Judul: Kinetika Transesterifikasi Minyak Kelapa Sawit menjadi Biodiesel Menggunakan Reaktor Sirkulasi
Abstrak: Kinetics of transesterification using circulation reactor is studied in this research. This research is committed by reacting palm oil and methanol with ratio 1:6 at temperature 50, 60, and 70 °C using KOH as catalyst with concentration 1% of oil weights. Kinetics of transesterification is observed by measuring amount of combined glycerol that is available in methyl esters. The reduction of combined glycerol amount per unit of time is reflection how much triglyceride is converted as methyl ester. The result showed that circulation reactor can produce suitable biodiesel with quality standard in fast time. Optimum condition is acquired at temperature 60 oC on 20th minute that followed pseudo first order reaction with constanta of reaction rate as big as 0,0068 minute -1, activation energy (Ea) as big as 0,0104 kJ mol -1 , and praeksponensial factor (A) as big as 0,2254 minute-1 .
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Judul: Characterization of Biodiesel Quality from Palm Oil Based on Different Set of Temperature Level by Using Circulation Reactor
Abstrak: The characterization of biodiesel quality from palm oil based on different set of temperature level by using circulation reactor has been investigated. The research was done in 2 phases. The first experiment was done to characterize raw material to decide the following reaction step. The main research was done in 3 temperature conditions (50, 60, and 70 oC) with interval of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Molar ratio of methanol to oil at 6:1 and KOH catalyst was 1% of oil weights. Data processing used split plot randomized complete design and continued by Duncan test as necessary. Biodiesel preparation was done with one transesterification step, since free fatty acid contents of palm oil was low (0,32%). The result indicated that the higher the temperature and reaction time the higher the biodiesel quality, based on the lower the acid value, viscosity, total and combined glycerol, and high on methyl esters content. The acid value on temperature 50, 60, and 70 oC was 0,44; 0,41; and 0,40 mg KOH/g, the value of total glycerol was 0,33; 0,29; and 0,26%, and combined glycerol was 0,32; 0,27; and 0,25%, the viscosity was 13,59; 12,34; and 11,94 cSt, the density was 864,5; 864,8; and 862,7 kg/m3, and methyl esters content was 99,05; 99,13; and 99,23%, respectively. Based on data analysis, the optimum condition of circulation reactor was 15 minutes for 70 oC, 20 minutes for 60 oC, and 30 minutes for 50 oC.
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Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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