Judul: Kajian Persistensi dan Penularan Virus Avian Influenza di Peternakan Itik menggunakan Teknik Real Time RT-PCR
Abstrak: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been a major threat to poultry industry and human health in Indonesia over the past several years. The existence of backyard and free-range duck raising system has been hypothesized to play role in the disease circulation. This study investigated H5 virus infection and circulation occurring in three types of free-range duck farms in Indramayu District, West Java, Indonesia from September 2009 to March 2010. One hundred and eighty pairs of cloacal-oropharyngeal swab samples from sentinel ducks placed in six farms of the three farm types were collected every month for seven months period and screened in pools for influenza A virus. In addition to the sentinel ducks, 30 non-sentinel ducks were included at the first and the last sampling month. Of the total 648 pool samples collected for seven months, 91 pools (14%) were found influenza A positive at repeated events. The virus was more commonly found on type 1 farms followed by type 2 and 3 farms. The individual swab samples of influenza A positive pools were tested for H5 subtype. Of the total 91 pools of influenza A positive samples, 455 individual samples were tested for H5 subtype and 50 (11%) individual samples were found H5 positive. The H5 subtype was found at certain points of sampling time and was more commonly found in type 2 farms followed by type 1 and was not found on type 3 farms. The H5 virus was likely to be transmitted within duck farm but was unlikely to be maintained for a long time.
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Judul: Faktor Risiko Terkait Manajemen Kesehatan Unggas Terhadap Infeksi Virus Avian Influenza Di Tempat Penampungan Ayam
Abstrak: The aim of the study was to determine the association between the implementation of poultry health management with spreading of avian influenza virus (AIV) in Poultry Collecting Facilities (PCFs) in Jakarta. The study was performed using secondary data of the AIV surveilance collaboration of Center for Indonesian Veterinary Analitical Studies (CIVAS) and Indonesian Dutch Partnership (IDP) at 2007 by maintained the sentinel chickens (7-8 birds) in 39 PCFs for three months. The variables which related to poultry health management were health certificate, health inspection, health inspector, health inspection method, and handling of sick and dead birds. It was collected by interview with supervisor of PCFs. The AIV infection were taken from the cloacal and tracheal swab of the dead birds with rt-PCR. The results showed that the variable of handling of sick birds were significantly associated with infection of AIV (RR=2,00 ; 95% CI = 1,31-3,05). The other variables did not show significance association. The risk of AIV infection for kept the sick birds alive, or separated, or treated them in the same cage are twice greater than slaughtered them. Poultry health management in PCFs need to be improved as an effort to prevent and control the spreading of AIV in Indonesia.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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