Judul: Communication effectiveness in empowering rainfed area self help group (case: pidra program in sumbawa regency, west nusa tenggara)
Abstrak: PIDRA program is abbreviation of Participatory Integrated Development in Rainfed Area. The objectives of research were to analyze the relationship among of individual characteristics, facilitator role and group participation toward communication effectiveness. The research design was an explanatory with correlation analysis. A number of 109 persons were purposively sampled, located on four villages in Sumbawa regency. The data was analyzed by Spearman correlation and chi-square method. The research result indicated a significantly correlation between individual characteristics and communication effectiveness emphasis on training courses. Sex, ownership of farm and family income also had a significantly correlation to communication effectiveness. The facilitator role had a significantly correlation to communication effectiveness. And the participation in group had a significantly correlation to communication effectiveness.
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Judul: articipatory Communication In Empowerment Program of Women Headed Household (A Case Study of Desa Dayah Tanoh, Kecamatan Mutiara Timur, Kabupaten Pidie, Aceh Province)
Abstrak: The emerging paradigm of participatory development communication emphasizes participation and involvement from planning to decision-making process. PEKKA promotes the concept trough bottom-up initiative including planning, implementation and project evaluation. This study aims to investigate process of participatory development communication by PEKKA and economic empowerment of women household. This thesis investigates the participatory communication process in terms of communication patterns of women headed households, determinant factors, including observing the program achievement from empowerment point of view through the development communication perspective. The study employs constructivist paradigm in the analysis. The major finding of the study is the different communication pattern of women headed household in different stage of program activities. At the initial stage, the socialization was dominantly monologue, thus only well-educated participants whoconfident and had ability to response andexpress theirs commentsduring the meeting while others almost silence. In the other stages, meanwhile, the pattern gradually changed to monologue-dialogue and dialogic through interpersonal approach done by the field assistant, and participating the trainings especially self-development training done by PEKKA Center. However, the change was not arise to the aged women headed household because low motivation to the program. The study also finds that personal characteristics of members, role of field assistant, and socio cultural factors determine the efficacy of participatory communication of women headed households. The aged member seldom and almost never delivered voice, expressed opinion, and asked questions during the meeting. Though they attended the meeting, they tended to quiet and listen to the other comments. The younger women headed household was more active and be trusted as group administrators and leader by the members. Low educated women headed households were less ability to show their voice and express their opinions at the initial stage of the program because they impressed themselvesless confident and ability to speak out in front of other. The women headed household with many dependents stressed that the difficulty to time management between working, caring family, and attending the group meetings. Furthermore, the reason to be women headed household, occupation, and self-motivation also determine participatory communication. The women with sickly husband said that difficult to attend the meeting because not allowed by husband. Working as cookies seller that located relatively far from home at kecamatan market stated that often late to come to the meetings. The motif of the aged women headed household to join the program was to spare time, to gather with other women, and to obtain information and knowledge while other women said to improve welfare, to gain information and knowledge to change their socio economic condition. The role of field assistant as facilitator and educator significantly contribute to effectiveness of participatory communication to women headed household. At the beginning of the programthe assistant was a man, however, that was not a barrier for him to build effective communication with the women headed household. He is a native coming from that village, and experiencing and having well knowledge on local socio cultural. After the field assistant changed, coming from outsider but a woman, the members said they are more freely and confidently communicate with the
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Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf