Judul: Chemical Composition and Identification of Antioxidant Compounds from the Extracts of Tambelo (Bactronophorus thoracites)
Abstrak: Tambelo (Teredinidae) is consumed freshly by local people in Papua without removing the digestive tracts. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of fresh tambelo, to conduct antioxidant and phytochemistry tests, and to identify the compound of active antioxidant obtained from selected fractionated extract. The research consisted of two stages. The first stage involved the analyses of proximate, fatty acid, amino acid and mineral. The second stage was the extraction of active materials by means of maceration. The maceration result was evaporated and partitioned with a solvent of n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Next, the extract underwent phytochemical and antioxidant tests (20, 40. 60, and 80 ppm) with DPPH method applying BHT and vitamin super ester C as the standard with a concentration of 4, 6, 8 and 10 ppm. Finally, the identification of fresh antioxidant compound was carried out using LC-MS. The composition of fresh tambelo divided into moisture 82,72±0,01%, protein 7,21±0,31%, fat 0,28±0,04%, ash 2,07±0,27%, and carbohydrate (by difference) 7,72±0,62%. The composition of dried tambelo was moisture 6,63±0,01%, protein 42,77±2,01%, fat 14,27±0,22%, ash 5,88±1,04%, carbohydrate (by difference) 30,45±2,83%. The protein of tambelo contained nine essential amino acids and eight non essensial amino acids. It had seven saturated fatty acids and eight unsaturated fatty acids. It contained calcium of 3532,46 ppm and phosfor of 2363,06 ppm. The highest antioxidant activity was found in the crude extract of ethyl acetate with IC50 of 15 ppm. The highest antioxidant activity obtained by column fractionation was the 9th fraction with IC50 of 8.87 ppm. Phytochemical test, described the crude extract of tambelo contained a group of alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid and triterpenoid. MarinLit database (Blunt and Blunt 2008), 9th fraction was similar to farnesic acid glyceride, sesquiterpenoic acid glyceride and labdane diterpenoid.
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Judul: Aktivitas Ekstrak Tambelo (Bactronophorus Sp.) Dan Selulolitik Mikroorganisme Simbionnya
Abstrak: Tambelo merupakan moluska yang hidup di dalam kayu mangrove telah digunakan untuk tujuan pengobatan oleh masyarakat pesisir. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan aktivitas biologis yaitu aktivitas antioksidan, inhibitor - glukosidase, dan antibakteri, serta mendapatkan mikroorganisme simbion yang diisolasi dari tambelo, dan menentukan aktivitas selulolitik mikroorganisme simbion. Tambelo diekstrak menggunakan tiga pelarut yaitu metanol, etil asetat, dan heksana. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak diuji berdasarkan kemampuan ekstrak dalam mereduksi radikal bebas (DPPH) dengan menggunakan konsentrasi ekstrak 50, 100, 500, 1000, dan 5000 μg/mL. Aktivitas inhibisi -glukosidase ekstrak dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 25, 50, 100, 500, dan 1000 μg/mL. Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak diukur menggunakan metode difusi agar dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 0.5, 1, dan 2 mg/sumur terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus. Mikroorganisme yang berasosiasi dengan tambelo diisolasi dari saluran pencernaannya. Isolat yang diperoleh diuji aktivitas selulolitik dengan media yang mengandung selulosa. Rendemen daging dan jeroan tambelo yang dihasilkan sebesar 93.98%. Kadar air, abu, lemak, dan protein masing-masing sebesar 73.93%, 1.24%, 0.47%, dan 6.22%. Rendemen ekstrak metanol sebesar 3.12% ± 0.62, etil asetat 0.68% ± 0.07, dan heksana 0.41% ± 0.13. Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi pada ekstrak etil asetat dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 1072.19 μg/mL. Aktivitas inhibisi - glukosidase ekstrak menurun pada konsentrasi yang semakin tinggi. Aktivitas antibakteri tertinggi diperoleh pada ekstrak etil asetat dengan zona hambat sebesar 10.5 mm terhadap bakteri E. coli pada konsentrasi 2 mg/sumur. Ekstrak terpilih adalah ekstrak etil asetat yang mengandung flavonoid, tanin, saponin dan steroid. Ekstrak tersebut tergolong toksik dengan nilai LC50 sebesar 425.908 μg/mL. Mikroorganisme yang terisolasi terdiri dari 8 kapang dan 9 bakteri. Indeks selulolitik tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh isolat kapang TJ21 dengan indeks 4.53, serta isolat bakteri S3B sebesar 2.25.
Keyword: antibakteri, antioksidan, Bactronophorus sp., inhibitor -glukosidase, mikroorganisme simbion.

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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