Judul: Evaluation of Fiber Level and Zinc Supplementation in Agroindustrial-byproduct Based Diet on Ruminants
Abstrak: Fiber and Z n h ave i rn portant roles i n ruminal a nd tissue metabolism. A serie of experiments were conducted to study the effect of fiber level and zinc supplementation in agroindustrial byproduct based diet in performance of ruminants. Three experiments were conducted. The first experiment was conducted to evaluate ruminal degradation and Zn solubility of agroindustrial byproduct and napier grass (Pennisetum purpumum). Two rumen fistulated sheep were used in the first study. The second experiment was to evaluate feed utilization of agroindustrial byproduct. Twenty one sheep were divided into 7 dietary treatments, namely Rg: napier grass (ng); Rd: 40% ng + 60% ricebran; Ro: 40% ng + 60% cassava byproduct; Rp: 40% ng + 60% pollard; Rdk: 40% ng + 48% ricebran + 12% coconut meal; Rds: 40% ng + 48% ricebran + 12% palm kernel cake and Rdd: 40% ng + 48% ricebran + 12% soybean meal. In the third experiment, 12 sheep were used to determine the effect of fiber and Zn level on animal performance. The sheep were allocated into a 2x2 factorial arrangement. The first factor was fiber level with 2 level (50 and 56%). The second factors was Zn levels (supplemented and did not supplemented). The result of the first experiment showed that effective degradation (ED) of DM, fiber and Zn solubilization of evaluated feed significantly different (p < 0.05). ED of DM and fiber of pollard > cassava byproduct > soybean meal > coconut meal > rice bran > palm kernel cake > napier grass, and Zn solubility of pollard > napier grass > palm kernel cake > ricebran > soybean meal > coconut meal > cassava byproduct. In the second experiment DM, CP, TDN, ADF and Zn intake significantly different (p c 0,05) among dietary treatments. DM digestibility was not affected by dietary trearnent, likewise feed efficiency. ADF digestibility, Zn serum and daily gain were affected by dietary treatment. In the third experiment, dietary treatment did not affect DM intake and titer antibody, but Zn intake, Zn serum and blood traits were affected by treatment. Gain dan energy convertion tended to be affected by treament.
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Judul: Reformulation of Dairy Cattle Concentrated Based on  RDP:RUP Balance at Different Energy Level: An In Vitro Study
Abstrak: Produktivitas ternak ruminansia yang efisien membutuhkan protein, tingkat energi dan rasio RDP:RUP dalam pakan yang seimbang. Pakan harus menyediakan nitrogen yang cukup (RDP) untuk pertumbuhan mikroba rumen, serta sebagai sumber protein langsung untuk hewan inang (RUP). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat optimal rasio RDP:RUP dan tingkat energi ransum sapi perah dengan metode in vitro. Sumber inokulum rumen diperoleh dari rumen fistulasi sapi Friesian Holstein. Perlakuan terdiri dari 4 level rasio RDP: RUP, yaitu 45:55, 50:50, 55:45 dan 60:40, sedangkan level energi terdiri dari level TDN 65%, 70% dan 75%. Rancangan percobaan adalah rancangan acak kelompok pola faktorial. Analisis data menggunakan uji ANOVA dan Duncan multiple range test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rasio RDP: RUP dan variasi TDN berpengaruh terhadap KCBK, KCBO, NH3. Kandungan TDN yang lebih tinggi meningkatkan KCBK, KCBO, dan VFA total secara signifikan. Peningkatan imbangan RDP (dari 45% hingga 60%) dan level TDN (low to high) meningkatkan kecernaan nutrisi, kadar VFA total, populasi bakteri dan protozoa. Peningkatan ini menunjukkan bahwa manfaat dari pakan yang berbasis imbangan RDP:RUP dapat meningkatkan produktivitas ternak ruminansia., Efficiency of ruminant productivity requires optimal protein, energy levels, and RDP:RUP ratios in feed. Dairy feed must provide adequate of nitrogen (RDP) for the rumen microbe, as well as a direct protein source for host animals (RUP). This study aimed to determine the optimal RDP:RUP ratio at different energy level of dairy cattle rations using in vitro method. The source of rumen inoculum was obtained from rumen fistulated Friesian Holstein cattle. The treatments consisted of two factors. The factors were 4 RDP:RUP ratios (60:40; 55:45; 50:50; 45:55) and 3 TDN levels (65%; 70%; 75%). The experimental design was a factorial randomized block design. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test. The result showed that the ratio of RDP:RUP and level TDN had effects on DMD, OMD, NH3. Increased RDP balance (from 45% to 60%) and TDN level (low to high) improve nutrient digestibility, total VFA, bacterial population and protozoa. This increase indicates that the benefits of based feed RDP:RUP balance can increase the productivity of ruminants.
Keyword: n vitro, rumen degradable protein, rumen fermentation, total digestible nutrient

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf