Judul: The impact of public debt on economic growth in European Union and ASEAN+6 Countries
Abstrak: Economic conditions in the countries of the European Union is facing a crisis as a result of heavy pressure in the form of a relatively widening budget deficit and rising debt burden. The impact of government debt on economic growth become a problem that is interesting to study, especially after the European economic crisis. The ratio of government debt in the countries of the European Union and ASEAN +6 showed a pattern of escalating and it is very harmful to the economy, especially for countries in ASEAN +6. Based on the above issues, this study aims to analyze: the development of government debt in the countries of the European Union and ASEAN +6, the impact of government debt on economic growth, the differences of government debt impact on economic growth for each region, the path of government debt impact on economic growth in the countries of the European Union and ASEAN +6. This study covers 19 countries in the European Union and the 11 countries in ASEAN +6 with the observation period of 26 years (from 1985 to 2010). The study uses a static and dynamic panel data analysis. The model used in this study is based on the model study as outlined by Checherita-Westphal and Rother (2012). Analyzing result for economic growth shows that the Fixed Effect Model (FEM) is the best estimation model than the model of pooled least squares (POLS) and Random Effect Model (REM). The results shows a nonlinear negative relationship between government debt and economic growth. This implies that the general government debt ratio above the current limit value of 60 percent, debt has a negative impacts on economic growth. Analysis using regional dummy showed that between the EU and ASEAN +6 there are not differences in the impact of debt. Dynamic panel data analysis results show that the best estimation model for saving and investment is FEM and the best estimation model for TFP growth is Sys-GMM. The results shows that there has not been enough evidence to suggest that the negative impact of debt on economic growth is transmitted through savings, investment and TFP growth. Based on the results of research, policy implications that can be suggested including negative relationship between debt and economic growth so the government should be more careful in making new loans, the negative impact of government debt when the threshold above 60 percent indicates that the countries that have a debt ratio above the threshold should control its debt ratio not exceed than 60 percent.
Keyword: government debt, economic growth, static and dynamic panel data

Judul: Effect of Government Debt on Economic Growth in Lower Middle Income Countries
Abstrak: Utang pemerintah negara-negara middle income cenderung meningkat, sedangkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan total pembayaran utangnya cenderung menurun. Negara middle income dibagi menjadi dua, lower middle dan upper middle. Utang pemerintah negara-negara lower middle income cenderung meningkat lebih signifikan daripada upper middle income. Jika peningkatan utang tersebut terjadi secara terus menerus, dikhawatirkan akan muncul pengaruh negatif utang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode variabel instrumental untuk menganalisis pengaruh utang pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di 27 negara lower middle income dari tahun 2000 sampai 2018. Model estimasi yang terpilih adalah Random Effect Model yang menunjukkan bahwa utang pemerintah memiliki hubungan non-linear berbentuk kurva konkaf dan berpengaruh signifikanterhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Ketika utang pemerintah belum melebihi 51,7 persen maka dampaknya akan positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Lebih dari itu, dampaknya akan menjadi negatif. Variabel lain yang turut berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi adalah lag PDB per kapita, pertumbuhan populasi, dan pembentukan modal bruto. Sementara itu, variabel keterbukaan perdagangan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi pada taraf nyata 5 persen., Middle income countries' government debt tends to increase, while economic growth and total debt payments tend to decline. Middle income countries are divided into two, lower middle and upper middle. The government debt of lower middle income countries tends to increase more significantly than the upper middle income. If the increase in debt occurs continuously, it is feared that the negative impact of debt will emerge. This study uses the instrumental variable method to analyze the effect of government debt on economic growth in 27 lower middle income countries from 2000 to 2018. The estimation model chosen is the Random Effect Model which shows that government debt has a non-linear relationship in the form of a concave curve and has a significant effect on economic growth. When the government debt does not exceed 51,7 percent, the impact will be positive on economic growth. More than that, the impact will be negative. Other variables that also affect economic growth are lag of GDP per capita, population growth, and gross capital formation. Meanwhile, the trade openness variable has no significant effect on economic growth at the 5 percent real level.
Keyword: defisit, pertumbuhan ekonomi, utang pemerintah, deficit, economic growth, government debt

Judul: Desain Instrumen Pengontrol Otomatis Pasteurisasi Susu
Abstrak: Pasteurisasi merupakan salah satu cara pengawetan ter- hadap susu segar sebelum disimpan pada suhu rendah atau langsung dikonsumsi. Caranya adalah dengan memanaskan sam- pai mencapai suhu minimal 62.8 atau 71.7 °C yang diperta- hankan tetap selama 1800 atau 15 detik. Kombinasi suhu dan waktu dapat dipilih sesuai dengan kemampuan alat. Makin tinggi suhu yang dipilih makin pendek waktunya. Melalui proses pasteurisasi, rasa dan aroma susu tidak berubah dan seluruh bakteri penyebab penyakit (bakteri pa- togen) musnah. Berdasarkan kombinasi suhu-waktu, pasterisasi susu di- bedakan atas tiga metoda, yaitu metoda waktu lama (long hold), temperatur tinggi waktu pendek (HTST) dan temperatur tinggi (UHT). Suhu pasteurisasi dengan metoda waktu lama minimal 62.8 °C yang dipertahankan tetap selama paling se- dikit 1800 detik. Sedang HTST suhu minimalnya adalah 71.7 °C dengan waktu 15 detik atau lebih lama. Pada UHT waktu yang diperlukan adalah dua detik atau lebih singkat dengan suhu 87.8 - 132.2 °C. Pemakaian kombinasi suhu-waktu yang melebih dari ke- tentuan minimalnya akan mempengaruhi rasa, aroma, komposisi ...
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