Judul: Fertilisasi in vitro pada hewan percobaan dan hewan ternak
Abstrak: Fertilisasi in vitro yaitu suatu peristiwa penetrasi sel telur (ovum) oleh spermatozoa di luar tubuh (Trounson, Willadsen dan Rowson, 1977), tepatnya di da lam suatu sistem kultur. Pada ternak, teknik ini merupakan salah satu upaya manusia dalam meningkatkan produksi peternakan melalui efisiensi reproduksi dan sebagai usaha untuk menyelamatkan bibit unggul yang tidak dapat dilaksanakan dengan cara fertilisasi in vivo. Sedangkan pada hewan percobaan teknik ini digunakan se bagai suatu cara untuk meneliti kemungkinan terjadinya pembuahan (fertilisasi) di luar tubuh yang dapat menghasilkan individu baru. Fertilisasi in vitro dilakukan setelah terlebih dahulu melalui proses persiapan sel telur dan sperma- tozoa. Khususnya pada sapi, sel telur diperoleh dari betina yang disuperovulasikan (matang in vivo) ataupun dari material rumah potong yang telah mengalami pematangan secara in vitro (Wright dan Bondioli, 1981). Sperma yang diejakulasikan harus mengalami proses kapasitasi terlebih dahulu baik secara in vivo maupun in vitro sebelum dipertemukan dengan sel telur. ...
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Judul: Pembuahan in Vitro pada Sapi, Manfaat dan Hambatannya
Abstrak: Pembuahan in vitro yaitu pembuahan sel telur oleh spermatozoa dilauar tubuh merupakan salah satu upaya manusia dalam meningkatkan produksi peternakan melalui efiseinsi reproduksi, khususnya sapi. Pembuahan in vitro dilakukan melalui persiapan sel telur dan spermatozoa. Sel telur diperoleh dari betina yang disuperovulasikan (matang in vivo) ataupun dari material abatoir setelah mengalami pematangan secara in vitro. Spermatozoa yang diejakulasikan harus melalui proses kapasitasi dulu baik secara in vivo maupun in vitro sebelum bertemu dengan sel telur.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite