Judul: Analysis of Active Compounds in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L var. italica) to Inhibit Kelch-like ECH-associated Protein 1 in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Abstrak: Diabetes Melitus tipe 2 ditandai dengan resistensi insulin akibat kerusakan reseptor insulin, terjadi karena peningkatan jumlah reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hal ini dapat diatasi dengan mengaktifkan antioxidant response elements (ARE) dengan menginhibisi regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1). Dimetil fumarat (DMF) telah dipakai sebagai obat penurun jumlah ROS namun dengan efeksamping yang berbahaya, dilakukan pencarian senyawa obat lain. Senyawa lain yang telah terbukti menurunkan ROS ialah senyawa yang berasal dari brokoli (Brassica oleracea. var. italica), yaitu sulforafan. Brokoli memiliki 31 senyawa aktif yang diuji aktivitas dan potensinya menggunakan metode in silico dengan penapisan virtual dan penambatan molekuler. Tahap penapisan virtual mengeliminasi 5 senyawa dan uji toksisitas mengeliminasi 8 senyawa, sehingga tersisa 18 senyawa yang lolos ke penambatan molekuler. Analisis penambatan menggunakan parameter energi afinitas dan persentase Binding Site Similarity, menunjukkan terdapat tiga kelompok senyawa yang berpotensi dengan gluconasturtiin sebagai senyawa dengan potensi terbaik. Senyawa-senyawa tersebut harus diuji lebih lanjut terutama terkait efek sampingnya sebelum dijadikan sebagai senyawa obat., Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus can be characterized by insulin resistance, as a result from insulin receptor damage from increased amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This problem is overcome by inhibiting Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) regulator and activating antioxidant response elements (ARE). Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is one of the drug that can reduce the amount of ROS, but because of its dangerous side effects thus performed search for other drug-like compounds. Compound proven to reduce ROS is sulforafan that derived from broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). There are 31 active compounds in broccoli, tested its activity and potency by in silico method, that is by virtual screening and molecular docking. Virtual screening eliminated 5 compounds and toxicity test eliminated 8 compounds, allowing only 18 compounds to molecular docking step. Analyzed by their affinity energy and Binding Site Similarity percentage, there are three groups of potential compounds, with gluconasturtiin that has the best potential. These compounds should be carried out for further analysis, especially their side effects, before being categorized as a drug.
Keyword: brokoli, diabetes melitus, in silico, KEAP1, ROS

Judul: Pengaruh Waktu Pemasakan dan Konsentrasi Terhadap Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Kadar Fenolik Total Brokoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica)
Abstrak: There are many plants that can be used as alternative medicine. One of them is broccoli which is known as vegetable that contain antioxidant, such as phenolic compounds. Antioxidant is capable to inhibit free radicals in human tuJy. This research was aimed to measure the effect of cooking time and concentration of broccoli on antioxidants activity tested by DPPH (1,I-diphenyl-2-pycrilhydrazil) method and total phenolic content. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) was used as positive control with various concentrations, 2, 4, 6, and 8 ppm. Some samples were cooked by conventional boiling treatment for 10, 20, and 30 minutes, and then were extracted with methanol. The extracts were separated by flash chromatography with toluene:ethyl acetate (11:9) as mobile phase. The number of fractions were determined with bioautography thin layer chromatography that were sprayed with DPPH 0.004% to get the active fraction. The methanol extracts and the active fractions were diluted to various concentrations, 10, 30, 50, and 70 ppm and then were determined for their antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content. The results showed that cooking time of broccoli from 10 to 30 minutes were significantly decreased antioxidant activity of extracts while increasing concentration of extract and active fraction from 10 to 70 ppm increase antioxidant activity of both of them. The ICso value of methanol extracts and active fraction were 226.94 and 221.78 ~g/mL, respectively. The ICso value of BHT was 6.46 ~g/mL. The total phenolic content active fraction for raw vegetable, 10, 20, and 30 minutes cooking time were 764.91, 495.96, 441.19, dan 304.66 mg/lOOg, respectively. Total phenolic content of broccoli were significantly decreased during the cooking.
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Judul: The impact and contribution of the tourism sector to the Indonesian economy : an I-O and SAM approach
Abstrak: Tourism is an important and strategic sector for the Indonesian economy. The sector has been growing for the last two decades to enhance its contribution to the GDP, employment, regional, local economy, and to strengthen the balance of payment. In particular, a planned economy was introduced to provide substantial opportunities to utilize tourism as a mechanism for national development. As a service-based sector, tourism as also considered to be a vehicle of converting the manufacturing economy to a service economy which makes the delivery of the product rather than the creation of the product the most important thing.
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