Judul: Pengaruh defisit anggaran terhadap nilai tukar di Indonesia
Abstrak: Krisis ekonomi yang terjadi pada pertengahan tahun 1997 telah berdampak pada pengelolaan anggaran negara. Krisis ekonomi menyebabkan pemerintah menjalankan kebijakan defisit anggaran. Ketika pemerintah menjalankan defisit anggaran, pada dasarnya terdapat teori yang menyatakan bahwa memotong defisit anggaran dan utang akan menurunkan tingkat suku bunga, tetapi ada perdebatan mengenai pengaruhnya terhadap nilai ukur.
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Judul: The impacts of government external debt on the performance of Indonesia economy
Abstrak: The objectives of this study are to analyze the impact s of government external debt on the performance of Indonesia economy, which consists on the role of external debt in reducing deficit financing, decreasing debt stock and its growth. The policy alternatives set for period 1985 - 2005 are simulated wit h a simultaneous econometric model. The two - stage least squares (2 - SLS) method was used to estimate the parameters of the behavioral equations in the model. The result of simulation shows that world interest rate is a dominant factor in influencing externa l debt performance. I t can also be expressed that reducing in government external debt will decrease economic growth, reduce private consumption, reduce budget deficit and reduce re - payment of external loan. Another impact is decreasing sectoral developmen t growth which will lead to increasing the rate of unemployment. Another r esult of simulation also indicates that foreign financing and lender driven has significantly influenced on sectoral growth., Tujuan dari penelitian disertasi ini adalah untuk menganalisis dampak penggunaan utang luar negeri pemerintah terhadap kinerja perekonomian Indonesia yang meliputi peranan utang luar negeri pada beberapa sektor utama dalam perekonomian Indonesia, dan terhadap pengurangan stok utang luar negeri dan pengurangan pembiayaan defisit dalam rangka mencapai kemandirian dalam pembiayaan pembangunan. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber, terutama data series (time series) dari tahun 1985 sampai dengan tahun 2005, dan dibangun dalam suatu model ekonometrik asimultan. Metoda two-stage least squares (2-SLS) digunakan untuk mengestimasi parameter persamaan perilaku dalam model. Hasil simulasi kebijakan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa suku bunga dunia merupakan faktor yang dominan dalam mempengaruhi keberadaan pinjaman luar negeri pemerintah. Dapat ditunjukkan pula bahwa penurunan jumlah pinjaman baru dari sumber luar negeri akan menyebabkan turunnya pertumbuhan ekonomi, penurunan konsumsi rumah tangga, penurunan investasi masyarakat, pengurangan defisit anggaran dan turunnya pembayaran pokok dan bunga utang luar negeri. Dampak yang lain adalah turunnya angka indikator pertumbuhan sektoral yang akan menyebabkan naiknya angka pengangguran. Hasil yang lain dari simulasi kebijakan juga menunjukkan bahwa utang luar negeri dan kebijakan donor mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat atas kinerja angka indikator pertumbuhan sektoral.
Keyword: deficit financing, debt stock, external loan, two-stage least squares (2-SLS)

Judul: Extraction and Characteristic of Collagen and Nanoparticle Collagen from the Skin of Stingray Fish (Pastinachus solocirostris) as Ingredient of Cosmetics.
Abstrak: Isolation of collagen from the skin of stingray fish (Pastinachus solocirostris) has been successfully conducted with three stages: first soaked in 0.05 M NaOH with a sample/solution ratio of 1:10 (w/v) for 6 hour, second soaked in 0.1 M acetic acid with a sample/solution ratio of 1:6 (w/v) for 2 hour, and third extraction with destilated water at temperature 40 C for 2 hour with a yield of 14.475 % (wet base). Nanoparticle collagen was made with desolvation method using etanol as a desolvating agent with a collagen solution/etanol ratio of 1:1. Yield of nanoparticle collagen was 9.64% (wet base) with particle size of 185.24 nm. Collagen and nanoparticle collagen is in the form of white powder with whiteness degree 72.48% and 60.03%, respectively. Protein is the major component in collagen and nanoparticle collagen (86.97% and 86.18%) with trace amount of ash (0.17% and 0.13%) and fat (0.19% and 0.25%), respectively. Based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns, amino acid composition, and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of both collagen and nanoparticle collagen were characterized as type I collagens. Nanostructural analysis of collagen and nanoparticle collagen by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows that both were separate aggregates. Other characteristics of collagen and nanoparticle collagen were: Tmax of 165.88 C and 156.63 C; Viscosity 292.33 cP dan 110 cP; pH 5.00 dan 4.93; respectively. Collagen has highest solubility at pH 7 and the isoelectric point at pH 6, 9, and 10. Therefore, nanoparticle collagen has highest solubility at pH 3 dan and the isoelectric point at pH 6. Collagen and nanoparticle collagen from skin of stingray fish (Pastinachus solocirostris) has a characteristic for a potential use as a cosmetic ingredient.
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