Judul: Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Apis  koschevnikovi Bees from Sumatra, Belitung, and Kalimantan Islands
Abstrak: Apis koschevnikovi merupakan salah satu spesies lebah madu yang dapat ditemukan di Indonesia. Apis koschevnikovi dapat ditemukan di Pulau Sumatra, Belitung, Jawa, dan Kalimantan pada ketinggian 0–2700 m dpl. Namun, A. koschevnikovi sulit ditemukan akibat kerusakan hutan. Sayap lebah memiliki venasi dengan sifat heritabilitas yang tinggi sehingga dapat membedakan subspesies lebah. Penelitian terkait morfometrika geometris pada venasi sayap A. koschevnikovi belum dilakukan. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis variasi venasi sayap dan hubungan kekerabatan A. koschevnikovi asal Sumatra, Belitung, dan Kalimantan melalui analisis morfometrika geometris. Digitasi pada 19 landmark venasi sayap menggunakan software Thin Plate Spline (TPS) dan analisis kekerabatan berdasarkan metode Neighbor-joining menggunakan R Studio. Landmark 11, 16, dan 17 memiliki nilai kontribusi relatif tertinggi terhadap variasi venasi sayap seluruh sampel. Visualisasi grid deformasi venasi sayap A. koschevnikovi dari Pulau Kalimantan, Belitung, dan Sumatra menunjukkan perbedaan bentuk masing-masing pulau. Analisis menunjukkan A. koschevnikovi Sumatra memiliki bending energy tertinggi yang berasal dari Bungku, Jambi. Analisis PCA menunjukkan pengelompokkan pada individu A. koschevnikovi dari koloni Jambi, Sumatra sedangkan A. koschevnikovi Kalimantan tersebar pada keempat kuadran. Analisis pohon filogeni rooted menghasilkan tiga cluster. Pohon filogeni unrooted menunjukkan kedekatan antara populasi A. koschevnikovi Kalimantan dengan Belitung., Apis koschevnikovi is an Indonesian honey bee species found on Sumatra, Belitung, Java, and Kalimantan. However, A. koschevnikovi is challenging to find due to forest destruction. Bee wings have venation with high heritability so that they can differentiate bee subspecies. Research related to geometric morphometrics on the wing venation of A. koschevnikovi has not been carried out. This study aimed to analyze wing venation variations and kinship among A. koschevnikovi from Sumatra, Belitung, and Kalimantan using geometric morphometrics. Digitization of 19 wing venation landmarks using Thin Plate Spline (TPS) software and kinship analysis based on the Neighbor-joining method using R Studio. Landmarks 11, 16, and 17 are the most influential in varying wing venation across the sample. Visualization of the deformation grid of the A. koschevnikovi wing from Kalimantan, Belitung, and Sumatra shows the different shapes of each island. Analysis shows that A. koschevnikovi Sumatra has the highest bending energy originating from Bungku, Jambi. PCA analysis grouped A. koschevnikovi from Jambi colony, Sumatra, while A. koschevnikovi from Kalimantan spread across all four quadrants. Phylogenetic tree analysis resulted in three clusters, with the unrooted tree highlighting the proximity of Kalimantan and Belitung populations in A. koschevnikovi.
Keyword: Grid deformation, Landmark, Thin Plate Spline, Neighbor-joining, Wing venation

Judul: Geometric morphometric wing venation of Indonesian Apis cerana and Central Sulawesi Apis nigrocincta
Abstrak: The Asian honey bee, Apis cerana, is widely distributed in almost all Asian regions, including Indonesia. The distributions of A. cerana in Indonesia arrange from Sumatra, Java, and Sulawesi to Papua. Apis cerana sympatrically lives with A. nigrocincta on Sulawesi Island. In contrast with A. cerana, the distribution of A. nigrocincta is limited to Sulawesi Island and the surrounded islands. Several islands in the Indonesian archipelagos belong to the Sundaland (Sunda Shelf), and others are located in the Wallacea region; both regions have different environmental conditions and species distribution. The differences in a specific geographic area also affected the morphological characters of species, including bees. Honeybee wing venations show highly heritability that can determined the relationship and distribution of honey bees. However, the wing landmarks venation of A. cerana in Sumatra, as well as A. cerana and A. nigrocincta that live sympatrically in Sulawesi, has not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse: 1) intraspecies landmark variations of A. cerana from Sumatra at different altitudes, 2) intraspecies landmark variations of A. cerana from the islands of Sumatra, Belitung, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, and the Moluccas, 3) interspecies landmark variations between A. cerana and A. nigrocincta, and 4) interspecies relationship between A. cerana and A. nigrocincta based on wing venation landmarks. This study used 55 bee colonies, i.e., 50 colonies of A. cerana, from Sumatra, Belitung, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, and the Moluccas, and five colonies of A. nigrocincta from Central Sulawesi. The right wings of ten individuals from each colony of A. cerana and A. nigrocincta were excised using a scalpel and were digitized on 19 wing venation landmarks. The digitization results were analyzed using geometric morphometric methods with Thin Plate Splin (TPS) software. The analysis of landmark visualization (grid deformation) was performed on the intraspecies of A. cerana from Sunda Shelf and Wallacea, as well as on the interspecies of A. cerana and A. nigrocincta. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and relationship analysis were performed using R software with rooted and unrooted Neighbor-Joining (NJ) methods. The intraspecies landmark variations of A. cerana Sumatra resulted variations in the deformation grid. The deformation grid displacement of A. cerana from Aceh and West Sumatra were similar to the reference landmark (300 individuals of A. cerana Sumatra). This study revealed the high different deformation grids in A. cerana North Sumatra, Jambi, South Sumatra, and Lampung compared to reference landmarks. Based on the bending energy values, the lowlands of North Sumatra and Jambi have higher bending energy than the highlands. In contrast, the A. cerana from the lowland West Sumatra has lower bending energy values than those from the highlands. The comparison of A. cerana from the six islands to the reference landmark resulted the variated displacement of landmarks. The reference landmark is a landmark configuration that were aligned from 50 colonies of A. cerana from six islands. The variations of landmark displacement (deformation grid) between A. cerana on the six islands from Sunda Shelf, i.e., A. cerana Sumatra, Belitung, Java, and Bali, resulted a different deformation grid to the reference landmark. However, A. cerana Sulawesi and Moluccas
Keyword: Cubital index, landmark, Sundaland, Thin Plate Splin, Wallacea

Judul: Pemanasan Sekunder Reaksi Fusi Plasma dengan Menggunakan Radio Frequency
Abstrak: Plasma merupakan bentuk ke-empat dari materi setelah padat, cair dan gas yang terbentuk dari proses ionisasi gas. Plasma dapat digunakan dalam reaksi fusi, yaitu reaksi penggabungan dua inti atom ringan menjadi inti atom yang lebih berat sambil melepaskan energi. Untuk mendapatkan energi dari reaksi fusi, inti yang akan direaksikan harus dipanaskan pada temperatur yang sangat ekstrem tingginya. Salah satu cara agar dapat mencapai kondisi ini adalah memberikan pemanasan tambahan atau pemanasan sekunder kepada plasma dalam reaksi fusi tersebut. Nilai daya serap rata-rata ion Deuterium yang sesuai dengan selang nilai daya dari data ITER adalah daya yang menggunakan frekuensi 50 MHz sampai dengan 60 MHz. Dengan menggunakan frekuensi 60 Hz diperoleh nilai daya rata-rata yang diserap sebesar 1,235.10-12 W.
Keyword: gelombang radio, pemanasan sekunder, plasma, reaksi fusi