Judul: Perubahan Sosial Budaya Migran Desa-Kota di Sektor Informal (Kasus “Tanah Galian” Perbatasan Kelurahan Cipinang Melayu dan Halim Perdana Kusuma, Kecamatan Makasar, Kota Jakarta Timur, DKI Jakarta).
Abstrak: Migrasi desa-kota menjadi bagian dari kompleksitas perubahan sosial-budaya. Adanya perubahan pola kehidupan kota mempengaruhi pola kehidupan desa. Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk menganalisis faktor pendorong dan penarik migrasi desa-kota, menganalisis perubahan sosial budaya rumah tangga migran desa-kota di daerah asal dan daerah tujuan, serta menganalisis tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat migran desa-kota disektor informal. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode sensus didukung data kualitatif berupa wawancara mendalam, observasi, serta rujukan bahan pustaka seperti skripsi, jurnal ilmiah, buku teks, serta laporan hasil penelitian lainnya. Data yang diperoleh menggunakan kuesioner diolah menggunakan SPSS 16.0 dengan teknik analisis paired sample t-test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan migrasi dipengaruhi faktor pendorong dan penarik yang dominan. Migran desa-kota mengalami perubahan struktur, stratifikasi sosial, dan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat “Tanah Galian”. Migrasi desa-kota meningkatkan perubahan struktur, stratifikasi sosial, dan tingkat kesejahteraan sedangkan adat-istiadat hampir tidak berubah.
Keyword: kesejahteraan, migrasi, per

Judul: Perubahan Sosial Budaya dan Tingkat Kesejahteraan Migran Batak di Sektor Informal di Kota Bogor
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis perubahan sosial budaya dan tingkat kesejahteraan migran Batak yang bekerja di sektor informal di Kota Bogor. Penelitian ini merupakan kombinasi antara pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Pendekatan kualitatif diperoleh dari hasil wawancara mendalam. Pendekatan kuantitatif menggunakan metode survei yang mengambil 35 responden. Tidak ada masyarakat yang tidak mengalami perubahan tidak terkecuali Migran Batak. Perubahan yang terjadi pada migran Batak ini mencakup perubahan sosial budaya dan tingkat kesejahteraan. Perubahan sosial mencakup interaksi yang dilakukannya serta hubungan-hubungan dengan keluarganya sebelum dan sesudah menjadi migran. Perubahan budaya mencakup nilai-nilai agama, adat istiadat dan pola pikir terhadap materi dan sikap individualis. Perubahan kesejahteraan mencakup tingkat pendapatan, akses pelayanan kesehatan serta kondisi perumahan dan kepemilikan barang berharga yang dimiliki oleh migran Batak sebelum dan sesudah menjadi migran di sektor informal.
Keyword: perubahan sosial budaya, tingkat kesejahteraan, migran Batak sektor informal

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable