Judul: Karakteristik Kimia dan Mikrobiologi Yoghurt Probiotik Susu Kambing dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Bunga Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L)
Abstrak: Susu kambing mengandung nutrisi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan susu sapi, akan tetapi memiliki bau prengus sehingga kurang diminati oleh masyarakat. Pengolahan susu kambing menjadi yoghurt dapat menghilangkan bau prengus dan dapat meningkatkan kandungan nutrisi susu. Bunga rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) kaya antioksidan. Penambahan ekstrak bunga rosella pada yoghurt akan memberikan rasa asam yang menyegarkan, aroma yang wangi serta dapat meningkatkan kesehatan manusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari karakteristik kimia dan mikrobiologi yoghurt probiotik berbahan dasar susu kambing segar dengan penambahan ekstrak bunga rosella. Yoghurt probiotik dengan penambahan ekstrak bunga rosella sebesar 0.5% dan 1% masing-masing diamati karakteristik kimia dan mikrobiologi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak bunga rosella tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap karakteristik kimia yoghurt dilihat dari nilai pH, TAT, kadar air, kadar protein, kadar abu, dan kadar lemak, akan tetapi berbeda sangat nyata pada jumlah bakteri asam laktat pada produk (P<0.01).
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Judul: Karakteristik Yoghurt Probiotik Dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Bunga Rosella (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L) Selama Penyimpanan Suhu Dingin.
Abstrak: Yoghurt umumnya dibuat dengan menggunakan dua jenis bakteri asam laktat (BAL) yaitu Lactobacillus bulgaricus dan Streptococcus thermophilus sebagai starter. Namun, kedua bakteri asam laktat (BAL) yang digunakan dalam pembuatan yoghurt ini tidak bisa hidup dalam lingkungan yang keasamannya sangat tinggi. Yoghurt probiotik perlu dikembangkan, dengan menambahkan bakteri asam laktat (BAL) yang bersifat probiotik, misalnya Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, dan Bifidobacterium. Bunga rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) kaya antioksidan. Penambahan ekstrak bunga rosella pada yoghurt dapat meningkatkan kesehatan manusia. Ekstrak bunga rosella memiliki pH sebesar 2.238. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh penyimpanan suhu dingin (2-4°C) terhadap karakteristik fisik, kimia, mikrobiologi dan organoleptik yoghurt probiotik dengan penambahan ekstrak bunga rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) sebanyak 1%. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) Faktorial, kemudian dilakukan uji Tukey dan data non parametrik menggunakan uji Kruskal Wallis. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa terjadi interkasi (P<0.05) antara jenis yoghurt dan lama waktu penyimpanan terhadap nilai pH. Nilai pH terendah dihasilkan dari yoghurt probiotik dengan penambahan ekstrak bunga rosella. Jenis yoghurt dan lama penyimpanan yang berbeda berpengaruh nyata (P<0.05) terhadap viskositas, total bakteri asam laktat (BAL), total asam tertitrasi (TAT), warna dan rasa.
Keyword: bunga rosella, penyimpanan suhu dingin, probiotik, yoghurt

Judul: Exchange Market Pressure and Central Bank Intervention for Three ASEAN Countries
Abstrak: Two of the exchange rate systems which are adopted by many countries are the floating and the fixed exchange rate system. Both the exchange rate systems have different characteristics. Countries that implement fixed exchange rates system tend to set their domestic currency exchange rate at a certain point. On the contrary, countries which implement floating exchange rate system tend to let their domestic currency exchange rate to move flexibly and thus their value will always change according to the demand and supply of the currency in the foreign exchange market. Countries which implement floating exchange rate system are facing the risk of fluctuation in the exchange rate of their domestic currency against foreign currencies. The currency exchange rate fluctuation may be caused by economic problems such as a financial crisis. A country can also be potentially affected by other countries’ earlier financial crisis. This effect could potentially happen if these countries are in the same region, such as ASEAN. The 1997 ASEAN economic crisis was an example of a country’s financial crisis could affect other countries. At that time, some countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand had to change their currency exchange rate system from the fixed exchange rate system to the floating exchange rate system due to the high costs which has to be incurred if they were to enforce the fixed exchange rate system. During 2002 until 2012, the domestic exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand against the U.S. dollar had tended to fluctuate. If the domestic currency exchange rate fluctuated excessively then the central bank would intervene to stabilize the exchange rate in the foreign exchange market. The pressure on domestic currency exchange rate pressures has forced the central bank to intervene. The amount of those pressures can be analyzed by calculating the Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) index. Apart from that, the time when interventions are done by the central bank can be known based on EMP by calculating the Exchange Market Intervention (EMI) index. The purposes of this study were to determine the level of international pressure on the currency exchange market and monetary authorities intervene in three ASEAN countries, as well as to determine the effect of the monetary authorities intervene on the exchange rate of the domestic currency against the U.S. dollar in those three ASEAN countries. Based on the EMP index calculation results which are obtained during 2002 to 2012 period, the exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand’s domestic currency had always fluctuated and the results of the EMP index indicated that each country were under diverse level of currency exchange rate appreciation and depreciation pressures. Thailand was the country with the highest currency exchange rate pressure compared to Indonesia and Malaysia. The results on the intervention index calculation showed that Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand have intervention index between zero and one and more than one. We can also see from the intervention index that Indonesia and Thailand implement the controlled floating currency exchange rate instead of the freely floating one. Based on the calculation of the currency exchange rate by comparing
Keyword: exchange rate, exchange market pressure, intervention