Judul: Karakteristik Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) di Air dan Sedimen Serta Akumulasinya pada Tubuh Ikan Nomei (Horpodon nehereus) Di Kota Tarakan
Abstrak: Karakteristik Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) di Air dan Sedimen Serta Akumulasinya pada Tubuh Ikan Nomei (Horpodon nehereus) Di Kota Tarakan
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Judul: Bioaccumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Their Effects on Fish Resources in the Coastal Waters of Tarakan, Kalimantan Utara Province.
Abstrak: PAH merupakan agen mutagenik dan karsinogenik yang mempengaruhi perairan pesisir Kota Tarakan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis jenis, konsentrasi dan sumber PAH di perairan dan sedimen, mengevaluasi dan menganalisis risiko ekologi yang diharapkan dari PAH dan pengaruhnya terhadap ikan bandeng (Chanos chanos) dan kerang Kappah (Meritrix sp) di perairan pesisir. Kota Kappah Tarakan Kalimantan Utara. Empat belas sampel air dan sedimen dari stasiun terpilih diperoleh 14 jenis PAH prioritas (USEPA). Konsentrasi PAH di air di lokasi sungai yang berbeda berkisar antara 0,61-62,40, di laut 0,02-43,75, dan tambak payau 0,08-31,77 μg L-1. Konsentrasi sedimen di lokasi sungai berkisar antara 0,72-352,84, antara 1,23-606,74 di laut, dan tambak payau 0,08-2858,88 ng g-1. Konsentrasi di lingkungan pesisir Tarakan menandakan adanya potensi bahaya bagi lingkungan. Selain itu, dua, empat dan lima cincin PAH terlihat mendominasi di air dan sedimen, dengan cincin utama ada di sungai dan kolam payau. PAH adalah sumber petrogenik dan pirolitik yang mungkin berasal dari sungai Pamusian. Konsentrasi dalam tubuh ikan bandeng berkisar antara 0.05-9.91 ng g-1 dan kappah clam 0.04-14.14 ng g-1. Siklik 2-4 mendominasi paparan tubuh biota, tingkat konsentrasi berada pada nilai kontaminasi sedang. Tes histologi menggambarkan disorganisasi dan fusi lamellae, edema dan nekrosis, tubulus regresi dan jaringan daging yang tidak teratur. Perlu ada tindakan korektif dan kontrol untuk mengurangi beban polusi PAH. Langkah-langkah perbaikan yang diusulkan adalah langkah-langkah perbaikan yang diusulkan adalah pengurangan input polutan dari daratan, penyediaan bak air dan kolam pengeringan yang efektif serta penyediaan ruang / kolam khusus pembesaran kerang kappah., PAHs are mutagenic and carcinogenic agents that influence the coastal water of Tarakan City. The purpose of this study is to analyze the type, concentration and source of PAHs in the water and sediment, evaluating and analyzing expected ecological risk of PAHs and their effects on milkfish (Chanos chanos) and Kappah shells (Meritrix sp) in the coastal waters Kappah Tarakan City North Borneo. Fourteen samples of water and sediment from selected stations obtained 14 types of PAHs priority (USEPA). The concentration of PAHs in the water at distinct river locations ranged from 0.61-62.40, at sea 0.02-43.75, and brackish ponds 0.08-31.77 μg L-1 respectively. The concentration in sediments at river locations ranges from 0.72-352.84, between 1.23-606.74 in the sea, and brackish ponds 0.08-2858.88 ng g-1. The concentration in the Tarakan coastal environment signifies the potential hazards to the environment. Furthermore, two, four and five rings of PAHs were shown to dominate in water and sediment, with the major rings present in both river and brackish pond. The PAHs were both petrogenic and pyrolytic sources that were possibly derived from the Pamusian river. Concentration in the body of milkfish ranges from 0.05-9.91 ng g-1 and kappah clam 0.04-14.14 ng g-1. Cyclic 2-4 dominates exposure to biota bodies, concentration level being at moderate contamination values. Histology tests describe disorganization and fusion of lamellae, edema and necrosis, regressing tubules and an irregular meshwork of meat. There needs to be corrective measures and controls to reduce the pollution load of PAHs. The proposed improvement measures are proposed corrective measures is the reduction of pollutant input from the mainland, the provision of
Keyword: PAHs, Waters, sediment, Milkfish, Kappah Shells

Judul: A Continuous Vaccination Strategy in the SVIR Epidemic Model
Abstrak: Vaccination is conducted to minimize the spread of a disease. The vaccination is usually done several times within a fixed time interval. In the SVIR model, it is assumed that individuals do not get immediate immunity following a vaccination program. So according to process of vaccination on SVIR model, there are two strategies, i.e. the continuous vaccination strategy (CVS) and the pulse vaccination strategy (PVS). In this study, only the CVS strategy in epidemic model SVIR is considered. Results of the study indicate that dynamics of the CVS system depends on the basic reproductive number. If the basic reproductive number is less than one, then the disease-free fixed point is asymptotically stable. It means that the disease will eventually disappear from the population. Conversely, if the basic reproductive number is greater than one, then the endemic fixed point is asymptotically stable, which means that the disease will remain exist in the population. Simulation result shows that the vaccination would minimize the spread of disease by reducing the basic reproductive number. If the time for the vaccinated recipients to obtain the immunity, as well as a possibility of vaccinated recipients to be infected are neglected, then the disease will be eradicated. This condition is called an over-evaluating effect of vaccination.
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