Judul: Study on Distillation of Nutmeg  (Myristica fragrans Houtt) to Increase Yield and Quality of Nutmeg Oil
Abstrak: Minyak pala dihasilkan dari hasil penyulingan pala, baik berupa buah pala muda, biji pala, fuli ataupun daunnya. Umur panen pala berpengaruh terhadap mutu dan rendemen minyak biji pala. Metode penyulingan yang dapat digunakan adalah metode air (direbus, water distillation), air-uap (dikukus, water-steam distillation) dan uap langsung (steam distillation). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh tingkat ketuaan biji pala terhadap rendemen dan kualitas minyak biji pala dan menguji kinerja alat penyulingan metode air-uap. Bahan yang digunakan adalah biji pala yang diperoleh dari petani di Leuwiliang, Bogor pada berbagai umur panen, yaitu muda (3-4 bulan mulai dari pembungaan), sedang (4-5 bulan mulai dari pembungaan) dan tua (5-6 bulan mulai dari pembungaan). Biji pala pada berbagai umur panen dibersihkan dan ditimbang masing-masing sebanyak 2 kg dan dimasukkan pada tangki penyulingan dengan volume air 17,91 liter. Sumber panas yang digunakan adalah kompor gas dan pendingin pada kondensor adalah air dengan laju 68,56 liter/jam. Penyulingan berlangsung selama 12 jam sejak air mendidih. Destilat yang dihasilkan ditampung pada wadah gelas dan kemudian dilakukan pemisahan minyak pala dengan air destilat. Respon yang diamati adalah rendemen dan mutu minyak (bobot jenis, indeks bias, warna dan kelarutan dalam alkohol 90%). Kinerja alat penyuling yang dianalisis meliputi efisiensi penguapan minyak pala, efisiensi ketel penyulingan, efisiensi kondensor dan efisiensi total penyulingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa umur panen biji pala berpengaruh terhadap rendemen minyak pala. Biji pala muda menghasilkan rendemen paling tinggi yaitu 0,05 persen dengan bobot jenis, indeks bias, warna dan kelarutan dalam alkohol berturut-turut 0,899; 1,4801; berwarna kuning pucat dan 1:3 jernih. Kinerja alat penyulingan cukup baik dengan efisiensi penguapan minyak, efisiensi ketel penyulingan, efisiensi kondensor dan efisiensi total penyulingan berturut-turut 20,54%; 62,27%; 87,27%; dan 11,20%. Kata kunci: Biji pala, efisiensi, minyak pala, mutu, penyulingan., Nutmeg oil is produced from the distillation of nutmeg, either in the form of young nutmeg, nutmeg seeds, mace, or leaves. The age of the nutmeg harvest affects the quality and yield of nutmeg seed oil. Distillation methods that can be used are water (boiled, water distillation), water-steam (steamed, water-steam distillation), and direct steam (steam distillation) methods. This study aims to examine the effect of the level of aging of nutmeg seeds on the yield and quality of nutmeg seed oil and test the performance of the water-steam method distillation tool. The material used is nutmeg seeds obtained from farmers in Leuwiliang, Bogor at various harvest ages, namely young (3-4 months starting from flowering), medium (4-5 months starting from flowering), and old (5-6 months starting from flowering). Nutmeg seeds at various harvest ages are cleaned and weighed as much as 2 kg each and put in a distillation tank with a water volume of 17,91 liters. The heat source used is a gas stove, and the condenser’s cooler is water at a rate of 68,56 liters/hour. Distillation lasts for 12 hours from the moment the water boils. The resulting distillate is accommodated in a glass container and then separation of nutmeg oil with distillate water is carried out. The responses observed were yield and oil quality (specific weight, refractive index, color, and solubility in alcohol 90%). The
Keyword: Biji Pala, Efisiensi, Minyak Pala, Mutu, Penyulingan

Judul: Peningkatan Kinerja Proses Penyulingan Minyak Pala Dengan Metode Uap Langsung
Abstrak: Nutmeg oil is one of Indonesian important export commodity. For the last six years (1996-2001), it's price in the word market has showed an inclined increasing. In 1999, the nutmeg oil price reached the average price of 26.18 US dollar/kg. In the beginning of 2000, the average price of Indonesian nutmeg oil in the world market returned to increase and achieved the average price of33.38 US dollar/kg. The market opportunity which is still prospective as well as the raw material availability become the fundamental aspect of the developing the nutmeg oil industry in Indonesia. For the time being, essential oil production existing in Indonesia is small scale industry. The common problem which found, was the long distillation duration which takes 48-52 hours for nutmeg kernel distillation and 72 hours for mace distillation. It caused the high consumption of energy/fuel. The condition was very contradictive to the energy prices which is always increase. In the other side, a sceintific point of view considering the optimum material size as well as the uniform vessel pressure distillation in each small sclae distillation factory is not yet being under attention. The objective of this work is to improve the performance of nutmeg oil distillation process by reducing the duration of distillation process. The specific objective is to find out the effect of material size and vessel pressure to the yield and quality of resulted nutmeg oil from the young nutmeg kernel and mace using direct steam distillation method. The size of nutmeg kernel observed in the experiment was categoried in fine, which was the output of 0.3 cm strainer hole diameter mill; semi rough, which was the output of 0.5 cm strainer hole diameter mill; and rough, which was the output of 1.0 cm strainer hole diameter mill. The distillation conducted of a vessel pressure of 0 atm gauge, with a duration of 12 hours. All experiment run was conducted twice. In second experiment stage, the vessel pressure was levelled to 0.5 and 1.0 atm gauge in order to provide a better process condition. This stage was conducted based on the nutmeg kernel size which given the highest yield as the consideration to determine the best atmospheric pressure in the vessel in perspective of resulting the highest nutmeg oil yield and meet the quality standard. All experiment run was conducted twice and with duration 12 hours The average water content of raw material used was 16.84 % (% v/w), while the average oil content of the raw material used was 17.58 % (%v/w, wet basis). The kernel size of 0.5 cm resulted the highest yield of oil compared to the two other kernel size, it has 12.98 % (% v/w, wet basis) or 11.65 % (% w/w, wet basis). As well as distillation rate in a period of two hours. At the end distillation process, the kernel size of 0.5 cm has succeeded to distill the nutmeg oil from the material in amount of 73.83 %. Thus, the kernel size of 0.5 cm was the best yielded material size compared to the two other material size
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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