Judul: Ekstrasi Minyak Kelapa secara Enzimatis : Analisis Sifat Fisiko Kimia Minyak serta Evaluasi Sifat Fungsinal dan Nilai Gizi Residu Padatan
Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sifat fisiko kimia minyak serta sifat fungsional dan nilai gizi protein residu padatan yang diperoleh dari ekstraksi secara enzimatis . Ekstraksi minyak secara enzimatis merupakan salah satu upaya untuk mendapatkan minyak kelapa yang bermutu tinggi dan sekaligus residu yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber protein manusia.
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Judul: Evaluation Process Technology of Palm Oil Extraction with Conventional and Enzymatic Methods
Abstrak: Kelapa sawit merupakan tanaman perkebunan penghasil minyak pangan, minyak industri, dan minyak bahan bakar nabati. Metode konvensional dan enzimatik dapat mengekstraksi minyak kelapa sawit. Metode enzimatik pada penelitian ini menggunakan enzim selulase, pektinase, dan tanase. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi teknologi proses ekstraksi minyak kelapa sawit dengan metode konvensional dan enzimatik. Tujuan khusus dari penelitian ini yaitu menentukan teknologi proses ekstraksi minyak kelapa sawit terbaik dengan analisis perbandingan teknologi, neraca massa, biaya produksi, dan nilai tambah dari Crude Palm Oil (CPO) dan Industrial Palm Oil (IPO). Metode penelitian ini terdiri dari beberapa tahapan yang meliputi pengumpulan data dan pengolahan data. Teknologi proses terbaik untuk menghasilkan minyak kelapa sawit diperoleh dengan metode enzimatik menggunakan enzim selulase karena mempunyai rendemen tinggi dengan kualitas yang baik, proses efisien, dan kompatibel dioperasikan pada skala industri. Tahapan proses terdiri atas persiapan bahan baku tanpa proses sterilisasi, ekstraksi menggunakan enzim, dan pemurnian. Teknologi proses terpilih menunjukkan rendemen minyak kelapa sawit (IPO) yang dihasilkan sebesar 62.23% dan limbah cair 57.77%. Analisis biaya produksi diperoleh harga biaya produksi sebesar Rp 6 163.94. Hasil analisis nilai tambah sebesar Rp 1 681/kg dengan rasio nilai tambah 0.19% dan keuntungan Rp 1 614/kg dengan tingkat keuntungan 0.25%. Kata kunci : enzimatik, konvensional, pektinase, selulase, tanase, Palm oil is a plantation plant producing food oil, industrial oil, and vegetable oil fuel. Conventional and enzymatic methods can do palm oil extraction. The enzymatic method of this research used cellulase, pectinase, and tannase enzymes. This study aimed to evaluate the technology of the palm oil extraction process with conventional and enzymatic methods. The specific objective of this research was to determine the best technology of the palm oil extraction process with the analysis of technology comparison, mass balance, production costs, and added value of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Industrial Palm Oil (IPO). The method of this research consisted of several stages that included data collecting and data processing. The best process technology to produce palm oil was obtained by the enzymatic method using cellulase enzyme. It had high yields with good quality, efficient process, and compatible to be operated on an industrial scale. The process stage consisted of preparing raw material without a sterilization process, extraction using enzymes, and purification. The selected process technology showed that palm oil (IPO) yield produced 62.23% and liquid waste of 57.77%. The production cost analysis obtained a production cost price of Rp 6 163.94. The results of an added value analysis of Rp 1 681/kg with a value ratio of 0.19% and profit of Rp 1 614/kg with a rate of profit of 0.25%. Keywords: enzymatic, conventional, pectinase, cellulase, tannase
Keyword: enzymatic, conventional, pectinase, cellulase, tannase, enzymatic, conventional, pectinase, cellulase, tannase

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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