Judul: Prevalensi Uretrostomi Perineum pada Kucing FLUTD di Papar, Sabah
Abstrak: Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a common disease that classified as an emergency case and need a quick treatment. This condition is usually effecting the urethra and bladder of the patients. This study aims to know the prevalence of perineal urethrostomy (PU) surgery in feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) cats in SunRiz Animal Clinic, Papar, Sabah. Perineal urethrostomy (PU) is one of the surgical method that can be taken to treat urethral obstruction (UO) in cat. This surgery will remove the narrow part of the urethra and make a permanent urethral opening in the perineal region and help to decrease urethral obstruction (UO) in cats with complicated or recurrent obstructive feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). This study was using 7 male cats and few reasons of doing PU were collected. 42.86% of the cats were going through a 3rd episode of FLUTD, while 71.43% of the cats were going through 2 catheterizations and having urinary tract infection (UTI) and kidney problem. The prevalence is depends on the blood and urine test results and the number of catheterization., Penyakit saluran kemih bawah pada kucing (FLUTD) adalah penyakit umum yang biasanya menyerang uretra dan kantong kemih dan membutuhkan perawatan segera. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi operasi perineal urethrostomy (PU) pada kucing yang menderita FLUTD di Klinik Hewan SunRiz, Papar, Sabah. Uretrostomi perineum merupakan salah satu metode pembedahan yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasi obstruksi uretra pada kucing dengan cara mengangkat bagian sempit uretra dan membuat bukaan uretra permanen di daerah perineum. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari data operasi PU pada kasus FLUTD yang ditangani di Klinik Hewan SunRiz Papar, Sabah pada periode Juni 2020 sampai Februari 2021. Data dari 7 ekor kucing jantan dengan riwayat FLUTD dan obstruksi uretrostomi (UO) kambuhan yang diberikan operasi PU, digunakan. Data diperoleh dari rekam medis kesehatan pasien, tes hitung darah lengkap (CBC) dan tes urinalisis pasien. Semua data dianalisis secara deskriptif. 42,86% kucing mengalami FLUTD episode ketiga, yang mana telah mengalami kasus FLUTD kali ketiga. 71,43% kucing menjalani 2 kali kateterisasi dan mengalami infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) dan masalah ginjal. Prevalensinya tergantung dari hasil tes darah dan urin serta jumlah kateterisasi.
Keyword: FLUTD, perineal urethrostomy, urethral obstruction, recurrence, male cat

Judul: Prevalence of Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease in Hand N Paws Veterinary Clinic, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a common condition that affects the bladder and urethra of cats. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of cats diagnosed with FLUTD in Hand N Paws Veterinary Clinic from the year July 2019 to July 2020. Signalment, clinical signs, supporting laboratory diagnosis and treatment done were taken from the medical record. Cats at their prime stage (3-6 years old) were more commonly diagnosed at 45.61%. Both castrated and intact male shows higher prevalence compared to female at 31.58% and 29.82% respectively. Domestic short hair are the most common breed at 84.21% but there are no breed predisposition as it is dependenent on the variability of the cat breed in the area. Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) shows the highest prevalence of causing factors for non-obstructive FLUTD while in obstructive FLUTD, the highest causing factors are due to urethral plugs at (10.53%). Most common clinical signs shown by cats are stranguria (36.81%) followed by hematuria (35.09%). Radiopaque substances or distended bladder can are observed in x-ray images in FLUTD cases while in ultrasound imaging, shadowing and thickness of the bladder were seen., Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) adalah kondisi umum yang memengaruhi kandung kemih dan uretra kucing. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prevalensi kucing yang terdiagnosis FLUTD di Klinik Hewan Hand N Paws pada Juli 2019 hingga Juni 2020. Sinyal, tanda klinis, penunjang diagnosis laboratorium dan pengobatan yang telah dilakukan diambil dari perangkat lunak medis. Kucing pada stadium awal (umur 3-6 tahun) lebih banyak terdiagnosis FLUTD sebesar 45,61%. Kucing jantan yang sudah maupun yang belum dikebiri menunjukkan prevalensi terdiagnosis FLUTD lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kucing betina, yaitu masing-masing sebesar 31.58% dan 29.82%. Kucing domestik berbulu pendek merupakan ras yang paling banyak didiagnosis FLUTD yaitu 84,21% tetapi tidak ada predisposisi terhadap ras karena tergantung pada variabilitas ras kucing di daerah tersebut. Feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) merupakan factor dengan prevalensi terteingi penyebab FLUTD non-obstruktif, sedangkan pada FLUTD obstruktif, faktor penyebab tertinggi adalah akibat sumbatan uretra sebesar 10,53%. Tanda klinis paling umum yang ditunjukkan kucing adalah stranguria (36,81%) diikuti dengan hematuria (35,09%). Sifat radiopak atau kandung kemih yang distensi dapat diamati dengan gambaran x-ray pada kasus FLUTD, sementara pada pencitraan ultrasound, yang terlihat adalah bayangan dan penebalan kandung kemih.
Keyword: feline, Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease, prevalence

Judul: Analysis of Unequal Income Distribution with Cobb-Douglas Production Function
Abstrak: This paper studies the economic growth model by Moav (2002). Moav model shows the existence of unequal income distribution between low-income with high-income community. That kind of unequal income distribution is caused by uneven distribution of income. On this Moav model, there is one area called the threshold. Threshold becomes a benchmark to determining whether a society is categorized into low- or high- income community. The production function used in this paper is the Cobb-Douglas function. The dynamics of this model is described as difference equation of low-income, threshold, and high-income community. Simulation study on the model is carried out using Maple 13 and Mathematica 7.0 software. Overall, from the observed case, high-income community will reach a stable condition earlier, followed by the threshold, and then the low-income community.
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