Judul: The Diversity of Wild Birds in Ragunan Zoological Park, Jakarta.
Abstrak: Ragunan Zoological Park lies at Jalan Harsono RM No.1 South Jakarta with an area of 1.4 km2. The wild birds inside Ragunan Zoological Park changes in number and diversity everytime an observation was held. The purpose of this research is to know the diversity and density of wild birds in Ragunan Zoological Park. Observation was held from Monday-Friday, 06.00-10.00 AM and 1.30-5.00 PM during bright day or if it is not raining. Identified wild birds were analized using Shannon-Wienner index and I.P.A count. There were 64 species and 28 families of wild birds found. Shannon-Wienner index value for morning and afternoon obsevation are 2.66 and 2.62 which means the wild birds are sufficiently diversed. There were 17 new records found in this research. The different number and diversity of wild birds compare to previous observation may due to human presence and different bird observation methods used. Streptopelia chinensis has the highest density value for morning and afternoon observation, 2.77 and 3.28. Human presence, bird activity and environmental factors caused the differentiation of density value. Most wild birds have distribution area from Sumatera, Java, Bali and Borneo.
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Judul: Keanekaragaman Jenis Burung pada Beberapa Cluster Perumahan di Sentul City, Bogor Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Sentul City held the eco-city concept and has a unique landscape with a variety of topography. This area has a variety of vegetation structure and composition which are distributed in several residential clusters. One of the biodiversity that can be found in this area is bird. Variety of habitat types will influence the bird diversity in each area (Blendinger and Ricardo 2001). The objective of this research were (1) to describe the habitat of birds, (2) to examine bird diversity, (3) to compare the bird composition among cluster types, (4) to examine vertical and horizontal distributions of birds in several vegetation and tree architecture, (5) to examine the influence of tree architecture on tree utilization by bird. The research was conducted in Sentul City from June to September 2011, in the area of research are five residential cluster which are selected by the age of cluster and composition of vegetation, and one location is a boulevard. The habitat condition and vegetation (dominant vegetation, tree height, type of tree architecture, vertical and architecture utilized side) are described with qualitative data and collected by direct survey. Bird data is collected by MacKinnon species list method (MacKinnon et al. 1998) with 10 species of birds each list. Bird diversity analyzed by using species area curve, meet frequence and index of similarity. Utilization of vegetation using descriptive analysis. A total of 42 species of bird from 24 families were recorded in this research. There were 6 species cannot find and 25 new species recorded compare by the result of AMDAL Bukit Sentul at 2000. The highest bird diversity found in Northridge cluster with 33 species of bird and the lowest bird diversity found in Venesia-Pasadena-Sakura cluster. Based on MacKinnon species list result, showed the leveled out of curve. It showed there was nothing increment of bird species at research location. Some of birds have a high number of meet frequence in one location, but cannot find in other location. It showed there was a low distribution of bird species. The highest similarity index was found between Bali cluster and Venesia-Pasadena-Sakura cluster (IS=0.76). In general, most of bird can be found at 2/3 of tree crown except in Argenia cluster. Midlde branching part of the tree crown are the most utilize part by bird. There are management method that can impelement, (1) provide and defence birds habitat, (2) planting a favourite vegetation for birds, (3) establish protected area for birds, (4) research on bird diversity in other locations, (5) intensively monitoring on bird diversity, (6) Sosialization in the importance of bird diversity, (7) develope an environmental education programs.
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Judul: Kajian pengaruh kecepatan pengadukan dan lama penambahan sulfat pada proses produksi surfaktan alkohol sulfat dari fatty alcohol minyak inti sawit
Abstrak: Surfaktan merupakan produk oleokimia turunan yang banyak digunakan di dalam industri. Surfaktan adalah senyawa penurun tegangan permukaan (surface active agent) yang dapat diproduksi secara sintesis kimiawi dan biokimiawi. Surfaktan dapat berfungsi sebagai emulsifier yang mempunyai gugus hidrofilik dan hidrofobik dalam satu molekul yang sama. Kegunaan surfaktan adalah untuk menurunkan tegangan antar muka, meningkatkan kestabilan partikel yang terdispersi dan mengontrol jenis formulasi emulsi (misalnya oil in water (O/W) atau water in oil (W/O)). Di samping itu, surfaktan akan terserap ke dalam permukaan partikel minyak atau air sebagai penghalang yang akan mengurangi atau menghambat penggabungan (coalescence) dari partikel yang terdispersi (Rieger, 1985). Minyak sawit dipilih sebagai bahan baku, karena menurut Yuliasari et al. (1997) komponen asam lemak penyusun trigliseridanya, yaitu asam lemak C16-C18 yang mampu berperan terhadap kekerasan dan sifat deterjensinya, sedangkan asam lemak C12-C14 berperan dalam efek pembusaan. Alkohol sulfat merupakan salah satu jenis surfaktan anionik yang dihasilkan dari proses sulfatasi minyak/lemak nabati. Alkohol berbasis minyak nabati memiliki kelebihan jika dibandingkan dengan alkohol sulfat berbasis petrokimia, yaitu 70% mampu menurunkan pemakaian sumber daya alam, 50% dapat menurunkan pencemaran udara selama berproduksi dan jumlah sampah yang dihasilkan juga berkurang (Hall, 2000). Proses sulfatasi yang digunakan yaitu berdasarkan Pore (1976) dengan penambahan asam sulfat antara 1,5 sampai 2,5 jam pada suhu rendah dan total waktu sulfatasi yang diperlukan berkisar antara 4-5 jam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari kecepatan pengadukan dan lama penambahan sulfat dan mempelajari karakterisasi fisik produk alkohol sulfat. Kecepatan pengadukan yang digunakan yaitu 200, 300, dan 400 rpm, sedangkan lama penambahan sulfat yang digunakan yaitu 1,5; 2 dan 2,5 jam. Alkohol sulfat yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini memiliki pH 8- 10 dan warna yang putih serta mampu menurunkan tegangan permukaan air hingga 28,625 dyne/cm dan menurunkan tegangan antar muka antara xylene dan air hingga 19,925 dyne/cm. Selain itu alkohol sulfat yang dihasilkan juga mampu mempertahankan emulsi air-minyak selama 48 jam dengan persentase kestabilan berkisar antara 70,625-73,875 persen. Alkohol sulfat juga dapat mempertahankan kestabilan busa hingga lebih dari 24 jam, daya deterjensi hingga 30 FTU Turbidity dan derajat putih hingga 89,55 persen. Dari analisa keragaman, kecepatan pengadukan dan lama penambahan sulfat berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap tegangan permukaan, tegangan antar muka, daya pembusaan, daya deterjensi dan derajat putih. Kondisi proses sulfatasi terbaik dari kecepatan pengadukan dan lama penambahan sulfat yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah pada kecepatan pengadukan 400 rpm dan lama penambahan sulfat selama 2,5 jam.
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