Judul: Konversi pati kelapa sawit menjadi siklodekstrin secara enzimatik pada reaktor curah tangki berpengaduk
Abstrak: Mikroba yang digunakan untuk produksi enzim glukosa isomerase (GI) adalah Streptomyces olivaceus S-58 yang berasal dari ITB, Bandung. Organisme ini dapat menghasilkan enzim GI baik secara intra maupun ekstraseluler. Dengan menggunakan teknik spektrofotometri maka enzim ekstraseluler yang dihasilkan selama fermentasi 2 hari (5.75 U/ml), lebih tinggi daripada enzim intraseluler (3.48 U/ml). Untuk mendapatkan aktivitas optimumnya S.olivaceus membutuhkan ion kobalt dan magnesium sebanyak 0.025% (103-104M). Perbandingan xilosa dan glukosa yang digunakan sebagai sumber karbon ternyata berpengaruh cukup besar terhadap aktivitas yang dihasilkannya. Aktivitas tertinggi yang didapatkan dengan perbandingan xilosa dan glukosa 7: 3 adalah 3.48 U/ml. Penggunaan substrat yang berlebih diduga menyebabkan timbulnya efck inhibisi dan represi katabolit. S. olivaceus dapai tumbuh dan menghasilkan glukosa isomerase pada medium yang mengandung sumber nitrogen organik dan campuran nitrogen organik dengan anorganik. Perlakuan ekstraksi secara kimiawi dilakukan dengan detergen kationik Cetyiltrimethyilammonium bromida. Hingga batas tertentu semakin lama ekstraksi dilakukan maka semakin banyak enzim yang dihasilkan. Ekstraksi selama 2 jam menghasilkan ekstrak enzim kasar dengan aktivitas optimum 2.27 U/ml sedangkan ekstraksi selama 24 jam adalah 2.88 U/ml. Aktivitas katalitik Gl memiliki nilai optimum pada suhu isomerisasi 60°C yang akan menurun sejalan dengan peningkatan suhu. Pengurangan glukosa dari medium MP2 dengan xilosa sebanyak 1% mengakibatkan penurunan aktivitas sebesar 2.95%. Akan tetapi hal ini menunjukkan bahwa onggok dapat digunakan sebagai sumber karbon bagi mikroba untuk menghasilkan enzim glukosa isomerase. Diduga adanya xilan pada onggok menurunkan kebutuhan xilosa sebagai senyawa induksi dari 1% menjadi 0.3%. Hasil terbaik (2.60 U/ml) didapat dari fermentasi selama 48 jam pada medium MP7 yang mengandung xilosa sebanyak 0.3% dengan kandungan KH,PO, dimodifikasi menjadi 0.1%.
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Judul: Pemanfaatan Onggok untuk Produksi Enzim Glukosa Isomerase dari Streptomyces Olivacaus S-58
Abstrak: Mikroba yang digunakan untuk produksi enzim glultosa isomerase (GI) adalah Streptomyces olivaceus S-58 yalig berasal dari ITB, Bandung. Organisme ini dapat menghasilkan enzim GI baik secara intra maupun ekstraseluler. Dengan menggunakan teknik spektrofotometri maka enzim ekstraseluler yang dihasilkan selama fermentasi 2 hari (5.75 Ulml), lebili tinggi daripada enzim intraseluler (3.48 Ulml). Untuk mendapatkan aktivitas optirnumriya S.olivncerts membutuhkan ion kobalt dan magnesium sebanyak 0.025 % (10" - 10%4).
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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