Judul: Rancang Bangun dan Pengujian Unit Penyemprot pada Alat : Penyemprot Padi Tipe Balon
Abstrak: Spraying of fertilizers and pesticides on rice field is one of important maintenance activities for rice crop cultivation. Usually this activity is done in the morning because the wind conditions which allow the fertilizers or pesticides to be uniformly spread to field and to avoid drift. The activity is generally carried out manually by farmers using knapsack sprayer and the farmer had to walk between rice plant, which is laborious and can damage the planting furrow. Spraying application using tractor could not be done because of the condition of rice field, where almost field haven’t hardpan. These problems can be overcome by aerial spraying using air planes. The use of plane for spraying has some drawback such as high cost and safety related to ground condition. Another possible solution is to use a balloon equipped by control system and sprayer system for liquid fertilizer or pesticide application. Control system adopted the multi copter with flying board and for spraying systems adopted the electric sprayer. Spraying system used an electric pump for distribute the fertilizer or pesticide. Washer pump used for this prototype, the washer pump can produce a debit 1.20 l/min. The system created can do the spraying area 2.52 m2 per second equal to 0.91 ha/hour when the velocity 4.17 km/hour.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), paddy sprayer, electric sprayer, balloon type sprayer, aerial spraying

Judul: Sistem Kontrol Kendali Berbasis GPS dan Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega untuk Alat Penyemprot Padi Tipe Balon
Abstrak: Penyemprotan pupuk dan pestisida merupakan kegiatan pemeliharaan padi yang sangat memengaruhi produktivitas tanaman padi. Kegiatan ini umumnya menggunakan alat penyemprot tipe gendong. Mekanisme penyemprotan dilakukan oleh petani dengan berjalan diantara alur tanam padi. Hal ini akan merusak alur tanam dan petani akan mengalami kesulitan berjalan di lahan persawahan. Hal tesebut dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan sistem penyemprot melalui udara (aerial sprying). Penyemprotan ini sudah dilakukan dengan menggunakan pewasat terbang. Akan tetapi penggunaan pesawat memiliki kelemahan yaitu kebisingan, biaya yang mahal, dan adanya aturan untuk pesawat tidak terbang rendah di pulau jawa karena banyak kabel bertegangan tinggi. Solusi lain yang mungkin dilakukan yaitu dengan menggunakan balon yang dilengkapi sistem kontrol kendali. Pada penelitian ini gas hidrogen dipilih karena memiliki daya angkat yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan gas helium atau balon udara panas. Sistem kontrol balon mengadopsi sistem kontrol multikopter (quad copter). Sistem kontrol tersebut dilengkapi dengan GPS sebagai modul pada flying control (Dji Naza). Pengendalian ini dilengkapi indikator ketinggian yaitu Arduino yang dihubungkan dengan sensor ultrasonik. Penelitian ini menggunakan balon dengan volume 221 m3 dengan daya angkat 14.2 kg pada ketinggian 1.5 meter. Sistem kontrol kendali mampu mengendalikan alat penyemprot tipe balon dengan kecepatan maju 1.16 m/s dan waktu berbelok 20 s pada kecepatan angin 1.13 m/s.
Keyword: arduino, dji naza, sistem kontrol kendali, dan quadcopter

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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