Judul: Pemberantasan Caplak Sapi, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) Dengan Pestisida Dan Masalah Resistensi Yang Diakibatkan
Abstrak: Penanggulangan utama terhadap serangan caplak pada sapi adalah secara kimiawi dengan menggunakan pestisida. Menurut Barnett (1961), pestisida yang pertama kali digunakan secara 1uas adalah garam arsenat. Selanjutnya digunakan pestisida yang berasal dari tumbuh-tumbuhan yaitu nikotin dan pirethrum. Dengan perkembangan teknologi, pestisida asal tumbuhan ini ditinggalkan pemakaiannya dan diganti dengan bahan organik dari golongan hidrokarbon berkhlor seperti DDT, dieldrin, BHC, toxaphen, khlordan dan aldrin. Namun penggunaan DDT saat ini tidak dibenarkan untuk hewan berproduksi, karena pengaruh residu DDT tetap ada dan bertahan lama di dalam jaringan tubuh hewan. Bahan organik 1ainnya adalah dari golongan organofosfat dan karbamat. Go1ongan organofosfat merupakan senyawa yang kini paling banyak digunakan, karena tidak adanya bahaya residu pada daging atau air susu.
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Judul: Kerentanan Larva Caplak Sapi, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) Terhadap Pestisida Coumaphos, Diainon Dan Carbaryl
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui status keren- tanan beberapa populasi caplak B. microplus terhadap cou- maphos, diazinon dan carbaryl, khususnya untuk mengetahui konsentrasi letal 50% (KL50) coumaphos, diazinon dan car- baryl pada B. microplus tingkat larva. Caplak dewasa yang sudah jenuh darah diambil secara manual dari tubuh sapi dan dipelihara di laboratorium pa- da suhu kamar berkisar antara 27.5°C 30.5°C dan kelemba- - ban nisbi berkisar antara 70 - 80 persen. Pemeliharaan dilakukan dalam pot-pot plastik ukuran 50 cc secara indi- vidual. Beberapa hari kemudian caplak akan bertelur, te- lur dibiarkan sampai menetas menjadi larva, selanjutnya larva dibiarkan selama 4 - 7 hari atau sampai banyak yang naik ke sisi-sisi dan mulut pot plastik. Pengujian dilakukan terhadap larva yang sudah naik ke sisi-sisi atau mulut pot plastik, menggunakan pestisi- da coumaphos (Asuntol(R) 50 WP), diazinon (Neocidol (R) 40 WP) dan carbaryl (Sevin (R) 85 S). Pengujian dilakukan dengan cara mencelupkan larva caplak ke dalam konsentrasi tertentu masing-masing pestisida dengan bantuan saringan...
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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