Judul: Pembuatan Makanan Bayi Bentuk Kering dari Tepung Terigu, Sorgum dan Kedelai
Abstrak: Diteliti pengaruh formulasi, sorgum dan penyimpanan terhadap mutu tepung makanan bayi. Pembuatan makanan bayi dilakukan seperti pada pembuatan biskuit dengan penambahan "leavening agent" dan mentega putih. Biskuit digiling sehingga produk akhir berbentuk tepung. Sorgum dan kedelai dipilih sebagai sumber energi dan sumber protein karena dapat diproduksi secara lokal dan harganya relatif murah.
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Judul: Formulasi dan evaluasi mutu makanan anak balita dari bahan dasar tepung singkong dan pisang
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) membuat produk formula makanan anak balita berbentuk tepung dari bahan dasar tepung singkong dan pisang yang diberikan bahan suplemen sumber protein berupa tepung kedelai, tepung tempe kedelai, tepung ikan, atau tepung susu skim serta ditambahkan tepung gula pasir, minyak sawit, dan garam; (2) melakukan evaluasi mutu dan nilai gizi terhadap produk yang dihasilkan baik secara in vitro maupun in vivo. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental dengan percobaan laboratorium yang meliputi tiga tah ap yaitu percobaan pembuatan bahan dasar dan suplemen, formulasi dan pembuatan produk makanan anak balita, serta analisis parameter. Penataan percobaan dilakukan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan analisis data menggunakan Sidik Ragam (Analysis of Variance) dan pengujian nilai rataan menggunakan metode Duncan pada taraf nyata 5 persen. Produk makanan anak balita dibuat dengan cara mencampurkan bahan baku (bahan dasar, suplemen, dan bahan tambahan lainnya) masing-masing dalam perbandingan tertentu sesuai dengan formulasi yang dicobakan sampai terbentuk campuran homogen, kemudian dikeringkan dalam pengering kabinet pada suhu 8 0 ° selama 6 jam , dana khirnya digiling/diayak dalam ukuran 80 mesh. Pada penelitian ini formulasi dilakukan pada campuran bahan dasar tepung singkong dan tepung pisang masing masing sebanyak 25 sampai 60 persen, dengan suplementasi tepung kedelai, tepung tempe kedelai, tepung ikan tongkol, dan tepung susu skim masing-masing sebanyak 35, 30, 20, dan 40 persen dari total produk, serta penambahan bahan pelengkap lainnya seperti tepung gula pasir, minyak sawit, dan garam halus dalam jumlah tertentu (secukupnya). ...
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Judul: Identifikasi Molekuler Kompleks Spesies Himantura uarnak (Batoidea: Dasyatidae) di Indonesia.
Abstrak: Stingrays are one of the cartilaginous fish, apart of sharks and skates, and one of Indonesia's fishery resources. Almost of elasmobranch fishes are economically important fish. The refined products and live specimens of this fish are a lot of traded. Himantura uarnak, H. undulata and H. leoparda are stingray species in Himantura and Dasyatidae family, which are the most popular stingrays in Indonesia waters. The stingrays are major target species were used as a consumable product and trading products. Levels of species diversity of cartilaginous fish in Indonesia are very high, and also Indonesia is listed as one of the countries that use elasmobranch resources the highest in the world. Generally, this study aims to identify each species of H. uarnak species complex through molecular approaches. While specifically, this study aims to estimate the evolutionary process of species divergence and to determine the relationship between species. The methods were used in this study included field sampling, sample collection, and specimen identification, collection of genetic samples, analysis of genetic samples and data analysis . Size polymorphism nuclear DNA markers (intron EPIC) were used. Polymorphism alleles translated into genotypes and alleles frequency of five introns loci. The results of Bayesian analysis and Correspondence Analysis (CA) produced informative diagram of the population structure showed 4 different clusters. Cluster 1 and 4 were H. leoparda, Cluster 2 indicated as H. undulata and the Cluster 3 was H. uarnak. Cluster 1 was a variant of Cluster 4, in this time called as H. leoparda var.1. Separation of four clusters according to nuclear DNA need to be proved by mitochondria DNA maker by cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (cyt b). Molecular approaches were using mitochondrial DNA gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b produced 4 main groups (Group I, II, III and IV). Both of these molecular approaches showed each individual of groups were in consistent clade and the main group. Hence the H. uarnak species complex in Indonesian waters were divided into 4 main groups, and each was a particular species. The Group I and IV were the two group species that have been released as H. leoparda and Group I was H. leoparda var. 1 identified as cryptic species. Group II was one individual who grouped as H. undulata. Group III was one of other group that identified as H. uarnak and in accordance with the morphological characteristic through spotting pettern. Morphological approach to identified the stingrays of Himantura uarnak species complex clearly less accurate than the molecular approaches. Morphological approach should not be used to identify a species complex in stingrays without helped by other approaches.
Keyword: Himantura uarnak species complex, intron EPIC, cyt b, COI, spotting pattern