Judul: Microwave Initiated Synthesis of Flocculants Based on Modified Sago Starch for the Treatment of Suspended Solid in Water.
Abstrak: Flocculants usually are polymer. There are two types of polymer, synthetic polymer and natural polymer. The properties of synthetic polymer, for example polyacrylamide (PAM), are nonbiodegradable, forming a fragile floc (low shear stability), can be used at small amount with high performance of flocculation, and has a better shelf life. Natural polymers properties such as polysaccharides (starch) are biodegradable, forming a high shear stability floc, should be use in a higher amount of flocculant compare to the synthetic one, and has a shorter shelf life. A new polymer contained both of them can be produced by using microwave irradiation with graft copolymerization technique. The utilization of microwave irradiation on graft copolymerization is more preferred because of its selective reaction site, short reaction time and electronically easy to control. This research are aimed to identify the best process conditions for synthesizing of flocculants (using two treatment factors: amount of acrylamide and microwave irradiation time) and to identify the performance of flocculants on reducing suspended solids contained in water. The research’s steps are physico-chemical properties analysis of sago starch, sago starch carboxymethylation reaction to produce carboxymethyl starch (CMS), graft copolymerization reaction of CMS with acrylamide by using microwave irradiation to produce CMS-g-PAM floculant, physico-chemical properties analysis of CMS-g-PAM and flocculation performance test of CMS-g-PAM on river water. Sago starch’s proximate analysis result indicate that sago starch properties are as follow: water content 5.93%, ash content 0.02%, protein content 1.05%, oil or fat content 0.97%, raw fiber content 0.15%, and carbohydrate content 91.88%. Starch content of sagu starch is 67.48%, a third (15.42%) of it is amylose and the rest of it is amylopectin (52.06%). FTIR test results on sago starch, CMS and CMS-g-PAM indicated a slightly change in the functional group structure. This is probably due to the reaction conducted does not perfectly occurred. The reason is gelatinization reaction when synthesis CMS is not completely occurred and copolymerization temperature does not not reach the gelatinization temperature. More than 90% CMS can be graft-copolymerized with acrylamide and result in CMS-g-PAM. The highest conversion rate is 99.82% and it is resulted from the treatment combination of amount of acrylamide 100 ml (equivalent to 50 g or 0.70 moles) and 3 minutes copolymerization reaction time. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) results at 95% confidence level on conversion rate indicate that the amount of acrylamide, copolymerization reaction time and interaction of both of them does not significantly change the value of conversion rate. Grafting ratio (GR) and grafting efficiency (GE) yielded by the treatment of acrylamide concentration and microwave irradiation length time are vary, 0.87% to 10.06% for GR and 0.076% to 0.349% for GE. The test results of analysis of variance (α=0.05) indicate that GR and GE values are significantly affected by amount of acrylamide, copolymerization reaction time and interaction both of them. Each level of all treatment has significantly different effect on the GR and GE value changing. Only the treatment level of amounts of acrylamide 50 and 100 ml that is not significantly different effect on the GE values. Based on the conversion rate value and
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Judul: Synthesis of Hydrogel Made of Tapioca/Sago Carboxymethyl Starch and Reinforced by Oil Palm Empty–Fruit–Bunch Based Carboxymethyl Cellulose
Abstrak: Indonesia is listed as World’s top tier producer of tapioca, sago and oil palm empty-fruit-bunch (OPEFB). In this study, hydrogel was synthesized by combining tapioca-or-sago-based carboxymethyl starch (CMS), OPEFB-based carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Carboxymethyl functional group (1620-1618 cm-1) and crystallographic-peak (2θ=20o) were investigated within both CMS samples. Sago-CMS held higher yields (175.49 g/g) than tapioca-CMS. Morphologically, tapioca-CMS granules were oval, round, or polygonal, individual, scattered, full-of-indents/defective-ends, whereas sago- CMS were oval or irregular, intact and exceptionally smooth. Tapioca-CMS possessed more amorphous (86.3%-amorphous) and viscous (310.58 cP) profile than sago-CMS. Carboxymethyl functional group (1620-1607 cm-1) and crystallographic-peak (2θ=20o) were spotted as well within all CMC samples. CMC NaOH-25% possessed the highest yield (118.52 g/g). More alkali added led to more intense CMC granules degradation. CMC NaOH-25% acquired the most amorphous (59.5%-amorphous) and viscous (63.08 cP) profile. Crosslinked-PVA functional group within materials’ bond (3431-3436 cm-1 and 1384-1413 cm-1) was evidenced within all five hydrogel samples (tapioca CMS-PVA (9:1), sago CMS-PVA (9:1), tapioca CMS-CMC NaOH 25%-PVA (2:2:1), sago CMS-CMC NaOH 25%-PVA (2:2:1), tapioca CMS-CMC NaOH 25%-PVA (8:1:1) hydrogel). CMC addition successfully improved PVA-hydrogel crosslinks structures throughout CMS-PVA hydrogel networks, however excess CMS disrupted PVA crystallites after its miscibility. Sago CMS-PVA hydrogel (9:1) denoted the highest swelling capability, while tapioca CMS-CMC NaOH 25%-PVA hydrogel (8:1:1) presented the highest water absorption capacity. Otherwise, the best oil absorption capability was indicated by sago CMS-CMC NaOH 25%-PVA hydrogel (2:2:1).
Keyword: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), carboxymethyl starch (CMS), hydrogel, oil palm empty–fruit–bunch (OPEFB), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)

Judul: Etno-ornitologi Burung Kancilan Flores (Pachycephala nudigula nudigula Hartert 1897) pada Masyarakat Lio di Taman Nasional Kelimutu
Abstrak: Bare-throathed whistler is one of several wild birds in Kelimutu National Park (TNKL) that is believed to have correlation with Lio Community‟s belief. The estimation of Bare-throated whistler‟s population in Kelimutu National Park was about 186.41-1668.07 individual by the density about 0.0389-0.3481 ind/ha with the sex ratio 6.2:1 that spreaded on area with height of 1100 – 1600 masl. The characteristic of Bare-throated whistler‟s habitat is a natural forest with various canopy level, high plant species diversity and high density. The habitat characteristics related to the availability of food in the form of insects, cover, safety and a nesting site. Generally the most of Lio community knew the existence of Bare-throated whistler directly or from their parents‟ stories. The perceptions of Lio Community to the Bare-throated whistler‟s existence is generally support the conservation efforts. The perceptions construct the Lio Community‟s atitude that tend to be conservative to the existence of Bare-throated whistler. The attitude shown by their behavior that not cathing the Bare-throated whistler from the TNKL‟s area or the outside. The attitude have an important role to the existence of Bare-throated whistler in Kelimutu National Park‟s area.
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