Judul: Pengaruh Pemberian Probiotik Kombinasi  dan Probiotik Tunggal Bacillus sp. Terhadap Pertumbuhan SaImonlella sp. dalam Sekum Ayam Broiler.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian probiotik kombinasi (mengandung Bacillus alvei, Bacillus apiarius, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus coagulan, dan Bacillus laterosporus) dan probiotik tunggal (Bacillus apiarius) terhadap pertumbuhan Salmonella sp. di dalam sekum ayam Broiler. Jumlah hewan percobaan sebanyak 160 ekor yang dibagi menjadi delapan kelompok perlakuan. Infeksi Salmonella typhimurium dilakukan saat ayam berumur 4 minggu.
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Judul: Pengaruh pemberian probiotik tunggal (Bacillus soagulans) dan probiotik campuran (Bacillus sp) terhadap jumlah dan jenis leukosit ayam broiler yang diinfeksi
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian probiotik tunggal (Bacillus coagulans) dan probiotik campuran (Bacillus alvei, B.apiarius, B.brevis, B.circulans, B.coagulans, dan B.laterosporous) terhadap jumlah dan jenis leukosit ayam broiler yang diinfeksi Salmonella typhimurium. Ayam Broiler yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 160 ekor, yang dibagi dalar delapan kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif atau K(-), kelompok kontrol positif atau K(+), kelompok probiotik tunggal atau P(1) dan kelompok probiotik campuran atau P(2). Masing-masing kelompok terdiri atas kelompok tanpa infeksi (A) dan kelompok yang diinfeksi dengan Salmonella typhimurium (B). Probiotik. diberikan setiap hari mulai DOC dengan dosis 2 cc/L air minum pada minggu pertama sampai minggu kedelapan. Infeksi Salmonella typhimurium (10 CFU/ml) dilakukan saat ayam berumur empat minggu dengan dosis 0,5 cc/ckor. Pengamatan dilakukan selama delapan minggu dan pengambilan darah dilakukan pada minggu pertama; kedua, ketiga dan keempat setelah infeksi dan dihitung jumlah leukosit dengan metode hemositometer serta dibuat preparat ulas darah tipis, kemudian dihitung persen limfosit, heterofil, monosit, eosinofil dan basofil. Jumlah absolut diperoleh dari % masing-masing leukosit dikalikan jumlah total WBC (White Blood Cell) masing-masing hewan percobaan, lalu diambil rata- ratanya. Hasil pengamatan dan analisis statistika menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata jumlah leukosit meningkat dan berbeda secara nyata. Jenis sel leukosit yaitu limfosit juga meningkat dan berbeda secara nyata, namun rata-rata heterofil, eosinofil, basofil dan monosit menunjukkan tidak berbeda secara nyata pada pemberian probiotik tunggal dan probiotik campuran, baik pada kelompok yang diinfeksi maupun yang tidak diinfeksi Salmonella typhimurium.
Keyword: Bacillus soagulans, Bacillus sp, broiler chicken

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite