Judul: Political Economy Study of Foreign Capital Dependency in Indonesia's Economic Development
Abstrak: Modal asing yang masuk Indonesia dalam bentuk Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) dan Utang Luar Negeri (ULN) merupakan salah satu sumber dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Namun, dalam jangka panjang modal asing akan ditarik kembali ke negara asalnya sehingga terjadi keluarnya modal ke luar negeri. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh modal asing dalam kaitannya dengan pembangunan ekonomi di Indonesia dan dampak ekonomi politik dari adanya modal asing ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dan data sekunder. Metode analisis penelitian ini menggunakan analisis teori ketergantungan, regresi, dan perbandingan data yang disajikan secara deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa modal asing yang masuk terus bertumbuh dan beberapa kelompok negara investor telah menarik modal kembali disertai dengan keuntungan dividen dan bunga, serta membuat Indonesia memiliki ketergantungan dalam beberapa sektor seperti, penguasaan sumber daya mineral, dan teknologi serta pasar Indonesia yang besar dimanfaatkan untuk para investor asing. Serta ditemukan peran Pemerintah dalam memudahkan modal asing untuk terus berada di Indonesia., Foreign capital that enters Indonesia in the form of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and External Debt is one of the sources of Indonesia's economic growth. However, in the long term, foreign capital will be withdrawn back to the country of origin, resulting in an outflow of capital abroad. This study aims to analyze the influence of foreign capital in relation to economic development in Indonesia and the political economy impact of this foreign capital. This study uses primary data and secondary data. The analytical method of this research uses dependency theories analysis, regression, and comparison of data presented in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of this study indicate that foreign capital inflows continue to grow and several groups of investor countries have withdrawn their capital back with dividends and interest profits, and have made Indonesia dependent on several sectors such as control of mineral resources, and technology as well as the large Indonesian market being utilized for foreign investors. It also found the role of the Government in facilitating foreign capital to continue to exist in Indonesia.
Keyword: Teori Ketergantungan, modal asing, PMA, ULN

Judul: Determinan Aliran Masuk Penanaman Modal Asing Langsung Di Indonesia Tahun 2010-2019
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara berkembang yang memiliki permasalahan permodalan untuk membangun perekonomian. Permasalahan modal yang dialami Indonesia dapat diatasi dengan kebijakan penanaman modal asing langsung (PMAL) dalam jangka panjang. Faktor yang memengaruhi PMAL di Indonesia yakni variabel makroekonomi berupa PDB riil, inflasi, dan suku bunga riil. Variabel tersebut bersifat dominan serta memiliki sifat berfluktuaktif sehingga membuat Indonesia kesulitan dalam mengimplementasikan kebijakan tersebut secara efektif. Oleh karena itu, perlu mengetahui permasalahan mengenai faktor makroekonomi yang dapat memengaruhi PMAL di Indonesia. Periode analisis pada penelitian ini data sekunder berupa time series dari 2010Q1-2019Q4. Metode analisis yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah VECM. Hasil analisis metode VECM menunjukan bahwa terdapat lima variabel makroekonomi signifikan memengaruhi PMAL di Indonesia. Hasil dari IRF menunjukkan guncangan suku bunga riil bersifat positif memengaruhi PMAL. Hasil FEVD menunjukkan suku bunga riil, inflasi, dan jumlah uang beredar memiliki kontribusi besar dalam memengaruhi PMAL di Indonesia. Dengan demikian, pemerintah harus berfokus pada mengatur kestabilan makroekonomi agar meningkatkan aliran masuk PMAL di Indonesia dalam mendukung pembangunan perekonomian nasional., Indonesia is a developing country that has capital problems to build their economy. Capital problems experienced by Indonesia can be overcome with a policy of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the long term. Factors influencing FDI in Indonesia are macroeconomic variables of real GDP, inflation, and real interest rates. These variables are dominant and have fluctuating trend, making it difficult for Indonesia to implement policy effectively. Therefore, it is necessary to know the problems regarding macroeconomic factors that affect FDI in Indonesia. The analysis period in this study is secondary data of time series from 2010Q1-2019Q4. The analytical method used in this research is VECM. The results of method VECM analysis show that there are five macroeconomic variables that significantly affect FDI in Indonesia. The results from the IRF show that real interest rate shocks have a positive effect on FDI. The FEVD results show that real interest rates, inflation, and the money supply have a major contribution in influencing FDI in Indonesia. Government should focus on regulating macroeconomic stability in order to increase FDI inflows in Indonesia in support of national economic development.
Keyword: PMAL, VECM, Makroekonomi, IRF, FEVD

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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