Judul: Perbandingan Ekstraksi Gelatin Kulit Sapi Split dengan Proses Asam dan Basa
Abstrak: Gelatin is a protein derivative from collagen fiber contained in the skin tissue, bone, and cartilage. Bovine hide is potential to be used in gelatin industry because it contains high collagen fiber, i.e. 89%. The hide can be obtained from the slaughterhouse or tannery industry. Split leather from tannery industry has not been utilized optimally. Gelatin production process can be classified mainly into two processes, i.e. acid or base process. Acid process produced gelatin type A while base process produced gelatin type B. These processes are different based on solution type and soaking period. Acid process is performed by soaking the leather in HCl 1%for 24 hours, while base process is carried out by soaking the leather in Ca(OH)2 3% and NaOH 0.05% for 7 days. Parameters observed in this study were moisture content, ash, protein, fat, color, acidity (pH), gel strength, viscosity, and molecular weight. The yield of gelatin from tannery and slaughterhouse leather obtained in this study were 22.12% and 30.77% for gelatin type A, respectively, and 6.40% and 26.12% for gelatin type B, respectively. The characteristics of the gelatin, from tanning manufacture and slaughterhouse, had complied SNI (1995) and BSI (1975). Thus, tannery leather is a potential source for gelatin. The yield showed that the acid process was better than the base process, while based on properties such as the viscosity, molecular weight, and gel strength, the base process was better than the acid process.
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Judul: Evaluasi perbedaan konsentrasi asam klorida dan lama perendam terhadap kualitas gelatin dari kulit sapi trimming
Abstrak: Kulit trimming merupakan by-product ternak yang dapat diperoleh di Rumah Pemotongan Hewan (RPH) dan industri penyamakan. Selama ini pemanfaatan kulit Timming lebih banyak digunakan untuk makanan. Melalui pengolahan guna meningkatkan nilai ekonominya, kulit trimming bisa dijadikan sebagai bahan baku gembuatan gelatin. Gelatin merupakan hasil hidrolisis parsial kolagen yang diperoleh elalui ekstraksi dalam air panas yang dikombinasikan dengan perlakuan basa atau sam. Gelatin dapat berfungsi sebagai pengemulsi (emulsifier) dan penstabil (stabilizer) dalam sistem emulsi. Gelatin dapat dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai produk pangan maupun non pangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari salah satu alternatif pemanfaatan kulit sapi trimming yaitu sebagai bahan baku pembuatan gelatin dengan proses asam, serta mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan konsentrasi asam klorida dan lama perendaman terhadap produksi dan karakteristik gelatin yang dihasilkan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama empat bulan dari bulan Maret-Juni 2004 di Laboratorium Teknologi Agroindustri Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi (LTA BPPT) Serpong; Laboratorium Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pasca Panen Pertanian (BALIT PASCAPANEN), Bogor serta Laboratorium Kimia dan Biokimia Pangan, Pusat Antar Universitas, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Peubah yang diamati adalah rendemen, kadar air. kadar abu, kadar protein, pH, warna, viskositas, kapasitas emulsi, stabilitas emulsi dan kekuatan gel. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial dengan tiga kali ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah konsentrasi asam klorida (HCI) (A) terdiri atas tiga level yaitu 1,5%; 3,0% dan 4,5%. Faktor kedua adalah lama perendaman dalam larutan HCI (B), terdiri atas dua lama waktu perendaman yaitu 12 dan 24 jam. Data yang diperoleh diolah dengan menggunakan analisis ragam (ANOVA). apabila terdapat perbedaan antar faktor dan interaksinya maka dilanjutkan dengan uji polinomial orthogonal dan analisis regresi yang menggunakan program SAS 6. 12 dan MINITAB. Hasil Rendemen meningkat secara linier seiring dengan peningkatan lama perendaman (13,89% vs 15.61%), kadar air 8,23%, kadar abu 0,23% (BK), kadar protein 97,76% (BK), nilai pH 4,20, viskositas 5,14 cP, kapasitas emulsi 201,73%, stabilitas emulsi 74,8%. warna gelatin kuning kurang cerah. Kekuatan gel menurun secara linier seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi HCI (238,86; 196,28 dan 154,69 Bloom). Berdasarkan uji polinomial ortogonal dan analisis regresi bahwa kombinasi perlakuan terbaik menggunakan konsentrasi HCI 3% dengan lama perendaman 24
Keyword: Kulit trimming sapi, hidrolisis, asam klorida (HCl), kolagen, gelatin

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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