Judul: Migrasi internasional perempuan, penguasaan lahan dan kesetaraan gender: kajian di komunitas Desa Sawah Jawa Barat
Abstrak: International migration of female labors from villages of West Java to Middle Eastern countries, especially to Saudi Arabia, is caused by a combination of lack of job opportunity, lack of land ownership, poverty, the opening of opportunity to work abroad with relatively simple requirement, and much higher wages than it is in Indonesia. The objective of the research is to analyze the linkage between international migration of female labors, land ownership and gender equality in West Java. Paradigm used in this research is Post-Positivism which combines quantitative and qualitative methods. The research is conducted in two villages in two regencies. Data is obtained through in-depth interviews and Focus Group Discussion with exmigrants, migrants on leave, and newly ex-migrants, and also with key informants, such as sponsors/middlemen of labor service company (PJTKI), village elites, and traditional, religious, educational and women leaders. Number of respondents is 134 people.The results suggestthatinternationalmigrationof womenfrom both villages is a form ofsurvivalandcopingstrategies of poor rural households who are landless farmers.West Javan rural women, by working as domestic workers abroad, are able to save their family‟s economy, and therefore, have a “strong” position in their communities.There are twotypes ofmigrant familiesin utilizingremittance: (1) those who use itforvariousproductiveandlong-term needs, such as purchasingof land(dry land and paddy rice field), businesscapital, and for continuingeducationof family members, and (2) Families who spendthe money forconsumptive purposes, such as buyingvarioushousehold goods and clothes and for family recreation. Expenses other than the needs forproduction and consumption are expenditures for charities for social, religious and national causes.These charities have become a sort of recognition to the rise of thesocialstatusof migrantwomenin theircommunities.Rationalreasons for buying land are: (1)provisionof daily meals; (2) preparationtobuilda house; (3) businesscapital; (4) saving for the future; (5) for not tobecomefarm labors; (6) as reservefor the event of ngamumule-mulasara; and (7)the cost of educationof family members.The implicationsofruralland occupationbymigrantwomenare: a more equalgenderrelations, the beginning of emancipation citizenshipand a formation processtowards theestablishment ofthe existence ofwoman. The existenceof woman changesgenderrelations to become moreequalat rural family, household andcommunity levels. This is partlyvisiblein form ofdivision of laborbetweenman andwomanin familiesandhouseholds that is nolonger rigidly basedongender.
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Judul: Mobilitas dan status sosial buruh migran perempuan yang pernah bekerja di luar negeri : Kasus di Desa Kutawargi, Kecamatan Rawamerta, Kabupaten Karawang, Provinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Keterlibatan perempuan dalam kegiatan ekonomi merupakan fenomena penting pada era globalisasi. Perempuan Indonesia terutama kalangan menengah ke bawah hampir seluruhnya terlibat dalam kegiatan ekonomi. Jumlah perempuan di pedesaan yang terlibat dalam kegiatan ekonomi lebih tinggi daripada di perkotaan. Mereka berupaya memperbaiki ekonomi keluarga hingga meninggalkan desa dan mencari alternatif pekerjaan. Pekerjaan di luar negeri adalah salah satu bentuk yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh perempuan di desa. Jenis pekerjaan yang mereka lakukan terbatas karena pendidikan dan keterampilan yang dimiliki rendah dan upah kerja yang di terima juga rendah. Keputusan bekerja ditentukan oleh motivasi individu yang berasal dari dalam maupun luar dirinya. Pada umumnya motivasi kerja yang melandasi buruh migran perempuan adalah ekonomi. Sumbangan buruh migran terhadap devisa negara cukup besar penghargaan terhadap mereka masih kurang, baik dalam masyarakat maupun rumahtangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1) mengetahui motivasi keterlibatan buruh migran untuk bekerja di luar negeri, 2) mempelajari karakteristik buruh migran perempuan di lokasi penelitian, 3) mengetahui kontribusi buruh migran perempuan terhadap peningkatan perekonomian keluarga, 4) melihat adanya hubungan keterlibatan buruh migran perempuan yang bekerja dengan proses mobilitas sosial dan pola pengambilan keputusan dalam keputusan bekerja, bidang produksi, kebutuhan pokok, pembentukan keluarga, dan kegiatan sosial dalam masyarakat maupun rumahtangga. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode survai yang bersifat penjelasan atau explanatory research. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Desa Kutawargi, Kecamatan Rawamerta, Kabupaten Karawang, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan September hingga Oktober 2003...dst
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Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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