Judul: Analisis kebutuhan hutan kota untuk menjaga ketersediaan air di Kota Sintang
Abstrak: Perkembangan Kota Sintang diikuti dengan perubahan penutupan dan penggunaan lahan seperti dibukanya lahan-lahan baru untuk bangunan dan jalan. Ketimpangan dalam pemanfaatan lahan menyebabkan perubahan lahan yang tidak terkendali sehingga kawasan hutan yang semula dilindungi oleh vegetasi alami berubah menjadi kawasan terbuka. Perubahan tata guna lahan tersebut mengubah karakteristik hidrogeografis kawasan tersebut dan secara langsung mengancam tata guna airnya. Bertambahnya jumlah penduduk juga meningkatkan kebutuhan sumber daya alam seperti kebutuhan air bersih. Air tawar yang bersih sangat diperlukan oleh manusia untuk keperluan minum, masak, mandi, menyiram tanaman, mencuci pakaian, membersihkan rumah dan mobil. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran kualitas air oleh Bapedalda tahun 2006 pada Sungai Kapuas dan Sungai Melawi yang menjadi sumber air baku PDAM menunjukkan bahwa kualitas air tersebut di atas abang batas yang telah ditetapkan pemerintah tentang Standar Kualitas Air di Perairan Umum.
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Judul: Analisis daerah bahaya dan resiko banjir berdasarkan karakteristik geomorfologi dan aplikasinya untuk evaluasi tata ruang Kota Sintang
Abstrak: The Sintang City, located in West Borneo, is annually inundated by flood during rainy season. The city itself is growing in the Y-junction of two big river i.e. Kapuas and Melawi, or geomorphologically it is growing in the major floodplain of those rivers. In 1963, flood disaster has occurred during several days, inundating most of settlements and there were many of victims and damages. Although in the last recent years the floods are moderate, but such big event could be repeated in the future time. Study of flood and mitigation will be important for the study area for reducing disaster. The aims of this research are to (1) analyses and mapping of flood hazard and risk zones and (2) to analysis and evaluate the Sintang’s land use planned (RDTRK) based on flood hazard. Geomorphological approach is used for analyzing flood hazard based on morphogenesis and morphology parameters, and history of floods. The flood hazard map will be used together with actual land use map for analyzing flood risk. Scoring of geomorphological and land use parameters is applied and GIS spatial analyses (overlay) is used for assessing hazard, risk, and evaluation of RDTRK. The results indicating that 0,8% area of Sintang classified as very low of hazard, 57,2% low, 31,5% moderate, and 10,5% high. It represent that most of area of the city is really hazardous areas of flooding, it match to its morphogenetic landforms of study area dominated by fluvial landforms. According to risk analysis result, there are 0,9% of city’s area has very low risk of flooding, 70,1% low, 22,5% moderate, and 6,5% high. These two later classes wholly cover developed areas, such as residential, office, and commercial areas, signifying that all developed areas in the city will be threated moderately to highly by flood hazard. The risk analysis of RDTRK is divided in two, namely the RDTRK’s actual risk and the RDTRK’s potential risks successively represented the planned area that has been realized and those for not realized yet. The result shows that 352 Ha developed areas, 1.435 Ha vegetated areas, and 10 Ha developing agricultural area classified as moderate to high actual risk, while 1.467 Ha developed areas, 178 Ha vegetated areas, and 745 Ha developing agricultural area classified as moderate to high potential risk. These figures demonstrated that the greatest extend of potential risk possed by developed areas planned. Hence RDTRK should be re-evaluated together with mitigation planned in order to minimize the extend of risk. Flood mitigation program will be an urgently program, such as building of rivers dykes or drainage canals of study area, and reboisation of upland areas of Kapuas and Melawi watersheds.
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Judul: Heterologous Expression Of Endo-Β-Xylanase From Bacillus Pumilus Strain Bcrs-01 In Escherichia Coli.
Abstrak: Xylanases are glycoside hydrolase family 11 which depolymerise xylan in the plant cell wall, the most excessive form of hemicellulose. Endo-β-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are most important to breakdown β-1,4-glicoside bond of xylan to produce disaccaride xyloolygosaccaride (XOs) and xylose (monomer). Bovine rumen fluids have potential to obtain endo-β-xylanase produced of bacteria. The objectives of this study were to obtain xylanase producing bacteria and to express xynA gene encoding endo-β-xylanase from bacterium in Escherichia coli. Twenty nine isolate bacteria have been succesfully isolated from bovine rumen fluid in agar medium containing birchwood xylan. Isolate BCRS-01 bacterium was previously screened for the high production of xylanase. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, BCRS-01 showed high similarity (99%) to Bacillus pumilus (accession number NR043241). The crude xylanase had optimal activity at 55oC, pH 7.0. Furthermore, the crude xylanase exhibited broad pH stability from 4.0 to 10.0 and remained more than 60% and 40% of its activity after incubation at pH 4.0 until 10.0, respectively for 60 min. It also showed a stability at temperature 25-50oC since it retained 80% and 50% of its activity when incubated at 50oC or 30 and 60 min, respectively. The xylanase activity was strongly inhibited by Ca2+ and Cu2+ at concentration 10 mM, and as little as 1 mM for Mn2+. Therefore, this xylanase has potentially used as additive feeds in animal feed industry. The DNA sequence xynA gene encoded endo-β-xylanase was amplified and cloned into the expression vector pET-15by under the control of T7 promoter. The recombinant protein had succesfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. A protein recombinant of approximately, 26.7 kDa was observed on the SDS-PAGE analysis. Crude extract of recombinant endo-β-xylanase demonstrated activity of enzyme at 56 U mL-1 using birchwood xylan as a substrate at 55oC for 10 min.
Keyword: Bacillus pumilus, bovine rumen fluid, endo-β-xylanase, heterologous expression.