Judul: Synthesis of Sucrose Esters from Methyl Ester Olein
Abstrak: Sukrosa ester merupakan senyawa organik yang dapat dihasilkan dari reaksi antara sukrosa dengan berbagai kelompok ester asam lemak. Sukrosa ester termasuk ke dalam golongan senyawa aktif jenis non-ionik yang memiliki keunggulan yaitu larut pada air dingin, bersifat non-toksik, tidak berbau, tidak berasa, tidak mengiritasi kulit, dan tidak mencemari lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, sukrosa ester saat ini banyak digunakan dalam produk pangan sebagai emulsifier dan stabilizer. Pengembangan proses produksi sukrosa ester selain untuk meningkatkan local content pada industri produk personal care, kosmetika dan cleaning, juga untuk mendukung upaya hilirisasi sawit dan pengembangan industri hilir kelapa sawit di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sukrosa ester dapat dibuat dari minyak olein dengan bantuan katalis K2CO3 dan Na2CO3 dengan suhu 70 °C selama 2 jam. Konsentrasi katalis yang digunakan adalah 6%, 7%, dan 8%. Perlakuan terbaik dihasilkan dengan menggunkan katalis K2CO3 dengan konsentrasi 6% dengan nilai daya emulsi yaitu 828 detik. Nilai tegangan permukaan sebesar 32,5 dyne/cm sedangkan nilai tegangan antar muka sebesar 7,2 dyne/cm. Rendemen sukrosa ester olein diddapat sebesar 37,22%., Sucrose ester is an organic compound produced from the reaction between sucrose and various fatty acid ester groups. Sucrose esters belong to a class of nonionic active compounds with the advantage of being soluble in cold water, non-toxic, odorless, tasteless, non-irritating to the skin, and do not pollute the environment. Therefore, sucrose ester is widely used in food products as an emulsifier and stabilizer. The development of the sucrose ester production process, in addition to increasing local content in the personal care, cosmetics, and cleaning product industries, is also to support efforts to downstream palm oil and develop the downstream palm oil industry in Indonesia. The results showed that sucrose ester can be prepared from olein oil with the help of K2CO3 and Na2CO3 catalyst at 70°C for 2 hours. The catalyst concentrations used were 6%, 7%, and 8%. The best treatment was produced by using a K2CO3 catalyst with a concentration of 6% with an emulsion power value of 828 seconds. The surface tension value is 32.5 dyne/cm, while the interfacial tension value is 7.2 dyne/cm. The yield of olein ester sucrose was obtained at 37.22%.
Keyword: CPO, emulsifier, kinetika reaksi, olein, sukrosa ester

Judul: Formulasi dan Analisis Losion Berbahan Emulsifier Sukrosa Ester
Abstrak: Sukrosa ester merupakan surfaktan non-ionik dengan berbagai aplikasi industri. Surfaktan tersebut disintesis dari metil ester asam lemak sawit dan sukrosa menggunakan katalis basa. Pengemulsi pengganti minyak kelapa sawit berbahan ester sukrosa tersebut dapat terurai secara hayati karena potensinya tidak beracun bagi kulit. Efisiensi produksi sukrosa ester diperoleh menggunakan pelarut air pada sukrosa, perbandingan massa 3:5 untuk air dan sukrosa. Pengenceran sukrosa dengan air mengurangi potensi kegagalan yang ditimbulkan akibat karamelisasi. Berdasarkan penelitian laboratorium, sukrosa ester memiliki stabilitas emulsi yang baik berasal dari sukrosa ester miristat, sukrosa ester palmitat, sukrosa ester laurat. Desain menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan perlakuan variasi konsentrasi sukrosa ester sebanyak 3 taraf, yaitu 2%, 6%, dan 10%. Berdasarkan ANOVA, terdapat pengaruh sangat nyata antara variasi konsentrasi terhadap bobot jenis, pH, viskositas, dan tegangan permukaan. Uji verifikasi dilakukan terhadap referensi konsumen berupa uji organoleptik kepada 35 responden. Lalu, uji mikroba yang berdasarkan Standar Nasional Indonesia yaitu jumlah lempeng total maksimum 10-2 koloni, uji negatif jamur, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Coliform maksimum 3. Penentuan kombinasi terbaik menggunakan sistem Composite Performance Index (CPI) dan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Berdasarkan uji organoleptik, sampel terbaik adalah miristat 10%. Analisis hasil organoleptik selaras dengan analisis hasil laboratorium yang menyatakan bahwa sampel losion berbahan sukrosa ester miristat 10% merupakan sampel terbaik. Sampel tersebut memiliki stabilitas emulsi yang baik dan tidak tercemar mikroba., Sucrose ester is a non-ionic surfactant with various industrial applications. This surfactant was synthesized from palm fatty acid methyl esters and sucrose using an alkaline catalyst. The emulsifier that replaces palm oil made from sucrose ester is biodegradable because it is potentially non-toxic to the skin. The efficiency of sucrose ester production was obtained by using water as a solvent for sucrose, with a mass ratio of 3:5 for water and sucrose. Diluting sucrose with water reduces the potential for failure caused by caramelization. Based on laboratory research, sucrose ester has good emulsion stability from sucrose myristate ester, sucrose palmitate ester, and sucrose laurate ester. The design used a randomized block design with 3 levels of variation in the concentration of sucrose ester, which are 2%, 6%, and 10%. Based on ANOVA, there is a very significant effect between variations in concentration on specific gravity, pH, viscosity, and surface tension. Verification tests were carried out on consumer references in the form of organoleptic tests on 35 respondents. Then, the microbial test is based on the Indonesian National Standard, that are maximum number of total plates (10-2 colonies), a negative test for fungi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Coliform (maximum 3). Determination of the best combination using the system Composite Performance Index (CPI) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the organoleptic test, the best sample is 10% myristate. The analysis of the organoleptic results was consistent with the analysis of laboratory results which stated that a lotion sample made from 10% sucrose myristate ester was the best sample. The best sample has good emulsion stability and not polluted by microbes.
Keyword: laurate, lotion, myristate, palmitate, sucrose ester

Judul: Implementation of Spatio-Temporal Change Query in Relational Database.
Abstrak: Geographic object changes in various views. Object changes are recorded using a model of static storage. No historical connection between old version data and new version data has been built. For that, a storage model of spatio-temporal queries that can analyze spatio-temporal changes has been developed. The object changes the geometry are grouped according to the taxonomy of Spatio-Temporal Pattern Change. This research has been able to apply the query patterns change including born, expand, merge, contract, split, normal and die. This query based on geometric (area) changes. The implementation of spatio-temporal change queries represents an object changes continuously with easy, change detection is done by comparing two versions of data. Keyword: spatio-temporal change query, spatio-temporal change pattern.
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