Judul: Kajian Penanda Genetik Gen Cytochrome B dan Daerah D-loop pada Tarsius sp.
Abstrak: Tarsius is an endemic species of Indonesia that is threatened. Conservation of this species would yield better results if its genetic make up and diversity determined. The objective of this research was to study the specific genetic marker on Cyt b gene and D-loop region of Tarsius sp. Sequencing of PCR product using primer H15149 on Cyt b gene yielded base sequence of 276 nts (coding 92 amino acids), while sequencing using primer DLTARPROF on D-loop resulted in base sequence of 270 nts. Results of Cyt b and D-loop fragments sequencing were put on multiple alignment with other primates from Genbank with the aid of software Genetyc-Win Version 3.0 and Clustal W, and were analyzed using MEGA program version 3.1.Fourteen different amino acid sites were found. Tarsius dianae had 12 amino acid sites (amino acid no. 2, 6, 9, 22, 23, 29, 39, 41, 42, 45, 55, and 85), T. spectrum had 7 amino acid sites (amino acid no. 2, 6, 9, 41, 45, 55 and 85) and T. bancanus had 2 amino acid sites (amino acid no. 23 and 45) which can be used as genetic marker. Five unique amino acids were found on T. dianae, such as amino acid site: 6 (valine), 22 (alanin), 29 (alanin), 39 (serin) and site 42 (valine). The genetic distance based on nucleotide Cyt b calculated using Kimura 2-parameter model indicated that in the smallest value of 0.7%, biggest 22.3% and average 13.1%, while for D-loop, the smallest genetic distance is 0% and biggest 11.8% and average 2.3%. The phylogenetic tree using neighbor Joining Method based on the sequence of nucleotide and amino acid Cyt b reveded differentiation among Tarsius, but the phylogenetic tree based on some nucleotide sequence on D-loop region could not be used to differentiate among species.
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Judul: Identifikasi Spesies Tarsius dengan Teknik Analisis Marka Molekuler Mitokondria DNA (MtDNA) Secara Non-invasif
Abstrak: Tarsius merupakan salah satu primata di Indonesia dengan ukuran terkecil di dunia. Tarsius saat ini memiliki 3 genus yang tersebar di beberapa daerah, salah satunya Sulawesi. Penangkaran secara eksitu diperlukan untuk melestarikan spesies tarsius yang terancam punah. Identifikasi tarsius dari penangkaran dapat dilakukan secara morfologi maupun molekuler. Identifikasi tarsius secara molekuler dapat menggunakan gen sitokrom b (cyt b) dan D-loop dari DNA mitokondria (mtDNA) sebagai penanda genetik karena laju mutasinya yang tinggi dibandingkan dengan DNA inti. Selama ini, analisis molekular pada tarsius selalu dilakukan secara invasif yang dapat menyebabkan stres hingga kematian pada spesies tersebut. Oleh karena itu, identifikasi dan analisis molekular tarsius perlu dilakukan secara noninvasif untuk mendukung konservasi dan menjunjung prinsip kesejahteraan hewan (animal welfare). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi spesies tarsius yang ada di penangkaran Pusat Studi Satwa Primata LPPM IPB secara non-invasif menggunakan marka molekuler gen cyt b dan D-loop dari mtDNA serta membandingkan hasil rekonstruksi filogenetik spesies tarsius berdasarkan dua marka molekuler tersebut. DNA diekstraksi dari feses segar dengan QIAamp® DNA Stool Mini Kit (Qiagen) dan diamplifikasi menggunakan primer spesifik untuk daerah cyt b dan D-loop. Amplikon ditentukan runutan basanya dengan teknik sekuensing. Sekuen nukleotida dianalisis secara bioinformatika dengan program Bioedit dan MEGA 6.0. Panjang sekuen tarsius yang didapatkan sebesar 345 pb untuk gen cyt b dan sebesar 530 pb untuk gen D-loop. Hasil analisis runutan nukleotida berdasarkan jarak genetik dan pohon filogenetik daerah cyt b dan D-loop dari sembilan sampel tarsius menghasilkan dua spesies yang berbeda, yaitu Cephalopachus bancanus dan Tarsius sp. Analisis lebih lanjut berdasarkan persentase identitas (>98%) daerah cyt b mengindikasikan bahwa spesies Tarsius sp. tersebut adalah Tarsius spectrumgurskyae.
Keyword: D-loop, filogenetik, identifikasi, sitokrom b, tarsius

Judul: Impact Of water policy on poverty reduction and women roles in water management In Zimbabwe
Abstrak: Water management is a key factor in the battle to remove the scourge of extreme poverty and to build secure and prosperous lives for people in the developing world. The water sector in Zimbabwe is complicated by the large number of actors; it is interwoven within various ministries. The research used secondary data and review of literature to evaluate how the current water policy has contributed towards marginalising women and the poor. It looked at how actors can also marginalise or put other actors at risk thereby undermining their role through prioritisation of certain projects, stakeholder participation and usage policy. From a descriptive analysis it is found that women are further relegated and marginalised. The poor are further impoverished through marginalisation and vulnerability. The policy environment favours business and state interests against those of grassroots actors and women. It recommends the establishment of home grown pro- poor water management strategies.
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