Judul: Binahong Leaf (Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Stennis) in Dairy Cattle Ration: An In Vitro Analysis of Microbial Safety and Activity in the Rumen
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji keamanan penggunaan daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Stennis) dan imbuhannya dalam ransum ternak perah melalui pengamatan daya hidup mikroba, fermentabilitas dan kecernaan in vitro. Pengujian daya hidup mikroba rumen menggunakan ekstrak daun binahong dengan level 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% dan 20%. Data dianalisis dengan analisis regresi. Pengujian in vitro, digunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 7 perlakuan dan 3 waktu pengambilan rumen sebagai kelompok. Perlakuan terdiri dari: R0: 60% hijauan + 40% konsentrat (kontrol), R1: R0 + 2.5% daun binahong (DB), R2: R0 + 5% DB, R3: R0 + 7,5% DB, R4: R0 + 10% DB, R5: R0 + 12,5% DB, R6: R0 + 15% DB. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA), pengujian lanjut menggunakan kontras orthogonal. Penggunaan daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Stennis) sampai 10% di dalam ransum ternak perah laktasi masih dinilai aman jika dianalisis dari dinamika populasi mikroba dan aktivitas fermentasinya di dalam rumen secara in vitro., This study aimed to assess the safety of using binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Stennis) leaves and their supplementation in dairy cattle rations by observing in vitro microbial viability, fermentability and digestibility. Rumen microbial viability test used binahong leaf extract with levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Data were analyzed by regression analysis. In in vitro testing used randomized block design with 7 treatments and 3 rumen collection times as a group. The treatments were: R0: 60% forage + 40% concentrate (control), R1: R0 + 2.5% binahong leaves (DB), R2: R0 + 5% DB, R3: R0 + 7.5% DB, R4: R0 + 10 %DB, R5: R0 + 12.5% DB, R6: R0 + 15% DB. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), further tested orthogonal contrast. The use of binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Stennis) up to 10% in the ration of lactating dairy cattle is still considered safe when analyzed from the dynamics of the microbial population and its fermentation activity in the rumen in vitro.
Keyword: binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Stennis), fermentabilitas, in vitro, kecernaan, mikroba rumen

Judul: Efek Suplementasi Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) Dalam Ransum Ternak Perah: Suatu Kajian Keamanan Daya Hidup Mikroba dan Aktivitas Fermentasi In Vitro
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari efek suplementasi daun kelor (DK) yang aman di dalam ransum ternak perah, melalui pengamatan daya hidup mikroba dan aktivitas fermentasi di dalam rumen secara in vitro. Untuk pengujian daya hidup mikroba rumen digunakan ekstrak DK yang diperoleh dari proses ekstraksi menggunakan metode infusa. Level konsentrasi ekstrak DK yang digunakan 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20% menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 3 kelompok berupa pengambilan cairan rumen. Data dianalisis dengan sidik ragam (ANOVA) dengan uji lanjut menggunakan polinomial ortogonal. Penelitian in vitro menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 7 perlakuan ransum dan 3 kelompok berupa frekuensi pengambilan cairan rumen. Perlakuan tersebut adalah: R0: 60% hijauan + 40% konsentrat (Kontrol), R1= R0 + 2,5% DK, R2= R0+ 5% DK, R3= R0 + 7,5% DK, R4= R0 + 10% DK, R5= R0 + 12,5% DK, R6= R0 + 15% DK. Data dianalisis dengan sidik ragam (ANOVA) dengan uji lanjut menggunakan kontras orthogonal. Untuk pengujian daya hidup mikroba dilakukan pengukuran populasi bakteri total dan protozoa, sedangkan untuk pengujian in vitro dilakukan pengukuran fermentabilitas (konsentrasi NH3 dan VFA total) dan kecernaan (KCBK dan KCBO). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak daun kelor menurunkan populasi bakteri dan protozoa, namun masih dalam batas normal. Secara in vitro, peningkatan suplementasi daun kelor dalam ransum tidak mempengaruhi konsentrasi NH3 dan kecernaan, namun menurunkan sangat nyata konsentrasi VFA total (P<0,01), meskipun masih dalam batas normal. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Penggunaan daun kelor sampai 15% di dalam ransum ternak perah, masih aman terhadap daya hidup mikroba dan aktivitas fermentasi (fermentabilitas dan kecernaan) di dalam rumen secara in vitro., This study aimed to study the effect of safe Moringa leaf (DK) supplementation in dairy cattle rations, through in vitro observations of microbial viability and rumen fermentation activity. To test the viability of rumen microbes, DK extract obtained from the extraction process using the infusion method was used. The concentration level of DK extract used 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% using a randomized block design (RAK) with 5 treatments and 3 groups taking rumen fluid. Data were analyzed by means of variance (ANOVA) with further tests using orthogonal polynomials. The in vitro study used a randomized block design (RAK) with 7 rations treatments and 3 groups in rumen fluid intake frequency. The treatments were R0= 60% forage + 40% concentrate (Control), R1= R0 + 2.5% DK, R2= R0+ 5% DK, R3= R0 + 7.5% DK, R4= R0 + 10% DK, R5= R0 + 12.5% DK, R6= R0 + 15% DK. Data were analyzed by means of variance (ANOVA) with further test using orthogonal contrast. To test microbial viability, total bacterial and protozoan populations were measured, while for in vitro testing, fermentability (NH3 concentration and total VFA) and digestibility (KCBK and KCBO) were measured. The results showed that increasing the concentration of Moringa leaf extract reduced the population of bacteria and protozoa, but was still within normal limits. In vitro, the increase in Moringa leaf supplementation in the diet did not affect the NH3 concentration and digestibility, but significantly reduced the total VFA concentration (P<0,01),
Keyword: digestibility,, fermentability,, in vitro,, moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera   Lamk.),, rumen microbes

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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