Judul: Prevalence of Sanitary Indicator and Pathogenic Bacteria Contamination in Chicken Meat and Chicken Meat Products in Indonesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstrak: Daging ayam menjadi salah satu pangan hewani yang digemari masyarakat di Indonesia. Daging ayam memiliki kandungan nutrisi yang tinggi sehingga memiliki risiko tinggi terhadap cemaran mikrobiologis, sehingga perlu diperhatikan keamanannya. Penelitian tentang cemaran pada daging ayam dan produk olahannya telah banyak dilakukan di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia dengan hasil yang bervariasi. Melalui meta-analisis menggunakan berbagai data yang telah dilaporkan, dapat diperoleh ukuran sampel penelitian yang lebih besar agar hasil lebih umum dan komprehensip. Prosedur penelitian dilakukan dengan dua tahapan, tahap pertama tinjauan sistematis yang mencakup pencarian literatur pada basis data (Google Scholar¸ Cross Ref, Pro Quest, PubMed dan Science Direct), seleksi literatur, ekstraksi data dan tahap kedua meta-analisis. Pencarian literatur pada basis data Google scholar dan Cross Ref menggunakan bantuan perangkat lunak Publish or Perish 8 dengan kata kunci/frasa dan pencarian literatur pada basis data PubMed, Science Direct dan Pro Quest menggunakan kata kunci/frasa dan operator Boolean OR dan AND untuk mempermudah pencarian literatur. Meta-analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak meta-analisis Open Meta [Analyst]. Pengukuran effect size yang merupakan proporsi/prevalensi cemaran bakteri ditentukan dengan model random-effects dengan metode DerSimonian–Laird. Hasil meta-analisis disajikan dalam tabel dan forest plot. Hasil seleksi dengan PRISMA menghasilkan 44 studi yang berasal dari 25 literatur yang terkait dengan cemaran bakteri pada daging dan olahannya di Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil meta-analisis diperoleh prevalensi sampel tercemar bakteri di Indonesia sebesar 32,8% (95% CI: 21,6-44,1%; p<0,001). Nilai heterogenitas yang tinggi (I2 =99,49%) menungkinkan dilakukan meta-analisis sub-group berdasarkan jenis sampel, jenis bakteri pencemar dan lokasi pengambilan sampel. Hasil meta-analisis sub-group berdasarkan jenis sampel menunjukkan prevalensi tertinggi diperoleh dari olahan daging ayam (47,8%; 95% CI: 13,9-81,8%; p<0,001), sedangkan jenis bakterinya adalah E. coli (45,3%; 95% CI:15,4-75,3%; p<0,001), S. aureus (44,3%; 95% CI: -5,2-93,8%, p<0,001), Salmonella sp. (30,6%; 95% CI: 18,8-42,5%; p<0,001), Campylobacter sp. (20%; 95% CI: 10,9-29,0%; p<0,001), dan L. monocytogenes (15,7%; 95% CI:10,5-21,0%; p=0,840). Daging ayam dan olahannya dari pasar tradisional mempunyai tingkat prevalensi cemaran bakteri yang lebih tinggi (31,2%; 95% CI: 20,9-41,4%; p<0,001) dibandingkan dengan pasar modern (18,2%; 95% CI: 8,9-27,5%; p<0,001). Tingginya cemaran bakteri pada produk olahan daging ayam (47,8%; 95% CI: 13,9-81,8%; p<0,001) mengharuskan produsen selalu menerapkan praktik keamanan pangan mulai dari pemilihan bahan baku hingga pangan siap dikonsumsi. Prevalensi cemaran pada meta-analisis sub-group memiliki potensi bias karena jumlah studi dan informasi yang terbatas., Chicken meat is one of the most popular animal-based foods in Indonesia. Chicken meat has a high nutritional content that has a high risk of microbiological contamination, which necessitates attention to its safety. Research on contamination in chicken meat and its processed products has been conducted in various regions in Indonesia with varying results. A larger sample size can be obtained through meta-analysis using reported data to generate more generalizable and comprehensive findings. The research procedure consisted of two stages: a systematic review phase that included a literature search in databases (Google Scholar, Cross Ref, Pro Quest, PubMed, and Science Direct), literature selection, data extraction, and a meta-analysis phase. A literature search in Google Scholar and Cross Ref databases was conducted using the Publish or Perish 8 software with specific keywords/phrases, while searches in PubMed, Science
Keyword: bacteria, chicken meat, Indonesia, meta-analysis, prevalence

Judul: Prevalensi campylobacter jejuni pada karkas ayam dan pengembangan uji deteksinya
Abstrak: Chicken meat and eggs are the main source of animal protein in Indonesia because they are relative cheaper than cattle products. Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen predominantly found in chicken carcasses. C. jejuni causes gastroenteritis in humans, had a very low infectious dose that is easy to cause infection in humans. The study was aimed to (1) rapidly detect C. jejuni contamination in chicken carcass (2) determine the prevalence of contamination and quantitative analyse of the risk of thermophilic Campylobacter sp. when mishandling consume. (3) produce immune sera against the local isolates that can be used as a reagent for ELISA. A total of 298 chicken carcass samples sold in modern and traditional markets in the area of Jakarta, West Java (Bogor and Sukabumi) and Central Java (Kudus and Demak) were collected and attempted for isolation following ISO/ DIS 10272-1994 protocol, identification using biochemical API Campy, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using hipO, glyA, fla, and 23S rRNA primer sets for species identification. The result is chicken carcasses sold in the sampling area both traditional markets and supermarkets are contaminated with C. jejuni and C. coli. Prevalence of Campylobacter sp. contamination on chicken carcasses was isolated by conventional (19.8%) and PCR (41.6%). The contamination rate of Campylobacter sp. on chicken carcasses sold in supermarkets, markedly 14.09% is higher than in traditional markets 5.70%. It is also confirmed that the prevalence for contamination of C. jejuni was higher than C. coli. Prevalence of C. jejuni contamination that sold in traditional markets 88.23% was higher than C. coli 11.76%. The prevalence of C. jejuni contamination in carcasses sold in swalayan was 78.57%. These were higher than contamination of C. coli that was identified by conventional methods 21.42%. Flagella and whole cell antigen purification from a local isolate of C. jejuni (C1) was done by glycine extraction and produced flagellar protein of 31 kDa. Animal immunization against flagellar protein extract induced higher specific antibody titers in chicken than rabbits and sheep. A probability model describing variability but not uncertainty was developed in beta-poisson model. The result is microorganism reduction 2 log cfu/gram and the output sof the model was the probability of illness per handling if the roasted chicken mishandled is 4 for 1 000 humans.
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm