Judul: Studi morfologi ginjal bunglon (Calotes jubatus) beserta saluran-saluran pengeluarannya
Abstrak: Reptilia dewasa mempunyai tipe ginjal metanephros dengan bentuk yang bervariasi. Ginjal bunglon (Calotes jubatus) tampak berlobulus dan terletak di daerah pelvis. Pada bunglon jantan ginjal terletak di caudal testis dengan bagian ventromedialnya melekat pada ductus defferens. Sedangkan pada betina, ginjal terletak di caudal uterus. Morfologi umum secara mikroskopik menunjukkan bahwa ginjal bunglon, sebagaimana ginjal reptil yang lain (reptilian type), mempunyai nephron sebagai unit struktural dan fungsional yang diikuti dengan saluran-salurannya, yaitu tubulus proximalis, tubulus intermedier, tubulus distalis, tubulus connectus dan ductus collectus. Ginjal bunglon tidak terbagi atas daerah korteks dan medulla. Tubulus proximalis mempunyai epitel kubus dengan bentuk inti sel bulat dan letaknya mengarah ke perifer. Bentuk epitel tubulus intermedier pipih dengan inti sel yang oval. Tubulus distalis mempunyai bentuk epitel kubus rendah dengan inti bulat. Tubulus connectus pada bunglon mempunyai epitel kubus dengan bentuk inti bulat. Ductus collectus dicirikan dengan bentuk epitel yang tidak jelas (difus) dan inti selnya berbentuk bulat dan terletak di basal. Pada penelitian ini dilihat pula distribusi karbohidrat pada ginjal dengan pewarnaan Alcian Blue (AB) dan Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS). Ginjal bunglon secara umum tidak menunjukkan reaksi positif terhadap pewarnaan PAS, sedangkan daerah tertentu menunjukkan reaksi positif terhadap AB, terutama tubulus proximalis. Secara fungsional adanya perbedaan bentuk ginjal mamalia dan reptil antara lain disebabkan oleh perbedaan bentuk sisa protein yang diekskresikan.
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Judul: Morfometri Struktur Internal Organ Ginjal, Aorta Abdominalis, dan Kantung kemih pada Babi (Sus scrofa domestica)
Abstrak: This study aimed to know the internal structure morphometry of the kidney, abdominal aorta, and bladder on pig (Sus scrofa domestica), therefore the data can be used to be the reference of position, form, echogenicity, and size of the organ. An ultrasound performed on six pigs, three males and three females with body weight 25.0-31.0 kg. Physical examination and blood analysis were done to make sure the pig in a healthy condition. Ultrasound of the kidney and abdominal aorta observed in lateral recumbency position, whereas the bladder were observed on the dorsal recumbency position. Ultrasound was performed using a 5.5 MHz convex transducer at the transversal and sagittal position. Results of the right kidney was 7.02±0.40 cm in length, 2.74±0.08 cm in height, and 4.51±0.27 cm in width, for the left kidney was 6.64±0.72 cm in length, 2.59±0.09 cm in height, and 3.44±0.32 cm in width. Diameter results of the abdominal aorta was 1.00±0.14 cm. The maximum length of the kidneys and the diameter of the abdominal aorta were compared to get the ratio value. The ratio value results was 1:7.02 for the right kidney and 1:6.64 for the left kidney. Wall thickness results of bladder in sagittal view was 0.26±0.12 cm and in transversal view was 0.25±0.10 cm. The results of this research can be a normal data for the size of the kidneys, abdominal aorta, and bladder on a pig.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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