Judul: Klasifikasi Sayap Lebah Apis Cerana dan Apis Koschevnikovi Menggunakan Conditional Inference Tree
Abstrak: The wing of a bee is one of its biometric features. The structure of the wing venation pattern is a unique identifier that distinguishes types of bees. Venation structure looks similar so that it is difficult to distinguish by human eyes. The purpose of this study is to determine the key features on the venation pattern of bees and the accuracy of the Conditional Inference Tree method in classifying Apis cerana and Apis koschevnikovi species. In this study 19 branching points on the structure of the wing venation of bees are used as objects of observation. The data contain 89 wings of A. cerana and 239 wings of A. koschevnikovi. Each point on each species has been aligned sequentially by positions. Feature extraction was done by calculating and normalizing the distance between a pair of venation branching points. The feature extraction process produces 171 features. Then the classifier is trained and tested with Conditional Inference Tree method. Key features on the wings of bees are p77 (a pair of points 5 and 16) and p27 (a pair of points 2 and 11). Feature p76 (a pair of points 5 and 15) is an important feature used in the feature extraction stage. This method achieves accuracy of 97.78%
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University, Conditional Inference Tree., bees wings, classification

Judul: Geometric morphometric wing venation of Indonesian Apis cerana and Central Sulawesi Apis nigrocincta
Abstrak: The Asian honey bee, Apis cerana, is widely distributed in almost all Asian regions, including Indonesia. The distributions of A. cerana in Indonesia arrange from Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi to Papua. Apis cerana sympatrically lives with A. nigrocincta on Sulawesi Island. In contrast with A. cerana, the distribution of A. nigrocincta is limited to Sulawesi Island and the surrounded islands. Several islands in the Indonesian archipelagos belong to the Sundaland (Sunda Shelf), and others are located in the Wallacea region; both regions have different environmental conditions and species distribution. The differences in a specific geographic area also affected the morphological characters of species, including bees. Honeybee wing venations show highly heritability that can determined the relationship and distribution of honey bees. However, the wing landmarks venation of A. cerana in Sumatra, as well as A. cerana and A. nigrocincta that live sympatrically in Sulawesi, has not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse: 1) intraspecies landmark variations of A. cerana from Sumatra at different altitudes, 2) intraspecies landmark variations of A. cerana from the islands of Sumatra, Belitung, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, and the Moluccas, 3) interspecies landmark variations between A. cerana and A. nigrocincta, and 4) interspecies relationship between A. cerana and A. nigrocincta based on wing venation landmarks. This study used 55 bee colonies, i.e., 50 colonies of A. cerana, from Sumatra, Belitung, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, and the Moluccas, and five colonies of A. nigrocincta from Central Sulawesi. The right wings of ten individuals from each colony of A. cerana and A. nigrocincta were excised using a scalpel and were digitized on 19 wing venation landmarks. The digitization results were analyzed using geometric morphometric methods with Thin Plate Splin (TPS) software. The analysis of landmark visualization (grid deformation) was performed on the intraspecies of A. cerana from Sunda Shelf and Wallacea, as well as on the interspecies of A. cerana and A. nigrocincta. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and relationship analysis were performed using R software with rooted and unrooted Neighbor-Joining (NJ) methods. The intraspecies landmark variations of A. cerana Sumatra resulted variations in the deformation grid. The deformation grid displacement of A. cerana from Aceh and West Sumatra were similar to the reference landmark (300 individuals of A. cerana Sumatra). This study revealed the high different deformation grids in A. cerana North Sumatra, Jambi, South Sumatra, and Lampung compared to reference landmarks. Based on the bending energy values, the lowlands of North Sumatra and Jambi have higher bending energy than the highlands. In contrast, the A. cerana from the lowland West Sumatra has lower bending energy values than those from the highlands. The comparison of A. cerana from the six islands to the reference landmark resulted the variated displacement of landmarks. The reference landmark is a landmark configuration that were aligned from 50 colonies of A. cerana from six islands. The variations of landmark displacement (deformation grid) between A. cerana on the six islands from Sunda Shelf, i.e., A. cerana Sumatra, Belitung, Java, and Bali, resulted a different deformation grid to the reference landmark. However, A. cerana Sulawesi and Moluccas
Keyword: Cubital index, landmark, Sundaland, Thin Plate Splin, Wallacea

Judul: Pemanasan sekunder plasma menggunakan gelombang mikro untuk reaksi fusi terkontrol
Abstrak: elah diteliti pengaruh pemanasan sekunder pada plasma dengan menggunakan gelombang mikro, yang dijalarkan tegak lurus dengan medan magnetik toroidal dalam tokamak. Didapat nilai numerik daya P =ψψm ≈ 1,305×10-15 W/m3 yang diserap oleh elektron per volume terhadap pemanasan sekunder menggunakan gelombang mikro yang penjalarannya tegak lurus dengan arah medan magnetik toroidal. Nilai yang kecil menunjukkan nilai rerata terhadap banyaknya partikel dalam plasma. Adapun diperolehnya nilai radius rm ≈ 1m yang mendapat nilai serapan terbesar menunjukkan bahwa pada lokasi tersebut terdapat sumbu magnetik, yang sebelumnya diasumsikan berada di pusat lingkaran penampang poloidal tokamak.
Keyword: sumbu magnetik, Gelombang mikro