Judul: Characterization of Candidate Genes for Meat Quality of Indonesian Sheep using RNA Sequencing
Abstrak: Lamb tenderness is a very important characteristic in determining the quality and level of public acceptance in consuming meat. Genetic improvement of the tenderness of the meat needs to be done in an effort to produce lamb with a high level of tenderness. Genetic improvement through the RNA sequencing technology can be used to understand the mechanism of the relationship between tenderness traits and its relation to good quality lamb meat. This study aims to identify the candidate genes for meat quality including tenderness of lamb meat, study polymorphism of candidate genes, association and expression of candidate genes related to meat quality. Analysis of RNA sequencing profiling of 5 samples with high tenderness and 5 samples with low tenderness from 140 sheep that have value of tenderness were analyzed using the Illumina Hiseq 2500. The analysis was continued with gene grouping based was carried out using the Illumina Hiseq 2500. The analysis was continued with gene grouping based on function and pathway related to meat tenderness using DAVID software. Quantitative Real Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to validate differences in gene expression with RNA sequencing. Further validation using PCR-RFLP and mRNA expression to confirm the effect of the genetic markers that have been obtained. A total of 328 genes could be detected differences in gene expression (DEG), namely 110 genes with high expression and 218 genes with low expression. Gene grouping based on gene ontology obtained cellular and molecularly resulted in the dominant gene clusters, each of which was extracellular exosome and calcium banding. Pathway analysis showed steroid hormone biosynthesis as the dominant pathway for differences in the tenderness level of lamb meat. Gene expression analysis identified candidate genes TP53INP1, CYP2E1, HSD17B13, ADH1C, and LPIN1 showed high expression in influencing meat quality, while the top genes that showed low expression included ANGPTL2, IGFBP7, FABP5, OLFML3, and THOC5. In the liver sample, 334 SNPs from 328 DEG were found. Multiple SNPs (more than one SNP) were found in the OLFML3, THOC5, and ANGPTL2 genes. Several candidate genes that were selected for further validation are OLFML3, THOC5, and ANGPTL2 genes. The results of PCR-RFLP analysis showed that the OLFML3, THOC5, and ANGPTL2 genes were polymorphic. The OLFML3, THOC5, and ANGPTL2 genes were found to have three genotypes, CC, CT, and TT; CC, CT, and TT; GG, GA, and AA. The association results showed that the OLFML3 gene (g.90317673 C>T) (P<0.05) was significantly associated with meat quality traits including tenderness and cooking loss; fatty acid composition such as tridecanoic acid (C13:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), ginkgolic acid (C17:1), linolenic acid (C18:3n3), arachidic acid (C20:0), eicosenoic acid (C20:1), arachidonic acid (C20:4n6), heneicosylic acid (C21:0), and nervonic acid (C24:1); carcass characteristics including carcass length; and the retail meat cut including intermuscular fat on the loin, muscle on the flank and shank. The TT genotype showed a higher level of meat quality, carcass characteristics, retail meatcut, and some fatty acid composition. The association results showed that the THOC5 gene (g.68234589 C>T) was significantly (P<0.05) associated with meat quality traits including tenderness; fatty acid composition such as
Keyword: gene, meat quality, RNA sequencing, sheep, tenderness

Judul: Characterization of DGAT1 Gene as Candidate Marker for Quality and Nutrition of Indonesian Sheep
Abstrak: Kualitas daging domba premium melalui peningkatan nilai gizi yang terkandung dalam daging melalui potensi gen diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi keragaman gen DGAT1 pada SNP g.8539 C>T serta kaitannya dengan perbaikan kualitas dan gizi (flavour dan odour, asam lemak, kolesterol, mineral, dan karakteristik karkas) daging domba Indonesia. Total sampel domba yang digunakan keragaman gen DGAT1 254 sampel berumur 10–12 bulan dengan jenis kelamin jantan yang terdiri dari domba ekor gemuk (DEG) (n=20), domba ekor tipis (DET) (n=107), domba komposit garut (DKG) (n=10), domba compass agrinak (DCA) (n=10), domba barbados cross (DBC) (n=10), domba garut (DG) (n=20), domba jonggol (DJ) (n=27) dan domba lokal jambi (DLJ) (n=50). 100 sampel digunakan untuk asosiasi gen DGAT1 terhadap flavour dan odour, asam lemak, kolesterol, mineral, dan karakteristik karkas. Identifikasi keragaman DGAT1|ALuI dianalisis dengan metode PCR-RFLP. Hasil keragaman gen DGAT1 bersifat polimorfik dalam DET, DG, dan DEG, sedangkan DCA, DBC, DLJ, dan DKG bersifat monomorfik. Dua genotipe CC, dan CT ditemukan dalam DET, DG, dan DEG. Titik mutasi gen DGAT1 berasosiasi (P<0.05) pada flavour dan odour, asam lemak sedangkan titik mutasi gen DGAT1 tidak berasosiasi (P>0.05) pada kolesterol, mineral, dan karakteristik karkas. Gen DGAT1 memiliki kontribusi dalam flavour dan odour yaitu pada senyawa 4-Ethyloctanoic acid (EOA) serta pada konten lemak, asam palmitoleat, dan asam heptadekanoat, The quality of premium sheep meat through improving the nutritional value contained in the meat through the potential gene diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1). This study aims to identify the diversity of the DGAT1 gene with SNP g.8539 C>T access number EU178818 and its relationship to the quality and nutritional value (mineral, cholesterol, flavour and odour, fatty acids, and carcass characteristics) of Indonesian sheep. A total of 254 samples and ages 10-12 months, consisted of javanese fat-tail sheep (JFTS) (n=20), javanese thin-tail sheep (JTTS) (n=107), garut composite sheep (GCS) (n=10), compass agrinak sheep (CAS) (n=10), barbados cross sheep (BCS) (n=10), garut sheep (GS) (n=20), jonggol sheep (JS) (n=27), and jambi local sheep (JLS) (n=50). 100 samples use association DGAT1 gene with mineral, cholesterol, flavour and odour, fatty acid, and characteristic carcass. The diversity of DGAT|AluI were analyzed with PCR-RFLP method. DGAT1 gene were polymorphic in JTTS, GS, and JFTS, and monomorphic in CAS, BCS, JLS, and GCS sheep population. Two type genotypes CC and CT were found in JTTS, GS, and JFTS. SNP g.8539 C>T in DGAT was associated to flavour and odour (P<0.05), and fatty acid, but it was not associated to cholesterol, mineral, and characteristic carcass. DGAT1 gene has contribution to level of flavour and odour through stimulate 4-Ethyloctanoic acid (EOA) molecules and fat content, palmitoleac acid, and heptadecanoat acid.
Keyword: sheep, DGAT1 gene, mineral, cholesterol, flavour and odour, fatty  acid, characteristic carcass, PCR-RFLP.

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf