Judul: Improve nutrition quality of leucaena leaf meal with addition of sheep rumen liquor enzyme for nila tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed
Abstrak: The aims of this experiment were; (1) to evaluate hydrolyze enzyme activity in exctract rumen liquor of sheep fed forage, (2) to improve the nutrient quality of leucaena leaf meal (LLM) by addition with sheep rumen liquor enzyme; (3) to evaluate the suitability of hydrolized LLM as alternative protein source for Nile tilapia. The first stage of experiment showed that the activity of enzyme hydrolyze in rumen fluid of sheep with forage feeding had the largest cellulase activity than amylase, protease, lipase and phytase activity. The second stage was designed in completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replications with different level enzyme addition (0; 20; 40; 60; 80; and 100 ml/kg LLM) and incubated in 2 and 24 hours.. Results of the first experiment showed that nutrient quality of LLM with addition of sheep rumen liquor enzyme 100 ml/kg LLM, within incubated 24 hours have the best result than that of incubated 2 hours.The enzymes significantly (P<0.05) increased soluble glucose (2127,45%) soluble protein (3538,23%), decreased crude fiber (53,640%) and phytic acid (68,088%); but the enzyme did not affect crude lipid and crude protein content. The third stage experiments was conducted with two experimental diet. The first one contained hydrolyzed LLM at level 10% 15% 20% 25% and 30% ( Group I; Diet A, B, C, D and E respectively) and one diet acting as a control (Diet K, 0% LLM), the second experiments contained non-hydrolized LLM at the same level as the first ezperiment ( Group II; Diet F, G, H, I, J). All diets were isoenergy. A seven weeks feeding trial was carried out on triplicate groups of eight fish (9,38 ± 0,41) in aquarium with a recirculating system for group I and II. Fish were fed twice daily at satiation. Results showed that improvement of the quality of hydrolyzed LLM increased daily growth rate, feed efficiency, protein and fat retention. Similarly, the value of Hepato somatic indeks, glycogen content and enzyme activity of protease, amylase and cellulase in fish feeding hydrolyzed LLM were higher than that of non- hydrolyzed LLM. HIS and liver glycogen storage in fish with hydrolyzed LLM in diet increased with the increasing use of hydrolyzed LLM. Histological liver and intestine of tilapia using hydrolyzed LLM in the diet did not show significant differences with those of fish with feed without LLM. It is was concluded that enzymes from rumen liquer capable of increasing the nutritive quality of LLM. Application of hydrolyzed LLM up to 15% in the diet of tilapia show better performance compared with non-hydrolyzed LLM
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Judul: Utilization of hydrolized duckweed (Lemna minor) meal as a soybean replacement in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diet,
Abstrak: Tilapia is a fast growing fish widely cultured in many tropical and sub tropical countries. The recent production figures reported our global production estimates for 2015 is 5,576.8 metric tons. In developing countries the major challenges facing aquaculture industry is high cost of production associated with fish feeds. Feed represents 40-70% of operating costs for aquaculture operations, increasing expenses and potential declining supplies soybean meal have led scientists to search for less expensive but compatible alternative protein sources for fish feed; most of which are based on animal or plant protein sources. The objectives of study was to determine the incubation period for hydrolysis of duckweed and to evaluate the use of hydrolized duckweed as aprotein source for the growth performance of Nile tilapia Three experiments were conducted to determine the composition and digestibility of hydrolyzed duckweed meal by sheep rumen liquor as the replacement of soybean meal in the diet of Nile tilapia. The first trial examined the effectivity of sheep rumen liquor enzyme to decrease crude fiber contents of (DWM), the added volume of sheep rumen liquor was 100 ml/kg DWM and then it was incubated for 0, 12, 24 hr . The second trial was to evaluate the apparent digestibility of hydrolyzed DWM for Nile Tilapia, apparent digestibility were determined using chromic oxide indicator added to both reference diet and test diets. The feed ingredients used in the trial were hydrolyzed DWM (HDWM) and unhydrolyzed DWM (DWM). Ten fish with an average weight of 18±0.36g were used in the trial and reared in the aquarium of size 30×40×50cm for 15 days; feces were collected from three replicates using a fecal collection column attached to the aquarium. Third trial was to evaluate the growth performance of Tilapia fed test diet with hydrolyzed Duckweed meal (HDWM). The experimental design was set according to completely randomized design with four treatments and three replicates of HDWM inclusion levels that is 0%, 15%, 30% and 45%. Nile tilapia fish with initial body weight of 18±0.36g was kept in 12 units aquarium size of 30×40×50cm at stocking density of 10fish/aquarium, the fish were fed two times a day at 08:00am and 16:00pm to apparent satiation for a period of 60 days. The results indicated that duckweed meal (DWM) hydrolyzed with 100 mL/kg and incubated for 24 hrs showed the lowest crude fiber contents of 13.68% compared to other treatments. Total digestibility of hydrolyzed duckweed (HDWM) meal was 87.3% compared with unhydrolyzed duckweed (DWM) which was 66.8%. Total final weight (TFW), survival rate (SR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversional rate (FCR) and protein retention (PR) shows growth performance at 15% inclusion. The results of this study showed that 100mL/kg sheep rumen liquor at incubation period of 24 hr can be suitable for hydrolysis of duckweed to reduce crude fiber also hydrolyzed duckweed can substitute soybean meal at an incubation rate of 15% in the diet of Nile tilapia and had the same growth and FCR with control diet
Keyword: Digestibility, Duckweed meal, Growth performance, Sheep rumen

Judul: Pola Pernikahan Masyarakat Batak Karo di Perantauan
Abstrak: Pernikahan adalah budaya yang tidak akan pernah berhenti, pernikahan akan terjadi secara berkelanjutan Dasarnya, karena pernikahan merupakan kebutuhan biologis manusia. Indonesia adalah negara yang kaya akan budaya dan etnis. Setiap suku di Indonesia mempunyai tata cara/adat istiadat dalam pelaksanaan pernikahan itu sendiri. Begitupun dengan suku Batak karo yang mempunyai sendiri tata cara pelaksanaan pernikahan. Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman Karo Banyak masyarakat yang merantau ke berbagai daerah di Indonesia, salah satunya Bogor berjalan-jalan. Masyarakat Karo yang merantau ke wilayah Bogor pada umumnya akan berusaha melakukan adaptasi ke negara tempat tinggal baru. Keadaan ini juga terjadi pada perkawinan Karo dalam pola adaptasi di Bogor. Namun adaptasi pernikahan masyarakat Karo di Bogor berupaya menjaga nilai-nilai budaya Karo dan sakralisme perkawinan. Mereka do Karo Dimodifikasi pada pola perkawinan, dengan tetap menjaga nilai budaya pernikahan.
Keyword: Weddings Karo, Adaptation marriage patterns, Attitudes