Judul: Trading System and Estimating Illegal Trade Volume of Pig-nosed Turtles (Carettochelys insculpta Ramsay 1886)
Abstrak: Praktik perdagangan ilegal satwa liar menyebabkan kerugian secara ekologi dan ekonomi bagi negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi alur tata niaga, karakteristik pelaku, dan menduga volume serta nilai perdagangan kura-kura moncong babi. Metode pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dengan pihak KLHK, BKSDA, dan bea cukai. Data transaksi perdagangan pada tahun 2016-2020 diperoleh dari putusan pengadilan negeri dan penelitian terdahulu yang dianalisis secara deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat empat alur tata niaga yaitu harvester directly to consumer, market space restricted, gatekeeper, dan redundant channels. Peran pelaku perdagangan sebanyak 20 orang yang terdiri dari satu pemburu, 18 perantara, dan satu konsumen. Pendugaan volume perdagangan ilegal kura-kura moncong babi pada tahun 2016-2020 sebanyak 19.064 ekor dari 16 transaksi perdagangan. Total nilai perdagangan kura-kura moncong babi pada tahun 2016-2020 sebesar Rp492.530.000,00 – Rp493.780.000,00., The practice of illegal wildlife trade causes ecological and economic losses for the country. This study aims to identify the flow of the trade system, the characteristics of the actors, estimate the volume and value of trade in pig-nosed turtles. The method of collecting data is through interviews with the KLHK, BKSDA, and custom duty. Trade transaction data in 2016-2020 were obtained from district court decisions and previous research which were analyzed descriptively qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the study show that there are four channels of illegal trade, harvester directly to consumer, market space restricted, gatekeeper, and redundant channels. The role of the trader is 20 people consisting of one harvester, 18 intermediaries, and one consumer. The estimated volume of illegal trade in pig-nosed turtles in 2016-2020 was 19,064 from 16 trade transactions. The total trade value of pig-nosed turtles in 2016-2020 is Rp.492,530,000.00 – Rp.493,780,000.00.
Keyword: illegal, pig-nosed turtle, trade, wildlife

Judul: Trade System and Estimated Illegal Trading Volume of Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Abstrak: Perdagangan ilegal satwa liar membutuhkan perhatian khusus karena berdampak pada penurunan populasi, kehilangan sumber daya, dan kerugian negara. Orangutan merupakan satwa dilindungi yang diperdagangkan secara ilegal di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi alur tata niaga, karakteristik pelaku, serta menduga volume dan nilai perdagangan ilegal orangutan. Metode yang digunakan yaitu wawancara kepada kepala resort Bangka Belitung BKSDA Sumatera Selatan, manajer PPS Alobi, Ditjen Gakkum LHK, dan studi literatur. Data yang digunakan yaitu data perdagangan ilegal orangutan pada kurun waktu 2015-2020 yang diperoleh dari Ditjen Gakkum LHK dan penelusuran data kasus Mahkamah Agung. Data dianalisis menggunakan deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menemukan tiga alur tata niaga yang didominasi oleh redundant channels sebesar 75%. Pelaku terdiri dari pemburu, perantara, dan konsumen yang didominasi oleh laki-laki dengan usia produktif kerja. Pekerjaan pemburu dan perantara didominasi oleh petani dan pedagang dengan didominasi motivasi ekonomi. Volume perdagangan ilegal orangutan periode 2015-2020 sebanyak 15 individu dengan nilai perdagangan mencapai Rp435.000.000,00., Illegal wildlife trade requires special attention because it has an impact on population decline, loss of resources, and detrimental to the country. Orangutans are protected animals that are illegally traded in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the flow of the trade system, perpetrator’s characteristics, and to estimate the volume and value of the illegal trade in orangutans. The method used was an interviews with the head of resort Bangka Belitung BKSDA Sumatra Selatan, PPS Alobi manager, Ditjen Gakkum LHK, and literature studies. Data used is data on the illegal trade in orangutans in the 2015-2020 period that obtained from Ditjen Gakkum LHK and the investigation of Mahkamah Agung case data. Data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative descriptive. The results of the study found that are three channels of commerce which were dominated by redundant channels about (75%). The perpetrators consist of hunters, intermediaries, and consumers who are dominated by men of working productive age. The jobs of hunters and intermediares are dominated by farmers and traders with a predominantly economic motivation. Volume of illegal trade in orangutans for the 2015-2020 period was 15 individuals with a trade value was IDR435,000,000,00.
Keyword: illegal, orangutan, trade, Illegal, orangutan, trade

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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