Judul: Nutrient quality improvement of bitter variety cassava silage with rumen fluid enzyme and Leuconostoc mesenteroides as poultry feed.
Abstrak: The objective of this research was to improve nutrient quality of silage with cassava as main ingredient by rumen fluid enzyme and Leuconostoc mesenteroides as additive in ensilage process for male duck feed. The first experiment was Leuconostoc mesenteroides bacterial isolation and identification from cassava tuber. There were 4 selected isolates of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (A, B, C, and D) that have ability to reduce cyanide in cassava tuber. C isolate resulted the lowest value of cyanide and then was used for further trials. The second experiment was the application of rumen fluid crude enzyme on cassava substrates. The experiment used Completely Randomized Design with 15 cassava combination and 3 replicates i.e. tuber (U), Leaf (D), Peel (K), Onggok (O), tuber+onggok (UO), peel+tuber (KU), leaf+tuber (DU), leaf+onggok (DO), leaf+peel (DK), peel+onggok (KO), peel+leaf+onggok (KDO), leaf+tuber+peel (DUK), peel+tuber+onggok (KUO) leaf+tuber+onggok (DUO) and Peel+leaf+tuber+onggok (KDUO). Result of the second experiment showed that the crude enzyme of rumen fluid did not significantly affect dry matter losses (0.96-2.08%), but it had significant effect on crude fiber decrease (8.61-17.83%) and total sugar increase (15.19-29.52%). The third experiment used the same treatment as second experiment for nutrient analyses before and after ensilage processing. Result of the third experiment showed that the temperature in ensilage process ranged between 26-300C, acid and fermented smelling, colour changing (cream, brown and yellow green), Ensilage process had significant (P<0.05) effect on dry matter (30.14-43.28%), pH (3.73-4.86), crude protein (-1.92-2.39%), cyanide (86.90-96.50%) and crude fiber (0.50-4.90%), but not significant on dry matter loss (1.20-2.66%). From the second and thirh experiments indicated that combination of four ingredients pre hydrolyzed cassava (D, DK, DUK, KDUO) was the best ingredient for mixed silage cassava (BBS) and it was used for forth experiments. The forth experiment was Metabolic energy and nitrogen retention of duck feed with BBS silage. The experiment used 25 male ducks of 10 weeks old with metabolic cages. The ducks had 7 days adaptation, 1 day fasting before treatment. Treatments were S0 (100% control), S25 (25% BBS silage), S50 (50% BBS silage), S75 (75% BBS silage) and S100 (100% BBS silage) and 4 replicates. Control feed was composed of corn, rice brand, coconut cake, soybean cake, coconut oil, fish meal and premix. Experiment was feeding trial using 140 male ducks 7 days old with litter cages (120x100x100 cm). This experiment used the same treatments as the forth experiment. The results of the forth experiments showed that increasing BBS silage in feed significantly decreased nitrogen retention, metabolizable energy, performance and increased organs weight. BBS silage could be used up to 75% in feed as recommendation from this research.
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Judul: Efek Penambahan Cassabio dalam Ransum terhadap Performa Anak Domba Lokal
Abstrak: Cassava pulp isone of the tapioca industry by-product that can be used as animal feed. However, the quality of cassava pulp is relatively low due to its low protein and high crude fiber content. Cassava pulp with addition of zeolite, urea, ammonium sulphate, that fermented by Aspergillus niger produced the product that called cassabio. The experiment of using cassabio on broiler have been done. However, there is no experiment of using cassabio on performance of ruminants. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of levels cassabio in concentrate on performance of local lamb. The experiments design was randomized block design with four treatments and three replications, and local lambs were used as replications. The treatments were addition levels of cassabio into concentrate at levels of 0% (P0), 20% (P1), 40% (P2), and 60% (P3). Variables that measured were feed consumption, average body weight gain, and feed efficiency. Data were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA)and differences among treatments were determined by Duncan test. The result showed that the cassabio levels P0, P1, P2, dan P3 for BWG was76.19; 81.43; 84.29; and 96.90 g head-1 day-1respectively; for intake was 444.34; 463.13; 483.03 and 493.52 g head-1 day-1respectively; feed efficiency was 0.17; 0.18; 0.17; and 0.20 respectively. The conclusion of the research was using cassabio up to 60% (P3) in concentrate produced the good results without negative effect on local lamb performance.
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Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular