Judul: Eugenol from Cloves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) as a Regulator of Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Spatial Learning Memory
Abstrak: Neurogenesis pada hipokampus memiliki peranan penting dalam meregulasi memori. Eugenol sebagai komponen utama dalam cengkeh memiliki kemampuan neuroprotektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji senyawa eugenol terhadap neurogenesis hipokampus dan peningkatan kinerja memori. Mencit dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok dan diberikan larutan secara pre-oral selama 30 hari. Kelompok pertama diberikan akuades sebagai kontrol, kelompok kedua diberikan eugenol sebanyak 30 mg/kg BB, dan kelompok ke tiga diberikan eugenol 100 mg/kg BB. Kemampuan pembelajaran spasial diobservasi menggunakan Y-arm maze selama 5 menit pada hari berikutnya setelah pemberian perlakuan. Otak mencit dibedah dan diwarnai menggunakan Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) untuk mengamati neural progenitor cells (NPC), granural cells (GC), dan sel apoptosis. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa eugenol meningkatkan kinerja memori spasial pada mencit, diindikasikan oleh persentasi jumlah alternasi benar yang lebih tinggi pada T1 dan T2 dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Eugenol juga dapat meningkatkan jumlah NPCs dan menurunkan sel apoptosis. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa eugenol dapat meningkatkan neurogenesis di dentate gyrus (DG).
Keyword: eugenol, hippocampus, neurogenesis, Syzygium aromaticum

Judul: The Effect of Clove Leaves Extract (Syzygium aromaticum L.) on Digestive Bacteria and Neurogenesis in Hippocampus on Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Neurogenesis adalah proses lahirnya neuron baru pada dentate gyrus di hipokampus. Mikrobiota saluran pencernaan dapat mempengaruhi neurogenesis melalui sistem komunikasi dua arah, yang terjadi antara otak dan saluran pencernaan (gut-brain axis). Cengkeh yang kaya akan polifenol dapat mempengaruhi neurogenesis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun cengkeh yang memiliki kandungan senyawa polifenol terhadap neurogenesis yang mempengaruhi kinerja memori dan tingkat kecemasan pada mencit dan bagaimana hubungannya dengan komposisi bakteri pada saluran pencernaan. Dalam penelitian ini, metode light-dark transition test dan y-maze alteration test digunakan untuk analisis perilaku. Mikrobiota feses mencit diisolasi dengan metode media selektif. Perbandingan jumlah koloni mikrobiota dihitung melalui metode total plate count. Dosis tinggi P400 memiliki kinerja memori spasial paling rendah setelah 4 minggu pemberian perlakuan (M4). Dosis tinggi P400 pada M4 juga menunjukkan tingkat kecemasan paling tinggi yang dialami oleh mencit. Sebaliknya pada kelompok perlakuan P100 dan P200 mencit menunjukkan tingkat kecemasan yang lebih rendah pada M4. Hasil analisis menunjukkan semakin rendah dosis yang diberikan tingkat neurogenesisnya juga semakin baik (NPC terbanyak P100). Kuantifikasi mikrobiota P400 meningkatkan konsentrasi bakteri Escherichia coli namun, menurunkan konsentrasi BAL. Hasil uji perilaku memperlihatkan tingkat dosis yang diberikan berkaitan dengan lama waktu pemberian perlakuan., Neurogenesis is the process of producing new neurons at the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. The digestive tract microbiota can influence neurogenesis through the two-way communication system between the brain and the digestive tract (gut-brain axis). Cloves are rich in polyphenols that can affect neurogenesis. This study aims to determine the effect of giving clove leaf extract which contains polyphenol compounds on neurogenesis which affects memory performance and anxiety levels in mice and how it relates to the composition of bacteria in the digestive tract. Behavioral analysis was carried out using light-dark transition test and y-maze alternation test. The isolation of the fecal microbiota a was done using selective media method. The number of microbiota colonies was calculated using the total plate count method. The high dose of P400 has the lowest spatial memory performance following four weeks of treatment (M4). The high dose of P400 on M4 also showed the highest level of anxiety experienced by the mice. Whereas, in the treatment group P100 and P200 mice showed the lowest anxiety level at M4. Our data indicate that the lower of the dose given, the better of neurogenesis rate level (most NPC was P100). P400 treatment increased the concentration of Escherichia coli bacteria yet decreased the concentration of BAL. Behavioral test results shows that the dose level given is related to length of giving treatment time.
Keyword: kecemasan, neural progenitor cell, memori spasial, polifenol

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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