Judul: Food-related innovative behavior of the macaques
Abstrak: Innovative behavior is a new behavior performed by individuals, occurred in low frequencies and restricted to particular area. Innovative behavior may allow animals in coping new environment and exploit more resources. Innovation as product and process of learning behavior has been observed and documented in various numbers of animals, mainly birds and primates. Nearly a half of those records came from food-related behaviors including food extraction technique, novel food items, and food preparation. Many of those behaviors were recorded in anthropogenic disturbance habitat, where animals were challenged by rapidly changing environments. First, I observed long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Pengkereman hot-spring in the highland of Mt. Rinjani in Lombok Island in 2008-2009. They showed innovative behavior in utilizing hot-spring. Two individuals of longtailed macaques were observed in September 5, 2004 incidentally to soak their limbs into the hot spring water. On August 20-22, 2008, during three consecutive day surveys, 4, 5, and 6 out of 26 individuals’ macaques immersed their bodies into the hot-spring stream and pool, respectively. However, this behavior not performed by individuals of the two groups living in adjacent areas, Pelawangan Sembalun and Pos 3 Senaru Groups and two others group of Sebau hot spring 20 km eastern of Pengkereman were never observed to soak their bodies in the water. The behavior was driven by scarcity of natural food source while the artificial foods from human tourist available in the area of hot-spring. The behavior fixed in some individuals who learn the thermoregulation advantages of the hot spring bathing in their habitat in highland with low ambient temperatures. Second, I observed fish-eating behavior performed by long-tailed macaques in Pangandaran Recreation Park in 2010-2012. This behavior was firstly observed in Rengganis Group on November 2010, when three adult and a sub-adult females ate fishes obtained from unattended net. Recently the fish-eating behavior is performed only by individuals of Goa Parat and K12 groups of Pangandaran Recreational Park. The fish-eating behavior that performed by long-tailed macaques in Pangandaran might be newly established as the innovative behavior. After Asian economical crisis in 1998 long-tailed macaques in the Pangandaran is in condition of nutritional deterioration. This condition affectted number of individuals and groups of long-tailed macaques in the Recreation Park and also the feeding behavior of the macaques live in park. Decreasing amount of food from visitors drove the macaques to move their home range like Rengganis Group or exploit new source in their home range like Goa Parat Group. The development of fish-eating behavior by individuals of Goa Parat Group could be the response to the challenge posed by the changing situation of the habitat. Third, I investigated the characteristics of a particular food-snatching behavior in which one individual forced another’s mouth open and grabbed the food, as performed by free-ranging Japanese macaques (M. fuscata) in Choshikei Monkey Park on Shodoshima Island, western Japan. I conducted a survey in late June 2012 and observed one of two monkey troops, comprising 214 monkeys. I recorded the age classes and sexes of the individuals who performed the snatching behavior and were snatched from, and
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Judul: Daily Activity and Feeding Ecology of Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in Alas Purwo National Park, East Java, Indonesia
Abstrak: Food availability is an important factor affecting the feeding strategy of animals. Primate species in habitats with greater human activity should employ unique strategies to use both natural and human food resources. This study described behavioral aspects of free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) inhabiting Alas Purwo National Park, East Java, Indonesia. The activity budgets, dietary compositions, vertical usages, and ranging patterns of the macaques were recorded between October 2021 and March 2022 and examined the difference between day types and the relationships between these variables and the plant phenology index (a proxy of natural food availability) or the number of visitors (a proxy of human food availability). Using the scan sampling method (5-min scans with 15-min intervals), the macaques had been recorded consumed human foods (53.9%) than natural foods (42.5%). Several clear effects of human foods on behavioral aspects were showed: the macaques reduced moving and increased social activity in response to the number of visitors. The macaques consumed human food more, frequently used ground and sub-canopy strata, and their home range became smaller when the number of visitors increased. In contrast, the phenology index showed no significant relationships with macaques' behavioral aspects. This result implied that the relative importance of human provisioning on macaque behavior was much greater than that of natural foods. In order to decrease the risk of human-macaque conflict and zoonotic transmission, regulation of provisioning would be necessary.
Keyword: activity, food, macaque, provisioning food, ranging, visitor

Judul: Sintesis kompleks salen Cu/Ni sebagai katalis oksidasi gliserol
Abstrak: Biodiesel sebagai salah satu alternatif pengganti minyak bumi telah menghasilkan produk samping berupa gliserol kasar. Salah satu cara pemanfaatan adalah dengan mengoksidasinya menjadi dihidroksiaseton menggunakan kompleks senyawa salen yang telah dihidrogenasi dengan logam atom pusat Cu dan Ni. Katalis yang dihasilkan dicirikan menggunakan spektrofotometer inframerah transformasi Fourier dan spektrofotometer serapan atom. Kinerja kedua katalis dalam mengoksidasi gliserol telah dibandingkan dengan baik dalam penelitian ini. Oksidasi gliserol dilakukan dengan tambahan katalis sebanyak 5 mol% gliserol dalam campuran gliserol-asetonitril. Reaksi dilakukan dengan melewatkan gas oksigen selama 4 jam pada suhu ruang dalam campuran tersebut. Hasil oksidasi dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi. Puncak kromatogram dari hasil oksidasi yang muncul setelah menit ke-9 menunjukkan terjadinya perubahan gliserol. Produk oksidasi gliserol diduga memiliki gugus fungsi keton karena nilai Rf-nya lebih besar daripada gliserol, yang menandakan senyawa tersebut lebih nonpolar daripada gliserol. Kromatogram yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas katalis Cu(salen) mengoksidasi gliserol lebih baik ditinjau dari rendemen produk yang dihasilkan dibandingkan dengan Ni(salen). Oksidasi baik dengan Cu(salen) maupun Ni(salen) menghasilkan satu produk oksidasi.
Keyword: Katalis, Ligan salen, Biodiesel