Judul: Impacts of Nature Tourism Activities on the Local Economy in the Areas of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park.
Abstrak: The benefit values derived from a conservation area are still often underestimated. In fact, the real benefits, direct and indirect, are quite many. One of the utilizations of the conservation area is for the location of nature tourism. Tourism is one of the important economic sectors in the national development because it can improve the community welfare, create jobs, and stimulate regional economic growth. One of the many forms of tourism being promoted by the government of Indonesia is nature tourism that relies on the beauty of nature and natural panorama in conservation areas, including national parks to support the concept of ecotourism. Therefore, it is expected that this nature tourism activity can provide a significant economic impact on the surrounding communities, increase state revenue and improve environmental sustainability. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the economic impact of nature tourism in the National Park of Bromo Tengger Semeru (TNBTS). This study had four objectives: (1) to find out the value and impact of the local economic activities in the areas of TNBTS, (2) to learn about the hierarchies of the area development around TNBTS, (3) to learn about the magnitude of changes in land use in TNBTS areas, and (4) to fomulate alternative strategy on nature tourism development in TNBTS. The results of this study were expected to provide input to policy makers, namely National Park Center of Bromo Tengger Semeru and the local government as the party responsible for the development planning and the management of nature tourism, providing input in the formulation of policy alternatives that need to be done in nature tourism management, so that the impact and contribution of nature tourism to the community can be improved. This research was conducted in TNBTS areas, focusing on the Tengger Mountains Area, that is, Cemoro Lawang Resort, and the Mount Semeru Climbing Area called Ranupane Resort. The economic value of nature tourism in TNBTS area was obtained from estimating the cost of tourist spending. Based on this approach, it was obtained that the total economic value of running nature tourism in TNBTS was 341.23 million rupiah, which consisted of tourism activities in Tengger Mountains amounting to 326.90 million rupiah (95.80 %) and in the hiking area of Mount Semeru at 14.33 million rupiah (4.20 %). The average tourist expenditure for one visit in the Tengger Mountains Area was 2,769,363 rupiah. Approximately 2,258,620 rupiah (81.56 %) of tourist spending occurred outside the national park. Meanwhile, the average tourist expenditure for one visit in the Mount Semeru Climbing Area was 569,000 rupiah per person. Approximately 438,443 rupiah (77.05 %) of tourist spending occurred outside the national park. The expenditure of travelers provides direct as well as indirect benefits and further impact on the communities around the areas. The economic impact of tourist spending was quantified using Keynesian Multiplier. The results indicated vii that the economic impact of tourist spending on the Tengger Mountains Area was higher than that in the Mount Semeru Climbing Area. From the study results, it is also important to note that the value of
Keyword: Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, economic impact, multiplier effect

Judul: Manfaat Ekonomi dan Kelembagaan Paguyuban Pelaku Jasa Wisata di Desa Penyangga Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru (Studi Kasus: Desa Ngadisari, Probolinggo, Jawa Timur).
Abstrak: Kawasan Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru (TNBTS) merupakan salah satu objek wisata alam yang selalu ramai dikunjungi oleh para wisatawan dan merupakan kawasan konservasi yang memiliki desa penyangga. Salah satu desa penyangga di TNBTS adalah Desa Ngadisari yang berbatasan langsung dengan pintu masuk kawasan wisata. Kedekatan kawasan wisata dengan Desa Ngadisari memberikan kesempatan pada masyarakat dalam membuka usaha di bidang jasa wisata untuk menambah perekonomian masyarakat. Adanya, manfaat ekonomi yang diperoleh masyarakat dari kegiatan wisata alam di TNBTS, diharapkan masyarakat ikut membantu menjaga dan melesatrikan kawasan TNBTS. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah menganalisis persepsi masyarakat Desa Ngadisari mengenai keberadaan dan dampak kegiatan wisata alam di TNBTS, mengestimasi manfaat ekonomi kegiatan wisata bagi pelaku usaha di Desa Ngadisari, mengestimasi kelembagaan paguyuban jasa wisata yang dibentuk di Desa Ngadisari. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah skala likert, analisis pendapatan, dan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara umum, persepsi responden masyarakat setuju dengan keberadaan kegiatan wisata di TNBTS karena dirasakan telah memberikan pengaruh positif baik dari aspek sosial, ekonomi, dan lingkungan. Hasil estimasi manfaat ekonomi dari adanya kegiatan wisata alam TNBTS bagi pelaku usaha di Desa Ngadisari diperoleh rata-rata pendapatan wisata sebesar Rp 2,419,365.13 per bulan. Kegiatan wisata memberikan kontribusi tinggi terhadap pendapatan total sebesar 60.37 % dan kontribusi sangat tinggi terhadap covering pengeluaran rumah tangga sebesar 106.95%. Secara umum, kelembagaan paguyuban jasa wisata di Desa Ngadisari berperan penting dalam mengelola pelaku usaha yang terlibat dalam kegiatan wisata alam melalui aturan sehingga mampu mendukung kelestarian kawasan TNBTS.
Keyword: interaksi, manfaat ekonomi, pendapatan, persepsi, wisata alam

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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