Judul: Identifikasi Gangguan dan Kerusakan Flora dan Fauna di Kawasan Wisata Gunung Bromo Taman Nasional Gunung Bromo Jawa Timur
Abstrak: Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) is a conservation area which has tourism object potential. One of tourism object that owned by area TNBTS and has the unique natural phenomenon is Gunung Bromo, which is encircled by sand sea, found on Tengger Laut Pasir Resort. The visitors in Bromo Mountain Tourism Area consist of various age level, most visitors don't know clearly th efunction of national park, so that seldom their activity generate damage at environment, especially flora and fauna. This research's purpose is for identifiying and evaluating the influence of tourism activity to flora and fauna in Bromo Mountain Tourism Area. Perception result in every tourism trail shown that there're happened some damages to some species of flora and some dirturbances of fauna. These disturbance and damage weren't only because of visitor but also by the society. The result of disturbance and damage identification to flora and fauna that caused by tourism activity are fracturing of branch, combustion, tannery, vandalism, throwing, garbage and hunt. Tourism activities that causing the disturbance and damage of flora and fauan are tracking, camping, hiking, cultural tourism, sunrise seeing, picnic, agrotourism and sight seeing. The result of disturbance and damage identification to flora and fauna that caused by society actibity are wood cutting, combusting and hunt. Society activities that causing the disturbance and damage of flora and fauna are seeking of firewood, seeking of cattle's food and accomplishment of food requirement
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Judul: Hubungan Antara Hambatan Partisipasi Masyarakat Dengan Efektivitas Pengelolaan Kawasan Wisata Gunung Bromo, Jawa Timur
Abstrak: Pemerintah Indonesia terus menggencarkan pengembangan kawasan wisata di berbagai daerah sebagai salah satu sektor yang dapat mendatangkan devisa bagi negara. Peran (partisipasi) yang diberikan oleh berbagai pihak menjadi hal yang penting terutama bagi masyarakat sekitar kawasan wisata. Berbagai macam bentuk partisipasi tidak terlepas dari beberapa keterbatasan meliputi hambatan operasional, struktural, dan kultural. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk partisipasi masyarakat dan hambatan partisipasi yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat dalam pengelolaan wisata, serta menganalisis hubungan antara hambatan partisipasi dengan efektivitas pengelolaan kawasan wisata. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dengan kuisioner sebagai alat pengumpul data dan didukung dengan data hasil wawancara mendalam. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 50 rumah tangga dipilih secara sengaja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya keragaman dalam bentuk partisipasi masyarakat dan hambatan partisipasi yang dirasakan oleh masyarakat sekitar kawasan wisata, serta menunjukkan adanya hubungan nyata yang kuat antara hambatan kultural dengan efektivitas pengelolaan wisata di Kawasan Wisata Gunung Bromo.
Keyword: Bentuk partisipasi, hambatan partisipasi, partisipasi masyarakat, efektivitas, pengelolaan wisata

Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm