Judul: Analysis of suitability of mandeh bay for culturing tiger grouper (E. fuscoguttatus) in floating nets cage, pesisir selatan regency, West Sumatera Province
Abstrak: Biophysical suitability of seawater is one of highly important indicators that should be considered for culturing tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). Unsuitable of coastal environment. Objectives of this research are (1) to analyze biophysical characteristic of water of Mandeh Bay, and (2) to evaluate biophysical suitability of water for culturing the grouper.
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Judul: Evaluation of Coastal Area Suitability for Groupers (Family Serranidae) Mariculture Development in Pongok Island, Bangka Selatan Regency
Abstrak: The suitability of areas for groupers (Family Serranidae) mariculture with the floating net cage (FCG) system in the waters of the Pongok Island of Bangka Selatan Regency is based on biotechnics aspect or environmental parameters. The commodities that can be cultured are groupers namely of Polkadot cod (Plectropomus areolatus), Flowery cod (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), Mud grouper (Epinephelus suillus), and Queensland grouper (Ephinephelus lanceolatus), and Barramundi cod (Cromileptes altivelis). The suitable area for groupers mariculture with FCG system is approximately 3,474.66 ha. The carrying capacity of Pongok Island waters with 3,474.66 ha area suitable for groupers with FCG system is as many as 1,670 community groups of FCG, equivalent to 16,700 FCG units or a maximum can support as many as 16,700 head of the family or the equivalent of 66,800 FCG holes. The calculation on mariculture with the FCG system for groupers (Famili Serranidae) based on economic analysis of R/C, PP, BEP, NPV, Net B/C, and IRR as feasible to be developed and can be an alternative livelihood for local community. The strategies of groupers mariculture management need to be taken are determine and arrange the location of culture, the implementation of the model of community groups, infrastructure development, the establishment of institutional systems, and government policy related to grouper area of culture.
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Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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