Judul: Effect of Acid Soaking Time on Characteristics of Pangasius Fish Skin Gelatin and Its Utilization for Hard Capsules
Abstrak: Kulit ikan patin merupakan bahan baku alternatif yang lebih ekonomis, aman, dan halal untuk pembuatan gelatin. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan pengaruh waktu perendaman dalam asam terhadap karakteristik gelatin serta menentukan karakteristik kapsul keras yang dihasilkan. Waktu yang digunakan pada proses perendaman asam yaitu 2, 3, dan 4 jam. Hasil analisis karakteristik gelatin menggunakan ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan waktu perendaman asam tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap karakteristik gelatin. Perlakuan yang diberikan menghasilkan rendemen 19,04-21,49%; kekuatan gel 190,013-234,6 bloom; viskositas 6,94-7,45 cP; derajat keasaman (pH) 5,94-6,205; kadar air 5,3727,824%; kadar abu 0,303-0,836%; setting point 18,67-22,33 ℃, serta tidak terdeteksi adanya logam berat. Karakteristik gelatin yang dihasilkan telah sesuai dengan standar GMIA 2019 dan SNI 8622-2018. Karakteristik kapsul yang dibuat dari bahan baku gelatin kulit ikan telah memenuhi standar kapsul menurut Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia., Pangasius fish skin is an alternative raw material that is more economical, safe and halal for the manufacture of gelatin. This study aims to determine the effect acid soaking time on the characteristics of the gelatin and to determine the characteristics of the resulting hard capsules. The time used in the soaking acid process is 2, 3, and 4 hours. The analysis result of the gelatin characteristics using ANOVA showed that the acid soaking time did not significantly affect the characteristics of gelatin. The treatment given resulted yields 19.04-21.49%; gel strength 190.013-234.6 bloom; viscosity 6.94-7.45 cP; degree of acidity (pH) 5.946.205; water content 5.372-7.824%; ash content 0.303-0.836%; setting point 18.6722.33 ℃, and no heavy metals were detected. The characteristics of the resulting gelatin comply with GMIA 2019 and SNI 8622-2018 standards. The characteristics of capsules made from fish skin gelatin have met capsule standards according to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia.
Keyword: acetic acid, capsule, gelatin, pangasius

Judul: Effect of NaOH Comparison on Patin Skin Pretreatment (Pangasius hypophthalamus) on Gelatin and Its Application on Hard Capsule Shells
Abstrak: Kulit ikan patin sangat potensial menjadi sumber gelatin, namun proses pretreatment yang dilakukan belum maksimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan perbandingan NaOH dan sampel dalam proses preatreatment, serta karakteristik fisik-kimia gelatin kulit ikan patin. Metode yang dilakukan yaitu Rancangan Acak Lengkap dan uji lanjut Duncan. Karakteristik gelatin yang telah sesuai dengan standar GMIA 2019 dan SNI 8622-2018. Perlakuan terbaik didapatkan pada perlakuan perbandingan 1:8 (b/v). Perlakuan tersebut menghasilkan rendemen 22,66 ± 1,07%; pH 6,43 ± 0,14; viskositas 67,5 ± 1,50 mps; dan kekuatan gel 244,143 ± 1,69 bloom. Perlakuan tersebut diaplikasikan dalam pembuatan cangkang kapsul keras. Karakteristik cangkang kapsul keras yang dihasilkan telah sesuai dengan standar Departemen Kesehatan RI (2020). Analisis histologi menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan yang digunakan belum mampu menghancurkan lapisan stratum compactum, sehingga perlu dilakukan treatment dengan cara lain agar rendemen gelatin yang dihasilkan maksimal., Pangasius skin has the potential to be a source of gelatin, but the process of pretreatment is not optimal. The purpose of this research was to determine the ratio of NaOH and samples in the process of the pre-treatment, as well as physicochemical characteristics of gelatin from catfish skin. The method used was Completely Randomized Design and Duncan's further test. Gelatin characteristics that are in accordance with the GMIA 2019 standard and SNI 8622-2018. The best treatment was obtained at a 1:8 (w/v) comparison treatment. This treatment resulted in a yield of 22.66 ± 1.07%; pH 6.43 ± 0.14; viscosity 67.5 ± 1.50 mps; and gel strength 244.143 ± 1.69 bloom. This treatment was applied in the manufacture of hard capsule shells. The characteristics of the hard capsule shell produced meet the standards of the Indonesian Ministry of Health (2020). Histological analysis showed that the treatment used had not been able to destroy the layer stratum compactum, so it was necessary to do other treatments in order to maximize the yield of gelatin.
Keyword: catfish, gelatin, hard capsule, NaOH, pretreatment

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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