Judul: Model Spasial Pendugaan dan Pemetaan Biomassa di Atas Permukaan Tanah Menggunakan Citra ALOS PALSAR Resolusi 12.5 M.
Abstrak: Remote Sensing Technology is one of the technology to estimate biomass in the forest. ALOS PALSAR image has a capability to penetrate the thick cloud layer. The aim of this research was to create biomass estimation model in coal mining areas of revegetation PT. Bukit Asam using 12.5 m resolution of ALOS PALSAR image and mapped the distribution of biomass. Field biomass was estimated using allometric Chave (2005) and Ketterings (2001). The biomass estimation models were developed using regression analysis by relating the field biomass values and the backscatter values of HH and HV polarizations of the ALOS PALSAR image. Selection of the best model based on parameters maximum R2adj, Root Mean Square Error as the least. The verification of selected model done by using t-paired test, then the biomass mapping based on models that have been verified. Based on model analysis to estimate biomass obtained results Y = EXP (16.724 + (0.387 x BS_HV)), with value of R2adj 87.9%, RMSE 24.19, Overall Accuracy 58.93% and Kappa Accuracy 19.5%.
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Judul: Model Penduga Biomassa Hutan Alam Lahan Kering Menggunakan Citra ALOS PALSAR Resolusi 50 M di Areal Kerja PT. Trisetia Intiga
Abstrak: The increase of Green House Gases (GHG), particularly carbon dioxide in the atmospheric is one factor that affect the global warming. One cause of the increase was due to emission of carbon that came from deforestation and land degradation. In the mitigation process for reducing the impact of global warming, one crusial activity is estimation of carbon sequestered in the vegetation. Commonly, carbon content sequestered at vegetation is derived from biomass estimation either from above ground biomass or below ground biomass. In this study, the focus was on estimation of the above ground biomass using remote sensing technology. Nowdays, the development of remote sensing techniques had been widely used for providing various information related to natural resources. Indonesia which is located in the tropical region, have several handicaps in using optical remote sensing due to cloud covers during wet season and smoke and haze during dry season. For the above reason, this study emphasizes on the use of radar image technology for estimating the above ground biomass. In this study the used radar image is ALOS PALSAR (Advance Land Observing Sattelite – Phase Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar), that had been launched in Januari 2006 by the Japanese government. This sensor is an active microwave sensor which has capability to penetrate thick cloud layer. An active microwave sensor be accepted dan reflectanced by several diresction that usually called polarization. Polarization is the vector direction from electromagnetic microwave on vertical line (V) and horizontal line (H). The main objective of this study is to develop the biomass estimation model using 50 meter resolution of ALOS PALSAR image in concession of PT. Trisetia Intiga, Central Kalimantan. Biomass model was developed by analyzing the relationship between backscatter value and field biomass. Backscatter value from tree polarization images, namely HH, HV, and HH/HV were analyzed simultaneously with field biomassa that derived using Ketterings allometric equation. In this study the obtained stand structure equation, Y=2482 ℮-0,04X with negative exponential or J-reverse form having realtively steep slope. From the stand structure equation, then it can be concluded that stand condition within the study area is belonged to logged over area secondary forest, where tree density with diameter less or equal to 60 cm is relatively low in comparison with the smaller tree size. From 30 sample plots measured, the above ground biomass is ranged from 68,03 ton/ha to 599,43 ton/ha with coefficient of variation (CV) equal to 50,29%. Proportionaly, the highest biomass is come from tree biomass (64,97%), then followed by biomass of necromass (20,13%), pole biomass (12,16%), sapling biomass (2,75%), litter biomass (3,3x10-5), and undergrowth biomass (5x10-5). The correlation and regretion analyses between backscatter value and field biomass show that there are 38 statistically significant equations having R² ≥ 50%. However, the verification analysis found that only two models identified as the best models having no-significant X²-test, low RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), low bias, and mean deviation < 10%. The best models are: 1) AGB = 3880.40613930209exp (0.250184794335192 HV) with coefficient determination (R²) of 56% and RMSE of 0.47%. 2) AGB = 1022.27050600692 exp (-0.0114464608949151 HV²)
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Judul: Peranan oxytocin pada proses kelahiran
Abstrak: Menginginkan terpenuhinya protein hewani, perlu adanya peningkatan populasi ternak. Salah satu faktor yang menunjang untuk peningkatan ini adalah suatu keselamatan dalam proses ke lahiran dalam arti kata lahir dengan selamat dan sehat untuk induk maupun anak. Proses kelahiran melibatkan beberapa faktor yaitu faktor syaraf, otot, mekanis, dan hormonal. Hormon-hormon yang berperan dalam proses kelahiran adalah hormon estrogen, progesteron, glucocorticoid, prostaglandin F2 alfa, oxytocin dan relaxin. Didalam penulisan ini dipelajari sejauh mana oxytocin dalam proses kelahiran, mencakup tentang peranan sifat-sifat dasar, struktur kimia, bio sintesa, dan mekanisme kerja hormon oxytocin secara umum. Oxytocin didalam mempengaruhi aktivitas organ sasarannya akan berkaitan dengan reseptor protein, hormon tersebut ti dak masuk kedalam sel tetapi hanya berinteraksi dengan reseptor yang terdapat pada dinding sel. Hormon ini dihasilkan dari sel-sel inti supraoptika dan sel inti paraventriculariş yang berada di Hypothalamus dan dialirkan melalui tangkai axon Hypothalamo Hypophysa dalam bentuk butir sekretori ke Hypophysa pars posterior atau disebut juga pars nervosa. Rangsangan dilepaskannya oxytocin karena adanya reflek mengisap atau menyusui pada kelenjar mamae, dan juga karena te kanan pada cervix waktu perejanan. Daya kerja oxytocin berupa kontraksi urat daging licin pada muskulatur uterus dan urat daging licin pembungkus alveo- lus kelenjar susu. Hormon estrogen membantu berupa pemekaan musculatur uterus terhadap pengaruh oxytocin sehingga oxytocin bekerja optimal. Gangguan hormonal akan menyebabkan kegagalan kelahiran, oleh sebab itu preparat hormon dapat digunakan untuk menanggulangi problema yang berkaitan dengan gangguan hormonal yang me nyebabkan gagalnya proses kelahiran. Akan tetapi yang penting diketahui yaitu waktu pemberian yang tepat. Lebih Seperti halnya pada oxytocin, pemberian yang tepat pada saat cervix sudah berdilatasi ialah pada perejanan terakhir. Jika pemberian dilakukan sebelumnya, maka hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan seperti ruptura upteri akan terjadi…
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