Judul: Analysis of Rent-Seeking Practices on Beef Import Activities in Indonesia
Abstrak: Domestic beef production has average deficit 200 to 300 thousand tons to consumer demand. To address this deficiency, the government, under regulation of PP 4/2016, has adopt the policy of importing boneless frozen beef. One of the notable issues within this industry is rent seeking activities. The period used in this research is President Joko Widodo's administration in 2014-2022 to assess the efficiency of cattle farming management, test the effectiveness of beef import policies for price stabilization, and analyze the various act of rent-seeking. The methods used are ICOR, ARCH/GARCH, and content analysis. The research results showed that investment improvidence in livestock sector amounted to 17.28 trillion rupiah. The best model is ARCH(1), shows that prices does not stable as evidenced by the high level of volatility with an ARCH coefficient 2,627021. Nine conspiracy of rent-seeking were found, namely: 1) Bribery/Gratification of Political Party; 2) Bribery/Gratification of Constitutional Judges regarding beef import policy; 3) Imports of beef from countries that are not yet free from PMK; 4) Manipulative agreement; 5) Distribute government budgets based on constituent regions, not production centers; 6) Illegal import; 7) Cartelization; 8) Sales above the price set by the government; and 9) Blended import-beef (oplosan)., Produksi domestik rata-rata kekurangan 200 hingga 300 ribu ton daging sapi terhadap permintaan masyarakat. Pemerintah melalui PP 4/2016 memilih kebijakan impor daging sapi beku tanpa tulang untuk pemenuhan tersebut. Permasalahan pada industri ini yaitu terdapat perburuan rente. Periode waktu yang digunakan yaitu masa pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo 2014-2022 dengan tujuan menilai efisiensi pengelolaan peternakan sapi, menguji efektifitas kebijakan impor daging sapi untuk stabilisasi harga, dan menganalisis modus operandi perburuan rente. Metode yang digunakan yaitu ICOR, ARCH/GARCH, dan content analysis. Hasil penelitian didapatkan pemborosan penggunaan investasi di sektor peternakan berjumlah 17,28 triliun rupiah. Model terbaik yaitu ARCH(1) menunjukkan harga tidak stabil dibuktikan dari tingkat volatilitas tinggi dengan koefisien ARCH 2,627021. Ditemukan sembilan modus operandi yaitu: 1) Suap/Gratifikasi Ketua Partai; 2) Suap/Gratifikasi Hakim Konstitusi; 3) Impor daging sapi dari negara PMK; 4) Kerjasama Manipulatif; 5) Mengalirkan anggaran proyek berdasarkan daerah konstituen, bukan sentra produksi; 6) Impor ilegal; 7) Kartelisasi; 8) Penjualan diatas harga yang ditetapkan pemerintah; dan 9) Daging sapi oplosan.
Keyword: perburuan, rent seeking, perburuan rente, import, rent, rent seeker, agricultural economic, price volatility, volatilitas harga, swasembada daging sapi, Daging Sapi Impor, Beef, economic analysis, volatility

Judul: Analysis of  the  factors that affect  the  price  of  beef in Indonesia
Abstrak: Dalam rangka mewujudkan kecukupan daging sapi di dalam negeri maka pemerintah Indonesia mencanangkan program swasembada daging sapi. Konsep swasembada tersebut tidak hanya menyangkut ketersediaan tetapi juga akses masyarakat terhadap pangan itu sendiri. Akses masyarakat terhadap daging sapi dapat dilihat dari harga komoditas tersebut. Harga daging sapi di Indonesia relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan negara lainnya. Hal ini menyebabkan daya beli masyarakat terhadap daging sapi menjadi rendah. Disamping itu, kondisi harga yang tinggi kenyataannya juga tidak dapat menjadi insentif bagi peternak untuk meningkatkan produksi daging sapi. Mengingat permasalahan tersebut, harga daging sapi menjadi hal penting untuk dikaji lebih lanjut sehingga perlu dianalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi harga daging sapi di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan adalah data time series tahun 2008-2013. Analisis deskriptif dan model persamaan regresi linear berganda digunakan sebagai alat analisis dalam penelitian ini. Hasilnya berdasarkan analisis deskriptif harga daging sapi di Indonesia dipengaruhi oleh jalur distribusi yang panjang sedangkan berdasarkan model persamaan regeresi linear berganda terdapat tiga variabel yang berpengaruh yaitu harga daging sapi periode sebelumnya, hari raya lebaran (Idul Fitri) dan impor daging sapi., To reduce dependence on beef import, Indonesian government declared an increase of beef production by Self Sufficiency Program 2014. The meaning of self sufficiency in this case is not only about its availability but also public access to food itself. Public access to the beef can be seen from its price. The price of beef in Indonesia is relatively high compared to other countries. This condition caused public purchasing power on beef to be low. In addition, the high price could not be an incentive for breeders to increase beef production. Based on this problem, this research aim to analyze the factors that affect the price of beef in Indonesia. This research used time series data form in period 2008 to 2013. As a result, based on descriptive analysis the price of beef in Indonesia is affected by its distribution chain. On the other side, based on multiple linear regression model there are three variables that affect the price of beef in Indonesia such as the price of beef earlier periode, Eid celebration, and volume of beef import.
Keyword: daging sapi, harga, swasembada

Judul: Hybrid solar cells of ZnO nanoparticles/chlorophyll was modified metal ions (Zn2+ and Cu2+ )
Abstrak: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a n-type semiconductor with a wide the energy band (Band Gap) is 3.37 eV at room temperature and 3.34 eV at low temperature with a large exiton binding energy is 60 meV. ZnO has been synthesized by hydrothermal method, resulting in a decrease in particle size over the duration of the hydrothermal changes. Crystallographic structure of ZnO were characterized using XRD, has shown the characteristic pattern of a hexagonal wurtzite structure, the crystallite size increases to changes in particle size. Changes in particle size has also led to a change in the absorption peak of ZnO as has been demonstrated posted under test using the optical properties of UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Changes of this uptake has also led to changes in the energy band gap, which increases its band gap energy of the particle size. In electronic applications, especially in solar cells. Chlorophyll is considered less effective, because of their very nature are easily degraded as a result of several reactions which are acid, lighting and temperature. The results of the stability test using a halogen lamp 34 W/m2 for 5 hours, that the substitution of chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form more stable than natural chlorophyll. The characterization of the optical properties, the combination of ZnO / chlorophyll in the form of hybrid films has led to a shift in the absorption region of ZnO becomes more widely from the UV to Visible. ZnO/chlorophyll has absorption range of 350-515 nm, ZnO / Zn-feofitin 332-401 nm and 332-632 nm for Cu-feofitin. The combination of ZnO/chlorophyll and CuSCN as a solid electrolite in hybrid solar cell, a modified chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form a more stable I-V curve. It is characterized by its fill factor value greater than natural chlorophyll. Nevertheless, solar cells with natural chlorophyll has been able to produce higher efficiency values of chlorophyll were substituted.
Keyword: Hydrothermal, ZnO/Chlorophyll modified, Hybrid Solar Cell