Judul: Financial Development and Income Inequality: Empirical Study in European Union and ASEAN+6 countries
Abstrak: High economic growth is needed to drive the economy, opening up more job opportunities and to attract investment. But economic growth alone is not enough to ensure that all communities get benefit from economic development. Some Asian countries such as South Korea, China, India and Indonesia experienced high economic growth but at the same time income inequality in these countries also rises. Income inequality increases in both developing and developed countries. High income inequalities bring negative impacts such as slower economic growth, rising unemployment and social problems. With the fact that income inequality increased globally and its negative impact on the economy, a strategy required to reduce it. One strategy that can boost economic growth while reducing the income inequality is financial development. Globalization gives us opportunity as well as threat. This encourages countries to establish economic integration in order to strengthen their position in the world. Countries in Southeast Asia also establish an organization known as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The cooperation extended trough Japan, China, South Korea, New Zealand, Australia, and India, as ASEAN +6. Globalization and regional economic integration is expected to promote economic development, including financial development through increased competition and access to the banking financial services. Various studies have shown a strong correlation between economic growth and financial development. In relation to the distribution of income, financial development influence individual economic opportunity. However, there is still a debate about the role of financial development in reducing income inequality related to who benefits most from financial development. Debate on the relationship between income inequality and financial development raises urgent questions for decision-makers about the role of government to improve the financial development that supports growth and reduces inequality, while maintaining economic and financial stability. Financial development in the framework of regional economic integration also requires the right government regulations related to financial openness. Policy should be adapted to the situation of the domestic economy as well as adaptable to other countries' policies. Therefore this study aimed to analyze the dynamics of the development of the financial sector and the income gap between developed countries and developing in the region that is economically integrated ASEAN +6 and the European Union. This study will also analyze the convergence of income inequality in the countries in the two regions. This study used data for the period 1991-2010 from 30 countries including 11 ASEAN +6 countries and 19 EU countries. These countries are Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Japan, China, South Korea, India, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, the UK, Sweden, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Descriptive analysis is used to provide an overview of financial development in the ASEAN +6 and the European Union. While the panel data regression analysis is used to examine the pattern of the relationship between income inequality and financial development and the degree of convergence of income inequality in the European Union and ASEAN +6. The result suggest there were convergence in income inequality with the convergence of income inequality in
Keyword: financial development, income inequality, economic integration

Judul: The  role  of  financial  development  in  asean+5  economies  growth  convergence
Abstrak: Perkembangan industri keuangan tercermin dari banyaknya produk-produk jasa keuangan, berkembangnya industri penyedia jasa keuangan, dan kemudahan dalam mengakses jasa keuangan itu sendiri. Kemudahan dalam mengakses jasa keuangan dikenal dengan istilah financial inclusion. Financial inclusion berperan sebagai indikator apakah lembaga keuangan menjalankan fungsinya dengan baik, yaitu sebagai lembaga intermediasi dalam menopang pertumbuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perkembangan industri keuangan serta pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dan konvergensi pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara ASEAN+5 (Australia, China, India, Jepang, dan Korea Selatan). Metode yang digunakan adalah panel data dinamis dengan teknik estimasi Generalized Method of Moment (GMM). Hasil yang didapat menunjukkan perkembangan industri keuangan yang cukup baik terutama di negara berpendapatan tinggi. Financial inclusion berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Koefisien dari lag variabel endogen pada model mengindikasikan bahwa telah terjadi konvergensi pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara ASEAN+5., The development of the financial industry is reflected from number of financial services products, development of the financial industry service providers, and ease of access to financial services itself. The ease of accessing financial services is known as financial inclusion. Financial inclusion serves as an indicator whether the financial institutions function properly, that is as an intermediary institutions in supporting growth. This study aims to analyze the development of the financial industry and its influence on economic growth and convergence of economic growth in ASEAN +5 (Australia, China, India, Japan, and South Korea). The method used in this study was the dynamic panel data and the estimation technique was Generalized Method of Moment (GMM). The results showed the development of the financial industry which was quite good, especially in high-income countries. Financial inclusion had positive influence on economic growth. The coefficient of lag endogenous variables in the model indicates that there had been a convergence of economic growth in ASEAN +5.
Keyword: financial  development, financial  inclusion, GMM, konvergensi, pertumbuhan ekonomi

Judul: Sintesis Superkonduktor YBCO dengan Metode Evaporasi dan Karakterisasinya
Abstrak: Telah berhasil dibuat pelet superkonduktor YBCO-123 dengan metode evaporasi dengan menghasilkan Tc = 100 K. Sintesis dilakukan dengan mencampur garam-garam nitrat Y(NO3)2, Ba(NO3), Cu(NO3)2 di dalam pelarut H2O pada suhu 150 oC. Setelah melalui proses pirolisis pada 350 oC selama 1 jam, prekursor dikalsinasi pada 900 oC selama 4 jam kemudian serbuk dikompaksi dengan tekanan hidrolik 5 ton untuk membentuk pelet dengan diameter 1,5 cm dan tebal 0,24 mm. Sintering dilakukan pada suhu 940 oC selama 20 jam. Efek meissner menunjukkan fenomena levitasi pada temperatur sekitar 80 K. Hal ini menunjukkan fasa superkonduktor telah terbentuk. Data XRD memberi mengkonfirmasi bahwa fasa kristal 123 telah terbentuk. Nilai konduktivitas didapat dari hasil pengukuran dengan LCR pada temperatur 300 K sebesar 4 x 10-5 S/cm. Pada penurunan temperatur dari 100 K ke 80 K terjadi kenaikan nilai konduktansi yang tajam dari 4.2 x 10-4 S/cm ke nilai 1.309 x 10-1 S/cm.
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