Judul: Ekstraksi countercurrent untuk pemisahan xantorizol dari minyak atsiri temu lawak
Abstrak: Ekstraksi cair-cair bertingkat mampu memisahkan senyawa dari bahan alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan memisahkan xantorizol dari minyak atsiri temu lawak menggunakan teknik ekstraksi cair-cair bertingkat arus-lawan (countercurrent). Minyak atsiri diperoleh dari distilasi uap pelepah temu lawak. Ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan aparatus Craig yang terdiri atas 10 tabung dengan sistem pelarut ARIZONA yang dipilih berdasarkan nilai koefisien distribusi (Kd) xantorizol. Distilasi pelepah temu lawak menghasilkan minyak sebanyak 0.1630%. Analisis minyak atsiri menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi menunjukkan kandungan xantorizol 27.82%. Sistem X pada sistem pelarut ARIZONA dipilih karena memberikan nilai Kd xantorizol 0.8590. Sistem tersebut terdiri atas n-heksana, etil asetat, metanol, dan air dengan nisbah volume 9:1:9:1. Hasil pemisahan xantorizol memberikan rendemen xantorizol tertinggi, yakni 2.56% pada fase atas tabung nomor 4 dan 3.62% pada fase bawah tabung nomor 3.
Keyword: ARIZONA, countercurrent, distribution coefficient, temu lawak

Judul: Ekstraksi Arus‒lawan Sistem Biner untuk Pemisahan Xantorizol dari Minyak Atsiri Temu Lawak
Abstrak: Xantorizol adalah senyawa golongan seskuiterpena yang merupakan senyawa penanda dari temu lawak. Penelitian ini bertujuan memisahkan xantorizol dari minyak atsiri temu lawak dengan teknik ekstraksi cair‒cair bertingkat arus‒lawan (countercurrent). Minyak atsiri yang didapatkan berasal dari distilasi uap bagian rimpang. Xantorizol selanjutnya diekstraksi dari minyak atsiri dengan alat pemisah Craig yang terdiri atas 10 tabung dengan sistem pelarut biner terpilih berdasarkan nilai koefisien distribusi (Kd) pada rentang 0.25‒2.50. Distilasi menghasilkan rendemen minyak 0.29%. Analisis minyak atsiri menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi menunjukkan kandungan xantorizol sebesar 18.08%. Sistem biner terpilih, yaitu heksana dan metanol, memiliki nilai Kd 0.3057. Pemisahan xantorizol dengan ekstraksi arus‒lawan menggunakan sistem pelarut biner dengan nilai Kd 0.25‒2.50 berhasil dilakukan dan menghasilkan proporsi xantorizol tertinggi 3.42% .
Keyword: arus‒lawan, koefisien distribusi, sistem biner, temu lawak, xantorizol

Judul: Studies on growth spurt and aging in higher primates
Abstrak: single measurement that best defines the health and nutritional status of children, just as it provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. The pattern of human growth reflects the biocultural evolution of our species. The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Three studies are reported here which deal to the growth and development of human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). These three studies allow us to contrast the phenomena of adolescence growth spurt and female elderly bone loss in chimpanzee and human as chimpanzee is the closest species to humans within extant nonhuman primates. In the first, a cross-sectional study of growth of the body size and somatotype of 363 Javanese girls and 299 Javanese boys aged 4 to 20 years from Magelang Regency, Indonesia was described. In the second, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee second metacarpal bone linear dimensions from individuals aged 0 to 43.6 years were used for comparison. While in the third, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee body size (body mass and anterior trunk length) and second metacarpal bone mineral content were derived. In measuring the second metacarpal dimensions and mineral content, a total of 568 radiographs of chimpanzee's proximodistal left hands were used. They were taken from 68 females and 49 males aged 0 to 43.62 years old. We applied an image analysis system, Scion Image Release Alpha 4.0.3.2 software for Windows to measure bone linear dimensions and bone mineral content. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body weight and height. A clear growth spurt could be demonstrated by cross-sectional analysis in our girl subjects at around aged 11.5 years and in our boy subjects at around aged 12.5 years. In longitudinal series, not in cross-sectional, several representative chimpanzees of both sexes showed a pre-adult growth spurt on the body sizes, bone dimensions and bone mineral content. They ranged at age 4.5 to 8.5 years. This underscore the fact that adolescent growth spurt in linear dimension was not a universal feature of anthropoid primate ontogeny. Bone loss is a well established characteristic of human female aging. Based on crosssectional analyses the sequential decline of bone mass in female chimpanzee may be said to be genuine. On the other hand, we found in adulthood through elderly, male chimpanzees show a longer plateau than female chimpanzee, that is, bone mineral content is maintained in male.
Keyword: Javanese children, growth spurt, chimpanzee, second metacarpal bone, bone loss, Higher Primates