Judul: The impact of public debt on economic growth in European Union and ASEAN+6 Countries
Abstrak: Economic conditions in the countries of the European Union is facing a crisis as a result of heavy pressure in the form of a relatively widening budget deficit and rising debt burden. The impact of government debt on economic growth become a problem that is interesting to study, especially after the European economic crisis. The ratio of government debt in the countries of the European Union and ASEAN +6 showed a pattern of escalating and it is very harmful to the economy, especially for countries in ASEAN +6. Based on the above issues, this study aims to analyze: the development of government debt in the countries of the European Union and ASEAN +6, the impact of government debt on economic growth, the differences of government debt impact on economic growth for each region, the path of government debt impact on economic growth in the countries of the European Union and ASEAN +6. This study covers 19 countries in the European Union and the 11 countries in ASEAN +6 with the observation period of 26 years (from 1985 to 2010). The study uses a static and dynamic panel data analysis. The model used in this study is based on the model study as outlined by Checherita-Westphal and Rother (2012). Analyzing result for economic growth shows that the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) is the best estimation model than the model of pooled least squares (POLS) and Random Effect Model (REM). The results shows a nonlinear negative relationship between government debt and economic growth. This implies that the general government debt ratio above the current limit value of 60 percent, debt has a negative impacts on economic growth. Analysis using regional dummy showed that between the EU and ASEAN +6 there are not differences in the impact of debt. Dynamic panel data analysis results show that the best estimation model for saving and investment is FEM and the best estimation model for TFP growth is Sys-GMM. The results shows that there has not been enough evidence to suggest that the negative impact of debt on economic growth is transmitted through savings, investment and TFP growth. Based on the results of research, policy implications that can be suggested including negative relationship between debt and economic growth so the government should be more careful in making new loans, the negative impact of government debt when the threshold above 60 percent indicates that the countries that have a debt ratio above the threshold should control its debt ratio not exceed than 60 percent.
Keyword: government debt, economic growth, static and dynamic panel data

Judul: The Influence of Foreign Debt and Domestic Savings on Economic Growth in ASEAN Countries.
Abstrak: Pertumbuhan ekonomi antar suatu negara dengan negara lain tentunya tidak akan memiliki kondisi dan tingkat perubahan yang sama, begitupun dengan negara-negara yang ada di ASEAN. Berdasarkan studi empiris, terdapat beberapa faktor yang menjadi pendorong maupun penghambat dalam mencapai pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cepat, diantaranya sumber daya modal, yaitu utang luar negeri dan tabungan domestik. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh utang ular negeri dan tabungan domestik terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi pada 9 negara anggota ASEAN selama periode 2008-2018. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisi Panel Data untuk melihat pengaruh masing-masing variabel pada setiap negara. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa variabel utang luar negeri, tabungan domestik, pertumbuhan populasi dan pembentukan modal tetap bruto memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap variabel pertumbuhan ekonomi. Sedangkan, variabel pengeluaran total pemerintah, dan inflasi memberikan pengaruh yang tidak signifikan terhadap variabel pertumbuhan ekonom, Economic growth between one country and another will certainly not have the same conditions and level of change, as well as the countries in ASEAN. Based on empirical studies, several factors are both drivers and obstacles in achieving rapid economic growth, including capital resources, namely foreign debt and domestic savings. This study analyzes the effect of domestic snake debt and domestic savings on economic growth in 9 ASEAN member countries during the period 2008-2018. The analytical method used is Panel Data analysis to see the effect of each variable in each country. The estimation results show that foreign debt, domestic savings, population growth and gross fixed capital formation variables have a significant influence on the economic growth variables. Meanwhile, the variables of total government expenditure and inflation have no significant effect on the variable of economic growth.
Keyword: Economic Growth, Foreign Debt, Domestic Savings

Judul: Desain Instrumen Pengontrol Otomatis Pasteurisasi Susu
Abstrak: Pasteurisasi merupakan salah satu cara pengawetan ter- hadap susu segar sebelum disimpan pada suhu rendah atau langsung dikonsumsi. Caranya adalah dengan memanaskan sam- pai mencapai suhu minimal 62.8 atau 71.7 °C yang diperta- hankan tetap selama 1800 atau 15 detik. Kombinasi suhu dan waktu dapat dipilih sesuai dengan kemampuan alat. Makin tinggi suhu yang dipilih makin pendek waktunya. Melalui proses pasteurisasi, rasa dan aroma susu tidak berubah dan seluruh bakteri penyebab penyakit (bakteri pa- togen) musnah. Berdasarkan kombinasi suhu-waktu, pasterisasi susu di- bedakan atas tiga metoda, yaitu metoda waktu lama (long hold), temperatur tinggi waktu pendek (HTST) dan temperatur tinggi (UHT). Suhu pasteurisasi dengan metoda waktu lama minimal 62.8 °C yang dipertahankan tetap selama paling se- dikit 1800 detik. Sedang HTST suhu minimalnya adalah 71.7 °C dengan waktu 15 detik atau lebih lama. Pada UHT waktu yang diperlukan adalah dua detik atau lebih singkat dengan suhu 87.8 - 132.2 °C. Pemakaian kombinasi suhu-waktu yang melebih dari ke- tentuan minimalnya akan mempengaruhi rasa, aroma, komposisi ...
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