Judul: Separable Programming
Abstrak: Pemrograman terpisahkan (separable programming) adalah pemrograman taldinear yang fungsi objoktif dan fung~ I=dalanya dapa' dloksp,osikan ",taga; penjum1ahan fungsi dan setiap fungsinya hanya terdiri atas satu variabel. Pemrograrnan teIpisahkan dapat diselesaikan dengan menggunakan kondisi Karush·Kuhn·Tucker. Selain itu dapat juga diselesaikan dengan rnenggunakan hampiran fungsi linear sesepenggal (piecewise linear jUnction). Ada dna cara untuk memfonnulasikan fungsi linear sesepengga1. yaitu dengan Formulasi Lambda dan Fonnwasi Delta. Dalam Fonn111asi Lambda, variabel A didefinisikan Wltuk setiap titik kisi, sedangkan dalam Formulasi Delta, variabel 8 didefinisikan lliltuk setiap interval di antara titik kisi. Dalam menyelesaikan masalah hampiran fungsi linear sesepenggal digunakan metode simpleks dengan restricted basis et/lry rule. Jika fiutgsi obje11if adalah fungsi konveks sempuma dan fungsi kendala adalah fungsi konveks, mw aturan restricted basis enJry rule pada metode simpleks dapat dihilangkan dan akhimya menggunakan metode simpleks biasa. Keakuralan dati hampiran fungsi linear sesepenggal dipengaruhi oleh banyaknya titik kisi. Iika titik kisi bertambah, row variabet pada masalah hampiran pemrograman linear akan bertambah. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, dapat djgwlakan modifikasi metode hampiran yang menggunakan sedikit titik kisi di awal perhitungan, kemudian dil.akukan pembangkitan titik kisi eli sekitar solusi optimal [B82lU8a et al 1993].
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Judul: Pemrograman Integer dengan Fungsi Objektif Linear Sepotong- Sepotong
Abstrak: Integer Linear Programming (ILP) tidak dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan yang mengandung fungsi objektif linear sepotong-sepotong, karena pada dasarnya fungsi linear sepotong-sepotong bukan merupakan fungsi linear. Tulisan ini memberikan suatu metode untuk menyatakan fungsi linear sepotong-sepotong sebagai fungsi linear, sehingga masalah ILP dengan fungsi objektif linear sepotong-sepotong dapat dinyatakan sebagai ILP dalam bentuk standar. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan dua langkah, langkah pertama adalah merubah fungsi objektif linear sepotong-sepotong ( f(x) ) menjadi z1f(b1)+z2f(b2)+...+ znf(bn), dimana , , ..., 1 2 b b bn merupakan break point. Kemudian langkah kedua menambahkan kendala-kendala baru sedemikian sehingga formula pada langkah satu dapat berfungsi.
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Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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