Judul: Identifikasi molekuler dan keragaman genetik spons invasif Terpios hoshinota di Pulau Dapur, Kepulauan Seribu
Abstrak: Terpios hoshinota merupakan salah satu spesies spons invasif yang menyebarluas di perairan Indo-Pasifik. Penyebaran Terpios hoshinota di Indonesia telah ditemukan di Kepulauan Spermonde dan Kepulauan Seribu. Namun demikian, spons mempunyai keanekaragaman spesies yang tinggi tetapi dikenal sebagai organisme yang sulit diidentifikasi secara morfologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi Terpios hoshinota secara genetik, menganalisis keragaman genetik serta merekonstruksi pohon filogenetik Terpios hoshinota di Pulau Dapur, Kepulauan Seribu. Amplifikasi DNA dengan gen CO1 mengidentifikasi Terpios hoshinota dengan tingkat kemiripan 95 % - 99 %. Rata-rata panjang nukleotida 679 basepairs, rata-rata komposisi timin (T)= 37 %; sitosin (C)= 18.6 %; adenin (A)= 23 % dan guanin (G)= 21.4 %. Keragaman genetiknya yaitu 0.0962 (keragaman haplotiope) dan 0.4412 ± 0.2574 (keragaman nukleotida). Hasil analisis filogenetik menggunakan model Neighbor Joining Treedengan model substitusi Kimura 2-parameter menunjukkan 6 individu sampel Terpios hoshinota di Pulau Dapur mempunyai kekerabatan yang dekat.
Keyword: identification, molecular, DNA Barcoding, Terpios hoshinota

Judul: Identifikasi Molekuler, Keragaman Genetik, Struktur dan Konektivitas Populasi Spons Invasif Terpios hoshinota di Teluk Balikpapan dan Perairan Lombok
Abstrak: Terpios hoshinota merupakan spons yang termasuk ke dalam filum Porifera dengan kelas Demospongiae. Terpios hoshinota dapat mengancam keanekaragaman hayati terumbu karang di Indonesia yang merupakan pusat keragaman hayati laut di seluruh dunia, karena Terpios hoshinota merupakan spons pembunuh karang yang dapat tumbuh dengan cepat dan kadang-kadang mengalami wabah besar yang bisa menutupi area yang luas. Spons ini memiliki ciri berwarna hitam dan tumbuh berkembang di perairan bersama dengan beberapa jenis cyanobakteria dengan cara bersimbiosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi secara molekuler dan merekonstruksi pohon filogenetik, melihat keragaman genetik, serta struktur dan konektivitas populasi spons T. hoshinota antara Teluk Balikpapan dengan Perairan Lombok. Analisis yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini yaitu identifikasi molekuler dan rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik, keragaman genetik dengan perhitungan statistik AMOVA, dan analisis struktur serta konektivitas populasi. Rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik yang dilakukan menggambarkan bahwa spons T. hoshinota di dua populasi penelitian memiliki kekerabatan yang dekat. Hasil analisis AMOVA dengan nilai Fst sebesar 0,041 menunjukan bahwa struktur populasi antara Teluk Balikpapan dengan Perairan Lombok tidak memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan, analisis jarak genetik menujukkan bahwa jarak genetik antara populasi Perairan Lombok dengan Teluk Balikpapan cenderung dekat. Analisis terhadap niai keragaman genetik di dua populasi menunjukkan nilai keragaman genetik yang tergolong rendah. Konektivitas populasi antara dua populasi T. hoshinota di Indonesia menampilkan tiga haplotipe yang berbeda. Dekatnya jarak kekerabatan antar sampel disebabkan oleh tingginya aliran gen (gene flow) yang terjadi pada dua populasi penelitian.
Keyword: Identifikasi molekuler, keragaman genetik, konektivitas populasi, struktur populasi, Terpios hoshinota

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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