Judul: Pengembangan Kultur sel dan Vaksin Inaktif untuk Pencegahan Infeksi Megalocytivirus pada Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus goramy).
Abstrak: Megalocytivirus of family Iridoviridae is a known pathogen that caused fatal systemic infection lead to massive death and significant economic losses of numerous fish species in marine, fresh water and ornamental fish industries. In Indonesia, since 2011 megalocytivirus had been found as main pathogen in some cases of giant gourami outbreak especially in West Java, Central Java and Bali. Rapid expansion and intensification in aquaculture has led to many cases of disease outbreaks. Mortality rates of fish due to viral infections is high and up to now there’s no effective treatment methods to overcome the problem. Prevention is a better choice than treatment although efforts to prevent and control diseases caused by viral infections are still difficult to do. The aim of this study was to develop a primary cell culture and an inactivated vaccine for megalocytivirus infection in giant gourami. The first stage of this study was conducted to identify and characterized megalocytivirus in cultured giant gourami. The virus was identified using universal and spesific primers for megalocytivirus and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). Sequencing and BLAST analysis were used to develop phylogenetic tree. The result showed that phylogenetic analysis of major capsid protein (MCP) gene unveiled a new megalocytivirus strain, designated as giant gourami iridovirus (GGIV). GGIV formed cluster belonged to ISKNV and has 100% homology to ISKNV complete genome. Artificial infection by intraperitoneally injection with supernatant homogenate from spleen and kidney of naturally infected fish were showed 93% mortality in 12 days. Fish showed clinical sign of infection as lethargic, loss of appetite, pale or darken body color and haemorrhages. Internal organ on death fish showed swollen spleen and kidney and also pale liver. Quantitative PCR analysis on internal organs showed spleen had the highest viral DNA copy number followed by kidney, gill and liver. Histopathological analysis showed hemorrage in these organs and many abnormally hypertrophied cells which is typical histopathological characteristic of megalocytivirus infection. On the second stage of this study was to develop primary cell cultures from its spleen as target organ for propagating megalocytivirus in vitro. We developed primary cell from spleen by enzimatic dissociation. The result showed that primary cell (GPs cell) can grow well at 27 oC and 10% serum in L-15 medium was sufficient for cells growth. GPs cells were infected with giant gourami iridovirus (GGIV) showed enlargement and rounding cells. Virus propagated in GPs cells was highly virulent when injected to giant gourami in artificial infection. Intraperitoneal injection experiments of diluted virus supernatant showed 100% mortality within 7-11 dpi and 97% mortality in 21 days by cohabitation with abnormalities were observed in spleen and kidney. GPs cell was successfully subcultured for more than 30 passages and was found to be susceptible to GGIV as a pathogen of ISKNV infection in cultured-giant gourami. GGIV was propagated in GPs cells for megalocytivirus vaccine development for giant gourami. On the third stage of this study was to develop an effective vaccine and measure its efficacy using relative percent survival (RPS), serological parameters (antibody titers), and molecular (relative expression of gouramy immune genes). The
Keyword: inactivated-vaccine, megalocytivirus, primary cell culture, Osphronemus goramy

Judul: Vaksin koktail sel utuh untuk pencegahan penyakit Mycobacteriosis dan Motile Aeromonas Septicemia pada ikan gurame (Osphronemus gouramy).
Abstrak: Infections of Mycobacterium sp. and Aeromonas sp. both are considered severe fish pathogens on account of their ability to cause damaging disease outbreaks in gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy). The efficacy of cocktail vaccine was influenced by the concentrations of antigens, cross-reactions and competition among the different antigens. The aims of this reseach was to analyze the synergy and competence both antigens to inducing immunity and assess the effectiveness and efficacy of cocktail vaccine A. hydrophila and M. fortuitum to producing immune responses and improve survival rate in gouramy from Mycobacteriosis and Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS) infection. The Lethal dose of co-infection used LD50 of A. hydrophila 108 cfu and M. fortuitum 107 cfu. Co-infection test of gouramy showed clinical sign was anorexia, nodules on the surface of the body and swelling in the abdominal cavity. The mortality of co-infection 25Mf: 75Ah was reached until 50% (LD50) within 28 days. The mortality patterns of Mycobacteriosis was chronic and MAS was acute infection. Hematocrit and hemoglobine values of co-infection was decreased because gouramy become sick that was caused invasion both of bacteria into the body. Pathology anatomy of co-infection showed bleeding in the kidneys and spleen, multifocal granulomas in liver and spleen, and ascites in the abdominal cavity. Histopathology showed congestion, multifocal granuloma in the liver and spleen, melano macrofag center (MMC) in the spleen and kidneys, inflammation and necrosis were also found in the kidney. The protein profile analysis of whole cell vaccine preparation M. fortuitum, A. hydrophila and cocktail vaccine showed fourteen, fifteen and five to ten bands. The efficacy of monovalent and cocktail vaccine showed phagocytic index, percentage of phagocytosis, total lymphocytes, respiratory burst activity, complement and antibody titers were significantly different (P <0.05), compared to controls. The evaluation of parameters from efficacy monovalent and cocktail vaccine M. fortuitum and A. hydrophila before and after challenge test were able to increased specific and non-specific immune response in gouramy. The value of relative percent survival from monovalent vaccine A. hydrophila was 92.32% and monovalent vaccine M. fortuitum was 78.57% when challenged by single infection but showed very low RPS when challenged by co-infection compared to cocktail vaccine. Monovalent vaccine M. fortuitum and A. hydrophila were only provide protection against homolog bacteria and no cross protection against other bacteria. Cocktail vaccine was not enough provides protection from mycobacteriosis and MAS when infected at the same time. Therefore, it need use the adjuvant to optimalize cocktail vaccine to inducting immune respon in gouramy.
Keyword: Gouramy (Ospronemus gouramy), Motile Aeromonas Septicemia (MAS), Mycobacteriosis, cocktail vaccine

Judul: Perubahan sifat dan kimia tanah akibat kebakaran lantai hutan
Abstrak: Kebakaran hutan dapat menyebabkan menurunnya kualitas tanah yang meliputi sifat fisik tanah. Dalam penelitian ini dipelajari perubahan sifat fisik dan kimia akibat kebakaran lantai hutan yang terjadi berdasarkan frekuensi kebakaran yang berbeda, dengan membandingkan area tegakan bekas kebakaran, baik 1 kali maupun 3 kali dengan area tegakan yang tidak terbakar secara deskritif.
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