Judul: Formulasi bakteri Escherichia coli rekombinan dengan sisipan gen kitinase (ChiA) untuk mengendalikan penyakit hawar pelepah (Rhizoctonia solani) pada padi
Abstrak: Salah satu masalah utama dalam produksi padi adalah penyakit hawar pelepah yang disebabkan oleh patogen R. solani. Pengendalian hayati menjadi alternatif pengendalian penyakit tersebut, contohya menggunakan bakteri kitinolitik sebagai pestisida hayati. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: mendapatkan informasi tentang korelasi waktu inkubasi bakteri E. coli rekombinan dalam menghambat patogen, mendapatkan formulasi pasta E. coli rekombinan dengan sisipan gen kitinase, dan menguji keefektifan konsentrasi formulasi dalam mengendalikan penyakit hawar pelepah padi (Rhizoctonia solani). Tahapan penelitian ini terdiri dari: konfirmasi E. coli rekombinan yang memproduksi kitinase dan patogen tanaman R. solani, menguji pengaruh waktu inkubasi terhadap penghambatan pertumbuhan patogen, membuat formulasi pasta E. coli rekombinan sebagai biopestisida, dan melakukan uji efikasi formulasi dengan berbagai konsentrasi dalam mengendalikan penyakit hawar pelepah padi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masa inkubasi E . coli rekombinan yang terbaik untuk menghasilkan enzim kitinase adalah 5 hari. Komposisi formulasi pasta terdiri dari 44 g talek, 3 g xanthan gum, 40 g minyak sayur, 3 g molase dan 20 ml suspensi bakteri dengan populasi cfu/ml. Persentase penghambatan penyakit hawar pelepah pada konsentrasi formulasi 5, 10, dan 15% berturut-turut adalah 50, 62.6 dan
Keyword: biopesticide, paste formulation, pathogen

Judul: Pengujian Formulasi Konsorsium Bakteri secara In Vitro untuk Mengendalikan Penyakit Hawar Daun Bakteri pada Tanaman Padi
Abstrak: Pengembangan agens biokontrol (agens hayati) sebagai komponen pengendalian penyakit padi perlu dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keefektifan formula konsorsium bakteri sebagai pengendali penyakit hawar daun bakteri (HDB). Perlakuan isolat yang digunakan masing-masing ialah A5 (B. firmus E65+ P. aeruginosa C32b), A6 (B. firmus E65+ P. aeruginosa C32b + B. cereus II. 14), A8 (B. firmus E65+ P. aeruginosa C32b + B. cereus II. 14+ S. marcescens E 31) serta penambahan bahan pembawa agensia yang diberikan pada masing-masing perlakuan. Hasil uji konsorsium A5, A6, dan A8 secara in vitro dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae masing-masing 84,29%, 75,71%, dan 78,57%. Hasil uji viabilitas menunjukkan konsorsium A8 memiliki jumlah sel yang tinggi yaitu setelah satu bulan penyimpanan pada suhu ruang dibandingkan konsorsium A5 dan A6.
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Judul: Categorization in Macaca fascicularis.
Abstrak: Categorization is an ability to group individuals or events into different classes mediated by conceptualized mental images. There are several levels of categorization and within a taxonomy the levels are nested. At the most concrete level of categorization, all or most members of the category shared common physical attributes that differ from other categories. The higher the level of category, the fewer common attributes between members of the group. In addition to humans, the ability to categorize has also been proposed in animals. One example of categorization in animal is species discrimination. Using matching-tosample task, present experiment tested ability of the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in discriminating dichotomous-stimuli of different animals. The species has been shown to be able to see photos as representations of real object so I used facial photos of humans and animals for the stimuli. First, I tested their ability to classify humans and macaques into separate group. Second, I tested their ability to discriminate their conspecific from other macaques. And the last, I tested whether the subjects were able to discriminate non-human animals from humans. In all of these experiments I found that the subjects showed high performance in categorizing objects, even when I discarded details of visual informations, such as color and local shapes. The ability to identify objects with reduced representation of physical properties means the subjects were able to generalize attributes of members of the group. This would indicate that the subjects created a higher level abstraction. On the other hand, in discriminating intrageneric macaque species I found that they were able to extract uniqueness of each species. More over, I also found that the subjects were able to put photos of non-human animals that shared very few similarities in physical percepts into one group. I suggested that the subjects could create a more abstract concept based on non-percepts relations as a basis to put the objects into one category. Thus, I concluded that M. fascicularis were able to perform multiple levels of categorizations.
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