Judul: Antibacterial activities assay of aqueous fraction of gambir leaves (Uncaria gambir Roxb) by microdilution and its components analysis.
Abstrak: The potency of gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) leaves as a traditional medicine had known since long time ago. This is the reason for some researchers to evaluate the antibacterial activities of gambir leaves. The method that usually used for antibacterial assay is agar-diffusion which has some weakness, i.e. need more time and materials. Nowadays, microdilution become antibacterial assay method that has been developed in many countries. Microdilution gives a useful technique to determine MIC of some different samples, and require only a little number of the sample. This method also used for wide variety of microorganisms, not expensive, and gives a reproducible result. This research aimed to determine minimal inhibitory of aqueous fraction of Gambir leaves by microdilution method and identified its components by pyrolisis GC-MS. Gambir leaves extracted with methanol-water solution, and then being separated by using hexane and chloroform. Gambir leaves extraction produce three fractions, i.e. chloroform, hexane, and aqueous fraction which has yield 0.048 %, 0.031 % , and 3.033 % respectively. Fraction which is used for further analysis is aqueous fraction. The minimal inhibitory concentration of aqueous fraction of Gambir leaves toward E.coli and S.aureus growth is 0.05 mg/mL, whereas minimal bactericidal concentration was not observed within the concentration ranges of the fractions tested (0.01-40 mg/mL). Identification result by pyrolisis GC-MS showed that aqueous fraction of gambir leaves contain pyrocathecol which is composer fragment of catechin.
Keyword: 

Judul: Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak kasar flavonoid daun gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb)
Abstrak: Infection of diseases could be caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Eschericia coli that can be prevented by antibiotics. The use of antibiotic in high concentration causes some strains of S.aureus and E.coli become resistant. This situation will encourage the exploration of new antibacterial sources that are available in large quantities and lower resistance effect. The solution is to utilize the antibacterial potency of the leaves of gambir. The objective of this study is to examine the antibacterial activity of crude extract of flavonoids in gambir leaves. Extraction of flavonoids have been done by maceration storey method and obtained aquous extract, chloroform extract and hexane extract. The potential of those extracts have been examined to inhibit the growth of E. coli dan S. aureus by agar diffusion method. The results showed that aquous extract had antibacterial activity. Based on the phytochemical analysis, the aquous extract contained flavonoid. Bacteriostatic was determined by agar diffusion method, meanwhile the bactericidal was determined by measurement of the optical density of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) at wavelength of 600 nm. The crude extract of flavonoids in gambir leaves are bacteriostatic against Eschericia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%. Inhibition against Eschericia coli and Staphylococcus aureus occurred at concentration of 1% and classified as weak, while the concentration of 3%, 5% and 7% was classified as strong. The crude extract flavonoid have bactericidal activity at concentration 9%.
Keyword: 

Judul: Pembangunan Perumahan Pada Wilayah Desakota Kaitannya Dengan Sistem Sosial Masyaraka t Asli
Abstrak: Faktor utama yang banyak mempengaruhi meningkatnya jumlah perumahan dan pemukiman pacta wilayah desakota adalah adanya tekanan populasi sebagai akibat dari migrasi besar-besaran menuju daerah desakota. Dengan kata lain, lokasi perumahan atau pemukiman menjadi tak memiliki banyak pilihan lagi, kota telah sesak dan sasaran selanjutnya para pengais materi di daerab kota adalab wilayah desakota. Masyarakat asli yang sejak lama tinggal di wilayah desakota merupakan bagian dari masyarakat desakota yang perlu diperhatikan. Baik disadari maupun tidak disadari, perubaban pada masyarakat asli desakota akan terjadi karena masyarakat selalu dalam keadaan dinamis. Selain itu perubahanjuga akan terjadi dikarenakan masyarakat adalah sistem yang terdiri dari bagian-bagian yang berhubungan serta berintegrasi secara fungsional, sehingga perubaban pada satu fungsi dari masyarakat akan mempengaruhi fungsi lainnya.
Keyword: