Judul: Antibodi anti-idiotipe sebagai kandidat vaksin rabies, Anti-idiotype andibody as a rabies vaccine candidate
Abstrak: Anti rabies serum (ARS) called antibody 1 (Ab1) was used as the antigen to immunize laying chickens. Anti-Ab1 chicken immunoglobulins (IgY), the antiidiotype antibodies against rabies (Ab2) was isolated from chicken blood every week for ten weeks. The highest titer of Ab2 was found at the third week after the last immunization. Immunoglobulin Y was separated by means of ammonium sulfate precipitation, then dialyzed using PBS pH 8.0 for 24 hours at 2 – 8 oC and purified using affinity chromatography column for IgY lead the proteins molecules with 185,000; 95,000 and 49,000 dalton in weigth. Purified IgY was used to immunize New Zealand White rabbit and the antibody response (Ab3) was detected using Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT). The Ab3 showed specific reaction with Ab2 as well as rabies virus. Interestingly, Ab2 and rabies virus express partial identity reaction. This lead the insight, that not all parts of Ab2 are internal image of rabies virus. The efficacy of Ab3 was detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indicated that the level of Ab3 titer is protective according to WHO standard (more than 0.5 IU/ml). The conclusion of this study is the anti-idiotype antibody can induce protective immune response against rabies virus and can be used as an alternative for rabies anti-idiotype vaccine. Key words : anti-idiotype vaccine, antibody, rabies
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Judul: The Characteristic of Antitetanus Immunoglobulin Y Isolated from Eggs to substitute Horse Antitetanus Serum
Abstrak: Laying hens are highly profitable producers of polyclonal antibodies in comparison with mammals as antibodies can be purified from egg yolks. The cost for producing IgY is lower than for mammalian antibodies since chicken housing is cheap and isolation process is economical, high yielding, uncomplicated and fast. The purpose of the study was to explore the opportunity of using antitetanus IgY from egg yolks to substitute the production of antitetanus serum from horses. The eggs were collected from adult Isa brown hens which have been immunized by tetanus toxoid. The immunization was applied intra venously with an initial dose of 15 Lf. The immunization was repeated three times with gradual dose of 100, 200, and 300 Lf with an interval of one week intra muscularly. The first immunization was tetanus toxoid mixed with Freund adjuvant complete and subsequently mixed with Freund adjuvant incomplete. Antitetanus IgY was extracted from egg yolks by means of PEG–Chloroform and purified using fast protein liquid chromatography. The purity of antitetanus IgY was determined by Bradford method (l = 595 nm) and Agar Gel Precipitation test. The molecular weight of purified antitetanus IgY was determined with Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. The antitetanus IgY were treated by pH, heat, and enzyme. The biological activities of treated antitetanus IgY was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Neutralization potency test of antitetanus IgY was determined by Spearman-Karber method. The antitetanus IgY highest titer of egg yolks was 80.16 ± 33.55 IU/ml reached at seven weeks after starting immunization schedule and the lowest was 1.69 ± 0.63 IU/ml. Protein concentration (IgY) after extraction and purification were 0.652 ± 0.041 mg/ml and 1.644 ± 0.424 mg/ml respectively . Biological activity of antitetanus IgY decreased significantly (p<0.01) at of pH 2, pH 3, and at 72.5 oC, and lost its activity at 90 oC after 20 minutes. Addition of 25% sucrose solution was able to maintain antitetanus IgY activity until 50 % at 75 oC for 5 minutes, while addition of 50% glucose solution increase antitetanus IgY activity at 75 oC and 80 oC for 5 minutes. The effect of pepsin, trypsin, and protease enzyme s decreased the activities of antitetanus IgY. Spearman-Karber value of potency of antitetanus IgY was 35 IU/ml. The injection of 0.2 and 0.4 IU antitetanus IgY per mice respectively, protect all mice from the letal dose tetanus toxin. The doses of 0.8 IU and 1 IU anti tetanus IgY per mice protected twice dose of letal tetanus toxin. Antitetanus IgY given orally on adult animal was ineffective as passive immunotherapy. This research concluded that the hens were capable of produc ing antitetanus in egg yolks and can be used as a resource of antitetanus serum to substitute horse antitetanus serum.
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Judul: Hydraulic Conductivity Dynamics and Its Impacts on Hydrological Function and CO2 Flux in Tropical Peat
Abstrak: Fungsi gambut tropis sebagai penyimpan karbon berkaitan erat dengan fungsinya secara hidrologis. Saat terjadi perubahan kondisi seperti penurunan muka air tanah, secara langsung akan berdampak pada dekomposisi bahan gambut yang melepaskan sejumlah gas karbon. Sebaliknya, dengan mengatur muka air tanah pada kondisi tertentu terbukti dapat meningkatkan sekuestrasi karbon. Pengetahuan tentang interaksi ini masih belum dipahami, terutama tentang keterkaitan aliran air dan pelepasan karbon dari dalam deposit gambut. Dilakukan studi dalam mempelajari fenomena ini pada empat lokasi, yaitu hortikultura (HO), karet (RB), kelapa sawit (OP) dan hutan sekunder (SF). Studi ini menganalisis keterkaitan antara konduktivitas hidrolik (Ks) dengan fluks CO2 dan kaitannya dengan sejumlah karakteristik fisika tanah gambut. Selain itu dilakukan pula klasifikasi sederhana dengan kombinasi sejumlah karakteristik gambut untuk mengetahui kelas degradasi hidrologis gambut. Beberapa karakteristik gambut yang diukur adalah bulk density, pori total, kadar air tersedia, tingkat dekomposisi dan ketebalan gambut. Pengukuran Ks menggunakan metode lubang auger. Fluks CO2 diukur dengan EGM-5 sensor IRGA pada plot yang memisahkan antara fluks CO2 dari respirasi total, respirasi heterotrof dan respirasi autotrof. Hasil pengamatan stratigrafi gambut menunjukkan bahwa lapisan gambut 0-50cm pada HO, RB dan SF didominasi oleh gambut saprik, dan fibrik di OP. Nilai Ks berkisar antara 15,1-105,8 cm jam-1, dinamika dan variabilitas nilai ini berkaitan dengan karakteristik gambut, terutama tingkat dekomposisi. Fluks CO2 terbesar diperoleh pada OP dan terkecil pada SF. Respirasi heterotrof dominan terjadi pada HO dan RB sementara pada OP didominasi oleh respirasi autotrof. Hasil uji regresi antara muka air tanah (GWT) dan Ks menghasilkan nilai koefisien determinasi yang lemah (R2=0,23 n=90). Berdasarkan hasil ini terdapat kecenderungan bahwa pengaruh tingkat dekomposisi gambut sangat penting dalam proses aliran air. Lokasi dengan dominan gambut fibrik memiliki kecenderungan bahwa semakin dangkal GWT maka nilai Ks semakin tinggi. Sementara itu, pada lokasi yang sama Ks yang tinggi akan meningkatkan fluks CO2 dengan nilai R2=0,46 n=30. Meskipun demikian kecenderungan ini tidak terjadi pada gambut-gambut saprik. Hasil ini sangat berkaitan dengan tingkat dekomposisi gambut, yang memerankan fungsi sebagai medium berpori dalam aliran air dan sumber pelepasan karbon. Sebagai pemahaman bersama bahwa temuan ini tidak mengindikasikan bahwa muka air tanah yang dalam akan menghasilkan fluks CO2 yang lebih rendah atau sebaliknya. Hal ini justru menggambarkan adanya keterkaitan antara permeabilitas tanah dengan fluks CO2. Selanjutnya hasil klasifikasi hidrologis menunjukkan bahwa semua lokasi memiliki fungsi hidrologis yang tinggi dan tingkat degradasi yang hampir mirip. Namun hasil ini perlu penafsiran dan penyesuaian yang mendasar, akibat keterbatasan akurasi dan kompleksitas ekosistem gambut tropis., The function of tropical peatlands as carbon sink is closely related to their hydrological function. Changes such as groundwater table decline directly impact peat decomposition, releasing carbon gases. Conversely, regulating groundwater table under specific conditions has been shown to enhance carbon sequestration. Understanding this interaction remains incomplete, particularly regarding the relationship between water flow and carbon release from peat deposits. A study was conducted at four locations—horticulture (HO), rubber (RB), oil palm (OP), and secondary forest (SF)—to investigate this phenomenon. The study analyzes the correlation between saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) and CO2 flux, along with their relation to various physical properties of peat soil. Additionally, simple modeling was
Keyword: peat decomposition, saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks, CO2 flux, hydrological degradation