Judul: Beberapa Karakteristik Komunitas Makzrozoobentos Dalam Hubungannya Dengan Pendugaan Pencemaran Limbah Air Panas PLTU Muara Karang, Teluk Jakarta
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan dari bulan Maret sampai Mei 1984, dengan tujuan untuk menduga tekanan pencemaran limbah air panas terhadap lingkungan di perairan pantai PLTU Muara Karang, Teluk Jakarta. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah analisa perbedaan beberapa karakteristik komunitas makro zoobentos di daerah perairan yang terpengaruh oleh limbah dan daerah kontrol. Karakteristik komunitas yang diteliti adalah keanekaragaman, dominansi, dan keseimbangan. Selain indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener, dihitung pula indeks keanekaragaman Simpson. Indeks ini dipergunakan dalam analisa keanekaragaman optimum. Pengelompokkan stasiun-stasiun pengamatan dilakukan berdasarkan parameter biologi dan parameter fisika kimia. Untuk parameter biologi dipergunakan indeks kesamaan Jaccard. Sedangkan untuk parameter fisika dan kimia dipergunakan indeks kesamaan berdasarkan indeks 'Canberra metric'. Dalam analisa perbedaan pola penyebaran spesies di seluruh stasiun pengamatan dijajaki kemungkinan penggunaan penggabungan kurva spesies unit pengambilan contoh.
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Judul: Karakteristik Komunitas Makrozoobenthos di Muara Sungai Citarum dalam Hubungannya dengan Pendugaan Pencemaran Perairan di Teluk Jakarta
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Pebruari 1990 hingga April 1990 di Muara Sungai Muara Jaya, Kec. Muara Gembong, Kab. Bekasi, Jabar. Lokasi penelitian ini merupakan salah satu dari 3 Muara Sungai Citarum. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menilai kondisi perairan Muara Sungai Muara Jaya dengan melihat karakteristik komunitas makrozoobenthos seperti kelimpahan jenis, keragaman, keseragaman, dominansi dan penyebarannya. Metode yang digunakan dalam mengambil contoh adalah metode transek dengan posisi menyebar ke arah laut dari titik pusat, yang terletak di depan muara. Lokasi penelitian terdiri dari 11 stasiun dan masing-masing stasiun berjarak sekitar 2 km. Makrozoobenthos diambil dengan menggunakan Ekman Dredge. Contoh benthos diambil sebanyak 3 kali dengan interval waktu 1 bulan. Contoh air diambil dengan menggunakan Botol Nansen pada pengambilan contoh pertama dan ketiga. Parameter fisika, kimia dan substrat yang diukur meliputi : suhu air, salinitas, kecerahan, kedalaman, kec.arus, D0,BOD5, COD, it rat, Fosfat, pH air, tekstur substrat, Logam berat Hg dan Cd dalam lumpur, total bahan organik substrat dan p~ substrat.
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm