Judul: Shrimp And Tuna Industry In Indonesia Strategy To Increase Indonesian Fisheries Competitiveness For Shrimp And Tuna
Abstrak: The APEC Economic Leaders Meeting (AELM) on November 25, 1997, in Vancouver has decided to speed up trade and liberalization of fisheries products as one of seven recommended sectors. Several tough questions arouse on Indonesian fisheries industry such as how government provide a conducive business climate for fisheries entrepreneurs, and how fisheries producers set out clear strategies towards free trade eга. Those questions are very important because fisheries industry competitiveness is rely on the support of government and the role of fisheries entrepreneurs. In Indonesian fisheries industry, two major commodities that play an important role are shrimp and tuna. Both of them contributed around 70% of Indonesian fisheries export value and more than 30% of export volume in 1996. However, most of Indonesian exports are in fresh and semi-processed condition. In other word, endowment factors such as natural resources and low labor cost are dominantly determine the export. Meanwhile, detention from importing countries, still become a constrain for Indonesian exports. Limited products quality is the reason to embargo Indonesian products. The objectives of this study were to identify the general structure and performance of shrimp and tuna industries and to conduct business environmental assessment, including field research to evaluate strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of Indonesian shrimp and tuna industries. The result was then used to examine the strategies and business implications for the Indonesia shrimp and tuna industries in order to develop the industry, to improve competitiveness, and to maintain its sustainability. The study was conducted through the analysis of primary data and supported by secondary data. Primary data were obtained by the survey conducted at Indonesian Fisheries Federation (GAPPINDO), Indonesian Tuna Association (ASTUIN), PT. Usaha Mina (Persero), PT. Samudera Besar (Persero), PT. Harini Asribahari, PT. Sinar Mangkudijaya, PT. Triasta Citarate, and PT. Indramas Sempurna. For completing reliable data, actual information was also collected from interviews with experts, magazines, journals, and news papers. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique was also applied to simplify the expert judgement before the SWOT matrix analysis was used to conduct the environmental assessment. The global supply of shrimp from 1991 to 1996 decreased by 5% affected by the declining volume of sea shrimp caught, while shrimp pond production fluctuated with the tendency to increase. The future shrimp trade is estimated to be more dependent on the shrimp pond production due to the decreasing sea shrimp carrying capacity in nearly all waters in the world. On the other hand, the global supply of tuna
Keyword: supply of shrimp, fisheries products, shrimp, tuna

Judul: Analisis daya saing komoditi udang Indonesia di Pasar Internasional
Abstrak: Indonesia is the country which has a large of ocean territorial in 5,8 million km2 and has a wealthy sea resources which full of nutrients and minerals to supply all the foods of its citizen and also as the national economic power in the future. Shrimp is one of sea resources which not only has a big nutrients for body but also has a high value even in domestic or international market. Based on Depdag (2009) that export value of Indonesia shrimp in 2006 was US$ 943.998.000, US$ 791.854.000 in 2007 and raised to 1.055.805.000 until August, 2008. Although Indonesia shrimp potency was so big, but it has so many export problems until now such as the conquered of Indonesia shrimp market share in USA by Thailand and China, fall out of Indonesia shrimp export price in Japan because of high competition, transhipment accused for Indonesia shrimp export, Europe standardization which aggravated Indonesia shrimp export, and also the quality declining of Indonesia shrimp export in USA because of global crisis. Actually Indonesia shrimp export had filled demand of world market such as USA, Europe and Japan, but for the competitiveness still questioned because so many problems from them. So this research was purposed to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesia shrimp commodity. The research had used quantitative and qualitative analysis. Quantitative analysis used to explain the grade of Indonesia shrimp commodity competitiveness by RCA (Revealed Comparative Analysis). Analysis for the influences factors of the competitiveness Indonesia shrimp export (for giant tiger and vanname shrimp) used OLS (Ordinary Least Square). Qualitative analysis used Porter’s Diamond Theory to analyze potency, problems, and chance which analyzed influence factors of competitiveness Indonesia shrimp commodity (the research objection was giant tiger and vanname shrimp). Indonesia shrimp commodity was produced from dyke (70%) and water sea haul (30%). In its production, for 95% to export and 5% was traded domestically especially in supermarket. At this time Indonesia shrimp which produced from dyke is doing by small trader (the masses) or industry, and less from sea water haul. The region of shrimp production in Indonesia are Java and Sumatra, Papua, a half Maluku, Kalimantan, and South Sulawesi waterseas. From them, Lampung was the major area of Indonesia shrimp production which had produced 40% from the total of national shrimp production. It also became the first area of shrimp production in world scale such as PT Dipasena and PT Centralproteinaprima activity. The market of Indonesia shrimp export was Japan (about 60%), USA (16.5%) and Europe (12.5%). The result of the research showed that Indonesia shrimp commodity has a high grade competitiveness or Indonesia had competitive advantage for its shrimp because the RCA mark was so high in tens. Including the analyzed of Porter’s Diamond Theory showed that Indonesia shrimp commodity had potency in factor condition such as the wealthy of shrimp resources, human resources, capital and superior infrastructure. But in knowledge and technology of Indonesia shrimp commodity still weak because of the less intensive technology system in shrimp production and export technology which not superior if compared with the competitor country
Keyword: 

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
Keyword: