Judul: Profil jus silase jagung dan kemampuannya dalam menghambat Escherichia coli dan Salmonella sp. yang diisolasi dari feses pedet diare
Abstrak: Pre-ruminant phase of calf is a crucial stage on raising dairy calves. High morbidity and mortality rates commonly found on pre-ruminant calves are triggered by diarrhea occurrence. Coliform bacteria mainly Escherichia coli and Salmonella are gram negative bacteria and are normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract of many animal species which are usually at low number. However, under diarrheic calves the fecal numbers of coliform exceed lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This research was conducted to study the juice profile of whole corn ensiled for seventy days and its antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. isolated from diarrheic calves. This research encompasses three stages. The first stage of this study was to produce the whole-plant corn silage juice. Whole-plant corn with half milk line of kernel maturity was harvested and chopped with 1-2 cm length of cut. The chopped corn was then mixed thoroughly and filled into 0.35 mm double-lined plastic bags and was vacuum-packed and stored at 25-28 oC storage temperature. After seventy day preservation the plastic bag was pressed using hydraulic pressure to obtain the juice. The whole-plant corn silage juice was then evaluated for acid fermentation products, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) numbers and pH level. The second stage of this study was isolation of Eschericihia coli and Salmonella sp. from fecal samples of five diarrheic calves with fecal score 3-4. Eschericihia coli isolation was performed by inoculating the fecal samples on Levine’s-Eosin Methylene Blue (L-EMB) Agar. The isolated colonies were assayed for Indol, Methyl-Red, Voges Proskaeur, Citrate (IMViC), gram staining and blood haemolysis test. In addition Salmonella sp. isolation was performed by inoculating the fecal samples on Salmonella Shigella Agar. The isolated colonies were inoculated on Tripple Sugar Iron (TSI) Agar and assayed for IMViC, gram staining and blood haemolysis test. The third stage of this study was antibacterial activity determination of the whole-plant corn silage juice against Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. using agar well diffusion assay. In addition the commercial antibiotic VITA Tetra-Chlor® solution at 50 μg/ml final concentration was used as control treatment. Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. isolates used as test organisms were inoculated on Mueller Hinton Agar at 1-2 x 108 CFU/ml suspension. Diameter of inhibition zone was measured after overnight pre-incubation at 4 oC and followed with overnight incubation at 37 oC. The whole-plant corn silage juice was dominated by lactic and acetic acids which the concentration of lactic and acetic was 7.71 ± 0.73 mg/ml and 1.48 ± 0.45 mg/ml, respectively. Moreover LAB numbers of the whole-plant corn silage juice were 10.32 ± 9.84 log10 CFU/ml and the pH level was 3.87 ± 0.26. Escherichia coli numbers of fecal samples of five diarrheic calves were more than 3x106 CFU/gram. Based on isolation procedures it was obtained thirteen isolates of Escherichia coli and nine isolates of Salmonella sp.. The whole-plant corn silage juice showed antibacterial activity against all of the test organisms. The diameter mean of inhibition zone of the whole-plant corn silage juice was 3.0±1.1 mm against Escherichia coli and 4.7±1.7 mm against Salmonella sp.. The antibacterial activity of the whole-plant
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Judul: Peran Isolat Bakteri Pencerna Serat Dalam Pencernaan Nutrien Pada Pedet Lepas Sapih Yang Diberi Pakan Periode Pertumbuhan
Abstrak: In Indonesia, milk and beef production do not meet the needs. High calves mortality is one of the factors related to the problem. Reducing calf mortality and shortening weaning period are necessary to improve the population and farmers profit. The research was designed to evaluate the effect of inoculation of fiber degrading bacteria during pre-weaning period of dairy calves on nutrient intake and digestibility in post-weaning. The treatments were control and inoculation of bacteria isolates that applied in four and three Frisian Holstein calves, respectively. Both treatments were applied to the calf by a complete randomized design. Variables measured were nutrient intake, dry and organic matter digestibility, and the concentration of ruminal ammonia (NH3) and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Dry matter intake was determined from the beginning of the experimental period. Nutrient digestibility, ruminal NH3 and VFA concentration were determined four weeks after weaning. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using t-test method with α = 0.05. The results showed that the inoculation of bacteria isolates affected the concentration of ruminal VFA of weaned calves. Inoculation of bacteria isolates had no significant effect on nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility and concentrations of ruminal ammonia. It was concluded that inoculation of fiber degrading bacteria into the rumen of calves in milk feeding period improved nutrient fermentability but not improved nutrient intake and its digestibility in post-weaning period.
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Judul: Eksistensi Nikah Siri di Masyarakat dan Posisi Perempuan
Abstrak: Nikah siri bukanlah merupakan fenomena baru di Indonesia, namun sudah ada sejak puluhan tahun silam, sebelum ada pencatatan pernikahan maka nikah siri adalah pernikahan yang sah menurut agama dan masyarakat, karena moda sosial ekonomi dan strategi nafkah berubah maka hak civil juga berubah dengan berbagai dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan oleh nikah siri terutama bagi perempuan dan anak. Secara umum penelitian ini untuk mengungkap : (1) Tipologi nikah siri yang ada di Desa Warurejo dan aktor-aktor yang terlibat, fungsi manifes dan laten nikah siri pada masyarakat dan aktor-aktor yang menikmati fungsi manifes dan laten nikah siri. (2) Sistem nilai dan norma yang berlaku pada masyarakat, mengungkap pengaruh struktur terhadap posisi perempuan yang menikah siri, mendiskripsikan pemahaman agama Islam oleh masyarakat dan individu terhadap nikah siri. Pandangan individu, tokoh agama Islam, budaya, sosial dan masyarakat secara umum terhadap nikah siri. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) terdapat empat tipologi nikah siri pada masyarakat Warurejo, yaitu: perjodohan antar kerabat, perjodohan oleh orangtua dan broker, menikah siri dengan batuan broker dan menikah siri atas kemauan sendiri. Nikah siri tidak hanya berdampak negatif tetapi memiliki fungsi positif yaitu mampu meningkatkan kehidupan ekonomi individu, jaringan nikah siri, Kyai dan infra struktur masyarakat. Pernikahan siri merupakan mekanisme untuk meringankan beban ekonomi orangtua. Mengawinkan anak dibawah umur walaupun dengan cara siri berarti pula meringankan beban ekonomi keluarga. Anak perempuan yang sudah menikah bukan lagi tanggungjawab orangtua, namun tanggungjawab seorang suami. Struktur berpengaruh terhadap posisi perempuan nikah siri, perempuan yang menikah walaupun siri, lebih dihormati dan dihargai dalam masyarakat daripada perempuan janda atau perawan yang belum menikah walaupun cukup umur. Selain itu, Kyai memiliki kekuasaan untuk menginterpretasikan hukum Islam untuk merasionalisasikan dan melegitimasi nikah siri, daripada melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang agama yaitu berzina dan berdosa. Interpretasi hukum agama disosialisasikan oleh Kyai bahwa sahnya suatu pernikahan dalam hukum Islam ditandai oleh adanya ijab qobul, sedangkan perayaannya merupakan sunnah yang boleh saja tidak dilaksanakan. Karena hukum agama Islam, memperbolehkan seorang laki-laki memiliki isteri lebih dari satu, sehingga terbentuk pola berupa aturan-aturan dan norma-norma untuk melegalkan nikah siri.
Keyword: Nikah siri actors, nikah siri network, economy, religious norms