Judul: Hidrogenasi CO2 Menjadi Asam Format di Atas Permukaan Katalis Grafena Terdoping N dan Cu
Abstrak: Peningkatan emisi global CO2 telah memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap kondisi lingkungan. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengurangi emisi CO2 adalah mereduksi CO2 melalui reaksi hidrogenasi menjadi asam format di atas permukaan N3Cu-G. Penelitian ini berfokus pada studi Density Fuctional Theory (DFT) untuk menjelaskan peranan permukaan N3Cu-G dalam mengadsopsi molekul adsorbat serta melemahkan ikatannya yang mampu mendorong terjadinya reaksi hidrogenasi CO2 menjadi asam format. Hasil dari perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa molekul CO2 adalah molekul yang stabil selama proses adsorpsi. Pada sistem piridinik, hidrogenasi CO2 pertama untuk pembentukan intermediat format lebih disukai daripada pembentukan karboksil dengan energi aktivasi sebesar 0,89 eV. Hidrogenasi lebih lanjut dari bentuk format menjadi asam format memiliki energi aktivasi sebesar 0,12 eV dimana asam format terikat kuat di atas permukaan. Pada sistem grafitik, hidrogenasi CO2 untuk pembentukan senyawa intermediat format lebih disukai daripada pembentukan karboksil dengan energi aktivasi bernilai nol. Hidrogenasi lebih lanjut dari bentuk format menjadi asam format juga memiliki energi aktivasi bernilai nol. Baik hidrogenasi CO2 untuk pembentukan format dan asam format pada masing-masing sistem merupakan reaksi eksotermik.
Keyword: asam format, DFT, energi aktivasi, hidrogenasi CO2, N3Cu-G

Judul: The Effect Synergy Co-doping Atoms Ni and C on Boron Nitride as a Catalytic Converter of CO Oxidation to CO2
Abstrak: Penggunaan kendaraan bermotor merupakan salah satu sumber utama pencemaran udara karena menghasilkan gas emisi CO yang berbahaya dan bersifat toksik. Diperlukan upaya untuk mengurangi gas emisi yang diproduksi oleh kendaraan bermotor yaitu dengan pemasangan konverter katalitik pada saluran pipa gas buang. Konverter katalitik dapat mengurangi gas emisi CO melalui reaksi oksidasi pada permukaan katalis yang akan mengubah gas emisi tersebut menjadi CO2. Penelitian ini berfokus pada studi berbasis komputasi menggunakan metode Density Functional Theory (DFT) dalam menjelaskan peranan permukaan katalis h-BN yang didoping dengan atom Ni dan C dengan dua macam permodelan. Peletakan doping yang berbeda dari masing-masing permodelan doping struktur h-BN dapat merubah sifat material tersebut, model I menjadi semikonduktor tipe-n karena terjadinya surplus elektron dan memiliki celah band gap sebesar 2 eV sedangkan model II menjadi semikonduktor tipe-p dengan celah band gap sebesar 3 eV. Model I memiliki potensi lebih baik terkait akvitias katalis karena jarak ikatan Ni-C yang lebih pendek dengan panjang 2,25 Å, sedangkan model II lebih stabil secara struktural dengan total energi yang lebih rendah sebesar -13.569,09 eV., The use of motor vehicles is one of the main sources of air pollution as it emits the hazardous and toxic gas CO. Efforts are needed to reduce the gas emissions produced by motor vehicles, namely by installing catalytic converters in the exhaust pipes. Catalytic converters can reduce CO gas emissions through oxidation reactions on the catalyst surface that convert the gas emissions into CO2. This research focuses on a computational-based study using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method to explain the role of the h-BN catalyst surface with Ni and C atom-doped structures with two kinds of modeling. The different doping placement of each doping modeling of the h-BN structure can change the properties of the material, model I becomes an n-type semiconductor due to electron surplus and has a band gap of 2 eV while model II becomes a p-type semiconductor with a band gap of 3 eV. Model I has better potential regarding catalytic activity due to the shorter Ni-C bond distance of 2,25 Å in length, while model II is more structurally stable with a lower total energy of -13.569,09 eV.
Keyword: converter catalytic, DFT, h-BN, oxidation CO

Judul: Studies on growth spurt and aging in higher primates
Abstrak: single measurement that best defines the health and nutritional status of children, just as it provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. The pattern of human growth reflects the biocultural evolution of our species. The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Three studies are reported here which deal to the growth and development of human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). These three studies allow us to contrast the phenomena of adolescence growth spurt and female elderly bone loss in chimpanzee and human as chimpanzee is the closest species to humans within extant nonhuman primates. In the first, a cross-sectional study of growth of the body size and somatotype of 363 Javanese girls and 299 Javanese boys aged 4 to 20 years from Magelang Regency, Indonesia was described. In the second, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee second metacarpal bone linear dimensions from individuals aged 0 to 43.6 years were used for comparison. While in the third, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee body size (body mass and anterior trunk length) and second metacarpal bone mineral content were derived. In measuring the second metacarpal dimensions and mineral content, a total of 568 radiographs of chimpanzee's proximodistal left hands were used. They were taken from 68 females and 49 males aged 0 to 43.62 years old. We applied an image analysis system, Scion Image Release Alpha 4.0.3.2 software for Windows to measure bone linear dimensions and bone mineral content. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body weight and height. A clear growth spurt could be demonstrated by cross-sectional analysis in our girl subjects at around aged 11.5 years and in our boy subjects at around aged 12.5 years. In longitudinal series, not in cross-sectional, several representative chimpanzees of both sexes showed a pre-adult growth spurt on the body sizes, bone dimensions and bone mineral content. They ranged at age 4.5 to 8.5 years. This underscore the fact that adolescent growth spurt in linear dimension was not a universal feature of anthropoid primate ontogeny. Bone loss is a well established characteristic of human female aging. Based on crosssectional analyses the sequential decline of bone mass in female chimpanzee may be said to be genuine. On the other hand, we found in adulthood through elderly, male chimpanzees show a longer plateau than female chimpanzee, that is, bone mineral content is maintained in male.
Keyword: Javanese children, growth spurt, chimpanzee, second metacarpal bone, bone loss, Higher Primates