Judul: Kajian Pembuatan Maizena dari Jagung Kuning dan Sintas Mutan Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter Sakazakii) selama Pembuatan Maizena
Abstrak: Cronobacter spp. (previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii) is an emerging pathogen that can cause diseases with high mortality for several infant groups. This bacteria has been isolated from various sources, such as foods, clinical sources, and environments. Not only isolated from powdered infant formulas and weaning foods, but Cronobacter spp. also has been isolated from other foods such as maizena. The main objective of this research is to analyze survival of Cronobacter spp. mutant (Green Fluorescent Ptotein inserted-Cronobacter spp.) during maizena production. This research consists of three main steps, i.e maizena production from yellow maize, determination of the best detection method of Cronobacter spp. mutant and survival analysis of Cronobacter spp. mutant during maize steeping and maizena drying. Yield of maizena production was 48.90% (whole kernelbased). The producted maizena was like commercial maizena in parameters of moisture content, density, and starch granule structure.While it was different from commercial maizena in whiteness. The best growth media of mutant inoculums was BHI supplemented with 100 μg/ml ampicillin. Selective counting method of mutant was counting in TSA supplemented with 100 μg/ml ampicillin by surface plathing method observed under UV light. Survival analysis during maizena production showed that both in the end of steeping and drying stage, Cronobacter spp.mutant was not detected.
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Judul: Cytotoxicity and Green Fluorescent Protein labeling of Cronobacter spp. to study its behaviour during corn drying
Abstrak: Cronobacter spp. (previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii) is a group of Gram-negative bacteria consisted of six species, including Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter muytjensii (Iversen et al. 2008). Cronobacter spp. is regarded as an emerging foodborne pathogen that causes meningitis, bacteremia and necrotizing enterocolitis in certain groups of infants as a consequence of contaminated infant formulae consumption. Pathogenesis of Cronobacter is caused by several virulence factors, including its toxins. Medium free cells of Cronobacter spp. have been reported to cause alteration of Vero cells morphology due to its cytotoxic activity. In Indonesia, Cronobacter spp. have been isolated (Estuningsih et al. 2006, Meutia et al. 2008, Gitapratiwi et al. 2012 and Hamdani 2012). All of the isolates were obtained from dried food products; i.e powdered infant formula, weaning food, rice flour, tapioca, cornstarch, sugar, cocoa powder and dried spices, suggesting that they were able to survive drying. The data reported by FAO-WHO (2004) showed that the ingredient added through dry mixing process was one of the sources of Cronobacter spp. contaminant in powder infant formulae. Current researches supported this issue, Dewanti-Hariyadi et al. (2010) have isolated Cronobacter spp. from cornstarch and Fiegen (2010) have isolated the pathogen form cornstarch and other ingredients (lecithin, potato starch, rice starch and wheat starch). It is important to understand Cronobacter spp. survival during drying due to its presence in dried food products. Maize was chosen as a food model in this study due to its widespread use as raw materials for dried food products. For specific detection and enumeration, a Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) was introduced into Cronobacter cells as a marker. GFP is a protein from jellyfish (Aequorea Victoria) which can fluoresce and its gene has been inserted into a plasmid (pGFP) as a vector. The pGFPuv is a GFP variant plasmid having fluorescence signal 45-fold greater than a standard pGFP and this was achieved by DNA shuffling. The mutant can grow in ampicillin containing medium and was seen as a green fluorescents colony. The objectives of this study were to evaluate cytotoxic activity of food originated isolates of C. sakazakii and C. muytjensii and to evaluate their survival, colonization and penetration during maize drying. This research was conducted in three steps: 1. In Vitro analysis of cytotoxic activity of C. sakazakii and C. muytjensii using Vero cell and haemolytic activity on blood agar medium; 2. Construction of GFP-labeled C. sakazakii and C. muytjensii, study of their stability and growth characteristics; 3. Use of the mutant to study the survival, colonization and penetration of C. sakazakii during maize drying. As much as nineteen C. sakazakii isolates dan one C. muytjensii isolate obtained from previous research were used for this study originated from cornstarch, tapioca, flour, infant milk formulae, weaning food and powder dried spices. Twenty isolates of C. sakazakii and C. muytjensii originated from food have different cytotoxic activity of their toxins. Thirteen out of 20 isolates (65% samples) were confirmed as cytotoxic positive including one isolate C. muytjensii while 7 isolates were grouped as nontoxic. Five isolates with the highest cytotoxic activity were C. sakazakii FWHb6,
Keyword: C. sakazakii, C. muytjensii, Green Fluorescent Protein, cytotoxicity, maize

Judul: Iklim Pulau Bali
Abstrak: Curah hujan rata-rata bulanan di Bali berkisar antara 47 mm sampai 327 mm, dengan curah hujan maksimum jatuh pada bulan Januari dan minimum pada bulan Agustus. Total hujan setahun rata-rata di Bali 1901 mm. Pada muim angin barat, curah hujan di utara pegunungan relatif sama dengan di selatan pegunungan, sedangkan pada musim angin timur curah hujan di selatan pegunungan lebih tinggi daripada di utara pegunungan. Isohyet tiap bulan di Bali menunjukkan pengaruh ого- grafis terjadi di bagian timur P. Bali yang mengakibatkan di selatan pegunungan lebih basah daripada di di utara pegunungan selama musim kemarau (monsoon timur). Dari isohyet tersebut dapat juga dilihat bahwa potensi air tertinggi ada di bagian timur P. Bali ini khususnya di bawah kaki G. Agung. Musim angin barat di Bali terjadi pada bulan Desember sampai dengan bulan Maret, dan pada bulan April sampai bulan September merupakan musim angin timur. Musim panca roba terjadi pada bulan Oktober sampai bulan November. ..
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