Judul: The effect of extract of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb on Oxidative Stress and Physical Fitness of Athletes.
Abstrak: The negative impact of heavy physical exercise can increase the formation of free radicals. The imbalance between the number of free radicals formed in the body and the natural antioxidant capacity of the body 's ability can cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress of exercise can affect a physical fitness of athletes. Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb is known as a traditional medicine in the community. Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb has a potential of antioxidant. Some studies suggest curcumin content of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb has a protective effect on stress oxidative damage and improving physical fitness oksidasif. Therefore the aims of this study was to examine the effect of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb extract supplementation to prevent oxidative stress and improve physical fitness in athletes. Therefore the aims of this study was to examine the effect of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb extract supplementation to prevent oxidative stress and improve physical fitness in athletes. The study design used was a double-blind randomized controlled trial. A total 35 football athletes of PPLP (Student Training and Education Center) Salatiga, Central Java were enrolled. We grouped into 5 treatments, namely group I : placebo, group II : supplementation of Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb extract contains curcumin (TECC) 250 mg/day, group III : TECC 500 mg/day, group IV: TECC 750 mg/day, group V: multivitamin and mineral (MVM with beta carotene 5000 UI, Vitamin E 200 UI, Vitamin C 500 mg, Zn 15 mg, selenium 50 mcg), group V: placebo capsules per day. Capsules had been given for 21 days. The results showed the extract Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb were 27.19 % curcumin content with 1.02 % rendement. The extract Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb had antioxidant activity of 87.01 ppm classified as an active and potentially good natural antioxidant. Before the intervention, the mean MDA levels were 953.65±355.76 ppm. After the intervention the mean MDA levels all of groups decreased, except for the placebo group. MDA levels of placebo group increased of 104.36±207.07 ppm. The highest decline of MDA levels found in TECC 750 mg was 243.49±170.18 ppm. Having tested with the paired t test, no differences in levels of MDA before and after the TECC 750 mg (p<0.05), but the other treatments did not differ significantly (p>0.05). Ancova test results showed that the decrease in MDA levels (adjusted) after intervention before the intervention affected the levels of MDA, SOD and variations of treatment (p<0.05), but other variables the effect is not significant (p>0.05). LSD post-hoc test showed that the average reduction in MDA levels (adjusted) after the intervention was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the 750 mg group compared to the group TECC 500 mg and MVM, although the placebo group and 250 mg did not differ TECC significantly (p>0.05). Mean lactic acid levels before intervention was 3.44±0.73 mmol/L. After the intervention the mean lactic acid levels are increased in order placebo and TECC 250 mg respectively of 0.30±0.69 mmol/L and 0.24±0.30 mmol/L, while the group that experienced a decrease in the order is TECC 750 mg, MVM and TECC 500 mg amounted to 0.80±0.73 mmol/L, 0.40±1.34 mmol/L, and 0.04 ± 0.55 mmol/L. Paired t test on
Keyword: athlete, Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb, physical fitness, oxidative stress

Judul: The effect of oxygenated water on exercise performance, CD4, CD8, CD56, IL-6 and malonaldehyde content.
Abstrak: Oxygen is an essential substance for human life, as well as water and food. Oxygen is available in the air and can be enjoyed for free. However, many people have problems in obtaining sufficient oxygen. Exercise requires more oxygen and cannot be fully obtained by respiration. Limited supply of oxygen result energy will not be sufficient to exercise in the long term and the buildup of lactic acid in the muscles will cause weariness and further degrade the performance and achievements of athlete. Oxygen is needed by normal cells in the body, including immune cells. Within the immune system, there are several kind of cells that maintain the body's defenses: CD4, CD8, CD56 and IL-56. CD4 protein is a marker protein of Th cells (T helper), CD8 protein is a protein marker of Tc cells (T cytotoxyc), CD 56 protein is a protein marker of Natural Killer cells (NK), and IL-6 is a cytokine produced by muscle cells. In response to muscle contraction from activity or exercise. The oxygen requirements promote scientists and industry to create an alternative oxygen supply in the body through drinking water. This study aimed to determine the effect of oxygenated water consumption to lactate levels, energy expenditure, CD4 , CD8 , CD56 and IL-6 protein content. In addition, to study the consumer safety based on malonaldehyde levels. The study was conducted by recruiting subjects from IPB student who likes to exercise. Selected subject population numbered 17 IPB students who active exercise, ie exercise regularly at least 20-30 minutes per day, three times a week or the equivalent. The sports are futsal (47.06%), badminton (29.41%), table tennis (5.88%), cycling (5.88%), martial arts (5.88%) and jogging (5.88%). Respondents consisted of men between the ages of 20-27 years, S1 students (76.47%) and S2 students (23:53%). Before the intervention, medical check prior to each respondent. Respondents were selected are students who are otherwise healthy based on the results of medical checked by a physician at the Clinic Dr. Katili, Dramaga. Furthermore socialization. In socialization explanation is given as oxygenated water, benefits¸ correct way of consumption, stage of research to be conducted and signing the informed consent (letter of agreement) for respondents who are willing to join the study. In short-term, twelve male student volunteers drank 385 ml oxygenated water (50, 80 and 130 ppm) or mineral water, 15 minutes before treadmill and after treadmill (10 Kmh). The lactic acid concentration was measured before and after treadmill, and 5 minutes after the reconsumption of the oxygenated water. In long-term, seventeen male student volunteers drank oxygenated water twice a day (100 ppm) for 21 days. The blood plasma and lymphocyte sampled before and after intervention were analyzed according to the parameters. Consumption of oxygenated water can lower lactate levels after exercise more than mineral water, and generate higher energy expenditure than mineral water in the short term, but statistic test results show that there is no significant difference between two groups (p>0.5). In the long-term intervention for 21 days showed that oxygenated water can increased levels of CD4 and CD8 content, statistic test
Keyword: exercise performance, immune system, malonaldehyde, oxygenated water

Judul: Karakteristik Anatomi Skelet Kepala Buaya senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii).
Abstrak: Buaya sepit atau senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii) merupakan jenis buaya asli Indonesia yang berhabitat di sungai-sungai Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan juga pedalaman Sulawesi. Salah satu ciri khas buaya senyulong adalah bentuk moncong yang runcing dan sempit, namun hingga saat ini informasi mengenai struktur skelet kepala buaya senyulong sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik anatomi skelet kepala buaya senyulong yang dikatikan dengan fungsi dan perilakunya. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksploratif dengan melakukan pengamatan, pencatatan, dan pengambilan gambar dari skelet kepala buaya senyulong. Skelet kepala berukuran panjang 70 cm, lebar 29 cm, dan tingggi 17 cm dengan permukaan kasar pada os nasale, os frontale, os maxilla, os mandibula, os lacrimale, os jugale. Jumlah gigi pada buaya ini sebanyak 78 buah, terdiri dari 4 buah gigi premaxila, 16 buah gigi maxila, dan 19 buah gigi mandibula. Pada regio orbitalis ditemukan dua pasang fenestrae temporales yang berkembang baik. Fenestra supratemporale merupakan lubang oval yang membentang di sepanjang os parietale. Fenestra infratemporale berbentuk segitiga dan dibatasi oleh os squamosum, os postorbitale, os jugulare, dan os quadratum. Os mandibula hewan ini mempunyai symphysis mandibularis yang panjang yaitu garis yang melintang di corpus mandibulae. Secara fungsional ukuran symphysis mandibularis berkaitan dengan adaptasi hewan terhadap diet makan.
Keyword: kepala, moncong, Tomistoma schlegelii