Judul: Karakterisasi dan penentuan parameter kinetik enzim beta galaktosidase dari Enterobacter cloacae
Abstrak: β-galactosidase is an enzyme that can convert lactose into glucose and galactose. Β-galactosidase enzyme produced from various organisms include plants, animals and microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to characterize (activity, optimum pH, optimum temperature, activators, inhibitors and the level of purification) as well as determine the kinetic parameters (Vmax and KM) β- galactosidase enzyme from Enterobacter cloacae. Bacteria were grown in lactose media, peptone, and yeast (LPY) that contain lactose 2%, peptone 1%, 2% yeast extract, and 1% NaCl in 1 liter of distilled water. The optimum condition of β- galactosidase from Enterobacter cloacae was on production time 18 hours, pH 7 and temperature 35 °C. Metal ions (Ca2+, Hg+, Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+) is an inhibitor of the enzyme β-galactosidase, whereas Mg2+ and Mn2+ are known role as an enzyme activator. The result of the determination of kinetic parameters of β- galactosidase enzyme which was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis Vmax obtained at 8.850 μmol / min and KM at 0.274 mM, whereas the crude extract obtained Vmax value of 29.412 μmol / min and KM values of 1.118 mM.
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Judul: Purifikasi, amobilisasi, dan karakterisasi β-galaktosidase dari Enterobacter cloacae serta potensinya terhadap susu UHT
Abstrak: Enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose is an important biotechnological process because the hydrolyzed products can be consumed by people with lactose intolerance. The aim of this study was purification, immobilization, and characterization of β-galactosidase from E. cloacae. This research also studied the hydrolysis of lactose in UHT milk. The stages of this research were production and purification β-galactosidase from E. cloacae; characterization of enzyme; optimization of immobilization formula; and hydrolisis of UHT milk. The β- galactosidase from E. cloacae was purified and showed a purification of 30.26- fold, a yield of about 6.18%, and a specific activity of 101.781 U/mg. Free and immobilized enzyme exhibited maximum activity at an optimal pH of 7.0 and an optimum temperature of 40°C. This enzyme was activated by Co2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+; however, was inhibited by Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Hg2+. KM for free and immobilized β-galactosidase were 0.434 and 2.068 mM, respectively. Optimal formulation of cell and enzyme immobilization were consist of 10% (w/v) cell with 5% (w/v) sodium alginate and 10% (v/v) purified enzyme with 5% (w/v) sodium alginate, respectively. This researh found that entrapped β-galactosidase was higher in the hydrolysis of lactose present in milk (28.09%) after 6 hours in batch process as compared to entrapped E. cloacae (22.01%) after 18 hours. Free β-galactosidase was higher in the hydrolysis of lactose present in milk (78.20%) after 6 hours as compared to free E. cloacae (55.14%) after 18 hours.
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Judul: Peranan Jasa Transportasi dalam  Menunjang Pembangunan Wilayah  Kaitannya dengan Pelaksanaan  Otonomi Daerah di Provinsi Papua  Khususnya Kabupaten Jayapura
Abstrak: Ketimpangan pembangunan yang terjadi selama Orde Baru telah memicu disintegrasi bangsa, salah satu daerah yang diisukan terancam disintegrasi sebagai akibat ketimpangan pembangunan pada reszim orde baru adalah Provinsi Papua, sehingga untuk meredam aspirasi disintgrasi, dimasa reformasi Provinsi Papua ditetapkan sebagai daerah yang menerima Otonomi Khusus. Dengan adanya otonomi khusus ini diharapkan pemerintah daerah lebih leluasa mengabil kebijakan yang disesuaikan dengan aspirasi dan prioritas permasalahan yang dihadapi masyarakat.
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