Judul: Demographic And Employment Characteristics Associated With Underemployment In Java And Non-Java Provinces
Abstrak: Labour force utilization policy in Indonesia mainly focuses on the unemployment rate, which does not adequately measure the whole aspect of labour utilization. The underemployment rate can provide deeper measurement by capturing the condition where the part-time worker would like an additional working hour to increase income. Underemployment rate can capture the condition where the worker are not fully utilized. Indonesia has a problem with underemployment, where there is a gap in the underemployment rate in Java and Non-Java Provinces. The average underemployment rate in provinces which located outside Java are higher than the provinces in Java. This condition might related to the characteristics of the worker. It is required to assess what is the characteristics that define underemployment status. To investigate the characteristics that associated with underemployment status, multinomial probit regression on Indonesian National Labour Force Survey 2021 (SAKERNAS 2021) data was used. There are 3 model in this research, the general national model, worker in Java model and non-Java worker model. The characteristics that being observed are the demographic and employment characteristics. This research finds that young females with a degree who live in rural areas and work in informal and agricultural sectors are more prone to underemployment. There are noticeable differences in the magnitude of associated factors of underemployment between Java and Non-Java workers.
Keyword: demographic, labour utilization, multinomial probit, underemployment

Judul: Pengangguran di Indonesia 1984-2008
Abstrak: Unemployment is a common problem in most countries. Generally the national unemployment rate rose from average 4.83 percent in 1992-1999 to 9.08 percent in 2000-2008. An increase in the unemployment rate not only implies a serious underutilization of manpower, but also may likely generate a series of social problems in the long run. As such, dealing with the upsurge in the unemployment rate has become the top priority in the governments policy agenda. Aside from the rise of the aggregate unemployment rate, the regional unemployment rate in Indonesia shows wide variability of the unemployment rate among 26 provinces, moreover this unemployment rate seems to persist over time. This study intended to identify the persistence of regional unemployment and to explore the sources of this regional unemployment across Indonesian provinces. Using time series data from 1984 through 2008 it identified the existence of regional persistence with two approaches: Im Pesharan Shin panel unit root test and panel method to get the ‘near unit root’ coefficient. Thus, to analyze factors affecting regional unemployment, panel data analysis was used. Panel unit root test showed that panel data in this period was stationary and this study found the coefficient was a near unit root process (0.87). A cross-regional panel study showed that the variables contributing to unemployment rate were the share of the labor force (15-24), minimum wage province, the percentage of the labor force that is male, and the share of labor force with a higher education. Real GDRP per capita, dependency ratio, and industry composition (the share of manufacturing and agriculture sectors to GDRP) negatively effected the dependent variable. Related to industry composition, even though both sector have a negative effect which reduced regional unemployment but the result showed that agriculture has the largest employment elasticity.Understanding the sources of regional unemployment is helpful to determine the appropriate policies to mitigate the unemployment rate across regions. This study provides important implications for government to make a new reorientation so that sector which has relatively high growth can also create employment. Second, this study recommends the promotion of a vocational education and training as a transition for young person to enter labor market. Third, it also suggests development of agriculture in rural area. Fourth, the government in region must have a specific unemployment program depending on potential characteristics of the regions and promotes new investments to create employment. Fifth, UMP is still needed as a reference in setting the workers wage, but the criteria of minimum wage should be determined not only refers to inflation rate but also includes employment growth, financial capability of company, and macroeconomic stability.
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Judul: Proses biotransformasi aflatoksin di organ hati dalam kaitannya dengan kerusakan organ hati
Abstrak: ta m Studi pustaka ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri proses terjadinya kerusakan hati melalui pemahaman proses metabolisme terhadap aflatoksin di organ hati. Aflatoksin, yang dihasilkan oleh kapang Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus dan Aspergillus nomius, akan mengalami proses biotransformasi dan bioaktivasi menjadi bentukan metabolit yang lebih toksik ketika masuk ke sistem metabolisme tubuh. Proses metabolisme aflatoksin terdiri dari dua fase. Pada Fase 1, aflatoksin mengalami proses oksidasi yang melibatkan reaksi epoksidasi menghasilkan metabolit AFB1- 8,9-epoksida, reaksi hidroksilasi menghasilkan metabolit AFM, dan AFQ1, reaksi O- dimetilisasi menghasilkan metabolit AFP1, dan reaksi reduksi menghasilkan metabolit aflatoksikol (AFL). Reaksi konjugasi yang terdiri dari reaksi konjugasi glutathione dan glukoronidasi terjadi pada Fase II. Reaksi konjugasi glutathione dari metabolit epoksida membentuk AFB1-terkonjugasi GSH. Reaksi glukoronidasi dari metabolit reaksi hidroksilat menghasilkan metabolit yang mudah dikeluarkan dari tubuh. Metabolit aflatoksin menimbulkan perubahan-perubahan pada hati secara patologik berupa infiltrasi lemak, nekrosa, ikterus, dan kanker hati. Sedangkan perubahan secara histologik berupa kerusakan sel-sel hati. Perubahan patologik dan histologik ini menimbulkan gejala klinis berupa pertumbuhan yang terhambat, hiperbilirubinaemia, hiperbiliverdin pada kelompok unggas dan hiperbilirubinuria pada hewan selain unggas; dan rentan terhadap infeksi penyakit.
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