Judul: Identifikasi Bakteri Saluran Pencernaan Lumba-lumba Hidung Botol Indo-Pasifik (Tursiops aduncus)
Abstrak: This research was aimed to identify the bacteria which lived in the digestive tract of the indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). Anal swab samples were taken from 11 clinically healthy dolphins. These samples were cultured in the blood agar and MacConkey agar. The identification of the bacteria were based on series of tests i.e., colony and individual morphology, Gram stain characterisic, and standard biochemistry tests. At least, 14 genus of bacteria were identified such as Edwardsiella, Actinobacillus, Serratia, Enterobacter, Alcaligenes, Morganella, Proteus, Moraxella, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Listeria, and Bacillus. Serratia and Alcaligenes were the most common genus which were found in the digestive tract of the dolphin
Keyword: 

Judul: Identifikasi Bakteri Asal Saluran Pernafasan Atas (Blowhole) Lumba-lumba Hidung Botol Indo-Pasifik (Tursiops aduncus) di Kawasan Konservasi Pantai Cahaya Kendal Jawa Tengah
Abstrak: Recently years, dolphin conservations more active to do in Indonesia. The population of dolphin has declined because of illegal hunting. The concerned problems of dolphin conservations are health management which related with infectious diseases. The knowledge of microorganisms associated with dolphin is still limited, particularly which is bacteria in upper respiratory tract. The aim of this research was to identify the type of bacteria in upper respiratory tract of indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). Swab sampling from the upper respiratory tract (blowhole) of 11 dolphins was cultured in selective media. This research found 15 types of bacteria in the upper respiratory tract such as Actinobacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Moraxella sp., Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Proteus sp., Citrobacter sp., Salmonella sp., Serratia sp., Klebsiella sp., Pasteurella sp., Edwardsiella tarda, Alcaligenes faecalis, and Yersinia sp. The frequent bacteria that found in dolphin upper respiratory tract are Actinobacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Moraxella sp., and Bacillus sp. Some bacterias, such as Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus aureus., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonellasp., Klebsiella sp., Proteus sp., Pasteurella sp., and Edwardsiella tarda are potentially patogen for dolphins.
Keyword: 

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
Keyword: