Judul: Model Estimasi Pertumbuhan Cronobacter spp. Berdasarkan Praktik Penyiapan, Pemberian dan Penyimpanan Susu Bubuk Formula Bayi pada Tingkat Rumah Tangga di Jakarta Pusat
Abstrak: This study was conducted to gather information on how to prepare, give and storage the powdered infant formula by mothers at home and to know about temperature and time profile since the reconstitution of PIF, give to the baby and storage of PIF that had been reconstituted using the descriptive method with survey approach. Temperature and time profile data obtained from this survey would be used to estimate the growth of Cronobacter spp. using the FAO/WHO Quantitative Risk Assessment Model of Cronobacter spp. in PIF, so it could provide recommendation of practice scenarios of preparation, giving and storage of PIF which did not pose a risk of Cronobacter spp. infection. From this survey, there were 16 scenarios of preparation, giving and storage of PIF which represented the practices by 30 respondents. Scenarios were selected based on the stages of respondents did in preparing and handling PIF and temperatures of water which were used to reconstitute PIF. The result of this study showed that 16th scenario was the most at risk scenario for Cronobacter spp. infection, both on the assumption of initial contamination level of 1 CFU/100g or 3 CFU/100g. That was because final contamination levels of Cronobacter spp. in 16th scenario exceeded the initial dose estimate of Cronobacter spp. infection that is equal to 3 CFU/100g. In 16th scenario, by assuming initial contamination levels to 1 CFU/100g and 3 CFU/100g, the final contamination levels that were obtained successively were 89.12 CFU/100g and 269.15 CFU/100g. Lag phase of 16th scenario was 23 minutes. In 16th scenario, there were milk storage stage at room temperature for 4 hours that could cause a risk of Cronobacter spp. growth. 7th until 16th scenario could cause a risk of Cronobacter spp. infection if the assumption of initial contamination level of Cronobacter spp. in PIF was 3 CFU/100g. 1st until 6th scenario were scenario that were secure against infection of Cronobacter spp., both on the assumption of initial contamination level of 1 CFU / 100g or 3 CFU / 100g. In this study, water temperatures to reconstitute PIF were not significantly affect to the growth of Cronobacter spp., but the milk storage for too long as in the 15th and 16th scenario, respectively, ie for 2 hours and 4 hours.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), FAO/WHO, reconstitute, powdered infant formula, Cronobacter spp

Judul: Kinetika inaktivasi Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) dalam susu formula dan sistem bufer dengan Berbagai aw dan pH pada proses pemanasan
Abstrak: Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) is an emerging opportunistic pathogen thas has been reported to cause meningitis, septicemia, dan necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) outbreaks linked to Powdered Infant Formula (PIF) consumption. Most of the outbreaks occurred in the hospital involving infants younger than 28 days old, premature infants, or infants with low birth weight (< 2500 g) possibly due to their undeveloped immune system. Cronobacter spp. may contaminate PIF during processing and or during its preparation prior to consumption. Several Cronobacter spp. isolates have been reported to have a higher heat resistance than other Enterobacter. Isolation of Cronobacter spp. from PIF, weaning foods, and other dry food has been reported in Indonesia. However, assessment on the heat resistance of the isolates is still limited. This research aimed to obtain the inactivation kinetics parameters (D, Z values) of local isolates of Cronobacter spp. in PIF and menstruum modified to achieve various aw and pH. The study was conducted by inoculating late log phase culture of Cronobacter spp. into thermal death time (TDT) tubes containing PIF or PIF with various aw (modified with sucrosa or NaCl) or adjusted with buffer Mcllvaine to achieve several pHs. TDT tubes were heated at constant temperatures of 50, 52, 54, 56, or 58 oC for 0-182 minutes. The number of Cronobacter spp. surviving the heating proces was enumerated on TSAYE. The correlation between heating time at different temperatures with the number of surviving Cronobacter spp. were plotted into TDT curves and the D and Z values were calculated. D-values of isolates of Cronobacter spp. obtained in this study were in the range of 3.61-11.36 minutes at 56 oC and 68.97-256.41 minutes at 50 oC. These values were similar with the values reported by other researcher. Z-values calculated for isolates of Cronobacter spp. studied were 3.54-5.69 oC. The Z-values obtained were also within the range of those reported in the literatures. This study showed no significant effect of water activity (aw) and pH on inactivation kinetics of YR t2a isolate.
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Judul: Karakteristik Komponen Kayu Bagian Lunas, Gading-gading, dan Linggi pada Kapal Kayu di Teluk Nara, Lombok Utara
Abstrak: Kapal SV Vivian merupakan kapal pariwisata yang terbuat dari kayu solid. Kapal SV Vivian terdiri dari bagian lunas, linggi haluan dan linggi buritan, gading-gading, wrang, galar kim, galar balok, balok geladak dan lutut-lutut, kulit luar, geladak, pagar, sekat kedap air. Pembuatan kapal hanya didasarkan pada pengalaman, sehingga perlu diteliti untuk mengetahui karakteristik komponen kayu yang digunakan. Penelitian mengukur karakteristik atau sifat-sifat dasar komponen kayu yang digunakan pada bagian gading-gading, linggi dan lunas. Standar pengujian yang digunakan yaitu BS-373: 1957. Jenis kayu yang digunakan untuk pembuatan lunas dan linggi yaitu kayu Ulin (Eusideroxylon zwageri) dan gading-gading menggunkan kayu kempas (Koompasia malacensis). Kayu ulin memiliki karakteristik yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan kayu kempas. Kayu ulin masuk kedalam kelas kuat I dan tahan terhadap serangan marine borers sehingga tergolong kedalam kelas awet I. Kempas tergolong kedalam kayu dengan kelas kuat II dan ketahanan terhadap marine borers masuk kedalam kelas awet V. Bagian lunas kapal disambung dengan menggunakan baut dan jenis sambungan yang digunakan yaitu plain scarf.
Keyword: Lunas, Gading-gading, Linggi, Sifat Fisis, Sifat Mekanis