Judul: Induksi Mutasi dengan Iradiasi Sinar Gamma pada Nepenthes ampullaria Jack. secara In Vitro.
Abstrak: Nepenthes ampullaria mengalami penurunan populasi dan erosi genetik terjadi karena pemanenan secara liar di hutan. Upaya pencegahan erosi genetik pada tanaman kantong semar dapat dilakukan dengan peningkatan keragaman melalui program pemuliaan tanaman salah satunya adalah mutasi fisik in vitro dengan iradiasi sinar gamma. Penelitian ini diharapkan mendapatkan nilai LD20, LD35, dan LD50 dan menghasilkan mutan putatif in vitro pada MV4 tanaman N. ampullaria yang potensial untuk diteliti lebih lanjut. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan III, Laboratorium Mikroteknik Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor dan Pusat Aplikasi Isotop Radiasi Badan Tenaga Atom dan Nuklir (PAIR BATAN), Pasar Jumat, Jakarta Selatan pada bulan November 2018-September 2019. Percobaan disusun dengan rancangan lingkungan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) satu faktor yaitu iradiasi sinar gamma. Dosis iradiasi yang digunakan adalah 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 Gy. Teknik aplikasi iradiasi sinar gamma dilakukan secara tunggal (acute irradiation). Iradiasi sinar gamma secara nyata menekan persentase hidup, jumlah daun, jumlah tunas, tinggi planlet, jumlah akar dan jumlah kantong sejak generasi MV1 sampai MV4. Nilai LD20, LD35, dan LD50 akibat iradiasi sinar gamma pada Nepenthes ampullaria Jack. sebesar 11.71, 24.66, 37.60 Gy. Iradiasi sinar gamma dengan dosis 15 Gy mampu menghasilkan mutan putatif pada generasi MV4 dengan perubahan fenotipik khusus seperti perubahan warna daun, daun variegata, daun berbentuk linear, tulang daun yang abnormal pengkerdilan, dan anatomi jaringan stomata yang berbeda berdasarkan jumlah, panjang dan lebar stomata.
Keyword: iradiasi tunggal, letal dosis, mutan putatif, Nepenthes ampullaria, sinar gamma

Judul: Induksi Mutasi dengan Iradiasi Sinar Gamma pada Nepenthes ampullaria Jack. secara In Vitro
Abstrak: Nepenthes ampullaria mengalami penurunan populasi dan erosi genetik terjadi karena pemanenan secara liar di hutan. Upaya pencegahan erosi genetik pada tanaman kantong semar dapat dilakukan dengan peningkatan keragaman melalui program pemuliaan tanaman salah satunya adalah mutasi fisik in vitro dengan iradiasi sinar gamma. Penelitian ini diharapkan mendapatkan nilai LD20, LD35, dan LD50 dan menghasilkan mutan putatif in vitro pada MV4 tanaman N. ampullaria yang potensial untuk diteliti lebih lanjut. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan III, Laboratorium Mikroteknik Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor dan Pusat Aplikasi Isotop Radiasi Badan Tenaga Atom dan Nuklir (PAIR BATAN), Pasar Jumat, Jakarta Selatan pada bulan November 2018-September 2019. Percobaan disusun dengan rancangan lingkungan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) satu faktor yaitu iradiasi sinar gamma. Dosis iradiasi yang digunakan adalah 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 Gy. Teknik aplikasi iradiasi sinar gamma dilakukan secara tunggal (acute irradiation). Iradiasi sinar gamma secara nyata menekan persentase hidup, jumlah daun, jumlah tunas, tinggi planlet, jumlah akar dan jumlah kantong sejak generasi MV1 sampai MV4. Nilai LD20, LD35, dan LD50 akibat iradiasi sinar gamma pada Nepenthes ampullaria Jack. sebesar 11.71, 24.66, 37.60 Gy. Iradiasi sinar gamma dengan dosis 15 Gy mampu menghasilkan mutan putatif pada generasi MV4 dengan perubahan fenotipik khusus seperti perubahan warna daun, daun variegata, daun berbentuk linear, tulang daun yang abnormal pengkerdilan, dan anatomi jaringan stomata yang berbeda berdasarkan jumlah, panjang dan lebar stomata.
Keyword: iradiasi tunggal, letal dosis, mutan putatif, Nepenthes ampullaria, sinar gamma

Judul: Price Discrimination Analysis of Butter in the German Market
Abstrak: Germany is the largest producers of butter among other countries in the EU. The trend of butter production in Germany increase steadily during 2010 – 2013. In 2013, butter production in Germany reach to 491 460 tons and German’s butter production amounted to 25% of the EU butter production. So, Germany has an advantage in butter production compared with other countries in the EU. The advantage in butter production and stock availability of butter strongly supports the development of food industry in Germany. However, there were fluctuations in the average price of butter in Germany during 1999-2010 and it was occurred from year to year. Fluctuation of butter prices can affects business risk, the competition of butter producers, and economic surplus of consumers in the German butter market. One of the strategies which can be done by producers and retailers to survive in the competition is establish right price strategy, such implement price discrimination strategy. Price discrimination strategy aims to get consumer surplus, to increase profits, and to face business competition. The main objective of the study is to analyze butter price discrimination in German market. In detail, objectives of this study are: first, to analyze the necessary conditions (market power, different demand elasticity, and preventing arbitrage) of occurrence in price discrimination of butter products in the German market through structure analysis, second, to analyze demand function of butter products based on types of retail store in Germany, third, to analyze price discrimination of butter products based on regions in Germany, and fourth, to analyze price difference of butter products across types of retail store in Germany. The result shows that the three necessary conditions (market power, different demand elasticity, and preventing arbitrage) for the occurrence of butter price discrimination in the German retail market are fulfilled. The butter industry in Germany has an HHI value of 1 635 and the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4) index reached 71%, which indicates that the German butter industry has either a moderate level of market concentration and an oligopoly market structure with some dominant firms. The oligopoly butter market structure in Germany is dominated by four producers of butter, are: Irish Dairy Board, Campina, Sachsenmilch, and Arla Foods. Market power in an oligopoly is also greatly influenced by some main producers who also produce private label products. We can conclude that the three demand curves (hypermarket, supermarket and discounter) have a negative slope or downward shape (progressive decrease from the upper left to the lower right). This condition is in accordance with the theory of demand that price and quantity have the opposite relationship. The slope of the demand function in the hypermarket is -3.701, -2.883 in the supermarket, and -5.517 in the discounter (largest value of discounter indicates that it is the most elastic of the retail stores). We also can conclude that on the demand side, butter consumption is not discriminating along the demand curve (price and quantity) across regions in Germany. On the supply side, producers and retailers are not discriminating in regards to butter prices across regions in Germany. The mean
Keyword: price discrimination, butter, semi and double logarithm model, the German market