Judul: Pengetahuan Lokal dalam Pengelolaan Hutan (Kasus di Desa Cijagang dan Desa Sukamulya Kabupaten Cianjur Provinsi Jawa Barat)
Abstrak: Villager, living around the forest, are depending their life on natural resources. This community exploit natural resources based on their local knowledge. Local knowledge is dinamically change over time, this issue makes this subject interesting for research that potentially enrich the local knowledge of the community. This reasearch is focused on farm forest management. It would concern issues about changes in local knowledge over time and also the role of local knowedge in economic life, environment sustainability, and social interaction among the community. Local knowledge have an important role for the community in their economy, ecology, and social life. Economically, local knowledge is important to help the community in making appropriate decision in investing an economically best valued plant and deciding the right farming technology to be used. Ecologically, local knowledge is important to guide the community to sustain the environment. Socially, local knowledge is important to help the community having a healthy social life by helping each other. Therefore the existance of local knowledge among the community have an important role in fulfilling the prosperity without ignoring the sustainable environment and social relationship among the community. This reaseach was held in March to April 2008 at Cijagang and Sukamulya villages, Sub district of Cikalongkulon. It took 60 respondents, 30 of them came from Cijagang and the other 30 came from Sukamulya. The data were collected by interviewing responden, observation and study of literature. The Data processed and analyzed by method of reduction, data presentation, and taking conclusion. Local knowledge in a form of cultural theme can be elaborated in many actions and ideas. Cultural theme in a farm forest management can be realized as land preparation, seed preparation, planting, cultivation and maintenance, and harvesting. This reasearch found some changes in local knowledge at Cijagang and Sukamulya community. In a land preparation, at ancient time people used to think that ritual is a must, but nowadays ritual is not abseloutely had to be done. In a seed preparation, at ancient time seed was collected from nature and prepared using traditional tools, but nowadays seed can be found in the nursery and prepared using modern tools . In a planting, at ancient time planting season begin by the traditional forecasting (direct stars observation by the farmer), but nowadays planting season begin by the modern weather forecasting. In a maintanance, at ancient time there are some custom rule that control the dislodgement of wild animal, but nowadays the rules are often ignored. In a harvesting, at ancient time incisions were done in a certain time with a certain consideration, but nowadays it does not have to through certain consideration. Local knowledge that exist among the Cijagang and Sukamulya community have important role in economy, ecology, and social life. 6 Economically, local knowledge in a land opening (observation of the direction and velocity of the wind during the land burning) has sustain the fertility of the land and increased harvest. Ecologically, local knowledge that encourage farmer to use natural substance instead of chemical substance help the community to sustain their environment. Socially, local knowledge help
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Judul: Pengetahuan Lokal pada Pengelolaan Jati dalam Pengembangan Hutan Rakyat (Studi Kasus Masyarakat Desa Loji Kecamatan Simpenan Kabupaten Sukabumi Provinsi Jawa Barat)
Abstrak: Pengelolaan hutan rakyat sudah lama dilakukan oleh masyarakat. Akan tetapi dalam pengelolaanya masih terdapat permasalahan yang harus diselesaikan. Penelitian yang diperlukan untuk membantu menyelesaikan masalah, mencakup segi ekonomi, ekologi dan sosial. Salah satu penelitian sosial yang penting dilakukan adalah tentang pengetahuan masyarakat lokal dalam pengelolaan hutan, karena keberhasilan pengelolaan hutan tidak lepas dari pengetahuan lokal yang dimiliki masyarakat untuk membantu menentukan cara yang harus dilakukan agar pengelolaan dapat mencapai tujuannya. Wujud dari pengetahuan lokal ini bisa terlihat dari kegiatan-kegiatan pengelolaan yang dilakukan. Penelitian ini difokuskan pada pengetahuan masyarakat lokal dalam mengelola jati, mencakup gagasan dan tindakan, peralatan, dan perilaku sosial serta perubahan pengetahuan lokal dan faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Desa Loji, Kecamatan Simpenan, Kabupaten Sukabumi pada bulan Desember 2009 sampai Januari 2010. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kasus. Informan yang diwawancari dipilih secara sengaja sesuai dengan informasi yang diperlukan. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara mendalam, observasi dan pengumpulan data sekunder. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif dan disajikan dalam teks narasi dan tabel. Pengetahuan masyarakat lokal diwujudkan dalam tindakan dan gagasan pada persiapan lahan, berupa kegiatan nyacar untuk membuka lahan, kegiatan ngadurukan berupa kegiatan membakar agar lahan menjadi subur, kegiatan ngarangrang dan ngesrik agar lahan menjadi bersih dan terbebas dari tumbuhan pengganggu. Pada persiapan bibit, berupa kegiatan pengumpulan biji, kegiatan ngarerab biji agar biji bisa berkecambah, dan kegiatan penyemaian sederhana dengan cara ngipuk dan bumbungan untuk mendapatkan bibit yang baik dan terhindar dari kerusakan bibit. Pada penanaman, berupa kegiatan pemasangan ajir untuk mengatur penanaman, kegiatan ngalombang agar tanaman dapat tumbuh baik dan kegiatan penanaman. Pada pemeliharaan, berupa kegiatan pemupukan untuk menyuburkan tanah, dan kegiatan ngored dan pemotongan areuy agar lahan menjadi bersih dan bebas dari tumbuhan pengganggu. Pada pemanenan, berupa kegiatan penebangan oleh tengkulak. Peralatan yang digunakan pada setiap kegiatan pengelolaan jati masih sederhana. Perilaku sosial pada pengelolaan jati menunjukkan sikap untuk meningkatkan kebersamaan antar petani dan masyarakat.
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Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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