Judul: Maitake Mycelium (Grifola frondosa) Production and Its Effects on Mus musculus Learning-Memory and Anxiety Behaviors
Abstrak: Grifola frondosa berpotensi besar sebagai kandidat kesehatan saraf. Kesehatan saraf dapat memengaruhi memori dan perilaku. Kondisi kultivasi dapat memengaruhi pertumbuhan miselium. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pertumbuhan miselium G. frondosa pada berbagai kondisi kultivasi dan pengaruh pemberian ekstraknya terhadap kinerja memori-belajar dan tingkat kecemasan mencit. Miselium ditumbuhkan pada Potato Sucrose Broth (PSB) dan Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) selama 14 hari dengan kondisi terang, gelap, digoyang, dan statis. Miselium diekstrak dengan pelarut campuran etil asetat, metanol, dan akuades. Sebanyak 18 mencit jantan dibagi dalam kelompok kontrol, perlakuan ekstrak dosis 100 mg/kg BB (GF100), dan 200 mg/kg BB (GF200). Mencit diberi ekstrak selama 14 hari secara oral kemudian diuji kinerja memori spasialnya melalui Y-Maze Alternation (Y-maze) test dan Morris Water Maze (MWM), memori rekognisi melalui Novel Object Recognition test, serta tingkat kecemasan melalui Light and Dark Transition test. Biomassa miselium paling tinggi pada PSB dengan kondisi terang dan penggoyangan (0.502 g), sedangkan paling rendah pada SDB dengan kondisi gelap tanpa penggoyangan (0.124 g). Penggoyangan berpengaruh signifikan, sebaliknya cahaya tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan miselium. Ekstrak G. frondosa berpengaruh positif terhadap memori spasial melalui Y-maze dan memori rekognisi, namun tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap memori spasial melalui MWM dan penurunan tingkat kecemasan mencit., Grifola frondosa is a potential candidate for neurological health, which affects memory and behavior. Cultivation conditions can influence mycelium growth. This study aims to determine the mycelium growth of G. frondosa under various cultivation conditions and its effects on learning-memory performance and anxiety levels in mice. Mycelium was cultured in Potato Sucrose Broth (PSB) and Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) for 14 days at room temperature under light, dark, agitation, or static conditions and was extracted using a solvent mixture (ethyl acetate, methanol, distilled water). A total of 18 male mice in three groups were given treatment orally for 14 days: control (distilled water), GF100 (100 mg/kg BW extract), and GF200 (200 mg/kg BW extract). The spatial memory performance was tested using the Y-maze and Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, while recognition memory was assessed using the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test, and anxiety levels were evaluated using Light/Dark Transition test. The mycelium biomass was highest and lowest in PSB under agitation in the light (0.502 g) and SDB under static in dark conditions (0.124 g), respectively. G. frondosa extract positively affected spatial and recognition memory through the Y-maze and NOR test but was insignificant in mice's MWM or anxiety levels.
Keyword: anxiety, neurological health, recognition, spatial, Y-maze

Judul: The Effect of Clove Leaves Extract (Syzygium aromaticum L.) on Digestive Bacteria and Neurogenesis in Hippocampus on Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Neurogenesis adalah proses lahirnya neuron baru pada dentate gyrus di hipokampus. Mikrobiota saluran pencernaan dapat mempengaruhi neurogenesis melalui sistem komunikasi dua arah, yang terjadi antara otak dan saluran pencernaan (gut-brain axis). Cengkeh yang kaya akan polifenol dapat mempengaruhi neurogenesis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun cengkeh yang memiliki kandungan senyawa polifenol terhadap neurogenesis yang mempengaruhi kinerja memori dan tingkat kecemasan pada mencit dan bagaimana hubungannya dengan komposisi bakteri pada saluran pencernaan. Dalam penelitian ini, metode light-dark transition test dan y-maze alteration test digunakan untuk analisis perilaku. Mikrobiota feses mencit diisolasi dengan metode media selektif. Perbandingan jumlah koloni mikrobiota dihitung melalui metode total plate count. Dosis tinggi P400 memiliki kinerja memori spasial paling rendah setelah 4 minggu pemberian perlakuan (M4). Dosis tinggi P400 pada M4 juga menunjukkan tingkat kecemasan paling tinggi yang dialami oleh mencit. Sebaliknya pada kelompok perlakuan P100 dan P200 mencit menunjukkan tingkat kecemasan yang lebih rendah pada M4. Hasil analisis menunjukkan semakin rendah dosis yang diberikan tingkat neurogenesisnya juga semakin baik (NPC terbanyak P100). Kuantifikasi mikrobiota P400 meningkatkan konsentrasi bakteri Escherichia coli namun, menurunkan konsentrasi BAL. Hasil uji perilaku memperlihatkan tingkat dosis yang diberikan berkaitan dengan lama waktu pemberian perlakuan., Neurogenesis is the process of producing new neurons at the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. The digestive tract microbiota can influence neurogenesis through the two-way communication system between the brain and the digestive tract (gut-brain axis). Cloves are rich in polyphenols that can affect neurogenesis. This study aims to determine the effect of giving clove leaf extract which contains polyphenol compounds on neurogenesis which affects memory performance and anxiety levels in mice and how it relates to the composition of bacteria in the digestive tract. Behavioral analysis was carried out using light-dark transition test and y-maze alternation test. The isolation of the fecal microbiota a was done using selective media method. The number of microbiota colonies was calculated using the total plate count method. The high dose of P400 has the lowest spatial memory performance following four weeks of treatment (M4). The high dose of P400 on M4 also showed the highest level of anxiety experienced by the mice. Whereas, in the treatment group P100 and P200 mice showed the lowest anxiety level at M4. Our data indicate that the lower of the dose given, the better of neurogenesis rate level (most NPC was P100). P400 treatment increased the concentration of Escherichia coli bacteria yet decreased the concentration of BAL. Behavioral test results shows that the dose level given is related to length of giving treatment time.
Keyword: kecemasan, neural progenitor cell, memori spasial, polifenol

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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