Judul: Potensi Penggunaan Nanoteknologi dalam Pengembangan Antelmintik untuk Hewan : Literature Review
Abstrak: Penggunaan antelmintik sintetik berkelanjutan menimbulkan resistensi pada sejumlah spesies cacing yang menyebabkan penurunan efikasi antelmintik. Pengembangan antelmintik hewan bertujuan menurunkan risiko resistensi sehingga efektivitas antelmintik dapat ditingkatkan. Dewasa ini, pengembangan antelmintik hewan telah sampai pada rekayasa materi dalam skala nano atau disebut nanoteknologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengintegrasikan hasil penelitian primer dalam mengevaluasi efektivitas antelmintik nanopartikel dengan pendekatan analisis meta. Sebanyak 47 literatur penelitian primer diperoleh dengan menggunakan kata kunci kata kunci anthelmintic in vitro, anthelmintic in vivo, nanotechnology anthelmintic, anthelmintic nanoparticle, dan anthelmintic nanosuspension. Publikasi diperoleh dari beberapa search engine, meliputi pubmed, science direct, ebsco-host, dan google scholar pada rentang tahun 2013-2021. Secara in vitro, peningkatan efikasi antelmintik nanopartikel diketahui berdasarkan nilai effect size cumulative paralysis dan death time kelompok studi antelmintik nanopartikel dibandingkan kelompok kontrol negatif berturut-turut sebesar -50,442 ± 24,24 dan -10,195 ± 5,80. Adapun secara in vivo, peningkatan efikasi diketahui berdasarkan nilai effect size cumulative EPG kelompok antelmintik nanopartikel sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan sebesar -2,263 ± 2,05. Nilai effect size cumulative ini lebih besar dibandingkan kelompok perlakuan kontrol positif yang diberikan antelmintik sintetik ruah.
Keyword: Anthelmintics, effect size cumulative, meta-analysis, nanoparticle

Judul: Meta-Analysis Study on the Effectiveness of Herbal Anthelmintics Compared with Synthetic Anthelmintics
Abstrak: Sistem penggembalaan ternak modern memberikan antelmintik secara rutin untuk mencegah infeksi cacing parasit dan ini menimbulkan masalah baru yaitu adanya resistansi. Pemanfaatan tanaman herbal dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk menggantikan antelmintik sintetik. Meta-analisis adalah salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk membandingkan keefektifan dari dua jenis antelmintik ini. Metode diawali dengan pengumpulan data studi primer menggunakan database yang terdapat di research gate, pubmed, science direct, academia.edu, dan repositori IPB tahun 2007-2020. Data diseleksi dan dianalisis dengan melihat effect size sebagai indikator perbandingan efektivitas antelmintik sintetik dan antelmintik herbal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa antelmintik sintetik lebih efektif dengan effect size -2,90  0,27, sedangkan antelmintik herbal -1,72  0,28. Hal ini dikarenakan nilai afinitas ikatannya lebih rendah. Penelitian terkait antelmintik herbal lebih banyak menggunakan pelarut metanol dan air dalam ekstraksi. Polaritas air yang tinggi menjadi penyebab efek yang ditimbulkan oleh antelmintik herbal dengan ekstrak air tidak sekuat ekstrak metanol. Jumlah tanaman yang digunakan dalam pembuatan antelmintik herbal juga berpengaruh terhadap efektivitas dari antelmintik herbal selain faktor jenis pelarut. Antelmintik herbal efektif sebagai antelmintik namun efeknya tidak sekuat antelmintik sintetik., Modern livestock grazing systems routinely administer anthelmintics to prevent parasitic worm infections and this creates resistance. The plants can be used as an alternative to replace synthetic anthelmintics. Meta-analysis is a method that can be used to compare the effectiveness of these two types of anthelmintics. This method began with the collection of primary study data using databases found in ScienceDirect, Pubmed, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, and IPB repository for the years 2007-2020. The data selected and analyzed by looking at the effect size as an indicator of the comparative effectiveness of synthetic anthelmintic and herbal anthelmintics. The results showed that synthetic anthelmintic was more effective with an effect size of -2.90  0.27, while herbal anthelmintic was -1.72  0.28. This is because the bond affinity value is lower. Research related to herbal anthelmintics mostly uses methanol and air solvents in the extraction. The high air polarity is the cause of the effect of herbal anthelmintics with air extracts not as strong as methanol extracts. The number of plants used in the creation of herbal anthelmintics also affects the effectiveness of herbal anthelmintics beside the type of solvent. Herbal anthelmintic is effective as anthelmintic but not as strong as synthetic anthelmintic.
Keyword: anthelmintic, herbal, herbal, meta-analysis, synthetic

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite