Judul: Study of Standard Microbiological, Guidelines, and Applications of Rapid Test Method for Meat and Fish Products
Abstrak: Laboratorium pengujian mikrobiologi merupakan bagian penting dalam menunjang sistem rantai pangan pada produk daging dan ikan. Jenis pengujian E.coli, Salmonella, dan L. monocytogenes merupakan parameter umum dalam uji mikrobiologi sebagai indikator kualitas produk dan keamanan pangan. Ketiga mikroba tersebut dalam regulasi diatur dalam standar batas maksimum cemaran mikrobiologi oleh beberapa negara. Pada penelitian ini standar cemaran mikrobiologi pangan daging dan ikan dibagi menjadi kategori produk dengan pemanasan dan tanpa pemanasan. Hasil sandingan dari beberapa negara menunjukan batas cemaran parameter E.coli batas dengan nilai ambang batas tertentu, sedangkan Salmonella dan L.monocytogenes wajib negatif. Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang metode analisis pengujian mikrobiologi yang diterapkan oleh beberapa negara. Hasil sandingan metode pengujian dari beberapa negara menunjukan penggunaan metode berbasis pertumbuhan atau kultur media pada pengujian E.coli, Salmonella, dan L.monocytogenes. Metode uji cepat berbasis PCR telah dikembangkan untuk pengujian mikrobiologi produk pangan. Sejumlah negara telah menerapkan metode uji cepat PCR yang tercantum dalam regulasi di negara tersebut seperti Amerika Serikat dan Kanada. Metode pengujian realtime PCR diterapkan oleh Amerika Serikat pada BAM chapter 5 untuk konfirmasi uji Salmonella dan BAM chapter 11 untuk konfirmasi uji L.monocytogenes. Kanada meregulasi metode realtime PCR mengacu pada standar penerapan metode analisis yang tercantum pada The Compedium of Analitics Method Volume 3. Secara standar Internasional metode pengujian mikrobiologi produk pangan berbasis PCR tervalidasi pada ISO 22174:2005 untuk PCR dan ISO ISO 22118:2011 serta ISO 22119:2011 untuk realtime PCR. Penelitian ini juga melihat profil penerapan metode analisis di beberapa laboratorium pengujian mikrobiologi Indonesia. Laboratorium yang dianalisis merupakan laboratorium yang sudah terakreditasi Komite Akreditasi Nasional (KAN). Hasil penelitian menunjukan lab pengujian mikrobiologi di Indonesia menerapkan metode analisis mengacu SNI, ISO, FDA BAM, AOAC, dan validasi internal seperti PCR. Beberapa laboratorium pengujian mikrobiologi telah menerapkan metode PCR dengan terlebih dahulu melakukan validasi internal. Metode pengujian cepat PCR dapat diaplikasikan untuk pengujian mikrobiologi produk daging dan ikan di Indonesia dengan mengacu penetapannya di beberapa negara dan tervalidasi secara internasional.
Keyword: laboratory, microbiology, standard, testing, ISO

Judul: Review on food microbiological standard in Indonesia
Abstrak: Microbiological standards for processed food in Indonesia are regulated by the Head of NADFC in Decree No. POM. HK.00.06.1.52.4011 2009 pertaining Microbial and Chemical Contamination Limit in Food and by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). In the implementation, there were several obstacles and some criteria could not be met because they were too stringent or the testing methods were not available. The purpose of this study was to compare the fulfillment of microbiological standards of Indonesia and some other countries in the world against the rules of CAC microbiology criteria, to review microbiological criteria of priority foods and to provide recommendations for their microbiological criteria. The study was conducted by comparing and analyzing the microbiological criteria from Indonesia and 10 other countries, namely Australia and New Zealand, Europe, Philippines, Malaysia, Canada, Hongkong, India, Japan, Singapore and South Africa and recommendation by Codex Alimentarius Comission (CAC) Principles for The Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria for Foods (CAC/GL 21-1997). As the case studies, several foods were selected based on several obstacles occurred and their criteria and studied as above. The results showed almost all countries have not comply the rules. The study also showed that Indonesia’s standard for bottled/packaged drinking water, instant coffee and canned food need revision. There were two maximum limit of TPC and discrepancies with the analytical method requirements on drinking water. Forthe purpose of verification of the production process and lot acceptance, it is recommended to set one maximum limit of TPC. The recommendation for TPC sampling plan for drinking water is a three-class sampling plan with n = 5 and c = 2 and a maximum of m = 102 cfu/mL and M = 105 cfu/mL. Analytical methods that can be refered to is ISO or analytical methods other than that specified in the standard, provided that the method of analysis has been validated for its equivalent sensitivity, reproducibility and reliability based ISO/TR/13843 of Water quality-Guidance on validation of microbiological methods. The nature of instant coffee as dry food does not support microbial growth.To anticipate of bad sanitation and hygiene practices, the determination of the maximum limits and sampling plansfot instant coffee can be proposed by a three-class sampling plan with n = 5, c = 2, m = 103 cfu/g and M = 105 cfu/g. While the sampling plan for mold in instant coffee are three-class sampling plan with n = 5, c = 2, m = 102 cfu/g and M = 103 cfu/g. Determination of microbiological criteria in canned food is irrelevant. Commercially sterile process food has a very low number of microorganisme that the criteria can not be applied.It is recommended to simply set adequacy compliance requirements with commercial sterilization process is the test incubation.
Keyword: CAC, microbiological criteria, regulations, sampling plan, standard

Judul: The use of homotopy perturbation methode to solve fuzzy volterra  integral equations
Abstrak: Most phenomena in nature can be explained in mathematical models, such as fuzzy volterra integral equation. The fuzzy volterra integral equation is a nonlinear integral problem, which is usually dificult to solve by an analytical solution. In this paper, fuzzy volterra integral equation is solved using perturbaion homotopy method, which can be written as a power series in p and satisfies a certain homotopy fuction. This manuscript discuss two case studies, i.e. the case of linear and trigonometric kernel function. The result shows that greater approximation order being used, the wider convergence solution area wil be.
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