Judul: Analisis keragaman genetik kura-kura air tawar (cuora amboinensis) berdasarkan haplotipe mtDNA
Abstrak: Cuora amboinensis merupakan kura-kura air tawar yang termasuk ke dalam ordo Testudines, famili Emydidae dan subfamili Batagurinae. C. amboinensis memiliki penyebaran geografis yang luas, namun tidak ada variasi subspesies yang dapat digambarkan. Selain itu keberadaan C. amboinensis saat ini [erancam punah. Oleh karena itu peflu diadakan penelitian untuk mengetahui keragaman genetik spesies inL Salah satu caranya adalah dengan menggunakan penanda molekular genom mitokondria. Keragarnan genetik mtDNA dapat diketahui melalui penggandaan in vitro sampeJ DNA secara selektif. Bagian yang digandakan bermula dari Cyt b hingga bagian tengah daerah pengendali. Prodllk yang dihasilkan dari proses penggandaan (880 pasang basa) dipotong menggllnakan lima enzim restriksi (MspI, TaqI, MboI, HaeIII dan Hhaf). Pemotongan ini menghasilkan tujuh haplotipe. Dari tujuh haplotipe diperoleh keragaman nukleotida C. amboinensis sebesar 9.6%. Hal ini berarti keragaman nllkleotida C. amboinensis (9.6%) lebih tinggi dari Dogania subplana (6.9%).
Keyword: 

Judul: Analisis keragaman genetik labi-labi (Amyda cartilaginea) berdasarkan genom mitokondria
Abstrak: Amyda cartilaginea belongs to the Order Testudinata, Suborder Cryptodira and Family Trionychidae. Recently, the population of A. cartilaginea has been decreasing because of human exploitation and environmental destruction. Therefore, it is important to carry on the research in genetic diversity among this spesies. The research was conducted using the mitochondrial DNA marker by Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (PCR–RFLP) technique. PCR technique was conducted to observe genetic diversity of mtDNA using a pair of primer 577 and 578. The amplified region was control region which flanked tRNA Pro and tRNA Phe based on reference sequence of Dogania subplana. The amplification result ed in the product of 500 base pairs and 710 base pairs. The PCR product was then cut by restriction endonuclease, namely Hha I (GCG?C), HaeIII(GG?CC), AluI (AG?CT), MboI (?GATC) and DraI (TTT ?AAA). Twelve haplotypes was found among 39 samples.. Haplotype 2 showed wide distribution compared to other haplotypes. Nucleotide diversity among haplotypes is 5.4 %.
Keyword: 

Judul: Process design of sulphonation of isolated Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) lignin to produce Sodium Lignosulphonat (SLS) surfactant
Abstrak: Process design of sulphonation of isolated empty fruit bunch (EFB) lignin to produce sodium lignosulphonat (SLS) surfactant was conducted by process synthesis, then process development by empiric systematic approach (modelling). The results were integrated into process engineering flow diagram (PEFD), and analyzed feasibility of SLS industry. The objective of this research was to obtain “the process design” especially to identify the best pulping process and the best isolating lignin path to obtain the best isolated lignin; to find the optimum process condition in production of the SLS; to determine the reaction kinetic modelling, total cost equation as a function of production capacity and optimum production capacity were also developed and to obtain the financially feasible criteria in setting up SLS industry. The best influence of NaOH addition in organosolv pulping process was obtained at 10% of concentration, and of H2SO4 addition in lignin isolation using Kim method was obtained at 20% concentration. The yield of isolated lignin was 19,945% (w/w) with 88,93% of purity. The optimum process conditions was obtained ie: reactant ratio (NaHSO3 to lignin) of 60,32 % (w/w); pH of 6,03; reaction temperature of 90,28OC; conversion of 72,20%; validation of conversion of 70,04 %. Identification of SLS by using spectrophotometer FTIR, LC-MS and UV showed that SLS product of sulphonation, was similar to SLS standard from Aldrich (SLS-Aldrich). In addition, the properties of SLS and performance test of SLS were adequate to be a dispersant agent because the purity of SLS was high ( more than 80 %).
Keyword: pulping process, isolating lignin path, kinetic modelling, optimum production capacity