Subsequently, a dendogram based on UPGMA-link method using Nei and Li similarity and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) plot analysis revealed that the genotypes separate at 27% level of similarity, and when separated at 75% level of similarity the genotypes were clustered into three groups. This study also revealed, that RAPD analysis was able to elucidate genetic variety at higher level than morphological characteristic, confirm the potential of RAPD analysis as a tool for genetic variability analysis.
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Judul: Diversity Analysis of Banana (Musa spp.) Based on RAPD and ISSR Molecular Markers
Abstrak: Persilangan kedua tetua pisang, Musa acuminata (AA) dan Musa balbisiana (BB), menghasilkan keragaman tingkat ploidi yang menghasilkan variasi sifat pada setiap kultivar pisang. Analisis keragaman pisang dengan pendekatan morfologi cenderung lebih mudah untuk dilakukan tetapi dapat karakter tersebut dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini perlu dilakukan analisis keragaman pisang menggunakan marka molekular RAPD dan ISSR untuk mendeteksi perbedaan pada tingkat DNA. Metode yang dilakukan yaitu pengamatan morfologi, isolasi DNA kultivar pisang, amplifikasi DNA menggunakan primer RAPD dan ISSR, dan pengolahan data hasil PCR dengan scoring dan software PAST 4. Analisis keragaman genetik menggunakan marka RAPD dan ISSR pada delapan kultivar pisang menghasilkan 164 pita DNA dengan rata-rata persentase pita polimorfik 78.9%. Jarak kekerabatan terjauh dari seluruh kultivar pisang yang dipelajari terdapat pada pisang Lampung yang merupakan satu-satunya sampel bergenom diploid., Crossing the two parental bananas, Musa acuminata (AA) and Musa balbisiana (BB), results in a diversity of ploidy levels that produce variations in traits in each banana cultivar. Analysis of banana diversity with a morphological approach tends to be easier to do, but the environment can influence the character. Therefore, in this study, it is necessary to analyze banana diversity using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers to detect differences at the DNA level. The methods used were Morphological observation, Isolation of banana cultivar DNA, DNA amplification using RAPD and ISSR primers, and data processing of PCR results with scoring and PAST 4 software. Analysis of genetic diversity using RAPD and ISSR markers on eight banana cultivars produced 164 DNA bands with an average percentage of polymorphic bands of 78.9%. The farthest relationship distance of all studied banana cultivars was found in the Lampung banana, the only diploid genome sample.
Keyword: morfologi, PCR, kekerabatan, marka molekuler, polimorfisme

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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