Judul: The Time Varying Distribution Analysis for Rainfall and Air Temperature Data in Jakarta on Future Climate Change
Abstrak: Indonesia rentan terhadap perubahan iklim (curah hujan dan suhu udara) yang dapat meningkatkan peluang bencana klimatis. Analisis risiko yang terorganisir merupakan rencana strategi untuk meminimalisir dampak yang terjadi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengestimasi parameter time varying distribution untuk distribusi normal, Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), dan lognormal menggunakan algoritma fminsearch dan MLE pada data curah hujan dan suhu udara di Jakarta, serta memvisualisasikan dan menganalisis time varying distribution terbaik. Metode Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) digunakan untuk estimasi parameter distribusi stasioner. Algoritma fminsearch digunakan untuk estimasi parameter distribusi stasioner dan tak-stasioner. Nilai selisih tertinggi dari hasil parameter distribusi stasioner dari kedua metode adalah 5.3768 mm untuk data curah hujan dan 0.2670, Indonesia is vulnerable to climate changes (in term of rainfall and air temperature) which can increase the chances of climactic disasters. An organized risk analysis is a strategic plan to minimize the impact of the climate changes. The purpose of this study is to estimate the time varying distribution parameters for normal, Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), and lognormal distributions using fminsearch and MLE algorithms on rainfall and air temperature data in Jakarta, as well as to visualize and analyze the best time varying distribution. The Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method is used to estimate stationary distribution parameters. The fminsearch algorithm is used to estimate stationary and non-stationary distribution parameters. The highest difference value of the stationary distribution parameter results of the two methods was 5.3768 mm for rainfall data and 0.2670
Keyword: Air Temperature, rainfall, Fminsearh Algorithm, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Parameter Estimation

Judul: Analysis of 144 Years of Rainfall and Air Temperature Conditions and their Association with Climate Variability in Central Jakarta
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi perubahan tren suhu udara dan pola curah hujan, serta mengkaji pengaruh variabilitas iklim terhadap fluktuasi curah hujan dan suhu udara di wilayah Jakarta Pusat selama 144 tahun (1876-2019). Data ini dianalisis menggunakan metode analisis tren, analisis distribusi probabilitas, analisis spektral, dan korelasi curah hujan dan suhu udara dengan indeks El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), dan Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Curah hujan, suhu minimum, suhu rata-rata, dan suhu maksimum mengalami kenaikan dengan laju kenaikan masing-masing sebesar 1,7747 mm/tahun, 0,0161oC/tahun atau 2,4oC, 0,0179oC/tahun atau 2,6oC, dan 0,0208oC/tahun atau 3,0oC selama 144 tahun. Analisis spektral menunjukkan bahwa variabilitas tertinggi curah hujan musim panas berada pada periode 17 bulan, sedangkan musim dingin berada pada periode 22 bulan. Suhu rata-rata dan suhu maksimum musim panas variabilitas tertinggi berada pada periode 83 bulan, sedangkan musim dingin, pada periode 31 bulan dan 83 bulan. ENSO dan curah hujan berkorelasi positif, sedangkan ENSO dan suhu udara berkorelasi negatif. IOD dan curah hujan berkorelasi positif hanya pada musim dingin, sedangkan IOD dengan suhu udara berkorelasi positif pada setiap musim. PDO tidak memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan curah hujan dan suhu udara hampir pada setiap musimnya. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan tren curah hujan dan suhu udara selama 144 tahun (1876-2019)., This study aims to identify changes in air temperature trends and rainfall patterns, and to examine the influence of climate variability on fluctuations in rainfall and air temperature in the Central Jakarta area for 144 years (1876-2019). This data was analyzed using the methods of trend analysis, probability distribution analysis, spectral analysis, and correlation in rainfall and air temperature with the El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) indices. Rainfall, minimum temperature, average temperature, and maximum temperature increased with an increased rate of 1,7747 mm/year, 0,0161oC/year or 2,4oC, 0,0179oC/year or 2,6oC, and 0,0208oC/year or 3,0oC over 144 years, respectively. Spectral analysis shows that the highest variability of summer rainfall is in the 17 months period, while winter is in the 22 months period. The highest variability of summer mean and maximum temperatures are in the 83 months, while the winter is in the 31-month and 83-month periods. ENSO and rainfall are positively correlated, while ENSO and air temperature are negatively correlated. IOD and rainfall are positively correlated only in winter, while IOD and air temperature are positively correlated every season. PDO has no significant relationship with rainfall and air temperature almost every season. This study shows an increasing precipitation and air temperature trend over 144 years (1876-2019).
Keyword: Air Temperature, ENSO, IOD, PDO, Rainfall

Judul: Case Study of Gallbladder Mucocele and Treatment Used In Small Animals
Abstrak: Gallbladder mucocele (GM) is defined as distention of the gallbladder caused by an inappropriate accumulation or deposition of high concentrations of bile. The purpose of this case study is to study GM conditions in small animals and to report the clinical sign and characteristics of GM through the sonogram interpretation and blood chemistry test evaluation, and studies related to the therapy given and other treatments recommended. A 14-year-old Toy Poodle dog has been diagnosed with severe GM and cholecystitis. No pain signs were shown during the physical examination as asymptomatic is a common characteristic in the early stage of biliary related diseases. In this study Abdominal ultrasonography interpretation and blood chemistry evaluation was conducted in 2021-2022 and analyzed as a secondary data source. Ultrasonography results showed presence of hyperechoic, immobile deposits in gallbladder accompanied by wall thickening and enlarged in size, followed by a significant increase in the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This study has summarized mainly the diagnosis and treatments of GM in small animals and suitable alternatives treatments were recommended to encounter the GM conditions in small animals. The effectiveness of combined therapy shows the positive impact on the patient, the condition of GM has been under control.
Keyword: ultrasound, gallbladder, biliary sludge, abdominal ultrasonography