Judul: Penentuan Waktu Reaksi dan Konsentrasi Katalis untuk Sintesis Mono-Diasilgliserol
Abstrak: Mono-diacylglycerol is an emulsifier that containing monoglycerides and diglycerides, which is made by reacting glycerol and fatty acids with the help of a chemical catalyst. This research was aimed to produce mono-diacylglycerol from glycerol, by-product of biodiesel production and palm fatty acid distillate, by-product of frying oil production, and to know the best reaction time and concentration of catalyst to produce mono-diacylglycerol through esterification process. The steps consisted of glycerol purification, characterization of purified glycerol and palm fatty acid distillate. This was followed by determinating the reaction time (60, 75, and 90 minute) and concentration of catalysts (1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) for production of mono-diacylglyserol, and characterization of mono-diacylglycerol which has been producted. In this research was used a methyl ester sulphonic acid as the catalyst. The best products was mono-diacylglycerol with catalyst concentration of 1.5% and reaction time 75 minutes. This condition producted M-DAG with yield 30.20%, the percentage fraction of monoacylglycerol 16.21%, diacylglycerol 31.00%, melting point of 57 oC, pH 4, emulsion stability 85.94%, acid value 23.18 mg KOH/g sample, texture rather dense, quite dry, and whitey-brown color.
Keyword: esterification, mono-diacylglycerol, emulsifiers, fatty acids, glycerol

Judul: Sintesis Mono-diasilgliserol (M-DAG) dari Destilat Asam Lemak Minyak Sawit (DALMS) Melalui Esterifikasi Enzimatis.
Abstrak: Mono-diacylglycerol (M-DAG) are emulsifiers in food industries with GRAS (Generally recognized as safe) statuta. M-DAG can be synthesized by chemical or enzymatic way. Biosyntheses of M-DAG can be catalyzed by lipase enzyme with three ways; esterification fatty acid with glycerol, hydrolysis triglicerida and transesterification. The objectives of this research was to look for the optimum conditions (solvent, time and temperature reaction) to syntheses of M-DAG by enzymatic esterification of PFAD (Palm Fatty Acid Destilate) and glycerol using lipase. Substrat ratio of PFAD: glycerol in this research was 2 : 3 with 1g of total mass and 4% of lipase from total substrat. This research used a central composite design (CCD) with 20 unit experiments and respon surface model to evaluated the effects of solvent, time and temperature reaction to syntheses of M-DAG. The product of M-DAG were evaluated the physicochemical properties including melting point, free fatty acid and iodine value. The result showed that optimum conditions to syntheses of M-DAG for yield parameter were 54o C, 14 hours and 11 ml of tertier-butanol as solvent and were chosen as optimum conditions for syntheses of M-DAG due to the maximal yield (58%) and high MAG fraction. From statistic analysis, yield parameter model has significantly affected (P= 0,0449< 0,1) and had high coefficient of correlation (r = 0,8591). The verification of the optimum conditions had coefficient of varian 6,66% and 51,66% for yield, which consist of 78,31% with coefficient of varian 8,70% for MAG fraction and 21,69% for DAG fraction with coefficient of varian 31,6%. The melting point of M-DAG was 57,0-62,5o C, free fatty acid content was 0,75% and iodine value was 16,7.
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Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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