Judul: Pengaruh Daerah Peralihan terhadap Distribusi Herpetofauna di Kawasan Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation, Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan, Provinsi Lampung
Abstrak: Edge effect is tendency of differences in species composition or abundance of the transition area and core area. Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation Area (TWNC) is part Bukit Barisan Selatan National park. TWNC area consists of various types of habitats which are expected to affect composition, diversity and distribution of herpetofauna in the area. Research was carried out to determine differences in species composition, species diversity and distribution between the transition area and core area. Research was carried out in Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation and Laboratory of Environmental Analysis and Modelling of Spatial Faculty of Forestry IPB, in August 2009-January 2010. Amphibian and reptile were collected using Visual Encounter Survey (VES) with transect design method in coastal forests, lowland forests, gardens, transition area between the coastal forest and lowland forest as well as the transition area between the garden and lowland forest. Total amphibians found are 19 species. All species of amphibians are found along transects. There were 33 species of reptiles, consisting of 18 species found in transects and 15 species outside transects. Herpetofauna species composition differs among habitat types, as well as between transition area and core area. In core area, lowland forests have the highest number of amphibian species (14 species), followed by garden (8 species) and coastal forest (3 species). Lowland forests and coastal forest have the same number of species (10 species) of reptiles and garden (8 species). Number of species in transition area is 5 species of amphibians and 2 species of reptiles between coastal forest and lowland forest and 2 species of amphibians and 2 species of reptiles between garden and lowland forests. Differences in habitat type did not influence the value of species diversity index except for number of individual. More amphibians are found in low land forest area whereas reptile is found more on coastal forest. Spatial distribution of amphibian tends to congregate in lowland forest area consisting more micro habitats, close to fresh water source and protected from dessication. Reptile tends to distributed randomly due to its higher mobility that amphibian. Lower number of herpetofauna found at the transition area compared to core area, show that edge effects is negatively impacted the distribution of herpetofauna especially in fragmented area.
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Judul: Keanekaragaman jenis burung pada beberapa tipe habitat di Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation (TWNC), Taman Nasional Bukit Barisan Selatan Lampung
Abstrak: Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation (TWNC) is part of the Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. The area called Tambling (Tampang-Belimbing) is a conservation area that conserve high biodiversity. TWNC is managed by PT Adhiniaga Kreasinusa (AKN). The purposes of this research are 1). to compare the diversity of bird species at several types of habitat in TWNC, those are coastal forest, lowland forest, plantation and grassland. 2). to identify the difference of bird species composition among types of habitat. 3). to know the local birds distribution related to the types of habitat in TWNC. This research was conducted from August to November 2009. Data of birds was collected using MacKinnon species list and point count method or IPA (Ponctuel Indices d'Abondance). Data of habitat was collected using vegetation analysis and habitat used approach. Data of vegetation was collected by sampling plot 20 x 100 m. T-test was used to determine differences in bird species diversity among the coastal forest, lowland forest, plantation, and grassland habitats at the 95% confidence level. The vegetation in the coastal forest habitat was dominated by beach hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus) with Important Value Index (IVI) 114.49%. In the lowland forest habitat was dominated by meranti (Shorea sp) with IVI 66.71%. Vegetation in plantation habitat consisted of coffee (Coffea robusta) and cacao (Thebroma cacao). Grassland habitat is dominated by species kerawatan (Cyonodon dactylon) and rumput jarum (Andropoghon aciculatus). The total bird species found in four types of habitat were 116 species, comprising 38 families. Twenty-eight species are categorized as protected by Indonesian government regulation No. 7 of 1999, 12 species are listed in the IUCN (Critically Endangered and Near Threatened), and 19 species are listed in CITES (Appendix I and II). The highest bird Diversity Index was found in plantation habitat (H’=2.93). The Evenness Index in four habitat types are distributed evenly. The habitats that have the highest similarity are between lowland forest and plantation habitats (ISJ=0.54). T-test results shows that there is no significant differences among four habitats in terms of birds diversity, it was predicted because of small sample size and a narrow area of research. Bird species in each habitat type has a different level of dominance. Regarding vertical distribution, birds in coastal forest lived in C to E strata. Vertical distribution of birds in lowland forest was found in A to E strata. Vertical distribution of birds in plantation habitat was found from C to E strata. While in grassland habitat birds were only found in E strata. The common bird activities were perching, singing, flying, and walking. Bird activity that was mostly found at coastal forest, lowland forest, and plantation was perching. At grassland habitat, common bird activity was walking.
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Judul: Sintesis Glukosa Oleat dengan Berbantuan Gelombang Mikro
Abstrak: Carbohydrate-based esters of fatty acids are nonionic surfactants which are nontoxic, odorless, tasteless, and biodegradable. Glucose oleic acid is one of them. It can be synthesized by reacting glucose pentaacetate (GPA) and methyl oleate with conventional heating for 6 hours, which is slow and time-consuming. Therefore, organic synthesis has been developed by employing microwave irradiation, so called Microwave- Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS). This research synthesized glucose oleic acid, from GPA and methyl oleate using MAOS method, to reduce time of reaction and better yield. The parameters observed were melting point (for GPA), free fatty acid content (for methyl oleate), functional group analysis using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and percent of yield. Reaction between GPA and glucose oleic acid was transesterification, while those of methyl oleate was esterification. GPA and glucose oleic acid using MAOS gave faster time of reaction, 5-10 minutes. The results showed that GPA, methyl oleate, and glucose oleic acid were well synthesized, as shown by FTIR spectra. The yield of GPA was 68,52%, with melting point was 94–111 °C. Methyl oleate gave 95,69% yield. Free fatty acid content of methyl oleate was 2,23%. The yield of glucose oleic acid was 47,18%.
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