Judul: The Effect of Cow’s Milk Dadih-Fermented Food on Mice’s (Mus musculus) Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Behavior, and Gut- Bacterial Dynamics
Abstrak: The gut-brain axis, linking the enteric and central nervous systems, influences learning, cognition, mood, and mental well-being. Research on fermented dadih's impact on digestive health is extensive, but its effects on neurogenesis, behavior, and memory are less understood. This study aims to determine the effect of cow's milk dadih on mice's hippocampal neurogenesis, behavior, and gut bacteria. Twelve mice were divided into control, 30% dadih (FD1), and 60% dadih (FD2) groups. Methods included treatment, aerobic gut bacteria analysis, behavioral tests, spatial memory assessments, and neurogenesis analysis. After 31 days, dadih-treated mice showed a reduction in E. coli. Besides, dadih positively influenced learning, memory, hippocampal neurogenesis, and reduced anxiety-like behavior, indicated by increased NPCs and granular cells, and decreased apoptotic cells., Gut-brain axis menghubungkan sistem saraf enterik dan pusat serta memengaruhi pembelajaran, kognisi, suasana hati, dan kesejahteraan mental. Penelitian mengenai dampak makanan fermentasi dadih terhadap kesehatan pencernaan sudah banyak diteliti, tetapi dampaknya terhadap neurogenesis, perilaku, dan memori masih belum banyak dikaji. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui dampak dadih susu sapi terhadap neurogenesis, perilaku, dan bakteri usus pada mencit. Sebanyak 12 ekor mencit dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu, kelompok kontrol, 30% dadih (FD1), dan 60% dadih (FD2). Metode penelitian ini meliputi pemberian perlakuan, analisis bakteri aerob usus, uji perilaku, memori spasial, dan analisis neurogenesis. Setelah 31 hari, mencit yang diberi perlakuan dadih menunjukkan adanya penurunan bakteri E. coli. Selain itu, dadih berpengaruh positif pada pembelajaran, memori, neurogenesis hpokampus, dan penurunan perilaku kecemasan, ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan NPC dan sel granular, serta penurunan sel apoptotis.
Keyword: Anxiety-like behavior, Fermented food, Gut microbiota brain-axis, Neurogenesis, Probiotic

Judul: The Effect of Probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii on Mice's Memory Spatial, Behavior, and Aerobic Gut Bacteria
Abstrak: Saccharomyces boulardii can regulate intestinal microbiota homeostasis and secrete polyamines which play roles in proliferation, differentiation, cell growth, memory performance, and metabolism. This study aims to determine the effect of S.boulardii on mice’s aerobic gut bacteria, spatial memory, and behavior. 12 mice were used and divided into 4 groups, the control group and the treatment group S.boulardii 32.52 mg/kg BW (P1), 65mg/kg BW (P2), and 130 mg/kg BW (P3). The research methods used included material preparation, treatment, analysis quantitative of aerobic gut bacteria, behavioral analysis, spatial memory performance analysis, neurogenesis analysis in the hippocampus, and data analysis using ImageJ and ANOVA. Mice treated with S.boulardii for 31 days showed an increase in the abundance of aerobic and lactic acid bacteria and a decrease in E.coli in the digestive tract. In addition, the administration of S.boulardii had an effect on the learning and memory of mice. This was indicated by the increase in the number of NPC and granular cells and the decrease in apoptotic cells in the hippocampus. However, the administration of S.boulardii did not have an effect on reducing stress and anxiety. This can happen because stress and anxiety are influenced by environmental and social factors., Saccharomyces boulardii memiliki kemampuan untuk mengatur homeostasis mikrobiota usus, mensintesis dan mensekresi poliamina yang berperan dalam proliferasi sel, diferensiasi sel, pertumbuhan sel, kinerja memori, dan metabolisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh S.boulardii terhadap bakteri aerobik usus, memori spasial, dan perilaku mencit. Penelitian dilakukan pada 12 ekor mencit yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan S.boulardii 32,52 mg/kg BB (P1), 65mg/kg BB (P2), dan 130 mg/kg BB (P3). Metode penelitian yang digunakan meliputi persiapan bahan, perlakuan, pengujian kuantitatif bakteri aerobik usus, analisis perilaku, analisis kinerja memori spasial, analisis neurogenesis di hipokampus, dan analisis data menggunakan ImageJ dan ANOVA. Mencit yang diberi perlakuan S.boulardii selama 31 hari menunjukkan peningkatan kelimpahan bakteri aerob dan asam laktat serta penurunan bakteri E.coli di saluran pencernaan. Selain itu, pemberian S.boulardii berpengaruh pada pembelajaran dan memori mencit. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan jumlah NPC dan sel granular serta penurunan sel apoptosis di hipokampus. Namun, pemberian S.boulardii tidak berpengaruh terhadap penurunan stres dan kecemasan. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena stres dan kecemasan dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan dan social.
Keyword: Anxiety, Gut microbiota brain axis, Gut microbiota, Neurogenesis, Probiotic

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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