Judul: Prevalensi Uretrostomi Perineum pada Kucing FLUTD di Papar, Sabah
Abstrak: Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a common disease that classified as an emergency case and need a quick treatment. This condition is usually effecting the urethra and bladder of the patients. This study aims to know the prevalence of perineal urethrostomy (PU) surgery in feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) cats in SunRiz Animal Clinic, Papar, Sabah. Perineal urethrostomy (PU) is one of the surgical method that can be taken to treat urethral obstruction (UO) in cat. This surgery will remove the narrow part of the urethra and make a permanent urethral opening in the perineal region and help to decrease urethral obstruction (UO) in cats with complicated or recurrent obstructive feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). This study was using 7 male cats and few reasons of doing PU were collected. 42.86% of the cats were going through a 3rd episode of FLUTD, while 71.43% of the cats were going through 2 catheterizations and having urinary tract infection (UTI) and kidney problem. The prevalence is depends on the blood and urine test results and the number of catheterization., Penyakit saluran kemih bawah pada kucing (FLUTD) adalah penyakit umum yang biasanya menyerang uretra dan kantong kemih dan membutuhkan perawatan segera. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi operasi perineal urethrostomy (PU) pada kucing yang menderita FLUTD di Klinik Hewan SunRiz, Papar, Sabah. Uretrostomi perineum merupakan salah satu metode pembedahan yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasi obstruksi uretra pada kucing dengan cara mengangkat bagian sempit uretra dan membuat bukaan uretra permanen di daerah perineum. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari data operasi PU pada kasus FLUTD yang ditangani di Klinik Hewan SunRiz Papar, Sabah pada periode Juni 2020 sampai Februari 2021. Data dari 7 ekor kucing jantan dengan riwayat FLUTD dan obstruksi uretrostomi (UO) kambuhan yang diberikan operasi PU, digunakan. Data diperoleh dari rekam medis kesehatan pasien, tes hitung darah lengkap (CBC) dan tes urinalisis pasien. Semua data dianalisis secara deskriptif. 42,86% kucing mengalami FLUTD episode ketiga, yang mana telah mengalami kasus FLUTD kali ketiga. 71,43% kucing menjalani 2 kali kateterisasi dan mengalami infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) dan masalah ginjal. Prevalensinya tergantung dari hasil tes darah dan urin serta jumlah kateterisasi.
Keyword: FLUTD, perineal urethrostomy, urethral obstruction, recurrence, male cat

Judul: Obat Terapeutik dalam Pengobatan Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD) di Rumah Sakit Hewan Gasing, Malaysia
Abstrak: Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a broad term often used in describing any disorders affecting the lower urinary tract which includes the bladder and urethra. Although there are multiple causes of FLUTD, the common clinical signs seen are hematuria, stranguria, dysuria, pollakiuria, and periuria. The study aims to obtain and analyze secondary data of therapeutic drugs used in the treatment of FLUTD at Gasing Veterinary Hospital in the year 2019. The highest proportion of drugs used were antibiotics at 37%. Muscle relaxants were the second most administered drug at 34%, followed by anti-inflammatories at 26%. Other therapeutic substances which were administered in smaller proportions include anti-fibrinolytic agents (2%) and nutritional supplements (1%). It was concluded that, the types of drugs that were administered in FLUTD cases comprised of antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, muscle relaxants, anti-fibrinolytic agents, and nutritional supplements., Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) adalah istilah luas yang sering digunakan untuk gangguan pada saluran kemih dan uretra. Meskipun terdapat beberapa penyebab FLUTD, tanda klinis yang umum terlihat adalah hematuria, stranguria, disuria, pollakiuria, dan periuria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan dan menganalisis data sekunder obat terapeutik yang digunakan dalam pengobatan FLUTD di Rumah Sakit Hewan Gasing tahun 2019. Obat yang paling banyak digunakan adalah antibiotik dengan proporsi 37%. Obat relaksan otot adalah obat kedua yang paling banyak diberikan dengan proporsi 34%, diikuti oleh obat antiinflamasi (26%). Zat terapeutik lain yang diberikan dalam proporsi yang lebih kecil termasuk agen antifibrinolitik (2%) dan suplemen nutrisi (1%). Kesimpulannya, jenis obat yang diberikan pada kasus FLUTD terdiri dari antibiotik, antiinflamasi, relaksan otot, agen antifibrinolitik, dan suplemen nutrisi.
Keyword: drug, feline, FLUTD, therapeutic, treatment

Judul: Analysis of Unequal Income Distribution with Cobb-Douglas Production Function
Abstrak: This paper studies the economic growth model by Moav (2002). Moav model shows the existence of unequal income distribution between low-income with high-income community. That kind of unequal income distribution is caused by uneven distribution of income. On this Moav model, there is one area called the threshold. Threshold becomes a benchmark to determining whether a society is categorized into low- or high- income community. The production function used in this paper is the Cobb-Douglas function. The dynamics of this model is described as difference equation of low-income, threshold, and high-income community. Simulation study on the model is carried out using Maple 13 and Mathematica 7.0 software. Overall, from the observed case, high-income community will reach a stable condition earlier, followed by the threshold, and then the low-income community.
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