Judul: Penyebaran klorofil pada beberapa jenis tanaman tepi jalan di Balitbang Kehutanan dan jalan tol Jagorawi
Abstrak: Dalam rangka penanggulangan pencemaran udara yang semakin meningkat dengan meningkatnya jumlah kendaraan bermotor, maka diperlukan tanaman yang mempunyai daya serap tinggi terhadap pencemar dengan tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman tersebut. Klorofil merupakan salah satu faktor keharusan dalam berfotosintesis, di mana zat-zat anoganik H20 dan CO2 oleh klorofil diubah menjadi zat organik karbohidrat dengan pertolongan cahaya matahari. Penting untuk diketahui bahwa polutan dapat merusak klorofil, dan akibatnya fungsi klorofil akan terganggu dalam pelaksanaan proses fotosintesis dan pada akhirnya tanaman mulai rusak karena kekurangan makanan, dimulai dengan perubahan warna daun menjadi kekuning-kuningan dan lama-kelamaan akan mati mengering. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh lokasi yang berbeda terhadap penyebaran klorofil, dengan membandingkan klorofil pada contoh tanaman di Balitbang Kehutanan dan Jalan Tol Jagorawi. ...
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Judul: Kandungan klorofil-a dan klorofil-b pada daun beberapa jenis anakan pohon di tepi jalan tol Jagorawi dan Balitro Kotamadya Bogor
Abstrak: Pencemaran udara yang terjadi di daerah perkotaan merupakan masalah penurunan mutu lingkungan hidup yang perlu mendapatkan perhatian dan penanganan secara serius. Sumber utama pencemaran udara di perkotaan adalah penggunaan alat transportasi, kendaraan bermotor. Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi pencemaran udara di kota besar adalah dengan pembuatan hutan kota. Pohon- pohon dalam hutan kota dapat berperan sebagai penyerap dan penjerap pencemar udara, sehingga dapat mengurangi konsentrasi pencemar udara serta terciptanya lingkungan yang bersih dan nyaman. Klorofil merupakan salah satu komponen penting di dalam proses fotosintesis. Peran klorofil adalah untuk menyerap energi matahari. Pada tumbuhan tingkat tinggi ada dua macam klorofil yaitu klorofil-a yang berwarna hijau tua dan klorofil-b yang berwarna hijau muda. Apabila klorofil rusak, warna hijau akan hilang dan daun menjadi pucat, kuning atau putih pada tingkat klorosis tertentu (Treshow, 1970), sehingga pertumbuhan tanaman akan mengalami penurunan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pencemaran udara dari kendaraan bermotor terhadap kandungan klorofil-a dan klorofil-b pada beberapa jenis tanaman, sehingga didapatkan tanaman yang tahan terhadap pencemaran udara. ...
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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