Judul: Manfaat Kulit Biji Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ayam Ras Pedaging
Abstrak: Bila ditinjau dari segi biaya produksi dalam suatu usaha peternakan, maka biaya makanan dapat mencapai 70% dari seluruh biaya produksi. Oleh karena itu perlu dicari alternatif baru dalam penggunaan bahan makanan ternak. Limbah kakao merupakan bahan makanan non konvensional yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku industri makanan ternak. Limbah kakao diantaranya terdiri dari kulit buah dan kulit biji kakao. Kulit biji kakao Mempunyai kandungan protein kasar 16,60% dan serat kasarnya 25.10%. Meskipun mempunyai kandungan nutrisi yang tinggi tetapi kulit biji kakao mempunyai faktor pembatas yaitu suatu senyawa alkaloid yang disebut theobromin (3,7 dimethyl zanthine)
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Judul: Penggunaan kulit biji kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) dalam ransum sapi perah laktasi
Abstrak: Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua percobaan, yaitu percobaan penilaian kualitas nutrisi kulit biji kakao in vitro dan percobaan pemberian makanan (feeding trial) pada sapi perah laktasi. Percobaan penilaian kualitas nutrisi kulit biji kakao dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Ruminologi, Jurusan Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan ternak, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogar. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk melihat kualitas nutrisi kulit biji kakao dengan pengujian terhadap aktivitas metabolisme di dalam rumen dan intensitas pencernaan in vitro. Perlakuan yang diuji pada percobaan ini adalah konsentrat yang mengandung kulit biji kakao o, 5, 10 dan 15 persen kulit biji kakao. Percobaan ini mengikuti metode Tilley and Terry. Analisis keragaman terhadap peubah yang diukur pada percobaan acak lengkap dilakukan dengan petunjuk Steel and Torrie, 1989. Percobaaan pemberian makanan (feeding trial) pada sapi perah laktasi dilakukan di PT Baru Adjak, Lembang, Bandung selama delapan minggu yang dimulai pada Mei 1992 sampai dengan bulan Juli 1992. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh taraf pemakaian kulit biji kakao dalam ransum sapi perah laktasi terhadap produksi dan kualitas air susu yang dihasilkan. Pada percobaan ini digunakan 16 ekor sapi perah Fries Holland (FH) laktasi yang dibagi atas empat kelompok berdasarkan produksi susu, yaitu 6, 8, 10 dan 12 kg/hari. Masing-masing kelompok mendap at emp at perlakuan yang dikenakan secara acak. Keempat perlakuan yang dicobakan adalah konsentrat dengan taraf kulit biji kakao o, 5, 10 dan 15 persen. Peubah yang diukur adalah konsumsi bahan kering (BK) ransum, produksi susu 4 % FCM, kadar lemak susu, kadar protein, berat jenis (BJ) dan kadar bahan kering tanp a lemak. Analisis keragaman terhadap peubah yang diukur pada percobaan acak kelompok dilakukan dengan petunjuk Steel and Torrie, 1989. ...
Keyword: Theobroma cacao

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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