Judul: (Studi Kasus Pemerintah Daerah Kota Cimahi Propinsi Jawa Barat)
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji: (1), struktur organisasi Pemerintah daerah setelah melaksanakan Otonomi Daerah, (2), Tugas pokok dan fungsi serta wewenang dari Pemerintah Daerah setelah Otonomi Daerah dilaksanakan, (3), Pelaksanaan kepemimpinan dari Pemerintah Daerah dalam pembanggian daerah setelah berlakunya Otonomi Daerah.
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Judul: Pola hubungan fungsional pemerintah desa dengan badan perwakilan desa dalam penyelenggaraan desa : studi kasus di Desa Cibanteng Kecamatan Ciampea, Desa Citeureup Kecamatan Citeureup dan Desa Cimanggu Kecmatan Bojong Gede Kabupaten Bogor, Provinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk memperoleh pemahaman tentang pola hubungan fungsional pemerintahan desa antara badan eksekutif desa dengan badan legislatif desa setelah berlakunya Undang-undang Pemerintahan Daerah dengan membandingkan tiga desa kasus dan untuk memperoleh pemahaman tentang efektifitas manajemen pemerintahan kedua lembaga pemerintahan desa di tiga desa kasus dalam menjalankan tiga fungsi pemerintahan. Permasalahan yang akan dibahas dalam penulisan ini adalah bagaimanakah pola hubungan fungsional Pemerintah Desa dengan Badan Perwakilan Desa dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan desa setelah berlakunya Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999 yang direvisi dengan Undang-undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2004? Dan bagaimanakah efektifitas manajemen pemerintahan kedua lembaga pemerintahan desa dalam menjalankan tiga fungsi pemerintahan, yaitu fungsi pelayanan publik, fungsi pembangunan dan fungsi anggaran? Satuan analisis yang dipergunakan adalah masing-masing individu kepala desa, perangkat desa dan anggota Badan Perwakilan Desa dari tiga desa kasus. Penentuan satuan analisis dilakukan secara purposif. Pengumpulan data primer dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam, diskusi kelompok dan pengamatan berperanserta terbatas dimana cara yang dipertimbangkan untuk menuntun informan kunci dan sumbe informasi pada permulaan wawancara yang dilakukan adalah melalui pertanyaan deskriptif dan dokumen pribadi...dst
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Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable