Judul: Study on dry fractionation behaviour and crystallization kinetics of coconut oil
Abstrak: Dry fractionation of oils consists of two stages, namely crystallization to produce solid crystals in a liquid matrices and filtration to separate the crystals formed from a liquid matrix. Changes that occur at the molecular level during the crystallisation process such as nucleation, crystall growth and changes in the phase behavior (folymorphism, solid-solutions). The overall changes at the molecular level is highly influenced by the treatment at the physical level in the form of heat removal. Methods of cooling (crystallization temperature, cooling rate and duration of the crystallization is applied) will largely determine the success of coconut oil fractionation process. This research aims to study the typical fractionation method for coconut oil at pilot plant scale (120 kg) and identify the conditions and essential requirements that must be managed and maintained in a dry fractionation stages of coconut oil; establish the crucial cooling systems in the dry fractionation of coconut oil as a guide in designing practical coconut oil fractionation; establish an effective cooling procedure to produce coconut oil fractions with a high content of MCT; determine the effect of cooling rate and crystallization temperature on the composition and profile of TAG, the kinetics of crystallization and melting properties of coconut oil fractionation products ; determine the relationship (model equations) between the parameters of fractionation with cooling procedure during the crystallization process, to predict the TAG composition, physical and thermal-mechanical properties of fractions produced. Coconut oil is dominant with lauric (C12:O), miristic (C14:0) and caprilic (C8:0)acid which composed the main trilaurin (LaLaLa), caprodilaurin (CaLaLa) and dilauromiristin (LaLaM) TAG. The content of lauric, miristic and caprilic acid in coconut oil are 51.73; 15.57 and 10.61%, respectively; while LaLaLa, CaLaLa and LaLaM TAG are 20.43; 16.23 and 15.38%, respectively. Coconut oil contains medium chain trigliserides (MCT) of 53.71%, trisaturated (St3) of 82.54%, disaturated (St2U) of 14:24%, monosaturated (StU2) of 3:22% and the proportion of high/low-melting TAG (S/L) by 49.25%. Coconut oil has a high SFC at low temperatures and a sharp decline to a temperature of 25 °C and then constant up to a temperature of about 30 ºC. Coconut oil’s SFC with about 32% was measured in temperature interval 21-22 °C, indicating that coconut oil has a good spreadibility at ambient temperature for countries that have 4 seasons. Coconut oil has SMP ranged between 24.5-26.2 °C, the water content of 0.021% and a free fatty acid content of 0.018%. Our study showed that there were three distinct cooling regimes critical to crystallization process, i.e. initial cooling, critical cooling and crystallization regime. Initial cooling was cooling from certain temperature that the oil has been rejuvenated and there was no more crystalized TAG (in this study rejuvenation was done at 70 oC for 10 minutes) to the onzet of oil crystallization temperature. For coconut oil the onzet of crystallization temperature was found at 29 oC. Critical cooling was cooling from the onzet of crystallization temperature (29 °C) to crystallization temperature. We predicted that during the critical cooling regime the crystal nucleation process was intensively occured (propagation). Crystallization regime was cooling to keep the oil temperature
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Judul: Kajian Sifat Kristalisasi Lemak pada Minyak Sawit Kasar
Abstrak: Indonesia is the biggest crude palm oil (CPO) producer in the world. Study on fat crystallization of CPO is needed to improve the knowledge of CPO handling during storage and transportation. The aim of this study is to characterize fat crystallization properties of CPO related to storage and transportation. Solid fat content (SFC) of CPO were decreased in higher temperature. After four weeks storage, SFC of CPO were increased at 20 ºC and 25 ºC, but were decreased at 30-40 ºC. CPO crystallized in slow cooling rate (0.2 ºC/minute) had higher SFC, meanwhile CPO crystallized in faster cooling rate (0.5 ºC/minute and 1 ºC/minute) had lower SFC. CPO which crystallized under slow cooling resulted higher Avrami constant (k) and lower Avrami exponent (n) than CPO which crystallized under fast cooling. The Avrami constant on cooling rate 0.2 ºC/minute, 0.5ºC/minute, and 1 ºC/minute were 0.013, 0.003, and 0.002 respectively. CPO which crystallized under fast cooling had higher induction time and crystallization half time. The Avrami exponent on cooling rate 0.2 ºC/minute, 0.5 ºC/minute, and 1 ºC/minute was 1.614, 2.032, and 2.170 repectively. Faster crystallization occured on higher shear rate. CPO which crystallized under higher shear rate had longer induction time than lower shear rate.
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Judul: Ornithonyssus Bursa (Berlese, 1888) Famili Macronyssidae yang Menyerang Unggas Dan Penaggulangannnya
Abstrak: Ornithonyssus bursa adalah tungau penghisap darah pada unggas di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Tungau ini relatif kecil, dengan panjang tubuh antara 700-1000 mikron dan lebarnya 250-490 mikron. Tubuhnya bulat berwarna coklat kekuningan sebelum menghisap darh dan berwarna merah setelah menghisap darah dari induk semangnya.
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