Judul: Competitiveness Analysis and Factors Affecting Trade Flow of Natural Rubber in International Market
Abstrak: Natural rubber is one of the plantation commodities, which plays an important role in the economic development of many countries. This commodity also provides job opportunities for many people, primarily for smallholder farmers. The supply of natural rubber in the world market is dominated by Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia. According to UN-Comtrade, the natural rubber export share in 1987, Malaysia is the largest exporter. By period of 1990, however, the condition of trade had started to change, allowing Thailand and Indonesia to shift the position of Malaysia. This change was due to the improvement of natural rubber production in Thailand and Indonesia. Moreover, the Malaysian production decreased due to several factors. This situation illustrates the increasing competition between the three major producers of natural rubber in the international market over the last several decades. Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia differ in their individual export destinations. However, according to the IRSG data, these three producing countries all exported to ten primary importing countries. As mentioned above, the competition between the main exporting countries is relatively high. Therefore, it is necessary for Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia to individually focus on improving the quantity and quality of the product in order to remain competitive in the international rubber trade. According to the background information and problem statement, the aims of this research are, to analyze the competitiveness and the level of competition of the three major exporters of natural rubber in the international market and to identify the determinants that influence natural rubber export in international market. All data used in this study is secondary panel data, which is a combination of time series data and cross-sectional data. Time series data includes annual data from 2003 to 2013, while the cross-sectional data covers ten major export destinations of the three main natural rubber exporting countries, with the largest export volumes going to the United States, Japan, China, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Germany, Canada, Brazil, India, and Belgium. The data used were obtained from Statistics Indonesia (BPS), the International Rubber Study Group (IRSG), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), the Centre d'Etudes et d'Informations Internationales prospectives (CEPII), UN Comtrade, the World Bank, and FAOSTAT. First method is Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). RCA is a method of analysis for determining the competitiveness of a player, while taking into account the comparative advantage of an individual, organization or country. The performance of natural rubber exports from exporting countries to importing countries is a variable that is measured by calculating the share of natural rubber exports to total exports of all commodities to destination countries, compared with the share of world exports to the destination countries. So that it can be quantitatively the ability or inability of three main exporting countries compete in international trade. And the second method is gravity model. The gravity model is used to analyze the economic factors that affect the flow of trade between two countries. According to Lineman (Lapipi, 2005), the gravity model is an econometric model that is used to analyze the effects of economic integration on trade, as well as
Keyword: Trade flow, Revealed Comparative Advantage, Natural Rubber, Competitiveness, Gravity model, Least Square Dummy Variable

Judul: Competitiveness dan Factors Influencing Indonesian Ribbed Smoked Sheet (RSS) Natural Rubber Export.
Abstrak: Ekspor Indonesia didominasi oleh sektor non-migas pada tahun 2020 dan Indonesia berada di posisi tiga besar negara pengekspor karet alam RSS pada tahun 2020. Namun jika dibandingkan dengan ekspor karet alam Technically Specified Natural Rubber, ekspor karet alam RSS Indonesia masih lebih sedikit meskipun harga per kilogram karet alam RSS lebih mahal daripada karet alam TSNR. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis daya saing dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor karet alam RSS Indonesia ke negara tujuan utama ekspor. Metode yang akan digunakan adalah Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), Porter’s Diamond, X-model, dan regresi data panel. Vietnam dan Thailand merupakan negara pesaing Indonesia pada analisis daya saing. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karet RSS Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif pada lima pasar tujuan utama. Ekspor komoditas ini berkembang paling baik bagi Indonesia di China dan India. Karet RSS Indonesia memiliki aspek keunggulan di faktor permintaan dan faktor industri penunjang dan terkait. Regresi data panel memperlihatkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor komoditas ini adalah GDP negara tujuan, volume ekspor tahun sebelumnya, nilai tukar Rupiah terhadap Dolar AS, dan nilai tukar riil efektif negara tujuan. Sementara itu, tahun pembatasan ekspor karet alam oleh International Tripartite Rubber Council tidak berpengaruh signifikan., Indonesia’s export was dominated by non-oil & gas sector in 2020 and Indonesia placed on the top three nation of RSS Rubber exporter in 2020. Compared with Technically Specified Natural Rubber exports, Indonesian RSS Natural Rubber exports is still far behind despite RSS Rubber price per kilogram is higher than that of TSNR. This paper aims to analyze competitiveness of Indonesian RSS Natural Rubber in main countries of destination and to analyze factors influencing its export volume to said countries. Methods used in this paper are Revealed Comparative Advantage, Export Product Dynamic, Porter’s Diamond, X-model, and Panel Data Regression. Result shows that Indonesia’s RSS natural rubber has competitive advantage in all five main export destination. This Indonesian export commodity has the highest market growth in China and India. Indonesian RSS Rubber has its strength in demand factor and supporting and related industries. Lastly, according to panel data regression, factors influencing export of this commodity are GDP of importer country, previous year export volume towards the importer country, importer country’s real effective exchange rate, and US Dollar to Rupiah exchange rate. Meanwhile, natural rubber export restriction by International Tripartite Rubber Council doesn’t have significant effect.
Keyword: comparative advantage, competitive advantage, international trade

Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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