Judul: Isolasi Senyawa Lutein dari Ekstrak Bunga Brokoli sebagai Antioksidan
Abstrak: Antioxidant activity is important to protect our body from free radicals. Green vegetables such as broccoli has high content of lutein which can act as an antioxidant. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize lutein extract of broccoli flowers, and then further evaluated its antioxidant activity by using α,α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The extraction used n-hexane as solvent and KOH/ethanol for saponification process. Extracted lutein was characterized with preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). Four fractions were obtained from preparative TLC and fraction 3 had the same Rf compared with lutein standard. This fraction was further analyzed with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer and had similar functional groups with lutein standard. Based on this result, it can be concluded that broccoli flower extract has lutein compound and potential as an antioxidant with 99.321 μg/mL IC50 value.
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Judul: Analysis of Active Compounds in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L var. italica) to Inhibit Kelch-like ECH-associated Protein 1 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Abstrak: Diabetes Melitus tipe 2 ditandai dengan resistensi insulin akibat kerusakan reseptor insulin, terjadi karena peningkatan jumlah reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hal ini dapat diatasi dengan mengaktifkan antioxidant response elements (ARE) dengan menginhibisi regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). Dimetil fumarat (DMF) telah dipakai sebagai obat penurun jumlah ROS namun dengan efeksamping yang berbahaya, dilakukan pencarian senyawa obat lain. Senyawa lain yang telah terbukti menurunkan ROS ialah senyawa yang berasal dari brokoli (Brassica oleracea. var. italica), yaitu sulforafan. Brokoli memiliki 31 senyawa aktif yang diuji aktivitas dan potensinya menggunakan metode in silico dengan penapisan virtual dan penambatan molekuler. Tahap penapisan virtual mengeliminasi 5 senyawa dan uji toksisitas mengeliminasi 8 senyawa, sehingga tersisa 18 senyawa yang lolos ke penambatan molekuler. Analisis penambatan menggunakan parameter energi afinitas dan persentase Binding Site Similarity, menunjukkan terdapat tiga kelompok senyawa yang berpotensi dengan gluconasturtiin sebagai senyawa dengan potensi terbaik. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut harus diuji lebih lanjut terutama terkait efek sampingnya sebelum dijadikan sebagai senyawa obat., Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus can be characterized by insulin resistance, as a result from insulin receptor damage from increased amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This problem is overcome by inhibiting Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) regulator and activating antioxidant response elements (ARE). Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is one of the drug that can reduce the amount of ROS, but because of its dangerous side effects thus performed search for other drug-like compounds. Compound proven to reduce ROS is sulforafan that derived from broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). There are 31 active compounds in broccoli, tested its activity and potency by in silico method, that is by virtual screening and molecular docking. Virtual screening eliminated 5 compounds and toxicity test eliminated 8 compounds, allowing only 18 compounds to molecular docking step. Analyzed by their affinity energy and Binding Site Similarity percentage, there are three groups of potential compounds, with gluconasturtiin that has the best potential. These compounds should be carried out for further analysis, especially their side effects, before being categorized as a drug.
Keyword: brokoli, diabetes melitus, in silico, KEAP1, ROS

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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