Judul: Rekayasa Bioproses Produksi Bioetanol dari Hidrolisat Pati Sagu (Metroxylon sp.) Menggunakan Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Var.ellipsoides Pada Kultivasi Nir-Sinambung dan Semi Sinambung:
Abstrak: Starch of sago is one of the sources of ethanol which is able to be produced by enzymatic hydrolysis and followed by cultivation process. It has high concentration of carbohydrate (80 %), so it can produce glucose highly with enzymatic hydrolysis process. The total amount of glucose has correlation with amount of ethanol, in cultivation process. The first step of research was to prepare substrate from sago starch which was hydrolysed enzymatically using α- amylase and amyloglucosidase (AMG) enzymes. Preliminary research was conducted to determine optimum concentration in which S.cerevisiae var.ellipsoides can live and produce the highest ethanol content. The concentrations being tested were 18, 24, 30 and 36 % (g/L) of total sugar. The main research consists of two systems: batch and fed-batch. Result shows that 24 % concentration (g/L) was find to be the optimum consentration for S.cerevisiae var.ellipsoides with ethanol production reaches up to 10,2 ± 0,000 % (w/v). One of the main research is using batch cultivation. The best result of highest ethanol concent was reached (10,77 ± 0,000 % w/v) when aeration was stopped after biomass condition has reached the maximum condition. The best result on fed-batch cultivation with the highest ethanol concentration (12,05 ± 0,00 % w/v) also was gained at the same treatment with feed concentration of glucose 16 % g/L. Based on calculation of cultivation kinetic parameters, it is shown that in batch cultivation the highest Yp/s, Yp/x (0,15; 0,47; 4,48) was gained on the third treatment that is aeration stopped at 30th hour. On fed-batch cultivation, the highest Yp/s and Yp/x value (0,51 and 5,05) is shown on treatment of which aeration is stopped after 30th hour and feed concentration of 16 % g/L.
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Judul: Produksi Etanol Oleh Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Var. Ellipsoideus Dari Sirup Dekstrin Pati Sagu (Metroxylon Sp.) Menggunakan Metode Aerasi Penuh Dan Aerasi Dihentikan
Abstrak: Indonesia is known as the largest owner land of sago, with the area around 1 million ha, or 50% of 2 million ha of world sago area (Marsudi and Aprilia, 2006). The great potential of sago in Indonesia has not been used optimally. Thus far, only about 10% of the total national sago area that has been used to meet food and industry requirements. When sago is cultivated properly, it’s dried starch productivity would reach 25 ton/ha/year, much higher as compared to cassava 1,5 tons/ha/year, potatoes 2,5 tons/ha/year, and corn 5,5 tons/ha/year. (Sumaryono, 2007) This research is aimed to find the possibility of using dextrin as substrate for ethanol production, to see potentiality of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus as the ethanol producer, also the selection of aeration rate and total sugar concentration for fermentation. More over, this research also aims to determine the influence of bioprocess engineering (full and stopped aeration) to biomass and ethanol production. In the first study conducted, fermentation was treated at different substrate concentrations (18%, 24%, 30%, 36% w/v) and two regimes of aeration (1 vvm and 2 vvm). It is found that the best treatment was obtained from fermentation at 30% substrate concentration and 1 vvm aeration rate, which produced the highest amount of biomass (2,98 g/l) with the value of μmaks was 0,29 hour-1. For the first six hour cultivation, biomass growth was still in log phase. The residual sugar content in substrate and the pH value decreased during the fermentation process. The decline of residual sugar contents in substrate showed the activity of cells that consumed dextrin as substrate. While changes in pH was due to the release of H+ during the consumption of NH4 +, also the use of amino acids as nitrogen source and the accumulation of by products such as organic acids from carbohydrate metabolism. Bioprocess engineering was done on the treatment selected, with the stop of aeration after its first 6 hours cultivation. In 24 hours of fermentation, ethanol produced was 24,94±0,16 g/l. This results was much higher than the treatment with full aeration which only produced ethanol as much as 21,25±0,55 g/l. The pH at the end of fermentation in full aeration reached 3,05, while in stop aeration was 3,15. The extreme low pH can prevent the growth of microorganisms. The stop of aeration after the first 6 hour aeration change the environment of the fermentation conditions from aerob to be anaerob, so that the fermentation process for the formation of ethanol can be maximized.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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