Judul: Kajian kinerja Surfaktan Alkil Poliglikosida (APG) untuk aplikasi enhanced water flooding.
Abstrak: Meanwhile, the demand of national oil is increasing annually more than domestic production. Consequently, Indonesian government has already spent much money to solve is problem. Oil field condition is the main factor of decreasing oil production in Indonesia . Almost of the all oil fields in Indonesia are brown fields that only have been produced in the primary stage. Therefore, we have to do EOR methods to increase oil field production in Indonesia. One of EOR methods is chemical flooding using surfactant. Commonly, we used petroleum surfactant for chemical flooding. However, the petroleum surfactant has some disadvantages than plant-based surfactants. Petroleum surfactant does not resist to high salinity and high hardness. This study, we use alkyl polyglycoside surfactant that is extracted from fatty alcohol and starches to substitute the petroleum based surfactant. In investigating APG surfactant performance and knowing the best formula APG surfactant for enhanced water flooding, synthetic core, and crude oil are used for flooding tests. The result shows that the APG surfactant formula have very good performance on the compatibility, the thermal stability and phase behaviour tests. However it is still not good result on filtration. The best surfactant formula a found to be 0.2 PV of surfactant solution injected.
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Judul: Kajian Kinerja Surfaktan Alkil Poliglikosida (APG) Untuk Aplikasi Enhanced Water Flooding.
Abstrak: Since 1997, Indonesian oil production from year to year has been decreasing continuously. Meanwhile, the demand of national oil is increasing annually more than domestic production. Consequently, Indonesian government has already spent much money to solve is problem. Oil field condition is the main factor of decreasing oil production in Indonesia . Almost of the all oil fields in Indonesia are brown fields that only have been produced in the primary stage. Therefore, we have to do EOR methods to increase oil field production in Indonesia. One of EOR methods is chemical flooding using surfactant. Commonly, we used petroleum surfactant for chemical flooding. However, the petroleum surfactant has some disadvantages than plant-based surfactants. Petroleum surfactant does not resist to high salinity and high hardness. This study, we use alkyl polyglycoside surfactant that is extracted from fatty alcohol and starches to substitute the petroleum based surfactant. In investigating APG surfactant performance and knowing the best formula APG surfactant for enhanced water flooding, synthetic core, and crude oil are used for flooding tests. The result shows that the APG surfactant formula have very good performance on the compatibility, the thermal stability and phase behaviour tests. However it is still not good result on filtration. The best surfactant formula a found to be 0.2 PV of surfactant solution injected.
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Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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