Judul: Penambahan Alat Pengayaan Foraging Food dan Perilaku Harian Macaca fascicularis di Penangkaran PSSP IPB Dramaga
Abstrak: Pemeliharaan monyet ekor panjang (MEP) pada pusat penangkaran sangat penting dalam penyedia hewan model penelitian yang berasal dari penangkaran dan bukan dari alam liar. Penambahan pengayaan di penangkaran perlu diperhatikan karena berkaitan dengan kesejahteraan hewan. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian untuk mengobservasi dan menganalisis pengaruh penambahan alat pengayaan (fire hose square knot browser) terhadap perilaku harian MEP PSSP IPB. Pengamatan perilaku harian MEP menggunakan metode scan sampling dan instantaneous sampling pada interval waktu 5 menit dengan total 288 jam pengamatan. Data dikumpulkan dan dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA, uji Mann-Whitney, dan uji Kruskal-Wallis di perangkat lunak RStudio. Uji lanjut Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) dilakukan apabila terdapat beda nyata di uji ANOVA (p < 0,05). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perilaku harian MEP berbeda nyata saat penambahan alat fire hose square knot browser. Alat pengayaan foraging food memberikan stimulus kognitif dan manipulatif untuk MEP penangkaran. Penambahan alat pengayaan meningkatkan perilaku makan, berpindah, affiliative, autogrooming, dan seksual MEP. Selain itu, menurunkan perilaku istirahat, agonistik, stereotipe MEP. Alat pengayaan tidak menimbulkan stres bagi MEP penangkaran. Penambahan alat pengayaan meningkatkan kesejahteraan hewan di penangkaran dengan mendorong perilaku aktif MEP sehingga mengurangi perilaku agonistik dan stereotipe., Animal care management of long-tailed macaques (LTM) in captive centers is essential in providing research model animals that come from captivity. Additional enrichment in captivity must be considered because it relates to animal welfare. Therefore, a study was conducted to observe and analyze the effect of adding an enrichment tool (fire hose square knot browser) on the daily behaviour of the LTM PSSP IPB group. Observation of the daily behaviour of LTM used scan sampling and instantaneous sampling methods (5-minute intervals) for 288 hours of observation. Data were collected and analyzed using the ANOVA, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests in RStudio software. The Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was carried out if there was a significant difference in the ANOVA test (p <0,05). The results showed that LTM daily behaviour significantly differed when adding a fire hose square knot browser. Foraging enrichment tools provide a cognitive and manipulative stimulus for captive LTMs. The addition of enrichment tools increased LTM feeding, switching, affiliative, auto grooming, and sexual behaviours. It also decreases resting, agonistic, stereotyped LTM behaviour. The enrichment tools are stress-free for captive LTMs. Adding enrichment tools improves animal welfare in captivity by encouraging active LTM behaviour.
Keyword: abnormal behaviour, animal welfare, tool use, kesejahteraan hewan, penggunaan alat, perilaku abnormal

Judul: Positive Reinforcement Training as a  Refinement Auscultation for Male Macaca fascicularis in Colony Enclosures
Abstrak: Monyet ekor panjang (MEP; Macaca fascicularis) memiliki kemiripan dengan manusia baik secara anatomis maupun fisiologis, sehingga satwa ini sering dijadikan hewan model untuk pengembangan terapi serta penyembuhan berbagai penyakit. Pemeliharaan dan penggunaan MEP di bidang biomedis melibatkan program kesehatan hewan untuk mendukung upaya menjamin kesejahteraan hewan. Tindakan medis untuk menunjang kesehatan hewan seperti auskultasi, palpasi serta injeksi, harus dilakukan dengan meminimalkan rasa tidak nyaman, takut, dan stres hewan. Upaya refinement diperlukan untuk meniadakan atau mengurangi hal-hal yang bertentangan dengan prinsip kesejahteraan hewan, salah satunya dengan melakukan Positive Reinforcement Training (PRT). Pengamatan perilaku MEP jantan usia tua di kandang koloni dilakukan dengan focal animal sampling serta temperament assessment untuk mengidentifikasi MEP yang dapat dilatih. Prosedur PRT dilakukan terhadap empat MEP dengan tujuan membentuk perilaku yang mendukung prosedur auskultasi agar dapat dilakukan tanpa restraint. Hasil temperament assessment menunjukkan terdapat empat MEP yang dipilih untuk dilatih dengan pendekatan PRT. Dari keempat MEP tersebut juga menunjukkan hasil focal sampling yang sama, yaitu memiliki temperamen neutral. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh MEP yang dilatih dengan PRT dapat menyelesaikan tahap target training namun hanya satu MEP dengan temperamen moderate dan perilaku neutral yang berhasil mencapai tahap akhir PRT. Selain temperamen, tingkat keberhasilan PRT juga kemungkinan ditentukan oleh jumlah personil di fasilitas hewan, aktivitas MEP dan urutan hierarki MEP di dalam koloni., Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis, MEP) have many similarities with humans both anatomically and physiologically, and therefore serve as animal model for the development of therapies for various diseases. The care and use of MEP in biomedical research involves veterinary care programs to support efforts to ensure animal welfare. Medical procedures carried out to support animal health, such as auscultation, palpation, and injection, must be achieve while minimizing discomfort, fear and stress. Refinement efforts are needed to support animal welfare, one of which is by carrying out Positive Reinforcement Training (PRT). Behaviour observation was performed in old male MEPs housed in the colony enclosure, using focal animal sampling and temperament assessment to determine the temperament of each individual and their trainability, PRT was carried out an fourMEPs to shape behaviour that supports voluntary auscultasion without restraint. Temperament assessment results showed that there were four MEPs selected to be trained with PRT. They also showed the same focal sampling results, that is, have a neutral temperament. The study showed that all MEPs were able to complete the target training stage, but only one MEP with moderate temperament and neutral behaviour managed to reach the final stage of PRT. Other than temperament, the success rate of PRT is also probably determined by the number of personnel in the animal facility, MEP activity and the hierarchical order of MEPs within the colony.
Keyword: kesejahteraan hewan, macaca fascicularis, positive reinforcement training, refinement, macaca fascicularis, positive reinforcement training, refinement, Auskultasi, Auscultation, animal welfare

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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