Judul: Analysis of Market Structure, Conduct, and Performance of Cashew in Muna District, Southeast Sulawesi Province
Abstrak: Cashew is the leading commodity in Muna District. Most of the cashew plantations are small-scale plantation. Total cashew plantation area in Muna District in 2013 amounted to 17 884 hectares with a production of 42.76 percent. The production of cashew in Muna District, nearly 95 percent, are sold out of Muna District, through the inter-island transportation lines and marketed by interisland traders (PAP) in Buton, Bau-Bau and Kendari and outside Southeast Sulawesi in Makassar City and Surabaya. High prices of cashew at the trader level have not felt by cashew farmers in Muna District. It is shown from the increasing cashew price from 2007 until 2013 which was from Rp 8 000 to Rp15 000 per kilogram, while at the farm level it was only about Rp 3 000 to Rp 5 000 which was not followed by an increase in prices at the farm level. Average share price received by farmers from the sale of cashew produced annually was only 14.83 percent of the share price, which means farmer share was still relatively low (<40%). The main problem faced by cashew farmers in Muna District is a weak bargaining position of farmers in price determination. Uncompetitive market conditions affect marketing institution in price formation and determination; therefore efficient marketing has not been conducted. How fast price changes being responded by marketing institution will be analyzed through market performance. Based on these problems, it is necessary to analyze market structure, conduct and performance as an appropriate analytical method to determine the cashew marketing system. This study aims to 1) analyze the structure, conduct and performance of cashew market in Muna District, 2) analyze the impact of market structure, conduct and performance on cashew marketing system in Muna District, and 3) formulate policy recommendations on cashew marketing system in Muna District. Descriptive and quantitative analyses were employed by using Microsoft Excel 2007 and Eviews 6. The result showed that the market structure faced by cashew farmers in Muna District was oligopsonistic. This is due to the market conditions at the trader level were concentrated with a low competition (HHI=1 521). Market power possessed by inter-island traders will influence the behavior of a marketing institution in the lower level that is shown in the market conduct. Institutions and practices of marketing functions involved in the cashew marketing were farmers, village traders, sub-district traders and inter-island traders. The marketing functions performed include the function of exchange, physical, and facilities. Marketing channels of cashew in Muna District consists of two channels. The first channel, farmers sell to village traders and then to subdistrict traders and lastly to inter-island traders. The second channel, farmers sell to sub-district traders and then to inter-island traders. High dependency of farmers on traders is due to capital constraints, especially in distributing cashew to the market. Bad transportation access leads to less information obtained by farmers and accordingly weak bargaining position of farmers in price determination. Farmer condition in facing oligopsonistic market and weak bargaining position in price determination will affect market performance. This is shown from the low cashew price share
Keyword: marketing system, cashew farmers, price, bargaining position

Judul: The marketing system of rubber smallholders in Jambi Province with Structure, Conduct, Performance (SCP) Approachment
Abstrak: Rubber is the main commodity from Jambi Province. Most (80%) of rubber plantation is smallholders plantation. Most (95%) of rubber production is exported to the world market. In the rubber market, increased price at exporters level is not followed by farmers level. However, the high price of rubber at the world level has not been transmitted by the rubber farmers in Jambi Province. It is shown from the volatility of rubber prices during the year 2008 to the year 2013, the increase in the price level of crumb rubber factory (exporters) are large enough not followed by an increase in the price of farm level. The fundamental problem for majority of rubber farmers in Jambi Province is weak bargaining position of farmers in the pricing process. Market condition will affect the behavior of a marketing agency and the determination of price. However, how to respond and how fast the price changes which are responded by marketing agencies will be identified through analysis of market performance. Based on these problems, it is necessary to smallholder rubber marketing system analysis approach to structure, conduct, performace (SCP). The aims of this study are to 1) analyze the market structure of rubber smallholders in Jambi Province, 2) describe the market conduct of rubber smallholders in Jambi Province, 3) analyze the market performance of rubber smallholders in Jambi Province. The analysis used are the descriptive and quantitative analysis of SCP approachment. Quantitative data processing use software Microsoft Excel 2007 and Eviews 6. The analysis showed that the market structure that faced by rubber farmers in Jambi Province is oligopsonistic. This is caused the market condition at the exporters level was concentrated with a small level of competition (CR4 = 75.70 %). The amount of market power possessed crumb rubber plant will affect the behavior of a marketing agency in the lower level shown in the behavior of the market (market conduct). Institution and practices of marketing function involved are farmers, village collectors, subdistrict collectors, province trader, rubber auction market and crumb rubber factory (exporters). The marketing function is exchange function, physical function and facilities function. Rubber marketing channel in Jambi Province consist of 5 channels. The first channel is farmer-rubber auction market-crumb rubber factory (exporters). The second is farmer-village collectorrubber auction market-crumb rubber factory (exporters). The third is farmervillage collector-province trader-crumb rubber factory (exporters). The fourth is farmer-sub district collector-province trader-crumb rubber factory (exporters) and the fifth channel is farmer-crumb rubber factory (exporters). Dependence of farmers on the collector due to the limmitations of the farmer in gainning access to market information and financial source. This causes weak bargaining position of farmers in the pricing process. Conditions of oligopsony market structure is faced by farmers and the weak bargaining position of farmers in pricing process will affect the performance of the market. It it proved by the share price of rubber received by farmer still low (< 60%) with relatively high margin. This condition is caused by dependence of farmers to collector and limited facilities and infrastructure owned by farmers with the result that all of farmers
Keyword: marketing system, rubber smallholders, market structure, market conduct, market performance, the price

Judul: Persamaan Geodesik Black Hole dengan Metrik Kerr 4+1 Dimensi dalam Koordinat Waktu Kosmik
Abstrak: Persamaan geodesik black hole dengan metrik Kerr 4+1 dimensi dalam koordinat waktu kosmik merupakan interpretasi lain dari persamaan geodesik black hole dengan metrik Kerr 4+1 dimensi, dimana acuan waktu yang digunakan diubah dari koordinat waktu wajar (proper time) ke dalam koordinat waktu kosmik (cosmic time). Waktu kosmik merupakan koordinat waktu yang dimana pengamat bergerak mengikuti ekspansi dari alam semesta. Penelitian ini merekonstruksi persamaan geodesik black hole dengan metrik Kerr 4+1 dimensi yang telah ditemukan pada penelitian sebelumnya menjadi persamaan geodesik yang memiliki fungsi terhadap dimensi waktu (t). Hasil akhir dari transformasi persamaan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan studi pustaka untuk penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai persamaan geodesik black hole dalam koordinat waktu kosmik.
Keyword: Dimensi ekstra, Metrik Kerr, Persamaan geodesik, Waktu kosmik