Judul: Pengaruh penambahan probiotik Leuconostoc citreum TSD-10 pada substrat yang berbeda terhadap kecernaan serat, aktivitas fermentasi, dan populasi bakteri rumen (in vitro)
Abstrak: Telah banyak usaha yang dilakukan untuk memanipulasi lingkungan rumen dengan tujuan memperbaiki efisiensi fermentasi yang menyeluruh dalam rumen, sehingga dapat memperbaiki produktivitas temak. Salah satunya adalah dengan penggunaan pakan tambahan yang mampu mempengaruhi beberapa komponen dari metabolisme rumen.
Keyword: Invitro, Fermentation, Bacteria

Judul: Penambahan Isolat Bakteri Asam Laktat Dan Isolat Bakteri Rumen Terhadap Profil Fermentasi Rumen Dan Kecernaan Pakan Secara In Vitro
Abstrak: Ruminansia memiliki proses pencernaan pakan yang difermentasikan oleh mikroba di rumen. Mikroba rumen merupakan unsur sangat penting bagi ruminansia karena mengatur kecernaan nutrien. Penggunaan mikroorganisme sebagai probiotik berguna untuk menjaga keseimbangan atau mengatur fungsi rumen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil fermentasi rumen dan kecernaan pakan dengan penambahan isolat BAL dan isolat BR pada pakan ruminansia secara in vitro. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam 2 tahap percobaan. Percobaan I adalah screening isolat bakteri yang dirancang dengan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 3 ulangan. Seratus satu isolat bakteri yang terdiri dari lima puluh empat isolat BAL dan empat puluh tujuh isolat BR diamati efeknya terhadap kecepatan produksi gas dan total produksi gas, pH dan identifikasi isolat bakteri. Percobaan II adalah pemberian isolat bakteri yang terpilih dari percobaan I yang dirancang dengan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 4 ulangan. Percobaan I screening isolat bakteri menunjukkan bahwa beberapa dari isolat BAL dan isolat BR dapat meningkatkan kecepatan produksi gas dan total produksi gas secara in vitro yaitu 26, 38 dan 42 untuk isolat BAL dan 23, 93 dan 99 untuk isolat BR. Penggunaan isolat BAL berpengaruh nyata terhadap nilai pH rumen (P<0.05), sedangkan penggunaan isolat BR tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap nilai pH rumen (P>0.05). Isolat BAL 26, 38 dan 42 diidentifikasi yaitu Lactobacillus plantarum, sedangkan untuk isolat BR 23, 93 dan 99 diidentifikasi secara berurutan yaitu Streptococcus lutetiensis, Streptococcus sp (unculture bacteria) dan Streptococcus equinus. Percobaan II penambahan isolat BAL 38 dan isolat BR 99 yang diinkubasikan selama 24 jam. Hal ini berpengaruh nyata terhadap peningkatan jumlah produksi gas (P<0.05), pH rumen (P<0.05), degradasi bahan kering (DBK) (P>0.05), degradasi bahan organik (DBO) (P>0.05), VFA total (P>0.05), VFA parsial (asetat, propionat dan butirat) (P>0.05), C2/C3 (P>0.05), populasi protozoa (P>0.05), konsentrasi amonia (P<0.05), metan (P>0.05) dan metan/total VFA (P>0.05). Pemberian isolat BAL dan isolat BR secara in vitro tidak meningkatkan fermentasi rumen dan kecernaan dalam rumen.
Keyword: bakteri, fermentasi, kecernaan, in vitro, sapi

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite