Judul: Pengaruh Rasio Stearat/Olein dan Konsentrasi Enzim Pada Sintesis komponen Cocoa Butter Equivalent Melalui Interesterifikasi Enzimatik
Abstrak: Cocoa butter (mentega coklat) banyak digunakan pada pembuatan coklat batang, permen coklat dan bentuk-bentuk lainnya. Lemak coklat mempunyai harga yang cukup mahal dan mempunyai keistimewaan yaitu meleleh di atas suhu tubuh dan berbentuk padat pada suhu ruang. Karakteristik sifat fisik lemak coklat berhubungan dengan komponen utama asam lemak dalam trigliseridanya, yaitu 2- 0Ieoyl-1-palmitoyl-3-stearoyl-glyserol (POS) 37%, 2-0/eoyl-1,3-dipalmitoyl-glyserol (POP) 17%, 2-0Ieoyl-1,3-distearoyl-glyserol (SOS) 23% (Pantzaris, 1997). Karena mentega coklat banyak digunakan pad a industri makanan dan industri kosmetik serta mempunyai harga yang relatif tinggi, maka diperlukan suatu bahan yang mempunyai sifat fisik dan kimia yang sama dengan mentega coklat yang diharapkan dapat menggantikan mentega coklat, yaitu Cocoa Butter Equivalent (CBE).
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Judul: Enzymatic interesterification of palm oil based starting materials for the production of cocoa butter equivalents
Abstrak: Cocoa butter (CB) merupakan ingridien yang berkontribusi penting terhadap sifat-sifat tekstural dan sensori produk coklat confectionery. Di bawah suhu ruang, CB bersifat keras dan brittle, tetapi ketika dimakan, CB meleleh sempurna di mulut dengan tekstur creamy yang lembut dan sensasi dingin. Hal ini sebagai konsekuensi dari komposisi kimia CB yang unik, yang hampir 80% didominasi oleh tiga triasilgliserol (TAG) simetrik, yaitu palmitat-oleat-palmitat (POP), palmitat-oleat-stearat (POS) dan stearat-oleat-stearat (SOS). Cocoa butter equivalents (CBE) didesain dengan komposisi TAG dan sifat pelelehan kompatibel terhadap CB, sehingga dapat menggantikan CB serta dapat dicampur dengan CB pada proporsi berapa pun dalam formulasi coklat. Minyak sawit merupakan salah satu bahan baku penting untuk pengembangan cocoa butter substitutes (CBS) atau equivalents (CBE). Minyak sawit kaya dengan TAG POP yang dapat dimodifikasi menjadi TAG POS dan SOS secara interesterifikasi enzimatik menggunakan katalis lipase spesifik-1,3.
Keyword: Specialty fats

Judul: Peran burung air liar dalam penyebaran virus avian influenza subtipe H5N1 di Cagar Alam Pulau Dua
Abstrak: Waterfowls such as ducks, muscovy, and swans are natural reservoir of influenza virus subtype H5N1. In natural reservoir, the AI virus is Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI). Instead of domestic waterfowls, wild waterbird species could also have a role in spreading AI subtype H5N1 virus. So far LPAI have been isolated from 105 species of wild birds, most of them were from Anseriformes and Charadiiformes order. Presumption that wild birds and migratory birds have a role in spreading AI virus, has not been proven until now because the intensive research has not been done. The mortality rate of wild waterbirds that reported in several countries, had not clearly explained the cause of death. The objectives of this research were (1) to estimate the seroprevalence of AI virus subtype H5N1 from residence wild waterbirds, in Pulau Dua Nature Reverse; (2) to identify the Mx gene as resistant anti viral gene from AI virus in wild waterbirds; (3) to identify the presence of AI virus subtype H5N1 on residence waterbirds in Pulau Dua Nature Reverse, also to observe the potential of wild waterbirds as reservoir for spreading AI virus subtype H5N1 The serological test to detect the presence of antibody antiviral AI virus subtype H5N1 was used to determine the exposure of AI virus subtype H5N1 among wild waterbirds in CAPD. Since antibody is the substance that appear in individual exposed when they are exposed by the strange antigen. The serosurveillans from wild waterbirds in CPAD had been done in 2008, 2010 and 2011. Serological test by Haemagglutinin-inhibition (HI) showed that six from nine species of residence wild waterbirds in CPAD produced antibody AI virus H5N1. It is explain that that those species were exposed by AI virus subtype H5N1 with low antibody titer. The low antibody titer can be caused by several factors such as AI virus exposure occurring indirectly, there was a small number of virus that exposure to wild waterbirds, the exposure time was very short, and the virus was low pathogenic. Indirect transmission occurred through the water as the source of drinking water for wild and domestic waterbirds, through saliva and nasal secretions and feces. Water as a media for transmission virus where there were interactions between wild waterbirds, waterfowls and domestic birds. Mx protein as part of dynamin super family (GTP ase) is a part of the innate immune system. Mx proteins were known to have the ability to inhibit the replication of various viruses. Mx protein coded by Mx genes that specifically anti-viral influenza in several animals. Mx gene was the one of the several genes that regulated myxovirus resistance. DNA of eight wild waterbirds species and three domestic birds (chicken, duck and Muscovy) around CAPD were examined by PCR using NE-F2 and NER2/ R primer obtaining PCR product with a length of 100 bp band. It indicated that most birds could have 100 bp band. These results explained that the Mx gene in residence wild waterbirds from CAPD could be the same as in the chicken, muscovy and duck. The results of PCR-RFLP in wild waterbirds and
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