Judul: Tetraploidisasi pada ikan lele afrika
Abstrak: Tetraploidisasi merupakan rekayasa set kromosom dari individu normal yang memiliki set kromosom 2n individu tetraploid yang memiliki set kromosom 4n. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menghasilkan individu tetraploid sebagai indukan untuk menghasilkan individu triploid secara massal, yaitu dengan cara menyilangkannya dengan individu nornal
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Judul: Triploidisasi pada hibrid ikan mas ( Cyprinus caprio L. ) betina dengan ikan nilem ( Osteochilus hasselti C. V. ) jantan pada kejutan panas 2, 3 dan 4 menit setelah pembuahan
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Juli 1990 sampai Oktober 1990 di Laboratorium Pengembangbiakan Ikan, Kolam Babakan Darmaga, Fakultas Perikanan, IPB, Bogor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberha- triploidisasi ikan mas betina dengan ikan nilem silan jantan pada kejutan panas 2, 3 dan 4 menit setelah pem- buahan. Ikan mas betina yang telah matang gonad disuntik dengan hipofisa, kemudian dicampur dengan beberapa ekor ikan mas jantan di kolam pemijahan. Ketika mulai memijah induk betina ditangkap dan telur dikeluarkan dengan cara stripping, demikian juga dengan pengumpulan sperma. Sperma diencerkan 100 kali dengan larutan fisiologis. Kontrol normal (2N-MM) diperoleh dengan cara mencam一 purkan telur dengan sperma ikan mas tanpa perlakuan ke- jutan panas. Sedangkan kontrol triploid (3N-MM) dan hibrid triploid (3N-MN) diperoleh dengan cara mengumpulkan telur ikan mas dan sperma ikan mas untuk 3N-MM dan sperma ikan nilem untuk 3N-MN. Pada saat 2,3 dan 4 menit setelah pembuahan, telur-telur tersebut diberikan kejutan panas pada suhu 40°C selama 1,5 menit. Perhitungan telur yang dibuahi dihitung setiap 8 jam untuk mendapatkan persentase pembuahan telur (DR) dan ke- langsungan hidup embrio (SRe). Setelah menetas dihitung setiap pagi dan sore selama 14 hari, untuk mendapatkan nilai laju kelangsungan hidup larva 14 hari (SRI). Untuk mengetahui keberhasilan triploidisasi dilakukan pengamatan preparat nukleolus pada tiap-tiap perlakuan dengan mikroskop pembesaran 1000 kali. Adapun cara pembuatan preparat nukleolus dengan pewarnaan perak (Phillips et al., 1986)…dst
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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