Judul: Gambaran histologis proventrikulus, duodenum, dan hati ayam broiler yang diberi ekstrak temulawak plus
Abstrak: The curcuma has so many therapeutic advantages such as hepatoprotection, anticarsinogenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, antihyperlipimedic, and antiinflammatory agent. This research was aimed to know the histological changes of proventriculus, duodenum, and liver of broiler chicken which were given curcuma extract plus multivitamin. A total of 36 broiler chickens were divided into 4 groups (P0, P1, P2, and P3) with 3 replications in each group. P0 was the control group that was given aquadest, while P1, P2, and P3 were given curcuma extract plus at a dose of 1, 3, and 5 ppm, respectively. The treatment was given for 3 consecutive weeks. The observed variables were number of epithelial cells which were cleavaging in the mucosa of proventiculus, number of Goblet cells and Lieberkhun glands in the duodenum, and intact structure of hepatocyte in the liver. The curcuma extract plus influenced the proliferation of epithelial cells in the mucosa of proventriculus, increased the number of Goblet cells and Lieberkhun glands in duodenum, and prevented liver cell damage in the broiler chicken. This histological changes may improve the efficiency of feed digestibility and proventriculus and intestinal mucosal protection of the broiler chicken.
Keyword: broiler chicken, duodenum, liver, proventriculus, temulawak extract plus

Judul: Gambaran Histologis Bursa Fabricius dan Limpa Ayam Broiler yang Diberi Ekstrak Temulawak Plus (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)
Abstrak: This research was conducted to determine the histomorphological changes of bursa of fabricius and spleen after giving curcuma extract plus. Thirty six of broiler chicken were divided into 4 treatment groups, namely P0 (control), P1 (1 ppm extract of curcuma plus), P2 (3 ppm extract of curcuma plus), and P3 (5 ppm extract of curcuma plus). The observation of the evaluated tissues were done for 3 consecutive weeks. Each treatment group was taken randomly to get its bursa of fabricius and spleen. Both of organ samples then were processed for the histological and observation using a light microscope. The parameters of observation were number of bursa of fabricius follicle, diameter of bursa of fabricius follicle and number of white pulp in spleen. The results indicated that the all of parameters decrease in 3 weeks after giving 3 treatments. The three doses indicate the best result than control. It was concluded that the morphological appearance of bursa of fabricius and spleen could be influenced by using curcuma extract plus at a various dose at the period of 3 week
Keyword: broiler chicken, bursa fabricius, Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, spleen

Judul: Approximation of the Median of Poisson Distribution Using the Relation of Poisson-Gamma Distribution
Abstrak: A major drawback of median is that median cannot usually be defined in closed form, even in the cases where their distribution functions are known. This study gives an approximation of the closed form for the median of the Poisson distribution by using the relation of Poisson-Gamma distribution. The approximation uses elementary techniques based on the monotonicity of certain sequences involving tail probabilities of the Poisson distribution and the Central Limit Theorem. Furthermore, a closed form expression for the mean absolute deviation 􀜧|􀜰􀰒 􀵆 􀜯􀝁􀝀􁈺􀜰􀰒􁈻| is also studied. The median is relevant because of the fact that it minimizes the mean absolute deviation of a Poisson random variable (􀜰􀰒􁈻 by considering median as central tendency.
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