Judul: Sintesis 2'-Hidroksikalkon Dari Resasetofenon Dan Metil Galat Sebagai Zat Antara (–)-Robidanol
Abstrak: (–)-Robidanol adalah salah satu flavonoid kelas flavan-3-ol tetrahidroksi yang telah diisolasi dari beberapa spesies tumbuhan. Senyawa ini memiliki aktivitas sebagai pemutih kulit, antijerawat, dan antioksidan. Flavan-3-ol lazim disintesis dari senyawa asetofenon dan benzaldehida terhidroksilasi melalui zat antara 2'-hidroksikalkon. Dalam penelitian ini, 2'-hidroksikalkon yang menjadi zat antara untuk sintesis (‒)-robidanol disintesis melalui reaksi kondensasi Claisen-Schmidt dari resasetofenon dan galaldehida dengan menggunakan katalis NaH 60%. Galaldehida diperoleh melalui serangkaian reaksi konversi dari metil galat. Gugus –OH fenolik pada bahan awal dilindungi dengan gugus pelindung benzil. Rendemen total 2'-hidroksikalkon yang diperoleh adalah 21% dalam 4 tahap dari metil galat. Kondisi reaksi kondensasi masih perlu dioptimisasi untuk meningkatkan rendemen kalkon murni sebelum dilanjutkan ke tahap berikutnya untuk memperoleh senyawa target (‒)-robidanol.
Keyword: antijerawat, flavan-3-ol, flavonoid, pemutih kulit, (–)-robidanol

Judul: Dekarbonilasi dan Dihidroksilasi Asimetris pada Kalkon Robtein Terproteksi-Benzil dalam Rute Sintetik ke (–)-Robidanol
Abstrak: (–)-Robidanol adalah isolat flavan-3-ol dari kayu merbau yang memiliki bioaktivitas sebagai pemutih kulit, antijerawat, dan antioksidan. Dalam pekerjaan sebelumnya untuk menyintesis (–)-robidanol, kalkon robtein terproteksi-benzil telah berhasil didapatkan sebagai zat antara. Dalam penelitian ini, kalkon tersebut didekarbonilasi mengikuti prosedur reduksi Luche dengan natrium borohidrida dan serium(III) klorida sebagai katalis. Deoksokalkon kemudian dihidroksilasi mengikuti prosedur Sharpless untuk mendapatkan senyawa antara, (1S,2S)-3-[4- benziloksi-2-hidroksifenil]-1-[3,4,5-tris(benziloksi)fenil]-propana-1,2-diol. Gugus 2-hidroksi diproteksi sebagai eter tert-butildimetilsilil selama reaksi ini. Rendemen keseluruhan ialah 10% dari kalkon robtein terproteksi. Tahap reduksi Luche masih perlu dioptimasi. Beberapa produk samping terpantau dengan kromatografi lapis tipis, diduga berasal dari reduksi parsial keton ke alkohol dan siklisasi alkohol tersebut ke flav-3-ena, dan sulit dimurnikan. Oleh sebab itu, proteksi gugus fenol dilakukan langsung pada produk dekarbonilasi kasar. Siklisasi diol dengan prosedur Mitsunobu adalah tahap selanjutnya untuk memperoleh (+)-epirobidanol, epimer C-3 dari (–)-robidanol.
Keyword: epirobidanol, flavonoid, merbau, pemutih kulit, reduksi Luche

Judul: Exchange Market Pressure and Central Bank Intervention for Three ASEAN Countries
Abstrak: Two of the exchange rate systems which are adopted by many countries are the floating and the fixed exchange rate system. Both the exchange rate systems have different characteristics. Countries that implement fixed exchange rates system tend to set their domestic currency exchange rate at a certain point. On the contrary, countries which implement floating exchange rate system tend to let their domestic currency exchange rate to move flexibly and thus their value will always change according to the demand and supply of the currency in the foreign exchange market. Countries which implement floating exchange rate system are facing the risk of fluctuation in the exchange rate of their domestic currency against foreign currencies. The currency exchange rate fluctuation may be caused by economic problems such as a financial crisis. A country can also be potentially affected by other countries’ earlier financial crisis. This effect could potentially happen if these countries are in the same region, such as ASEAN. The 1997 ASEAN economic crisis was an example of a country’s financial crisis could affect other countries. At that time, some countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand had to change their currency exchange rate system from the fixed exchange rate system to the floating exchange rate system due to the high costs which has to be incurred if they were to enforce the fixed exchange rate system. During 2002 until 2012, the domestic exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand against the U.S. dollar had tended to fluctuate. If the domestic currency exchange rate fluctuated excessively then the central bank would intervene to stabilize the exchange rate in the foreign exchange market. The pressure on domestic currency exchange rate pressures has forced the central bank to intervene. The amount of those pressures can be analyzed by calculating the Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) index. Apart from that, the time when interventions are done by the central bank can be known based on EMP by calculating the Exchange Market Intervention (EMI) index. The purposes of this study were to determine the level of international pressure on the currency exchange market and monetary authorities intervene in three ASEAN countries, as well as to determine the effect of the monetary authorities intervene on the exchange rate of the domestic currency against the U.S. dollar in those three ASEAN countries. Based on the EMP index calculation results which are obtained during 2002 to 2012 period, the exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand’s domestic currency had always fluctuated and the results of the EMP index indicated that each country were under diverse level of currency exchange rate appreciation and depreciation pressures. Thailand was the country with the highest currency exchange rate pressure compared to Indonesia and Malaysia. The results on the intervention index calculation showed that Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand have intervention index between zero and one and more than one. We can also see from the intervention index that Indonesia and Thailand implement the controlled floating currency exchange rate instead of the freely floating one. Based on the calculation of the currency exchange rate by comparing
Keyword: exchange rate, exchange market pressure, intervention