Judul: SINTESIS SURFAKTAN ALKANOLAMIDA (FADEA) BERBASIS REFINED BLEACHED DEODORIZED PALM OIL (RBDPO) DAN DIETANOLAMINA DENGAN TEKNIK MIKROGELOMBANG
Abstrak: RIZKY BAGUS SAJIWO. Sintesis Surfaktan Alkanolamida (FADEA) Berbasis Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) dan Dietanolamina dengan Teknik Mikrogelombang. Dibimbing oleh MOHAMMAD KHOTIB dan HENNY PURWANINGSIH. Indonesia dikenal sebagai produsen minyak sawit terbesar kedua di dunia. Salah satu produk turunan kelapa sawit, yaitu refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) yang dapat disintesis menjadi surfaktan asam lemak dietanolamida (FADEA). Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan surfaktan asam lemak dietanolamida (FADEA) dari RBDPO dan dietanolamina dengan teknik sintesis berbantuan mikrogelombang serta karakteristik dan kinerjanya sebagai pembusa. Hasil Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) menunjukkan bahwa sintesis FADEA telah berhasil. Namun, spektrum FTIR FADEA yang disintesis pada waktu 15 menit masih terdapat puncak serapan dari ester yang menunjukkan bahwa sintesis belum berjalan sempurna. Sampel FADEA memiliki nilai asam lemak bebas dan pH yang sesuai dengan FADEA komersil. Namun, nilai dari amina bebas dan total amida tidak memenuhi nilai standar FADEA komersil berdasarkan spesifikasi Texas No. 180-54-02B. Uji busa dilakukan pada ketiga sampel FADEA yang menghasilkan persentase stabilitas busa sebesar 87−100%. Uji emulsi menunjukkan bahwa emulsi FADEA bertipe w/o., RIZKY BAGUS SAJIWO. Synthesis of Alkanolamide Surfactant (FADEA) From Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) and Diethanolamine Using Microwave Technique. Supervised by MOHAMMAD KHOTIB and HENNY PURWANINGSIH. Indonesia is known as the second largest palm oil producer in the world. One of the palm oil derivative products, namely refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) which can be synthesized into diethanolamide fatty acid surfactant (FADEA). This study aims to obtain diethanolamide fatty acids (FADEA) using microwave techniques with various times of 15, 20, and 25 minutes. The results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the synthesis of FADEA was successful. However, the FTIR spectrum of FADEA which was synthesized at 15 minutes still had an absorption peak from the ester indicating that the synthesis was not running perfectly. FADEA samples had free fatty acid values and pH in accordance with commercial FADEA. However, the values of free amine and total amide did not meet commercial FADEA standards based on Texas specification No. 180-54-02B. The foam test was carried out on the three FADEA samples which resulted in a foam stability percentage of 87−100%. The emulsion test showed that the FADEA emulsion was w/o type.
Keyword: diethanolamine, FADEA, microwave, RBDPO

Judul: Sintesis Surfaktan Alkanolamida (FADEA) dari Minyak Kelapa dan Dietanolamina Berbantuan Mikrogelombang
Abstrak: Surfaktan FADEA (Fatty Acid Diethanolamide) merupakan surfaktan nonionik yang diperoleh dari reaksi amidasi dengan proses pemanasan konvensional. Dalam penelitian ini, FADEA diperoleh dari minyak kelapa serta dietanolamina dengan perlakuan mikrogelombang sebab dinilai lebih aman, memiliki homogenitas suhu tinggi, pemanasan selektif, dan mempercepat waktu reaksi. Surfaktan FADEA berhasil terbentuk pada perbandingan 1:1, 1:2, dan 1:3 (b/b) waktu reaksi 15–25 menit dengan daya medium (60%P). Hasil spektrum FTIR menunjukkan FADEA telah terbentuk, namun masih belum terkonversi secara optimal karena masih terdapat puncak trigliserida dan dietanolamina. Karakteristik kimia, seperti nilai pH dan ALB (Asam Lemak Bebas) dari 6 produk FADEA telah memenuhi spesifikasi. Namun, DEA bebas dan total amida tidak memenuhi spesifikasi. Dari penelitian ini, surfaktan FADEA pada perbandingan 1:3 dalam waktu 25 menit memiliki karakteristik dan kinerja terbaik. Surfaktan FADEA mampu menurunkan tegangan permukaan air dari 70,9 dyne/cm menjadi 24–29 dyne/cm. Stabilitas busa semakin tinggi dengan meningkatnya perbandingan massa dan waktu reaksi, sebesar >87%., FADEA surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant obtained from an amidation reaction with a conventional heating process. In this study, FADEA was obtained from coconut oil and diethanolamine with microwaves treatment because it is considered safer, has high-temperature homogeneity, selective heating, and speeds up reaction time. FADEA surfactant was successfully formed at a ratio of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 w/w in a reaction time of 15–25 minutes at medium power (60%P). The results of the FTIR spectrum showed that FADEA has been formed, but hadn’t optimally converted because there were still triglyceride and diethanolamine peaks. Chemical characteristics, such as pH and ALB values of 6 products that fulfilled the specifications. However, free DEA and total amide values didn’t fulfil the specifications. From this study, FADEA surfactant at ratio of 1:3 in 25 minutes had the best characteristics and performance. FADEA surfactant is able to reduce the surface tension of water from 70,9 dyne/cm to 24–29 dyne/cm. Foam stability was higher with increasing mass ratio and reaction time, by >87%.
Keyword: coconut oil, FADEA, microwave, surfactant

Judul: Implementation of Spatio-Temporal Change Query in Relational Database.
Abstrak: Geographic object changes in various views. Object changes are recorded using a model of static storage. No historical connection between old version data and new version data has been built. For that, a storage model of spatio-temporal queries that can analyze spatio-temporal changes has been developed. The object changes the geometry are grouped according to the taxonomy of Spatio-Temporal Pattern Change. This research has been able to apply the query patterns change including born, expand, merge, contract, split, normal and die. This query based on geometric (area) changes. The implementation of spatio-temporal change queries represents an object changes continuously with easy, change detection is done by comparing two versions of data. Keyword: spatio-temporal change query, spatio-temporal change pattern.
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