Judul: Growth, Concentration Chlorophyll-a, and Structure of Macroalgae Gracilaria edulis in the Culture Media Containing Copper
Abstrak: The physiological responses (specific growth rate, concentration of chlorophyll-a, morphological and anatomical structure of the vegetative cells) of the marine macroalga Gracilaria edulis at the different concentrations of copper (0.01 as control, 0.04, 0.06 and 0,5 ppm) delivered continuously for 28 days under controlled laboratory conditions were investigated. Result showed that the degree of copper toxicity depends on both factor the concentration and exposure time. Copper concentration and day of exposure decreased significantly the specific growth rate (SGR) of the Gracilaria edulis but only 0,5 ppm Cu decreased the chlorophyll-a content when compared to control. Of the various physiological end points measured, growth proved to be the most sensitive response than chlorophyll-a with reductions in specific growth rate (SGR). The reason for this could be related to a greater sensitivity of the enzymes involved in growth than those related to chlorophyll-a or a greater energy needs to maintain cellular integrity and metabolic processes under sublethal Cu stress. In all cases, the main effect on vegetative cells were structure changes in cortex and subcortex cells, compared to control, macroalgae exposed to copper showed depigmentation and blending in the lateral branches, heavy staining of the cell wall and severe damage of cell membrane, while the mucilage and the cell walls was densely fibrillar, thick and heavily stained, the cortex cell was clearly vacuolated, the presence of endophytic on the cell wall and endophytic spores in the mucilage. The presence vacuoles should be related to a metal immobilization mechanism, minimizing the Cu toxicity for cells. The epiphytic bacteria can act as a biofilter diminishing the availability of Cu for macroalgae accumulation.
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Judul: Cultivation and characterization of active compound and nutrients of marine microalgae Chaetoceros gracilis
Abstrak: Chaetoceros gracilis is a genera of marine microalgae that can be found in Indonesian waters. The aims of this research were: 1) to grow Chaetoceros gracilis in NPSi medium and to get the extract of Chaetoceros gracilis which contained antibacterial compound, 2) to investigate activity and stability of Chaetoceros gracilis extract, 3) to investigate the effect of Chaetoceros gracilis extract against bacteria, and 4) to determine the chemical composition of Chaetoceros gracilis biomass. The Chaetoceros gracilis was grown in nitrogen phosphate silica (NPSi) medium, continously aerated and illuminated by a 20 watt tube lamp (2500 lux). The cultivation was maintained at 25-26 oC, and harvested on the 7th day of cultivation. The biomass was separated using ceramic filter pore 0,3 μm and then freezed dried. They were extracted by methanol. Antibacterial activity of extract was tested against Gram positive and negative bacteria by agar diffusion method, compared to commercial antibiotic (chloramphenicol, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and ampicillin). The stability was tested during storage. Mechanism of inhibition was determined by analyzing cell damage. The content of Chaetoceros gracilis biomass such as amino acid, fatty acid, and minerals was determined using HPLC, GC and AAS respectively. The result showed that Chaetoceros gracilis grew well in NPSi medium. Extract of Chaetoceros gracilis showed antibacterial activity against Vibrio harveyi, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, dan Bacillus cereus ATCC 13091 at the concentration of 300 μg/disc. Antibacterial activity of Chaetoceros gracilis extract at concentration of 300 μg/disc was lower than antibacterial at the same concentration of chloramphenicol, tetracycline, oxytetracycline and ampicillin. After being storaged for 6 months, the extract still showed the same antibacterial activity. The extract of C. gracilis cause damage by leakage of the cell. Chaetoceros gracilis contained essential amino acids (threonine, valine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine, histidine), and non essential amino acids (aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, glycine, arginine, alanine, tyrosine); saturated fatty acid such as caprilic acid, (C8:0), myristic acid, (C14:0), palmitic acid (C16:0), lauric acid, (C12:0), pentadecanoic acid, (C15:0), stearic acid (C18:0), arachidic acid, (C20:0), heneicosanoic acid (C21:0), behenic (C22:0), and unsaturated fatty acid such as palmitoleic acid (C16:1), heptadecanoic acid (C17:1), myristoleic acid (C14:1), pentadecanoic acid (C15:1), oleic acid (C18:1n9), linoleic acid (C18:3n3), arachidonic acid (C20:4n6), g-linolenic acid (C18:3n6), docosadienoic acid (C22:2), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3). Biomass of Chaetoceros gracilis contained minerals such as phosphor (P), magnesium (Mg), ferrum (Fe), zink (Zn), calcium (Ca), and silicate. The biomass also containted alcalloid, steroid, carbohydrate, amino acid, and 0,1 % nucleic acid. It need further study on toxicity.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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