Judul: Studies of  microbial cellulose production through two stage cultivation
Abstrak: Acetobacter xylinum is a bacteria that can synthesize cellulose when grown in culture both static and agitated culture. In this study, cultivation is done through two stages, first stage of cultivation (agitated culture system) for 24 hours with a shaker speed of 150 rpm and cultivation of the second stage (static culture system) for 14 days. The addition of sucrose content sucrose 0%, 5%, and 7.5%. The shaker speed at 100 rpm , 150 rpm, 200 rpm, and 0 rpm as a control treatment. Additional media used is (NH4) 2SO4 0.6 g/l, K2HPO4/KH2PO4 5.0 g/l, yeast extract 2.5 g/l, and 2% glacial acetic acid. Production of microbial cellulose occurs fastest in the sample with the addition of sucrose 0% with a shaker speed of 100 rpm which began on day 5 and reached a maximum on day 10. Bacterial cellulose wet weights of 454.89 g/l, dry weight of 11.09 g/l, and the value Y(p/s) at 0.43.
Keyword: 

Judul: Cultivation Medium Selection and Optimization Agitation Speed of Bacterial Cellulose Production by Acetobacter pasteurianum in Shaking Culture
Abstrak: Bacterial cellulose is cellulose produced by microbe especially Acetobacter strain. So far, production process of bacterial cellulose which commonly use is static culture. At this culture, production mean per culture volume (rendemen) can be improved madely culture as shallow as possible. But, this matter require wide area to grow culture and impractical for the mass production scale (Okiyama et al., 1992 in Son et al., 2001). Therefore it needed an economic and practical mass production method to produce bacterial cellulose. Shaking Culture and agitated culture are potentials method for mass production method of bacterial cellulose due to not require wide place to grow the culture and fermentation time relative quickly. This research objectives are to obtain suitable cultivation medium (type of carbon and nitrogen source) and optimum agitation speed in producing bacterial cellulose by A. pasteurianum in shaking culture and also its kinetic aspect parameter. Optimization of agitation speert was carried out to obtain optimum agitation speed of cell propagation and production bacterial cellulose. This research was carried out in three steps. First step was selection of cultivation medium. Composition of cultivation medium, which were used in this step. was modification of CSL-Fru medium. This modification had done by substituted vitamin mix, mineral mix and CSL (Com Steep Liquor). Modification had also done to Cill"bon and nitrogen source of CSL-Fru medium. Meanwhile, the fixed material of CSL-Fru medium were 0.1 % w/v KHzP04.and 0.25 % WI" MgS04.7H20. Experiment design in this step was factorial complete random design with two treatment and two replications. First treatment factor was type of carbon source (C). which comprised four levels, that were 4.03 % w/v fructose (CI), 4.43 % WI" glucose (C2), 3.83 % WI" sucrose (C3), and 4.08 % WI" sorbitol (C4) . . Second treatment factor was type of nitrogen source (Y) comprised four level, that were 0.73 % WI. (NH.)zSO, (Yl ), 0.5 % WI. (NH.)zS04 + 0.5 % WI. yeast extract (Y2) and 1.57 % WI. yeast extract (Y3). Concentration of each level of treatment factors were made different in order to have equal weight of carbon atom and nitrogen percentage with CSL-Fru medium. that is 1.62 g weight of carbon atom and 0.1924 % nitrogen percentage. Analysis in this step was yield of dried pure bacterial cellulose. First research step was begun with refreshing isolate (slant agar medium. pH = 4.5, 4 day and 30 0C), then cell propagation (3 ose, statically, 100 ml working volume in 300 ml erleruneyer flask, pH = 5, 3 day, and room temperature) and production of bacterial cdlu!ose (5 % v/v inoculu..rru:, 100 rpm, 100 m1 working volume in 300 ml erlenmeyer flask, pH = 5. 7 day, and room temperature). Second research step was the assessment of optimum agitation speed. Cultivation medium in this step was the best medium that had obtained from first research step. The research was carried out by factorial complete random design with two treatments and two replications. First treatment factor was cell propagation agitation speed (A), which comprised four level, that were 0 rpm (AI), 80 rpm (A2), 160
Keyword: 

Judul: Upaya Penyelamatan Satwa Liar Indonesia Melalui Konservasi Harimau Sumatera (Panthera tigris sumatrae)
Abstrak: Dalam tiga dasawarsa terakhir ini, harimau telah banyak menarik perhatian dunia internasional. Keberadaan hewan mengagumkan ini di alam sudah mencapai tingkat yang paling kritis. Tiga dari 8 sUb-spesies yang pernah ada telah dilaporkan punah dari permukaan bumi. Ketiga subspesies tersebut adalah sub spesies harimau Kaspia (Panthera tigris virgata), harimau Jawa (Panthera tigris sondaica) dan harimau Bali (Panthera tigris balica). Kemusnahan sub-spesies harimau ini disebabkan oleh perbuatan manusia seperti perburuan, perusakan habitat asli serta perdagangan harimau untuk berbagai kepentingan. Lima sub-spesies harimau terakhir yang ada saat ini juga akan mengalami nasib yang sama apabila tidak dilakukan upaya konservasi. Kondisi tersebut mencapai titik kulminasi pada tahun 1975 ketika CITES (Convention on International Trade In Endangered Species) memasukkan hewan ini kedalam daftar Appendix I yaitu kategori hewan yang sangat dilarang untuk diperdagangkan baik pada tingkat nasional maupun internasional. Badan internasional lain yang merupakan badan dibawah pengawasan PBB yaitu IUCN (International Union/or Conservation o/Nature and Natural Resources) juga memasukkan hewan ini kedalam daftar merah yang memuat hewan-hewan yang terancam kepunahan. Atas dasar di atas kemudian muncul berbagai respon dari pihak yang peduli pada upaya pelestarian dan mencegah kepunahan satwa langka tersebut. Sebagai contoh adalah keluarnya perundang-undangan dalam kerangka strategi konservasi yang melarang pemusnahan harimau di setiap negara yang memiliki habitat asli spesies harimau dan hal tersebut berlaku bagi Indonesia. Di Indonesia respon yang dilakukan terhadap pelestarian spesies harimau dilakukan setelah dua sub spesies dari tiga sub spesies yang pernah ada di Indonesia dinyatakan punah. Indonesia pernah memiliki tiga sub spesies dari delapan sub spesies harimau dunia. Sub spesies harimau Bali (Panthera tigris balica) telah dinyatakan punah sekitar tahun 1940-an dan harimau Jawa (Panthera tigris sondaica) diperkirakan punah pada akhir tahun I 970-an. Sedangkan sub spesies terakhir yang dimiliki Indonesia adalah harimau Sumatera (Panthera tigris sumatrae). Dalanl rangka mendukung program konservasi satwa harimau sumatera, kemudian dibentuk strategi konservasi Harimau Sumatera. Sasaran utama dari strategi ini adalah untuk mengembangkan dan menjamin kelangsungan hidup dari harimau Sumatera liar dalam jangka waktu yang panjang di Indonesia. Strategi ini memiliki dua komponen yang berbeda yaitu : komponen in situ dan komponen ex situ. Komponen in situ mengutamakan tanggung jawab atas perlindungan populasi harimau Sumatera liar (di alam lepas) dan kelangsungan hidupnya serta ditambah pula dengan pengembangan strategi dalam memelihara populasinya. Komponen ex situ mengutamakan tanggung jawab dalam pengembangan populasi dari harimau Sumatera yang ada di dalam kebun binatang (penangkaran) serta mengatur populasi, penyakit dan kemurnian genetik dalarn mengembalikan keutuhan dari populasi liar. Konservasi harimau Sumatera yang telah dilakukan memberikan titik terang dalam upaya menyelamatkan keberadaan harimau Sumatera yang ada. Peningkatan populasi harimau Sumatera didapat apabila dilakukan upaya yang cukup maksimal, dan keberhasilan dalam menyelamatkan satwa ini akan dicapai. Namun hal yang masih perlu ditingkatkan dalam upaya konservasi harimau Sumatera adalah memeasyarakatkan program konservasi kepada seluruh lapisan masyarakat guna menumbuhkan kesadaran dalam menjaga kelestarian harimau Sumatera.
Keyword: