Judul: Nilai Harapan Waktu Tunggu dan Banyaknya Pelanggan pada Model Antrean M/M/1 dengan Pelayanan Terganggu
Abstrak: Karya ilmiah ini membahas model antrean tipe �������/�������/1 dengan pelayanan terganggu. Pelayanan terganggu terjadi ketika lingkungan sistem dalam keadaan sibuk sehingga pesan dari server tidak tersampaikan dengan jelas ke pelanggan. Proses kedatangan pelanggan mengikuti proses Poisson dengan laju sebesar �������. Disiplin antrean yang digunakan dalam model ini adalah First Come First Serve. Ukuran kinerja yang dibahas adalah nilai harapan banyaknya pelanggan dan waktu tunggu pelanggan, yang diperoleh menggunakan diferensial pertama dari fungsi pembangkit peluang banyaknya pelanggan. Langkah awal adalah mendefinisikan matriks infinitesimal ������� melalui diagram transisi. Selanjutnya mencari fungsi pembangkit peluang menggunakan sebaran stasioner.
Keyword: antrean, fungsi pembangkit peluang, nilai harapan

Judul: Nilai Harapan Waktu Tunggu Pelanggan pada Antrean M/G/2 dengan Server Heterogen di Bawah Disiplin Layanan Terkendali
Abstrak: Sistem antrean M/G/2 adalah suatu sistem antrean dengan proses kedatangannya menyebar Poisson, waktu layanan pelanggan terdistribusi umum, dan banyak server yang digunakan adalah dua server. Pada karya ilmiah ini, dua server yang digunakan dalam layanan adalah server yang heterogen yaitu server-1 memiliki pelayanan yang lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan server-2. Disiplin antrean yang digunakan dalam model ini adalah disiplin layanan terkendali di mana aturan First Come First Served (FCFS) dilanggar oleh sistem. Ukuran kinerja yang dibahas adalah nilai harapan waktu tunggu pelanggan di dalam sistem. Langkah awal untuk menentukan nilai harapan waktu tunggu adalah mencari peluang stasioner untuk antrean M/G/2 dengan disiplin layanan terkendali. Selanjutnya, menyelesaikan fungsi pembangkit peluang banyaknya pelanggan dengan menggunakan peluang stasioner tersebut, maka diperoleh nilai harapan waktu tunggu banyaknya pelanggan di dalam sistem. Akhirnya dengan menggunakan teorema Little’s Law didapatkan fungsi nilai harapan waktu tunggu pelanggan., The M/G/2 queue system is a system with arrival process of customers follows Poisson distribution, customers service time has a general distribution, and has two servers. In this manuscript, the two servers used in the service are heterogeneous, namely server-1 has a faster service rate than server-2. The queuing discipline used in this model is a controlled service discipline in which the First Come First Served (FCFS) rule is violated by the system. The performance measure discussed is expected value of the customer waiting time in the system. The initial step to determine the expected value of waiting time was to find stationary probability for M/G/2 queuing system with controlled service discipline. Then, by completing the probability generating function for the number of customers using the stationary probability, the function of the expected value of the number customers in system was obtained. Finally, by using the Little’s Law theorem the function of the expected value of customers waiting time was obtained.
Keyword: expected value, heterogeneous servers, stationary probability, queue

Judul: Durability of Specific Immunoglobulin (Ig) Y Againts Influenza and Covid-19 in Sunscreen
Abstrak: The benefit of specific immunoglobulin Y (Ig Y) as an active ingredient in personal care products such as sunscreen has not been properly studied. Our study aims to evaluate the reliability of specific IgY against influenza and the COVID-19 virus in a sample sunscreen product. Specific IgY influenza and COVID-19 viruses were inserted in the sample sunscreen at two concentrations of 0.1% and 0.25%. Three treatments were observed: control (C) sunscreen without IgY, treatment 1 (T1) sunscreen with 0.1% IgY, and treatment 2 (T2) sunscreen with 0.25% IgY. Organoleptic observations were carried out to monitor changes in aroma, color, and texture, and sunscreen sampling was done every week for 6 weeks. The durability of IgY was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a neutralization assay. Organoleptic observation from weeks 1 to 6 showed consistency in its aroma, color, and texture. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralization assay (NA) results of the T1 and T2 groups showed negative results except for sample T1 at week 5, which showed a positive result in the Influenza A ELISA. Based on the results, it seems that IgY concentrations of 0.1% or 0.25% were not optimal. However, this negative result might be due to low concentration of the IgY and the presence of beeswax, which inhibits IgY and causes it to dissolve in distilled water, thus preventing it from being detected in the assay.
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, Sunscreen, Influenza, COVID-19, Biological Activity