Judul: The Impact of Quality Governance on Financial Development and its Convergence in Asia Region
Abstrak: Financial development berperan penting dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan mereduksi kemiskinan. Salah satu faktor yang berperan penting dalam memfasilitasi dan memperkuat financial development ialah tata kelola pemerintahan. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh quality governance terhadap financial development serta konvergensinya di kawasan Asia. Melalui pendekatan panel dinamis System Generalized Method of Moments (Sys-GMM), penelitian dilakukan pada 22 negara selama tahun 2010-2021. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kualitas tata kelola berpengaruh signifikan melalui dimensi politik dan ekonomi. Inflasi dan investasi asing langsung berdampak negatif, sedangkan keterbukaan perdagangan berdampak positif terhadap financial development. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa quality governance memiliki dampak lebih besar terhadap financial development dibanding variabel makroekonomi. Akan tetapi, divergensi masih terjadi dalam financial development di Asia. Sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan kinerja financial development, pemerintah perlu memperbaiki kualitas governance, terutama dalam stabilitas politiknya., Financial development plays an important role in increasing economic growth and reducing poverty. One factor that plays an important role in facilitating and strengthening financial development is governance. The study was conducted to analyze the influence of the quality of governance on financial developments and its convergence in the Asian region. Using System Generalized Method of Moments (Sys-GMM) dynamic panel, the study was conducted in 22 countries during 2010-2021. Based on the study, quality governance has a significant effect on through the political and economic dimensions. Inflation and foreign direct investment had a negative impact, while trade openness had a positive impact on financial development. Quality governance has a greater impact on financial developments than macroeconomic variables. However, divergence still occurs in financial development in Asia. As an effort to improve financial development performance, the government needs to improve their quality of governance, especially in terms of political stability.
Keyword: asia, financial development, konvergensi, quality governance, asia, convergence, financial development, governance

Judul: Determinant of Financial Development in Asia based on Income Level
Abstrak: Financial development memberikan pengaruh terhadap pembangunan ekonomi sehingga peranannya penting bagi setiap negara tidak terkecuali di Asia. Kredit domestik digunakan sebagai indikator financial development. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja dan determinan financial development di Asia berdasarkan tingkat pendapatan dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan kuantitatif melalui metode panel Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinerja kredit domestik di lower middle income, upper middle income dan high income Asia memiliki kinerja yang berbeda serta determinan financial development berdasarkan tingkat pendapatan di Asia terdiri dari kredit domestik tahun sebelumnya, broad money dan keterbukaan perdagangan yang ketiganya memberikan pengaruh positif. Rule of law dan FDI net inflows memberikan pengaruh negatif. Negara-negara yang memiliki kinerja kredit terendah perlu untuk meningkatkan peran intermediasi keuangan dan meningkatan pelayanan terhadap nasabah sehingga akhirnya terjadi peningkatan kuantitas kredit yang disalurkan kepada sektor swasta., Financial development has an impact on economic development so its important for every country, include Asia. Domestic credit is used as an indicator of financial development. This study aims to analyze the performance and determinants of financial development in Asia based on income level using descriptive and quantitative analysis through the dynamic panel data Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). The results showed that the performance of domestic credit in lower middle income, upper middle income, and high income Asia has different performance and the determinants of financial development based on income levels in Asia consist of the previous year's domestic credit, broad money and trade openness have a positive effect. Rule of law and FDI net inflows have a negative effect. Countries with the lowest credit performance need to increase the role of financial intermediation and improve services to customers so that eventually there will be an increase in the quantity of credit extended to the private sector.
Keyword: Determinant, Financial Development, GMM

Judul: Hybrid solar cells of ZnO nanoparticles/chlorophyll was modified metal ions (Zn2+ and Cu2+ )
Abstrak: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a n-type semiconductor with a wide the energy band (Band Gap) is 3.37 eV at room temperature and 3.34 eV at low temperature with a large exiton binding energy is 60 meV. ZnO has been synthesized by hydrothermal method, resulting in a decrease in particle size over the duration of the hydrothermal changes. Crystallographic structure of ZnO were characterized using XRD, has shown the characteristic pattern of a hexagonal wurtzite structure, the crystallite size increases to changes in particle size. Changes in particle size has also led to a change in the absorption peak of ZnO as has been demonstrated posted under test using the optical properties of UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Changes of this uptake has also led to changes in the energy band gap, which increases its band gap energy of the particle size. In electronic applications, especially in solar cells. Chlorophyll is considered less effective, because of their very nature are easily degraded as a result of several reactions which are acid, lighting and temperature. The results of the stability test using a halogen lamp 34 W/m2 for 5 hours, that the substitution of chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form more stable than natural chlorophyll. The characterization of the optical properties, the combination of ZnO / chlorophyll in the form of hybrid films has led to a shift in the absorption region of ZnO becomes more widely from the UV to Visible. ZnO/chlorophyll has absorption range of 350-515 nm, ZnO / Zn-feofitin 332-401 nm and 332-632 nm for Cu-feofitin. The combination of ZnO/chlorophyll and CuSCN as a solid electrolite in hybrid solar cell, a modified chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form a more stable I-V curve. It is characterized by its fill factor value greater than natural chlorophyll. Nevertheless, solar cells with natural chlorophyll has been able to produce higher efficiency values of chlorophyll were substituted.
Keyword: Hydrothermal, ZnO/Chlorophyll modified, Hybrid Solar Cell