Judul: Analisis Debit Sungai Dengan Menggunakan Model SWAT Pada DAS Cipasauran, Banten
Abstrak: Total water demand at non industrial and industrial region in Cilegon is increasing. With its water production capacity of 2,000 lt/s, PT Krakatau Tirta Industri can't fulfill the amount number of demand from all sectors at Cilegon. To cover the shortage of water supply of ±600 lt/s, PT KTI must take more water from Cipasauran Watershed. SWAT model could be use to make a discharge analysis concerning to water supply at Cipasauran Watershed. Input data such as soil characteristics, climate data, landuse, and hydrology data at the area of the watershed were prepared and inputted at the data input file. In SWAT simulation, 4 process were done, i.e. watershed delineation, hydrological response unit (HRU) forming, data process and SWAT simulation, and visualization process. The result showed that the daily and monthly calibration process crossed 84% and 83% with the 95PPU area, with daily and monthly p-factor value of 0.84 and 0.83. Thus, calibrated model result was valid, though R2 and NS value were not satisfied. Using the validated SWAT model, the daily discharge in Cipasauran Watershed was about 0 - 3.309 m3/s, whereas the monthly discharge was 0.648 - 3.266 m3/s. It meaned that daily and monthly water demand of 0.6 m3/s were fulfilled about 98.22% and 100%.
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Judul: Analisis Debit dengan Menggunakan Model Tangki pada Sunga i Cipasauran, Banten
Abstrak: PT. PT. Krakatau Tirta Industri (PT.KTI) is one of the companies in Cilegon areas that supplies clean water for industry and non-industry sectors by the capacity 2.00 m3/s. The demand of water supply has increased during another industry were developing in Krakatau Industrial Estate Cilegon. PT. KTI makes Cipasauran River as an alternative in addition of water shortages that occurs. The objectives of this study were to modified river discharge model of Cipasauran based on tank model and to know water availability based on the model. The study was done in two steps. The first step was collecting secondary data, and the second step was analyzing. The data which were used in optimization were daily rainfall and daily river discharge data during July 2007-June 2008. Optimization results of the tank model on those period showed R was 0.85, Mean Absolute Error was 1.56, Root Mean Square Error was 2.69, and LOG was 0.11. and validation results of the tank model on those period showed R2 was 0.72. Based on the analysis, water discharge which could be utilized on Cipasauran River based on the tank model built on July 2007-June 2008, July 2008-June 2009, and July 2009-June 2010 were 13,412,343 m3/year, 9,078,351 m3/year, and 8,713,695 m3/year
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Judul: Evaluation of Influenza Antibody Titers in Serum and Egg Yolk of Layers Vaccinated with Influenza Vaccines.
Abstrak: Influenza belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family which causes upper and lower respiratory tract infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate influenza-A specific antibody titers from serum and egg yolk of hens vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Three Hy-line Brown layers were vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza type A and B inactivated vaccines. Vaccination was carried out three times at a dose of 0.25 ml/chicken via the intramuscular route. The first vaccination was carried out at 24 weeks of age, then boosters were performed at 28 and 32 weeks of age. Serum and egg yolk were collected every week for 20 weeks since the first vaccination. Influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 antibody titers were determined using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and agar-gel-precipitation (AGP) test. Influenza-A H3N2 and H1N1 specific antibodies were detected in both serum and egg yolk from the first to twenty weeks after the initial vaccination. Highest HI geometric mean titer (GMT) of H1N1 antibody reached 26.67 HIU at nine weeks post first vaccination (p.f.v), while H3N2 antibody reached 26 HIU at six weeks p.f.v. Our result showed that influenza antibodies can be produced in layers using quadrivalent vaccines and layer chickens are able to produce equivalent antibody levels for each influenza subtype.
Keyword: antibody, egg yolk, influenza, layer chickens, serum