Judul: Prospek Perdagangan Gula Indonesia dalam Implementasi Kerangka Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas ASEAN-China
Abstrak: Sugar is an important and strategic commodity because it is one of the main foodstuff and sugar cane as a raw material of sugar produced by a large part of farmers in Indonesia. Globalization and unfair trade, including sugar trade, will affect the development of the sugar industry in Indonesia. Implementation of Asean-China Free Trade Agreement will reduce and eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers. Domestic production of sugar has not been able to fulfill the high demand for sugar in Indonesia. The objectives of study are to analyze the factors which influence demand for and supply of sugar in domestic and world markets, to evaluate the impact of economic policy in agricultural sector on the performance of Indonesian sugar trade for the period 2004-2010, and to forecast the impact of economic policy in agricultural sector and external factor on the performance of Indonesian sugar trade for the period 2011-2014 and 2015-2020. Indonesian Sugar Trade Model was constructed as a simultaneous equations system and estimated by 2SLS method with SYSLIN procedure. Historical and forecasting were simulated using NEWTON method with SIMNLIN procedure. Indonesian sugar import from China is more responsive than Indonesian sugar import from Thailand to changes in sugar import tariff, but the share of Indonesian sugar import from Thailand larger than Indonesian sugar import from China so that reducing import tariff policy will increase sugar import from Thailand larger than China. Elimination of import tariff will increase consumer’s surplus higher than decreasing of producer’s surplus but net surplus decrease because government’s tariff revenue also decrease. This study suggest that to increase sugar consumer’s and producer’s welfare (net surplus) the combinations of reducing sugar import tariff, increasing price of sugar, expansion of sugar cane plantations and strengthening the role of State Logistics Agency could be an appropriate policy instruments.
Keyword: 

Judul: The Impact -of Trade Liberalization on the Performance of Indonesian Sugar Industry: A Policy Analysis
Abstrak: lndustri gula Indonesia sudah berlangsung sejak lebih dari satu abad yang lalu. Keberhasilan industri gula dinikmati penjajah jauh sebelum Indonesia merdeka. Peranannya yang strategis dimasa sekarang maupun yang akan datang, dengan berbagai masalah yang timbul dalam memasuki era liberalisasi perdagangan, menjadi fenomena baru bagi industri gula Indonesia. Penelitian int bertujuan menganalisis dampak liberalisasi perdagangan terhadap keragaan industri gula domestik. Model lndustri Gula Indonesia yang simultan dan dinamik dibangun dan diduga dengan metode Two Stage Least Squares. Metode Stepwise autoregresive dan exponential smoothing digunakan untuk memperoleh data ramalan variabel eksogen. Simulasi historis (ex-post) dan peramalan (ex-ante) menggunakan metode solusi Newton. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ( 1) di negara eksportir, tingkat produksi menjadi pertimbangan yang utama dalam mengekspor; sedangkan di negara importir pertimbangan utamanya adalah harga impor dan tingkat konsumsi, (2) intervensi pasar negara eksportir maupun importir akan mempengaruhi harga gula dunia, (3) kebijakan kemandirian produksi gula domestik akan memperbaiki keragaan industri gula domestik pada era liberalisasi perdagangctn, dan (4) akses kredit, penerapan teknologi (budidaya dan pengolahan) serta perluasan areal menjadi faktor penentu keberhasilan dalam memperbaiki keragaan industri gula domestik., Sugar industry in Indonesia have existed since a century ago. The success of sugar industry was enjoyed by the colonizers far before the Indonesian independence day. The strategic roles at present and in the future with their complex problems which appear in entering trade liberalization era become new phenomena for Indonesian sugar industry. , This study aims at analyzing the impact of trade liberalization on the ◄ performance of domestic sugar industry. The Model of Indonesian Sugar Industry was build and estimated by Two Stage Least Squares method • which is simultaneous and dynamic. Stepwise Autoregressive and , · Exponential Smoothing methods are used to obtain forecasting data for exogenous variables. Historical (ex-post) and forecasting (ex-ante) simulations using Newton solution method. The results show that (1) in exporter countries, production level become the main consideration in sugar export, while in importer countries, the main consideration is import price and the consumption level, (2) market intervention of exporter and importer countries will influence the world sugar price, (3) self reliance policy of domestic sugar production will improve domestic sugar industry performance in the era of trade liberalization, and (4) the accessibility of credit, the application of , technology effectivity ( cultivation and processing) and are expansion become decisive factors for the success for the improvement of the performance of Indonesian sugar industry.
Keyword: Sugar industry, sugar export

Judul: Penggunaan Teorema Homeomorphy 2-Manifold dan Teorema Euler Poincare pada Torus 𝑇�� dan Simplicial Complex 𝐾��
Abstrak: Two dimensional topological spaces are said to be homeomorphic if they have the same topological invariant, where one of topological invariant used is an Euler characteristic. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem and Euler Poincare’s Theorem are used to distinguish two topological spaces. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem uses Euler characteristic to identify two dimensional topological spaces. Euler Poincare’s Theorem is an alternative way to find Euler characteristic with Betti number, which is topological invariant as well. The objective of this paper is to investigate the homeomorphism of torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾�����. Topological space torus and simplicial complex 𝐾����� have the same Euler characteristic, which is two. Based on Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem topological space torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾����� is homeomorphic.
Keyword: simplicial, torus, Euler, homeomorphism, topology