Judul: Model Turunan Terbatas untuk Pendugaan Laju Pembekuan Daging Sapi
Abstrak: Skripsi ini disusun berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan di PT Abattoir Surya Jaya, Surabaya. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tanggal 15 September sanpai 1 Oktober 1987. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1) nenyusun program komputer model turunan terbatas untuk menduga laju penbekuan daging sapi dengan menggunakan "air-blast freezern dan 2) menguji ketepata-n model pendugaan terhadap hasil pengukuran.
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Judul: Model pendugaan laju pembekuan daging kambing dengan metode beda hingga
Abstrak: Skripsi ini merupakan hasil penelitian yang dilakukan di Bangsal Percontohan Pengolahan Hasil Pertanian dan di Laboratorium Teknik Pengolahan Pangan dan Hasil Pertanian, Jurusan Mekanisasi Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian ini mempunyai tujuan :1) menentukan per- kembangan sifat-sifat termofisik daging kambing selama pembekuan, dan 2) menyusun model simulasi komputer untuk menduga laju pembekuan daging kambing dalam bentuk lempengan datar tak terhingga dengan metoda beda hingga. Pengukuran laju pembekuan daging kambing dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat pembeku "air blast freezer". Daging kambing yang diukur penurunan suhunya tersebut dibuat berbentuk balok dengan ukuran 100 x 100 mm dan dengan tiga macam ketebalan, yaitu 1 cm, 2 cm dan 3 cm. Suhu ruangan pada "air blast freezer" sebesar -27.2 °C. Model numerik yang digunakan adalah model numerik skema Crank Nicholson. Perhitungan model numerik dilaku- kan pada setiap interval waktu (At) dengan menggunakan jumlah interval jarak (Ax) yang berbeda-beda untuk tiap ketebalan sedemikian hingga mempunyai jarak yang sama...
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Judul: Hybrid solar cells of ZnO nanoparticles/chlorophyll was modified metal ions (Zn2+ and Cu2+ )
Abstrak: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a n-type semiconductor with a wide the energy band (Band Gap) is 3.37 eV at room temperature and 3.34 eV at low temperature with a large exiton binding energy is 60 meV. ZnO has been synthesized by hydrothermal method, resulting in a decrease in particle size over the duration of the hydrothermal changes. Crystallographic structure of ZnO were characterized using XRD, has shown the characteristic pattern of a hexagonal wurtzite structure, the crystallite size increases to changes in particle size. Changes in particle size has also led to a change in the absorption peak of ZnO as has been demonstrated posted under test using the optical properties of UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Changes of this uptake has also led to changes in the energy band gap, which increases its band gap energy of the particle size. In electronic applications, especially in solar cells. Chlorophyll is considered less effective, because of their very nature are easily degraded as a result of several reactions which are acid, lighting and temperature. The results of the stability test using a halogen lamp 34 W/m2 for 5 hours, that the substitution of chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form more stable than natural chlorophyll. The characterization of the optical properties, the combination of ZnO / chlorophyll in the form of hybrid films has led to a shift in the absorption region of ZnO becomes more widely from the UV to Visible. ZnO/chlorophyll has absorption range of 350-515 nm, ZnO / Zn-feofitin 332-401 nm and 332-632 nm for Cu-feofitin. The combination of ZnO/chlorophyll and CuSCN as a solid electrolite in hybrid solar cell, a modified chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form a more stable I-V curve. It is characterized by its fill factor value greater than natural chlorophyll. Nevertheless, solar cells with natural chlorophyll has been able to produce higher efficiency values of chlorophyll were substituted.
Keyword: Hydrothermal, ZnO/Chlorophyll modified, Hybrid Solar Cell