Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Klebsiella sp. pada Lingkungan Kandang Peternakan Ayam Broiler dan Resistansinya terhadap Antibiotik
Abstrak: Lingkungan peternakan ayam memiliki potensi adanya pertumbuhan mikroorganisme patogen. Mikroorganisme di lingkungan berperan sebagai host penyakit baik pada hewan maupun manusia. Infeksi mikoorganisme umum terjadi pada ayam disebabkan oleh bakteri, salah satunya adalah Klebsiella sp. Identifikasi bakteri Klebsiella sp. dan resistansinya terhadap antibiotik di lingkungan peternakan ayam masih minim adanya informasi terkait hal tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi bakteri Klebsiella sp. pada lingkungan kandang peternakan ayam dan resistansinya terhadap antibiotik. Identifikasi dilakukan secara makroskopis, mikroskopis, uji biokimia, dan uji fermentasi. Uji resistansi antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan metode cakram disk antibiotik yang mengacu pada Kirby-Bauer. Uji resistansi dilakukan pada enam antibiotik dari golongan yang berbeda. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan sebesar dua sampel positif bersumber dari tempat minum dari 21 sampel. Uji resistansi menunjukkan Klebsiella sp. sensitif terhadap antibiotik kloramfenikol dan resistansi terhadap antibiotik oksitetrasiklin, ampisilin, eritromisin, asam nalidiksat, dan siprofloksasin.
Keyword: antibiotic, chicken, environmen, Klebsiella sp, resistance

Judul: Resistensi Bakteri Klebsiella sp. yang diisolasi dari Peternakan Ayam Pedaging di Desa Cibangbara terhadap antibiotik.
Abstrak: Klebsiella sp. adalah flora normal yang terdapat pada saluran pencernaan ayam. Bakteri tersebut dapat menyebabkan penyakit akibat adanya perubahan cuaca, defisiensi nutrisi, kelelahan, kelaparan, dan adanya infeksi parasit. Pada unggas, infeksi Klebsiella sp. dapat menyebabkan kematian embrio, infeksi kantung kuning telur, septikemia, salpingitis dan oophoritis pada ayam betina. Antibiotik sering digunakan untuk pencegahan dan pengobatan. Penggunaan antibiotik dengan dosis yang tidak sesuai dipeternakan ayam dapat memicu terjadinya resistensi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi bakteri Klebsiella sp. yang diisolasi dari swab kloaka ayam pedaging dan mengetahui gambaran resistensi Klebsiella sp. pada ayam pedaging terhadap antibiotik ampisilin, oksitetrasiklin, gentamisin, asam nalidiksat, eritromisin, tetrasiklin, dan kloramfenikol. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan metode diffusion test Kirby- Bauer dengan cara mengukur diameter zona hambat yang terbentuk kemudian dibandingkan dengan standar sensitivitas antibiotik yang ditetapkan oleh CLSI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bakteri Klebsiella sp. telah resisten terhadap antibiotik ampisilin (100%), oksitetrasiklin (100%), eritromisin (100%), tetrasiklin (100%) dan asam nalidiksat (71.4%). Antibiotik kloramfenikol dan gentamisin bersifat sensitif dengan persentase masing-masing sebesar 85.7% dan 85.7%.
Keyword: antibiotik, Klebsiella sp, resisten

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite