Judul: Keragaman Komunitas Bakteri Pemfiksasi Nitrogen berdasarkan gen nifH dan 16S rRNA di Lahan
Abstrak: Biological nitrogen fixation merupakan proses penting di alam yang dilakukan oleh bakteri pemfiksasi nitrogen dalam mengubah nitrogen bebas di atmosfer menjadi amonium. Amonium merupakan sumber nitrogen penting di atmosfer. Bakteri pemfiksasi nitrogen dapat hidup bebas maupun bersimbiosis dengan organisme lain seperti tanaman. Kemampuan bakteri pemfiksasi nitrogen mengubah nitrogen bebas menjadi amonium disebabkan enzim nitrogenase yang dimilikinya. Gen nifH merupakan salah satu gen yang dibutuhkan untuk mengekspresikan enzim nitrogenase tersebut. Penggunaan gen nifH sebagai marka dalam analisis keragaman bakteri pemfiksasi nitrogen secara molekuler sudah sering dilakukan. Pendekatan molekuler yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah DGGE. Penggunaan gen 16S rRNA sebagai marka bertujuan untuk melihat komunitas total bakteri yang terdapat pada lahan sawah tersebut. Penggunaan pupuk hayati pada lahan sawah dapat memproduktivitas padi. Produktivitas padi dapat didukung oleh bermacam faktor, antara lain adalah unsur nitrogen. Penelitian terkait hubungan antara penggunaan pupuk hayati dengan produktivitas padi yang terkait dengan keragaman bakteri pemfiksasi nitrogen yang terdapat pada lahan sawah belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari keragaman bakteri pemfiksasi nitrogen pada lahan sawah dengan pendekatan DGGE. Penelitian diawali dengan pengambilan tanah sawah yang telah diberi perlakuan kontrol (300 kg NPK/ha) dan perlakuan celup serta sebar (200 kg NPK/ha). Pengukuran tinggi tajuk dan jumlah anakan juga dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh perlakuan terhadap padi. Tanah yang sudah diambil kemudian dilakukan ekstraksi DNA dengan menggunakan Power Soil DNA Isolation Kit (Mobio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Hasil ekstraksi kemudian diamplifikasi dengan primer PolF-GC/PolR untuk gen nifH dan primer PRBA338F-GC/ PRUN518R untuk gen 16S rRNA. Produk PCR kemudian di migrasi pada gel poliakrilamida 6% dengan gradien 35%-60% untuk nifH dan 30%-70% untuk 10%6S RNA. Hasil migrasi kemudian difoto dan dianalisis dengan Phoretix 1D untuk dianalisis keragaman bakteri yang muncuk. Khusus gen nifH, pita yang muncul pada gel poliakrilamid dipotong dan diamplifikasi ulang dengan primer tanpa GC Clamp. Produk PCRnya kemudian di kirim untuk disekuensing. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa keragaman bakteri pemfiksasi nitrogen bervariasi pada tiap perlakuan selama masa tanam. Perlakuan kontrol terlihat paling bervariasi di antara perlakuan celup dan sebar. Analisis clustering juga menunjukkan pola keragaman bakteri pemfiksasi nitrogen cenderung mengelompok pada tiap perlakuan. Hal ini berbeda dengan keragaman total bakteri yang dianalisis dengan 16S rRNA. Pola keragaman total bakteri cenderung mengelompok pada tiap masa tanam. Hasil BLAST N menunjukkan bahwa semua sekuen yang ambil dari pita DGGE tergolong kedalam Uncultured bacteria nitrogenase. Hasil ini juga diperkuat dengan hasil BLAST X yang menunjukkan bahwa semua sekuen yang diambil tergolong kedalam protein atau enzim dinitrogenase reductase.
Keyword: bakteri pemfiksasi nitrogen, biofertilizer, DGGE, gen nifH, gen 16S rRNA.

Judul: Keragaman Komunitas Bakteri Pemfiksasi Nitrogen pada Tanah Sawah di Sukabumi
Abstrak: Dinitrogenase is an important enzyme in nitrogen fixation. The enzyme has 2 sub unit proteins, Fe Protein and MoFe protein, each encoded by nifH and nifD. DGGE is one of metagenomic analysis technique that can represent the abundance of specieses in environment, based on melting behavior of amplicones in linearly increasing denaturant in polyacrylamide gel. The aim of this research was to assay diversity of nitrogen fixing-bacteria on rice field. The soil samples of rice field treated with inorganic fertilizer NPK 15:15:15 250 kg/ha (100% dosage) (K), biofertilizer and NPK 62.5 kg/ha (25% dosage) (C), and NPK only 62.5 kg/ha (25% dosage) without biofertilizer application (TC), were extracted for DNA. Those DNA were amplified using primer-GC, hence, analyzed using DGGE. The nifH gene had high variability more than nifD gene. It was expected that there were at least 7 kinds of nifH gene in sample C, 5 in sample TC, and 1 in sample K. High genetic variability of nifH genes was caused evolutionary line. In the other hand, nifD genes tended to be conserved.
Keyword: nitrogen fixation., DGGE, nifD, nifH

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
Keyword: