Judul: Analysis of Anatomical Structure, Secretory Structure, and Histochemical Test of Dwarf Pennywort (Hydrocotyle sibthorphioides)
Abstrak: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpoides) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang sering dikonsumsi sebagai lalapan. Studi fitokimia melaporkan tanaman ini mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa alkaloid, terpenoid, dan fenol, namun lokasi akumulasinya pada jaringan tanaman belum diketahui. Struktur sekretori pada tanaman ini juga belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur anatomi, struktur sekretori, dan lokasi senyawa metabolit sekunder pada jaringan tanaman pegagan embun. Pada tanaman ini stoma dijumpai pada helai daun, tangkai daun dan stolon. Tipe stoma bervariasi, yakni anisositik, parasitik, diasitik, dan anomositik. Struktur unik berupa kumpulan stomata ditemukan epidermis adaksial daun. Tangkai daun dan stolon memiliki endodermis yang tidak mengalami lignifikasi. Struktur sekretori yang ditemukan pada tanaman ini adalah sel idioblas, saluran sekretori, dan trikoma multiseriat. Sel idioblas pada semua organ dan trikoma multiseriat mengakumulasi senyawa lipofilik, flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid, dan fenol. Berkas pembuluh pada tangkai daun mengakumulasi senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid, seskuiterpen, monoterpen, dan fenol juga terdeteksi pada berkas pembuluh tangkai daun. Berkas pembuluh pada stolon mengakumulasi senyawa lipofilik, alkaloid, monoterpen, seskuiterpen, dan fenol. Senyawa flavonoid golongan flavonon dan flavon ditemukan pada jaringan tumbuhan pegagan embun., Dwarf pennywort (Hydrocotyle sibthorpoides) is a is often consumed as raw greens. Phytochemical studies report that this plant contains secondary metabolites in the form of alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenols, but the location of their accumulation in plant tissues is still unknown. The secretory structure of this plant has also not been reported. This study aims to analyze the anatomical structure, secretory structure, and location of secondary metabolites in the plant tissue of dwarf pennywort. In this plant stomata are found on the leaf blade, petiole and stolons. Stoma types are varied, including anisocytic, parasitic, diacytic, and anomocytic. A unique structure in the form of a group of stomata is found in the adaxial epidermis of leaves. The petioles and stolons have a non-lignified endodermis. The secretory structures found in this plant are idioblast cells, secretory ducts, and multiseriate trichomes. Idioblast cells in all organs and multiseriate trichomes accumulate lipophilic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenols. Flavonoids, alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, and phenols were detected in petiole bundles. Vascular bundles in stolons accumulate lipophilic compounds, alkaloids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and phenols. Flavonoid compounds in the form of the flavonones and flavones were found in this plant tissues.
Keyword: diterpenoid, histokimia, idioblas, sekretori, stolon, histochemistry, secretory, idioblast

Judul: Analysis of Anatomical Structure, Secretory Structure and Histochemical of Pacar air (Impatiens balsamina Linn.)
Abstrak: Pacar air (Impatiens balsamina Linn.) dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai tanaman obat. Hasil studi fitokimia tanaman ini mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa fenol, alkaloid, lipofilik, flavonoid dan terpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur anatomi, struktur sekretori, serta akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terkandung di dalam jaringan tanaman pacar air. Metode penelitian meliputi pengamatan anatomi pada sayatan paradermal dan transversal pada bagian daun, tangkai daun, batang, dan akar, analisis struktur sekretori serta analisis histokimia yang meliputi pengujian senyawa fenol, alkaloid, lipofilik, flavonoid, dan terpenoid. Analisis struktur anatomi menunjukkan stomata terdapat di kedua permukaan daun dengan tipe anomositik. Pembuluh pada tangkai daun terdiri dari tiga berkas. Pigmen antosianin dijumpai pada epidermis dan korteks tangkai daun, batang, dan akar, serta terdapat kristal kalsium oksalat di seluruh bagian tanaman. Struktur sekretori yang ditemukan pada tumbuhan pacar air berupa sel idioblas dan trikoma uniseriat. Uji histokimia menunjukkan bahwa semua organ pada tanaman ini mengakumulasi senyawa fenol, alkaloid, lipofilik, flavonoid, dan terpenoid. Akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder pada helai daun terletak pada sel idioblas di jaringan mesofil, sedangkan pada tangkai daun terletak di sel idioblas jaringan epidermis, korteks, dan trikoma uniseriat. Metabolit sekunder pada batang dan akar terletak di sel idioblas jaringan epidermis dan korteks., Pacar air (Impatiens balsamina Linn.) is used by society as a medicinal plant. Phytochemical studies indicated that this plant contains secondary metabolite compounds such as phenols, alkaloids, lipophilic, flavonoids, and terpenoids. This study aimed to analyze the anatomical, secretory structure, and accumulation site of secondary metabolite compounds in this plant tissues. The method consisted of anatomical observations on paradermal and transverse sections of leaves, petioles, stems, and roots, analysis of secretory structures, and histochemical analysis which included testing for phenols, alkaloids, lipophilic, flavonoids, and terpenoids compounds. Anatomical structure analysis showed that stomata were found on both leaf surfaces with anomocytic type. Vessels on the petiole consist of three bundles. Anthocyanin pigments are found in the epidermis and cortex of petioles, stems and roots, and there are calcium oxalate crystals in all parts of the plant. The secretory structures found in this plants are idioblast cells and uniseriate trichomes. Histochemical tests showed that all organs in this plant accumulated phenolic compounds, alkaloids, lipophiles, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The accumulation of secondary metabolites in the leaf blade is located in idioblast cells in the mesophyll tissue, while in the petiole it is located in the idioblast cells of the epidermis, cortex, and uniseriate trichomes. Secondary metabolites in stems and roots are located in idioblast cells of the epidermis and cortex.
Keyword: alkaloid, kristal kalsium oksalat, monoterpen, sel idioblas, trikoma uniseriat, alkaloids, calcium oxalate crystals, idioblast cells, monoterpene, uniseriate trichomes

Judul: Dynamical System of Hepatitis B in Three Groups with Vaccination
Abstrak: The aim of this study is to modify the hepatitis B transmission model in three age groups involving vaccination from the model conducted by Zhoe and Zhang.The method used is to analyze the stability of the fixed point and its basic reproduction number (R_0). Performed stability analysis and numerical simulation to see population dynamics. Next, a sensitivity analysis of the parameters was carried out to see its effect on R_0. From the analysis obtained two fixed points, namely non-endemic and endemic fixed points. Non-endemic fixed points are locally asymptotically stable if R_0 <1 Meanwhile, the endemic fixed point is locally asymptotically stable if R_0 > 1. Hepatitis vaccination affects the number of susceptible population, because the more successful the vaccination, the smaller the number of susceptible populations so that the smaller the population will be infected.
Keyword: Dynamic, Hepatitis B, Vaccine, Mathematical model