Judul: Identification and Antimicrobial Resistance Test of Gram-Negative Rod-Shaped Bacteria in Birds of Paradise (Paradisaeidae sp.)
Abstrak: Resistansi terhadap antibiotik merupakan kondisi ketika antibiotik menjadi tidak efektif untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Hal ini menjadi masalah kesehatan global yang serius karena mengakibatkan infeksi yang sulit diobati. Oleh karena itu, pentingnya pemahaman resistansi bakteri yang dapat ditemukan pada burung cendrawasih dianggap sebagai salah satu langkah untuk melindunginya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan bakteri yang terkandung dalam 4 sampel feses burung cendrawasih dengan 3 jenis spesies yang berbeda, serta mengetahui golongan antibiotik yang resistan maupun sensitif terhadap bakteri tersebut. Sampel diambil dari Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) Jakarta Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan media MacConkey Agar, kemudian isolat diidentifikasi dengan pewarnaan Gram dan uji biokimia. Uji resistansi antibiotik dilakukan dengan metode Kirby-Bauer terhadap 7 antibiotik. Hasil identifikasi bakteri pada burung cendrawasih yang berasal dari TMII menunjukkan adanya Citrobacter sp., yang ditemukan pada sampel feses burung cendrawasih kuning kecil (Paradisaea minor), Klebsiella sp., yang ditemukan pada sampel feses burung cendrawasih belah rotan (Cicinnurus magnificus) dan cendrawasih merah (Paradisaea rubra), serta Serratia sp., yang ditemukan pada sampel feses burung cendrawasih merah. Seluruh isolat yang dilakukan uji resistansi bakteri menunjukkan bahwa antibiotik trimethoprim-sulfametoksazol memiliki efektivitas yang paling baik dibandingkan antibiotik yang lainnya., Antibiotic resistance is a condition when antibiotics become ineffective in inhibiting growth of bacteria. This is a serious global health problem because it causes infections that are difficult to treat, hence the importance of understanding bacterial resistance found in birds-of-paradise is one step to protect it. This study aims to determine the bacteria contained in 4 feces samples of 3 different species of birds-of-paradise, as well as to identify antibiotics that are both resistant and sensitive to the identified bacteria. Samples were taken from Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) East Jakarta. This study used MacConkey Agar medium, then isolates were identified by Gram-staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic resistance test was carried out using Kirby-Bauer's method with 7 antibiotics. The results of bacterial identification in birds-of-paradise originating from TMII showed the presence of Citrobacter sp., from fecal sample of lesser bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea minor), Klebsiella sp., which was found in the feces samples of magnificent bird-of-paradise (Cicinnurus magnificus) and red bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea rubra), and lastly Serratia sp., which was found in the feces sample of the red bird-of-paradise. All bacterial isolates tested for 7 antibiotics showed that antibiotic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole had better effectiveness compared to the other antibiotics.
Keyword: bakteri Gram negatif, cendrawasih, Enterobacteriaceae, resistansi antibiotik, uji biokimia

Judul: Identification and Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Feces of Birds of Paradise (Paradisaeidae sp.)
Abstrak: Bakteri asam laktat (BAL) diisolasi menggunakan metode streak pada media de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe Agar (MRSA). Media MRSA mendukung pertumbuhan bakteri asam laktat termasuk genus Lactobacillus. Identifikasi koloni bakteri dari 4 sampel feses burung cenderawasih secara makroskopis, mikroskopis, dan uji biokimia. Koloni teridentifikasi sebagai bakteri asam laktat dilakukan karakterisasi probiotik mencakup uji ketahanan garam NaCl (NaCl 2%, 4%, dan 6,5%), uji ketahanan pH (pH 2 dan pH 3), serta uji ketahanan garam empedu (MRS Bile Salt Broth 0,3% dan 3%). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 8 isolat yang diidentifikasi, 7 isolat BAL diuji untuk karakterisasi sebagai kandidat probiotik. Hasil karakterisasi pada 7 isolat BAL menunjukkan 5 bakteri memiliki karakter sebagai kandidat probiotik yakni Aerococcus sp., Pediococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Leuconostoc sp., dan Weisella sp. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi tentang bakteri asam laktat sebagai kandidat probiotik pada saluran pencernaan burung cenderawasih demi mengoptimalkan proses pencernaan, sehingga dapat meningkatkan kesehatan saluran pencernaan burung cenderawasih., Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated using the streak method on de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe Agar (MRSA) media. MRSA media supports the growth of lactic acid bacteria including the genus Lactobacillus. Identification of bacterial colonies from 4 bird of paradise feces samples using macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical tests. Colonies identified as lactic acid bacteria were subjected to probiotic characterization including a NaCl salt resistance test (2%, 4% and 6.5% NaCl), a pH resistance test (pH 2 and pH 3), and a bile salt resistance test (MRS Bile Salt Broth 0.3 % and 3%). The results showed that of the 8 isolates identified, 7 LAB isolates were tested for characterization as probiotic candidates. The characterization results of 7 LAB isolates showed that 5 bacteria had characteristics as probiotic candidates, namely Aerococcus sp., Pediococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Leuconostoc sp., and Weisella sp. This research provides information about lactic acid bacteria as probiotic candidates in the digestive tract of birds of paradise in order to optimize the digestive process, thereby improving the health of the digestive tract of birds of paradise.
Keyword: bakteri asam laktat, burung cenderawasih, konservasi, pencernaan, probiotik, birds of paradise, conservation, digestion, lactic acid bacteria, probiotic

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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