Judul: Production of Specific Primer for Cytochrome B Gene for Detection of Protected Shark Utilization Using qPCR Method
Abstrak: Ikan hiu banyak dimanfaatkan bagian tubuhnya membuat permintaan pasar ikan hiu meningkat, sehingga ikan hiu mengalami peningkatan volume penangkapan beberapa tahun terakhir. Spesies hiu sendiri yang masuk daftar hiu dilindungi di Indonesia ada delapan dan spesies Rhynchobatus australiae tergolong dalam kategori CITES Appendix II. Autentikasi produk perikanan menggunakan analisis DNA perlu dilakukan dalam menjaga ketersediaan populasi hiu. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat primer spesifik DNA barcoding secara in silico untuk delapan hiu yang dilindungi di Indonesia dan satu spesies Rhynchobatus australiae marka cyt b dengan metode qPCR serta optimasi kondisi qPCR untuk autentikasi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan preparasi sampel, merancang desain primer spesifik, isolasi DNA sampel, pengujian kualitas dan kuantitas DNA, amplifikasi DNA, dan analisis real-time PCR. Pasangan primer spesifik marka cyt b delapan ikan hiu yang dilindungi di Indonesia dan satu spesies dalam CITES Appendix II berhasil dibuat. Kondisi optimum qPCR penggunaan pasangan primer spesifik spesies R. australiae gen cytochrome b pada konsentrasi primer 50 nM dengan nilai Ct sebesar 16., Sharks are widely used for their body parts, making the market demand for sharks increase, so that sharks have increased the volume of fishing in recent years. There are eight shark species that are included in the list of protected sharks in Indonesia and the Rhynchobatus australiae species are included in the CITES Appendix II category. Authentication of fishery products using DNA analysis needs to be done to maintain the availability of shark populations. The study aims to make specific primers for DNA barcoding in silico for eight protected sharks in Indonesia and one species of Rhynchobatus australiae marker cyt b using the qPCR method and optimizing qPCR conditions for authentication. The research was carried out by sample preparation, designing specific primer designs, isolation of sample DNA, testing the quality and quantity of DNA, DNA amplification, and real-time PCR analysis. Specific primer pairs for cyt b markers of eight protected sharks in Indonesia and one species in CITES Appendix II were successfully created. The optimum conditions for qPCR were using a specific primer pair for the R. australiae cytochrome b gene at a primer concentration of 50 nM with a Ct value of 16.
Keyword: shark, in silico, specific primer, qPCR

Judul: Autentikasi Ikan Hiu Dilindungi pada Produk Perikanan dengan Metode qPCR dan Marka Gen NADH Dehydrogenase subunit 2
Abstrak: Hiu merupakan salah satu hasil perikanan yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi. Perdagangan hiu umumnya berupa potongan tubuh, seperti sirip, daging, kulit, dan ekor sehingga dilakukan identifikasi secara molekuler sebagai upaya mengetahui produk hiu yang diperdagangkan. Tujuan penelitian ini mendesain primer spesifik berbasis gen marka NADH2 pada ikan hiu dilindungi (Rhincodon typus, Sphyrna lewini, S. mokarran, S. zygaena, Carcharhinus longimanus, C. falciformis, Alopias pelagicus, A. pelagicus, dan Rhynchobatus australiae) serta aplikasinya dalam autentikasi produk perikanan berbasis qPCR. Tahapan penelitian terdiri dari perancangan primer spesifik, isolasi DNA, pengujian kuantitas isolat DNA, dan identifikasi menggunakan qPCR. Hasil perancangan primer pada sembilan spesies hiu dilindungi berhasil dilakukan. Primer Alopias pelagicus NADH2 dan Carcharhinus falciformis NADH2 hasil rancangan dapat mengamplifikasi DNA target., Sharks are one of the fishery products that have high economic value. Shark trade is generally in the form of body parts, such as fins, meat, skin, and tails so that molecular identification is carried out to identify the shark products being traded. The purpose of this study was to design specific primes based on the NADH2 marker gene. The primer will be used to identify protected sharks species (Rhincodon typus, Sphyrna lewini, S. mokarran, S. zygaena, Carcharhinus longimanus, C. falciformis, Alopias pelagicus, A. pelagicus, and Rhynchobatus australiae) and their application in qPCR-based authentication of fishery products. The research stages consisted of specific primer design, DNA isolation, testing the quantity of DNA isolate, and identification using qPCR. The results of the primer design on nine protected shark species were successfully implemented. Alopias pelagicus NADH2 and Carcharhinus falciformis NADH2 primers were designed to amplify target DNA.
Keyword: Shark, NADH2, primer, qPCR

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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