Judul: The Use of MHC I Molecular Marker in The Selection of Catfish (Clarias sp.) Resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila Infection
Abstrak: High demand of catfish (Clarias sp.) in the market encourages the people to continuously increase the production. One of the threats to fail the harvest is motile aeromonad septicemia (MAS) disease caused by Aeromonas hydrophila infection. MAS could cause high mortality in catfish. Several approaches can be applied to overcome MAS disease ; one is farming of catfish that genetically resists to A. hydrophila infection. Application of molecular marker assisted selection could accelerate the process to obtain disease-resistant fish broodstock. The aims of this study were to: 1) obtain a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I marker in the marker based selection to generate A. hydrophila-resistant sangkuriang catfish; 2) evaluate the inheritance of MHC I marker in F1 generation, and 3) Determine the growth and resistance of the F1 against A. hydrophila infection. In the first experiment, a total of 200 sangkuriang catfish (average body weight: 60±5 g) were challenged by intramuscular injecting 0.1 mL/fish with A. hydrophila at a dose of 105 cfu/fish. The results showed the viability of fish was 54% (14 fish survived without injure, and 94 fish recovered from injured). PCR analysis with specific primers for MHC I was used to distinguish the survived and dead fish after challenge test. Seven set primers were designed based on database gene sequences of MHC I of Clarias gariepinus. Genomic DNA was extracted from caudal fin tissue of living and the dead fish, and then used as template in PCR amplification. The PCR results using a set of primer (ClMHAh-01) showed specific DNA bands of approximately 300, 500 and 930 bp in the survived fish. PCR product was then sequenced to confirm and analyze homology of MHC I sequence of sangkuriang catfish and the database. The results of sequence analysis using the basic local alignment search tools showed that the nucleotide sequence of those PCR products had similarity of 69-88% with MHC I of C. gariepinus. As conclusion, MHC I could be used as a molecular marker of A. hydrophila resistance catfish. In the second experiment, a total of 8 pairs of parent those carries the MHC I and one pair of control without MHC I were mated to produce F1 generation. Those crosses were female R and male R (abbreviated: RxR), LxL, RxL, and LxR, and each was replicated twice (two brood pairs per crossing). R fishes are the fish that survived without injury, while L fishes are the fish that injured and survived when they are challenged with A. hydrophila. Female and male fish without MHC I marker were mated to produce control fish (C). Results of PCR analysis showed that the percentage of F1 progenies from R x R broods carrying MHC I marker was 83.4%, while C fish was only 25%. This indicated that MHC I marker was inherited to F1 offsprings. Furthermore, results from the challenge test by intramuscular injection of 0.1 mL A. hydrophila (105 cfu/fish) showed that the survival of F1 fish from R and L broods (76.8-87.0%) was 2.21 times higher than that of C fish. Percentage of R category offspring from R and
Keyword: Catfish, molecular markers, MHClAh-01 primer, MHC I, A. hydrophila

Judul: Application of Monospecies Synbiotic and Multispecies for Prevention of Aeromonas hydrophila Bacterial Infection in Sangkuriang Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
Abstrak: Penyakit bakterial yang mengancam peningkatan produksi ikan lele salah satunya disebabkan oleh bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila. Penggunaan sinbiotik yang merupakan kombinasi probiotik dan prebiotik menjadi alternatif untuk pencegahan penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh probiotik Bacillus cereus BR2 dengan prebiotik madu (sinbiotik monospesies), probiotik Staphylococcus lentus L1k dengan prebiotik madu (sinbiotik monospesies), probiotik B. cereus BR2 dan S. lentus L1k dengan prebiotik madu (sinbiotik multispesies) yang diberikan melalui pakan untuk pencegahan infeksi A. hydrophila pada ikan lele sangkuriang (Clarias gariepinus). Ikan uji dengan bobot awal (17,43 ± 0,22) g dipelihara selama 30 hari dan diberi pakan suplementasi, kemudian diuji tantang dengan bakteri A. hydrophila selama tujuh hari. Penelitian ini terdiri dari lima perlakuan dan tiga ulangan yaitu perlakuan A (BR2 1% + madu 0,5% + diuji tantang), B (L1k 1% + madu 0,5% + diuji tantang), C (BR2 0,5% + L1k 0,5% + madu 0,5% + diuji tantang), kontrol positif (tanpa probiotik dan prebiotik + diuji tantang), dan kontrol negatif (tanpa probiotik dan prebiotik + tanpa diuji tantang). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sinbiotik monospesies dan multispesies mampu meningkatkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup, kinerja pertumbuhan, dan respons imun ikan lele untuk pencegahan infeksi A. hydrophila dengan hasil terbaik terdapat pada perlakuan sinbiotik multispesies., One of the bacterial diseases that threaten the increase in catfish production is Aeromonas hydrophila. The used of synbiotics which is a combination of probiotics and prebiotics is an alternative for disease prevention. This study aimed to examine the effect of probiotic Bacillus cereus BR2 with prebiotic honey (monospecies synbiotic), probiotic Staphylococcus lentus L1k with prebiotic honey (monospecies synbiotic), probiotic B. cereus BR2 and S. lentus L1k with prebiotic honey (multispecies synbiotic) through feed for the prevention of A. hydrophila bacterial infection to sangkuriang catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The fish size (17,43 ± 0,22) g were reared for 30 days and given supplementary feed, then challenged with A. hydrophila bacteria for seven days. This study consisted of five treatments and three replications i.e. treatment A (BR2 1% + honey 0,5% + challenged), B (L1k 1% + honey 0,5% + challenged), C (BR2 0,5% + L1k 0,5% + honey 0,5% + challenged), positive control (without probiotics and prebiotics + challenged), and negative control (without probiotics and prebiotics + no challenged). The results showed that monospecies and multispecies synbiotic could increase survival rate, growth performance, and immune respons of catfish to prevent of A. hydrophila infection with the best result found in the multispecies synbiotic treatment.
Keyword: Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus BR2, Clarias gariepinus, Madu, Staphylococcus lentus L1k

Judul: Peranan Jasa Transportasi dalam  Menunjang Pembangunan Wilayah  Kaitannya dengan Pelaksanaan  Otonomi Daerah di Provinsi Papua  Khususnya Kabupaten Jayapura
Abstrak: Ketimpangan pembangunan yang terjadi selama Orde Baru telah memicu disintegrasi bangsa, salah satu daerah yang diisukan terancam disintegrasi sebagai akibat ketimpangan pembangunan pada reszim orde baru adalah Provinsi Papua, sehingga untuk meredam aspirasi disintgrasi, dimasa reformasi Provinsi Papua ditetapkan sebagai daerah yang menerima Otonomi Khusus. Dengan adanya otonomi khusus ini diharapkan pemerintah daerah lebih leluasa mengabil kebijakan yang disesuaikan dengan aspirasi dan prioritas permasalahan yang dihadapi masyarakat.
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