Judul: Literature study of land forest rehabilitation methods in Indonesia
Abstrak: Rehabilitasi hutan yang telah rusak bukan lagi wacana baru dalam sektor kehutanan. Rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan dimaksudkan untuk memulihkan, mempertahankan dan meningkatkan fungsi hutan dan lahan sehingga daya dukung, produktivitas dan peranannya dalam mendukung sistem menyangga kehidupan tetap terjaga. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang memiliki hutan tropis terluas di dunia. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting untuk menjaga keanekaragaman hayati dan berkontribusi dalam mengurangi dampak perubahan iklim. Namun dengan luasan hutan tropis yang dimiliki, Indonesia masih menghadapi tantangan dan masalah dalam mengelola hutan dan lahan. Studi literatur ini memberikan wawasan tentang metode rehabilitasi yang efektif dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut. Agroforestry, yang mengintegrasikan tanaman produktif dengan pohon- pohon hutan, terbukti mampu memperbaiki kondisi ekosistem, mengembalikan fungsi hutan, dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat lokal. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa agroforestry menawarkan solusi holistik yang menggabungkan manfaat lingkungan, kesejahteraan sosial masyarakat, dan ekonomi. Penelitian lanjutan dan pemantauan berkelanjutan juga diperlukan untuk memastikan keberhasilan jangka panjang dari metode ini., Rehabilitation of damaged forests is no longer a new discourse in the forestry sector. Forest and land rehabilitation is intended to restore, maintain and improve the function of forests and land so that their carrying capacity, productivity and role in life supporting systems are maintained. Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest tropical forest in the world. Therefore, it is very important to maintain biodiversity and contribute to reducing the impacts of climate change. However, with the large area of tropical forests, Indonesia still faces challenges and problems in managing forests and land. This literature study provide insight into effective rehabilitation methods in overcoming this problem. Agroforestry, which integrates productive plants with forest trees, has been proven to be able to improve ecosystem conditions, restore forest function, and improve the welfare of local communities. The study concludes that agroforestry offers a holistic solution that combines environmental, social welfare and economic benefits. Further research and ongoing monitoring are also needed to ensure the long-term success of this method.
Keyword: agroforestry, Indonesia, metode, rehabilitasi lahan hutan

Judul: Literature Study of Land Forest Rehabilitation Methods in Indonesia
Abstrak: Rehabilitasi hutan yang telah rusak bukan lagi wacana baru dalam sektor kehutanan. Rehabilitasi hutan dan lahan dimaksudkan untuk memulihkan, mempertahankan dan meningkatkan fungsi hutan dan lahan sehingga daya dukung, produktivitas dan peranannya dalam mendukung sistem menyangga kehidupan tetap terjaga. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara yang memiliki hutan tropis terluas di dunia. Oleh karena itu, sangat penting untuk menjaga keanekaragaman hayati dan berkontribusi dalam mengurangi dampak perubahan iklim. Namun dengan luasan hutan tropis yang dimiliki, Indonesia masih menghadapi tantangan dan masalah dalam mengelola hutan dan lahan. Studi literatur ini memberikan wawasan tentang metode rehabilitasi yang efektif dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut. Agroforestry, yang mengintegrasikan tanaman produktif dengan pohon pohon hutan, terbukti mampu memperbaiki kondisi ekosistem, mengembalikan fungsi hutan, dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat lokal. Studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa agroforestry menawarkan solusi holistik yang menggabungkan manfaat lingkungan, kesejahteraan sosial masyarakat, dan ekonomi. Penelitian lanjutan dan pemantauan berkelanjutan juga diperlukan untuk memastikan keberhasilan jangka panjang dari metode ini., Rehabilitation of damaged forests is no longer a new discourse in the forestry sector. Forest and land rehabilitation is intended to restore, maintain and improve the function of forests and land so that their carrying capacity, productivity and role in life supporting systems are maintained. Indonesia is one of the countries that has the largest tropical forest in the world. Therefore, it is very important to maintain biodiversity and contribute to reducing the impacts of climate change. However, with the large area of tropical forests, Indonesia still faces challenges and problems in managing forests and land. This literature study provide insight into effective rehabilitation methods in overcoming this problem. Agroforestry, which integrates productive plants with forest trees, has been proven to be able to improve ecosystem conditions, restore forest function, and improve the welfare of local communities. The study concludes that agroforestry offers a holistic solution that combines environmental, social welfare and economic benefits. Further research and ongoing monitoring are also needed to ensure the long-term success of this method.
Keyword: agroforestry, Indonesia, metode, rehabilitasi lahan hutan

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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