Judul: Studies on Body Morphometrics of Terns (Laridae) Through Principal Component Analysis and Minimum Distance D2-Mahalanobis
Abstrak: The diversity of animal body size is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study used 168 specimens of Terns. Terns is a small tribe of sea birds that spread widely all over the world. Terns specimens used were A. m. worcesteri, A. s. pileatus, C. h. javanica, S. a. sinensis, S. a. anaethetus, S. b. cristatus, S. f. nubilosa and S. s. sumatrana. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship of morphometric dissimilarity of the body size. Also it studied the body size and shape of Terns observed. T2-Hotelling showed that the body size of the terns observed was significant (P<0,01). The result of Principal component analysis showed that body size and shape of the terns observed were significant from each other, although they were in one genus. The wing length is a size discriminator of all Terns observed; while shape discriminator diverses of each species observed. Data cluster of S. b. cristatus grouped on right in cluster chart, however S. a. sinensis grouped on the left in the cluster chart. Data cluster of six other species are grouped in the middle of the cluster chart. The results showed that Terns can be classified into two major groups namely A and B by D2-Mahalanobis. Group A included S. a. anaethetus, S. f. nubilosa, S. b. cristatus, C. h. javanica, S. s. sumatrana, A. m. worcesteri and A. s. pileatus. Group B consisted of only one species of S. a. sinensis.
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Judul: Analisis Morfometrik Kepala Pada Beberapa Subspesies Burung Dara Laut (Laridae)
Abstrak: This experiment was conducted to determine the size and body shape score of terns using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The measurement taken were bill length, bill width, bill depth, head width and head length. A total of 168 specimen of terns consisted of 79 specimen males and 89 specimen females were measured. There were differences in linear bill and head measurements among subspecies of terns (P<0.01). The discriminator of head size for all subspecies terns being examined was bill length. The Eigen vectors of the discriminator of head size in subspecies Anous minutus worcesteri was 0,975; Anous stolidus pileatus was 0,917; Chlidonias hybrida javanica was 0,746; Sterna albifrons sinensis was 0,931; Sterna anaethetus anaethetus was 0,983; Sterna bergii cristatus was 0,879; Sterna fuscata nubilosa was 0,875; and Sterna sumatrana sumatrana was 0,985. The discriminator of head shape of subspecies A. s. pileatus, C. h. javanica and S. a. anaethetus were head width, while the subspecies A. m.s worcesteri, S. a. sinensis, S. b. cristatus, S. f. nubilosa and S. s. sumatrana were head length. The Eigen vectors of the discriminator of head shape in subspecies A. s. pileatus, C. h. javanica and S. a. anaethetus were 0,882; 0,714 and 0,975 respectively. The Eigen vectors of the discriminator of head shape in subspecies A. m. worcesteri, S. a. sinensis, S. b. cristatus, S. f. nubilosa and S. s. sumatrana were 0,956; 0,742; 0,757; 0,922 and 0,728 respectively. Descriminator of size is influenced by the environment. Bill length as descriminator of shape indicates that the bill length is affected by habitat. Head width and head length are influenced by genetics. The Minimum D Mahalonobis distance showed the classification of terns into two group at the branching point of 3.6004, group A and B. Group A consisted of A. s. pileatus, C. h. javanica, S. a. anaethetus, S. f. nubilosa and S. b. cristatus. Group B consisted of S. a. sinensis, A. m. worcesteri and S. s. sumatrana.
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Judul: Detoxification of Cassava’s Acid Hydrolyzate by Activated Carbon Method for Bioethanol Production
Abstrak: Cassava is one of natural resources for carbohydrate that also available for bioethanol production. Starch and fibers hydrolysis maybe conducted on acid condition. The restriction in acid hydrolysis is 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and furfural formation, which inhibit yeast fermentation. This study applied two stages of detoxification, which are overliming and activated carbon adsorption methods for lowering HMF and furfural concentrations. In order to obtain tolerable amount in sugar solution, detoxification by activated carbon adsorption was done by concentration of 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% and duration of contact are 30 45 and 60 minutes. The results showed that overliming method decreased HMF and furfural concentrations 34.38% and 60.81%, respectively. Overliming followed by 5% activated carbon adsorption for 30 minutes produced the best sugar solution which has a lower HMF and furfural concentrations by 72.03% and 89.11%, respectively. Adsorption constants of HMF and furfural by 5% activated carbon were 0.044 g/min and 3,7 x 10-5 g/min, respectively. The concentration of ethanol produced was 5.00% (b/v) or 63.22% higher than obtained from detoxification by neutralization (NH4OH) which produced ethanol only 3.06%.
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