Judul: Utilization of Infrared Thermography (IRT) Technology for Estrous Detection in Dairy Cattle.
Abstrak: Peningkatan suhu tubuh yang disebabkan oleh peningkatan hormon estrogen saat estrus dapat menjadi salah satu parameter dalam deteksi estrus pada sapi perah. Infrared thermography (IRT) adalah teknik non-invasif yang dapat mengukur suhu permukaan tubuh secara akurat dan cepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas IRT dalam mendeteksi estrus pada sapi perah dara dan multipara, serta membandingkan respon fisiologis keduanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua puluh sapi perah betina Peranakan Friesian Holstein yang dibagi dalam 4 kelompok, yaitu sapi dara non-estrus, sapi dara estrus, sapi multipara non-estrus, dan sapi multipara estrus. Parameter yang diamati yaitu suhu permukaan (mata, muzzle, telinga, vulva), suhu rektal, dan profil fisiologis (frekuensi denyut jantung dan laju pernapasan). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan suhu permukaan vulva dan suhu rektal yang nyata (p<0,05) pada sapi perah estrus dara dan multipara. Disimpulkan IRT efektif sebagai teknik non- invasif untuk mendeteksi estrus pada sapi perah., An increase in body temperature caused by an increase in the cencenytation of estrogen during estrus can be one of the parameters in detecting estrous in dairy cattle. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive technique that can measure body surface temperature accurately and quickly. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of IRT in detecting estrous in heifers and multiparous cows, as well as comparing the physiological responses among them. This research used twenty female Holstein Friesian crossbred dairy cattle which were divided into 4 groups, namely non-estrous heifers, estrous heifers, non-estrous multiparous cows, and estrous multiparous cows. The parameters observed were surface temperature (eyes, muzzle, ears, vulva), rectal temperature, and physiological profile (heart rate and respiratory rate). The results showed a significant increase in vulva surface temperature and rectal temperature (p<0.05) in heifers and multiparous estrous dairy cattle. It was concluded that IRT was effective as a non-invasive technique for detecting estrus in dairy cattle.
Keyword: sapi perah, estrus, Infrared Thermography, suhu permukaan

Judul: Utilization of Infrared Thermography Technology for Estrous Detection in various Limousin-cross and Simmental-cross Cattle Breeds
Abstrak: Infrared thermography merupakan metode penginderaan non-invasif untuk mendeteksi suhu tubuh. Suhu tersebut dapat digunakan untuk menilai kondisi kesehatan hewan seperti estrus dan tingkat stres. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui keakuratan infrared thermography dalam mendeteksi estrus pada sapi indukan Peranakan Limousin dan Peranakan Simmental serta pengaruh suhu dan kelembapan lingkungan terhadap suhu permukaan tubuh. Parameter yang diukur dalam penelitian adalah suhu dan kelembapan kandang, respon fisiologis (suhu rektal, frekuensi pulsus dan napas) dan suhu permukaan tubuh (mata, muzzle, telinga dan vulva). Suhu permukaan tubuh sapi Peranakan Limousin tidak memiliki perbedaan nyata (p>0,05) antara sapi estrus dan non-estrus, sedangkan suhu permukaan tubuh sapi Peranakan Simmental memiliki perbedaan nyata (p<0,05) antara sapi estrus dan non-estrus. Respon fisiologis kedua jenis sapi tersebut tidak memiliki perbedaan nyata (p>0,05) antara sapi estrus dan non-estrus. Peningkatan suhu disebabkan oleh adanya peningkatan aliran darah karena lonjakan LH (Luteinizing hormone), dan tingginya hormon estrogen dalam sirkulasi. Koefisien korelasi antara respon fisiologis dan suhu permukaan tubuh sapi dengan suhu serta kelembapan kandang sangat bervariasi karena faktor ini sangat berpengaruh terhadap perubahan panas dan proses termoregulasi tubuh. Infrared thermography termasuk dalam teknik non-invasif yang akurat untuk mendeteksi estrus pada sapi indukan Peranakan Simmental yang ditandai dengan adanya peningkatan suhu permukaan tubuh, Infrared thermography is a non-invasive sensing method used to detect animal body temperature. The temperature measurements can indicate the animal's health conditions, including estrous and stress levels. The study was conducted to determine the accuracy of Infrared Thermography in detecting estrous in Limousin-cross and Simmental-cross cattle breeds, as well as the effect of environmental temperature and humidity on body surface temperature when cows are in estrus or not. The parameters measured in the study included cage temperature and humidity, physiological responses (rectal temperature, pulse, and breath frequency), and body surface temperature (eye, muzzle, ear, and vulva). The body surface temperature of Limousin-cross showed no significant difference (p>0.05) between estrus and non-estrus. However, the body surface temperature of Simmental-cross showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between estrus and non-estrus. The physiological responses both of breeds had no significant difference (p>0.05) between estrus and non-estrus. This is because of the increase in blood flow due to the surge of LH (Luteinizing hormone), and the high of estrogen hormones in circulation. The correlation coefficients between physiological responses and body surface temperature of cattle with the environmental temperature and humidity varied widely because both factors greatly affect heat changes and thermoregulation process in the body. In conclusion, Infrared thermography is an accurate non-invasive technique to detect estrus in Simmental-cross characterized by an increase in body surface temperature.
Keyword: estrus, Infrared Thermography, Peranakan Limousin, Peranakan Simmental, respon fisiologis

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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