Judul: Analisis daya saing teh hitam Indonesia di Pasar International
Abstrak: Tujuan umum penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis daya saing teh hitam Indonesia di pasar internasional dan secara khusus menganalisis kebijakan input dan output, serta dampak alternatif kebijakan terhadap daya saing dan mengetahui kendala- Kendala ekspor teh hitam Indonesia. Sampel adalah perusahaan milik pemerintah dan nilik swasta produsen teh hitam untuk ekspor, berlokasi di Jawa Barat yang dipilih secara purposive. Unit analisis adalah pabrik pengolah dipilih secara proporsional dari jumlah pabrik masing-masing perusahaan. Data mulai tahap pengolahan sampai pemasaran siap ekspor selama satu tahun (tahun 1997) dengan alat analisis PAM (Policy Analysis Matrix).
Keyword: Policy Analysis Matrix, Teh Hitam, Daya Saing

Judul: Analisis permintaan dan penawaran teh Indonesia di pasaran domestik dan international
Abstrak: Dalam segi permintaan di pasaran domestik, baik teh hitam maupun teh hijau permintaannya tidak dipengaruhi oleh harganya, komoditi substitusinya, pendapatan konsumen, mau- pun tingkat konsumsi yang diinginkan oleh konsumen. Pen- dekatan secara keseluruhan (Agregat), juga diperoleh hasil yang konsisten. Dalam segi penawaran ekspor, teh hitam relatif telah berorentasi pada pasaran internasional. Disamping itu penawaran teh hitam di pasaran internasional juga dipengaruhi oleh pena- waran pada pasaran domestik pada periode sebelumnya, dan ni lai tukar. Sedangkan pengaruh dari variabel-variabel permintaan dan penawaran domestik lainnya tidak menunjukkan penga ruh terhadap penawaran ekspor teh Indonesia, hal ini disebabkan oleh karena teh hitam dalam strategi pemasarannya memang berorentasi pada ekspor. Dalam segi daya saing, ekspor teh Indonesia di pasaran internasional bersaing dengan teh dari Tanzania; bersifat independen dengan teh dari India, Srilangka, dan Kenya; dan mempunyai daya saing yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan ekspor teh dari Mozambik dan Uganda.
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Judul: Development of DNA Vaccine Encoding Glycoprotein of Koi Herpes Virus Using Local Isolate.
Abstrak: The aim of this research was to develop DNA vaccine of Koi Herpesvirus in carp. Glycoprotein gene originated from ORF 25 KHV virus that is 1.8 kbp in size, is a potential gene in DNA vaccine construction. The sequencing and similarity analysis of the gene using BLAST software showed that this gene is a GP25 gene and was found to be very similar (99%) to GP25 of KHV virus from the USA and Israel. When this GP25 gene was ligated with pGEMT Easy (pT, 3 kbp in size) vector, plasmid size was increasing up to 5 kb. Following this, a digestion of pT-GP25 plasmid using Sal I enzyme was applied resulted in a GP25 fragment (1.8 kbp). Subsequently, pAct-D6 with a size of 8.5 kbp was also cut using the same enzyme to eleminate a D6 gene with a size of 1.6 kbp. GP25 gene was then ligated with pAct resulted a pAct-GP25 plasmid with a size of 8.8 kbp. As there was only one restriction site applied, ligation can be occurred in two different directions. Thus, in order to determine the plasmid with the desired direction PCR analysis was carried out, and plasmid with the right direction was the one that sized approximately 2.1 kbp (no. 6, 17 and 20). High level of GFP gene expression was detected in all tissues analyzed, i.e. kidney, gil, spleen, and muscle 24 hours after injection which indicated that β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka could be active in common carp. Although not as high as on 24 hours, expression was still detected until day 7 and disappeared after day 28 post injection indicating that pAct-GFP can be remained and β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka can be active in muscle, gills and kidney at least a week after injection. The result of RT-PCR analysis on pAct-GP25 injected common carp showed that GP25 gene expression can be detected 14 days after injection in all tissues observed. The expression level differences between GFP and GP25 genes possibly related to the primer sensitivity on annealing process to cDNA template and the size of PCR targeted DNA fragment, as smaller PCR targeted product will be easier to be amplified than a bigger one. The length of PCR targeted DNA with GP25 primer was 1.8 kbp whereas GFP gene was 0.6 kbp.The challenge test on common carp results showed that all unvaccinated and negative control (not infected with KHV) was alive until the end of the experiment. Whereas, the survival of fish vaccinated with a dose of 12.5 was ranged from 60.9 and 96.7%. In relation to the activity of β-actin promoter that was used in this DNA vaccine, gene expression was occured 24 hours after vaccination and remained until 2 weeks. The control fish that was not injected by GP25 showed no GP25 expression either in the observed tissues or organs and resulted in a lower survival, i.e. 23.3%. The challenge test results has indicated that the fish vaccinated with GP25 at doses of 7.5 and 12.5 μg/100μL were able to produce KHV glycoprotein in their body which would be
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