Judul: Record of Mole Crab Hippa adactyla, Emerita emeritus, Emerita sp. (Crustacea; Hippidae) from Southern Coast of Sulawesi
Abstrak: Di Indonesia, undur-undur laut famili Hippidae terdistribusi dengan luas di sepanjang Pantai Barat Sumatera dan Pantai Selatan Jawa. Undur-undur laut terbagi atas tiga genera yaitu Hippa, Emerita, dan Mastigochirus. Keragaman undur-undur laut di Indonesia hanya sedikit yang telah diketahui, terutama pada kompleksitas karakteristik morfologi dan kesamaan struktur tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menghitung dan melaporkan keberagaman undur-undur laut (Crustacea; Hippiade) dari pantai selatan Pulau Sulawesi. Undur-undur laut dikumpulkan dari 7 lokasi pengambilan sampel di pantai selatan Pulau Sulawesi dengan menggali pasir disekitar wilayah sapuan ombak area intertidal. Sampel yang terkumpul telah diawetkan pada alkohol kemudian dibawa ke Bogor. Identifikasi spesies dilakukan berdasarkan karakteristik morfologi. Total undur-undur laut yang berhasil dikumpulkan yaitu 44 sampel. Undur-undur laut tersebut di klasifikasikan dalam dua genera, yaitu Hippa yang terdiri atas satu spesies (Hippa adactyla) dan Emerita yang terdiri atas dua spesies (Emerita emeritus dan Emerita sp.) Seluruh karakteristik morfologi Hippa adactyla dan Emerita emeritus dari Sulawesi mirip dengan spesies yang dilaporkan pada distribusi alaminya yaitu Pasifik Barat. Kedua spesies di Pantai Selatan Sulawesi ditemukan sebagai laporan distribusi baru. Sebagai tambahan pada laporan distribusi baru Emerita sp. diduga sebagai spesies novo bedasarkan bentuk karapas dengan antenula yang pendek.
Keyword: Hippa, Emerita, Sulawesi Selatan, Laporan Distribusi Baru, Spesies novo

Judul: Pola dan Catatan Distribusi Beberapa Spesies Undur- Undur Laut (Crustacea: Decapoda: Hippoidea) di Indonesia.
Abstrak: Undur-undur laut adalah hewan invertebrata yang hidup di zona pantai berpasir. Terdapat tiga famili undur-undur laut di dunia, yakni Blepharipodidae, Albuneidae dan Hippidae. Dua famili telah dilaporkan di Indonesia, yakni Albuneidae dan Hippidae. Laporan mengenai keberadaan undur-undur laut di Indonesia tidak diikuti dengan informasi dasar mengenai persebaran dan keragaman genetik yang mencukupi. Hal ini dikarenakan masih minimnya penelitian mengenai undur-undur laut di Indonesia. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi lebih lanjut mengenai distribusi dan keragaman undur-undur laut. Metode yang digunakan untuk identifikasi spesies dilakukan dengan mengunakan karakter kunci morfologi dan juga diverifikasi menggunakan teknik DNA barcoding. Pengamatan karakter morfologi dilakukan dengan bantuan kamera dan juga mikroskop stereo. Hasil pengamatan karakter morfologi yang ditemukan kemudian dibandingkan dengan kunci identifikasi dan deskripsi spesies undur-undur laut di dunia. Analisis DNA barcoding dilakukan dengan tahapan ekstraksi, amplifikasi gen COI, elektroforesis, sekuensing DNA, dan pengolahan data bioinformatik. Proses analisis data keragaman genetik gen COI antar populasi undur-undur laut dilakukan dengan menggunakan beberapa perangkat lunak seperti DNAsp dan Arlequin. Penelitian ini melaporkan catatan distribusi baru di Indonesia bagi Hippa truncatifrons dan wilayah distribusi baru di Indonesia bagian barat bagi spesies Hippa ovalis. Pola distribusi undur-undur laut yang ditemukan pada penelitian ini (Hippa truncatifrons, Hippa ovalis dan Albunea symmysta) diketahui dipengaruhi oleh arus. Arus diketahui memfasilitasi persebaran Hippa, namun justru memisah persebaran Albunea. Hasil analisis keragaman genetik menunjukkan bahwa terdapat konektivitas pada populasi Hippa ovalis di wilayah barat dan timur Indonesia, sedangkan terjadi sub-divisi antar populasi pada Albunea symmysta.
Keyword: genetic variation, hippoid crab, new record, population genetics

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
Keyword: