Judul: Evaluation of Effective Dose of Ketamine- Xylazine Combination Anesthesia in Pediatric Rats
Abstrak: Anestesi efektif mengurangi stres dan rasa sakit pada tikus dengan menghilangkan kesadaran. Kombinasi yang umum digunakan dalam penelitian adalah Ketamine dan Xylazine. Kombinasi ini telah banyak digunakan pada tikus dewasa dengan berbagai dosis, tetapi belum ada acuan dosis tepat untuk tikus pediatri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan dosis anestesi dari kombinasi Ketamine-Xylazine yang efektif dan aman untuk tikus pediatri. Penelitian menggunakan 25 ekor tikus berumur 3 minggu yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok negatif dan 4 perlakuan dosis Ketamine (25, 50, 75, dan 100 mg/kg BB) dikombinasikan dengan Xylazine 4 mg/kg BB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan efek anestesi tikus pediatri baru mulai muncul setelah pemberian dosis Ketamine 50 mg/Kg BB. Kondisi fisiologis (frekuensi jantung, frekuensi napas, dan suhu tubuh) mengalami penurunan pada 10 menit setelah injeksi anestesi dan seiring waktu berangsur kembali ke normal. Pada dosis yang tinggi (100 mg/kg BB), terjadi kematian pasca injeksi dengan tingkat kematian 40%. Dosis anestesi Ketamine-Xylazine yang disarankan adalah 50–75/4 mg/kg BB.
Keyword: rat, xylazine, pediatric, dose, ketamine

Judul: Efektivitas Anestetikum Kombinasi Zoletil-Ketamin-Xylazin pada Babi Lokal (Sus domestica) Indonesia
Abstrak: The purpose of this research was to evaluate the potential of zoletil-ketamine-xylazine combination as anesthetic in Indonesian local pig. Nine local pigs were subjected to three groups of treatment. Each group consisted of three pigs. The first groups (A) anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine combination (ketamine 15 mg/kg BB and xylazine 2 mg/kg BB). The second group (B) anesthetized with zoletil-ketamine-xylazine combination (zoletil 4 mg/kg BB, ketamine 2 mg/kg BB, and xylazine 2 mg/kg BB). The third group (C) anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine (ketamine 10 mg/kg BB and xylazine 1 mg/kg BB). The measured variables were symptoms during the induction symptoms, onset and duration anesthesia, body temperature, heart rate, and respiration frequency. However anesthesia protocol of group C were unable to anesthetized the Indonesian local pigs. The combination of lower dose ketamine-xylazine in group C only resulted in sedated condition. The results showed that were no significant difference between the treatment groups A and B.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite