Judul: Literature Study: The Benefits of Kefir Consumption on  Blood Cholesterol Reduction
Abstrak: Kefir merupakan produk susu fermentasi yang terbuat dari campuran susu dengan biji kefir, biji kefir terdiri atas beberapa spesies bakteri dan ragi. Kefir adalah salah satu jenis minuman susu fermentasi yang memiliki manfaat untuk kesehatan manusia, karena di dalamnya terkandung bakteri probiotik. Salah satu manfaat mengonsumsi kefir yaitu dapat menurunkan kandungan kolesterol pada darah manusia. Kolesterol adalah metabolit yang mengandung lemak sterol, sterol ditemukan dalam membran dan disirkulasikan dalam darah. Penelitian studi literatur ini dilakukan dengan cara melakukan penelusuran jurnal nasional maupun internasional yang dipublikasikan antara tahun 2010-2021 dengan menggunakan narrative review. Hasil dari penelitian studi literatur ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa mekanisme yang dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol darah di dalam tubuh manusia setelah mengonsumsi kefir. Beberapa mekanismenya yaitu dekonjugasi garam empedu dan aktivitas hidrolase garam empedu (BSH), kemampuan asimilasi kolesterol oleh bakteri probiotik dan produksi short chain fatty acid (SCFA) oleh bakteri probiotik., Kefir is a fermented milk product made from a mixture of milk with kefir grains, kefir grains consist of several species of bacteria and yeast. Kefir is a type of fermented milk drink which has beneficial for human health, because it contains probiotic bacteria. One of the benefits of consuming kefir is that it can lower blood cholesterol in humans. Cholesterol is a metabolite containing sterol fats, sterols are found in cell membranes and circulated in the blood. This literature study research was conducted by conducting a search of national and international journals published in the period of 2010-2021 by using narrative review method. The results of this literature study showed that there are several mechanisms that can lower cholesterol levels in the human body after consuming kefir. Some of its mechanisms are the deconjugation of bile salts and the hydrolase activity of bile salts (BSH), the ability to assimilate cholesterol by probiotic bacteria and the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) by probiotic bacteria.
Keyword: cholesterol, fermented, kefir, milk

Judul: Literature Study Benefits of Kefir on Prevention of Osteoporosis
Abstrak: Kefir merupakan produk olahan susu fermentasi yang terbuat dari campuran susu dengan biji kefir, biji kefir terdiri dari beberapa spesies bakteri dan ragi. Osteoporosis adalah penyakit yang ditandai dengan berkurangnya massa tulang dan perubahan mikroarsitektur jaringan tulang yang mengakibatkan penurunan kekuatan tulang dan peningkatan kerapuhan tulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji manfaat kefir dalam pencegahan osteoporosis. Penelitian studi kepustakaan ini dilakukan dengan melakukan penelusuran jurnal nasional dan internasional terbitan periode 2011-2021 dengan menggunakan metode narative review. Hasil dari penelitian studi literatur ini menunjukan bahwa didalam kandungan kalsium pada kefir susu kambing sebanyak 500 ml, terdapat 1140 mg kalsium. Kandungan kalsium tersebut cukup untuk pemenuhan kalsium perhari, beberapa pencegahan osteoporosis salah satunya dengan pemenuhan kalsum untuk tubuh bukan hanya pemenuhan kalsium. Pencegahan lainnya seperti, pencegahan primer, pencegahan sekunder, dan pencegahan tersier. Pada umumnya kalsium yang dibutuhkan setiap hari berkisar antara 800 mg/L hingga 1200 mg/L. Sedangkan pada lansia dan wanita yang menopause adalah 1500 mg/L setiap harinya. Setelah mengkonsumsi kefir nutrisi yang ada di dalamnya akan diserap oleh tubuh. Kalsium yang ada pada kefir sebagai pemeran utama pencegah osteoporosis akan diserap oleh lambung dan usus untuk disebarkan ke seluruh organ tubuh salah satunya adalah tulang, kekurangan kalsium pada tulang akan menyebabkan rapuhnya tulang., Kefir is a fermented dairy product made from a mixture of milk and kefir seeds. Kefir seeds consist of several species of bacteria and yeast. Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by reduced bone mass and changes in the microarchitecture of bone tissue resulting in decreased bone strength and increased bone fragility. This study aims to examine the benefits of kefir in preventing osteoporosis. This literature study research was conducted by searching national and international journals published for the 2011-2021 period using the narrative review method. The results of this literature study show that in the calcium content of 500 ml of goat milk kefir, there is 1140 mg of calcium. The calcium content is sufficient to meet daily calcium needs. Some prevention of osteoporosis is one of them by fulfilling calcium for the body, not just meeting calcium. Other prevention such as primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention. In general, the calcium needed every day ranges from 800 mg/L to 1200 mg/L. Whereas in the elderly and menopausal women is 1500 mg / L every day. After consuming as much as 500 ml of kefir, the nutrients in it will be absorbed by the body. Calcium in kefir as the main actor in preventing osteoporosis will be absorbed by the stomach and intestines to be distributed to all organs of the body, one of which is the bones, lack of calcium in the bones will cause bone fragility
Keyword: kefir, the benefits of kefir, osteoporosis

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite