Judul: Model Matematik Pengeringan Lapisan Tipis Cengkeh (Eugenia caryophyllus S. )
Abstrak: Tujusn dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan model matematik pengeringan lapisan tipis gang sesuai untuk mengg~mbarkan perubahan kadar air cengkeh (Euaenia caryophyllus S.) selama dalan pengeringan lapisan tipis pada berbagai kondisi udara pengering.
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Judul: Model matematik pengeringan lapisan tipis coklat (Theobroma cacao L.)
Abstrak: Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah mempelajari karakteristik pengeringan dan membuat model pengeringan lapisan tipis dari coklat berbentuk silinder tak terbatas dan bola pada berbagai kondisi udara pengering. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ada dua ma- Pertama, data hasil percobaan pengeringan satu lapis cam. coklat yang telah difermentasikan selama 6 hari pada suhu 54.8 °C, 60.2 °C, dan 64.4 °C pada RH masing-masing adalah 38.4%, 27.6%, dan 29.2%. Kecepatan aliran udara yang digunakan konstan sebesar 3.6 m/detik. Kedua, data di- peroleh dari hasil penelitian Yayan Cahyana (1989). Co- klat setebal 7.5 cm dikeringkan dengan alat pengering ti- pe rak pada kondisi udara suhu 50.4 °C dan RH 22.2%. Aliran udara yang digunakan 197.505 m³/jam. 3 Kurva penurunan kadar air terhadap waktu mempunyai pola yang sama, yaitu bentuk eksponensial. Pada pengering- an ini hanya terlihat periode laju pengeringan menurun yang dapat dibedakan menjadi dua tahap. Kadar air keseimbangan dinamis (Me) dan koefisien pengeringan K dari setiap model dicari berdasarkan data ...
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Judul: Morphofunctional Characteristic of the Shoulder and Upper Arm Muscles of The Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Abstrak: Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities., Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities.
Keyword: arboreal, Bornean orangutans, shoulders and upper-arm muscles, terrestrial