Judul: Karakteristik Kepemimpinan Lokal dan Pemberdayaan Petani Subak di Bali
Abstrak: This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of effective local leadership in empowering farmers Subak in Bali. The Chairman of Kepaon Subak in the lead is influenced by cultural aspects. The cultural aspect is based Tri Hita Karana according to philosophical Hinduism. The cultural aspects affect aspects of leadership chairman Kepaon Subak. Aspects of leadership which is owned chairman Kepaon Subak to empower farmers Kepaon Subak not enough just to rely on the knowledge of irrigation in accordance with the cultural aspects. The characteristics of chief Kepaon Subak as intelligence, ability to communicate, and ideals have not been fully able to make Kepaon Subak farmers become empowered. The leadership characteristics of chief Kepaon Subak that can empower Kepaon Subak farmers in argue is intelligence only. Intelligence itself is only able to empower a peasant farmer while tenant farmer owner is not the case. It can be said that the characteristic of chief Kepaon Subak has not been able to empower farmers .
Keyword: cultural aspects, aspects of leadership, leadership characteristics chairman Subak, Subak farmer empowerment

Judul: Peran kepemimpinan kelompok tani dan efektivitas pemberdayaan petani
Abstrak: Ketidakberdayaan petani timbul akibat petani kurang mampu menggunakan sarana produksi secara maksimal. Ketidakberdayaan juga timbul akibat kurang mampunya petani dalam memasarkan hasil produksi pertanian. Melalui kelompok tani, pemerintah berpotensi dapat melakukan pemberdayaan dan proses pembelajaran untuk memperbaiki kualitas hidup mereka. Di dalam proses pemberdayaan kelompok tani dibutuhkan peran pemimpin untuk mendorong terjadinya aktivitas pemberdayaan. Pemimpin mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting untuk mempengaruhi dan memotivasi petani untuk mencapai tujuan bersama dalam kelompok tani. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan antara kepemimpinan dengan proses pemberdayaan kelompok tani dan hubungan antara proses pemberdayaan dengan tingkat keberdayaan, serta hubungan faktor personal dan faktor lingkungan dengan proses pemberdayaan petani. Metode yang digunakan adalah survei yang dilengkapi dengan pendekatan kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam terhadap informan. Hasil penelitian diolah dengan menggunakan Rank Spearman dan Chi-square. Penelitian dilakukan pada kelompok tani Bina Sejahtera di Desa Situ Udik Kecamatan Cibungbulang Kabupaten Bogor dan pada kelompok tani Hurip di Desa Cikarawang Kecamatan Dramaga Kabupaten Bogor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hubungan nyata positif antara kepemimpinan dengan proses pemberdayaan, sedangkan proses pemberdayaan tidak menunjukkan hubungan yang nyata dengan tingkat keberdayaan. Sebagian faktor personal menunjukkan hubungan nyata yang positif dengan tingkat partisipasi antara lain usia dan tingkat pendidikan, sedangkan faktor lingkungan tidak menunjukkan hubungan nyata dengan proses pemberdayaan., The powerlessness of farmers is caused by the farmers are not able enough to use the equipment of production optimally. The powerlessness is also caused by the unqualified farmers in marketing their agricultural production. Through the farmer groups, the government has a potential to do the learning process and the empowerment to improve their quality of life. In this empowerment process of the farmers group, it needs the role of leader to push the activity of empowerment. The leader has a very important role to influence and motivate the farmers to achieve their goal together through the farmer groups. The aims of this research are to analysis the correlation between leadership with process of farmer groups empowerment, the correlation between the empowerment process with level of empowerment, and also the correlation between personal factor and environment factor with the empowerment process. The methods which is used in this research is survey which is supported by qualitative approach with in-depth interviews to the informants. The result of this research was processed by using Rank Spearman and Chi-Square. The research was conducted to the farmer groups Bina Sejahtera in Situ Udik Village, Cibungbulang Sub-District, Bogor and to the farmer groups Hurip in Cikarawang Village, Dramaga Sub-District, Bogor District. The result of the research shows a real positive correlation between the leadership with the empowerment process, while the empowerment process doesn’t show a real positive correlation with the level of empowerment. Some personal factors show a real positive correlation with the level of empowerment.
Keyword: kepemimpinan, pemberdayaan petani, kelompok tani

Judul: Analysis of Dose Distribution to the Fetus Using Monte Carlo Simulation
Abstrak: Radioterapi pada ibu hamil harus memperhatikan dosis radiasi yang diterima janin. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya pengetahuan lebih lanjut mengenai distribusi dosis pada janin. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui distribusi dosis pada janin dengan paru-paru sebagai lokasi penyinaran dengan variasi usia janin, energi, medan paparan, dan jarak janin dengan lokasi penyinaran. Percobaan dilakukan dengan metode Monte Carlo menggunakan software EGSnrc dengan fantom berukuran 40x40x40 cm3. Hasil yang didapatkan pada trimester 1 janin mendapat dosis hingga 13% pada 0,02%. Trimester 2 janin mendapat dosis hingga 100% pada 0,04% dan trimester 3 janin mendapat dosis hingga 100% pada 0,07%. Selanjutnya, ketika menggunakan energi 3 MeV janin mendapat dosis hingga 100% pada 0,03%, dan dengan energi 5 MeV janin mendapatkan dosis hingga 100% pada 0,07%. Medan paparan diatur pada ukuran 5, It is important to pay attention to the amount of radiation the fetus receives when performing radiotherapy on pregnant women. Therefore, a further study is needed regarding dose distribution to the fetus. This study aims to determine the distribution of dose to the fetus with the lungs as the radiation location with variations in fetal age, energy, exposure field, and distance of the fetus to the radiation beam. The experiment was done using Monte Carlo method using EGSnrc with a sized phantom. In the 1st trimester, the fetus received dose up to 13% at 0,02%, in the 2nd trimester, the fetus receives dose up to 100% at 0,04%, and in the 3rd trimester, the fetus receives dose up to 100% at 0,07%. Furthermore, when using 3 MeV energy the fetus gets dose up to 100% in 0,03%, and with 5 MeV energy the fetus gets dose up to 100% in 0,07%. The exposure field is set at 5×5 cm2 resulting in the fetus receiving dose up to 37% in 0,009% and with an exposure field of 8×8 cm2 the fetus receives dose up to 100% in 0,07%. At location 1, the fetus receives dose up to 12% at 0,07% and at location 2 the fetus receives dose up to 100% at 0,075%.
Keyword: Monte Carlo, dosis janin, EGSnrc, radioterapi