Judul: Optimasi Nisbah Mol Pati Tapioka - Butanol dan Nisbah Mol Pati Tapioka - Fatty Alcohol C10 pada Proses Pembuatan Surfaktan Nonionik Alkil Poliglikosida (APG)
Abstrak: Nowadays, industries grow rapidly to produce assorted goods that are necessary to fulfill human needs. Industrial raw material requirement demands renewable raw material to guarantee industrial availability and sustainability. Therefore, assorted renewable raw materials are needed. Besides that, industries are demanded to pay attention for the environment preservation and ecosystem. Alkyl polyglycosides (APG) is a surfactant safe to environment because it is synthesized from natural raw materials based on carbohydrate likes sago, cassava, corn and vegetable oil such as coconut oil, palm oil, kapok seed oil and rubber seed oil. The main raw materials for producing APG is starch (sago, tapioca, etc.) or dextrose (based on starch) and fatty alcohol (based on vegetable oil). The objectives of this research were to obtain the optimum condition of the molar ratio of starch-butanol and the molar ratio of starch-fatty alcohol C10 on interfacial tension value, and to compare characterististics of APG produced from this research to APG commercial. Optimization used response surface method with central composite design. The variables were the molar ratio of starch-buthanol of 1: 6 - 1: 10 and starch-fatty alcohol C10 of 1: 2,5 - 1: 6. The result of optimum condition, based on interfacial tension value of water and xylene as parameter shows that surface model response was minimum. The optimum condition from validation result was interfacial tension value of water and xylene of 9 dynes/cm with the molar ratio of starch-butanol of 1 : 8,49 and and the molar ratio of starch-fatty alcohol of 1 : 4,66. The response surface model was Y = 9,354561 – 0,398990 X1 – 0,411616 X2 + 0,809388 X12 + 0,025000 X1X2 + 0,855307 X22. Characteristics of APG produced in optimum condition had similarity with those of APG commercial in their performances physicochemical properties, i.e. interfacial tension (9,75 dynes/cm and CMC value of 0,9 g/L), surface tension (34,55 dynes/cm and CMC value of 0,6 g/L), foam stability (87 %), emulsion stability (64%), pH (7,98) and HLB (13,8). FTIR analysis shows that the APG produced from this research had similar functional groups with those at the commercial product.
Keyword: 

Judul: Sintesis Surfaktan Alkil Poliglikosida dari Fatty Alcohol (C16) Sawit dan Glukosa Cair 85% dengan Perlakuan Perbedaan Nisbah Mol.
Abstrak: Surfactants (surface active agents) are the surface tension active compounds that can be produced synthetically chemically or biochemically. Surfactants are used in industry as a bleaching, wetting, foaming materials, as well as emulsifier and others. The addition of the surfactant is expected to optimize the performance of the active ingredient used. This provides opportunities to develop further research. One type of surfactant that is being developed is poliglicoside alkyl surfactants (APG). APG Surfactant is a nonionic surfactant type commonly used in the formulation of some products such as herbicide formulations, personal care products, cosmetics, textile fabric bleaching and surfactants solution for Enhanced Oil Recovery. Raw material of APG surfactant are fatty alcohol from coconut oil oleochemicals or palm kernel oil (fatty alcohol C16) and glucoside 85%. Fatty alcohol is hydrophobic (lipophilic), while glucose is hydrophilic. In this research APG surfactant was synthesized from fatty alcohol palm oil (C16) and 85% liquid glucose. The Purpose of this research is to obtain the best reactant mole ratio of surfactant alkyl Poliglicoside the best of Fatty alcohol (C16) oil with Liquid glucose 85%. This study used a completely randomized experimental design with one factor and two repetition. The treatment used was reactant mole ratio with five concentration level ie 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5. The process used in this research was 2-stage of processes, there are butanolisis and transacetalitations. The best formula was obtain from the ratio of 1 mol glucoside with 1.5 mol fatty alcohool. This product resulted on the lowest interfacial tension of 5.56 x 10-2 dyne/cm. This APG was processed at a temperature of 120-130OC for 2 hours.The pH value was in the range of 8.2-8.52
Keyword: 

Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
Keyword: