Judul: Isolasi dan Kloning Gen Selulase dari Bakteri Rumen Sapi.
Abstrak: Cellulases are the enzymes that hydrolize cellulosic biomass and are produced by the microorganisms that grow over cellulosic matters. The objective of this research was to isolate and clone cellulase gene from cellulose-degrading bacteria of bovine rumen. Cellulose-degrading bacteria were isolated from rumen fluid using a selective medium. Total RNA was isolated from selected colony having cellulose degrading activity and it was used as a template for cDNA construction using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. The resulted cDNA was used as a template for PCR amplification of cellulose gene using specific primers. The cellulose gene candidate obtained was cloned into the pGEM-T-Easy vector followed by determination of its nucleotide sequence. The nucleotide sequence generated was aligned with sequences of cellulase genes from GenBank. A number of isolates of rumen bacteria showed cellulase activity and the isolate CR-8 was selected for further analysis. Total RNA was successfully isolated from isolate CR-8 indicated by the presence of two intense bands of ribosomal RNA (23S and 16S). The reverse transcription process was successful and amplification of cellulase gene using the specific primer F1 and R1 resulted in a DNA fragment of 1900 bp as a candidate of cellulase gene. The fragment was successfuly cloned into the pGEM-T-Easy vector, and the resulted recombinant plasmid was successfully introduced into the E. coli cells. Nucleotide sequence analysis suggested that the isolated cellulase gene shares 99% homology with the endo-1,6-beta-glucanase of T. harzianum.
Keyword: cellulase, clone, GenBank, rumen bacteria

Judul: Isolasi dan Penapisan Bakteri Selulolitik Asal Rumen Sapi Sebagai Kandidat Probiotik
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyeleksi bakteri selulolitik potensial yang memiliki aktivitas enzim selulase dan berpotensi sebagai bakteri pendegradasi serat pada rumen yang diperoleh dari rumen sapi. Cairan rumen sapi yang diberikan pakan hijauan dan cairan rumen sapi yang diberikan pakan jerami. Isolasi dilakukan menggunakan media 985 dan media selulolitik dengan metode spread plate dan roll tube. Penapisan bakteri selulolitik dengan melihat zona bening yang dihitung menggunakan rumus indeks selulolitik untuk melihat isolat potensial. Pengujian bakteri terpilih selanjutnya dilakukan uji morfologi, uji gula-gula, uji katalase dan uji aktivitas enzim. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 3 isolat selulolitik potensial yaitu Selulo.R1.4.1 dengan bentuk batang pendek, warna merah, gram negatif, dan memiliki aktivitas katalase. Isolat kedua 985.R2.3.6 memiliki karakteristik bentuk batang, warna ungu, gram positif dan memiliki aktivitas katalase. Isolat ketiga 985.R1.3.7 memiliki ciri-ciri bentuk batang pendek, berwarna ungu, gram positif dan memiliki aktivitas katalase. Semuanya tidak mampu mereduksi gula sederhana (glukosa, laktosa, maltosa, dan sukrosa). Berdasarkan analisis aktivitas enzim, Selulo.R1.4.1 tertinggi pada substrat kertas saring pada pH 5 dengan aktivitas 10,333 U mL-1. Berdasarkan uji morfologi yang menunjukkan bahwa isolat Selulo.R1.4.1 termasuk genus Fibrobacter dan isolat 985.R2.3.6 serta isolat 985.R2.3.7 termasuk genus Bacillus. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah, isolat Selulo.R1.4.1 merupakan kandidat isolat terbaik yang memiliki aktivitas tertinggi dan termasuk pada genus Fibrobacter.
Keyword: anaerobic isolation, cellulose activity, characteristic test, rumen fluid

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite