Judul: Pengaruh Penambahan H2O2 sebagai Bahan Pemucat pada Proses Pemurnian Surfaktan MESA (Methyl Ester Sulfonates Acid) dari Jarak Pagar terhadap Sifat Fisiko Kimia Surfaktan yang Dihasilkan.
Abstrak: Surfactant is a surface active agent that capable to reduce surface and inter- facial tension. One of them that can be developed prospectively is a MES surfactant that can be applied largely as a cleaning agent. This condition based on the oil contain C18 of MES by the jatropha curcas has a detergency nature that can be used as a cleaning agent. Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES) is the anionic surfactant made from vegetable oil that is now being developed. MES has the similar, or even better than Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates that is now the most produced anionic surfactant synthesized from petroleum. Jatropha curcas is potential to be developed as MES feedstock because of oil contain and the C18 as a dominant of fatty acid composition. Methyl Ester Sulfonates synthesis can be done by a chemical process of metyl ester as a raw material with SO3 reactant. In this research, preparation of the sample carried out by the reaction of the methyl ester with SO3 at a certain temperature condition with level 100oC and sampling sample in the 3rd period (after 3 hours). The sulfonation process in this research using single tube falling film reactor. Methyl ester input flow rate into the reactor is 100 ml/minute. For the perfect sulfonation, process will be continued by aging process with 80 oC temperature condition and 45 minutes duration. MESA produced in black color which is the main problem in its aplication as a cleaning agent so that the purification process such as bleaching and neutralization process required. The reason of usage the hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent because of its nature as a stronger oxidizer and versatile oxidant which is both safe and effective. Afterwards, the proportion of H2O2 consentration to get the best purification process will be undertaken, because of H2O2 addition in the certain concentration will be given the effect to the physic and chemical characteristic of product, so that the best purification condition can be achieved. This research purpose to learn the effect of the H2O2 addition as a bleaching agent in MESA purificaton process of Methyl Ester Sulfonates Acid from Jatropha curcas L applicable to the physic and chemical characteristic of the produced surfactant. Research was begun with the Jatropha seeds pressing until the purification and analysis process. This research using single factorial completely randomized design with two replications. The treatments used are bleaching with 2, 4 dan 6% variation of H2O2 consentration followed by neutralization process so that the neutral surfactant can be produced. From the physic and chemical analysis process of MESA, the neutralized MESA, bleached MESA and bleached-neutralized MESA has an active matter value from 18,94 to 23,47 percent, iodine value from 29,75 to 32,82 mg Iod/g MES, absorbency color percent from 0,27 to 0,52 percent, and pH from 1,11 to 7,15. Performance test shows that the bleaching and the bleaching-neutralization process in 2, 4 and 6% variation of H2O2 consentration have no significant effect in the iodine value, acid number, pH, color and active matter of MESA. The best condition of MES purification process reached at
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Judul: Pengaruh Proses Bleaching dan Netralisasi terhadap Karakteristik Surfaktan Metil Ester Sulfonat dari Metil Ester CPO (Crude Palm Oil)
Abstrak: Surfactant is surface active agent that has ability to reduce surface and inter-facial tension. Based on its ability, surfactant is used almost in all sectors of industries. It can be synthesized from petroleum, microorganism, and vegetable oil. Based on the hydrophilic part, it is divided into four groups: cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric. Anionic surfactant is the most produced compared to other groups. Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES) is the anionic surfactant made from vegetable oil that is now being developed. MES has the similar, or even better, than Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates that is now the most produced anionic surfactant synthesized from petroleum. MES production in this research use CPO (Crude Palm Oil) as raw material to give added value for CPO as main commodity in Indonesia. These research methods were divided into some steps: (1) analysis of physical-chemical characteristics of CPO (2) production and analysis of methyl ester of CPO (3) sulfonation process of methyl ester of CPO using SO3 with temperature of 1000C by STFR (Single Tube Falling Film Reactor) and (4) analysis of MES surfactant. The purpose of this research is to find the effect of bleaching and neutralizing processes to the characteristics of Methyl Ester Sulfonates produced from methyl ester CPO. This research used factorial completely randomized design with two replications. The treatment used is process step with no bleaching-neutralizing step, with neutralizing step, and with bleachingneutralizing step. MES produced has inter-facial tension value from 1.4 x 10-2 to 1.4 x 10-1 mN/m, surface tension from 35.33 to 47.17 dyne/cm, active matter content from 15.32 to 19.10 %, iodine value from 53.38 to 55.44 mg Iod/mg MES, CMC from 2.6-3.5% and pH 3.08-6.84. Based on statistic test, the process steps significantly affect inter-facial tension value, surface tension, active matter, and pH but not to iodine value. The best process step found in the sulfonating which continued with neutralizing process based on some parameters. Parameters used were lowest inter-facial tension and surface tension, highest active matters content, and most neutral pH. In this best process, physical-chemical characteristics obtained: inter-facial tension of 0.0201 mN/m, surface tension of 37.30 dyne/cm, iodine value of 55.02 mg I2/g MES, active matter content of 19.10 %, CMC of 2.5% and pH of 6.16.
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Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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