Judul: Pendugaan skala usaha, respon suplai dan efesiensi ekonomi relatif peternakan sapi perah
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengidentifikasi skala usaha (return to scale) peternakan sapi perah, elastisitas suplai dari perubahan harga input tidak tetap dan tingkat penggunaan input tetap, dan membandingkan efisiensi ekonomi dan alokasi input tidak tetap diantara katagori peternak.
Keyword: Cattle, Economics

Judul: Skala usaha dan efisiensi ekonomi relatif usaha peternakan sapi perah rakyat di Kabupaten Malang
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran peternakan menelaah peternakan sapi perah rakyat, menduga fungsi faktor-faktor sapi perah yang mempengaruhi rakyat serta keuntungan keuntungan mengetahui tidaknya keuntungan maksimum jangka pendek, menganalisa usaha dan usaha tercapai skala ekonomi usaha (returns to scale) peternakan sapi perah rakyat, mengetahui susu. Harga elastisitas penawaran susu dari input tidak tetap dan tingkat mengetahui kesamaan efisiensi ekonomi perubahan penggunaan dan harga input efisiensi alokatif antara skala usaha kecil dan skala usaha besar, serta antara wilayah Pujon dan wilayah Ngantang. Penelitian dilakukan di dua wilayah koperasi di Kabupaten Malang, yaitu koperasi susu SAE wilayah koperasi besar dan koperasi unit desa Ngantang koperasi stratified diketahui sebagai koperasi kecil. Dari diambil random dari 30 peternak sampling Pujon (KUD) Sumber masing-masing sebagai yang frame responden sample-nya koperasi. Adapun yang menjadi strata sebagai Makmur wilayah secara sudah adalah berdasarkan skala usaha yaitu besarnya pemilikan sapi laktasi, dimana betina strata kecil adalah pemilikan di bawah 5 ekor produktif, dan skala besar adalah pemilikan 5 ekor atas sapi betina produktif…dst
Keyword: Milk production, Sapi perah, Koperasi susu

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite