Judul: Habitat analysis and population estimation of sumatran orangutan (Pongo abeii Lesson 1827 at the Forest of Batang Toru, North Sumatra
Abstrak: The Batang TofU forest located in North, Center and South of Tapanuli, North Sumatra was recently found as one of Sumatran orangutan population habitat. A survey of trees species, nesting behavior and population of Sumatran orangutan was carried out during October 2007 up to January 2008 and aimed to analyze: (1) the forest structure, composition and trees distribution (including feeding and nesting trees); (2) estimated density and popUlation; and (3) the threat factors influenced the survival of Sumatran orangutan in Batang TofU forest. The results of the inventory of trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) 2: 10 cm in 3.84 ha areal sampling showed that 274 species in 56 families, represented by 1,896 individuals with total basal area of 148.9 m2lha and density of 498 treeslha. This forest was richer in tree species than other lowland forests in North Sumatra, Borneo and the Malay Peninsula and was dominated by Sapotaceae trees. The most prominent species were Tristania maingayi, Casuarina sumatrana, Quercus sumatrana and Ganua motleyana in every types of forest and differenced with Batang Gadis National Park which dominated by Dipterocarps. There were 96 feeding trees species in 25 families, represented by 536 individuals with total basal area of 46.7 m2lha. The prominent heights of feeding trees were below 30 m and distributed abundantly in the old moist secondary forests. The most important feeding trees for orangutans (Diospyros sp., Eugenia sp., Nephelium sp., Lithocarpus sp., Ficus sp., Artocarpus sp., Durio sp., and Garcinia sp.) were abundantly found in the old moist secondary forests, too. Orangutans commonly prefer to nest on the top of tree bar and the main branch of trees (DBH 20-30 cm; heights 15-20 m), especially in the middle canopy (20-30 m). Considering that there were enough feeding trees in this canopy. The most preferred nesting trees genus/species were Quercus sp., Syzygium sp., Shorea sp., Diospyros sp. and Lithocarpus sp. It was also invented 267 orangutan nests along 40.125 km cumulative lengths of line transects or equal with 0.54 percent of study area conducted at 11 sites. Densities were found higher in the old moist secondary forest while it was conversely lower density in the mixed forest. The distributions of nests were tended to clumped, related to the distribution of feeding trees. Orangutan population in 748.86 km2 ha potential habitat was approximately 337-421 individuals. Their distribution was limited by elevation and food availability. Human activities such as land conversion for agriculture purposes had become important factors affecting orangutan distribution. Field fact finding showed that many orangutan direct sightings and nests were located much closer to area human activities and logging concessions. This eventually has become real and concreted threat to their remaining population. It's needed to conduct further research in long-term monitoring and develop a strategic planning which promotes community involvement for the conservation of orangutan.
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Judul: Karakteristik Pohon Tempat Bersarang Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827) di Kawasan Hutan Batang Toru, Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara – Sumatera Utara
Abstrak: The decline of natural habitat of Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827) and persecution causing it's population decline. Batang Toru Forest has an important value as a habitat of Sumatran Orangutan which is separated from it's main habitat in Leuser Ecosystem (Aceh). Orangutan is rare species and it has preferention of choosing the nest location and the species of nesting tree with spesific characteristics. The objective of this research is to discover the characteristics of Sumatran Orangutan's nesting tree in Batang Toru Forest. The research conducted at October 23th until December 22th 2008 in Research Station Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari – Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Program (YELSOCP) in the 12,75 km2 area of West Block of Batang Toru Forest, in North Tapanuli of North Sumatera. Equipment that used are girth measuring tape, 30 m measuring tape, 20 m rope, machete, compas, flagging tape, digital camera, camera trap, thermo-hygrometer, watch, and stationary. Primary data are vegetation structure and composition, temperature and humidity, water availability, and profil of nesting tree (species of tree, total height, diameter, crown width, and crown shape), nest height, nest position, and the existence of other animals. This primary data are colected by nest survey method and vegetation analysis. Secondary data are general condition of research site and bio-ecology of Sumatran Orangutan. During the research found 154 nesting trees, it’s content 20 tree species. 33,74% (52 trees) of it is Hoting (Lithocarpus spp.). The tree height of nesting tree is about 16-20 m (34%) with average tree height from all trees is 20,35 m and average nest height in 17,24 m. In such as low nest and tree height the Orangutan's nest is covered by the taller crown of other trees from rain and wind. Orangutan tend to build their nest at tree with diameter 10-19 cm and average diameter from all the trees is 23,71 cm. The crown width less than 11 m2 with average from all the trees 15,64 m2. Orangutan's nest near the river indicated that nest location preferention caused by the location near the river is lower (the slope area). In the research location, potential competitor animal are Siamang (Symphalangus syndactilus), Gibbon (Hylobates agilis ungko), Pig-tailed monkey (Macaca nemestrina), Binturong (Arctictis binturong), squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) and Hornbill. The concultion of nesting tree characteristics are total height 16-20 m, diameter 10- 19 cm, crown width less then 11 m2, and ball shape crown. Hoting (Lithocarpus spp.) is tree species that qualify with that tree characteristics, for that reason Orangutan in Batang Toru Forest prefer to use this tree species than other tree. The location preferention is location which is covered from rain and wind.
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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