Judul: Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Alpukat dan Tanaman Kumis Kucing terhadap Daya Luruh Kalsium Oksalat secara In Vitro.
Abstrak: Kalsium oksalat menjadi komponen utama penyebab batu ginjal, yaitu sekitar 80% dari mineral yang membentuk batu ginjal. Daun alpukat dan tanaman kumis kucing dipercaya sebagai obat tradisional untuk menyembuhkan batu ginjal. Aktivitas daun alpukat dan tanaman kumis kucing dapat meluruhkan kalsium oksalat penyebab batu ginjal belum diketahui secara ilmiah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji aktivitas ekstrak daun alpukat dan tanaman kumis kucing terhadap daya luruh kalsium oksalat sebagai komponen utama penyusun batu ginjal secara in vitro. Ekstraksi dengan maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Rendemen ekstrak etanol daun alpukat sebesar 21.18%, sedangkan ekstrak etanol tanaman kumis kucing sebesar 12.88%. Hasil uji fitokimia menunjukkan adanya senyawa metabolit sekunder pada kedua ekstrak yang memiliki aktivitas terhadap daya luruh kalsium oksalat. Hasil uji kelarutan kalsium oksalat menunjukkan ekstrak tunggal daun alpukat memiliki aktivitas yang lebih baik dibandingkan ekstrak tunggal tanaman kumis kucing dan kombinasinya.
Keyword: batu ginjal, ekstrak daun alpukat, ekstrak tanaman kumis kucing, kalsium oksalat

Judul: Identifikasi Komponen Batu Ginjal Manusia serta Aktivitas Eksrak Daun Alpukat terhadap Daya Luruh Batu Ginjal In vitro
Abstrak: Batu ginjal merupakan penyakit yang dapat mengakibatkan komplikasi serius pada penderitanya. Daun alpukat kaya akan senyawa flavonoid dan dipercaya sebagai obat tradisional yang dapat meluruhkan batu ginjal manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi komponen penyusun batu ginjal manusia serta aktivitas ekstrak daun alpukat terhadap daya luruh batu ginjal in vitro. Komponen penyusun batu ginjal manusia dianalisis dengan FTIR sedangkan peluruhan batu ginjal dianalisis dengan AAS. Hasil Menunjukkan kalsium oksalat merupakan komponen utama penyusun batu ginjal dengan nilai serapan sebesar 1604.66 yang menunjukkan vibrasi OC=O asymmetrical stretching, 1326.93 menunjukkan vibrasi C=C symmetrical stretching. Total flavonoid yang terdapat di dalam ekstrak daun alpukat sebesar 19.99 mg/gram dan kontrol positif obat komersial batu ginjal sebesar 2.99 mg/mL obat komersial. Total kuersetin ekstrak daun alpukat sebesar 0.58 mg/g ekstrak dan total rutin 2.36 mg/g ekstrak. Kelarutan batu ginjal manusia paling baik terdapat pada konsentrasi ekstrak 18 ppm flavonoid dengan kelarutan sebesar 74.86 ppm.
Keyword: batu ginjal, kalsium oksalat, daun alpukat

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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