Judul: Formulasi TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem) menggunakan ILP (Integer Linear Programming)
Abstrak: TSP is a journey of salesman f?om his origin town (place) to visit n-cities (places) only at once, then return to his origin town (place) with a minimum total distance. Its purpose is to minimize the operating expense that is released by the company. Vehicle route at TSP in the form of a Hamiltonian cycle, that is closed path containing all nodes at the graph which representing a network walk. Its problem is to determine a journey route which is feasible (possibly can be passed by) in such a way the vehicle travelled distance passed the route is minimum.
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Judul: Solving Travelling Salesman Problem Using  Ant Colony Optimization and Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Abstrak: Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) adalah salah satu permasalahan distribusi yang sering kali ditemui. Penyelesaian dari permasalahan dalam Travelling Salesman Problem ini adalah mencari rute terpendek atau jarak minimum. Terdapat beberapa metode yang dikembangkan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan ini. Mulai dari metode eksak hingga metode modern atau meta heuristic. Dalam penelitian ini, dua metode heuristik digunakan untuk menyelesaikan Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), yaitu Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) dan Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). Solusi yang diperoleh kemudian dibandingkan dengan menggunakan metode eksak dalam bentuk Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP). Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan waktu eksekusi metode Particle Swarm Optimization lebih baik daripada metode Mixed-Integer Linear Programming dan algoritme Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). Namun, ada perbedaan yang mencolok dari ketiga metode dalam total jarak perjalanan., The Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is one of the distribution problems that is often encountered. The solution of TSP is to find the shortest route or minimum distance. Several methods have been developed to solve this problem. Starting from exact methods to modern methods or meta heuristics. In this study, two heuristic methods will be used to solve TSP, Particle Swarm Optimization and Ant Colony Optimization. The solution obtained will be compared with the solution obtained using the exact method in the form of Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP). The results obtained show that the execution time of the Particle Swarm Optimization method is better than the Mixed-Integer Linear Programming method and Ant Colony Optimization algorithm. However, there is a significant difference among the three methods in the total travel distance.
Keyword: ant colony optimization, integer linear programming, particle swarm  optimization, particle swarm  optimization

Judul: Kemampuan adaptif kerang bulu anadara antiquata di perairan tercemar logam berat : aspek biokinetik, ekobiologi, histologi, dan molekuler
Abstrak: The ark cockles Anadara antiquataare wide spread in Indonesia seawater, and able to live in the sediment, that are the sites of anthropogenic heavy metals deposits. A. antiquatacould not avoid the exposures ofheavy metals from surrounding environment, because of their limited mobility, and filter feeding mechanism. Muara Bama Panimbang, and Banten Bay Bojonegara in the Province of Banten, has been contaminated by heavy metals exceeding the quality standard. Panimbang areahas beenknown to have high diversity of bivalves species, thus become the center of bivalves inthe Province of Banten. A. antiquata in both location have not been exploited yet, so their economic valuesstilllow enough.Scientific information about A.antiquataarealso relatively limited, so it is interesting to study their potency,both for economical and ecological purposes. This research aimed to:1)identified the ability of mercury bioaccumulation and depuration onA. antiquata using radioactive tracer, 2) identified the effect of mercuryinduction to the histological structures of A. antiquatagills, 3) identified the ecobiological characteristics of A. antiquata in natural habitats that contaminated by heavy metals, and 4) characterizedthe metallothionein (MT)protein and gene ofA. antiquataby mercury induction. Biokinetic approachedwithradiotracer applicationhas beenconducted, to identify the capacity of mercury bioaccumulation and depurationonA. antiquata in laboratory. The results showed that smaller cockles (10-20 mm) accumulatedhigherconcentration of mercury than bigger cockles (35-45 mm). The increaseofmercury concentration in water affected the increasingof BCF values in both groups, until steady state conditions reached. Increased concentrations of mercury in water, were increased the mercuryefflux,and body contentsin both groups, but decreased the uptake rates in bigger cockles. Based on the models, lowest concentrations of dissolve mercury(0.0025 ppm) caused the highest BCF values in both groups. The steady state conditions would reachedin 15 dayson smaller cockles, andin 13 daysonbigger cockles. The mercuryelimination rates during depuration, showed no significant differences on both groups. The mercurybiological half-times in A. antiquataranged in 3.49 – 7.42 depuration days. The mercuryconcentration 0.0025; 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02 ppm have been induced for six days, to study its impact to the gills histological structures. Gills tissue samples were taken on day 2, 4, and 6 of exposures. The results showed,combination ofsix days exposuresand four mercury concentrationsdid not caused serious damages to the gills of A. antiquata.The damages appearedwerehyperplasia and necrosis, but in general,the treatmentscombinations showed no significant differences to the histological structures of gills. These facts supportsthe adaptive ability ofA. antiquata in mercury contaminated environment. The study results in natural habitat (Panimbang and Bojonegara)showed that A. antiquatawere well adaptedin heavy metals contaminated water.The shell length range in Panimbang were 8.05 - 24.65 mm (average 18.696 ± 5.946 mm), while in Bojonegara ranged 16.85 - 51.85 mm (average 25.87 ± 8.593 mm). The index of Meat Yieldsresults showed that 58.38% samples inPanimbang,and 53.85% samples inBojonegara,categorizedin moderate class, that reflectedthe ability to stored organic compounds reservesfor growth and reproduction, although they lived incontaminated environment. The Pb contents in cocklesbody ranged between 0.125-2.50 ppm; Cd contents ranged 0.125-17.60 ppm, and Hg ranged 0.02-0.3 ppm.The heavy metals contents in cocklesat Bojonegara was higher than Panimbang. The molecular studyhas beenidentifiedthe metallothionein (MT) proteinfrom hepatopancreas, and the MT gene from gills of A. antiquata.
Keyword: Anadara antiquata, heavy metals bioconcentration factor, metallothionein, ecobiology