Judul: Fermentabilitas In Vitro Hasil Samping Industri Karagenan yang Diperkaya Unsur Nitrogen dan Fosfor dalam Cairan Rumen Sapi
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan konsentrasi pupuk NPK berbeda pada hasil samping industri karagenan yang difermentasikan dengan ragi tempe terhadap kandungan nutrien dan kecernaaannya secara in vitro dalam cairan rumen sapi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Bioteknologi Hasil Perairan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan dan di Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Pakan, Fakultas Peternakan, serta di Laboratorium Ilmu Nutrisi Ternak Perah, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan dengan memfermentasikan hasil samping industri karagenan dengan bantuan ragi tempe dengan empat perlakuan penambahan pupuk NPK (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%). Perlakuan dialokasikan dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Variabel yang diukur adalah kecernaaan bahan kering (KCBK) dan kecernaan bahan organik (KCBO) secara in vitro serta kadar NH3 dan VFA dari hasil samping produksi karagenan yang telah difermentasikan. Penambahan pupuk NPK pada fermentasi hasil samping industri karagenan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap KCBK dan KCBO, konsentrasi VFA dan NH3. Nilai KCBK yang diperoleh pada perlakuan 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% berturut-turut yaitu 77,38%; 77,92%; 74,04%; 75,19%. Nilai KCBO yang diperoleh pada perlakuan 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% secara berturut-turut yaitu 70,69%; 71,86%; 67,00%; 66,44%. Kadar NH3 pada perlakuan 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% berturut-turut yaitu 16,38 mM; 14,91 mM; 21,27 mM; 29,22 mM. Kadar VFA yang diperoleh pada perlakuan 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% berturut-turut yaitu 150,94 mM; 177,03 mM; 119,35 mM; 128,04 mM. Kesimpulan hasil penelitian ini adalah perubahan kadar nutrien hasil samping produksi karagenan melalui penambahan pupuk NPK dan fermentasi dengan ragi tempe menghasilkan nilai kecernaan yang lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan tingkat kecernaan rumput serta dapat meningkatkan kandungan protein kasar. Disarankan perlu adanya penelitian lebih lanjut secara in vivo guna mengetahui tingkat palatabilitasnya pada ternak ruminansia.
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Judul: Pemanfaatan Sisa Makanan Kantin sebagai Pakan Ternak dan Pengaruhnya pada Karakteristik Fermentasi Rumen In Vitro
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menetapkan komposisi sisa makanan asal kantin sebagai pakan alternatif dan pengaruhnya pada karakteristik fermentasi rumen secara in vitro. Rancangan Acak Kelompok digunakan dalam penelitian ini, dengan perlakuan berupa : P0 : 30% rumput gajah + 70% konsentrat; P1 : 30% rumput gajah + 8% sisa makanan + 62% konsentrat; P2 : 30% rumput gajah + 16% sisa makanan + 54% konsentrat; P3 : 30% rumput gajah + 24% sisa makanan + 46% konsentrat; dan P4 : 30% rumput gajah + 32% sisa makanan + 38% konsentrat, dan dengan tiga sumber cairan rumen sapi sebagai kelompok. Peubah yang diamati meliputi analisis proksimat, fermentabilitas (produksi VFA total, konsentrasi NH3 dan SPM), kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik (KcBK dan KcBO), produksi gas metan dan analisis biaya produksi pakan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), dan diuji lanjut menggunakan Duncan. Data biaya produksi pakan dianalisis menggunakan analisis Deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komposisi konsentrat sisa makanan untuk pengganti konsentrat ruminansia terdiri dari sumber energi 61% (47% nasi dan 14% tepung terigu), sayuran 26% ( 10% timun, 5% kol, 5% daun singkong, 4% jamur tiram, 1% wortel, 1% caisim) serta sumber protein dan mineral 13% (10% tepung tulang ayam dan 3% tepung ikan). Ransum perlakuan tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap pH rumen, konsentrasi NH3 dan sintesis protein mikroba, namun menunjukkan peningkatan secara nyata pada produksi gas metan dan peningkatan secara sangat nyata pada produksi VFA total, KcBK, dan KcBO dibanding kontrol. Ransum dengan penggunaan sisa makanan pada taraf 32% meningkatkan konsentrasi NH3, VFA, SPM, gas metan, kecernaan bahan kering dan kecernaan bahan organik dan menurunkan biaya pakan.
Keyword: digestibilitas, fermentabilitas, in vitro, konsentrat, sisa makanan

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite