Judul: Kemampuan Berbagai Kombinasi Isolat Bakteri Simbion Rayap dengan Isolat Bakteri Rumen dalam Mendegradasikan Pakan Sumber Serat
Abstrak: This experiment was conducted to determine ability of termite simbion bacteria that combined with rumen bacteria to degrade fibrous feeds. This experiment used a randomized block design with factorial design (7x3) and three replications. The first factor was combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria P1 (A + D + SE511), P2 (A + D + SE512), P3 (A + D + SE513), P4 (A + D + SE511 + SE512), P5 (A + D + SE512 + SE513), P6 (A + D + SE511 + SE513) and P7 (A + D + SE511 + SE512 + SE513). A (SB 53 5(3)1) and D (SC 51 5(2)) were isolates of termite bacteria and SE511, SE512 and SE513 were isolates of rumen bacteria. The second factor was fibrous feeds (napier grass, rice straw and palm press fibre). The rumen liquid was used as replications. The variables measured were concentration of NH3, total VFA production, degradabilities of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM), digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM). The data were analyzed by using analysis of variance and the differences between treatments were determined by contrast orthogonal. The results showed that differences in fibrous feeds affected significantly NH3 concentration, degradability of DM and OM and digestibilities of DM and OM (P<0.01), but did not produce significant effect on total VFA production. Napier grass has higher (P<0.01) NH3 concentration and DM digestibility than rice straw and palm press fibre. DM and OM degradabilities of napier grass and palm press fibre are higher (P<0.01) than those of rice straw. Napier grass and rice straw have higher (P<0.01) digestibilities of OM than palm press fibre. There are no significant effects of combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria treatment on all variables measured. It can be concluded that the combination between termite bacteria and rumen bacteria have synergic relationship in degradating fibrous feeds. Keywords: termite simbion bacteria, fermentability, degradability, fibrous feeds
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Judul: Degradasi dan kecernaan in vitro pakan sumber serat oleh kultur campuran bakteri simbion rayap
Abstrak: The experiment was carried out to study the ability of combined isolates of termite simbion cellulolytic bacteria to degrade fibre feeds. The experiment was conducted using completely randomized design with factorial 3 x 3, factor 1 : terminate species which included SB 53 5(3)1, SB 53 1(3), SC 51 5 (2), factor 2 : fibre feeds which included Napier grass, rice straws and palm press fibre. Variables measured were NH3 concentration, VFA production, dry matter and organic matter digestibilities. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA).
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Judul: Pricing of Lookback Options with Floating Strike Price Using The Monte Carlo Method
Abstrak: Opsi lookback adalah opsi yang payoff-nya bergantung pada harga saham terbesar atau harga saham terkecil yang dicapai selama masa berlaku opsi. Opsi lookback dikatakan dengan floating strike price jika nilai dari strike price sebesar harga saham pada saat jatuh tempo. Nilai hampiran opsi lookback ditentukan dengan metode Monte Carlo, sedangkan nilai eksak didapat dari nilai simulasi terbesar yang mampu dihitung oleh komputer. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, nilai galat relatif yang dihasilkan semakin kecil dengan semakin bertambah banyaknya simulasi yang dilakukan, sehingga metode Monte Carlo untuk menghitung harga opsi lookback dengan floating strike price konvergen ke nilai eksaknya., Lookback option is an option whose payoff depends on the maximum or minimum of the asset price reached during the option period. The lookback option is said to be a floating strike price if the value of the strike price is equal to the stock price at maturity. The value of the lookback option is determined by the Monte Carlo method, while the exact value is obtained from the largest simulation value that the computer can compute. Based on the calculation results, the resulting relative error value get smaller with the increasing number of simulations performed. Therefore, the Monte Carlo method to calculate the price of the lookback option with the floating strike price converges to the exact value.
Keyword: lookback option, floating strike price, Monte Carlo method, convergent