Judul: The Cytotoxicity of Nanoencapsulated  Combined Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Bajakah Wood and Cakar Ayam Leaves  Against Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Abstrak: Kayu bajakah (Uncaria sp.) dan daun cakar ayam (Selaginella doederleinii Hieron.) secara terpisah digunakan masyarakat Dayak sebagai obat alternatif kanker paru-paru. Sitotoksisitas dan spesifisitas jaringan ketika dua bahan tersebut dikombinasikan dalam sistem nanokapsul poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) termodifikasi kitosan belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan sitotoksisitas fraksi etil asetat kombinasi kayu bajakah dan daun cakar ayam juga bentuk nanokapsulnya terhadap organisme sederhana, sel kanker paru-paru A549, serta sel normal Chang. Fraksi etil asetat kombinasi kedua bahan alam tersebut menunjukkan sitotoksisitas terhadap larva Artemia salina dengan IC50 7,4 ppm (50:50) dan 16,89 ppm (75:25). Sitotoksisitas juga terjadi terhadap sel A549 dengan nilai IC50 76,3 ppm (50:50) dan 85,4 ppm (75:25). Kombinasi keduanya dalam sistem nanokapsul mampu meningkatkan sitotoksisitas yang ditandai dengan penurunan nilai IC50 >45%. Bentuk ternanoenkapsulasi tersebut tidak menunjukkan sitotoksisitas terhadap sel normal Chang (viabilitas sel >90%) dan organisme normal (motilitas larva udang >90%). Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah nanoenkapsulasi fraksi etil asetat kombinasi kayu bajakah dan daun cakar ayam meningkatkan sitotoksisitas dan bekerja spesifik terhadap jaringan target., Bajakah wood (Uncaria sp.) and cakar ayam leaves (Selaginella doederleinii Hieron.) separately are used by Dayak tribe as alternative medicines for lung cancer. The cytotoxicity and tissue specificity when they are combined in chitosan-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanocapsule system is still unknown. This study aims to determine the cytotoxicity of ethyl acetate fraction from bajakah wood and cakar ayam leaves also its nanocapsule form against simple organisms, lung cancer cell A549, and normal cell Chang. Combined ethyl acetate fraction from those two herbs showed toxicity against nauplii Artemia salina by IC50 value 76,3 ppm (50:50) and 85,4 ppm (75:25). The cytotoxicity of those combination also showed in A549 cancer cell line by IC50 value 76,3 ppm (50:50) and 85,4 ppm (75:25). Nanocapsule system has proven to increase the cytotoxicity by decreasing IC50 value >45%. Those nanocapsule system has no cytotoxicity effect against normal cell Chang (cell viability >90%) and normal organism (shrimp larvae motility >90%). The conclusion of this study is that combined ethyl acetate fraction of bajakah wood and cakar ayam leaf in form of nanocapsule increase cytotoxicity and work against specific tissue.
Keyword: Ethyl acetate fraction, PLGA-chitosan nanocapsule, A549 cancer cell line, Selaginella doederleinii H., Uncaria sp.

Judul: Nanoencapsulated Combined Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Bajakah Wood and Cakar Ayam Leaves as Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Therapy
Abstrak: Pengobatan kanker paru-paru konvensional memiliki efektivitas rendah karena obat terdegradasi sebelum mencapai target dan belum selektif. Masyarakat Suku Dayak memanfaatkan kayu bajakah (Uncaria sp.) dan daun cakar ayam (Selaginella doederleinii Hieron.) secara terpisah untuk terapi kanker paru-paru. Belum diketahui apakah kombinasi keduanya dalam nanokapsul poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) terlapisi kitosan dan dihantarkan via nebulizer dapat meningkatkan aktivitas antikanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan mensintesis nanokapsul PLGA-kitosan kombinasi fraksi etil asetat kayu bajakah dan daun cakar ayam yang dihantarkan via nebulizer untuk menurunkan kadar biomarker kanker. Nanokapsul yang disintesis memiliki diameter <500 nm dan indeks polidispersitas <0,5. Nanokapsul mencapai lobus terdalam paru-paru mencit dan menurunkan kadar laktat dehidrogenase 10% dari 365,62 ±22,29 U/L menjadi 332,79 ± 33,30 U/L setelah 15 hari terapi. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah nanokapsul PLGA-kitosan fraksi etil asetat kombinasi kayu bajakah dan daun cakar ayam berhasil disintesis, mampu mencapai target terapi, dan berpotensi sebagai alternatif terapi kanker paru-paru., Conventional lung cancer treatment has low effectivity due to its unspecificity organ target and has first pass effect. Dayak tribes utilise bajakah wood (Uncaria sp.) and cakar ayam leaves (Selaginella doederleinii Hieron.) separately for lung cancer therapy. It is not yet known whether their combination in chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanocapsules delivered via nebulizer can enhance anticancer activity. This study aimed to synthesize combined ethyl acetate fraction of bajakah wood and cakar ayam leaves in form of PLGA-chitosan nanocapsules and delivered via nebulizer to reduce cancer biomarker levels. The synthesized nanocapsules had a diameter of <500 nm and a polydispersity index of <0.5. The nanocapsules reached the deepest lobe of the mice lungs and reduced lactate dehydrogenase levels by 10% from 365.62 ± 22.29 U/L to 332.79 ± 33.30 U/L after 15 days of therapy. The conclusion of this study was that combined ethyl acetate fraction from bajakah wood and cakar ayam leaves in form of nanocapsule were successfully synthesized, able to achieve therapeutic targets, and had potential as an alternative therapy for lung cancer.
Keyword: Laktat dehidrogenase, Nanokapsul PLGA-Kitosan, Selaginella doederleinii Hieron, Terapi inhalasi, Uncaria sp

Judul: Model Input-output dalam Masalah Network Flow
Abstrak: Production process is a process, which is done by industry, to transform input into output. According to the type of output and its activity, industry can be classified into various sectors, which are connected to each other. Therefore, a model to analyze the connection among sections is needed. The model is known as input-output model (IO model). IO model presents an IO table, which shows informations about the transaction between goods and services in each economic sector. Furthermore, the IO model also shows that the amount of all input is the same as the amount of all output. In this paper, the transaction of each economic sector in IO table is analyzed using network flow theory. The formulated network flow problem implies that each sector represents partly as a producer and also as a consumer. This paper also solves a minimum cost circulation problem.
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