Judul: Sprague-dawley Rats Blood Chemical Profile in Subchronic Toxicity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Soursop Leaf (Annona muricata L.)
Abstrak: Penelitian sebelumnya membuktikan bahwa ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) memiliki efek antikanker. Uji toksisitas akut sudah dilaksanakan dan hasilnya tidak menunjukkan dampak negatif pada parameter yang diamati. Agar bisa masuk ke fase uji klinis, perlu dilakukan uji toksisitas subkronis selama 90 hari untuk melihat keamanan pemberian ekstrak dalam waktu lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan konsentrasi glukosa, kolesterol, dan trigliserida darah tikus Sprague-dawley selama 90 hari pada pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak, pada uji toksisitas subkronis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada konsumsi pakan, bobot badan, serta konsentrasi glukosa, kolesterol, dan trigliserida darah antara kelompok normal dan kelompok yang diberi ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak dosis 20, 80, dan 240 mg/kgBB. Data kelompok satelit menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok satelit dosis 240 mg/kgBB dan satelit normal. Sediaan uji aman dikonsumsi selama 90 hari tanpa adanya efek toksik yang tertunda., From previous study, soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaf endophytic fungi extract has been shown to have anticancer effects. Acute toxicity tests were carried out and the results showed no negative impact on the observed parameters. To submit the clinical trial phase, it is necessary to carry out a subchronic toxicity test for 90 days to see the safety of long-term consumption of the extract. This study aims to determine the concentration of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides in the blood of Sprague-dawley rats for 90 days after consumed the extract of soursop leaves endophytic fungi, in subchronic toxicity test. The results showed that there was no significant differences in feed consumption, body weight, and the concentration of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides in the blood between the normal group and the group given the soursop leaves endophytic fungi extract dose 20, 80, and 240 mg/kgBW. Satellite group data showed no significant differences between the satellite group at the dose of 240 mg/kgBW and the control satellite. The test preparation is safe for 90 days consumption without any delayed toxic effects.
Keyword: glukosa darah, kapang endofit, kolesterol, trigliserida, toksisitas, blood glucose, cholesterol, endophytic fungi, toxicity, triglyceride

Judul: Amount of Erythrocytes, Hematocrit, and  Hemoglobin in Subchronic Toxicity Test of Endophytic Fungi in Soursop Leaves  Extract (Annona muricata L.)
Abstrak: Telah dilakukan penelitian in vitro dan in vivo terhadap ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) dan menunjukkan adanya kemampuan sitotoksik terhadap sel MCF-7 dan penurunan volume kanker pada tikus yang diinduksi DMBA, sehingga ekstrak ini dapat digunakan sebagai obat antikanker payudara. Uji toksisitas akut dan subakut juga telah dilakukan dan menunjukkan tidak adanya efek toksik sehingga perlu dilakukan uji toksisitas oral subkronis sebelum dilanjutkan ke uji klinis. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan nilai eritrosit, hematokrit, dan hemoglobin antar kelompok tikus Sprague-dawley setelah pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) selama 90 hari. Tikus dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok, yaitu kelompok normal, kelompok perlakuan yang diberikan ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak dosis 20, 80, dan 240 mg/kgBB, serta kelompok satelit normal dan satelit dosis 240 mg/kgBB. Hasil analisis ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa jumlah eritrosit, kadar hematokrit dan konsentrasi hemoglobin tidak berbeda nyata antara kelompok perlakuan dan satelit dengan kelompok normal. Nilai semua parameter masih berada pada rentang normal., In vitro and in vivo research on soursop leaf endophytic fungi extract showed a cytotoxicity ability against MCF-7 cells and reduced the cancer volume in DMBA induced rats, so it can be used as breast cancer drug. Acute and subacute toxicity test did not show any toxic effect therefore a subchronic oral toxicity test is needed prior to clinical test. This study aims to compare the value of erythrocytes, hematocrits, and hemoglobins on Sprague-dawley rats after given ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi in soursop leaves (Annona muricata L) for 90 days. The rats were divided into 6 groups: normal rats; group of rats given extract doses of 20, 80 and 240 mg/kgBW; the satellite group which were given normal treatment and the satellite group which were given the extract dose of 240 mg/kgBW. ANOVA analysis showed that the number of erythrocytes, hematocrit level and hemoglobin concentration were not significantly different between the treatment and satellite groups with the normal group. The values of all parameters are still in the normal range
Keyword: eritrosit, hematokrit, hemoglobin, kapang endofit, toksisitas, endophytic fungi, erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, toxicity

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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