Judul: Aplikasi Surfaktan Sodium Lauril Eter Sulfat (SLES) dan Alkil Poliglikosida (APG) dalam Formulasi Sabun Cair
Abstrak: Surfactant is a surface active agent, which have application as clotting, wetting, and foaming agent, emulsifier, or adhesive mater component and already used widely on various industries. The world market demand for surfactant now is very large, especially for cleaning and washing. Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfates (SLES) is an anionic surfactant that most widely being used for foaming and cleaning product but they have high irritation value. Therefore, that should be covered by combining them with the other mildness secondary surfactant. Alkyl Polyglycosides (APG) is surfactant that synthesized from fatty alcohol of coconut oil or palm oil and sago or cassava starch and can be used to secondary surfactant. The usage of liquid soap is still popular. Therefore, application of surfactant SLES and APG in liquid soap has opportunity to be developed in order to produce the better formulation of liquid soap than the previously formulation, This research purposes are to find out the best formula of liquid soap that used surfactant SLES and APG according to characteristic of liquid soap and acceptances of the consumer. The research started with characterization of SLES and APG and then the main research was formulation of liquid soap that used surfactant SLES and APG. The experiment design in liquid soap formulation was completely random design with 2 factors and twice of repetition. The research treatments were SLES concentrations (25%, 30%, and 35%) and APG concentrations (3%, 5%, and7%). After that, the product are examined for their characteristics include the pH value, density, microorganism soiled, viscosity, surface tension, interface tension, foam stability, and the detergency. The consumer acceptances examination contained of acceptances to color, odor, viscosity, foam quantity, and the trace after using. SLES and APG could be applied each as primary and secondary surfactant in liquid soap formulations. The variation of SLES and APG concentrations gave significant effect to liquid soap characterizations. The color of liquid soap products was brown, transparent, looked like the colors of APG. These products had neutral pH value (about 6,63-7,2), and these values appropriated with the quality standard of SNI 1996 (6-8). The density values were about 1,039-1,095 g/ml, and these values appropriated with the quality standard of SNI 1996 (1,00-1,10 g/ml). The soiled microorganisms were about 0-4,3x103 coloni/g, these values were still under the quality standard limit of SNI 1996 (1x105 coloni/g). The viscosity values were about 42,5-12.200 cP, according to Spiess (1996), the best viscosity values of liquid foaming product are about 400-4000 cP. The research products were able to reduced the water surface tension about 46,39-50,04% while the commercial products were able to reduce the water surface tension about 54,93% and 54,44%. The water:xylen interface were reduced about 55,99-60,04% by liquid soap addition while the commercial product were able to reduce the water:xylen interface tension about 68,31% and 64,79%. The foam stability values were about 57,85-75,19% while the commercial products had foam stability about 84,62% and 85,71%. The detergency values were about 27,5-41,5 ftu turbidity while the commercial products had a detergency about 182 and 184 ftu turbidity. The consumer acceptance values for the color of product
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Judul: Pengaruh Asap Cair dari Proses Pirolisis Tempurung Kelapa terhadap Sabun Cair Cuci Tangan Berbasis Surfaktan Sawit
Abstrak: Penggunaan sabun cair cuci tangan berbahan antibakteri sintetik seperti triclosan sudah mulai dihindari, oleh sebab itu perlu dicari alternatif antibakteri yang aman untuk kulit dan ramah bagi lingkungan. Salah satu alternatif antibakteri yang ramah lingkungan adalah asap cair hasil proses pirolisis dari tempurung kelapa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan konsentrasi asap cair yang tepat untuk sabun cair cuci tangan berbahan surfaktan MES dan gliserol sawit. Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan adalah analisis bahan baku, formulasi sabun cair (surfaktan metil ester sulfonat 7,5%, surfaktan dietanolamida 5%, gliserol sawit 9%, natrium klorida 1%, asap cair grade I, dan air distilasi). Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini adalah penambahan asap cair grade I sejumlah 1, 3, dan 5%. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis terhadap sifat fisiko-kimia terhadap produk sabun cair yang dihasilkan, uji mutu dilakukan berdasarkan SNI 2588 : 2017, dan uji kinerja produk. Sabun cair dengan penambahan asap cair 1% menunjukkan hasil terbaik dengan nilai densitas 1,037 g/cm3, berat jenis 1,04, viskositas 11.560 cP, tegangan permukaan 29,08 dyne/cm, pH 7,2, asam lemak bebas 0,27%, bahan tidak larut dalam etanol 0,14%, total bahan aktif 12,52%, jumlah pelat 990 CFU/g, reduksi koloni 61,13%, dan aroma paling tidak menyengat., The use of synthetic antibacterial liquid hand soap such as triclosan has begun to be avoided. Therefore it is necessary to find an antibacterial alternative that is safe for the skin and friendly to the environment. One of the environmentally friendly antibacterial alternatives is liquid smoke resulting from the pyrolysis process from coconut shells. The purpose of this study was to obtain the right concentration of liquid smoke for liquid hand soap made from palm MES surfactants and glycerol. The stages of the research were raw material analysis, liquid soap formulation (surfactant methyl ester sulfonate 7.5%, surfactant diethanolamine 5%, palm glycerol 9%, sodium chloride 1%, liquid smoke grade I, and distilled water). The treatments in this study were the addition of 1, 3, and 5% grade I liquid smoke. The next stage is an analysis of the physicochemical properties of the resulting liquid hand soap product, quality test was carried out based on SNI 2588: 2017, and product performance test. Liquid soap with the addition of 1% liquid smoke showed the best results with density value of 1.037 g/cm3, specific gravity 1.04, viscosity 11,560 cP, surface tension 29.08 dyne/cm, pH 7.2, free fatty acids 0.27%, ingredients insoluble in ethanol 0.14%, the total active ingredient is 12.52%, the number of plates is 990 CFU/g, the colony reduction is 61.13%, and has the minimal pungent aroma.
Keyword: coconut shell liquid smoke, MES, liquid soap, palm oil, surfactant

Judul: Penyebab kematian burung kakatua jambul kuning (Cacatua galerita) di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan dan Taman Burung TMII (Periode Januari 2001 - Januari 2002)
Abstrak: Studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyebab kematian pada Burung Kakatua Jambul Kuning (Cacatua galerita) serta penanganan dan pencegahannya. Pengkajian ini berdasarkan pada pemeriksaan atau pengamatan langsung di lokasi kandang burung maupun lingkungannya, pengumpulan laporan data kasus penyakit, pengobatan dan pencegahannya, wawancara langsung dengan dokter hewan, paramedis maupun pemeriksaan feces serta studi pustaka. Upaya perlindungan terhadap burung Kakatua Jambul Kuning yang merupakan satwa langka sudah dilakukan oleh Pemerintah., terbukti dengan diterbitkannya Undang-Undang No. 5 tahun 1990, Surat Keputusan Menteri No.301/Kpts-II/1991, Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 7 tahun 1999 (Sozer, 1999). Perlindungan yang selama ini telah dilakukan di penangkaran ex-situ Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR) dan Taman Burung TMII (TB TMII). Pada kedua tempat penangkaran tersebut burung kakatua akan dipelihara sedapat mungkin seperti pada kehidupan di alam bebas. Hasil yang diperoleh pada kedua tempat penangkaran tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kasus traumatik merupakan kasus penyebab kematian yang tertinggi. Traumatik tersebut disebabkan beberapa hal dan yang tertinggi karena berkelahi. Di Kandang Karantina Taman Margasatwa Ragunan dilaporkan ada 3 kasus kematian traumatik dari 7 gambaran post mortem yang diperiksa (42,86%), sedangkan pada Kandang Pamer berjumlah 2 kasus dari 3 gambaran post mortem yang diperiksa (66,67%). Pada Taman Burung TMII kasus kematian yang disebabkan oleh traumatik, ditemukan di Klinik yang berasal dari Kandang Pamer sebanyak 2 kasus dari 3 gambaran post mortemnya (66,67%). Studi kasus ini diharapkan menjadi tambahan data acuan dalam upaya pelestarian dan pengembangan populasi Kakatua Jambul Kuning.
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