Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian adalah merumuskan cara pencegahan kebakaran hutan rawa gambut yang efektif agar dapat diimplementasikan di berbagai kondisi hutan rawa gambut dengan mencari variabel-variabel penentu terjadi kebakaran baik dari faktor biofisik maupun sosial ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel biofisik yang berpengaruh terhadap kebakaran hutan rawa gambut adalah jarak sungai dengan nilai peluang kebakaran tertinggi atau Odd-ratio = Pll-P sebesar - 1,68200 pada jarak terdekat > 18 km dari S. Riding.
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Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: Uncontrolled land and forest fires have caused an enormous environmental losses in terms of economical, ecological and political aspects. The main objective of this study is to formulate and evaluate the method of economic valuation of environmental damage caused by land and forest fires. The study was conducted in the National Park of Bukit Baka (230 ha), Natural Recreation Park of Baning (59.5 ha), Industrial Forest Plantation of Finantara Intiga (15 ha), Industrial Forest Plantation of Inhutani III (12,452 ha), TCSDP Plantation of Nanga Pinoh (76 ha) and community plantation (91.20 ha) with the sample of 42 ha and 250 respondents. The data analysis used were the approach of market price, productivity, shadow price, replacement cost, income losses, health costs, transfer benefit, contingent valuation method, canonical correlation, structural equation model and system analyses. The study showed that land and forest fires give different impacts. Therefore, the choice of methods should be in accordance with criteria and stages of valuation. The total economical losses caused by fires in 1997 was 53.91 billion rupiahs which was 175 million rupiahs in the sample area or of 4.17 million rupiahs/ha in the average. It was an increasing of 69.64% in the year of 2003. The biggest loss occurred in the forest area with conservation and natural preservation functions. On the other hand, in terms of the benefit, the biggest loss was in the direct benefit. It is because not all indirect benefit was valuated in this study. The declining of people’s health was the biggest loss in terms of haze from land and forest fires. However, those fire impact did not disturbed the cooperation with other countries but only the transaction costs. Both of the natural and human factor influence of land and forest fire simultaneously with ã = -0.192 and ã = -0.462. Rainfall, temperature, humidity, the using of fire, attention and involving of the community toward fire and mitigation effort showed the most significant effect on forest fire (á = 0.05) with 73% of model validity level. Therefore, the alternatives of policy to prevent land and forest fires are the implementation of optimistic scenario by preventing the using of fire, the improvement of fire mitigation efforts, ratification of AATHP and strengthening the cooperation with other countries in controlling land and forest fires.
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Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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