Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: UHT (Ultra High Temperature) is a thermal process given to milk in excess of pasteurization with time and temperature combination capable of rendering the product commercially sterilized. This research describe the microbiological study of imported UHT milk product in Indonesia. Thirty samples of UHT milk products were tested with several assays. The UHT process perfection test (Aschaffenburg test), the antibiotic detection test through Blaettchen assay and Yoghurt test, Total Plate Count assay for microbial counting, and Bacillus cereus confirmation test. B.cereus is an aerobic sporeformer that is commonly contaminate milk. B.cereus also could survive through heating process during UHT treatment. There were also report from Brazil on 1998 about a study where 34,17 % samples of UHT milk products have been detected positive for B.cereus contamination. The results of this research on imported UHT milk products showed 53,33% of the samples were true UHT milk, and 46,67% were sterilized milk The antibiotics residue test showed all of the samples did not contain antibiotics. The microbial detection test showed 20 samples (66,7%) of the 30 samples were contaminated by microbe. The B.cereus test showed 13,33% of the samples have been detected for B.cereus contamination
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Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: Through a nutritional improvement project, Bogor District had donated powdered milk formula (PMF) for severe malnutrition children below five years. Powdered milk formula was assumed as an unsterilized product, because it might contain microbes. To evaluate the bacterial contaminant, forty eight samples of donated PMF were taken proportional from ten Puskesmas in Kabupaten Bogor. To evaluate the home prepared milk formula, 50 samples of PMF, reconstitution formula, drinking water, drinking equipment, and hand swabs, was taken from the mothers. To evaluate the knowledge, attitude and behavior of the safety of reconstituted and home storage of PMF, 50 questioners were given to the mothers. Microbe samples were analyzed for total aerobic plate counts, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens. The median counts for total aerobic count were 4.7 x 102 CFU/g. The value of total aerobic count less than 1 x 104 CFU/g is used as a basic standard for baby food (SNI 01-7111.1-2005). Approximately 30.6% products were contaminated by B. cereus with a median count 1.4 x 102 CFU/g. The presences of C. perfringens in all samples were not detected. Australian and New Zealand Food Standard (Standard 1.6.1-Microbiological Limit for Food 2001) for follow-on milk formula were used as a basic standard for of B. cereus and C. perfringens and the acceptance number of B. cereus were 102 CFU/g and C. perfringens <1 CFU/g. All of the follow-on milk formulas were safe to be distributed and consumed. Attention must be taken, because 4 samples (26.7%) contained B. cereus was able to produce enterotoxin. Improper home storage could promote the growth of aerobic microbe and B. cereus. Improper preparation would promote the growth of B. cereus which present initially at low level (mean 7.8 x 10 CFU/g) and became 1.6 x 103 CFU/ml after the reconstitution had done. C. perfringens emerge at 4 samples (mean 1.5 x 10 CFU/ml) after the reconstitution. Several isolate of B. cereus (4 from PMF, 13 from opened PMF, and 2 from reconstitution formula) showed a possibility to produce diarrheagenic enterotoxin while the isolate of C. perfringens did not show it. The spore of B. cereus and C. perfringens could survive in different preparation temperature (25, 35 and 70oC for B. cereus and 25, 47, 70oC for C. perfringens) and storage abuse (with <50 and >70% humidity; opened, closed and opened twice a day in observation). Bacteria population increased .1 log within 3 hours at room temperature (28-29oC). The microorganism could survive from dry condition, especially when aw of the formulas increased cause of storage abuse. The result from questioners and microbe samples shown, that mothers knowledge of milk safety were correlated to the number of their children (r=-0.34). The carefullness attitude of mothers were correlated to the knowledge of milk safety (r=0.51), the family income (r=0.28) and the number of their children (r=-0.40). The healthy behaviour of mothers were correlated to knowledge of milk safety (r=0.31), the family income (r=0.37), and carefulness attitude (r=0.30). It is suggested, that changing mothers knowledge of milk safety are necessary.
Keyword: Enterotoksin, Powdered milk formula, Storage and preparation, West Java

Judul: Kelembagaan Panglima Laot Dalam Mengatasi Perubahan Ekosistem Kawasan Pesisir Pulau Sabang
Abstrak: Kelembagaan Panglima laot merupakan perangkat adat dalam komunitas nelayan yang memiliki tugas dan tanggung jawab dalam melestarikan adat, wadah menyelesaikan sengkerta, mengatur tata kelola perikanan, dan penghubung dengan pemerintah. Beberapa peran yang dilakukan kelembagaan Panglima Laot dalam sektor perikanan maupun dalam komunitas nelayan perlu dikembangkan terutama dalam menggerakan komunitas nelayan menghadapi tantangan perubahan ekosistem pesisir di Pulau Sabang. Perubahan ekosisem telah memberi dampak sosial dan ekonomi terhadap aktivitas nelayan. Keberadaan Panglima Laot diharapkan berperan dalam menggerakkan komunitas untuk bertindak menghadapi perubahan ekosistem. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) menganalisis tantangan perubahan ekosistem kawasan pesisir yang dihadapi nelayan. (2) menganalisis keberadaan kelembagaan Panglima Laot dalam komunitas nelayan. (3) menganalisis peran kelembagaan Panglima Laot dalam mengorganisir komunitas nelayan dalam melestarikan ekosistem kawasan pesisir. (4) menganalisis hubungan antara berbagai pihak dalam mengurangi dampak (sosial, ekonomi) dari perubahan ekosistem. Penelitian lapangan dilaksanakan pada Maret hingga Juni 2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif yang didukung oleh data kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan survei, wawancara mendalam, fokus diskusi kelompok, dan observasi. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling sebanyak 70 responden nelayan Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komunitas nelayan sedang menghadapi tantangan perubahan ekosistem. Penyebab kerusakan ekositem pesisir adalah pencemaran limbah industri, degradasi mangrove dan karang, serta penggunaan alat tangkap deskruktif. Perubahan ekosistem membawa dampak sosial dan ekonomi pada komunitas nelayan. Secara ekonomi perubahan ekosistem memeberi dampak terhadap nelayan dengan adanya penurunan pendapatan nelayan, perubahan jarak tempuh penangkapan ikan, musim ikan yang tidak menentu dan menurunnya keragaman ikan. Secara sosial perubahan ekosistem telah menimbulakan tantangan dengan mulai sering terjadinya konflik nelayan sesama nelayan, menumbuhkan tumbuh kesadaran bagi sebagian golongan muda, dan menguatnya peran perempuan dalam mencari nafkah membantu rumah tangga. Kelembagaan yang efektif perlu mendapatkan dukungan pilar kelembagaan yang meliputi aspek regulatif, normatif dan kognitif. Keberadaan Panglima Laot tergolong kuat dalam menyelesaikan sengketa dalam komunitas nelayan. Panglima Laot dalam melestarian adat cenderung melemah, kecuali dalam pelaksanaan ritual kenduri laot. Peran Panglima Laot dalam mengatur tata aturan penangkapan juga melemah, kecuali pada penetapan wilayah kelola. Penetapan wilayah kelola saat ini dibantu oleh Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan dengan sistim koordinat.Peran dalam koordinasi (penghubung) dengan komunitas dan Pemerintah masih lemah. Banyak nelayan yang merasa keluhannya tidak disampaikan oleh Panglima Laot kepada pemerintah. Peran Panglima Laot dalam mengurangi melestarikan ekosistem dilakukan dengan mengupayakan advokasi melalui pertemuan duek pakat terhadap aktivitas perusakan pesisir, melakukan tindakan bersama, dan membangun jaringan denggan lembaga lainya. Pihak yang terlibat dalam mengurangi dampak perubahan ekosistem dilakukan dengan menjalin komunikasi, koordinasi dan kerjasama antar lembaga. Peranan lembaga desa belum terlihat dalam upaya penangan dampak perubahan ekosistem. Pengelolaan secara Co Management di Desa iboh saat ini masih berada pada tahap konsultatif. Pemerintah baru mulai mempertimbangkan pandangan masyarakat dan keterlibatannya sebelum membuat keputusan. Kegiatan penyusunan rencana pengelolaan, pelaksanaan program, pengawasan dan evaluasi masih belum melibatkan seluruh pemangku kepentingan dari pihak masyarakat.
Keyword: Kelembagaan, Panglima Laot, Komunitas nelayan, dan perubahan ekosistem