Judul: Virulence factors and Antibiotic Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteria from Dairy Cattle Farms in Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi
Abstrak: Keberadaan gen faktor virulensi dan resistansi antibiotik K. pneumoniae dari peternakan sapi perah belum banyak dilaporkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor virulensi dan resistansi antibiotik Klebsiella pneumoniae dari isolat Peternakan Sapi Perah di Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia menggunakan Polymerase Chain Reaction. Sebanyak 12 dari 32 isolat lapangan dikonfirmasi sebagai bakteri K. pneumoniae. Gen faktor virulensi K. pneumoniae: mrkD terdeteksi pada seluruh isolat (100%), entB dan wabG ditemukan pada seluruh sampel sumber air, tangan pemerah, dan swab ambing (100%) kecuali sampel dari air bilas ambing yang masing-masing mengkode gen faktor virulensi 60% dan 80%. Profil resistansi pada sampel sumber air: sefotaksim (100%), seftazidim, ampisilin, siprofloksasin, dan amoksisilin (50%). Hasil profil resistansi air bilasan ambing: amoksisilin, sefotaksim, ampisilin (100%), gentamisin, seftazidim (60%) siprofloksasin (40%) dan tetrasiklin (20%). Hasil profil resistansi swab tangan pemerah: amoksisilin, sefotaksim, ampisilin dan gentamisin (100%). Hasil profil resistansi swab ambing: ampisilin, amoksisilin (100%), sefotaksim (75%), seftazidim (50%), gentamisin dan siprofloksasin (25%). Deteksi gen resistansi pada sampel air mengkodekan gen blaTEM (100%), air bilasan ambing mengkodekan blaTEM (80%), blaSHV (20%), blaCTX-M (20%) dan swab ambing mengkodekan keberadaan gen blaTEM (40%). Semua sampel negatif terhadap gen tet(A), aac(3)-IV, qnrA, magA dan rmpA. Gen faktor virulensi yang ditemukan di peternakan sapi perah Kabupaten Enrekang Sulawesi Selatan mengindikasikan adanya kemampuan untuk beradaptasi di lingkungan dan didukung keberadaan gen pengkode ESBL pada beberapa isolat yang berpotensi disebarkan dalam satu lingkup peternakan., The presence of gene of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance for K. pneumoniae from dairy cattle has not been widely studied. The purpose of this study was to determine virulence factors and antibiotic resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae from dairy cattle isolates in South Sulawesi, Indonesia using the Polymerase Chain Reaction. 12 out of 32 isolates were confirmed as K. pneumoniae bacteria. K. pneumoniae virulence factor genes: mrkD was detected in all isolates (100%), entB and wabG were found in all samples of water source, milker hand swab, and udder swabs (100%) except for samples from udder rinse water which each encoded virulence factor genes 60% and 80%. The result of water source resistance profile: cefotaxime (100%), ceftazidime, ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin (50%). The result of the water udder rinsed: amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ampicillin (100%), gentamicin, ceftazidime (60%), ciprofloxacin (40%) and tetracyline (20%). The result of milker hand swab: amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ampicillin and gentamicin (100%). The result of cattle udder swabs: ampicillin, amoxicillin (100%), cefotaxime (75%), ceftazidime (50%), gentamicin and ciprofloxacin (25%). Genes resistance detection found that water samples encoded blaTEM gene (100%), udder rinsed water encoded blaTEM (80%), blaSHV (20%), blaCTX-M (20%) and udder swabs encoded presence of blaTEM (40%). All samples were negative for the tet(A), aac(3)-IV, qnrA, magA and rmpA genes. Virulence gene factors which found in dairy cattle farms in Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi indicate the ability to adapt to the environment and are supported by the presence of ESBL coding genes in several isolates that have the potential to be spread within one livestock environment.
Keyword: Dairy Cattle, K. pneumoniae, Resistance, Virulence factors

Judul: Deteksi Gen Penyandi Resistensi Antibiotik pada Bakteri Klebsiella spp. yang diisolasi dari Ayam Pedaging dan Petelur di Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik adalah salah satu masalah yang menjadi perhatian kesehatan dunia. Penyalahgunaan antibiotik pada unggas dapat menyebabkan dampak yang buruk. Salah satunya menyebabkan flora normal pada unggas menjadi resisten terhadap antibiotik. Flora normal pada unggas yang mengalami resistensi salah satunya bakteri Klebsiella. Laporan tentang kejadian resistensi bakteri Klebsiella di berbagai negara cukup tinggi, sehingga perlu adanya penelitian tentang resistensi bakteri Klebsiella spp. pada unggas di Indonesia khususnya di Jawa Barat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan isolasi bakteri Klebsiella spp., mengetahui pola resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik dan deteksi molekuler gen penyandi resistensi. Total samapel penelitian 320 swab kloaka ayam pedaging dan petelur dari kabupaten Bogor, Sukabumi dan Cianjur, Jawa Barat. Sampel diisolasi dan diidentifikasi secara makroskopis, mikroskopis, biokimia dan molekuler. Isolat positif dilakukan uji sensitivitas terhadap antibiotik menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion kemudian uji PCR untuk mendeteksi gen penyandi resistensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 18.33% sampel positif Klebsiella spp. Isolat menunjukkan tingkat resistensi yang tinggi; 100% resisten terhadap eritromisin, ampisilin 94.83%, oksitetrasiklin 93.10%, tetrasiklin dan asam nalidiksat 89.66%, enrofloksasin 86.21%, siprofloksasin 81.03%, gentamisin 55.17% dan kloramfenikol 29.31%. Deteksi molekuler gen penyandi resistensi pada isolat Klebsiella spp., menunjukkan 100% memiliki gyrA dan blaTEM, 83.33% memiliki tetA, 45.83% gen ermB, 66.67% gen blaSHV dan 62.50% memiliki gen blaCTXM. Bakteri Klebsiella spp. yang diisolasi dari swab kloaka ayam pedaging dan petelur di Jawa Barat menunjukkan tingkat resistensi yang tinggi dan hampir keseluruhan isolat multi resisten terhadap antibiotik.
Keyword: gen resisten, Klebsiella spp, resistensi antibiotik

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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