Judul: Activity of chitooligomers produced by enzymatic hydrolisis upon proliferation of lymphocyte and cancer cells
Abstrak: Local chitin waste from crab industries can be used as a source for production of chitooligomers which has important biological activity. The aims of this research were to evaluate activities chitooligomers produced by enzymatic hydrolysis upon proliferation of lymphocyte and cancer cells. The chitosanase enzyme was obtained from thermophilic bacterium Bacillus licheniformis MB2 isolated from Tompaso Manado. The medium for producing the enzyme contained 1% colloidal chitosan and the enzyme was harvested after seven days of incubation at 55oC, The free cell supernatant were heated at 60 oC for 20 minutes. The heat stable protein enzyme was coagulated with 80% saturated ammonium sulphate and purified using hydrophobic interaction chromatography with butyl sepharose gel. The enzyme of 0.005, 0.0085, 0.10 dan 0,17 IU/mg chitosan were use on 1% soluble chitosan substrate with 85 and 90 % degree deacetylation to produce chitooligomers through incubation at one and three hours. The reaction products were analyzed and fractionated using HPLC. The effect of chitooligomers hidrolysate on normal cells and cancer cells was evaluated using lymphocyte cells previously isolated from human blood and cancer cells line : KR4 (lymphablastoid B), K-562 (chronic myelogenous leukimia), HeLa (epythel carcinoma cervix), and A549 (lung carcinoma ). The inhibition of cancer cells proliferation was visualized by spectrophotometer after addition of MTT reagent. At concentration of 17 ìg/ml the chitooligomers inhibited the cancer cells KR4 by 12.27%, K562 by 20.58%, HeLa by 31.72%, and A549 by 22.70%. In general, hidrolysate and fractionated chitooligomers (trimer to hexamer) showed better anticancer activity than 2-Bromo deoxy uridine used as positive control at similiar concentration. The inhibition 60% of lymphocyte cells was found when treated with chitooligomers hidrolysate from chitosan with 70% degree deacetylation. Fractionated chitooligomers (trimer to hexamer) 20% inhibited the lymphocytes. However, chitooligomers hidrolysate from chitosan with 85 and 90% degree deacetylation enhanced lymphocyte proliferation about 184.54%. K562, HeLa and A549 cancer cells treated with chitooligomers appeared to undergo apoptosis by 35%, 27%, and 8% respectively as shown by fluorescent microscopy. Disrupted membrane was found on cells treated with chitooligomers as observed by scanning electron mycroscope.
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Judul: Isolation and Selection of Chitosanolytic and Cellulolytic Endophytic Fungi from Different Seaweeds
Abstrak: Oligokitosan sebagai oligomer kitosan telah banyak dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai aplikasi biologis. Oligokitosan dapat diproduksi dengan metode enzimatis. Produksi oligokitosan dengan depolimerisasi kitosan secara enzimatis membutuhkan penggunaan enzim spesifik seperti kitosanase atau non-spesifik seperti selulase yang dapat diperoleh dari kapang endofit yang bersimbiosis dengan biota laut. Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan isolat, mengkarakterisasi dan menyeleksi kapang endofit dari rumput laut dengan aktifitas kitosanolitik dan selulolitik, serta identifikasi kapang endofit yang potensial menghasilkan enzim kitosanolitik dan selulolitik. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tahapan isolasi, penapisan aktivitas enzim, identifikasi morfologi dan molekuler kapang endofit. Sebanyak 42 isolat kapang endofit berhasil diisolasi dari rumput laut. Satu isolat kapang memiliki aktivitas kitosanolitik dan berjumlah 24 isolat memiliki aktivitas selulolitik dengan kategori indeks selulolitik sedang hingga rendah. Secara molekuler, isolat kapang endofit kitosanolitik dan selulolitik teridentifikasi sebagai Neoantrodia serialis (KTR2), Trichoderma harzianum (KTR3, KTR4) dan Apiotrichum mycotoxinovorans (KTR1). Enzim kitosanolitik dan selulolitik kapang endofit rumput laut kedepannya dapat dikembangkan menjadi alternatif untuk produksi berbagai oligomer secara enzimatis, salah satunya yaitu oligokitosan., Oligochitosan as an oligomer of chitosan has been widely utilized for various biological applications. Oligochitosan can be produced by enzymatic methods. The production of oligochitosan by enzymatically depolymerizing chitosan requires the use of specific enzymes such as chitosanase or non-specific enzymes such as cellulase that can be obtained from endophytic fungi that are symbiotic with marine biota. The research aims to obtain isolates, characterize and select endophytic fungi from seaweed with chitosanolytic and cellulolytic activities, and identify endophytic fungi that have the potential to produce chitosanolytic and cellulolytic enzymes. The research was conducted with the stages of isolation, screening of enzyme activity, morphological and molecular identification of endophytic fungi. A total of 42 endophytic fungi isolates were successfully isolated from seaweed. One isolate had chitosanolytic activity and 24 isolates had cellulolytic activity with moderate to low cellulolytic index categories. Molecularly, the chitosanolytic and cellulolytic endophytic fungi isolates were identified as Neoantrodia serialis (KTR2), Trichoderma harzianum (KTR3, KTR4) and Apiotrichum mycotoxinovorans (KTR1). The chitosanolytic and cellulolytic enzymes of seaweed endophytic fungi can be developed into alternatives for the enzymatic production of various oligomers, one of which is oligochitosan.
Keyword: enzim, rumput laut, kapang endofit, kitosanolitik, selulolitik

Judul: Kebutuhan pemandu wisata di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango
Abstrak: Pramuwisata atau lebih dikenal sebagai pemandu wisata berasal dari bahasa Sansekerta yaitu pramu, wis dan ata. Pramu berarti pelayanan atau orang yang me- layani, wis artinya tempat, dan ata berarti banyak, sehingga batasan pramuwisata adalah orang yang bertugas memberikan bimbingan, penerangan dan petunjuk ten- tang obyek wisata (Direktorat Jenderal Pariwisata, 1991), yang berarti orang yang bertugas memberikan pemanduan wisata. Pemanduan wisata alam di taman nasional merupakan kegiatan yang bertu- juan memberikan pelayanan kepada wisatawan dalam menikmati obyek-obyek wisata alam yang terdapat di kawasan taman nasional, sehingga wisatawan dapat menya- dari, menghargai dan mengerti tentang kawasan yang dikunjunginya serta membantu wisatawan untuk memperoleh tambahan pengalaman, kenyamanan dan kepuasan. Selain itu pemanduan wisata alam merupakan sarana untuk mencapai salah satu tujuan taman nasional yaitu perlindungan dan pelestarian obyek-obyek yang ada, karena pemandu wisata dapat menjelaskan dan menginformasikan secara tepat, be- nar, dan menarik tentang kawasan dan obyek-obyek di taman nasional, yang mem- buat pengunjung dapat mengerti dan memahami bahwa kawasan taman nasional yang dikunjunginya itu merupakan tempat istimewa yang memerlukan perlakuan khusus. Salah satu taman nasional yang telah melaksanakan kegiatan pemanduan wisa- ta alam adalah Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango. Namun pengelolaan kegi- atan pemanduan tersebut dirasakan masih sangat kurang serta belum terarah dan tera- tur, sehingga diperlukan usaha-usaha untuk mengatasi hal tersebut yang berupa penyediaan tenaga-tenaga pemandu yang profesional dan pengelolaan kegiatan pemanduan secara profesional. ...
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