Judul: Pendanaan Program Pensiun Manfaat Pasti dengan Metode Spreading Gains and Losses dan Modified Spreading Gains and Losse
Abstrak: Defined benefit pension plan is a pension plan that the benefit is decided at the beginning, while the amount of contributions fluctuate and depend on actuarial calculations. This report aims to explain the funding of defined benefit pension plan using spreading gains and losses method and modified spreading gains and losses method. The distinction between the interest rate of return on investment assumption with the actual rate of return in the spreading gains and losses method would affect the funding of defined benefit pension plans in the long term. In contrast, the distinction in modified spreading gains and losses method will not affect the long-term funding. Illustrations on this report are given using three cases, when the interest rate of return on investment assumption is less than the actual rate of return, when the assumed interest rate is the same as that of the actual situation, and when the assumed interest rate is greater than that of the actual situation. When the underfunding occurs, the contribution to be paid by participants of the defined benefit pansion plans will be greater than that of during the overfunding.
Keyword: pension funds, methods of gains and losses, interest rate, defined benefit pension, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)

Judul: Penentuan Periode Optimal Spreading Gains and Losses dengan Meminimumkan Ragam Kontribusi Jangka Panjang
Abstrak: The purpose of this paper is to determine optimal periods of spreading gains and losses on defined benefit pension funding plan. The principle of spreading gains and losses method is by spreading gains and losses to some periods. The optimal period is determined by minimizing the variance of long-term contribution. This paper assumes that losses are caused by the difference of actuarial rate and actual rate of investment return. The illustration of this paper uses three cases which standard deviations of actual rate of investment return are 0.0025, 0.1, and 0.25. The optimal period for three cases are acquired 12 years, 11 years, and 8 years, and standard deviation of long-term contribution for three cases are acquired 0.011, 0.469, and 1.355. It is concluded that the variance of actual rate of investment return and the variance of long-term contribution are comparable but the variance of actual rate of investment return and the optimal period of spreading losses are inversely proportional
Keyword: 

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
Keyword: