Judul: Estimation of Biokinetics Parameter in Integrated Moving Bed  Biofilm Reactors with Electrocoagulation for Treating Palm Oil
Mill Effluent
Abstrak: Produksi minyak kelapa sawit yang ekstensif telah meningkatkan limbah cair pabrik kelapa sawit (POME) secara signifikan. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting untuk mengolah limbah ini secara menyeluruh sebelum dibuang ke lingkungan. Moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) merupakan contoh dari sistem moving medium yang menawarkan stabilitas proses dan membutuhkan lebih sedikit waktu dan ruang untuk mengolah POME. Dalam penelitian ini, reaktor EC-MBBR menggabungkan unit elektrokoagulasi sebagai prekursor koagulan dan unit sedimentasi sebagai unit pra-pengolahan untuk menghilangkan kandungan padat sebelum unit MBBR. Model biokinetik telah dikembangkan untuk mengatasi debit dan kontaminan yang berfluktuasi dalam POME, yang mengakibatkan kondisi yang tidak stabil. Model ini didasarkan pada persamaan dasar reaktor hibrida dan ekspresi tipe Monod untuk pertumbuhan melekat dan tersuspensi. Parameter biokinetik untuk mengolah POME dalam sistem hibrida dengan unit MBBR meliputi µmax, Ke, Ks, dan Y, dengan nilai masing-masing 4,30/hari, 1,14/hari, 2087,02 mgCOD/L, dan 0,22 mgTSS/mgCOD., The extensive palm oil production has significantly increased palm oil mill effluent (POME). Consequently, it is imperative to thoroughly treat this effluent before its release into the environment. The moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) exemplifies a moving-medium system that offers process stability and requires less treatment time and space for treating POME. In this study, the EC-MBBR reactor incorporates an electrocoagulation unit as a coagulant precursor and a sedimentation unit as a pre-treatment unit to remove solid content before the MBBR unit. A biokinetic model has been developed to address the fluctuating discharge and contaminants in POME, resulting in an unsteady state. This model is based on the basic equations of the hybrid reactor and Monod-type expressions for both attached and suspended growth. The biokinetic parameters for treating POME in the hybrid system with the MBBR unit include µmax, Ke, Ks, and Y, with values of 4.30/d, 1.14/d, 2087.02 mgCOD/L, and 0.22 mgTSS/mgCOD, respectively.
Keyword: Electrocoagulation, Hybrid System, MBBR, Monod, POME

Judul: Effect of Inhibitor on Biokinetic Estimation of Anaerobic Process in Anaerobic Contact Stabilization Reactor Treating Palm Oil Mill Effluent
Abstrak: Indonesia and Malaysia have become the largest palm oil contributors in the world. Palm oil production in Indonesia and Malaysia covers 80% of global palm oil demand. One of the palm oil industry’s secondary products negatively impacting the environment is palm oil mill effluent (POME). The concentrations of COD, BOD, oil and grease, TSS, and TN in POME are 50,000-150,000 mg/L, 25,000-75,000 mg/L, 4000 mg/L, 40,000 mg/L, and 750 mg/L, respectively. The concentration of organic compounds in POME has exceeded the quality standard established by the Indonesian governors. POME potentially pollutes the environment due to the direct discharge of POME into the environment without appropriate wastewater treatment. Therefore, the Anaerobic-Contact Stabilization (ACSt) reactor was utilized as the biological treatment for POME. In order to satisfy the requirements in the field, biokinetic modeling was conducted. The research was conducted from November 2022 until July 2023. Several procedures conducted in this research were designing the reactor, inoculum preparation, laboratory examination, and biokinetic modeling. The COD percent removal in each variation was around 96.60%-99.47%, while the TSS percent removal in each variation was around 98.63%-99.86%. The COD and TSS percent removal in v.1 and v.2 satisfied the desired value. The biokinetic parameters were estimated using the Monod and Hinshelwood model. The accuracy of the model was evaluated using the student’s t test and MAPE. The data obtained from model and experiment was concluded similar and the MAPE of each modeling was below 50%. Therefore, the models were classified as reasonable forecasting ability.
Keyword: anaerobic, biokinetic, inhibitor, POME, UASB

Judul: Perdagangan Ilegal Satwa Liar Dilindungi di Indonesia Berdasarkan Data Kasus Selama Tahun 2009 – 2018
Abstrak: Kasus perdagangan satwa liar di Indonesia terjadi karena banyaknya permintaan dari pasar, akses yang mudah untuk mendapatkan sumber daya alam dan melakukan pengiriman, juga karena kurangnya pengawasan dari aparat penegak hukum. Hasil penelitian mengidentifikasi bahwa taksa burung memiliki tingkat tertinggi untuk perdagangan satwa liar (38.03%). Bagian tubuh burung yang paling banyak diperdagangkan adalah paruh sekitar 306 buah, bagian tubuh reptil yang paling banyak diperdagangkan adalah kulit 9 479 lembar, dan bagian tubuh mamalia yang paling banyak diperdagangkan adalah daging beku sebanyak 2 510 kg . Kasus perdagangan satwa liar di Indonesia dari tahun 2009 - 2018 mengalami kenaikan. Kasus terbanyak yang telah diselesaikan adalah di Jawa Timur sebanyak 52 kasus. Banyak pihak seperti organisasi non-pemerintah, BBKSDA, dan KLHK memiliki program penyadartahuan masyarakat mengenai perdagangan satwa liar sehingga masyarakat dapat turut serta mencegah perdagangan satwa liar di Indonesia.
Keyword: kesadaran masyarakat, penegakan hukum, perdagangan satwa liar