Judul: Competitiveness Analysis and Factors Affecting Trade Flow of Natural Rubber in International Market
Abstrak: Natural rubber is one of the plantation commodities, which plays an important role in the economic development of many countries. This commodity also provides job opportunities for many people, primarily for smallholder farmers. The supply of natural rubber in the world market is dominated by Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia. According to UN-Comtrade, the natural rubber export share in 1987, Malaysia is the largest exporter. By period of 1990, however, the condition of trade had started to change, allowing Thailand and Indonesia to shift the position of Malaysia. This change was due to the improvement of natural rubber production in Thailand and Indonesia. Moreover, the Malaysian production decreased due to several factors. This situation illustrates the increasing competition between the three major producers of natural rubber in the international market over the last several decades. Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia differ in their individual export destinations. However, according to the IRSG data, these three producing countries all exported to ten primary importing countries. As mentioned above, the competition between the main exporting countries is relatively high. Therefore, it is necessary for Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia to individually focus on improving the quantity and quality of the product in order to remain competitive in the international rubber trade. According to the background information and problem statement, the aims of this research are, to analyze the competitiveness and the level of competition of the three major exporters of natural rubber in the international market and to identify the determinants that influence natural rubber export in international market. All data used in this study is secondary panel data, which is a combination of time series data and cross-sectional data. Time series data includes annual data from 2003 to 2013, while the cross-sectional data covers ten major export destinations of the three main natural rubber exporting countries, with the largest export volumes going to the United States, Japan, China, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Germany, Canada, Brazil, India, and Belgium. The data used were obtained from Statistics Indonesia (BPS), the International Rubber Study Group (IRSG), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Centre d'Etudes et d'Informations Internationales prospectives (CEPII), UN Comtrade, the World Bank, and FAOSTAT. First method is Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). RCA is a method of analysis for determining the competitiveness of a player, while taking into account the comparative advantage of an individual, organization or country. The performance of natural rubber exports from exporting countries to importing countries is a variable that is measured by calculating the share of natural rubber exports to total exports of all commodities to destination countries, compared with the share of world exports to the destination countries. So that it can be quantitatively the ability or inability of three main exporting countries compete in international trade. And the second method is gravity model. The gravity model is used to analyze the economic factors that affect the flow of trade between two countries. According to Lineman (Lapipi, 2005), the gravity model is an econometric model that is used to analyze the effects of economic integration on trade, as well as
Keyword: Trade flow, Revealed Comparative Advantage, Natural Rubber, Competitiveness, Gravity model, Least Square Dummy Variable

Judul: Analysis of Indonesian Natural Rubber Export Performance to Destination Country
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara eksportir terbesar karet di dunia, namun demikian nilai ekspor cenderung berfluktuatif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kinerja nilai karet alam Indonesia ke negara tujuan utama dengan kode HS 4001 pada periode 2012-2021. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dalam menganalisis daya saing adalah Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Dynamic (EPD), dan X model. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan gravity model dalam mengestimasi determinan permintaan ekspor karet alam Indonesia ke negara tujuan utama. Berdasarkan hasil RCA menunjukkan karet alam Indonesia berdaya saing tinggi. Analisis EPD menunjukkan pangsa pasar lost opportunity di USA, Kanada, dan China, falling star di Jepang, India, dan Korea Selatan, dan retreat di Brazil dan Turki. Analisis X-Model menunjukkan pengembangan pangsa pasar potensial hampir di seluruh negara kecuali Brazil dan Turki. Hasil analisis gravity model menunjukkan, GDP negara tujuan utama dan harga komoditas berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap nilai ekspor karet alam Indonesia. Nilai GDP riil Indonesia dan jarak ekonomi memiliki pengaruh negatif terhadap nilai ekspor karet alam Indonesia. Sementara nilai tukar tidak berpengaruh signifikan., Indonesia is one of the largest rubber exporters in the world, however, the export value tends to fluctuate. The purpose of this study was to analyze the value performance of Indonesian natural rubber to the main destination countries with the HS code 4001 in the 2012-2021 period. The method used in this study in analyzing competitiveness is Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Dynamic (EPD), then X model. This research also uses gravity model in estimating the determinants of demand for Indonesia's natural rubber exports to the main destination countries. Based on RCA results, Indonesia's natural rubber is highly competitive. EPD analysis shows market share lost opportunity in the USA, Canada, and China, falling star in Japan, India, and South Korea, and retreat in Brazil and Turkey. X-Model analysis shows the potential market share development in almost all countries except Brazil and Turkey. Analysis results gravity model shows, the GDP of the main destination countries and commodity prices have a positive and significant effect on the export value of Indonesia's natural rubber. Indonesia's real GDP value and economic distance have a negative effect on the value of Indonesia's natural rubber exports. While the exchange rate has no significant effect.
Keyword: EPD, Gravity Model, Natural rubber, RCA, X-Model

Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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