Judul: Perilaku serangan dan jumlah populasi kutulilin pinus (Pineus boerneri Annand.) pada Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese
Abstrak: Pinus merkusii Jungh. et de Vriese adalah satu-satunya spesies pinus yang tumbuh asli di Indonesia, dengan berbagai keunggulan (cepat tumbuh, pionir, dan menghasilkan kayu dan getah), sehingga digunakan sebagai tanaman reboisasi dan penghijauan di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia. Serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT) dapat menurunkan fungsi hutan. Saat ini yang menjadi masalah pada tegakan pinus adalah adanya serangan kutulilin pinus yang dapat menyebabkan kematian pohon. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) Untuk mempelajari perilaku serangan kutulilin pinus, (2) Untuk mengetahui jumlah individu kutulilin pinus dalam populasi dari 3 kriteria serangan (ringan, sedang, dan berat). Penelitian dilakukan dengan menularkan kutulilin pinus yang berasal dari 5 KPH di Jawa Timur. Kutulilin pinus tersebut ditularkan dari cabang pohon pinus yang terserang dari semua tingkat serangan yang berasal dari masing-masing KPH. Penularan dilakukan pada bibit sehat yang berumur 6 bulan dengan dua metode, yaitu metode penularan dari bagian pohon terserang dan penularan langsung dengan kutu hidup. Penularan dilakukan dengan menempelkan cabang pinus yang terserang kutulilin pinus dari tiap tingkat serangan dan masing-masing KPH sepanjang 5cm, penularan dilakukan pada 3 bibit sehat. Penularan langsung dilakukan dengan mengambil lilin pada cabang pinus yang terserang kutulilin pinus dari tiap tingkat serangan dan masing-masing KPH sebesar 1mm dan diletakkan pada ketiak daun bibit pinus, penularan ini juga dilakukan pada 3 bibit sehat.
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Judul: Pengaruh Serangan Kutulilin Pinus (Pineus boerneri) Terhadap Kualitas Getah Tusam (Pinus merkusii Jungh, at de Vriese)
Abstrak: Pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh, at de Vriese) is one type of Indonesia native plant which grows fast and produces lumber and resin. Pine wood is a type of trade timber in Indonesia and its latex can be processed as rosin and turpentine. Since 1997, in Indonesia P. merkusii has been attacked by Pineus boerneri (Pine Woolly Adelgide) which can cause damage and even death of the plant. This research has purpose to know the effect of P. boerneri on the quality of P. merkusii latex. The sample trees were determined by purposive sampling and with five replications for each attack criterion (no attack, mild, moderate and severe). The latex was obtained by tapping directly with “Koakan” method. The harvesting of latex every three days for three times the collection. The parameters observed are color, water content, dirt level, acid number and base number of the latex. The result of this research shows that the Pine Woolly Adelgide attacks can affect the color, dirt level, water content, acid number and base number of the latex. The mild, moderate and severe attack levels of Pine Woolly Adelgide can make the dirt level of the latex become higher than normal one, while the color, moisture content, acid number and base number of the latex are only affected by moderate and severe attacks of Pine Woolly Adelgide.
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Judul: Exergy Analysis of Membrane Utilization for Solution Separation in LiBr-H2O Absorbtion Refrigeration System
Abstrak: Absorbtion refrigeration system provides prominent advantages in tems of environmental impact and energy consumption. Absorbtion refrigeration system uses natural refrigerant, such as water, which gives no harm to the environment. In terms of energy consumption, it requires heat to regenerate refrigerant from its absorber and provide the refrigeration effect. This form of energy is preferred since heat can be supplied from various sources, including waste heat and renewable energy, and thermodynamically categorized as low quality energy. However, effectiveness of refrigerant regeneration could only be obtained if the temperature is high enough. In this study, the heat utilization in the regeneration process will be eliminated by introducing membranes for separating the refrigerant from the absorber. Specifically, the objectives of this research are to :1) to study the absorbtion mechanism of water vapor by LiBr-H2O solution in a controlled condition, 2) to study the regeneration process of LiBr-H2O using reverse osmosis (RO) membrane and vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) when applied in LiBr-H2O absorbtion refrigeration system, 3) to perform the energy and exergy analysis in LiBr-H2O absorbtion refrigeration system using RO membrane. The membrane was used as a tool to separate the refrigerant from absorbent which performs as regeneration process in conventional absorbtion system. As separation component, RO membrane employs pressure to oppose the osmotic pressure and pass certain component through the pores. While, VMD employs vacuum pressure and thermal, so that the substance to be transported through the membrane is in form of vapor. The result shows that absorbtion rate of water vapor by LiBr-H2O solution was influenced by solution concentration, temperature, humidity and pressure. The highest absorbtion rate was 0.031 g/minute which was occurred at temperature 40°C, RH 70% and solution concentration 60%. Prediction model was developed to calculate the absorbtion parameter inspite of P-T-X diagram.The highest water vapor absorbtion in absorber using spiral wound module-based RO membrane occurred at initial concentration of 30%, wich is the highest concentration used in the experiment. Increasing of operation pressure during separation process will increase permeation flux but decrease rejection factor.Unexpectedly, permeate of the RO membrane still contain LiBr at concentration 7w/w %-9w/w%, which affect the achievable cooling temperature and cooling capacity. Optimization of regeneration using VMD was conducted with response surface methodology (RSM) and the result show that highest permeate flux (0.93 kg.m-2.s-1) can be achived at initial concentration of 47.5%, temperature of 80°C and flow rate of 1.9 L.min-1.COP obtained in absorbtion refrigeration system using RO membran with initial concentration 20% was in the range of 1.147-1.171. Exergy analysis shows that increasing pressure of RO membrane at concentration 20% increased the irreversibity.On the other hand, exergy analysis on VMD shows that higher concentration and temperature will increased irreversibility.
Keyword: refrigeration, absorbtion, reverse osmosis, vacuum membrane distillation, energy, exergy