Judul: Estimating Ghost Gear in Gillnet Fisheries and Coping Strategies at the Cilacap Fishing Port, Central Java
Abstrak: Ghost gear merupakan alat tangkap yang hilang, ditinggalkan, atau dibuang di lingkungan laut dan dapat menjerat ikan meski tidak dioperasikan. Penyumbang utama ghost gear adalah jaring insang dan sebanyak 44% jaring insang dioperasikan di Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera (PPS) Cilacap sehingga potensi ghost gear di PPS Cilacap cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi jumlah ghost gear, mengetahui faktor penyebab terjadinya ghost gear, serta merekomendasikan upaya penanggulangan ghost gear pada perikanan jaring insang di PPS Cilacap. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode survei, pengambilan data dengan teknik wawancara dan pengamatan langsung pada kapal berukuran <5 GT. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis statistik dan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 94% nelayan jaring insang di PPS Cilacap pernah mengalami ghost gear. Diestimasikan jumlah ghost gear yang terjadi dalam satu tahun terakhir adalah 1.626 pieces dengan total kerugian mencapai Rp310.972.500,00. Faktor penyebab ghost gear dikategorikan menjadi aspek alam, sosial, dan teknis. Upaya penanggulangan yang dapat dilakukan adalah sosialisasi terkait ghost gear, standarisasi gear marking, mewajibkan nelayan melapor, penyediaan fasilitas penampungan sampah alat tangkap dan pemberian insentif, serta penggunaan teknologi modern. kata kunci: alat tangkap, ghost gear, jaring insang, sampah laut, Ghost gear refers to fishing gear lost, abandoned, or discarded in the marine environment, which can still entangle fish even when not used. Gillnets are the primary contributor to ghost gear, with up to 44% of gillnets operated at the Cilacap fishing port (PPS). Consequently, the potential for ghost gear at PPS Cilacap is relatively high. This study aims to estimate the amount of ghost gear, identify the factors causing it, and recommend countermeasures for gillnet fisheries at PPS Cilacap. The research was conducted by survey methods, collecting data through interviews and direct observations on boats under 5GT. Both statistical and descriptive analyses were used. Results indicated that 94% of gillnet fishermen had encountered ghost gear. An estimated 1,626 pieces of ghost gear were lost in the past year, amounting to a total loss of Rp310,972,500. Factors contributing to ghost gear include natural, social, and technical aspects. Suggested countermeasures involve raising awareness about ghost gear, standardizing gear marking, mandating reporting by fishermen, providing disposal facilities and incentives, and implementing modern technology. Keywords: fishing gear, ghost gear, gillnet, marine debris
Keyword: fishing gear, ghost gear, gillnet, marine debris

Judul: Estimating Ghost gear in Gillnet Fisheries and Coping Strategies at the Gebang Mekar Fish Landing Base, Cirebon Regency
Abstrak: Ghost gear merupakan istilah yang dipakai untuk alat penangkap ikan yang ditingalkan, hilang, dan dibuang di perairan. Jaring insang adalah salah satu alat tangkap yang berpotensi menyebabkan ghost gear dan sebanyak 29% jaring insang beroperasi di PPI Gebang Mekar sehingga potensi ghost gear di PPI Gebang Mekar cukup tinggi. Kurangnya informasi dan data terkait ghost gear di PPI Gebang Mekar membuat pemerintah setempat belum melakukan upaya untuk mengurangi ghost gear. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan perikanan jaring insang, mengestimasi jumlah ghost gear, merekomendasikan strategi penanggulangan untuk mengurangi terjadinya ghost gear oleh alat tangkap jaring insang di PPI Gebang Mekar. Penelitian ini dilakukan di PPI Gebang Mekar, menggunakan metode survei. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukan mayoritas kapal yang digunakan di PPI Gebang Mekar adalah <5 GT, dengan nelayan asli penduduk Gebang Mekar. Jumlah ghost gear yang terjadi dalam satu tahun terakhir sebanyak 1922 piece kerugian mencapai Rp288.300.000,00. Beberapa faktor utama yang menyebabkan ghost gear adalah adanya konflik antar nelayan, tersangkut di alat tangkap lain, dan cuaca buruk. Upaya yang direkomendasikan untuk mengurangi ghost gear yaitu sosialisasi ghost gear, menghindari lokasi sering tersangkut, penerapan teknologi modern., Ghost gear is marine debris known as abandoned, lost, discarded, and left behind fishing gear. Gillnets are one of the fishing gear that can cause ghost gear, and as much as 29% of gillnets operate at PPI Gebang Mekar, so the possibility of ghost gear is quite high there. The government cannot reduce ghost gear at PPI Gebang Mekar due to a lack of information and data regarding ghost gear. This study aimed to characterize the gillnet fishery, estimate the number of ghost gears, and suggest mitigation strategies to reduce the occurrence of ghost gear by gillnets at PPI Gebang Mekar PPI. This survey-based research was conducted at PPI Gebang Mekar. The employed analyses are descriptive and statistical. Most of the vessels utilized at PPI Gebang Mekar were 5 GT vessels crewed by Gebang Mekar natives. In the past year, there were 1,922 pieces of ghost equipment, resulting in a loss of Rp 288,300,000,000.00. Conflicts between fishermen, being entangled in other fishing gear, and poor weather is some of the primary causes of ghost gear. Recommendations for reducing ghost gear include socializing, avoiding common snagging locations, and implementing modern technology.
Keyword: fishing gear, ghost gear, gillnets, PPI Gebang Mekar, strategy countermeasures

Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
Keyword: