Judul: Study of reproductive behavior, semen preservation, and aplication of artificial insemination technique in anoa (Bubalus Sp.) in Captivity
Abstrak: The anoa population is unevitably decreasing due to various reasons, therefore anoa included in the list of endangered species by IUCN and Appendix I by CITIES. Anoa breeding efforts in captivity has not been successful. The objectives of the study were to determine and observe estrous cycle, semen characteristics, sperm preservation, AI application, and partus behavior in anoa. The studies were conducted at Ragunan Zoo Jakarta and Taman Safari Indonesia Bogor. Sexual behaviors were observed during the daytime, and the estrous cycles were determined. Ejaculates were collected by electroejaculation technique, and the biometry of external reproductive organs was measured. Ejaculates were evaluated, including the characterization of biochemical contents of the seminal plasma, and the sperm morphology and biometry. Ejaculates were extended with Tris and Nacitrate extenders, and then stored in the temperature of 4 oC. Frozen semen was prepared using Tris extender added with 5% glycerol. Intracervical insemination was conducted using extended semen (100 x 106 sperm/1.0 mL). The results showed that the female anoas exhibit the various estrous signs including restlessness, frequent urination, vaginal mucus excretion, vulva swollen and hyperemia, and flagging of the tail. The vaginal cytology showed that the domination of the superficial cells was occured during estrus period. The average of estrous cycle of anoa is 21.21±0.56 day with approximately 2 days estrous duration, and the optimum mating is predicted at day 2 of estrus. Various semen characteristics of anoa were observed: 1.03±0.19 mL of volume, 54.29±10.97% of motility, 245.71±87.68 x 106 mL-1 of sperm concentration, and 31.59±4.51% of sperm abnormality. The total length of anoa sperms was 62.94±0.50 μm. The lipid, Na, Ca, and Mg contain in the seminal plasma of male anoa were higher than the buffalo’s. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of seminal plasma demonstrated 10 bands (17-148 kDa). Extended semen was applicable to AI program for over 24-36 h, and post thawing sperm motility was 26.00±9.62%. Inseminations have resulted in one pregnancy. The first stage of partus (cervical dilatation) was characterized by the mucus discharge, abdominal contraction, and the rupture of the amniotic membrane; the second stage (fetal expulsion) was characterized by powerfull abdominal contraction and fetal delivery; and the third stage (placental expulsion) was indicated by placental delivery and the swallowing the placenta by the dam. The duration of each stages of parturition was 6-8 h, 30-60 min, and 15-180 min. The placental type of anoa is cotyledonaria, with the cotyledons diameter and thickness were 2.47±0.45 and 0.62±0.12 cm. It is concluded that the sexual behavior can be used to accurately determine the length of the estrous cycle of anoa. The semen quality was fairly good and AI technique was applicable to anoa. The characteristic of parturition process and placenta of anoa were comparable to the buffalo.
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Judul: Pola reproduksi pada anoa (Bubalus (Anoa) sp.)
Abstrak: Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui beberapa aspek biologi reproduksi dari anoa dalam hubungannya dengan pelestarian dan usaha pembudidayaannya. Anoa merupakan salah satu anggota Bovidae yang dima- sukkan kedalam genus Bubalus, dengan dua species, yaitu: Bubalus (Anoa) depressicornis dan Bubalus (Anoa) quarlesi. Anoa merupakan satwa langka yang hanya terdapat di Indone- sia pulau Sulawesi, umumnya hidup di hutan-hutan yang le- bat di dekat aliran sungai, danau, rawa-rawa, sumber air panas yang mengandung belerang dan sepanjang pantai. Anoa mempunyai sifat-sifat sebagai berikut: merupakan hewan herbivora, ruminansia, mammalia, hewan yang melindungi anaknya dengan ketat dan hewan yang mempunyai suhu tubuh yang tetap. Organ reproduksi jantan terdiri dari testes, epididy- mis, ductus deferens, uretra, penis dan dilengkapi dengan kelenjar vesikuler, prostata dan cowper. Organ kelamin betina terdiri dari ovarium, tuba fallopii, uterus, ser- viks, vagina, vulva dan klitoris. Anoa mencapai dewasa kelamin pada umur dua tahun, be- rahi pada anoa ditandai dengan tingkah laku betina yang sering menguaknguak dan bila diperiksa vulvanya akan ter- lihat adanya pembengkakan, kemerahan dan pengeluaran cair- an yang transfaran, anoa mempunyai siklus berahi selama satu setengah bulan. Didalam kegiatan reproduksi umumnya seekor pejantan hanya melayani seekor betina atau pasangannya. Secara ga- ris besar periode kopulasi pada anoa dapat dibagi dalam beberapa tahap, yaitu: percumbuan, penunggangan, intromisi dan ejakulasi. Kopulasi dilakukan dengan pejantan menung- gangi si betina. Kebuntingan pada anoa berlangsung selama 276 325 hari. Anoa untuk pertamakali melahirkan, umumnya pada umur tiga tahun, interval beranak selama dua tahun, anak yang dilahirkan akan disusui selama satu tahun dan umumnya melahirkan satu ekor anak setiap kelahiran atau monotocus…
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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