Judul: Demographic And Employment Characteristics Associated With Underemployment In Java And Non-Java Provinces
Abstrak: Labour force utilization policy in Indonesia mainly focuses on the unemployment rate, which does not adequately measure the whole aspect of labour utilization. The underemployment rate can provide deeper measurement by capturing the condition where the part-time worker would like an additional working hour to increase income. Underemployment rate can capture the condition where the worker are not fully utilized. Indonesia has a problem with underemployment, where there is a gap in the underemployment rate in Java and Non-Java Provinces. The average underemployment rate in provinces which located outside Java are higher than the provinces in Java. This condition might related to the characteristics of the worker. It is required to assess what is the characteristics that define underemployment status. To investigate the characteristics that associated with underemployment status, multinomial probit regression on Indonesian National Labour Force Survey 2021 (SAKERNAS 2021) data was used. There are 3 model in this research, the general national model, worker in Java model and non-Java worker model. The characteristics that being observed are the demographic and employment characteristics. This research finds that young females with a degree who live in rural areas and work in informal and agricultural sectors are more prone to underemployment. There are noticeable differences in the magnitude of associated factors of underemployment between Java and Non-Java workers.
Keyword: demographic, labour utilization, multinomial probit, underemployment

Judul: Pengangguran di Indonesia 1984-2008
Abstrak: Unemployment is a common problem in most countries. Generally the national unemployment rate rose from average 4.83 percent in 1992-1999 to 9.08 percent in 2000-2008. An increase in the unemployment rate not only implies a serious underutilization of manpower, but also may likely generate a series of social problems in the long run. As such, dealing with the upsurge in the unemployment rate has become the top priority in the governments policy agenda. Aside from the rise of the aggregate unemployment rate, the regional unemployment rate in Indonesia shows wide variability of the unemployment rate among 26 provinces, moreover this unemployment rate seems to persist over time. This study intended to identify the persistence of regional unemployment and to explore the sources of this regional unemployment across Indonesian provinces. Using time series data from 1984 through 2008 it identified the existence of regional persistence with two approaches: Im Pesharan Shin panel unit root test and panel method to get the ‘near unit root’ coefficient. Thus, to analyze factors affecting regional unemployment, panel data analysis was used. Panel unit root test showed that panel data in this period was stationary and this study found the coefficient was a near unit root process (0.87). A cross-regional panel study showed that the variables contributing to unemployment rate were the share of the labor force (15-24), minimum wage province, the percentage of the labor force that is male, and the share of labor force with a higher education. Real GDRP per capita, dependency ratio, and industry composition (the share of manufacturing and agriculture sectors to GDRP) negatively effected the dependent variable. Related to industry composition, even though both sector have a negative effect which reduced regional unemployment but the result showed that agriculture has the largest employment elasticity.Understanding the sources of regional unemployment is helpful to determine the appropriate policies to mitigate the unemployment rate across regions. This study provides important implications for government to make a new reorientation so that sector which has relatively high growth can also create employment. Second, this study recommends the promotion of a vocational education and training as a transition for young person to enter labor market. Third, it also suggests development of agriculture in rural area. Fourth, the government in region must have a specific unemployment program depending on potential characteristics of the regions and promotes new investments to create employment. Fifth, UMP is still needed as a reference in setting the workers wage, but the criteria of minimum wage should be determined not only refers to inflation rate but also includes employment growth, financial capability of company, and macroeconomic stability.
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Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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