Judul: Produktivitas Oleoresin Pinus dengan Berbagai Metode Sadapan di Indonesia
Abstrak: Komoditas Hasil Hutan Bukan Kayu (HHBK) terus dikembangkan seiring menurunnya produksi kayu dan meningkatnya deforestasi di Indonesia serta lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan dengan produksi kayu. Oleoresin pinus merupakan HHBK yang banyak dimanfaatkan di Indonesia. Produktivitas oleoresin pinus dipengaruhi berbagai hal, salah satunya metode sadapan. Modifikasi atau pembaharuan metode penyadapan diperlukan untuk efesiensi penyadapan berkelanjutan baik segi ekonomi maupun kelestarian lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui produktivitas oleoresin pinus dengan berbagai metode sadapan. Metode yang sering dipakai di Indonesia ialah quarre, riil, dan bor. Metode quarre memiliki keunggulan dari segi produktivitas tinggi dan biaya rendah, namun metode bor memiliki keunggulan dari segi kerusakan pohon rendah dan kualitas oleoresin tinggi. Jenis stimulansia yang optimal bagi metode quarre dan riil ialah anorganik, sedangkan metode bor ialah campuran, Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) commodities continue to be developed in line with decreasing timber production and increasing deforestation in Indonesia and are more profitable than timber production. Pine oleoresin is an NTFP which is widely used in Indonesia. The productivity of pine oleoresin is influenced by various factors, one of which is the lead method. Modification or renewal of the tapping method is necessary for sustainable tapping efficiency, both from an economic perspective and for environmental sustainability. The purpose of this study was to determine the productivity of pine oleoresin using various lead methods. The methods that are often used in Indonesia are quarre, real, and borehole. The quarre method has the advantage of high productivity and low cost, but the drilling method has the advantage of low tree damage and high oleoresin quality. The optimal type of stimulant for the quarre and real method is inorganic, while the borehole method is mixed.
Keyword: pine oleoresin, productivity, tapping method

Judul: Advanced Tapping Productivity of Pine at Various Heights in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
Abstrak: Perubahan fungsi Kawasan hutan dari Perum Perhutani ke Taman Nasional berdampak pada perubahan pengelolaan sumberdaya alam dan dilema dalam penentuan kebijakan. Penyadapan pohon pinus pada Kawasan konservasi perlu memperhatikan metode penyadapan yang sesuai agar kesehatan dan kelestarian tegakan terus terjaga. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghitung produktivitas sadapan lanjut getah pinus di TNGGP dan mengetahui pengaruh stimulansia pada berbagai lokasi ketinggian tempat terhadap produktivitas sadapan getah pinus. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok terdiri dari tiga perlakuan yaitu penggunaan stimulansia kontrol, H2SO4, dan ETRAT, sedangkan kelompok yaitu ketinggian 400-600 meter di atas permukaan laut (mdpl), 600-800 mdpl, dan >800 mdpl. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kondisi pohon pinus terhadap standar penyadapan getah pinus pada berbagai ketinggian tidak memenuhi persyaratan yang ditentukan. Rata-rata produksi getah pinus 13,88 g/pohon/hari. Produksi getah pinus pada penggunaan stimulansia H2SO4 lebih tinggi dibanding stimulansia kontrol dan ETRAT berturut-turut 16,99 g/pohon/hari, 8,63 g/pohon/hari, dan 16,00 g/pohon/hari. Pemberian stimulansia optimal pada lokasi sadapan dengan ketinggian 600-800 mdpl. Penggunaan stimulansia ETRAT meningkatkan produktivitas getah pinus melalui fungsi ethylen yang meningkatkan proses metabolisme sekunder dalam tanaman. Penggunaan stimulansia (kontrol, H2SO4, dan ETRAT) sadapan getah pinus dan perbedaan ketinggian tempat menghasilkan produktivitas yang berbeda., The change in the function of the forest area from Perum Perhutani to a National Park has implications for the management of natural resources and poses policy dilemmas. Tapping pine trees in the conservation area needs to adhere to appropriate tapping standards to ensure the health and sustainability of the stands are continuously maintained. This research aims to calculate the productivity of extended pine resin tapping in TNGGP and understand the impact of stimulants at various elevations on pine resin tapping productivity. The experimental design used is a randomized complete block design consisting of three treatments: the use of control stimulants, H2SO4, dan ETRAT, while the groups are at elevations of 400-600 meters above sea level (masl), 600-800 masl, and >800 masl. The research result indicates that the condition of pine trees regarding pine resin tapping standards at various elevations does not meet the specified requirements. The average production of pine resin was 13,88 g/tree/day. Pine resin production with the use of H2SO4 stimulant is higher compared to the control and ETRAT stimulants, with values of 16,99 g/tree/day, 8,63 g/tree/day, and 16,00 g/tree/day, respectively. Optimal stimulant application was observed at tapping locations with elevations of 600-800 masl. The use of ETRAT stimulan increases pine resin productivity through ethylene function, which enhances secondary metabolic processes in plants. The use of stimulants (control, H2SO4, and ETRAT) in pine resin tapping and differences in elevation result in different productivity levels.
Keyword: getah pinus, produktivitas sadap lanjut, standar penyadapan, stimulansia, extended tapping productivity, pine resin, stimulants, tapping standards

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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