Judul: Serangan Rayap Tanah terhadap Tegakan Pohon di Kebun Raya Bogor
Abstrak: Pelestarian dan perlindungan terhadap pohon-pohon yang tersimpan di Kebun Raya Bogor (KRB) perlu dilakukan untuk menghindari kerusakan oleh berbagai macam penyakit maupun serangga perusak termasuk rayap. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis frekuensi serangan rayap dan mengidentifikasi jenis rayapnya, menganalisis preferensi rayap terhadap jenis pohon, serta tingkat kerusakan pohon akibat serangan rayap di KRB. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode jalur sampling dengan Intensitas Sampling 20%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 213 (100%) pohon contoh di KRB terserang rayap. Spesies rayap tanah yang ditemukan sekurang-kurangnya terdapat empat spesies yaitu Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, Macrotermes gilvus Hagen, Odontotermes javanicus Holmgren dan Nasutitermes matangensis Haviland. Rayap M. gilvus banyak ditemukan pada pohon Pterocarpus indicus, Dysoxylum spp., Shorea spp., dan Dimocarpus spp.. Rayap O. javanicus banyak ditemukan pada pohon Vitex cofassus, Dehaasia incrassata, Heritiera spp., dan Cordia spp.. Rayap N. matangensis banyak ditemukan pada pohon Canarium indicum, Dysoyylum spp., dan Sindora spp.. Rayap C. curvignathus banyak ditemukan pada pohon Araucaria columnaris, Agathis sp., dan Pinus spp. Tingkat kerusakan pohon contoh akibat serangan rayap sebesar 10-90%., Preservation and protection of trees stored in the Bogor Botanical Gardens (KRB) need to be done to prevent damage by various kinds of diseases and destructive insects including termites. This study aimed to analyze the frequency of termite attacks and to identify the type of termites, to analyze termite preferences for tree species, as well as the degree of tree damage due to termite attacks in KRB. The research was conducted using the path sampling method with a sampling intensity 20%. The results showed that as many as 213 (100%) sample trees in KRB were attacked by termites. There are at least four subterranean termite species found, namely Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, Macrotermes gilvus Hagen, Odontotermes javanicus Holmgren, and Nasutitermes matangensis Haviland. Termites M. gilvus are found in Pterocarpus indicus, Dysoxylum spp., Shorea spp., and Dimocarpus spp. Termites O. javanicus are found in Vitex colossus, Dehaasia incrassata, Heritiera spp., and Cordia spp. Termites N. matangensis is found in Canarium indicum, Dysoxylum spp., and Sindora spp. Termites C. curvignathus can be found in Araucaria columnaris, Agathis sp., and Pinus spp. The level of damage to sample trees due to termite attacks is 10-90%.
Keyword: Attack frequency, subterranean termites, termite preferences, tree health

Judul: Subterranean Termite Attack on Tree Stands in Bogor Botanical Garden
Abstrak: Pelestarian dan perlindungan terhadap pohon-pohon yang tersimpan di Kebun Raya Bogor (KRB) perlu dilakukan untuk menghindari kerusakan oleh berbagai macam penyakit maupun serangga perusak termasuk rayap. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis frekuensi serangan rayap dan mengidentifikasi jenis rayapnya, menganalisis preferensi rayap terhadap jenis pohon, serta tingkat kerusakan pohon akibat serangan rayap di KRB. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode jalur sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 213 (100%) pohon contoh di KRB terserang rayap. Spesies rayap tanah yang ditemukan sekurang-kurangnya terdapat empat spesies yaitu Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, Macrotermes gilvus Hagen, Odontotermes javanicus Holmgren dan Nasutitermes matangensis Haviland. Rayap M. gilvus banyak ditemukan pada pohon Pterocarpus indicus, Dysoxilum spp., Shorea spp., dan Dimocarpus spp.. Rayap O. javanicus banyak ditemukan pada pohon Vitex cofassus, Dehaasia incrassata, Heriteria spp., dan Cordia spp.. Rayap N. matangensis banyak ditemukan pada pohon Philodendrom spp., Dysoxilum spp., dan Sindora spp.. Rayap C. curvignathus banyak ditemukan pada pohon Araucaria columnaris, Agathis sp., dan Pinus spp. Tingkat kerusakan pohon contoh akibat serangan rayap sebesar 10-90%., Preservation and protection of trees stored in the Bogor Botanical Gardens (KRB) need to be done to prevent damage by various kinds of diseases and destructive insects including termites. This study aimed to analyze the frequency of termite attacks and to identify the type of termites, to analyze termite preferences for tree species, as well as the degree of tree damage due to termite attacks in KRB. The research was conducted using the path sampling method. The results showed that as many as 213 (100%) sample trees in KRB were attacked by termites. There are at least four subterranean termite species found, namely Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, Macrotermes gilvus Hagen, Odontotermes javanicus Holmgren, and Nasutitermes matangensis Haviland. Termites M. gilvus are found in Pterocarpus indicus, Dysoxilum spp., Shorea spp., and Dimocarpus spp. Termites O. javanicus are found in Vitex colossus, Dehaasia incrassate, Heriteria spp., and Cordia spp. Termites N. matangensis is found in Philodendrom spp., Dysoxilum spp., and Sindora spp. Termites C. curvignathus can be found in Araucaria columnaris, Agathis sp., and Pinus spp. The level of damage to sample trees due to termite attacks is 10-90%.
Keyword: frequency, subterranean termites, termite preferences, tree healt

Judul: The Isolation of Silver (Ag) from Fixer Sludge with Electrolysis methode
Abstrak: with the variations concentration, electrode of carbon, and voltages. The aim of research are looking for the easiest and eficient electrolysis. Among of 272.79 ppm of silver (impurities) could be produced from electrolysis fixer which used 300 times maintain the film. For 400, 500, and 600 times electrolysis were produced recently 49.42, 137.04, and 55.22 ppm. Futhermore, it was increased to 220.00 ppm from 700 times. These were possible because of density the solutions. From the electrode of carbon, 68.2222 g Ag (impurities) could be processed from size 14 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm. The next results 41.2050 g and 43.7559 g from the sizes 16 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm and 18 cm x 3 cm x 3 cm. The reasoned of this part any faster reaction on the most litle electrode. By the way, from voltages variation, the processed showed that 47.4575 g of Ag (impurities) could be produced from 11 volt. It’s caused the bigest voltages are also the bigest kinetics power on the reactions. Sampel and product were analized by AAS. Consentration has potential to be indicator, because of the used 700 times was given trend high Ag (impurities) became increase optimally at 11 volt, and much sediment that is 47.4575 g. The best rendemen is 13.33%. The other finding is that the strength of the time and the voltages strongly enfluence the electrolysis shown by the bigger result on F(calculation) than that of the F(table).
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