Judul: Management Strategy of Sustainable Mangrove Ecosystem of Tarumajaya District, Bekasi Regency
Abstrak: Existence of mangroves in Tarumajaya District, Bekasi Regency is threatened by human activities such as land conversion to fish ponds, sand mining, and logging for firewood that has become less massive in recent years. This is quite large influenced by the socio-economic conditions of the community. If still allowed, the degradation rate of the mangrove ecosystem will threaten its existence and all the biota that live in it. The mangrove area in Tarumajaya District, Bekasi Regency still has a relatively unstable mangrove forest ecosystem and has experienced degradation due to unplanned and uncontrolled land use. This condition requires attention from related parties so that the sustainability and stability of the ecosystem can be maintained. The damage to an ecosystem can affect other ecosystems, therefore, mangrove ecosystems play an important role, especially in coastal and marine areas. Lack of information about the characteristics of mangrove ecosystems and the socio-economic characteristics of coastal communities is one of the obstacles for local governments to formulate appropriate sustainable mangrove management policies. This study aims to: (1) analyze the environmental (biophysical) condition of mangrove ecosystem in Tarumajaya District, (2) analyze the socio-economic conditions of community of Tarumajaya District, Bekasi Regency, (3) measure the sustainability status of mangrove ecosystem management in Tarumajaya District, Bekasi Regency, (4) formulate the alternative strategies and priority scales for mangrove ecosystem management in Tarumajaya District, Bekasi District. Research was conducted from December 2020 - to February 2021, located in Tarumajaya District, Bekasi Regency. The method used in this research is a survey method with purposive sampling. Primary data collection was obtained through direct field observation and structured interviews with questionnaires. Secondary data collection was obtained through surveys on related agencies and literature studies. Data analysis used in this research includes quantitative and descriptive analysis. Quantitative analysis provides vegetation analysis, land cover, multidimensional scaling (MDS) using RAPFISH, the direct value of mangrove ecosystems, socio-economic and cultural conditions of the community, community perceptions using Likert scale and mangrove management strategies through SWOT and QSPM. Results showed that the tides occur on average 2 times a day, salinity ranges from 23-25 ppt, water temperature ranges from 28-29.9⁰C, water pH ranges from 7.3 to 7.5, and the substrate is sandy mud and dark brown to dark black. Composition and structure of mangrove species found in the coastal area of Tarumajaya District consist of 7 species from 3 families, namely Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris with a high category of evenness index (0.74-0.99), low category species diversity index (1.00-1.81). Land cover change at the 3 observation stations increased from 60.33 ha in 2016 to 83.99 ha in 2020, Tarumajaya District has a dense category of mangrove about 82.02 Ha, moderate 45.49 Ha, and rarely 294.67 Ha. The diversity of fish are good, amphibians are bad, reptiles are moderate, mammals are rather bad, and birds are very good. Quantification of the direct benefit value of the mangrove ecosystem in the coastal area of Tarumajaya District shows a total benefit value of IDR 2.077.584.000/year, obtained from fish catch IDR 643.840.000; Crab
Keyword: ekosistem mangrove, status keberlanjutan, strategi pengelolaan, mangrove ecosystem, sustainability status, management strategy

Judul: Management Strategy of Mangrove Ecosystem in  Tangerang District, Banten Province
Abstrak: Ekosistem mangrove Kabupaten Tangerang memiliki fungsi dan manfaat yang beragam baik sebagai fungsi ekologi, sosial, dan ekonomi. Fungsi ekosistem mangrove secara ekologi, sosial, dan ekonomi memberikan kontribusi signifikan baik secara langsung dan tidak langsung yang bersifat kontinyu. Kondisi ini berdampak terhadap pemanfaatan ekosistem mangrove yang semakin intensif dan cenderung bersifat eksploitatif dalam tiga dekade terakhir. Salah satunya degradasi dan kerusakan ekosistem mangrove yang terjadi Kabupaten Tangerang. Kawasan mangrove Kabupaten Tangerang terus mengalami penyusutan luas mangrove hingga tahun 2019 mencapai 182,14 ha. Kondisi ini diikuti dengan hilangnya fungsi-fungsi ekosistem mangrove serta terjadinya abrasi dan akresi di wilayah pesisir Kabupaten Tangerang. Dengan demikian, diperlukan rumusan strategi pengelolaan sebagai langkah antisipasi mencegah dan memperbaiki degradasi dan kerusakan ekosistem mangrove secara lebih luas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (1) Mengidentifikasi kondisi mangrove dan karakteristik lingkungan perairan ekosistem mangrove Kabupaten Tangerang, Provinsi Banten. (2) Mengidentifikasi status kerusakan dan laju degradasi mangrove Kabupaten Tangerang, Provinsi Banten. (3) Mengestimasi nilai ekosistem mangrove di Kabupaten Tangerang, Provinsi Banten. (4) Memformulasikan strategi pengelolaan mangrove di Kabupaten Tangerang, Provinsi Banten. Pengambilan data dilakukan di 23 desa pesisir Kabupaten Tangerang dari bulan April-Oktober 2020. Metode pengambilan data yang digunakan yaitu, pertama kondisi mangrove (metode transek dan non transek) dan karakteristik lingkungan perairan ekosistem mangrove secara insitu yang ditentukan secara purposive sampling, kedua yaitu perubahan luasan mangrove dan garis pantai (Arc GIS dan DSAS), laju degradasi, dan status kerusakan mangrove, ketiga yaitu estimasi nilai ekosistem mangrove (nilai jasa penyedia, nilai jasa pengaturan, nilai jasa penunjang, dan nilai jasa budaya) melalui pendekatan jasa ekosistem secara purposive sampling dengan teknik survei yang digabungkan dengan teknik snow bowling dalam penentuan responden, serta keempat yaitu rumusan strategi pengelolaan berbasis ekosistem. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara umum kondisi lingkungan perairan ekosistem mangrove (pH perairan, salinitas, oksigen terlarut, suhu perairan, dan tekstur substrat) di Kabupaten Tangerang sesuai untuk keberadaan dan pertumbuhan mangrove. Walaupun ada beberapa desa seperti Desa Karang Anyar dan Desa Dadap yang konsentrasi oksigen terlarut <5 mg/L, dan pH (<6- >8,5) yaitu di Desa Muncung, Desa Karang Serang, Desa Dadap, dan Desa Muara. Hal ini memiliki konektivitas dengan komposisi dan distribusi mangrove yang tersebar hampir terdapat di seluruh pesisir Kabupaten Tangerang. Komposisi mangrove yang terdapat di Kabupaten Tangerang yaitu Rhizophora stylosa, R.mucronata, Bruguiera cylindrica, Sonneratia caseolaris, S. alba, S. ovata, Avicennia officinalis, A. marina, dan Excoecaria agallocha. Jenis Avicennia marina memiliki tingkat kerapatan relatif, frekuensi relatif, dominansi relatif, dan indeks nilai penting tertinggi (kategori pohon, semai, dan anakan) sedangkan jenis yang terendah Excoecaria agallocha (kategori pohon), Rhizophora mucronata (Kategori anakan), Rhizophora stylosa (kategori semai). Kondisi mangrove ini dapat menunjukkan status kerusakan mangrove di Kabupaten Tangerang yaitu berada pada kategori baik (padat)-rusak untuk parameter kerapatan pohon, sedangkan kriteria sedang-rusak pada kategori penutupan. Sementara itu, laju degradasi tertinggi selama 10 dekade yaitu 0.42 ha/tahun. Kondisi ini memicu terjadinya perubahan garis pantai yaitu abrasi dan akresi. Dampak lain dari degradasi dan kerusakan ekosistem mangrove di Kabupaten Tangerang yaitu hilangnya atau berkurangnya nilai dari fungsi-fungsi ekosistem mangrove. Fungsi mangrove yaitu pertama sebagai nilai jasa penyedia (perikanan tangkap dan perikanan budidaya) yaitu memiliki nilai Rp. 368.344.227, kedua sebagai nilai jasa pengaturan (pelindung dari
Keyword: environmental aquatic, degradation, mangrove ecosystem, coastal of tangerang, management strategy

Judul: Evaluation of Influenza Antibody Titers in Serum and Egg Yolk of Layers Vaccinated with Influenza Vaccines.
Abstrak: Influenza belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family which causes upper and lower respiratory tract infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate influenza-A specific antibody titers from serum and egg yolk of hens vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Three Hy-line Brown layers were vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza type A and B inactivated vaccines. Vaccination was carried out three times at a dose of 0.25 ml/chicken via the intramuscular route. The first vaccination was carried out at 24 weeks of age, then boosters were performed at 28 and 32 weeks of age. Serum and egg yolk were collected every week for 20 weeks since the first vaccination. Influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 antibody titers were determined using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and agar-gel-precipitation (AGP) test. Influenza-A H3N2 and H1N1 specific antibodies were detected in both serum and egg yolk from the first to twenty weeks after the initial vaccination. Highest HI geometric mean titer (GMT) of H1N1 antibody reached 26.67 HIU at nine weeks post first vaccination (p.f.v), while H3N2 antibody reached 26 HIU at six weeks p.f.v. Our result showed that influenza antibodies can be produced in layers using quadrivalent vaccines and layer chickens are able to produce equivalent antibody levels for each influenza subtype.
Keyword: antibody, egg yolk, influenza, layer chickens, serum