Judul: Mekanisme pengaturan proses laktasi pada sapi
Abstrak: Laktasi merupakan fase terakhir dari siklus reproduksi mammalia dimana didalamnya termasuk proses pembentukan dan pengeluaran air susu dari kelenjar mammae oleh suatu reflex neurohormonal. Kelenjar mammae merupakan kelenjar penghasil air susu, pada sapi terdiri dari empat buah kelenjar mammae yang ma- sing-masing disebut kuartir. Perkembangan kelenjar mammae dirangsang oleh hormon-hormon ovarium, pertumbuhan saluran dipelihara oleh estrogen dan pertumbuhan lobulialveoler oleh progesteron. Hormon-hormon yang terlibat dalam kontrol proses laktasi adalah Prolactin, Oxytocin, Cortison, ACTH, Insulin, Thyroxin, Vasopressin dan Epinephrin. Unsur utama yang terkandung dalam air susu yaitu protein, lemak, laktosa, mineral dan vitamin. Pembentukan air susu terjadi dalam sel epithel alveoli kelenjar mammae dan terjadi diantara dua masa pemerahan. Air susu dibentuk dari konstituen-konstituen darah, dimana mineral dan vitamin diserap langsung dari darah sedangkan protein, laktosa dan lemak disintesa dalam kelenjar mammae. ...
Keyword: 

Judul: Pengaruh pengontrolan suhu tubuh melalui penyemprotan air terhadap produksi susu dan perubahan faali pada sapi perah laktasi
Abstrak: Penyemprotan air dilakukan pukul 10:00, 11:30 dan pukul 13:00, dengan lama penyemprotan masing-masing 3 -4 menit. Perlakuan adalah t-o (kontrol, tidak dilakukan penyemprotan), t-1 (penyemprotan air 1 kali pukul 13:00), t-2 (penyemprotan air 2 kali, pukul 11:30, dan 13:00), dan t-3 (penyernprotan air 3 kali, pukul 10:00; 11:30, dan 13:00). Setiap jam rnulai pukul 06:00 sarnpai pukul 18:00 dilaku­kan pengukuran suhu dan kelernbaban, hal ini dilakukan untuk rnenentukan indeks suhu-kelernbaban (ISK). Setelah ISK rnenca- pai 76 - 77 sapi rnulai merasa tidak nyarnan. Pengukuran suhu tubuh, frekuensi pernafasan dan frekuen­si denyut nadi dilakukan pada pukul 07:00, 10:00, 13:00 dan 16:00. Pengukuran produksi susu dilakukan setelah pernerahan pagi pukul 05:30 dan siang hari pukul 14:30. Kadar lernak dianalisis satu rninggu satu kali, dan pengukuran jurnlah konsurnsi ransurn dilakukan pagi hari. Pengarnbilan sarnpel darah dilakukan 3 kali yaitu pada rninggu ke 1, rninggu ke 4 dan rninggu ke 8 rnasing-rnasing pada pukul 15.30. Darah terse­but dianalisis untuk rnengetahui kadar tiroksin dan kortisol dengan rnetode RIA (radioirnrnunoassay). ...
Keyword: 

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
Keyword: