Judul: Pengembangan Lembaga Unit Pengolahan dan Pemasaran Bahan Olah Karet di Sumatera Selatan
Abstrak: Smallholder rubber has a significant impact on the growth of the national natural rubber industry. As one of the most important plantation product commodities besides oil palm, coconut, and cocoa, the harvest of rubber plantations, which have been processed as raw rubber materials for industrial needs, also provides a high foreign exchange income for this country. Of course, this proves that the activities carried out by rubber farmers in rubber-producing areas have also contributed to the growth of new economic centers in the countryside. However, during the activities of rubber farmers, who for generations have still tended to apply traditional farming management patterns in the processing and marketing of raw rubber materials, abbreviated as bokar, this often becomes a problem. The efforts of the government and interested parties have not been maximized in providing attention and assistance related to the growth and strengthening of rubber farmer institutions. The existence of rubber farming institutions is a condition that becomes a benchmark to support the direction and pace of development of the rubber industry. This institution certainly must be able to show the level of success or the process of achieving a goal that is measurable in terms of quality and quantity within a certain period. The policy of the Ministry of Agriculture has established a basis for managing smallholder rubber plantations by issuing Minister of Agriculture Regulation No. 38 of 2008 concerning Processing and Marketing Units of Raw Rubber Materials (UPPB). It is known that, at this time, the Permentan has been revised, but the results have not yet been finalized. In 2010, the Ministry of Agriculture launched the Clean Bokar National Movement. At that time, there were more than 200 UPPB spread across various rubber centers in Indonesia, and now the number has reached 759 UPBB in 2021. The provisions for the formation of UPPB include several conditions, including having to cover a rubber plantation area of 100 hectares or having a minimum UPPB of 25 members. Based on plantation statistics, the control of smallholder rubber plantations reaches 85%, or 3 million hectares, of the total area of 3.6 million hectares of national rubber plantations and includes at least 4 million heads of families engaged in rubber farming. South Sumatra, as the largest center of smallholder rubber plantations, dominates the activities of growing and strengthening UPPB, where there are 413 UPPBs until 2023. The collective efforts of rubber farmers to gain more profit and added value through organized marketing by improving the quality of bokar must be pursued by becoming members of the UPPB. However, awareness of this is still constrained by government limitations and the lack of collaboration between existing rubber industry parties. Rubber peasant do not fully understand the importance of rubber farming institutions, plus the role of the rubber peasant community and the UPPB itself in carrying out its functions, they are still focused on marketing bokar alone, although currently there are also UPPBs that have succeeded in having other business units, not only marketing bokar. There are several things that are the focus of this research, namely describing
Keyword: komunitas petani karet, pelembagaan, perkebunan karet rakyat, UPPB

Judul: Sistem Pemasaran Karet Rakyat di Kabupaten Tebo, Provinsi lambi dengan Pendekatan Rantai Pasok
Abstrak: Indonesia is an agricultural country that rich in agricultural resources. Agriculture in Indonesia is divided into five sub-sectors including food crops, plantations, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry where the plantation subsector accounted for the GDP in 2013 amounted to 17.4% (BPS 2014). The development of plantation sub-sector is one option that is quite realistic as strategic business and mainstay in the Indonesian economy with rubber which became one of the State foreign exchange earner. Indonesia rubber export destinations include the United States, Japan, Singapore, and other consumer countries. Rubber plantations in Jambi Province is smallholder rubber plantations cultivated for generations, so that the rubber has become part of the culture and customs of the people of Jambi. Rubber plantations in Jambi has an area of about 588 043 hectares, with 312 925 tons of rubber results involving more than 254 746 farmers. The development of rubber can not be separated from the various problems both from the aspect of production and marketing aspects. As for the problems faced by rubber farmers is the lack of access to price information, the low productivity of rubber, the high proportion of old rubber plantation area, though the marketing of rubber material that has not been efficient, the price is not balanced, the availability of agricultural inputs the farm level is still limited. In other words, it is not enough just to increase rubber’s productivities, but must be followed by refinement or improvement effort in the marketing system. Improvements in marketing carried out with the aim to increase the level of marketing efficiency. Therefore, supply chain required by the manufacturer to obtain a quality product so that consumers are satisfied with the output generated by the plant. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the channel and functions of marketing agencies smallholder rubber in Tebo regency, identify the supply chain of smallholder rubber in Tebo regency with SCN approach (Supply Chain Network) covers the structure of the supply chain, supply chain business processes, supply chain management, resources power chain, targeting the chain and supply chain performance with margin approach, the farmer's share and ᴨ/C ratio, analyze the impact of the supply chain to the fulfillment of the quality and increase the marketing efficiency of smallholder rubber in Tebo. This research was conducted in the area of smallholder rubber production centers in Tebo starting from December 2014 to February 2015. The location selected purposively based on consideration of Tebo has a rubber auction market (PLK) is active and there is also a rubber processing factory (crumb rubber) as an alternative marketing rubber by farmers. The number of farmers and respondents drawn as many as 80 people. From the research results, marketing systems smallholder rubber in Tebo regency there are four marketing channels. The first marketing channel shall be composed of rubber farmers - village traders - traders districts - wholesalers and rubber factories, the second channel involves rubber farmers - traders village - a rubber factory, a third channel consists of rubber farmers - auction markets rubber - rubber factories, and channels to four consisting
Keyword: Marketing Channel, Marketing Eficiency, Supply Chain Rubber

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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