Judul: Studi kelayakan kulit kakao sebagai bahan bakar alternatif pada tungku biomassa
Abstrak: Di Indonesia, penggunaan energi yang sangat dominan adalah untuk sektor rumah tangga. Pada sektor tersebut bahan bakar konvensional yang digunakan adalah bahan bakar minyak (BBM), kayu bakar, arang kayu dan gas. Namun: mengingat cadangan minyak Indonesia akan habis pada tahun 2012 (Departemen Pertambangan dan Energi, 1991) dan adanya program konservasi hutan, maka pada masa mendatang ketersediaan bahan bakar tersebut akan semakin langka. Oleh sebab itu perlu dikembangkan beberapa sumber energi alternatif untuk membatasi penggunaan minyak tanah dan gas serta penggunaan kayu bakar. Kulit kakao adalah sumber energi alternatif yang potensinya belum tergali hingga saat ini. Potensi kulit kakao sebagai bahan bakar cukup baik bila mengingat ketersediaannya yang berkesinambungan, strukturnya kukuh serta tidak mengandung abu. Ketersediaan kulit kakao dapat terus diperbaharui karena Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil kakao di dunia. Kulit yang merupakan 73.33% dari buah kakao, merupakan limbah proses produksi kakao yang dapat mengundang hama Helopeltis dan Penggerek Buah Kakao. Pemanfaatan kulit kakao selaku bahan bakar alternatif akan mengurangi serangan hama tanaman kakao. ...
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Judul: Potensi Pemanfaatan Limbah Biji Karet (Hevea brasiliansis Muell.Arg) Sebagai Sumber Energi Alternatif Biokerosin Untuk Keperluan Rumah Tangga (Studi Kasus eli Desa Nanga Jetak Kec.Dedai Kab. Sintang ProY.Kalimantan Barat)
Abstrak: Pohon karet selain menghasilkan getah, juga menghasilkan biji yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber benih. Terjadinya krisis energi dan menipisnya BBM dari fosil berdampak pada Iingkungan antara lain berkontribusi terhadap pemanasan global dengan melepaskan gas rumah kaca (karbondioksida) ke atmosfrr dan juga merupakan sumber polusi udara. Naiknya harga Bahan Bakar Minyak (SBM) menyebahkan kelangkaan minyak seperti minyak tanah, premium dan solar.
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Judul: DNA Extraction and Characterization of Salmonella‟s Lytic Bacteriophage Genome
Abstrak: Bacteriophages are ubiquitous in nature and are known to proliferate wherever their bacterial hosts exist. Their virion particles can exist independently outside the host, however all phages are need their host to propagate. Several phages are highly specific to host cell surface receptors and any slight changes in structure results in little or no interaction between the phage and its host. Salmonella‟s phage isolated from sewage water where their bacteria exist. Three isolated of phages (phages 15, 19 and 38) were used in this research that concentrated using three types of methods. PEG/ NaCl method was firstly used to concentrate the phages based on their molecular weight to precipitate the phage particles during centrifugation. The second method was Scraping Plaque method. In this method, overlay plaques were scraped and collected in SM buffer to get phage concentrates. Enrichment method was the last method used to concentrate the phages. Phage genome isolation was done using two methods i.e. EDTA/SDS and Proteinase K methods. The first method was done using DNase I to eliminate bacterial DNA followed by SDS/EDTA treatment to release phages DNA and phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol to extract the DNA. DNA was collected by isopropanol extraction. While in Proteinase K method, bacterial DNA was eliminated by DNase I and Proteinase K/SDS was used to degrade phages capsids and ethanol for DNA precipitation. The result showed that PEG/NaCl method resulted the highest phage concentration for phage 15 and phage 19, while scrapping method was the highest for phage 38. The quantity and purity of extracted DNA were low for PEG/NaCl and Scraping methods, while Enrichment method was higher indicated higher purity. Run on agarose gel electrophoresis of extracted DNA confirmed that Enrichment method results were the best while scraping and PEG/NaCl method was appeared smear background. Based on DNA genome size determination, the bacteriphages of Salmonella sp were comparable with other study of Salmonella phages. Phage P15 with genome size of 39,5 kb was close to phage epsilon15. Phage P19 with genome size of 41 kb was close to phage ST160. And phage P38 with genome size of 48,5 kb was close to phage Gifsy-1.
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