Judul: Evaluation of Probiotic Combination Supplementation in the Diet on Giblet and Digestive Tract Weight of Broiler Chickens
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pemberian kombinasi probiotik Lactococcus lactis dan Bacillus licheniformis dalam ransum terhadap bobot organ dalam dan saluran pencernaan ayam broiler. Percobaan ini menggunakan 300 ekor ayam broiler strain Cobb dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 3 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari P1 = Ransum dengan pemberian 0,1% plasebo CaCO3 (kontrol), P2 = Ransum dengan pemberian 0,1% kombinasi probiotik Lactococcus lactis dan Bacillus lichenimorfis populasi 105 CFU g-1 pakan, dan P3 = Ransum dengan pemberian 0,1% kombinasi probiotik Lactococcus lactis dan Bacillus lichenimorfis populasi 106 CFU g-1 pakan. Peubah yang diamati yaitu persentase bobot dan panjang relatif saluran pencernaan, bobot organ dalam, dan organ imunitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi probiotik Lactoccoccus lactis dan Bacillus licheniformis populasi 106 CFU g-1 dalam ransum berpengaruh nyata (P, This study aimed to evaluate the supplementation of a combination of Lactococcus lactis and Bacillus licheniformis probiotics in the diet on the weight of giblet and the digestive tract of broiler chickens. The experiment used 300 Cobb strain broiler chickens with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 3 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted P1 Diet with 0.1% placebo CaCO3 (control), P2 Diet with 0.1% combination of Lactococcus lactis and Bacillus licheniformis probiotics at a population of 105 CFU g¹, and P3 = Diet with 0.1% combination of Lactococcus lactis and Bacillus licheniformis probiotics at a population of 106 CFU g¹. Variables observed were the percentage of the weight and relative length of the digestive tract, giblet and immune organs weight. The results showed that the combination of probiotics Lactococcus lactis and Bacillus licheniformis with a population of 10 CFU g¹ in diet significantly (P<0.05) decreased kidney weight and cecum relative length, increased bile and thymus weight. The combination of probiotics Lactococcus lactis and Bacillus licheniformis with a population of 10 CFU g¹ in diet significantly (P<0.05) increased the weight of jejunum and ileum due to improved nutrient absorption facilitated by probiotics in the digestive tract. The conclusion of this study is the supplementation of a combination of Lactococcus lactis and Bacillus licheniformis probiotics with a population of 10 CFU g¹ in diet can improve the function of internal organs and the digestive tract, and enhance the immune response of broiler chickens.
Keyword: broiler, imunitas, organ dalam, probiotik, saluran pencernaan

Judul: Evaluation of Combined Feeding Probiotics  or Single on Weight Percentage of Giblets and Immunity Organs of Broiler Chicken.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengevaluasi pemberian beberapa jenis probiotik terhadap persentase bobot organ dalam dan organ imunitas ayam broiler. Percobaan ini menggunakan 600 ekor ayam dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) terdiri 6 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari P1 = Ransum tanpa probiotik, P2 = Ransum + lactibacillus lactis D1813, P3 = Ransum + Bacillus licheniformis D3270, P4 = Ransum + Bacillus licheniformis D3270 +Lactobacilllus lactis D1813, P5= Ransum + Bacillus subtilis (spora), P6 = Ransum + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (spora) Ecobiol. Peubah yang diamati yaitu persentase dari bobot organ dalam, bobot organ imunitas, bobot saluran pencernaan dan panjang relatif saluran pencernaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan probiotik kombinasi maupun individu di dalam ransum ini tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap bobot organ dalam, imunitas dan panjang relatif saluran pencernaan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian probiotik kombinasi maupun individu tidak mengganggu kinerja organ dalam dan imunitas ayam broiler, The objective of the study was to evaluate the supplementation of different probiotics on the percentage of the giblets and immunity organs weight of broilers. The design used in the study used were 600 birds broiler chicken completely randomized design (RAL) with six treatments and five replications. The treatments of broiler rations consisted of P1 = ration without probiotics, P2= ration + lactibacillus lactis D1813, P3= ration + Bacillus licheniformis D3270, P4= Ration + Bacillus licheniformis D3270 + Lactobacilllus lactis D1813, P5=ration + Bacillus subtilis (spore), P6=ration + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (spora) Ecobiol. Variables Observed were the percentage of giblets, immunity organs, the relative length of the digestive tract. The Result of the study was that the addition of single or combined dietary probiotics does not have significant effect on the weight percentage of giblets, immunity organs, and the relative length of digestive tract of broiler chickens. The conclusion of the study was that the addition of single or combined dietary probiotics does not impact on the weight percentage of giblets and immunity organs.
Keyword: broiler, immunity, giblets, growth, probiotics

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite