Judul: Pengolahan Limbah Cair Batik Pewarna Alami dengan Teknik Elektrokoagulasi
Abstrak: Limbah cair batik pewarna alami mengandung polutan seperti bahan organik, padatan tersuspensi, dan minyak dan lemak yang berpotensi mencemari perairan dan memiliki dampak buruk terhadap manusia maupun makhluk hidup lainnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pengolahan terlebih dahulu sebelum dibuang ke perairan. Pengolahan limbah dapat dilakukan dengan teknik elektrokogulasi menggunakan elektroda aluminium karena dinilai efektif dalam pengolahannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan kombinasi terbaik dari tegangan 15, 18, 21, dan 24 V dan waktu kontak 15, 30, 45, dan 60 menit dalam menurunkan polutan. Karakteristik limbah ini antara lain pH sebesar 5.95, warna sebesar 20 900 PtCo, kekeruhan sebesar 193 NTU, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) sebesar 672 mg/L, amonia sebesar 4.35 mg/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) sebesar 11 484 mg/L, dan minyak dan lemak sebesar 4.79 mg/L. Hasil uji lanjut Duncan menyatakan kombinasi besar tegangan 24 V dan waktu kontak 60 menit memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda nyata terhadap perubahan nilai pada semua parameter. Efisiensi penurunan polutan pada kondisi tersebut yaitu 39.47% warna, 69.43% kekeruhan, 62.28% TSS, 63.91% amonia, 94.48% COD, dan 94.78% minyak dan lemak. Pada kondisi besar tegangan 24 V dan waktu kontak 60 menit, biaya pengolahan sebesar Rp 134.76/L.
Keyword: liquid waste of natural dye batik, electrocoagulation, voltage

Judul: Pengolahan Limbah Cair Batik Pewarna Alami dengan Teknik Elektrokoagulasi
Abstrak: Limbah cair batik pewarna alami mengandung polutan seperti bahan organik, padatan tersuspensi, dan minyak dan lemak yang berpotensi mencemari perairan dan memiliki dampak buruk terhadap manusia maupun makhluk hidup lainnya. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pengolahan terlebih dahulu sebelum dibuang ke perairan. Pengolahan limbah dapat dilakukan dengan teknik elektrokogulasi menggunakan elektroda aluminium karena dinilai efektif dalam pengolahannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan kombinasi terbaik dari tegangan 15, 18, 21, dan 24 V dan waktu kontak 15, 30, 45, dan 60 menit dalam menurunkan polutan. Karakteristik limbah ini antara lain pH sebesar 5.95, warna sebesar 20 900 PtCo, kekeruhan sebesar 193 NTU, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) sebesar 672 mg/L, amonia sebesar 4.35 mg/L, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) sebesar 11 484 mg/L, dan minyak dan lemak sebesar 4.79 mg/L. Hasil uji lanjut Duncan menyatakan kombinasi besar tegangan 24 V dan waktu kontak 60 menit memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda nyata terhadap perubahan nilai pada semua parameter. Efisiensi penurunan polutan pada kondisi tersebut yaitu 39.47% warna, 69.43% kekeruhan, 62.28% TSS, 63.91% amonia, 94.48% COD, dan 94.78% minyak dan lemak. Pada kondisi besar tegangan 24 V dan waktu kontak 60 menit, biaya pengolahan sebesar Rp 134.76/L.
Keyword: limbah cair batik pewarna alami, elektrokoagulasi, tegangan, waktu kontak

Judul: Studies on growth spurt and aging in higher primates
Abstrak: single measurement that best defines the health and nutritional status of children, just as it provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. The pattern of human growth reflects the biocultural evolution of our species. The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Three studies are reported here which deal to the growth and development of human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). These three studies allow us to contrast the phenomena of adolescence growth spurt and female elderly bone loss in chimpanzee and human as chimpanzee is the closest species to humans within extant nonhuman primates. In the first, a cross-sectional study of growth of the body size and somatotype of 363 Javanese girls and 299 Javanese boys aged 4 to 20 years from Magelang Regency, Indonesia was described. In the second, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee second metacarpal bone linear dimensions from individuals aged 0 to 43.6 years were used for comparison. While in the third, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee body size (body mass and anterior trunk length) and second metacarpal bone mineral content were derived. In measuring the second metacarpal dimensions and mineral content, a total of 568 radiographs of chimpanzee's proximodistal left hands were used. They were taken from 68 females and 49 males aged 0 to 43.62 years old. We applied an image analysis system, Scion Image Release Alpha 4.0.3.2 software for Windows to measure bone linear dimensions and bone mineral content. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body weight and height. A clear growth spurt could be demonstrated by cross-sectional analysis in our girl subjects at around aged 11.5 years and in our boy subjects at around aged 12.5 years. In longitudinal series, not in cross-sectional, several representative chimpanzees of both sexes showed a pre-adult growth spurt on the body sizes, bone dimensions and bone mineral content. They ranged at age 4.5 to 8.5 years. This underscore the fact that adolescent growth spurt in linear dimension was not a universal feature of anthropoid primate ontogeny. Bone loss is a well established characteristic of human female aging. Based on crosssectional analyses the sequential decline of bone mass in female chimpanzee may be said to be genuine. On the other hand, we found in adulthood through elderly, male chimpanzees show a longer plateau than female chimpanzee, that is, bone mineral content is maintained in male.
Keyword: Javanese children, growth spurt, chimpanzee, second metacarpal bone, bone loss, Higher Primates