Judul: Waktu Tinggal Hidraulik dan Resirkulasi Optimum Biofiltrasi dengan Media Bioball untuk Peningkatan Kualitas Air Baku
Abstrak: Pengembangan teknologi proses pengolahan air dan air limbah menjadi semakin menarik dengan terus teridentifikasinya berbagai kontaminan, pertumbuhan penduduk dan industri yang cepat, serta berkurangnya ketersediaan sumber air baku. Satu alternatif proses pengolahan air baku adalah biofiltrasi oleh aktivitas biologi dari biofilm. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memerbaiki kualitas air baku dengan biofiltrasi menggunakan bioball, mengukur tingkat kinerja optimasi proses biofiltrasi, serta mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan proses resirkulasi dan waktu tinggal hidraulik (WTH) optimal pada peningkatan kualitas air baku pada pengoperasian bioball biofilter skala reaktor 1000 L. Tahapan penelitian yaitu perancangan reaktor, aklimatisasi, dan uji optimasi. Optimasi pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Response Surface Method (RSM) dengan rancangan central composite design/CCD. Proses aklimatisasi dicapai selama 35 hari. Solusi optimasi yang direkomendasikan yaitu WTH 2.41 jam dan resirkulasi 0.3 (Qr/Qi). Hasil prediksi titik optimum pada penyisihan parameter-parameter dari COD, KMnO4, ammonium, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) dan warna secara berturut-turut sebesar 62 %, 58%, 71%, 50%, dan 53%.
Keyword: air baku, bioball, biofiltrasi, resirkulasi, WTH optimum

Judul: Optimasi Proses Biofilter Skala Pilot dengan Media Batu Apung dalam Upaya Peningkatan Kualitas Air Baku.
Abstrak: Kualitas air sungai sebagai air baku mengalami penurunan disebabkan pencemaran limbah. Kebutuhan bahan-bahan kimia semakin meningkat untuk pengolahan air baku menjadi air bersih secara konvensional. Solusi efektif untuk mengurangi masalah tersebut adalah dengan teknologi proses biofiltrasi, dimana bahan-bahan organik dapat disisihkan secara biologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan kombinasi optimum dari Waktu Tinggal Hidrolik (WTH) dan rasio resirkulasi (R) dalam perbaikan kualitas air baku menggunakan biofilter media batu apung. Tahapan penelitian terdiri dari persiapan, aklimatisasi, dan optimasi. Biofilter dirancang dalam skala 1000 L dengan volume efektif 676 L. Proses aklimatisasi dicapai setelah 5 minggu yang dapat menghasilkan efisiensi penyisihan TSS, kekeruhan, warna, dan COD dengan stabil. Proses optimasi telah dilakukan menggunakan metode respon permukaan (RSM) dengan dua faktor, yaitu WTH (2, 2.5, 3 jam) dan R (0.5, 1.0, dan 1.5). Berdasarkan analisis RSM, kondisi optimum proses biofiltrasi didapatkan pada WTH 3.0 jam dan R 0.99. Kombinasi faktor ini dapat menghasilkan efisiensi penyisihan TSS, kekeruhan, warna, COD, dan amonium yang tinggi. Efisiensi penyisihan tertinggi untuk parameter COD dan amonium didapatkan sebesar 67% dan 70%.
Keyword: batu apung, biofiltrasi, efisiensi, optimasi

Judul: Systematics of Desmos (Annonaceae) in Malesia
Abstrak: Desmos is a woody climbing genus of Annonaceae which has been widely used as traditional medicine in several countries such as China, Indo-China, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia to treat dysentery, vertigo, fever, and postpartum. Phylogenetic studies on Desmos showed a close relationship between Desmos and Dasymaschalon. They share similar moniliform monocarpic fruits, but their flowers are different. It has been debated among Annonaceae researchers whether both genera should be treated as the same or distinct genus. Therefore, investigation on the taxonomic delimitation of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon will be necessary. Plastid genome (plastome) identification, leaf epidermal section of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon species, a taxonomic revision of Desmos in Malesia using morphological data, the spatial distribution of Desmos species in Malesia, and morphological and genetic variation in Desmos chinensis population using ISSR marker were used to investigate taxonomic delimitation of Desmos. Plastome study of Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was carried out to determine the origin, evolution, phylogenomics, and identify marker candidates for Desmos and Dasymaschalon or with other genera in Annonaceae. We discovered that the plastome of Desmos chinensis was circular with the size of 167,677 bp (smaller than Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum), consist of 111 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 29 transfer RNAs, and 4 ribosomal RNAs. The plastome showed a typical quadripartite structure, i.e., large single copy (LSC), small single copy (SSC), and two inverted repeats (IRs). The plastome of Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was 191,488 bp in length, which also exhibited a typical quadripartite structure (LSC, SSC, and two IRs). Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum showed different copies of accD, ndhD, ndhF, rps18, and ycf2. Protein coding genes of rpoB, rpoC1, rbcL, matK, rpl32, infA, and rpl36 were identified based on nucleotide diversity, sequence variability, and parsimony-informative sites. The genes are defined as molecular marker candidates of plastome for phylogenetic, barcoding, and population genetic research. We predicted that Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum separated at ca. 64 million years ago during the Paleocene. Leaf anatomical feature study was carried to support the taxonomic delimitation of interspecific Desmos and intergeneric of Desmos and Dasymaschalon. Leaf anatomy in the paradermal section of 20 taxa (12 species of Desmos, eight species of Dasymaschalon) have been carried out. According to the leaf epidermal section, Desmos and Dasymaschalon are two distinct genera mainly distinguished based on the anticlinal wall undulation of epidermal cells and supported by variation of the crystal type and size. The anticlinal wall undulation of Desmos was almost straight to slightly wavy and never sinuous; meanwhile, Dasymaschalon varies from almost straight to deeply sinusoid. The crystals of Desmos consist of rhombohedral, druse type A, and druse type B crystals, whereas Dasymaschalon has prism, druse type A, druse type B, and druse type C crystals. The recent taxonomic revision using the morphological data was mainly based on the examination of about 1374 specimens from BO, L, WAN, ANDA, SING, SAN, K, P, HUH herbaria. The Desmos species in Malesia consists of eight species: D. acutus, D. chinensis, D. chryseus, D. dunalii, D. pedunculosus, D. subbiglandulosus, two new records: D. lawii and D. macrocarpus, and one
Keyword: Dasymaschalon, Desmoid clade, Magnoliid, plastid genome, phylogenomics analysis