Judul: Analysis of the potential greenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4) in intensive shrimp ponds business and public perception in its management in Kabupaten Tulang Bawang, Lampung Province
Abstrak: Aquaculture activities including shrimp aquaculture gives rise to waste that can disrupt the stability of the environment. The high of shrimp feeds in Nitrogen (N) and the retention of shrimps often are less than 25% of the input (N Briggs and Funge 1994; Boyd and Tucker 1998; Burford et al. 2003). Nitrogen that is left in the pond, generally, leached into the surrounding waters, either periodically to reduce the stress of shrimp, or at the time of harvest. Excess N can cause eutrophication of waters. Eutrophication in the pond waters resulted chemical change in a water, blooming algae, increasing of turbidity, lack of Dissolved Oxygen, as well as changes in the food chain (Ryther and Dunstan 1971; Paerl 1988; Kennish, 1992; Nixon 1995; Smith et al. 1999). The decomposition of organic substances of microbe in the bottom waters resulted in the release of greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, and N2O, whereas N2O is an intermediate product of denitrification process. In addition, another problems faced by the aquaculture is the indirectly energy use in large quantities could result in the potential of greenhouse gases ( CO2 ). Research purposes 1 ) Analyze the magnitude of the potential greenhouse gas (CH4) of intensive shrimp ponds wastes 2) Analyze the magnitude of the potential greenhouse gas (CO2) on the use of energy on intensive shrimp ponds 3) Analyze the perception of people about global warming. Research is done at water-preaparation phase of intensive shrimp ponds ( 02.60 AW and 02.60.AK), and nearly-harvested phase of intensive shrimp ponds ( 02.55.AW and 02.55.AK ) owned by PT. Central Pertiwi Bahari, Kecamatan Dente Teladas, Kabupaten Tulang Bawang, Lampung Province in January 2011 - April 2011. The analysis of potential methane (CH4 ) was done in Laboratorium Balai Penelitian Lingkungan Pertanian, Jaken, Pati, Central Java. The results show that the potential greenhouse gas (CH4) from intensive shrimp ponds waste on SO 02.55. (nearly-harvested phase) was 0.45 – 1,08 mg/kg waste/year (FCR-1.3) and 0.42 - 1.00 mg/kg waste/year (FCR 1.4). Meanwhile, the potential greenhouse gas (CH4) from intensive shrimp ponds waste at SO.02.60 (waterpreparation phase) was 1.26 - 64,61 mg/kg waste/year (FCR 1.3) and 1.17 - 60.00 mg/kg waste/year (FCR 1.4). High methane production of shrimp ponds waste on SO. 02.60 (AW and AK) is affected by the pH values i.e. 6,61 - 7.06. The range of pH values greatly affects the methane-producing bacteria to produce methane gas. The potential of greenhouse gases (CO2) on the energy use at intensive shrimp ponds SO.02.55 (nearly-harvested phase) was 715,87 kg.CO2/day and on SO.02.60 ( waterpreparation phase) was 89,48 kg.CO2 /day. The energy use in the form of the pinwheel use gave an effect of the potential greenhouse gases ( CO2 ). From 39 respondents, as many as 58,97 % have heard a term of global warming. Meanwhile, 41,03 % never heard a term global warming. The level of education did not give a tangible affect against perception of the public about shrmp ponds waste management and global warming.
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Judul: Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Beef Cattle  Manure in Semangke Hamlet, Jenu District, Tuban Regency
Abstrak: Emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) merupakan salah satu penyebab utama perubahan iklim. Peternakan, dengan kontribusi besar terhadap emisi GRK seperti CO2, CH4 dan N2O, turut berperan dalam masalah ini. Penelitian ini fokus pada emisi metana (CH4) yang dihasilkan oleh peternakan sapi potong di Dusun Semangke, Kecamatan Jenu. Menggunakan metode IPCC AFOLU Tier-2, total populasi ternak sebanyak 32,05 satuan ternak di Dusun Semangke diperkirakan dapat menghasilkan emisi GRK sebesar 23,00 Gg CO2-e tahun-1 . Emisi tersebut terdiri dari tiga komponen utama: fermentasi methan fermentasi entirik sebesar 22,31 Gg CO2-e tahun-1 , emisi methane dari pengelolaan ternak sebesar 0,67 Gg CO2-e tahun-1 , dan emisi N2O dari pengelolaan kotoran sebesar 0,02 Gg CO2-e tahun-1 , Meskipun demikian, sektor pertanian di Dusun Semangke memiliki kapasitas penyerapan karbon sebesar 1239,50 Gg CO2-e tahun-1 , yang melebihi emisi yang dihasilkan dari populasi ternaknya. Bersasarkan surplus serapan karbon sebesar 1216,50 Gg CO2-e tahun-1 , dapat disimpulkan bahwa kondisi ini bisa terus ditingkatkan melalui program mitigasi seperti manajemen pakan, pengelolaan kotoran dan penanaman hijauan pakan., Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are one of the main drivers of climate change. With significant contributions to GHG emissions such as CO2, CH4, and N2O, livestock play a role in this issue. This study focused on methane (CH4) emissions from beef cattle farming in Semangke Hamlet, Jenu Sub-district. Using the IPCC AFOLU Tier-2 method, the total livestock population of 32,05 livestock units in Semangke Hamlet emitted 23,00 Gg CO2-e year-1 of GHGs. These emissions consisted of three main components: enteric fermentation methane emissions of 22,31 Gg CO2-e year-1 , methane emissions from livestock management of 0,67 Gg CO2-e year-1 , and N2O emissions from manure management of 0,02 Gg CO2-e year-1 . Despite this, the agricultural sector in Semangke Hamlet has a carbon sequestration capacity of 1239,50 Gg CO2-e year-1 , which exceeds the emissions generated by its livestock population. With a carbon sequestration surplus of 1216,50 Gg CO2-e year-1 , it can be concluded that this condition can be further improved through mitigation programs such as feed management, manure management, and forage planting.
Keyword: beef cattle, IPCC, greenhouse gas, Tier 2

Judul: Invers Drazin dari Matriks Toeplitz Singular
Abstrak: Matriks Toeplitz adalah matriks yang setiap unsur pada diagonal utama bernilai sama dan setiap unsur pada subdiagonal yang bersesuaian dengan diagonal utama juga bernilai sama. Matriks singular adalah matriks yang tidak bisa ditentukan inversnya. Akan tetapi, dapat diupayakan untuk ditentukan inversnya menggunakan invers matriks yang diperumum. Invers Drazin merupakan salah satu jenis invers matriks yang diperumum. Pada karya ilmiah ini ditentukan invers Drazin dari matriks Toeplitz singular dengan menggunakan metode Leverrier Faddeev. Kemudian, ditentukan invers Drazin dari matriks Toeplitz singular yang direpresentasikan sebagai penjumlahan segitiga bawah dan segitiga atas matriks Toeplitz berdasar pada teorema Gohberg dan Semencul., Toeplitz matrix is a matrix in with element on the main diagonal has the same value and on the subdiagonal corresponding to the main diagonal also has the same value. Singular matrix is a matrix that has no inverse. However, it can be attempted to determine the inverse using a generalized inverse matrix. Inverse Drazin is a type of generalized matrix inverse. This paper discussed the inverse Drazin for a singular Toeplitz matrix using the Leverrier Faddeev method. Then, the Drazin inverse of the singular Toeplitz matrix which is represented as a sum of products of lower and upper triangular Toeplitz matrix based on Gohberg and Semencul theorem.
Keyword: inverse Drazine, singular Toeplitz matrix