Judul: Sintesis Methyl Ester Sulfonic Acid (MESA) dari Crude Palm Oil (CPO) menggunakan Single Tube Falling Film Reactor
Abstrak: Surfaktan merupakan senyawa aktif penurun tegangan permukaan yang dapat diproduksi melalui sintesis kimiawi maupun biokimiawi. Karakteristik utama surfaktan adalah memiliki gugus polar dan non polar pada molekul yang sama. Sifat aktif permukaan yang dimiliki surfaktan diantaranya mampu menurunkan tegangan permukaan, tegangan antarmuka dan meningkatkan kestabilan sistem emulsi. Hal ini membuat surfaktan banyak digunakan dalam berbagai industri, seperti industri sabun, deterjen, produk kosmetika dan produk perawatan diri, farmasi, pangan, cat dan pelapis, kertas, tekstil, pertambangan dan industri perminyakan untuk Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). CPO merupakan bahan yang potensial sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan metil ester sulfonat karena Indonesia adalah produsen minyak sawit utama di dunia. Keunggulan CPO sebagai bahan baku pembuatan surfaktan antara lain adalah bersifat terbarukan, lebih ramah lingkungan dalam proses produksi dan aplikasinya, kaya akan kandungan asam lemak C16 dan C18, yang memiliki tingkat detergensi yang baik, serta toleran terhadap ion Ca. Salah satu surfaktan yang memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan dari minyak kelapa sawit adalah surfaktan Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES). MES dikelompokkan sebagai surfaktan anionik. MES diproduksi dari sulfonasi metil ester (ME) menggunakan agen pensulfonasi seperti asam sulfat, sulfit, NaHSO3, oleum, dan gas SO3. Proses produksi MES menggunakan gas SO3 dalam Single Tube Falling Film Reactor (STFR) merupakan teknologi yang paling umum dan banyak digunakan. Proses ini menghasilkan Methyl Ester Sulfonic Acid (MESA) sebagai produk antara sebelum akhirnya menjadi MES. Keunggulan gas SO3 sebagai agen pensulfonasi antara lain bersifat lebih reaktif, tidak dihasilkan limbah pada prosesnya, serta proses dapat dilakukan secara kontinyu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kondisi steady state (tunak) proses sulfonasi dan kondisi terbaik suhu pemanasan bahan pada sulfonasi metil ester CPO dengan gas SO3, serta mengetahui sifat fisikokimia dari MESA dan MES. Faktor yang dikaji suhu pemanasan bahan 80, 90, dan 100oC dan dilakukan pengamatan tiap jam selama 0 sampai 6 jam. Kondisi steady state (tunak) dari proses sulfonasi pada suhu pemanasan bahan 100°C terhadap parameter pH MESA, bilangan asam, dan viskositas MESA belum tercapai, untuk parameter densitas MESA tercapai pada lama proses sulfonasi 4 jam, sedangkan untuk parameter bilangan iod dan kadar bahan aktif baik untuk MESA dan MES masing-masing dicapai pada lama proses sulfonasi 3 dan 4 jam. Analisis ragam (α=0,05) menunjukkan bahwa suhu pemanasan bahan berpengaruh nyata terhadap nilai pH, bilangan asam, densitas, viskositas, dan kadar bahan aktif MESA, tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap parameter bilangan iod....dst
Keyword: methyl ester CPO, single tube falling film reactor, MESA and MES

Judul: Kinerja dan Karakteristik Asam Metil Ester Sulfonat dari Metil Ester Crude Palm Oil pada Beberapa Periode Sampling
Abstrak: Methyl Ester Sulphonic Acid (MESA) is a chemical compound that has ability as a surface active agent (surfactant). Surfactant can decrease the surface tension and interfacial tension, so it has been used as adhesives, agent for puffing, wetting, and forming the emulsion. It also has been applied in various fields such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, paint, paper, and mining (as oil well stimulation agent in enhanced oil recovery process). MESA is synthesized through sulfonation of methyl ester. Methyl ester is obtained by esterification-transesterification of triglycerides (oil). If the next process like bleaching and neutralization have been done, the MESA will be converted to MES (Methyl Ester Sulphonate) that known as commercial product. MES has a good detergency (even if it is used in hard water) and good tolerance to the presence of calcium. MES is derived from renewable raw materials that based on oil /fat. One source of oil that can be used is palm oil. This research used Crude Palm Oil (CPO). This raw material is potential to be developed as surfactant because of its supply availability and the suitability of its fatty acid composition. Based on the Foreign Agricultural Service (2009), Indonesia's CPO production increased from 9.1 million tons (year 2002) to 17.82 tons (2008). In the next year, it even reached 20.2 million tons (Department of Industry, 2009). Beside that, based on the fatty acid composition, CPO methyl esters consisted of 46% palmitic acid as C16 carbon chain source and also 3.6% stearic acid, 39% oleic acid, 11% linoleic acid, and 1.5% linolenic acid as C18 carbon chain source (Ketaren, 2005). According to Watkins (2001), MES C16 showed the best detergency, then followed by C18 and C14. Therefore, the MES from vegetable oils containing C16-18 carbon atoms is used for detergent powder and liquid detergents (heavy duty detergent). The main process of MES synthesis was the sulfonation to produce MESA, an addition of sulfonation reactant to make sulfonate group on the methyl ester’s hydrocarbon chain. Sulfonation reactant could be H2SO4, NH2SO3H, H2SO4.nH2O, or which was used in this research, SO3/dry air. SO3/dry air is highly reactive, suitable for continuous production, and can form a sulfonate group optimally. The sulfonation in this research used a Single Tube Falling Film Reactor (STFR) 6 meters in length and 4 liters organic material feed capacity. The temperature of reaction was 100oC with mole ratio of reactants 1:1,3 between methyl ester and SO3. The purpose of this research was to determine the sulfonation period that can produce MESA CPO with the stable performance and characteristics. This research was conducted by complete randomized experimental design with a single factor. The factor studied was sampling period, from 10 minutes up to 100 minutes sulfonation with sampling interval 10 minutes. The synthesized MESA had density value 0.9416-0.9915 gram/cm3, viscosity value 30-102.5 cP, pH 2.98-3.33, and 13.97-21.05% active ingredients.
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Judul: Etno-ornitologi Burung Kancilan Flores (Pachycephala nudigula nudigula Hartert 1897) pada Masyarakat Lio di Taman Nasional Kelimutu
Abstrak: Bare-throathed whistler is one of several wild birds in Kelimutu National Park (TNKL) that is believed to have correlation with Lio Community‟s belief. The estimation of Bare-throated whistler‟s population in Kelimutu National Park was about 186.41-1668.07 individual by the density about 0.0389-0.3481 ind/ha with the sex ratio 6.2:1 that spreaded on area with height of 1100 – 1600 masl. The characteristic of Bare-throated whistler‟s habitat is a natural forest with various canopy level, high plant species diversity and high density. The habitat characteristics related to the availability of food in the form of insects, cover, safety and a nesting site. Generally the most of Lio community knew the existence of Bare-throated whistler directly or from their parents‟ stories. The perceptions of Lio Community to the Bare-throated whistler‟s existence is generally support the conservation efforts. The perceptions construct the Lio Community‟s atitude that tend to be conservative to the existence of Bare-throated whistler. The attitude shown by their behavior that not cathing the Bare-throated whistler from the TNKL‟s area or the outside. The attitude have an important role to the existence of Bare-throated whistler in Kelimutu National Park‟s area.
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