Judul: Interspecies protoplasts fusion between citrus siam simadu (Citrus nobilis Lour.) and citrus mandarin satsuma (C. unshiu Marc.)
Abstrak: Somatic hybridization is an important tool for supplying new varieties to be used directly as cultivar genetic improvement programs. In citrus, this technology has been extensively used and has many important implipications. The objectives to the research are produceed citrus somatic hybrids between citrus siam Simadu and Mandarin Satsuma with chemical fusion (PEG). Protoplasts of siam Simadu from calli with Mandarin Satsuma from mesophyll-derived protoplasts were regenerated by somatic embryogenesis. Concentration and duration of incubation in a solution of PEG strongly affected the fusion induction of siam Simadu with Mandarin Satsuma. High concentrations of PEG can increase the frequency of fusion, while the low concentration produces a low frequency of fusion. The result showed that protoplasts from embryogenic callus of Simadu tangerine and in vitro leaf of Mandarin Satsuma can be isolated in large numbers by using a combination of cellulase Onozuka R10, Yakult Yakult% 1% with R10 Maserozim in CPW solution. Protoplasts are purified with a mixture of 25% sucrose with 13% mannitol. Protoplast density produced from embryogenic callus is 15.7x105 protoplasts / g callus and 13x105 protoplasts/ g in vitro leaf. The concentration of PEG used to induce fusion between mesophyll protoplasts Mandarin Satsuma and siam Simadu callus affect the average number of protoplasts fusion. Average number of protoplasts were fused by using PEG 4% are 3.3 hetero fusion, 5.0 homo fusion and multi-fusion. Average number of protoplasts were fused by using PEG 30% are 4.7 hetero fusion, 6.7 homo fusion 6.7 and 7.7multi-fusion. The success of fusan regeneration on regeneration medium is influenced by PEG concentration used for induction of fusion. Protoplasts were fused with PEG only 4%, which can regenerate to form cell walls, making cell division, colony cells, micro-callus and somatic embryo. Protoplasts were fused with PEG 30% can only be regenerated to form the cell wall and cell division. Giving light to the culture after 2 weeks may accelerate cell division that can form colonies of cells. Dilutions of cell suspension with the same medium (without 2, 4-D) can accelerate the growth and development of the protoplasts formed colonies of cells, micro-callus and somatic embryos. MW medium is best used in the fusion because it can encourage of somatic embryos directly. Addition of ABA 0.5 mg / l in the media can produce somatic embryos and GA3 0.5 mg / l can germinate mature somatic embryos to plantlets with 76% germination efficiency. Somatic hybrids were germinated, then trasfered to a medium culture, and finally grafted in greenhouse. The hybrids were confirmed by growth of in vitro culture, morphology, cytology (chromosome number), molecular analysis (ISSR), and contain of chlorophyl Keywords: Citrus, male sterility, chemical fusion, somatic embryogenesis, morphology,
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Judul: Study Regeneration of Tengerine Citrus Batu 55 (Citrus reticulata) Through Somatic Embryogenesis Path Way
Abstrak: The global world market of citrus fruit that is consumed in fresh form to the current needs to fill a category of fruit that do not have seeds, easy to peel and has an attractive color (pigmented). Tangerine citrus Batu 55 is one of the mainstay of fresh fruit horticulture. Tangerine citrus Batu 55 has superior character who naturally have had so distinguished by citrus Siam but the characters are not as good as tangerine imports. Somatic embryogenesis is an important tool for supplying new varieties to be used cultivar genetic improvement programs in citrus, this technology has been extensively used and has many important implications. The objective of this research is to produce somatic embryos of Tangerine citrus Batu 55 from nucellar embryo. The research comprised: embryogenic callus induction, callus prolifertation, maturation of somatic embryo, germination of somatic embryo, shoot multiplication, roots induction, chromosome counting, acclimatization and grafting. The results showed that the medium of Murashige & Tucker + 3 mg/l BAP + 1 mg/l 2,4-D + 500 mg /l malt extract increased the percentage of the callus formation up to 40% after 4 weeks with total number of pre-embryos (PEM ) 31.0. The medium proliferation used was MS with the addition of vitamin Morell & Wetmore (MW) +3 mg/l BAP+300 mg/l casein hydrolisat. These medium improved callus diameter up to 2.3 mm after 4 weeks cultured. Maturation of embryos was obtained by transferring globular structure in the medium MW + 2.5 mg/l ABA + 500 mg/l malt extract. These medium increased the percentage of mature somatic embryo up to 98% after 4 weeks cultured. Somatic embryos up to 84% germinated when the cotyledons grown in the medium MW + 2.5 mg/l GA3. The shoot multiplication containing MW medium + 7 mg/l biotin +500 mg/l malt extract was able to produce the highest percentage of shoot multiplication up to 86 %. The root induction containing MS medium + 3 mg/l IBA was able to produce the highest percentage of root induction up to 86%. Acclimatization of plantlets with roots increased survival rate up to 90% after 5 weeks acclimatization.
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Judul: Heisenberg Uncertainty of Double SlitSystem Based on Budiyono-Rohrlich Quantum Statistics Model
Abstrak: Interpretasi kuantum dikembangkan untuk memaknai secara fisis dengan jelas bagaimana suatu dinamika pada sistem mikroskopis yang dijelaskan dengan teori-teori kuantum, seperti interpretasi Copenhagen yang mendeskripsikan sistem kuantum sebagai suatu keadaan yang dideskripsikan dengan fungsi gelombang yang berisikan bagaimana peluang keadaan suatu sistem. Interpretasi kuantum juga bisa dibawa dari suatu sistem klasik seperti pada model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich yang menjelaskan bagaimana dinamika kuantum berhubungan dengan sistem klasik dengan penerapan statistika pada model Hamiltonian sistem. Fungsi distribusi dapat mendeskripsikan bagaimana suatu sistem terdistribusi pada suatu ruang pada pandangan klasik namun untuk sistem kuantum fungsi distribusi adalah peluang dari sistem tersebut. Sistem klasik dan kuantum juga dipisahkan berdasarkan pada ketidakpastian Heisenberg tentang suatu pengukuran yang tidak bisa secara sekaligus dilakukan bersamaan. Model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich membawa suatu sistem klasik menjadi sistem kuantum dengan dua aksioma yaitu hukum kekekalan energi rata rata dan konservasi rapat probabilitas. Sistem klasik yang didefinisikan akan diatur dengan menambahkan dua variable matematis berupa ontic extensions dan epistemic restrictions dimana kedua variabel ini yang akan menghubungkan bagaimana sistem klasik bisa diubah menjadi sebuah sistem kuantum. Dua variabel matematis tadi membuat sebuah sistem bisa diperlihatkan ketidakpastiannya lewat perhitungan simpangan rata-rata dan hasilnya akan selalu memenuhi ketidakpastian Heisenberg
Keyword: fungsi distribusi, model Budiyono-Rohrlich, ontic extension, epistemic restriction, ketidakpastian Heisenberg