Judul: Penghitungan Premi dengan Menggunakan Asumsi Hukum Mortalitas Makeham.
Abstrak: Hukum mortalitas Makeham merupakan pendekatan lebih lanjut dari hukum mortalitas Gompertz. Tujuan karya ilmiah ini adalah melihat pengaruh perubahan parameter-parameter pada hukum mortalitas Makeham terhadap fungsi sebaran dan fungsi survival dari peubah acak sisa waktu hidup, menurunkan model anuitas hidup, asuransi jiwa seumur hidup, asuransi jiwa berjangka, dan asuransi jiwa dwiguna berdasarkan hukum mortalitas Makeham, serta melakukan simulasi untuk melihat pengaruh hukum mortalitas Makeham terhadap penghitungan premi bersih. Model anuitas seumur hidup mengenakan premi tunggal yang lebih murah dengan meningkatnya mortalitas, sedangkan untuk model asuransi jiwa baik yang seumur hidup, berjangka, maupun dwiguna mengenakan premi yang lebih mahal seiring dengan meningkatnya mortalitas.
Keyword: anuitas, asuransi jiwa, hukum mortalitas Makeham, premi

Judul: Python Program to Calculate Life Insurance Premium  Using Gompertz and Makeham Law of Mortality
Abstrak: Python adalah bahasa pemrograman yang dapat digunakan untuk berbagai hal. Bidang aktuaria memanfaatkan Python untuk mengolah data. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan program untuk menghitung premi asuransi jiwa. Asuransi jiwa adalah asuransi yang bertujuan memproteksi tertanggung dari risiko kematian yang mungkin terjadi di masa depan. Besar biaya yang harus dibayarkan agar tertanggung tetap diproteksi dari risiko tersebut disebut premi. Besar premi tidak dapat ditentukan secara pasti karena merupakan sebuah peubah acak, tetapi dapat diduga dengan mengasumsikan waktu kematian seorang tertanggung menyebar dengan sebaran tertentu. Pada penelitian kali ini, waktu terjadinya kematian seorang individu akan diasumsikan menyebar De Moivre, Gompertz, dan Makeham. Parameter-parameter dari sebaran-sebaran tersedia tersebut diduga dengan metode maximum likelihood dan iterasi Newton-Raphson, kemudian dilakukan uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov untuk menentukan sebaran-sebaran yang baik. Selanjutnya nilai dugaan parameter-parameter dari sebaran terpilih digunakan sebagai dasar dalam penyusunan program Python untuk menghitung premi asuransi jiwa dengan prinsip kesetaraan., Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Actuarial fields use it for processing data. The purpose of this research is to create a program to calculate life insurance premiums. Life insurance is an insurance that protects insured from death risk. Premium is a payment that insured must pay to insurer to stay protected from said risk. The amount of premium is uncertain due to time of death is a random variable. Regardless, premium can be estimated by assuming insured’s time of death is a specific distribution. In this research, a person’s time of death is assumed to follow De Moivre, Gompertz, and Makeham distribution. Maximum likelihood estimation method and Newton-Raphson iteration are used to estimate and to find the numerical solution of the parameters to each distribution. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is used to determine if the distribution used is a good fit. Estimated parameters and distributions will be incorporated into the Python program where the balance principal is used to calculate premium.
Keyword: Gompertz, Makeham, maximum likelihood estimation, premium, Python

Judul: Heterologous Expression Of Endo-Β-Xylanase From Bacillus Pumilus Strain Bcrs-01 In Escherichia Coli.
Abstrak: Xylanases are glycoside hydrolase family 11 which depolymerise xylan in the plant cell wall, the most excessive form of hemicellulose. Endo-β-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are most important to breakdown β-1,4-glicoside bond of xylan to produce disaccaride xyloolygosaccaride (XOs) and xylose (monomer). Bovine rumen fluids have potential to obtain endo-β-xylanase produced of bacteria. The objectives of this study were to obtain xylanase producing bacteria and to express xynA gene encoding endo-β-xylanase from bacterium in Escherichia coli. Twenty nine isolate bacteria have been succesfully isolated from bovine rumen fluid in agar medium containing birchwood xylan. Isolate BCRS-01 bacterium was previously screened for the high production of xylanase. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, BCRS-01 showed high similarity (99%) to Bacillus pumilus (accession number NR043241). The crude xylanase had optimal activity at 55oC, pH 7.0. Furthermore, the crude xylanase exhibited broad pH stability from 4.0 to 10.0 and remained more than 60% and 40% of its activity after incubation at pH 4.0 until 10.0, respectively for 60 min. It also showed a stability at temperature 25-50oC since it retained 80% and 50% of its activity when incubated at 50oC or 30 and 60 min, respectively. The xylanase activity was strongly inhibited by Ca2+ and Cu2+ at concentration 10 mM, and as little as 1 mM for Mn2+. Therefore, this xylanase has potentially used as additive feeds in animal feed industry. The DNA sequence xynA gene encoded endo-β-xylanase was amplified and cloned into the expression vector pET-15by under the control of T7 promoter. The recombinant protein had succesfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. A protein recombinant of approximately, 26.7 kDa was observed on the SDS-PAGE analysis. Crude extract of recombinant endo-β-xylanase demonstrated activity of enzyme at 56 U mL-1 using birchwood xylan as a substrate at 55oC for 10 min.
Keyword: Bacillus pumilus, bovine rumen fluid, endo-β-xylanase, heterologous expression.