Judul: Distribution of Hotspots as an Indicator of Forest and Land Fires in Various Land Covers in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan
Abstrak: Kalimantan Timur selama lima tahun terakhir yaitu tahun 2016 hingga tahun 2020 mengalami kebakaran hutan dan lahan, khususnya di beberapa Kabupaten. Salah satu kabupaten yang memiliki titik panas (hotspot) terbanyak yaitu Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi sebaran spasial titik panas dan menganalisis hubungan curah hujan dengan titik panas sebagai indikator terjadinya kebakaran hutan dan lahan di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara tahun 2019–2020. Data titik panas yang digunakan diperoleh dari FIRMS, Data tutupan lahan dari KLHK, data adminitrasi Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara dan data curah hujan dari Badan Pusat Statistika. Data yang diperoleh diolah dengan aplikasi Arcgis 10.3, Microsoft excel dan MINITAB 18. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan titik panas yang terdeteksi pada tahun 2019 hingga tahun 2020 di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara mencapai 5.323 titik panas. Kebakaran hutan dan lahan paling banyak terjadi pada tutupan lahan belukar dan belukar rawa. Kebakaran hutan dan lahan tahun 2019 diduga karena terjadi anomali iklim yang menyebabkan curah hujan lebih rendah. Hasil uji korelasi curah hujan dan titik panas memiliki korelasi negatif, yaitu penurunan curah hujan diikuti dengan kenaikan titik panas., East Kalimantan for the last five years, from 2016 to 2020, experienced forest and land fires, especially in several districts. One of the regencies that has the most hotspots is Kutai Kartanegara Regency. This study aims to identify the spatial distribution of hotspots and analyze the relationship between rainfall and hotspots as an indicator of forest and land fires in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency in 2019–2020. The hotspot data used was obtained from FIRMS, land cover data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, administrative data from Kutai Kartanegara Regency, and rainfall data from the Central Statistics Agency. The data obtained were processed using the Arcgis 10.3 application, Microsoft excel, and MINITAB 18. The results showed that the hotspots detected in 2019 to 2020 in Kutai Kartanegara Regency reached 5,323 hotspots. Most forest and land fires occur in scrub and swamp cover. The forest and land fires in 2019 were thought to be due to a climate anomaly that caused lower rainfall. The results of the correlation test between rainfall and hotspots have a negative correlation, namely a decrease in rainfall followed by an increase in hotspots.
Keyword: fire, hotspot, Kutai Kartanegara, landcover, rainfall

Judul: Hubungan antara Titik Panas dengan Perubahan Penutupan/ Penggunaan Lahan (Studi Kasus: Kabupaten Kapuas, Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah)
Abstrak: Land and forest fires in Indonesia have become a serious problem since 1982/1983. Annually the area that was burned widespread, which is caused by the increasing number of forest converted to plantations, agriculture, settlements, and so forth. Indicator commonly used for early detection of forest and land is hotspots, obtained from a meteorology satellite remote sensing. The objectives of this research are to analyze the distribution pattern of hotspots in Kapuas District, analyzed land cover/use change in Kapuas District, analyzed the relationship between hotspots and land cover/use change in Kapuas District, and analyzed the relationship hotspots and rainfall anomaly in Kapuas District. The maximum distribution of hotspots during 2005 to 2011 was indicated in 2006 and 2009; it was expected because of the effect of long term dryness (El-Nino), so the intensity of the fire increased. During 2005 to 2011, many hotspots identified in shrub swamps, shrub, plantations, secondary swamp forest, and secondary upland forest. Hotspots are identified on the site, possibly due to a fire caused by the preparation of agriculture or plantation. It is marked by an increase in land cover change to plantation up to 49.5%, while the secondary swamp forest and secondary upland forest decreased up to 19.2% and 7.83%. The rainfall anomaly is also expected to be able to affect the number of hotspots. When rainfall in the condition of subnormal, then hotspot identified more than when rainfall was above normal.
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Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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