Judul: Formulasi Nanopartikel Kitosan-Ekstrak Rimpang Kunyit (Curcuma longa) untuk Menghambat Antraknosa pada Buah Pepaya
Abstrak: Kitosan merupakan polimer alam yang dapat digunakan sebagai antifungi. Sifat antifunginya dapat ditingkatkan dengan mengecilkan ukuran menjadi nanopartikel dengan metode gelasi ionik dan menambahkan metabolit sekunder tanaman seperti ekstrak rimpang kunyit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan formula nanopartikel kitosan-ekstrak rimpang kunyit yang terbaik untuk menghambat penyakit antraknosa yang disebabkan oleh jamur Colletotrichum gloeosporioides pada buah pepaya. Efektivitas terbaik nanopartikel kitosan-ekstrak rimpang kunyit terhadap jamur tersebut secara in vitro dan in vivo menunjukkan bahwa formula terbaik nanopartikel ialah kitosan:ekstrak (5:5), dengan tingkat hambat relatif 64.71% dan luas koloni jamur 27%. Berdasarkan penciriannya, formula terbaik memiliki rerata ukuran partikel 654.35.6 nm, indeks polidispersitas 0.3270.041, dan zeta potensial 47.21.0 mV.
Keyword: antifungal, chitosan, nanoparticles, turmeric rhizome

Judul: Daya inhibisi nanokitosan terhadap patogenisitas penyakit antraknosa pada buah cabai dan pepaya
Abstrak: Penyakit antraknosa disebabkan oleh cendawan Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji potensi formula nanokitosan dalam menginhibisi pertumbuhan C. gloeosporioides sehingga dapat mengendalikan penyakit antraknosa melalui pengujian in vitro dan in vivo. Nanokitosan diperoleh dengan mereaksikan kitosan berat molekul rendah (KBMR) dengan NaTPP sebagai zat pengikat silang. Formula nanokitosan dengan karakteristik ukuran terkecil, nilai IP terkecil, dan nilai PZ terbesar dipreparasi dengan rasio volume KBMR:NaTPP 5:1 dan waktu pengadukan 60 menit. Berdasarkan uji in vitro, nanokitosan mampu menghambat pertumbuhan C. gloeosporioides sebesar 85.72%. Selain itu nanokitosan mampu menghambat perkecambahan konidia sebesar 61.16%. Uji in vivo menggunakan dua metode pengujian yaitu pra-inokulasi dan pasca-inokulasi. Pengujian pada buah cabai dan pepaya menunjukkan bahwa metode pra-inokulasi memberikan hasil yang lebih baik dibanding metode pasca-inokulasi.
Keyword: Anthracnose, C. gloeosporioides, Inhibitory activity, Nanochitosan, In vitro methods, In vivo methods, LMWC, Cross linking agent, NaTPP, Papaya, Chili

Judul: Mixed effect models for high –dimensional longitudinal data with latent variables
Abstrak: A set of data that consist of repeated measurements on a large number of outcomes and covariates are known as high-dimensional longitudinal data. The high-dimensional longitudinal data may consist of several effects of interest that cannot be directly measured, known as latent factors or latent variables. During the last decade, the multivariate responses or high-dimensional in longitudinal data have been a big issue. The analysis of high-dimensional longitudinal data is complicated due to its complex correlation structures between outcomes. To understand changes over time of outcome variables, having correlations in individuals with explanatory variables is not enough. Hence, complex correlation structures between outcomes need to be considered. One approach that is commonly used to overcome high-dimensional longitudinal data is simultaneous equation modeling. A well-known simultaneous equation modeling method is the structural equation model (SEM). This approach has several appealing modeling abilities and can be used for high-dimensional longitudinal data. Under the SEM framework, the continuous time SEM is developed to avoid some issues associated with autoregressive and cross-lagged problems in SEM. Another simultaneous equation modeling method is by combining factor analysis and multivariate analysis methods to overcome high dimensional longitudinal data, namely latent factor linear mixed model (LFLMM). The factor analysis is used to reduce the high-dimensional outcomes, and the multivariate linear mixed model is used to study the longitudinal trends of several latent factors. One example of high-dimensional longitudinal data is the General Election Study. This study is carried out repeatedly to observe tendencies towards political attitudes and behavior over time in Belgium. The data contain political information, knowledge, perceptions, and preferences of a political party and the level of participation in politics. One of the most interesting things to study from the data is to analyze the change of political attitudes and behavior of respondents over time. Also, the relationship of changes in these outcomes is important to analyze. The General Election Study in Belgium was designed to include a representative sample of the target population under the Belgian electorate, so accurate estimates about the population could be made. This sampling design was created by the Institute for Social and Political Opinion (ISPO) and the Inter-university Center for Political Opinion Research (PIOP). The Belgian data set contained three subsamples, the Flemish (Dutch-speaking), the Walloon (French-speaking), and the Brussels Capital Region (Dutch and French-speaking). Several studies conducted on the Belgium data are carried out to understand the relationships between the latent variables Individualism (I), Ethnocentrism (E), and Authoritarianism (A) in Flanders. Cross-sectional or a longitudinal studies have also been carried out. In such cases, it is critical to capture the trend of the latent variables over time and, more importantly, whether there is any association or relationships between the development of nationalism (N), ethnocentrism (E), individualism (I), and authoritarianism (A) in Belgium. An empirical analysis of CT-SEM has been done to present the interdependencies among the four latent variables mentioned above on the basis of the General Election Studies for Belgium in 1991, 1995, and 1999 (Interuniversitair steunpunt politieke-opinieonderzoek, 1991, 1995, 1999). Although the four variables have been the subject of
Keyword: Belgium, CT-SEM, high-dimensional longitudinal data, LFLMM, Supplemented EM Algorithm