Judul: Daur Ulang dan Pembuatan Biogas untuk Minimisasi Limbah Cair Industri Tapioka di CV Tani Sadulur
Abstrak: CV. Tani Sadulur — Bogor merupakan industri penghasil tapioka skala kecil dimana proses produksi masih dilakukan secara sederhana dan limbah yang dihasilkan tidak terolah dengan baik dan benar (langsung dibuang ke sungai). Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengidentifikasi limbah cair dan loss yang dihasilkan dari proses produksi tapioka serta menentukan opsi dalam upaya meminimalisir limbah cair. Tahapan penelitian ini terdiri dari beberapa tahap yaitu, observasi dan wawancara dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi proses produksi dan limbah yang terbentuk, studi literatur dilakukan untuk mendapatkan alternatif minimisasi limbah, analisis teknis dan lingkungan yang sesuai dengan industri tapioka, analisis ekonomi dari masing-masing opsi menggunakan analisis B/C ratio dan payback period. Limbah cair yang dihasilkan berupa air sisa pencucian, air sisa pemarutan, dan air sisa pengendapan dengan jumlah air total 8.577,85 liter air. Limbah padat/loss yang dihasilkan berupa tanah, sisa ubi kayu kupas dari proses pencucian dan sisa hasil pemarutan dari proses pemarutan dengan jumlah total 20 kg. Berdasarkan pengamatan di lapangan, alternatif minimisasi limbah cair yang dapat diterapkan pada industri tapioka yaitu penggunaan air daur ulang melalui proses filtrasi dengan nilai B/C ratio 1,8 dan payback period 0,94 tahun serta pemanfaatan limbah cair untuk biogas dengan nilai B/C ratio 0,08.
Keyword: biogas, filtration, wastewater, tapioca

Judul: Pengolahan Limbah Cair Tapioka Menggunakan Kotoran Sapi Perah dengan Sistem Anaerobik.
Abstrak: Industri pengolahan singkong menjadi tepung tapioka dalam proses produksinya akan menghasilkan limbah, baik berupa cair, padat maupun gas. Limbah-limbah ini apabila tidak dilakukan penanganan secara khusus berpotensi untuk mencemari lingkungan terutama masih adanya kandungan bahan organik dalam bahan. Limbah cair tapioka terutama berasal dari proses pencucian serta pengendapan sehingga masih banyak mengandung bahan-bahan organik yang cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi perbandingan yang optimal antara kotoran sapi perah dengan limbah cair tapioka dalam menurunkan beban pencemaran limbah cair tapioka.
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Judul: Studies on growth spurt and aging in higher primates
Abstrak: single measurement that best defines the health and nutritional status of children, just as it provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. The pattern of human growth reflects the biocultural evolution of our species. The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Three studies are reported here which deal to the growth and development of human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). These three studies allow us to contrast the phenomena of adolescence growth spurt and female elderly bone loss in chimpanzee and human as chimpanzee is the closest species to humans within extant nonhuman primates. In the first, a cross-sectional study of growth of the body size and somatotype of 363 Javanese girls and 299 Javanese boys aged 4 to 20 years from Magelang Regency, Indonesia was described. In the second, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee second metacarpal bone linear dimensions from individuals aged 0 to 43.6 years were used for comparison. While in the third, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee body size (body mass and anterior trunk length) and second metacarpal bone mineral content were derived. In measuring the second metacarpal dimensions and mineral content, a total of 568 radiographs of chimpanzee's proximodistal left hands were used. They were taken from 68 females and 49 males aged 0 to 43.62 years old. We applied an image analysis system, Scion Image Release Alpha 4.0.3.2 software for Windows to measure bone linear dimensions and bone mineral content. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body weight and height. A clear growth spurt could be demonstrated by cross-sectional analysis in our girl subjects at around aged 11.5 years and in our boy subjects at around aged 12.5 years. In longitudinal series, not in cross-sectional, several representative chimpanzees of both sexes showed a pre-adult growth spurt on the body sizes, bone dimensions and bone mineral content. They ranged at age 4.5 to 8.5 years. This underscore the fact that adolescent growth spurt in linear dimension was not a universal feature of anthropoid primate ontogeny. Bone loss is a well established characteristic of human female aging. Based on crosssectional analyses the sequential decline of bone mass in female chimpanzee may be said to be genuine. On the other hand, we found in adulthood through elderly, male chimpanzees show a longer plateau than female chimpanzee, that is, bone mineral content is maintained in male.
Keyword: Javanese children, growth spurt, chimpanzee, second metacarpal bone, bone loss, Higher Primates