Judul: Strategy for Small Dairy Farms Development in Cisarua, Bogor
Abstrak: Dairy farms in Indonesia have a good prospect to be developed because more than 70% of national consumers needs are fulfilled from imports. Bogor regency has opportunity to take part in dairy industries by improving dairy farms development in some regions, one of these is Cisarua. This theses describes the sustainable development strategy of small dairy farms in Cisarua. The research was conducted during December 2010 and March 2011 in Cisarua, Bogor, West Java. The informations were collected through indivial interviewed with 28 dairy farmer households and some key informans. The data were analized and presented descriptively. Results showed that the following are possibly happen in development of small dairy farms in Cisarua: (1) decreasing natural fodder carrying capacity which is currently in very critical condition with 0.78 Carrying Capacity Index, (2) increasing of organic pollution in Kali Citeko Bawah, current value of COD (194.2 mg/l) and BOD (86.2 mg/l) are already above the quality standards stated in Government Regulation of Republic of Indonesia Number 82, Year 2001 on air quality management and water pollution control, (3) waste from dairy farms can potentially trigger a social conflict, and (4) farmers do not have any bargaining power in milk selling-price as due to high dependence to Milk Processing Industry. Based on analysis of current conditions in dairy farms and expert opinion, there are several targets to be achieved in order to improve dairy farms development in Cisarua i.e. (1) increase farmers’ income; (2) create employment oppurtunities; (3) optimize natural resource potential; (4) increase local economic growth; (5) to raise public nutrition level; (6) to create zero waste dairy farms and; (7) make dairy cattle as an icon of Cisarua. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) on experts’ choice showed that improvement in quality and quantity of milk/product (0.244), extension in capital access (0.208) and increase human resources quality (0.196) were the major strategies to achieve the targets of sustainable dairy farms in Cisarua, Bogor.
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Judul: Kajian Kelayakan dan Strategi Pengembangan Klaster Peternak Sapi Perah di Kecamatan Cisarua, Kabupaten Bogor
Abstrak: Dairy farmer in Sub District Cisarua is expected to be developed as cluster, an integrated dairy farmer from milk production aspects to processing and marketing (on an off farm). Milk processing can be executed by the processing industry or the dairy farmers themselves. This study aims to (1) identify and analyze the components of the cluster, (2) feasibility study of cluster related to increasing of value added of dairy products, and (3) determine the appropriate strategies of business development dairy farmers in Sub District Cisarua, District Bogor. Primary data collected through field surveys and interviews by questionnaires to dairy farmer and other respondent, to obtain supporting data with Non probability method as purposive sampling. Dairy farmers were divided into 3 (three) business scale, namely the ownership of adult cow < 6, 6-10 and > 10. Secondary data collected through literature, documents and related reports. Cluster dairy farmer in Sub District Cisarua formed from the main component of dairy farmers, Primary Cooperation (KUD) Giri Tani, and PT Cimory. Other components are influential in its development is the government, academia, and Dairy Processing Cooperation (KPS) Bogor. Business of dairy farmers in Sub District Cisarua is generally feasible. Average of Pay Back Period (PBP) at 18% interest rate range is 2 years 6 months. Average of Net Benefit/Cost (B/C) 97% of dairy farmers is 2.67. On 2008, 93% of farmers reached Break Event Point (BEP) and on 2009 all farmers reached. Net Present Value (NPV) : Discount Factor (DF) 14% of 97% farmers is positive. NPV;DF 18% of 90% farmer is positive. Average of IRR at NPV1; DF 14% and NPV2; DF Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 18% is 25.15% for 97% of farmers, higher than interest rate in 2008-2009 (14-15%). Yoghurt processing unit was feasible to develop. The value added of fresh milk into yogurt products is Rp. 1,814,-/l. PBP is 11 months. Net B/C is 3.35. NPV (DF) 14% is positive Rp. 147,150,300. DF NPV of 18% is positive Rp. 95,059,288. IRR is 25.30%. The Development strategies of dairy farmers cluster in Sub District Cisarua are production aspect, market aspects, and information technology aspects.
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Judul: Transisi Fasa Materi Hadronik ke Materi Kuark pada Inti Bintang Neutron.
Abstrak: Bintang neutron terdiri dari beberapa lapisan yang disusun oleh materi nuklir yang berbeda dengan kerapatan yang semakin tinggi ketika mendekati pusat bintang. Inti luar bintang neutron disusun oleh materi hadronik (nukleon, lepton, dan hyperon), sedangkan inti dalam bintang neutron disusun oleh kuark-kuark bebas (up, down, strange) yang saling berinteraksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari bagaimana transisi dari inti luar ke inti dalam bintang neutron dengan menggunakan pendekatan RMF (Relativistic Mean Field) untuk materi hadronik dan CIDDM (Confined Isospin Density Dependent Mass) untuk materi kuark. Tekanan transisi diperoleh ketika potensial kimia barion materi hadronik dan materi kuark bernilai sama. Nilai tekanan transisi dengan parameter SU6-TM1 sekitar 87 MeV/fm3 dan diperoleh massa maksimum bintang neutron yaitu 1.92M dengan jari-jari sekitar 8.62 km. Nilai tekanan transisi dengan parameter SU6-G2 sekitar 53 MeV/fm3 dan massa maksimum bintang neutron yaitu 1.88M dengan jari-jari sekitar 8.16 km. Jenis transisi fasa adalah orde satu ditandai dengan diskontinuitas dalam kerapatan energi (adanya mixed phase). Parameter-parameter pada model nuklir yang digunakan menyebabkan perbedaan kekakuan persamaan keadaan (EOS) dari materi hadronik dan materi kuark sehingga nilai tekanan transisi dari fasa hadronik ke fasa kuark juga berbeda.
Keyword: bintang neutron, persamaan keadaan, transisi fasa