Judul: Identification of Pheromone Binding Protein Gene of Yellow Rice Stem Borer Scirpophaga Incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Abstrak: The yellow rice stem borers (YRSB) moth, Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is known as the most major rice stem borer in tropical Asia. Pesticides are not effective to control the population of these insects due to almost entire larvae phase and pupae are in the rice stem. Hence, other control technique is needed such as based on the mating behaviour. Pheromone binding protein (PBP) in male S. incertulas antennae plays a role in the recognition of sex pheromone produced by the female, therefore influenced in their mating behavior. The aim of this study was to identify PBP gene of S. incertulas. For the purpose to collect imagoes as DNA source, S. incertulas were reared. Touchdown PCR and touchdown-nested PCR were the main techniques conducted to identify genomic of PBP gene from S. incertulas and revealed 700 and 600 bp amplicons, respectively. Those amplicons strongly expected as PBP gene. Sequence analysis of S. incertulas from touchdown-nested amplicon identified 575 bp which was consisted of 169 bp of exon 3 and 406 bp of intron 2. This study revealed putative amino acid sequences of exon 3 from S. incertulas has one conserved cysteine while other Lepidopterans PBP have three conserved cysteine. In phylogenetic analysis, the putative amino acid sequences obtained, showed a phylogenetic signal i.e. by clustering with PBPs from other Crambidae moths. The result of this study is important as a basic data for PBP expression analysis in female or male S. incertulas as the initial step to develope new insect biocontrol.
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Judul: Haplotype Variations of Yellow Rice Stem Borer Scirpophaga incertulas Based on Cytochrome c Oxidase 1 and 2 (COI and COII) Mitochondria Genes.
Abstrak: Scirpophaga incertulas or yellow rice stem borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is one of the main insects caused damage yields in rice in Asia, including Indonesia. In the first instar of S. incertulas larva, the moth cannot be discriminated with other species of rice stem borers. Hence, a molecular approach is needed for early detection purpose. Previous study found six haplotypes of cytochrome oxidase 1 (COI) of S. incertulas from Java and four haplotypes of cytochrome oxidase 2 COII gene in S. incertulas from West Java. The objective of this research was to explore further the haplotype variations of the S. incertulas of COI and COII genes in Central Java, Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY), East Java, and Bali, to fulfill the haplotypes variation data in Indonesia. The study found three new haplotypes (haplotype 7, 8, and 9) of S. incertulas COI sequences as well as three new haplotypes (haplotype 5, 6, and 7) of COII sequences. Those new haplotypes of S. incertulas COI gene were found in Lumajang, Sleman, and Pemalang regions. DNA alignment analyzes result based on S. incertulas COII gene revealed three new haplotypes i.e. haplotype 5 in Mojokerto, Tabanan, Lumajang, Pemalang, Klaten, Jember, and Kebumen region, haplotype 6 in Probolinggo regions, and haplotype 7 in Situbondo region. Nucleotide variations of moth S. incertulas COII were higher compare to COI gene. Database of COI and COII haplotype variations of yellow rice stem borer can be used as markers to differentiate S. incertulas with other species of rice stem borers during the first larva instar for their early detection. Phylogenetic analysis of S. incertulas COII revealed three clusters in Java and Bali.
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Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular