Judul: Business model of salt business partnership of rembang district
Abstrak: Inquiry on the ideal form of business partnership among constituents along the value chain of salt business is the main theme of this study. Majority of Rembang Residents’ coastal community depend on salt business. Salt farmers, middleman, salt processing companies and large traders involve in such business. Salt farmers themselves can be divided into three groups, they are salt field labour, field owner and field owner-labour. In addition, there are business bond between salt farmers-field owner, field owner-middleman and middleman-salt processing companies or middleman-large traders. This phenomenon indicates that asymmetric market information accepted by salt farmers mislead them to take the actual price as the best share. This study aims to identify how partnership institutional among stakeholders in salt business perform. Moreover, the study tries to analyse and formulate a business model that is able to provide welfare improvement for business constituents proportionately, especially salt producing households (“salt farmers”) in the District of Rembang. The results of this study show two patterns of partnership as the following :(1) profit-sharing partnership between salt farmers-field owner; and (2) marketing partnership between field owner-middleman, middleman- salt processing companies and middleman-large traders. All partnerships, which are based on verbal/handshake deals, are yet ideal since partly members have weak bargaining position and could not freely choose a fair transaction due to bonded capital system. Income analysis, institution analysis and marketing efficiency find that middleman, processing industries and large traders gain larger profit than salt farmers and field owner. Bonded capital system put farmers in a weak position hence, the profit unfairly shared among constituents. An alternative business model is proposed. That is, involving the establishment of farmers cooperative as the new partner for farmers, salt processing companies and middleman. In this new model, the farmers sell their products to cooperative directly. On the other hand, specific products for certain industries (feed industries, fertilizer industries and salty-fish industries) can be offered to middleman by the farmers. In order to ensure the salt processing companies as a potential partner, cooperative group has to compete with middleman by producing fortified salts which has better quality. This established cooperative group should be transparent, accountable, independent, fair, active and able to create value added of its products. If the cooperative group exists and conducting all the rules above, it is predicted that level of income would rise by 49,19% for farmers, 38,36% for field owner-farmer and 2.01 for salt processing companies. In contrast, field owner and middleman would gain lower income by 3,01% and 25,40%. Moreover, it is calculated that transaction cost decreased by 30,63% for farmers; 79,54% for field owner; 76,26% for field owner-labour; 58,89% for middleman; and 34,74% for salt processing companies. In particular, establishing the cooperative group will not affect large traders since cooperative group is not targeting large partneships. The marketing margin analysis shows while the proposed channel marketing (salt farmers-cooperative-processing industry) has the least marketing costs, it is operationally most efficient channel. Moreover, the farmers will receive the share price better (30.43%) compared to the current share price of most farmers received (25.62%), so it is relatively
Keyword: small holding salt farmers

Judul: Contract Farming Pattern In Salt Farming (Case Study Sumenep, Madura-East Java)
Abstrak: Salt is one of the strategically important commodity, because it is used as an industrial raw materials and foodstuffs needed by almost all people. Geographically, Indonesia has natural resources that support the needs of national salt. Indonesia is a maritime country with a vast ocean of 70 percent (5.8 million km2) of the total area. In addition, Indonesia is also a country with the second longest coastline in the world along 95 181 km and has the potential land that could be used as a salt pond area of 34 000 hectares (Balitbang KKP, 2012), is currently only 20 000 hetares are being used. The fundamental problem for most salt farmers in Sumenep is salt production and the quality is still low. Of course this affects the position of farmers in determining the quality and price of the salt it self (Suherman et al, 2011). This was caused by several factors there are limitations of technology used, methods applied, access to capital and market information is still very minimal. Position of farmers that only as a producer, it caused the midlle men dominate in the salt marketing. Relationship between farmers and middle men are not only in marketing, but also in the capital. Therefore, farmers rely on merchants collectors, this reliance made salt farmers do not have a good bargaining position. The impacts of inequality occurs no one benefit and the other one gets lose. One of way that can be done to increase the bargaining power of farmers is through building institutional contract farming (Vermulen and Cotula, 2011). This study aims to (1) To analyze the pattern of cooperation has been carried out by salt farmers with some related sides, (2) Formulate and recommend an appropriate model of contract farming institutions in order to increase the bargaining position dan the welfare of salt farmers. Sampling methods are done intentionally (purposive sampling). The analysis of the data used, is descriptive analysis that aims to describe how the characteristics of the doers, described the mechanism of the existing pattern of cooperation, and the costs incurred for the creation of contract farming pattern. For describe statistical describe of the average amount of salt production and data of average price of sales price of salt by using tabulation. Revenue analysis is done to measure the success of farm. Total farm income is the difference between the total revenue expenditure total. To know whether the models contract farming are built worth or not worth doing analysis Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C). To measure efficiency levels used transaction cost analysis. Transaction costs are the costs incurred in conducting economic transactions. Generally, according to the North & Thomas in Anggraini (2005), the general components of transaction costs that will be taken into account in the salt business includes: (1) the cost to get information, such as information about the price, salt quality and variance of salt that based on quality, (2) contracting costs, how much it cost to legalize the contract, (3) the cost of implementation, cost incurred to do a contract/transaction. The result showed that the forms of cooperation
Keyword: Salt farming, Bargaining position, Contract farming

Judul: Penggunaan Teorema Homeomorphy 2-Manifold dan Teorema Euler Poincare pada Torus 𝑇�� dan Simplicial Complex 𝐾��
Abstrak: Two dimensional topological spaces are said to be homeomorphic if they have the same topological invariant, where one of topological invariant used is an Euler characteristic. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem and Euler Poincare’s Theorem are used to distinguish two topological spaces. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem uses Euler characteristic to identify two dimensional topological spaces. Euler Poincare’s Theorem is an alternative way to find Euler characteristic with Betti number, which is topological invariant as well. The objective of this paper is to investigate the homeomorphism of torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾�����. Topological space torus and simplicial complex 𝐾����� have the same Euler characteristic, which is two. Based on Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem topological space torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾����� is homeomorphic.
Keyword: simplicial, torus, Euler, homeomorphism, topology