Judul: Economic  cost  and  benefit  analysis  of  forest  land  conversion  to  coal  mining.  (case  study:  wiup  ptba  bukit  munggu, tanjung enim district, muara enim regency, south sumatra province)
Abstrak: Batubara adalah salah satu sumberdaya alam yang masih sangat dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi nasional. Konsumsi batubara Indonesia setiap tahun mengalami peningkatan sekitar 13.4 persen per tahun (BPPT, 2013). Hal tersebut berdampak pada produksi batubara nasional yang terus meningkat, sehingga menuntut adanya perluasan areal pertambangan batubara. Salah satu wilayah yang akan menjadi perluasan areal pertambangan batubara adalah kawasan hutan Bukit Munggu, Kelurahan Tanjung Enim, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Namun, perluasan areal pertambangan batubara harus mengorbankan beberapa nilai lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi manfaat dan biaya pertambangan batubara, mengestimasi nilai ekonomi sumberdaya kawasan hutan Bukit Munggu, dan menganalisis biaya dan manfaat ekonomi rencana kegiatan konversi kawasan hutan Bukit Munggu menjadi pertambangan batubara. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah valuasi nilai ekonomi kawasan hutan menggunakan Contingen Valuation Method (CVM) dan analisis market value serta metode analisis market value untuk pertambangan batubara, sedangkan untuk analisis biaya dan manfaat ekonomi kegiatan konversi menggunakan B/C rasio. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa manfaat yang dapat dihasilkan dari produksi batubara di kawasan hutan Bukit Munggu adalah sekitar empat triliun rupiah per tahun, biaya untuk pertambangan batubara adalah sekitar satu triliun rupiah per tahun, dan Total Economic Value (TEV) sebagai opportunity cost adalah sekitar seratus tujuh puluh ribu triliun rupiah per tahun. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan didapatkan B/C rasio dari kegiatan konversi adalah < 1. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa konversi lahan kawasan hutan Bukit Munggu menjadi pertambangan batubara perlu dipertimbangkan kembali., Coal is one of natural resources that is still needed to meet the need of national energy. The consumption of Indonesian coal increases about 13.4 persen every year (BPPT, 2013). This influeces the production of national coal which keeps increasing so that this requires the extension of coal mining area. One of the areas that will be become the coal mining area extension are Bukit Munggu forest area, Tanjung Enim District, South Sumatra Province. However, this extension must sacrifice some environmental value. This research aimed to estimate the cost and benefit of coal mining, to estimate the economic value of Bukit Munggu forest resources, and to analyze the economic cost and benefit of plan to change the function of Bukit Munggu forest to coal mining. The method used in this research was valuation of economic value of forest area using Contingen Valuation Method (CVM) and market value analysis and the method of market value analysis for coal mining. Whereas the analysis of economic cost and benefit of conversion activity used B/C ratio. The results showed that the benefit yielded from the coal production in Bukit Munggu forest area was about four trillion rupiah per year, cost for coal mining was about one trillion rupiah per year, and total economic value (TEV) as the opportunity cost was about one hundred seventy thusand trillion rupiah per year. Based on the calculation result, B/C ratio obtained from conversion activity was < 1. The result showed that the land conversion of Bukit Munggu forest area to coal mining should be reconsidered.
Keyword: Analisis Biaya dan Manfaat Ekonomi, Kawasan Hutan, Pertambangan Batubara, Nilai Total Ekonomi

Judul: Kelayakan Ekonomi Kegiatan Pertambangan di Kawasan Hutan Produksi : Studi Kasus di PT Tambang Semen Sukabumi, KPH Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat:
Abstrak: Natural resources management, both renewable resources and non-renewable resources, should be utilized for the greatest prosperity of the people. Potential economic value for every kind of natural resources at the landscapes needs to be known. It is important to give input to decision makers in determining priority management of natural resources. The goals of this research are to know the economic feasibility of mining activities in forest area and to solve optimum extraction from forest and mineral deposit to gain the maximum net present value (NPV). This research uses secondary data that were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. This study concludes that NPV from forest using rotation implemented by Sukabumi Forest Management Unit (25 years) is Rp 8.855.679.950,- and the maximum NPV using optimum rotation (obtained at 13th years) is Rp 14.295.059.027,-. NPV from mining of limestones and clays based on existing plan of PT TSS is Rp 75.930.244.504,- and NPV from mining of limestones and clays based on optimum extraction is Rp 73.754.009.851,-. Constraint used in Solver Excel is the capacity of cement factory, utilization rate of the factory, and composition of the raw material requirements for each ton of cement produced. Mining activities in forest area produce positive and negative impacts, both on physical and social economic aspects, especially to the environment and people in surrounding mining area.
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Judul: Gambaran darah ikan mas Cyprinus carpio yang terinfeksi koi herpes virus
Abstrak: Iak memiliki sistem pertahanan tubuh untuk melawan berbagai macam penyakit. Pertahanan tubuh ikan terbagi 2 sistem yaitu pertahanan non-spesifik yang terdiri atas kulit, sisik, lendir dan darah dan pertahanan spesifik yaitu antibodi. Darah adalah cairan tubuh, yang berfungsi mengangkut oksigen, makanan dan hormon ke seluruh jaringan agar semua sel dapat berjalan sesuai fungsinya.
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