Judul: Evaluation of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaves Infusion as a Stamina Stimulator in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Manusia dalam menjalankan aktivitas sehari-hari memerlukan energi untuk menjaga stamina atau daya tahan tubuh. Penurunan daya tahan tubuh akan menyebabkan individu cepat merasa lelah sehingga menghambat aktivitas sehari– hari. Pemilihan daun pepaya sebagai obat herbal stimulator stamina tubuh merupakan alternatif pengobatan tradisional untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari efektivitas infusa daun pepaya sebagai stimulator stamina tubuh dalam berbagai dosis pada mencit, dan mengamati perubahan fisiologis tubuh meliputi suhu, frekuensi napas dan denyut jantung. Uji efektivitas stamina menggunakan metode ketahanan renang (swimming endurance). Penelitian ini menggunakan 25 ekor mencit jantan yang dikelompokkan menjadi lima kelompok: kontrol positif diberikan kafein, kontrol negatif diberikan akuades, dan kelompok perlakuan dengan diberikan infusa daun pepaya pada dosis 1, 3, dan 5 g/kg BB. Setiap kelompok terdiri atas lima ekor mencit. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA), kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Hasil penelitian didapatkan dosis efektif pada uji stamina adalah 3 g/kg BB sebesar 80,18 detik. Daun papaya dapat menyebabkan perubahan fisiologis meliputi penurunan suhu, denyut jantung, dan frekuensi napas, namun masih dalam rentang normal. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah daun pepaya memiliki potensi sebagai stimulator stamina alami. Kata kunci: daun pepaya, infusa, stamina, stimulator., Humans need energy to maintain stamina or endurance in order to carry out daily activities. Decrease in endurance will cause individuals to feel tired quickly, so it will inhibit daily activities. The selection of papaya leaves as an herbal medicine is an alternative to traditional medicine to increase endurance. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of papaya leaf infusion as a stamina stimulator with various doses in mice and to observe physiological changes in the body including temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate. The stamina was tested using swimming endurance method. This study used 25 male mice which were divided into five groups: positive control (with caffeine), negative control (with distilled water), and the treatment groups with papaya leaf infusion at doses of 1, 3, and 5 g/kg BW. Each group consisted of five mice. The data collected were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), then continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that the effective dose in the stamina test was 3 g/kg BW for 80,18 seconds. Papaya leaf is able to cause physiological changes with a decrease in temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, but still in normal ranges. It is concluded that papaya leaf has the potential to be a natural stamina stimulator. Keywords: infusion, papaya leaf, stamina, stimulant.
Keyword: infusion, papaya leaf, stamina, stimulant

Judul: The Acute Toxicity of Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) of Male California Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) Infusion in Mice
Abstrak: Pepaya (Carica papaya L) merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai obat beragam penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui toksisitas ekstrak daun pepaya California jantan pada mencit betina menggunakan metode penentuan nilai lethal dose 50 (LD50), pengaruhnya pada organ tubuh mencit, dan konsentrasi ekstrak daun pepaya yang paling efektif. Penelitian ini menggunakan 20 mencit galur DDY yang terbagi ke dalam 4 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok kontrol (pemberian akuades) dan kelompok perlakuan yang diberikan infusa daun pepaya California jantan dengan dosis 5, 10, dan 15 g/kg BB secara per oral. Variabel yang diamati adalah mortalitas, gejala klinis, respons fisiologis, bobot badan, dan bobot relatif organ. Pengujian toksisitas akut LD50 menunjukkan bahwa infusa daun pepaya California jantan termasuk ke dalam sediaan yang bersifat praktis tidak toksik. Pemberian infusa daun pepaya California jantan sampai dengan dosis 15 g/kg BB tidak menyebabkan gejala toksisitas, seperti gejala klinis yang bersifat patologis, perubahan makroanatomi organ, maupun kematian. Selain itu, pemberian infusa juga memiliki efek terhadap peningkatan dan penurunan bobot badan, walaupun tidak signifikan. Infusa daun pepaya California jantan dengan dosis 10 g/kg BB terbukti paling efektif dalam meningkatkan pertambahan bobot badan secara normal dan tidak menimbulkan sifat toksik., Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a plant that has the potential to be used as a medicine. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of male California papaya leaf extract in female mice using the lethal dose 50 (LD50) method, to observe its effect on organ shape, and to determine the most effective concentration. This study used 20 DDY mice which were divided into four groups; control (aquadest) and treatment groups with different infusion at dose 5, 10, and 15 g/kg BW orally. Variables observed were mortality, clinical symptoms, physiological response, body weight, and relative organ weights. Based on the LD50 acute toxicity test showed that the male California papaya leaf infusion was included in a practically non-toxic preparation. Administration of male California papaya leaves infusion up to a dose of 15 g/kg BW did not cause symptoms of toxicity, such as pathological clinical symptoms, abnormalities in organ macroanatomy, or death. In addition, infusion also has an effect on increasing and decreasing body weight, although it is not significant. Infusion of male California papaya leaves at a dose of 10 g/kg BW was proven to be the most effective in increasing normal body weight and did not cause toxic.
Keyword: daun pepaya california jantan, infusa, mencit, nilai LD50, uji toksisitas akut, acute toxicity test, infusion, LD50 value, male California papaya leaves, mice

Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm