Judul: Fraksionasi golongan flavonoid dari daun kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol) yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri
Abstrak: The objectives of this research was to separate flavonoids of kepel leavesfrom methanol extract as antibacterial agent. The bacteria used was Staphylococcus epidermidis that corresponds to body odor. The methanol extracts was fractionated in methanol:water (7:3), n-hexane and chloroform consecutively. Methanol:water (7:3) extract with the highest flavonoids content, fractionated by silica gel column chromatography (isocratic elution, with butanol:methanol:acetic acid 1:8:1 as eluent) to produce 7 fractions. All fractions were tested for antibacterial activity with a microplate method. Fraction V was the most active fraction with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) 0.06 mg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.50 mg/mL. Fraction V was further separated by preparative thin layer chromatography and gave three fractions. Fraction V3 was the most active fraction with MIC 1.00 mg/mL and MBC of 2.00 mg/mL. Identification of fraction V3 based on assessments on ultraviolet-visible and infrared spectrum belongs to flavones group.
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Judul: Fraksinasi komponen aktif antibakteri ekstrak kulit batang tanaman berenuk (Crescentia cujete L)
Abstrak: The objectives of this research are to determine the most antibacterial active fraction of berenuk stem bark extracts, to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and to identify phytochemical constituents of the fraction. Preliminary screening of crude methanol extract and all fractionated extracts (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fraction) against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram negative) were tested by disc-diffusion assay. The results showed that only methanol extract and its n-hexane and ethyl acetate fractions that could inhibit growth of all tested bacteria, and the most active fraction among all fractionated extract was n-hexane fraction. Fractionation of n-hexane extract using silica gel column chromatography (gradient elution) produced 10 fractions. All of the fractions showed antibacterial activities, and the most active was fraction II with percentage towards S. aureus was 35.86% and E. coli was 63.01%. The MIC towards S. aureus and E. coli were 0.2 and 0.1 mg/mL, and the MBC for both of bacteria were 10 and 5 mg/mL, respectively. Phytochemical screening showed that steroid and alkaloid were the active constituents of the fraction II. This result concludes that steroids and alkaloids from berenuk stem bark are potential as antibacterial agents.
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Judul: The impact and contribution of the tourism sector to the Indonesian economy : an I-O and SAM approach
Abstrak: Tourism is an important and strategic sector for the Indonesian economy. The sector has been growing for the last two decades to enhance its contribution to the GDP, employment, regional, local economy, and to strengthen the balance of payment. In particular, a planned economy was introduced to provide substantial opportunities to utilize tourism as a mechanism for national development. As a service-based sector, tourism as also considered to be a vehicle of converting the manufacturing economy to a service economy which makes the delivery of the product rather than the creation of the product the most important thing.
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