Judul: Perilaku Penyesuaian Terms Of Trade Dalam Mengantisipasi Supply Shocks Pada Model Dua Negara
Abstrak: Sarana pokoJ, anali~is dalarn makroekonomi adalah sh.;i penllinta:m agregat dan sisi pcnawaran agregat. Penawar.n .greg.! dapa! mengal.mi perubab.n yang diakibalbn oleh peruballatl harg. input dan pentbahan produktivitas produksi. Hal ini dikenal sebagai gejolak penawaran (supply shocks). lJengan menggunakrul model dua negara, dome dan Centre, penulis mencoba menggambarkall sisi p..;nitwaran dcng~Ul tncmilih terms of trade Cz:-), Hngk.al hnrga di Ci:n{n~ I Centre good price (p), sarta pemegang obIlgasi oleh sektor swasta di Centre / bond holdings by Centre private sector (b) sehagai varia bel petnhentuk penmm,Ultl dinamis. J ..angkah Relanjutnya memilih terms of trade sehilgai variabel yang akan dianalisis untuk melihat perilaku penyesuaiaimya dalam mengantisipasi supply shocks.
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Judul: Penyusunan Model Makroekonometrik Indonesia Menggunakan Pendekatan Dual-economy
Abstrak: menghilangkan faktor-faktor yang tidak dianggap penting. Pemodelan makro ekonomi biasanya memandang semua selctor ekonomi secara agregat. Akan tetapi dalam beberapa kondisi tertentu hal itu bukanlah altematif yang terbaik. Dalam penyusunan model makroekonometrik Indonesia perlu dipertirobangkan beberapa fakta yang cukup penting, yaitu adanya transfonnasi struktur ekonomi yang tidak diikuti transfonnasi tenaga kerja. depresiasi rupiah yang terjadi sejak krisis 1997 mempunY3i dampak yang berbeda pada sektor pertanian dan non-pertanian. Pada 8aat itu sektor pertanian mampu menjadi leading sector di tengah krisis yang terjadi. Selain itu adanya perbedaan spesialisasi produk, metode produksi, organisasi sosial ekonomi. dan lokasi serta organisasi masyarakatnya menyebabkan pendekatan dual-economy sangat relevan sebagai dasar I'embuatan model makroekonometrik Indonesia. Pernodelan ini salah satunya adaiah berguna untuk mengkaji perkembangan struktur perekonomian Indonesia. Metode yang Iazim digunakan dalam pemodelan makro ekonomi adalah persamaan simultan yang merupakan salah satu bentuk aplikasi regresi berganda dengan memasukkan peubah-peubah indikator ekonomi yang berpengaruh ke dalam model. Bentuk fungsi jang digomakan adalah hubungan loglinear dengan menggunakan metode pendugaan Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) dan Ordinary Least Square (OLS) dikarenakan adanya keterbatasan data berkala dari beberapa peubah. Model makroekonometrik Indonesia yang berbasis pada konsep dual-economy memperlihatkan adanya surplus tenaga kerja di sektor pertanian yang dapat diserap oleh sektor non-pertanian yang pada akhimya mendorong peningkatan output nasional melaiui realokasi
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Judul: Development of DNA Vaccine Encoding Glycoprotein of Koi Herpes Virus Using Local Isolate.
Abstrak: The aim of this research was to develop DNA vaccine of Koi Herpesvirus in carp. Glycoprotein gene originated from ORF 25 KHV virus that is 1.8 kbp in size, is a potential gene in DNA vaccine construction. The sequencing and similarity analysis of the gene using BLAST software showed that this gene is a GP25 gene and was found to be very similar (99%) to GP25 of KHV virus from the USA and Israel. When this GP25 gene was ligated with pGEMT Easy (pT, 3 kbp in size) vector, plasmid size was increasing up to 5 kb. Following this, a digestion of pT-GP25 plasmid using Sal I enzyme was applied resulted in a GP25 fragment (1.8 kbp). Subsequently, pAct-D6 with a size of 8.5 kbp was also cut using the same enzyme to eleminate a D6 gene with a size of 1.6 kbp. GP25 gene was then ligated with pAct resulted a pAct-GP25 plasmid with a size of 8.8 kbp. As there was only one restriction site applied, ligation can be occurred in two different directions. Thus, in order to determine the plasmid with the desired direction PCR analysis was carried out, and plasmid with the right direction was the one that sized approximately 2.1 kbp (no. 6, 17 and 20). High level of GFP gene expression was detected in all tissues analyzed, i.e. kidney, gil, spleen, and muscle 24 hours after injection which indicated that β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka could be active in common carp. Although not as high as on 24 hours, expression was still detected until day 7 and disappeared after day 28 post injection indicating that pAct-GFP can be remained and β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka can be active in muscle, gills and kidney at least a week after injection. The result of RT-PCR analysis on pAct-GP25 injected common carp showed that GP25 gene expression can be detected 14 days after injection in all tissues observed. The expression level differences between GFP and GP25 genes possibly related to the primer sensitivity on annealing process to cDNA template and the size of PCR targeted DNA fragment, as smaller PCR targeted product will be easier to be amplified than a bigger one. The length of PCR targeted DNA with GP25 primer was 1.8 kbp whereas GFP gene was 0.6 kbp.The challenge test on common carp results showed that all unvaccinated and negative control (not infected with KHV) was alive until the end of the experiment. Whereas, the survival of fish vaccinated with a dose of 12.5 was ranged from 60.9 and 96.7%. In relation to the activity of β-actin promoter that was used in this DNA vaccine, gene expression was occured 24 hours after vaccination and remained until 2 weeks. The control fish that was not injected by GP25 showed no GP25 expression either in the observed tissues or organs and resulted in a lower survival, i.e. 23.3%. The challenge test results has indicated that the fish vaccinated with GP25 at doses of 7.5 and 12.5 μg/100μL were able to produce KHV glycoprotein in their body which would be
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