Judul: Literature Study of Carbohydrase and Phytase Enzymes as Antibiotic Growth Promoter Substitutions in Broiler Chickens
Abstrak: Penggunaan Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) pada pakan cenderung memberikan dampak negatif bagi kesehatan masyarakat. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, beberapa enzim sudah diteliti sebagai pengganti AGP untuk memberikan efek yang sama tanpa memberikan efek negatif. Studi ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas enzim karbohidrase dan fitase yang dapat dijadikan substitusi AGP pada ayam broiler. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian menggunakan situs pencarian karya ilmiah seperti “Google Scholar” dan “ScienceDirect”. Data yang diperoleh dari metode penelusuran tersebut, masing-masing sebanyak tujuh enzim karbohidrase dan fitase. Berdasarkan studi pustaka yang dilakukan, efek yang diberikan enzim karbohidrase diantaranya meningkatkan performa dan menurunkan viskositas pencernaan serta memperbaiki penampilan ayam broiler berumur muda. Selain itu, enzim fitase menimbulkan adanya peningkatan performa dengan pemanfaatan fosfor yang baik pada ayam broiler., The use of Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) in feed tends to have a negative impact on public health. Based on this, several enzymes have been studied as substitutes for AGP to give the same effect without having negative effects. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of carbohydrase and phytase enzymes which can be used as AGP substitution in broiler chickens. The method used in this research is using scientific paper search sites such as "Google Scholar" and "ScienceDirect". The data obtained from the tracing method consisted of seven carbohydrase and phytase enzymes respectively. Based on the literature study conducted, the effects of carbohydrase enzymes include increasing performance and reducing digestive viscosity as well as improving the appearance of young broilers. In addition, phytase enzymes lead to an increase in performance with good phosphorus utilization in broiler chickens.
Keyword: AGP, ayam broiler, fitase, karbohidrase, performa, AGP, broiler chickens, carbohydrase, performance, phytase

Judul: Literature Study of Adding Alternative of Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Broiler Chicken Productivity
Abstrak: Ayam broiler merupakan salah satu produk pangan yang umum dikonsumsi masyarakat Indonesia. Salah satu hal yang dilakukan untuk menjaga tingginya produktivitas ayam broiler adalah dengan menggunakan bahan imbuhan pakan Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP), namun penggunaannya telah dilarang oleh pemerintah Indonesia karena dapat menyebabkan penyebaran bakteri patogen yang kebal obat dari ternak ke manusia. Banyak Kajian telah dilakukan untuk mencari alternatif AGP, dalam studi ini yang akan dikaji adalah sinbiotik, kunyit, temu ireng, jahe merah, Chitosan oligosaccharide dan L-Arginine. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah literature review, dengan tujuan menyampaikan hasil bahan-bahan pengganti AGP tersebut terhadap pertambahan bobot badan dan rasio konversi ransum ayam broiler dengan menyampaikan kembali serta menginterpretasikan hasil kajian-kajian terkait. Bahan-bahan yang telah dikaji menunjukkan bahwa beberapa bahan pengganti AGP yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol, bahkan perlakuan kontrol positif-nya.
Keyword: Antibiotic growth promotor, ayam broiler, rasio konversi ransum, pertambahan bobot badan, Antibiotic growth promotor, body weight gain, broiler chicken, feed conversion ratio

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite