Judul: Pemanfaatan Methyl Ester Sulfonic Acid (MESA) dari metil ester olein untuk pembuatan heavy duty cleaner
Abstrak: The industry related to materials that are very difficult to remove in the cleaning process, such as crude oil, grease, oil, or other materials need heavy duty cleaning products that can handle the difficulty in cleaning. Cleaning products that have a tough task to clean the dirt is sometimes called a heavy duty cleaner. This product is effective for cleaning storage tank, reception tank, pipes, floors, equipment or machinery. Just like any other cleaning products, in the formulation of heavy duty cleaner needed surfactant. The purposes of this research were to obtain heavy duty cleaner utilizing methyl ester sulfonic acid (MESA) from olein based methyl ester, to know the performance generated from heavy duty cleaner, and financial feasibility information of heavy duty cleaner industry. This research started with preparation of C16 dominant methyl ester, olein based methyl ester, MESA production by sulphonating methyl ester with SO3 as reactant in a single tube falling-film reactor, then followed by MESA characterization. Furthermore, continued with heavy duty cleaner making and characterisazion. Design of the research was using factorial completely rendomized with two factors including type of MESA and NaOH concentration. The type of MESA consist of four levels (MESA olein off grade, MESA olein steady state, MESA olein C16 dominant off grade and MESA olein C16 dominant steady state). NaOH concentration consist of four levels ( 35%, 40%, 45% and 50%). Washing capasity value was chosen as key parameter because it was representing the performance of heavy duty cleaner in removing impurity. Based on variance analysis, MESA types gave significance influence to the value of product washing capasity, whereas NaOH concentration was not giving significance influence. The highest washing capasity average value was generated from MESA olein dominant C16 steady state type. The results showed that heavy duty cleaner which used MESA olein dominan C16 steady state type with 35% NaOH concentration was resulting 98,11% emultion stability, 9 ml/ ml 0,1% sample solution foaming capacity, 13,75% foam stability, and 91,31% washing capasity was the best composition obtain. Based on four investment criteria, those were NPV (Rp 19.210.855.000), IRR (19%), B/C Ratio (1,52) and PBP (5,36 years) show that it is feasible to run.
Keyword: 

Judul: Kinerja dan Karakteristik Asam Metil Ester Sulfonat dari Metil Ester Crude Palm Oil pada Beberapa Periode Sampling
Abstrak: Methyl Ester Sulphonic Acid (MESA) is a chemical compound that has ability as a surface active agent (surfactant). Surfactant can decrease the surface tension and interfacial tension, so it has been used as adhesives, agent for puffing, wetting, and forming the emulsion. It also has been applied in various fields such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, paint, paper, and mining (as oil well stimulation agent in enhanced oil recovery process). MESA is synthesized through sulfonation of methyl ester. Methyl ester is obtained by esterification-transesterification of triglycerides (oil). If the next process like bleaching and neutralization have been done, the MESA will be converted to MES (Methyl Ester Sulphonate) that known as commercial product. MES has a good detergency (even if it is used in hard water) and good tolerance to the presence of calcium. MES is derived from renewable raw materials that based on oil /fat. One source of oil that can be used is palm oil. This research used Crude Palm Oil (CPO). This raw material is potential to be developed as surfactant because of its supply availability and the suitability of its fatty acid composition. Based on the Foreign Agricultural Service (2009), Indonesia's CPO production increased from 9.1 million tons (year 2002) to 17.82 tons (2008). In the next year, it even reached 20.2 million tons (Department of Industry, 2009). Beside that, based on the fatty acid composition, CPO methyl esters consisted of 46% palmitic acid as C16 carbon chain source and also 3.6% stearic acid, 39% oleic acid, 11% linoleic acid, and 1.5% linolenic acid as C18 carbon chain source (Ketaren, 2005). According to Watkins (2001), MES C16 showed the best detergency, then followed by C18 and C14. Therefore, the MES from vegetable oils containing C16-18 carbon atoms is used for detergent powder and liquid detergents (heavy duty detergent). The main process of MES synthesis was the sulfonation to produce MESA, an addition of sulfonation reactant to make sulfonate group on the methyl ester’s hydrocarbon chain. Sulfonation reactant could be H2SO4, NH2SO3H, H2SO4.nH2O, or which was used in this research, SO3/dry air. SO3/dry air is highly reactive, suitable for continuous production, and can form a sulfonate group optimally. The sulfonation in this research used a Single Tube Falling Film Reactor (STFR) 6 meters in length and 4 liters organic material feed capacity. The temperature of reaction was 100oC with mole ratio of reactants 1:1,3 between methyl ester and SO3. The purpose of this research was to determine the sulfonation period that can produce MESA CPO with the stable performance and characteristics. This research was conducted by complete randomized experimental design with a single factor. The factor studied was sampling period, from 10 minutes up to 100 minutes sulfonation with sampling interval 10 minutes. The synthesized MESA had density value 0.9416-0.9915 gram/cm3, viscosity value 30-102.5 cP, pH 2.98-3.33, and 13.97-21.05% active ingredients.
Keyword: 

Judul: Sistem Dinamik Penyebaran Penyakit Flu Burung dengan Vaksinasi.
Abstrak: Avian influenza mengacu pada penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus avian (burung) influenza (flu) Tipe A. Virus ini terjadi secara alami di antara burung air liar di seluruh dunia dan dapat menginfeksi unggas domestik dan spesies burung serta hewan lainnya. Terdapat dua kategori virus influenza tipe A yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada burung, yaitu patogen avian influenza rendah (LPAI) dan patogen avian influenza tinggi (HPAI). Burung liar biasanya menyebarkan virus LPAI ke burung domestik dan dalam kondisi tertentu, LPAI mengalami mutasi dan berevolusi menjadi HPAI. HPAI menyebabkan kegagalan organ dalam dan mengakibatkan tingkat kematian sebesar 90-100 persen di antara burung domestik dalam waktu 48 jam. Virus influenza tipe A menjadi penyakit yang ditakuti oleh masyarakat, karena virus ini tidak hanya menyerang unggas namun juga dapat menyebar dari unggas yang terinfeksi ke manusia. Sementara itu, pada tahun 1997 di Hong Kong, terdapat pasien yang dirawat di Rumah Sakit karena virus flu burung, yang kemudian tertular pada anggota keluarga pasien dan perawat kesehatan. Diketahui dari dua perawat yang terpapar, salah satunya melaporkan penyakit pernapasan setelah dua hari berinteraksi dengan pasien tersebut. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa penularan dari manusia ke manusia telah terjadi. Manusia yang terinfeksi oleh gejala flu burung menunjukkan gejala seperti demam, batuk, sakit tenggorokan, nyeri otot, dan pada kasus yang parah dapat mengalami kesulitan bernapas, pneumonia, gangguan pernapasan akut, dan kegagalan pernapasan. Subtipe flu burung H5N1 telah mewabah di Asia dan beberapa tempat lain, dengan 860 infeksi manusia yang dikonfirmasi oleh laboratorium selama tahun 2003-2018, 454 atau 52,8 persen diantaranya telah berakibat fatal. Saat ini, penyebaran virus H5N1 diketahui terkendali, tetapi infeksi bisa muncul kembali kapan saja di masa depan. H5N1 dapat bermutasi menjadi strain yang mampu menularkan penyakit dari manusia ke manusia secara efisien. Jika situasi berlanjut tanpa kontrol yang efektif, pandemi flu burung dapat terjadi di antara manusia dengan tingkat kematian yang berpotensi tinggi. Sehingga, diperlukan tindakan pengendalian untuk mencegah pandemik flu burung di antara manusia, salah satunya adalah vaksinasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun kerangka pemodelan yang mengacu pada model Chong et al. (2014) dan Modnak dan Wang (2018). Model matematika penyebaran penyakit flu burung akan dimodifikasi dengan memperhatikan pengaruh vaksinasi serta penambahan kompartemen lain, yaitu individu yang terpapar. Hasil analisis yang dilakukan pada model hasil modifikasi diperoleh dua titik tetap, yaitu titik tetap tanpa penyakit dan titik tetap endemik. Titik tetap tanpa penyakit stabil asimtotik lokal pada kondisi ℛ0<1, sedangkan titik tetap endemik stabil asimtotik lokal pada kondisi ℛ0>1. Hasil simulasi numerik dinamika populasi menunjukkan hasil yang sesuai dengan kestabilan titik tetap tanpa penyakit dan titik tetap endemik. Analisis sensitivitas menghasilkan parameter laju alamiah kelahiran manusia dan tingkat vaksinasi pada populasi manusia rentan memiliki nilai mutlak indeks sensitivitas yang paling besar. Kemudian dilakukan simulasi numerik pada parameter laju alamiah kelahiran manusia dan tingkat vaksinasi pada populasi manusia rentan. Semakin besar laju alamiah kelahiran manusia maka jumlah populasi manusia rentan, populasi manusia terpapar, populasi manusia terinfeksi dengan strain avian, populasi manusia terinfeksi dengan strain mutan dan populasi manusia sembuh akan semakin menurun. Sedangkan populasi burung rentan dan populasi burung terinfeksi akan tetap. Tingkat vaksinasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah populasi
Keyword: analisis sensitivitas, bilangan reproduksi dasar, flu burung, vaksinasi