Judul: Pencirian bakteri penghasil protease yang diisolasi  dari limbah cair tahu dengan bantuan pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Abstrak: Tiga isolat bakteri penghasil protease yaitu Y1, Y2 dan Y3 telah berhasil diisolasi dari limbah cair tahu. Ketiga isolat tersebut tumbuh dengan baik pada media Nutrient Agar dan media yang mengandung 150 mg/l siklohek- simid, tetapi tidak tumbuh pada media yang mengandung 20 mg/ml eritromisin. Identifikasi genus bakteri berda- sarkan Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, edisi ke-8 (1974) menunjukkan bahwa ketiga isolat termasuk dalam genus Bacillus yang resisten terhadap 50 µg/ml ampisilin. Identifikasi spesies bakteri menunjukkan bahwa ketiga bakteri adalah Bacillus pumilus. Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) digunakan untuk melakukan pencirian sidik jari DNA menggunakan enzim restriksi BglI, Xhol dan Apal. Analisis PFGE menunjukkan bahwa skisotipe bakteri Y3 sama dengan skisotipe B. pumilus sedangkan skisotipe bakteri Y₁ identik dengan skisotipe Y2 tetapi berbeda dengan skisotipe B. pumilus. Hasil penelitian ini menun- jukkan bahwa analisis sidik jari DNA dengan PFGE dapat membedakan galur B. pumilus yang morfologi dan fisiologi- nya nampak sama.
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Judul: Karakterisasi protease Bacillus pumilus Y3 yang dilisolasi dari limbah cair tahu
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karak- terisasi protease Bacillus pumilus Y3 yang diisolasi dari limbah cair tahu (Likumahwa 1993). Media yang digunakan untuk produksi protease dari mikroba ini adalah limbah cair tahu dengan penambahan glukosa sebesar 1% dan suhu optimum pertumbuhan 37°C Aktivitas protease dari Bacillus pumilus Y3 memiliki suhu optimum 50°C dengan pH optimum 7.50 dan kecenderungan memperlihatkan kestabilan pada PH alkalis. Berdasarkan karakteristik pH-nya diduga protease Bacillus pumilus Y3 merupakan protease alkalis. Penambahan logam monovalen (KCl, NaCl, LiCl sebesar 2mM dan 6mM) dan logam divalen (CaCl2, ZnCl2, MnCl2, COC12 sebesar 2 mM) memperlihatkan aktivitas optimum terlihat pada logam divalen yaitu logam MnCl2 dan CaCl2 2mM memperlihatkan kenaikan aktivitas sebesar 176.17% dan 229.19% dibandingkan kontrol. Berdasarkan karakterisasi keterpengaruhan terhadap logam-logam ini diduga bahwa protease Bacillus pumilus Y3 merupakan protease logam. Protease Bacillus pumilus Y3 dapat dihambat oleh penambahan PMSF 1 dan 5 mM, penambahan EDTA 6mM mengalami penurunan aktivitasnya sampai 5.6%. Berdasarkan karakterisasinya diduga protease Bacillus pumilus Y3 termasuk kedalam protease serin metal. ...
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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