Judul: Karakteristik habitat banteng (Bos javanicus d'Alton 1832) di Taman Nasional Meru Betiri, Jawa Timur
Abstrak: Banteng (Bos javanicus d'Alton 1832) is one of the large mammals in Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP). IUCN 2008 Data Red List of Threatened Animals listed banteng as endangered species. Banteng is a protected species according to The Government Regulation of Republic of Indonesia No. 7 / 1999. The main problem of banteng in Meru Betiri National Park was invasion banteng to the private plantation area of PT. Perkebunan Bandealit and PT. Perkebunan Sukamade Baru. Therefore, study of banteng habitat characteristics was needed to determine food, water, and cover availability as basis for banteng conservation effort. This research was held in three National Park Management Sections (SPTN), including SPTN W I Sarongan, SPTN W II Ambulu, and SPTN W III Kalibaru. This research was held in July-August 2010. Structure and composition of vegetation studied using line transect method of vegetation analysis. The observation of banteng’s food plants was done through by observation of browsing signs. Measuring of productivity, palatability, and carrying capacity was done by making of plot sampling 1x1 m². Cover characteristics observation was done by identifying of cover types which used by banteng. The data of water sources characteristic was obtained by water resources inventory in each location. Banteng included to the intermediate group between grazer and browser ungulata. The types of banteng’s feed in study sites contained of 25 species, mostly obtained from the plantation area. Productivity of banteng’s feed in Banyuputih Block is 463,92 kg/ha/day for 16 banteng. The highest palatability of banteng’s feed at Banyuputih Block and Sikapal Block is paitan (Paspalum conjugatum). Most of cover used by banteng was tree canopy and bamboo which has the function as a protection from the sun. Most of water sources for drink are the river flow to the estuary. The water sources in location are Sumbersari River, Cawang River, Sanen Kali River and Banyuputih River. The preferable habitat of banteng was Banyuputih Block which contains plantation area and low land rain forest that provide feed, water and cover. Habitat function in TNMB is less than optimal caused by banteng moved to the plantation areal and it rendered wild hunting by local people. To overcome the problem, it is required intensive habitat management for banteng in order to prevent banteng enter the plantation area.
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Judul: Studi perilaku banteng (Bos javanicus d'Alton 1832) di Taman Nasional Meru Betiri, Jawa Timur
Abstrak: Banteng (Bos javanicus d‟Alton 1832) is one of Artiodactyla and belongs to large ruminant class of mammal. Formerly, banteng was spread widely almost all over on Java Island forest (Hoogerwerf 1970). Banteng is one of rare species and included to wild species conservation category on year 1931 No. 266 which was decanted on Minister of Forestry Letter of Act No. 327/Kpts/Um/7/1972. Furthermore, on Red Data Book IUCN (1972) Banteng was categorized as „vurnerable‟ which means the population was decreasing quickly. Purpose of this study was to knowing and studying habitat, population, and several behavior pattern from Banteng in the Meru Betiri National Park. The behavior which observed consist of feeding, drinking, mating, resting, body caring, parenting, fighting, and individual relationship between banteng and another wildlifes which use the same habitat. Hopefully, the result of this research could add knowledge about habitat, population, and behavior of banteng and as consideration to decide the management plan of Meru Betiri National Park so that it can help the banteng conservation effort. This research was located on Meru Betiri National Park, East Java, in the area of SPTN I Sarongan, SPTN II Ambulu, and SPTN III Kalibaru. This research was conducted during two months from Juli until August 2010. There are two kind of data collection which used in this research, primary data and secondary data. The primary data consist of banteng behavior which use scan sampling and focal animal, banteng habitat condition which use line transect method, and banteng population which use concentration count method. The Banteng on Meru Betiri National Park spent their particulary time at plantation area except banteng at Betiri mountain areal which always lived inside forest. The Banteng on Meru Betiri National Park could adapt with the its environment. The frequent contact with human made the wild attitude of banteng had been started decreasing. There were relationship between banteng and another wildlifes which used the same habitat. Banteng has a grouping strategies, the male would be more aggresive on breeding season. On the spot locations, Sukamade dan Bandealit, banteng was salted in midnight when there was no human activities. Banteng behavior could change depending on condition around. In addition, each group of banteng was lead by an adult female banteng and the males would form protection formation if was on threat. The sex ratio of banteng on Sukamade Resort was 1:4 and on Bandealit Resort was 1:2 with number of population was 9 individu on Sukamade Resort and 69 individu on Bandealit Resort.
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Judul: Aproksimasi Fungsi Sinus dan Kosinus sebagai Kombinasi Linear dari Fungsi Eksponensial
Abstrak: Salah satu gagasan yang menarik dalam matematika adalah aproksimasi suatu fungsi oleh fungsi lain. Sebagai contoh, fungsi polinom dapat diaproksimasi menggunakan deret Taylor atau fungsi persamaan diferensial dapat diaproksimasi menggunakan deret Fourier. Adapun fungsi yang dapat mengaproksimasi fungsi lain salah satunya adalah fungsi eksponensial. Kemungkinan mengaproksimasi fungsi dengan kombinasi linear dari fungsi eksponensial dari bentuk eˣ, e²ˣ, ... dianggap sebagai perkembangan sejajar dengan gagasan Deret Taylor yang mengaproksimasi fungsi dengan kombinasi linear dari segi fungsi kuadrat. Fungsi sin x dan cos x digunakan sebagai target untuk menilai seberapa baik aproksimasi yang dilakukan oleh fungsi yang diberikan. Aproksimasi fungsi sinus dan kosinus menggunakan hampiran Taylor lebih akurat dibandingkan dengan aproksimasi menggunakan fungsi eksponensial.
Keyword: Aprosimaksi eksponensial, aproksimasi fungsi, aprosimaksi Taylor, fungsi eksponensial