Judul: Using cytochrome β (Cyt β) gene for species identification of dog, cat, and tiger to ensure food authenticity and drugs
Abstrak: Adulteration food products from animal still happen until now. Species identification method development in food and medicine derived from animal was needed to prevent falsification information. Molecular genetic improvement allows the detection is carried out at the level of DNA, so the results more accurate, although processed. Research on several meat have been conducted by several researchers using DNA mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Using mtDNA because it has high copy number in a cell, compared with nuclear DNA. In this case where the amount of extracted DNA is very small or degraded. Gene used as marker specific species is cytochrome β (cyt β) because it has varied sequences. The objective of this research was to study species authentication (i.e. dog, cat, and tiger) to ensure animal origin in product using cyt β gene specific marker. Total DNA samples for each species which identified are three samples were consisting blood (cat), cooked meat (dog), feces (tiger), and as a comparison used blood sample from several animal (i.e. goat, chicken, cattle, sheep, horse, rat) and pork. Reverse primer specific for dog, cat, and tiger was designed using MEGA 5 software. DNA extraction and fragment amplification was conducted using phenol-chloroform and multiplex PCR method, respectively. Multiplex PCR is a variant of PCR which many primers were used together for amplification of multiple region. This research showed that different length of amplification for the species tested (dog, cat, and tiger) were 523, 331, 319 bp, respectively; and for the comparison species (goat, chicken, cattle, sheep, pig, horse, and rat) were 157, 227, 274, 331, 398, 439, and 603 bp, respectively. Species specificity also indicated by high reverse primer homology percentage. Specific fragment amplification on genome pool with closed fragment length should be separate to avoid band overlapped between species. Taxonomy hierarchy (i.e. dog, cat, and tiger) could be distinguished to the species level.
Keyword: cat, cytochrome β gene, dog, multiplex PCR, tiger

Judul: Validation of Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) Method for Identification of Dog DNA (Canis familiaris) in Foods of Animal Origin.
Abstrak: Konsumsi daging anjing di Indonesia banyak dikaitkan dengan etnis ataupun wilayah tertentu seperti etnis Batak Karo dan Batak Toba di Sumatera Utara serta etnis Minahasa di Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan validitas metode dalam pengujian identifikasi DNA anjing pada produk pangan asal hewan. Sampel sebagai kontrol positif adalah campuran daging anjing dan daging ayam (1:9) dan daging ayam sebagai kontrol negatif. Pengujian validasi DNA anjing menggunakan real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) dengan SYBYR green melting curve analysis. Parameter uji yang digunakan meliputi repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection, dan spesificity. Hasil penelitian pada parameter repeatability menunjukkan bahwa sampel positif teramplifikasi seluruhnya, sedangkan sampel negatif tidak teramplifikasi. Pengujian nilai t terhadap nilai Ct dan Tm pada uji reproducibility tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata dalam mendeteksi DNA anjing dari kedua pengulangan menggunakan real-time PCR. Batas limit deteksi DNA anjing yang didapatkan sebesar 0,03125% serta tidak terdapat cross reaction dalam pengujian terhadap spesifisitasnya. Real-Time PCR dapat dijadikan metode pengujian untuk identifikasi DNA anjing ada dalam produk pangan asal hewan., The consumption of dog meat in Indonesia is mostly related to certain ethnicities or regions, such as the Batak Karo and Batak Toba ethnic groups in North Sumatra and the Minahasa ethnicity in North Sulawesi. This study aimed to determine the validity of the method in testing the identification of dog DNA in food of animal origin. Samples as positive control were the mixture of dog meat and chicken meat (1:9) and chicken meat as negative control. The examination on validation of DNA dog was conducted using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with SYBYR green melting curve analysis. The test parameters used included repeatability, reproducibility, limit of detection, and specificity. The results of the research on repeatability parameters showed that the positive samples were all amplified, while the negative samples were not amplified. Testing the t value against the Ct and Tm values in the reproducibility test did not show any significant difference in detecting dog DNA from the two repetitions using real- time PCR. The limit for dog DNA detection was 0.03125% and there was no cross reaction in testing for its specificity. Real-Time PCR can be used as a testing method for identifying dog DNA in food products of animal origin.
Keyword: dog, DNA, halal, real-time PCR, validation

Judul: Karakteristik lompatan hidrolik terhadap pelimpah terjunan pada saluran segi empat
Abstrak: Aliran dengan kecepatan tinggi dalam kondisi superkritis yang melintasi bangunan pelimpah, sebelum bergerak lebih jauh ke arah hilir saluran dimana bilangan Froude (F) lebih besar dari satu harus diubah menjadi aliran subkritis dimana bilangan Froudenya lebih kecil dari satu. Aliran yang meninggalkan kaki pelimpah merupakan aliran yang memiliki kandungan energi yang amat berarti sehingga dapat menimbulkan pengikisan yang besar. Pengubahan bilangan Froude dari kondisi superkritis ke subkritis dimaksudkan agar terjadi perubahan kandungan energi, sehingga aliran menjadi non erosive. Agar daya erosive aliran dapat berkurang, maka biasanya pada bagian hilir dari bangunan pelimpah dibuatkan suatu bangunan peredam energi. Erosi yang terjadi di hilir bangunan pelimpah dapat disebabkan dari keberadaan bangunan pelimpah itu sendiri, maupun bangunan peredam energi yang kurang tepat. Hal ini terutama menyangkut beberapa kejadian lompatan hidrolik yang timbul pada bangunan peredam energi tersebut.. Suatu metode yang efektif untuk menjamin bahwa lompatan hidrolik selalu terjadi pada daerah yang dilindungi, adalah dengan menggunakan bangunan peredam energi yang terdiri dari beberapa tipe dengan..dst
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