Judul: Formulasi Ekstrak Etanol Jamur Kancing (Agaricus bisporus) dan Cangkang Telur Ayam sebagai Hidrogel Antibakteri
Abstrak: Diabetic foot ulcer diperparah oleh adanya produksi eksudat berlebih yang mengandung media pertumbuhan bagi bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan formula, menganalisis sifat fisikokimia, dan aktivitas antibakteri hidrogel ekstrak etanol jamur kancing dan cangkang telur ayam. Metode penelitian terdiri atas preparasi cangkang telur ayam dan jamur kancing, ekstraksi jamur kancing, formulasi hidrogel, uji fisikokimia, dan uji antibakteri. Formulasi hidrogel menggunakan konsentrasi ektrak jamur kancing 6,4% serta cangkang telur ayam 5% (F1), 10% (F2), dan 20% (F3). Hidrogel yang dihasilkan memiliki pH 7, fraksi gel 19,44-33,66%, dan swelling index sebesar 16,19-59,94%. Aktivitas antibakteri hidrogel terhadap S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, dan P. aeruginosa tergolong lemah hingga sedang. Simpulan penelitian ini yaitu F1 (5% cangkang telur) merupakan hidrogel terbaik berdasarkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap S. aureus, S. epidermidis, dan E. coli., Diabetic foot ulcers are exacerbated by the overproduction of exudate, which contains a growth medium for bacteria. This research aimed to determine the formula, physicochemical characteristics, and antibacterial activity of hydrogel ethanol extracts of button mushrooms and chicken eggshell. The research steps consisted of preparation of chicken eggshell and button mushrooms, extraction of button mushrooms, hydrogel formulations, physicochemical tests, and antibacterial tests. All of hydrogel formulations used a 6,4% concentration of button mushroom extract and chicken eggshell by 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 20% (F3). Hydrogel has a pH of 7, gel fraction with a value range of 19,44-33,66%, and swelling index of 16,19-59,94%. Hydrogel has antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa, which is classified as weak to moderate. The conclusion of this research was that F1 consisting of 5% chicken eggshell was the best hydrogel based on antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and E. coli.
Keyword: antibacterial, button mushroom, chicken eggshell, hydrogel

Judul: Aktivitas Koagulasi dan Antiinflamasi Hidrogel Cangkang Telur Ayam dan Ekstrak Etanol Jamur Kancing sebagai Penyembuh Luka Diabetes In Vitro
Abstrak: Gangguan pada proses koagulasi darah dan inflamasi kronis pada luka diabetes menyebabkan terhambatnya proses penyembuhan luka. Cangkang telur ayam dan jamur kancing diketahui berperan dalam proses penyembuhan luka karena komponen yang terkandung di dalamnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan formula serta menguji aktivitas koagulasi dan antiinflamasi hidrogel cangkang telur ayam dan ekstrak etanol jamur kancing sebagai penyembuhan luka diabetes secara in vitro. Metode penelitian diawali dengan proses ekstraksi menggunakan teknik maserasi, uji aktivitas koagulasi menggunakan darah kelinci yang diberi glukosa hingga mendekati kadar glukosa darah pada penderita diabetes, dan uji aktivitas antiinflamasi. Hidrogel dibuat sebanyak tiga formula dengan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol jamur kancing sebesar 6,4% dan konsentrasi cangkang telur 5% (F1), 10% (F2), dan 20% (F3). Seluruh formula hidrogel dapat mempercepat pembekuan darah dengan rentang waktu pembekuan sebesar 8,52– 11,24 menit. Hasil uji antiinflamasi hidrogel memiliki rentang nilai inhibisi sebesar 81,40–96,70%. Simpulan penelitian ini yaitu hidrogel F2 merupakan sediaan hidrogel yang memiliki waktu pembekuan darah dan aktivitas antiinflamasi terbaik., Disturbances in the blood coagulation process and chronic inflammation in diabetic wounds lead to delays in the wound healing process. Chicken eggshell and button mushrooms are known to play a role in the wound healing process because of the components contained therein. This research aimed to determine the formula, coagulation, and anti-inflammatory activity of hydrogel chicken eggshell and ethanolic extract of button mushrooms as a diabetic wound healer in vitro. The research method begins with the extraction process using maceration techniques, coagulation activity test using rabbit blood that is given glucose close to blood glucose in diabetics, and anti-inflammatory activity test. Hydrogels were made with three formulas used a 6,4% concentration of button mushroom ethanol extract and eggshell concentrations of 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 20% (F3). All hydrogel formulas can accelerate blood clotting with a clotting time range of 8,52–11,24 minutes. The hydrogel anti-inflammatory test results had an inhibition value range of 81,40– 96,70%. It was concluded that F2 was the best hydrogel formula with blood clotting time and anti-inflammatory activity.
Keyword: anti-inflammatory, coagulation, button mushroom, diabetic wound, egg shell

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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