Judul: Study on mixing process using static-mixer method to increase transesterification efficiency of refined palm oil into biodiesel
Abstrak: One of the difficulties faced in the current technology for biodiesel production is the requirement for rigorous mixing of methanol with the feedstock oil in the reactor. Utilization of blade mixer has limitation due to the immiscible state of those substances. This research was devoted to assess of static-mixer utilization in a transesterification reactor for biodiesel production in terms of kinetics reaction (reaction rate coefficient k, activation energy Ea, and collision factor or coefficient factor A). The experiments were conducted by reacting refined bleached deodorized palm olein (triglyceride or TG) with methanol (MeOH) at 50, 55, 60, 65, and 70o C, using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a catalyst at atmospheric pressure. Molar ratio of TG and MeOH was 1 : 11.5 and KOH used was 1% of palm oil weight. Transesterification process using blade agitator with the same reaction condition was performed as base of comparison to those of static-mixer. Energy consumption was measured for heater during oil heating, transesterification, boiling water and biodiesel drying by kWh meter. It was also conducted for pump for distribution, reactant mixing, and impeller of blade agitator. The experiments showed that static-mixer has significant effect in reducing reaction time to reach required fatty acid methyl ester content (FAME) i.e. 96.5% than those of blade agitator. Transesterification reaction time with static-mixer were shorter than with blade agitator for all temperature levels. Reaction temperature of 65o C with 5 minutes of reaction time demonstrated the best condition for running the static-mixer reactor.
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Judul: Analysis of Kinetic Transesterification Reaction in Catalytic Biodiesel Production with Static Mixing Reactor
Abstrak: Catalytic process of biodiesel production requires rigorous mixing and a certain amount of catalyst itself in order to obtain the proper result of the process. Hipotetically, a good mixing can reduce the amount of required catalyst for a certain results. In this study, a static mixing reactor with KOH as catalyst was used to produce biodiesel. The objective of the study were (1) to evaluate the affect of decreassing the amount of KOH required as catalyst for the biodiesel production in the static mixing reactor (2) to study the kinetics of the reaction. The result showed that the percentage of catalyst greatly affected the reaction conversion, yield and kinetics of the transesterification reaction at the beginning of the reaction and declined afterward, because its ability nearly reached its maximum capacity. The model of reaction order that most appropriate to describe the condition of transesterification in this study was a pseudo third-order model. The activation energy was 71.83 kJ mol-1, and the influence of static mixers in the reactor was indicated by the value of the collision frequency factor (1.95 x 108 min-1). In other words, the presence of static mixer has a significant influence in accelerating the reaction.
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Judul: Perencanan Lanskap Sunda Kalapa, Jakarta Utara Sebagai Kawasan W isata Sejarah
Abstrak: Perkembangan kota Jakarta dari waktu ke waktu sangatlah cepat, sehingga menyebabkan kota-kota tua banyak yang tergusur untuk dijadikan daerah baru yang lebih modern. Apabila hal tersebut tidak ditanggulangi secara dini maka keberadaan Kota Lama Jakarta akan hilang. Hal inilah yang melatar belakang untuk dilakukan tindakan perlindungan dan revitalisasi kawasan bersejarah Sunda Kalapa.
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