Judul: The Development Design of Sustainable Perennial Horticulture in Upper Ciliwung Watershed
Abstrak: Hydrological condition of upper Ciliwung watershed is critical due to rapid decrease of the forest and perennial vegetation area which has a main function to regulate water especially to catch and deliver rainfalls into the soil as part of hydrological cycle. To improve hydrological condition of upper watershed as a catchment area it is necessary to develop perennial vegetation which are economically beneficial, environmentally friendly as well as socially accepted by the community. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to develop sustainable land development design based on perennial horticulture in the Upper Ciliwung Watershed, with special objectives : 1) to identify existing perennial horticulture, 2) to analyse perennial horticulture economically beneficial, environmentally friendly and socially accepted, 3) to develop recommendation of perennial horticulture development in upper Ciliwung watershed. Land suitability was identified by automated land evaluation and suitability (ALES) method, meanwhile selection of existing perennial horticulture was identified by using comparative performance index (CPI) method. Financial analysis was conducted by using benefit cost ratio (B/C), internal rate of return (IRR), and net present value (NPV). Recommendation zones of development were identified by combination method of land suitability, the number and distribution of selected perennial horticulture commodities in every land units as well as limitation of maximum 3 commodities to develop for each land unit. This research has identified and delineated land units, 30 land units above 700 m and 21 land units below 700 m. Existing 24 perennial horticultures and their distribution have been identified and predicted. Ten of 24 commodities were identified and selected such as jack fruit, longan , durian, Gnetum gnemon, mango, avocado,rambutan, Mangifera odorata, Parkia sp, Pithecellobium. Combination of land suitability, the number and distribution of selected perennial horticulture commodities in every land units as well as limitation of maximum 3 commodities to develop for each land unit has been used to recommend the development of perennial horticulture in every land unit. Jack fruit, avocado and longan are dominant crops recommended as a general commodities to develop. Longan indicates the highest NPV (Rp. 42.278.400,-), meanwhile Pithecellobium is the lowest (Rp. 26.938.218 ,-). Combination of avocado-jack fruit-longan indicates the highest NPV (Rp. 38.779.187,-). Recommendation based on zones of development as well as villages have been developed as a guidance for practical implementation. In term of sustainability, land allocation for perennial horticulture is relatively small (24%), however it has been optimally utilized which contribute high NPV. There are positive correlation between areal of perennial horticulture and farmer’s iii intention as well as farmer’s intention and knowledge of farmers on perennial horticulture
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Judul: Evaluation Land Use Changes and The Effect on The Hydrological Characteristics of the Upper Citarum Watershed
Abstrak: Currently mayority of watersheds in Indonesia have suffered a lot of decreased function in maintaining water availability and environmental health, one of which is citarum watershed. Land use changes in the Citarum watershed are very intensive, especially in the upstream part. The upstream watershed plays an important role as a water absorbtion area and a buffer zone for the downstream area. The research was conducted in the upper Citarum watershed covering an area of 175,158.9 hectares with the outlet at Nanjung stream monitoring station, which aims to analyze land use changes on hydrological characteristics in the upper Citarum watershed, and formulate land use direction in the upper Citarum watershed that are able to preserve the hydrological function of the watershed. The research were devided to; (1) visual interpretation of SPOT image data; (2) analysis of land use changes; (3) hydrological response analysis of river discharge; (4) analysis of the effect of land use changes on river discharge; (5) analysis of the suitability of upper citarum watershed spatial pattern to spatial plans of West Java. Spot image interpretation can be done well as shown by the Overall Accuracy (OA) coefficient of 93.33% and Kappa Accuracy (KA) of 90.6%. The results of the analysis of the map of land use changes in the upper Citarum watershed in the period 2009 - 2018 showed an increase in vacant land (+95%), developed land (39.7%), rice field (+13%), and plantations (+6.4%). The increase was accompanied by a decrease in bushland (-60%), rice fields (-17.4%), and forests (-5.5%). The percentage of suitability of the existing land is 59.6% suitable and 40.7% not in accordance with the spatial pattern of the West Java spatial plans. The results of hydrological response evaluation show that the Ciwidey, Cisangkuy, and Cihaur sub-watersheds are classified as first priority to be restored it’s hydological response entirely. Second Priority is Cirasea, Cikeruh, and Cikapundung sub-watersheds, where efforts to restore hydrological response are gradual. Where as the Citarik sub-watershed is classified as third priority that the hydrological conditions must be maintained. The application of land conservation that combines vegetative and physical conservation is aimed at types of land use that do not match the area's spatial pattern. The management and utilization of agricultural and plantation land by applying agroforestry systems, intercropping and terracing along with the application of a zero runoff system in built-up land is expected to improve the hydrological response of the Upper Citarum Watershed.
Keyword: hidrological response, land use changes, upper Citarum watershed, hidrological response, land use changes, upper Citarum watershed

Judul: Kimiawi imunoglobulin G serta perbedaabbya antara berbagi species hewan
Abstrak: Antibodi adalah molekul protein yang dihasilkan oleh sel plasma sebagai akibat interaksi antara limfosit B peka antigen dengan antigen khusus. Antibodi ini disebut juga imunoglobulin karena molekulnya berbentuk globulin. Jadi imunoglobulin merupakan molekul protein yang membawa akti- vitas antibodi, yaitu sifat kombinasi spesifik dengan zat yang mendatangkan formasi antigen. Diantara kelas imunoglobulin, Ig G adalah yang paling melimpah dalam serum darah. Ig G ini memainkan peran utama dalam mekanisme pertahanan. Ig G merupakan struktur glikoprotein dengan dasar bentuk bangunan diagram tetrapolipeptida yang mengandung 4 ran tai polipeptida dengan 2 rantai berat (H) yang identik dan 2 rantai ringan L) yang identik. Rantai polipeptida ini di bentuk oleh rangkaian asam amino. Tiap rantai berat (H) me ngandung 446 residu asam amino dengam BM (2 x 50.000) Dal ton dan tiap rantai ringan (L) mengandung residu asam amino 213() atau 214 () dengan BM (2 x 25.000) Dalton. Bagian variabel dari rantai berat (VH) mengandung 118 residu asam amino dan bagian variabel rantai ringan (VL) mengandung 108 () atau 109 () residu, sedangkan residu sisanya dari masing-masing rantai adalah bagian konstan (CH dan CL). Adanya perbedaan-perbedaan dalam hal asam amino pada salah satu daerah variabel dapat menyebabkan perbedaan imun respon. ...
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