Judul: Modification of Extender and Cryoprotective Agents on Semen Preservation for Artificial Insemination Program in Horse
Abstrak: A series of experiment had been conducted in several places i.e : local slaughter house of the district of Bantul Yogyakarta; Athena Stable, Cinere-Depok, Reproductive Rehabilitation Unit (URR), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB, Cavalery Stable of Parongpong-Lembang, Bandung and Artificial Insemination Centre of Ungaran, Central Java for two consecutive years, from 2004-2006. The objectives of this experiments were to study the artificial insemination program, including data base of anatomy and biometry of reproductive organ from Indonesian local horse, centrifugation technique and seminal plasma level, semen preservation and cryopreservation, synchronization of estrus and ovulation and insemination using liquid and frozen semen. The experiments consisted of five continous steps, accordingly. Results of the experiment I, indicated that the average weight and the thickness of the mare’s ovary was 22.9±8.2 g and 2.5±0.5 cm, respectively. The length of the oviduct was 22.7±1.2 cm, with the lenght and external diameter of uterine horns was 7.4±1.9 and 3.1±0.3 cm, respectively. The lenght and the diameter of the uterine body was 14.8±0.7 and 4.7±0.8 cm, respectively. The cervix was 8.0±1.0 cm long and 3.8±0.6 cm in diameter, while the lenght of the vagina was 23.5±3.4 cm. The length, circumference and thickness of the testis was 8.7±1.4; 12.5±2.4 and 3.8±0.9 cm, respectively. The testis volume and weight was 104.0±31.6 cm3 and 85.9±24.8 g, respectively. The length of epididymis was 10.6±1.5 cm. The lenght and the transversal section of bulbourethral glands was 5.0±1.4 and 2.9±1.5 cm with the prostate gland was 2.7±0.8 cm in long. The lenght and diameter of vesicular glands was 7.6±2.7 and 2.4±2.3 cm, respectively. The ampulla glands was 13.0±3.3 in long and 1.1±0.4 cm in diameter. The lenght and diameter of the penis was 48.8±4.5 and 3.4±0.5 cm, respectively and the length of glans penis was 5.5±1.7cm. In general the reproductive organs of the local horses were smaller size and weight if compared to the European type. The seminal plasma of stallion semen consists of high content of sodium chloride, which seems detrimental to the sperm preservation and cryopreservation. The seminal plasma should be removed by centrifugation technique to collect the rich sperm fraction only. The speed and duration of centrifugation affects the semen quality. In this experiment the semen were centrifuged at 2000 and 3000 rpm for 15 and 20 minutes. The level of seminal plasma content was investigates. Results of this experiment showed that the speed and duration of centrifugation had no effect on the quality of stallion liquid semen. The liquid semen consist of no seminal plasma showed 47.5% sperm motility and 61.0% of viable sperm which is significantly higher (P<0.05) compared of those with seminal plasma. It is concluded that the speed and duration of centrifugation had no effect on the semen quality while the removal of seminal plasma has beneficial for stallion sperm. The sperm metabolism during preservation at 5 oC decreased until 10% if compare to of those stored at room temperature. Sperm need carbohydrate such as glucose and fructose to support their live and motility. Semen stored at 5 oC caused chilling injury and affected there membrane plasma stability.
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Judul: Cryopreservation of Balinese Bull Semen Using Three Different Types of Extenders and Equilibration Times
Abstrak: Bali cattle (bos javanicus) is considered as the most preferable breed in the small holding systems in Indonesia because of their high resistance against diseases, their remarkable ability to grow on low quality fodders and their high quality meat. However there is a decrease in the total population of the Bali cattle which could be because of the excessive slaughtering such a problem can be overcome by applying strict management planning. The quality of the insemination dose plays an important role in the success of the artificial insemination process however in compare with fresh semen; the post-thawed semen quality is generally lower because of the cryo-injury which could lead to the decrease in sperm motility, viability and membrane integrity. Another problem is regarding the needed equilibration time. Generally four hours equilibration time is applied before semen freezing which is considered as a time consuming step, moreover there are a desire for the reduction of such time. The objectives of the present study were to compare the post-thawed quality of Balinese bull sperm cryopreserved in three different extenders; Tris-clarified egg yolk (Tris-cEY), Bioxcell® and Optixcell® extenders in combination with three different equilibration times (30min, 2hrs and 4hrs). Thirty six ejaculates were collected from six Balinese bulls and were frozen in three different extenders (Tris-cEY, Bioxcell®and Optixcell® extenders) after equilibration in three different equilibration times (30 min, 2hrs and 4hrs) by following the routine freezing protocol. The post-thawed semen parameters were evaluated for motility using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA), membrane integrity using hypo-osmotic swelling test (HOST) and for viability using eosin nigrosin staining. There were significant interactions between equilibration time and extender type for sperm motility, viability and membrane integrity. Thirty minutes equilibration time had the lowest values (P<0.05) for total and progressive motilities, percentages of sperm with intact plasma membrane and viability independent of extender type. Sperm velocity parameters and membrane integrity were better in semen frozen with Optixcell® than commercial lecithin based and Tris-cEY extenders. Overall, semen extended in Tris-cEY, Optixcell® and Bioxcell®were better equilibrated at 4 hrs however, commercial Liposome based extender equilibrated at 2 hrs showed good motility and viability which were not significantly different from 4hrs equilibration (P>0.05). In conclusion, based on the evaluations of sperm motility, viability and functional membrane integrity, thirty minutes and two hrs equilibration were not sufficient for maintaining the post-thawed semen quality. Semen equilibration at 4 hrs. yielded the greatest sperm survival, independent of the used extender type. Semen which was equilibrated with Optixcell® extender for 2 hrs showed good motility and viability however more evaluations regarding the acrosome status and DNA fragmentation are needed. Either Bioxcell® or Optixcell® could be used for Balinese bull semen cryopreservation.
Keyword: Bali cattle, semen extenders, equilibration time, CASA

Judul: Pengembangan Model Codebook untuk Identifikasi Chord Gitar
Abstrak: Acoustic guitar can produce sound waves with different types of tones. High-low tone is determined by the fundamental frequency of the sound wave. Human sense of hearing can distinguish high-and low tones, but can not know for sure what kind of tone is heard by him. This study developed a guitar chord recognition system. This study uses MFCC as feature extraction methods and the codebook as pattern recognition method for identification of the guitar chord. Cluster technique used in this study is the K-means clustering. Data obtained from MFCC are clustered using the K-Means method, and the model for classification is constructed using the codebook method. The parameters used in MFCC is the number of cepstral coefficients, overlap, and the time frame, while an important parameter in the K-Means is the number of clusters. This study uses 8640 guitar chord sounds from 24 classes. Each of the data is made up of two chords which will be tested. Simulation results show that the maximum accuracy obtained is 98.89% obtained on 26 cepstral coefficients, overlap 0.4, time frame is 30 ms, on 100 clusters.
Keyword: chord, codebook, k-means, mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC)