Judul: Attractiveness and Mortality of Tetragonula laeviceps Smith (Apidae: Meliponini) to Imidacloprid and Deltamethrin Insecticides
Abstrak: Lebah Tetragonula laeviceps merupakan salah satu serangga yang berperan penting dalam penyerbukan tanaman. Saat ini, keberadaan lebah mengalami ancaman penurunan populasi yang salah satunya disebabkan oleh penggunaan pestisida yang tidak tepat. Golongan pestisida yang diduga mengganggu populasi lebah adalah neonikotinoid dan piretroid. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh insektisida imidakloprid dan deltametrin terhadap T. laeviceps melalui pengujian ketertarikan dan mortalitas. Pengujian ketertarikan T. laeviceps dilakukan dengan metode uji olfaktori menggunakan tabung-Y olfaktometer dengan membandingkan sumber aroma yang terdiri atas insektisida berbahan aktif imidakloprid (200 ppm), deltametrin (12,5 ppm), air, dan madu. Sementara itu, pengujian mortalitas T. laeviceps dilakukan dengan aplikasi topikal, efek residu, dan paparan secara oral pada lima taraf konsentrasi insektisida. Berdasarkan hasil uji olfaktori, T. laeviceps lebih menyukai insektisida berbahan aktif imidakloprid dibandingkan dengan deltametrin (p-value = 0,51). Pengaruh paparan insektisida terhadap T. laeviceps pada uji mortalitas menunjukkan bahwa insektisida berbahan aktif imidakloprid pada konsentrasi 0,2 ppm memiliki kecenderungan mematikan lebah pada tiga metode uji, sedangkan insektisida berbahan aktif deltametrin pada konsentrasi 12,5 ppm tidak mematikan pada pengujian efek residu dan paparan oral. Hasil pengujian ini mengindikasikan bahwa T. laeviceps lebih tertarik terhadap insektisida berbahan aktif imidakloprid dibandingkan deltametrin, yang memiliki tingkat mortalitas yang tinggi., Tetragonula laeviceps is one of the insects that play an important role in pollinating plants. Currently, the existence of the bee population is in danger of decreasing. One of the reasons was the inappropriate use of pesticides. The pesticide groups that influenced the population of T. laeviceps were neonicotinoids and pyrethroids. This study aimed to determine the effect of insecticides imidacloprid and deltamethrin on T. laeviceps in attractiveness and mortality test. The attractiveness test of T. laeviceps was carried out using an olfactory test using Y-tube olfactometer by comparing odor sources, consisting of insecticides with active ingredients imidacloprid (200 ppm), deltamethrin (12,5 ppm), water, and honey. Meanwhile, mortality testing of T. laeviceps was carried out by topical application, residual effect, and oral exposure at five levels of insecticide concentration. According to the results of the olfactory test, T. laeviceps preferred insecticide with the active ingredient imidacloprid to deltamethrin (p-value = 0,51). The effect of insecticide exposure on mortality test showed that insecticides with active ingredient imidacloprid at concentration 0,2 ppm tended to kill bees in three test methods. In comparison, an insecticide with the active ingredient deltamethrin at a concentration of 12,5 ppm was not lethal in testing residual effect and oral exposure. The results of this test indicated that T. laeviceps was more attracted to an insecticide with the active ingredient imidacloprid than deltamethrin, it had a high mortality level.
Keyword: olfactory, oral exposure, residual effect, stingless bee, topical application, toxicity

Judul: Effect of Spinetoram and Two Types of Adjuvants on Tetragonula laeviceps Smith (Apidae: Meliponini)
Abstrak: Tetragonula laeviceps Smith merupakan salah satu jenis lebah tanpa sayap yang memiliki potensi tinggi menjadi penyerbuk tanaman. Namun, penggunaan insektisida pada tanaman yang kurang tepat dapat mengancam keberadaan lebah, yaitu menurunkan populasi lebah. Selain itu, penambahan adjuvan pada formulasi insektisida dapat berpengaruh terhadap tingkat toksisitas suatu insektisida. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh insektisida dan dua jenis adjuvan terhadap ketertarikan dan mortalitas T. laeviceps. Olfaktometer tabung-Y digunakan dalam pengujian ketertarikan lebah terhadap aroma insektisida spinetoram 120 g/l (SPT), adjuvan quercetin 0,15 ppm (PST), dan alcohol ethoxylate 80% (EML). Pengujian mortalitas dilakukan dengan tiga metode aplikasi, yaitu topikal, residu, dan oral dengan masing-masing lima taraf konsentrasi yang berbeda, baik secara tunggal maupun majemuk. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, lebah T. laeviceps tertarik terhadap aroma adjuvan PST, adjuvan EML, dan insektisida SPT dengan tingkat ketertarikan berturut-turut sebesar 46,7; 42,2; dan 11,1% pada respon olfaktori. Persentase kematian lebah T. laeviceps pada aplikasi insektisida SPT tunggal dengan konsentrasi 30 ppm secara oral mencapai 100%. Sementara itu, persentase kematian lebah T. laeviceps pada aplikasi adjuvan PST (60000) dan EML (8000) ppm secara topikal mencapai lebih dari 90%. Insektisida SPT yang ditambahkan adjuvan PST dan EML dapat menyebabkan mortalitas masing-masing sebesar 100 dan 90% pada konsentrasi 15 dan 3,6 ppm. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan adjuvan PST dan EML ke dalam insektisida SPT berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas lebah T. laeviceps dengan meningkatkan toksisitas insektisida SPT, sehingga dapat berbahaya bagi serangga bermanfaat seperti lebah., Tetragonula laeviceps Smith is a type of stingless bee that has high potential as a plant pollinator. However, inappropriate use of insecticides on plants can threaten the existence of bees by reducing the bee population. Apart from that, the addition of adjuvants to insecticide formulations can affect the level of toxicity of an insecticide. This study aimed to determine the effect of insecticides and two types of adjuvants on the attractiveness and mortality of T. laeviceps. A Y-tube olfactometer was used to test attractiveness of bees to the aroma of the insecticide spinetoram 120 g/l (SPT), adjuvant quercetin 0,15 ppm (PST), and alcohol ethoxylate 80% (EML). Mortality testing was carried out using three application methods, topical, residual and oral application with five different concentration levels each, either singly or in compound. Based on the test results, T. laeviceps bees were attracted to the aroma of adjuvant PST, adjuvant EML, and SPT insecticide with an attractiveness level of 46,7; 42,2; and 11,1% in olfactory response. The death percentage of T. laeviceps bees in a single oral application of SPT insecticide with a concentration of 30 ppm reached 100%. Meanwhile, the death percentage of T. laeviceps bees on topical application of adjuvant PST (60000) and EML (8000) ppm reached more than 90%. SPT insecticide added with PST and EML adjuvants can cause mortality of 100 and 90% respectively at concentrations of 15 and 3,6 ppm. The results of this study indicate that the addition of PST and EML adjuvants to SPT insecticides affects the mortality of T. laeviceps bees by increasing the toxicity of SPT insecticides, so they can be dangerous for beneficial insects such as bees.
Keyword: attractiveness, dermal, oral, olfactory response, toxicity

Judul: Implementasi Algoritme Enkripsi Advanced Encryption Standard secara Paralel dengan GPU NVIDIA CUDA
Abstrak: Processor streaming architecture in GPU has provide general purpose computation which have its own potential to help CPU with its parallel computation capability. One example of supported processor streaming architecture is Fermi which is developed by NVIDIA. Furthermore, NVIDIA has developed its own software development kit namely CUDA, which can integrate many popular existing programming languanges such as C++ for GPU-based parallel computation. This research focus on the implementation of parallel AES algorithm with GPU and analyze the performance result of the implementation in two different NVIDIA devices, namely NVIDIA GeForce GT220 and NVIDIA Quadro 600. In general, the performance of parallel GPU computation is better than sequential computation for large data input. It is obtained that the maximum speedup of NVIDIA GeForce GT220 in 8 MB input is 89.3 with 180% efficiency. Higher speedup of 101.6 can be obtained by NVIDIA Quadro 600 with the same input size with around 100% efficiency.
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