Judul: Aplikasi Model Optimasi Linear Goals Programming dalam Menentukan Pola Penggunaan Lahan Optimal di DAS Citarum Hulu
Abstrak: Berbagai kejadian bencana alam seperti banjir dan longsor yang banyak terjadi saat ini disebabkan tidak optimalnya penggunaan lahan terutama di kawasan hulu suatu DAS yang seharusnya memiliki luasan hutan minimal 30% berdasarkan UU No. 41 Tahun 1999 tentang Kehutanan. DAS Citarum merupakan salah satu DAS Kategori I atau membutuhkan penanganan serius karena kondisinya sangat kritis. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk menentukan pola penggunaan lahan optimal yang dapat mendukung keberlanjutan fungsi ekologi dan ekonomi dari kawasan hulu suatu daerah aliran sungai. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan kondisi erosi, ruang terbuka hijau, dan pendapatan rumah tangga tani aktual yang diakibatkan pola penggunaan lahan aktual di DAS Citarum Hulu; merekomendasikan pola penggunaan lahan optimal dengan menggunakan model optimasi Linear Goals Programming; menentukan implikasi rekomendasi tersebut terhadap erosi, ruang terbuka hijau, dan pendapatan rumah tangga tani; serta menentukan elastisitas dampak perubahan suatu sasaran optimasi terhadap sasaran lainnya melalui analisis sensitivitas. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu pengelompokan karakteristik lingkungan fisik; penentuan erosi aktual, ruang terbuka hijau, dan pendapatan rumah tangga tani aktual; perumusan kerangka model optimasi; dan analisis sensitivitas. Optimasi dalam penelitian ini bertujuan merancang konfigurasi spasial pola penggunaan lahan yang dapat mengendalikan laju erosi sampai mendekati erosi yang dapat dibiarkan atau tolerable soil loss (TSL), memenuhi standar minimum luas ruang terbuka hijau (RTH), menghasilkan berbagai komoditas tanaman yang memenuhi permintaan lokal, dan memberikan dampak positif terhadap peningkatan pendapatan rumah tangga tani yang memenuhi standar kebutuhan hidup layak (KHL). Untuk memenuhi tujuan optimasi tersebut, teknik optimasi mengaplikasikan model optimasi Linear Goals Programming (LGP) dengan menggunakan software optimasi General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). LGP merupakan program linear dengan sasaransasaran berupa simpangan negatif maupun simpangan positif yang mendekati sasaran yang ditetapkan. Sugiyono dan Suarna (2006) menjelaskan bahwa program linear dapat menyelesaikan persamaan yang mempunyai orde besar dengan ribuan variabel dan kendala, serta sangat bermanfaat untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan alokasi sumberdaya secara efisien.
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Judul: Studi Perencanaan Pengelolaan DAS dengan Model Optimasi Penggunaan Lahan di Bagian Hulu DAS Mahakam
Abstrak: Land use which is not in accordance with the land capability, will cause land degradation. In Indonesia, there is progressive increase of critical land area size, every year, and this exerts an impact toward watershed damage. Objectives which are sought in the planning of watershed management often negate each other because from one point of view, there is a desire to maintain natural resources sustainability, and from other (economic) point of view, there is a desire to increase farmer's income. In order to obtain a model for planning sustainable watershed management, land use optiminazation was conducted and designed using the analysis of Linear Goals Programming (L GP) The study area had the size of 29 686 ha, comprising 3 subdistricts (namely Damai, Barong Tongkok and Melak) that were situated in the district of Kutai Barat, the province of East Kalimantan. The formulation of model for land use optimization was designed to achieve four targets, namely peak discharge. reduced rate of erosion (so that it is equal with or smaller than the targeted discharge and tolerable soil loss), ability of each farmer family to fulfill the need for food and rice, and ability of on farm income to create appropriate level of welfare. Research unit was homogeneous land unit. Data source for model input came from improvement of cropping pattern and alternative agrotechnology which was conducted by using simulation of CP factor. Data processing and analysis used the method of SCS, USLE and farm analysis. On the other hand, the completion of model used software General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) and Arcview 3,2. Land use with existing cropping pattern gave peak discharge of 116.39 m3/seconcj, erosion between 157-876 tonlha, production of upland rice 1.52 ton GKPlhalyear, and income Rp 3 268 636,-halyear. On the other hand, optimum land use pattern from the six scenarios model, showed better results as compared with the existing condition because ecologically, the land use could maintain the stability of peak discharge, and reduce erosion to the level below the targeted value. Although scenario model la and llla (with land use composition in the form of non irrigated rice field and dry land crop field) gave better result than those of existing conditions, but the occurring erosion were still higher than those in scenario model I, 11, Ill, and IV (with land use composition in the form of non irrigated rice field, dry land crop field, and estate field). This was because the priority for achieving erosion target in scenario la and llla was only up to the tolerable rate of soil erosion. Testing of scenario model I, 11, Ill, and IV showed that there was a tendency for increasing proportion of dry land crop field area size, but on the other hand, decreasing proportion of non irrigated rice field and estate field area size, if the target of achieving living standard is continuously increased. Spatially, recommendation that could be given for /and units of non irrigated rice field, dry land crop field and estate field is in the form of cropping pattern and agrotechnology LI *, L3b* ,
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Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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