Judul: The Hunt and Trade of Some Species of Bats inside and surround Forest Area of Batang Toru, North Sumatra
Abstrak: Most of local people surround Batang Toru Forest Area work at agriculture sectors. Durian and petai are mostly cultivated due to those commodities have high economic value. The main wild animals that help pollination of durian and petai is bat (Chiroptera: Megachiroptera). Not only help durian and petai pollination, but bats also help other plants pollination and spread some seeds. Therefore bats also have function as forest ecosystem keeper. The local people inside and surrounding Batang Toru forest is dominated by Batak ethnic. They are found of consuming bats meat (Pteropodidae). Unsustainable bat hunting is worrying since it can decrease bats population. The aims of study is to get information concerning the hunt and trade of some species of bats inside and surrounding Batang Toru Forest Area from conservation perspective. The locations of study were at Batang Toru Forest Area, surrounding Batang Toru Forest Area. The study was conducted during November 2009 - June 2010. The tools that were used consisted of map of area, guidance book “Kelelawar di Indonesia”, GPS, digital camera, 2 unit of trap camera, binocular, flash light, watch, alcohol 90% and guidance questioner. The objects of this study were kalong kapauk, lalai kembang and kusing dayak, bats hunters, bats collectors, bats sellers, bats buyers, food shop owners, toddy shop owners, bats consumers and durian farmers. The data was collected through literature study, interview, field observation and video from trap camera. The data then was analyzed descriptively. The bats trades happen locally. The price of one kalong kapauk can reach Rp 15.000,00 – Rp 40.000,00, while one lalai kembang or kusing dayak is only paid Rp 1.000,00. The utilizations of bats are usually for protein source, extreme menu, medicine and Snacks. Concerning the important aim of bats in the ecosystem, it needs conservation effort to conserve bat population that is getting decrease. The conservation effort can be giving socialization to local people regarding important aim of bats to the ecosystem, delivering conservation education to pupils in the schools, increasing local people welfare by giving agricultural illumination and repairing the habitat of bats.
Keyword: 

Judul: Keanekaragaman Jenis dan Karakteristik Habitat Kelelawar di Kawasan Hutan Batang Toru Bagian Barat (HBTBB), Sumatera Utara
Abstrak: The Western Batang Toru Forest area is a habitat to many kinds of animals including bats. The aim of this study is to identify the species and habitat characteristics of bats in the Western Batang Toru Forest. There are 4 habitat that was chosen to represent Western Batang Toru Forest, which were Transitory Hill- Montane Forest, Peat Forest, Upper Dipterocarpaceae Forest and Liang Cave. Bats were captured using 2 Harptrap. A total of 331 were captured and 11 of them were identified as recapture. Bats that were captured consisting 16 species, where 3 species were from the suborder Megachiroptera and 13 species were from the suborder Microchiroptera. Bat species identified in this research were Chironax melanocephalus, Cynopterus brachyotis Forest Lineage, Rousettus amplexicaudatus, Hipposideros bicolor, Hipposideros cervinus, Hipposideros larvatus, Rhinolophus affinis, Rhinolophus lepidus, Rhinolophus pusillus, Rhinolophus stheno, Rhinolophus acuminatus, Kerivoula papillosa, Murina cyclotis, Phoniscus atrox, Miniopterus magnater, and Miniopterus schreibersii.
Keyword: 

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
Keyword: