Judul: Pengaruh Konsumsi Minuman Bubuk Kakao Lindak Bebas Lemak terhadap Sifat Antioksidatif dan Hemolisis Eritrosit Manusia
Abstrak: Kakao kaya akan senyawa antioksidan flavonoid seperti katekin, epikatekin dan prosianidin. Penelitian tentang pengaruh positif kakao terhadap kesehatan telah banyak dilakukan baik secara in vitro maupun in vivo, tetapi belum ada yang melaporkan pengaruh kakao bebas lemak terhadap eritrosit manusia secara in vivo. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsumsi minuman bubuk kakao bebas lemak yang merupakan hasil samping produksi lemak kakao terhadap sifat antioksidatif dan ketahanan membran eritrosit. Responden wanita yang sehat dibagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok kakao (n=9) dan kelompok kontrol (n=9). Minuman bubuk kakao bebas lemak yang dicampur dengan susu skim dan gula diberikan kepada kelompok kakao setiap hari selama 25 hari. Kelompok kontrol mengonsumsi minuman yang terbuat dari susu skim dan gula saja. Semua responden menandatangani surat perjanjian (informed consent) dan diperiksa kesehatannya oleh dokter yang berwenang sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Darah yang diambil sebelum dan sesudah intervensi digunakan untuk menganalisa sifat antioksidatif dan ketahanan membran eritrosit. Sifat antioksidatif yang diteliti adalah kadar malondialdehida (MDA) dan aktivitas antioksidan pada eritrosit. Aktivitas antioksidan diukur menggunakan metode 2,2-diphenil-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Ketahanan membran sel eritrosit diketahui dengan mengukur persentase hemolisis eritrosit yang disebabkan oleh hidrogen peroksida dan formalin.
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Judul: Efek Konsumsi Minuman Bubuk Kakao Bebas Lemak Terhadap Sifat Antioksidativ dan Proliferativ Limfosit Manusia
Abstrak: Banyak penelitian secara in vitro dan in vivo telah membuktikan efek kakao untuk kesehatan. Kakao kaya akan sumber antioksidan senyawa flavonoid seperti katekin, epikatekin dan prosianidin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek konsumsi minuman bubuk kakao bebas lemak hasil samping produksi lemak kakao terhadap sifat antioksidativ dan aktivitas proliferasi limfosit manusia. Responden wanita yang sehat dibagi dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok kakao (n = 9) yang mengkonsumsi minuman bubuk kakao bebas lemak yang dicampur dengan susu skim dan gula. Sedangkan kelompok kontrol (n = 9) mengkonsumsi minuman yang sama tetapi tanpa kakao. Semua responden menandatangani surat perjanjian (“inform consent”) dan menjalani pemeriksaan kesehatan oleh dokter yang berwenang sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Pengambilan darah dilakukan untuk analisa sifat antioksidativ dan aktivitas proliferasi sel T dan sel B. Sifat antioksidativ yang diteliti terdiri dari nilai malonaldehida (MDA), aktivitas antiradikal bebas dengan metode DPPH, kadar glutation dan ketahanan sel limfosit terhadap oksidasi.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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