Judul: Strategi Nafkah Rumahtangga Buruh Perkebunan Desa Patengan, Kecamatan Rancabali, Kabupaten Bandung
Abstrak: Plantation closely related to the history, politics, and socio-economic situation from the colonial period until now. Social construction that was built under history influence and domination of land tenure pattern by the Government had become a polemic for plantation labor households to overcome poverty. The purpose of this study was to analyze the public access to the plantation land, to analyze the livelihood strategy form applied by the plantation workes household against plantation, agriculture and non-agriculture sector based income. Meanwhile, it also aimed to analyze the livelihood structure of workers in plantation land as well as the relationship of livelihood structure of the plenatation workers with poverty. This research method was a survey performed with quantitative approach and supported with qualitative approach using questionnaire and in-depth interview. This results determine access to the plantation land, livelihood strategy,the livelihood structure and its relation to poverty.
Keyword: poverty, plantation, livelihood strategy

Judul: Strategi Nafkah Rumahtangga di Desa Perkebunan (Kasus Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit di Dusun I Desa Kiarapandak, Kecamatan Sukajaya, Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat).
Abstrak: Pembangunan kawasan perkebunan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan rumahtangga sekitar kawasan tersebut. Rumahtangga yang berada di sekitar perkebunan tentu saja mengalami dampak dan pengaruh sosial ekonomi terhadap kegiatan perkebunan. Dampak positif yang timbul adalah terbukanya kesempatan kerja bagi anggota rumahtangga untuk bekerja di perusahaan perkebunan. Dampak negatif yang sering timbul adalah ketimpangan terhadap sumber-sumber agraria yang dimanfaatkan bersama oleh pihak penduduk ataupun pihak perusahaan perkebunan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis peran perkebunan sebagai sumber nafkah dan strategi nafkah yang digunakan oleh rumahtangga di Desa Kiarapandak. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif didukung dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perkebunan tidak lagi memiliki peran yang dominan dalam hal sumber nafkah bagi rumahtangga. Anggota rumahtangga yang berusia tua dan/atau memiliki tingkat pendidikan rendah cenderung menggunakan strategi rekayasa pola nafkah dan pola nafkah ganda. Anggota rumahtangga yang berusia muda dan/atau yang memiliki tingkat pendidikan yang tinggi cenderung menggunakan strategi migrasi.
Keyword: perkebunan, penduduk desa, strategi nafkah

Judul: Durability of Specific Immunoglobulin (Ig) Y Againts Influenza and Covid-19 in Sunscreen
Abstrak: The benefit of specific immunoglobulin Y (Ig Y) as an active ingredient in personal care products such as sunscreen has not been properly studied. Our study aims to evaluate the reliability of specific IgY against influenza and the COVID-19 virus in a sample sunscreen product. Specific IgY influenza and COVID-19 viruses were inserted in the sample sunscreen at two concentrations of 0.1% and 0.25%. Three treatments were observed: control (C) sunscreen without IgY, treatment 1 (T1) sunscreen with 0.1% IgY, and treatment 2 (T2) sunscreen with 0.25% IgY. Organoleptic observations were carried out to monitor changes in aroma, color, and texture, and sunscreen sampling was done every week for 6 weeks. The durability of IgY was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a neutralization assay. Organoleptic observation from weeks 1 to 6 showed consistency in its aroma, color, and texture. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralization assay (NA) results of the T1 and T2 groups showed negative results except for sample T1 at week 5, which showed a positive result in the Influenza A ELISA. Based on the results, it seems that IgY concentrations of 0.1% or 0.25% were not optimal. However, this negative result might be due to low concentration of the IgY and the presence of beeswax, which inhibits IgY and causes it to dissolve in distilled water, thus preventing it from being detected in the assay.
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, Sunscreen, Influenza, COVID-19, Biological Activity