Judul: Comparison of Brown Sugar in Sinjai and Sidrap Districts of South Sulawesi Based on Indonesian National Standards and Proximate
Abstrak: Gula semut dari alat inovatif gula semut yang berasal dari Kabupaten Sinjai dan Sidrap belum diuji kandungannya sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan kualitas produk tersebut berdasarkan SNI dan proksimat. Metode penelitian terdiri atas uji SNI (kadar air, kadar abu, gula pereduksi, cemaran logam) dan uji proksimat (karbohidrat, protein, lemak, total kalori). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan gula semut Sinjai mengandung karbohidrat 90,34%, protein 6,51%, lemak 0,42%, dan total kalori 3915 kal/gram sedangkan gula semut Sidrap mengandung karbohidrat 89,93%, protein 5,13%, lemak 2,71%, dan total kalori 3342 kal/gram. Gula semut Sinjai memiliki kadar karbohidrat dan lemak yang lebih baik dibandingkan gula semut Sidrap sedangkan kadar protein dan kalorinya tidak. Kadar air gula semut Sinjai dan Sidrap masing-masing 4,119% (SNI <3%) dan 1,737%. Kadar abu gula semut Sinjai dan Sidrap sudah memenuhi SNI (<2,5%), masing-masing 1,344% dan 0,494%. Cemaran logam gula semut Sinjai dan Sidrap sudah memenuhi SNI namun timbal keduanya >0,25%. Kadar gula pereduksi gula semut Sinjai dan Sidrap sesuai SNI (<3%), masing-masing 2,851% dan 1,776%. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah gula semut Sidrap lebih baik daripada gula semut Sinjai karena kadar air gula semut Sinjai belum memenuhi SNI sehingga daya simpannya lebih pendek., Brown sugar made by the innovative tool from Sinjai and Sidrap hadn't been tested for its content. This study aimed to compare the quality of these products based on SNI and proximate. The research method consisted of SNI tests (moisture and ash content, reducing sugars, metal contamination) and proximate tests (carbohydrate, protein, fat, total calories). The results showed that Sinjai brown sugar had 90,34% carbohydrate, 6,51% protein, 0,42% fat, and 3915 cal/gram total calorie. Sidrap brown sugar had 89,93% carbohydrate, 5,13% protein, 2,71% fat, and 3342 cal/gram total calorie. Sinjai brown sugar had better carbohydrate and fat levels than Sidrap brown sugar but protein and calories weren’t. The moisture content of Sinjai and Sidrap brown sugar was 4.118% (SNI <3%) and 1.737%, respectively. The ash content of Sinjai and Sidrap brown sugar complied with SNI (<2.5%), 1,344%, and 0,494%, respectively. The metal contamination of Sinjai and Sidrap brown sugar complied with SNI, but both had lead >0.25%. The sugar content reduction of Sinjai and Sidrap brown sugar complied with SNI (<3%), was 2.851% and 1.776%, respectively. In conclusion, Sidrap brown sugar was better than Sinjai one because Sinjai brown sugar's moisture content didn’t fulfill SNI, so its storability was shorter.
Keyword: brown sugar, proximate, Sinjai, Sidrap, SNI

Judul: Teknik Minimasi Logam Pada Produksi Gula Semut Koperasi W Purworejo
Abstrak: Gula semut adalah gula kelapa yang berbentuk bubuk dan berbahan baku dari nira kelapa yang telah dilakukan penyadapan dan dipanaskan pada suhu tertentu hingga proses kristalisasi kemudian dicetak dan digerus. Dalam produksinya terdapat kontaminan yang mencemari gula semut diantaranya kontaminasi oleh logam berat. Kontaminasi oleh logam pada gula semut dapat terjadi melalui proses produksi yang berlangsung mencakup peralatan dan mesin yang kotor serta berkarat, serta keadaan lingkungan produksi yang tidak higenis. Sebagai upaya untuk menurangi kadar logam dalam penelitian ini yaitu dengan menggunakan opsi perbaikan pada tingkat petani dan tingkat pabrik. Perbaikan yang ditawarkan di tingkat petani adalah dengan melakukan sanitasi peralatan produksi serta menghindari terjadinya kontaminasi silang dari logam pada peralatan yang digunakan. Perbaikan yang ditawarkan di tingkat pabrik adalah dengan melakukan pengulangan proses metal trap sebanyak 3 kali pengulangan, serta rancangan penambahan komponen pada metal trap dan pengadaan metal detector, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan perhitungan analisis finansial sebelum serta sesudah pengadaan mesin mencakup Harga Penjualan Produk (HPP), Break Even Point (BEP), R/C ratio, dan Payback Period (PBP). Hasil pengujian kandungan logam setelah perbaikan adalah pada tingkat petani didapati penurunan tertinggi pada Pb yaitu 99% dengan penerapan metode menghindari kontaminasi silang oleh logam dan penurunan tertinggi pada Zn yaitu 98% dengan penerapan metode sanitasi peralatan. Opsi perbaikan tingkat pabrik didapati penurunan tertinggi pada Fe dan Cu yaitu 22% dan 20% dengan penerapan metode pengulangan metal trap sebanyak 3 kali dan dengan penerapan menghindari kontaminasi silang oleh logam. Analisis finansial dengan rancangan penambahan komponen metal trap dan mengadaan metal detector pada pabrik didapati bahwa nilai HPP yaitu Rp 24.064, R/C ratio> 1 sehingga layak untuk dilanjutkan, BEP unit 6.206, serta Payback period dengan nilai 0,520 tahun., Palm sugar is coconut sugar in the form of powder and is made from coconut juice which has been tapped and heated at a certain temperature until the crystallization process is then molded and grinded. In its production, there are contaminants that pollute palm sugar, including contamination by heavy metals. Contamination by metals in palm sugar can occur through a production process that takes place including dirty and rusty equipment and machinery, as well as an unhygenic state of the production environment. As an effort to reduce metal levels in this study, namely by using improvement options at the farmer level and factory level. The improvements offered at the farmer level are to sanitize production equipment and avoid cross-contamination of metals in the equipment used. The improvements offered at the factory level are by repeating the metal trap process by 3 repetitions, as well as the design of adding components to the metal trap and the procurement of metal detectors, then continuing with financial analysis calculations before and after machine procurement including Product Cost of Goods Sold (HPP), Break Even Point (BEP), R/C ratio, and Payback Period (PBP). The results of testing the metal content after repairs were at the level of farmers found the highest decrease in lead, namely 99% with the application of the method of avoiding cross- contamination by metals and the highest decrease in zinc, which was 98% with the application of equipment
Keyword: palm sugar, coconut juice, metals minimization

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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