Judul: Hedging (Lindung Nilai) Harga Kakao Menggunakan Strategi Opsi
Abstrak: Harga kakao yang sulit diprediksi dapat menjadi risiko tersendiri bagi produsen pengolah kakao. Hedging (lindung nilai) dapat menjadi solusi untuk mengurangi risiko kerugian di masa depan. Dalam penelitian ini diaplikasikan tiga strategi opsi pada harga kakao, yaitu strap, long strangle, dan short put ladder. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, strap lebih menguntungkan pada kondisi bullish, long strangle pada kondisi neutral, dan short put ladder pada kondisi bearish. Pada strategi strap dan long strangle, keuntungan maksimum bernilai tak terhingga dengan kerugian maksimum sebesar biaya opsi yang dikeluarkan. Pada strategi short put ladder, keuntungan maksimum bernilai sebesar penjumlahan strike price yang telah disesuaikan dengan biaya opsi, sedangkan kerugian maksimum bernilai sebesar penjumlahan strike price yang lebih tinggi dan telah disesuaikan dengan biaya opsi. Ketika opsi dieksekusi, harga jual lindung nilai akhir bernilai sebesar penjumlahan strike price yang telah disesuaikan dengan biaya opsi. Ketika opsi tidak dieksekusi, harga jual lindung nilai akhir akan meningkat seiring dengan kenaikan spot price., The unpredictable price of cocoa can be a risk for cocoa processing producers. Hedging can be a solution to reduce future losses. In this study, three option strategies were applied to cocoa prices, namely strap, long strangle, and short put ladder. Based on the calculation results, the strap is more profitable in bullish conditions, long strangle in neutral conditions, and short put ladder in bearish conditions. In the strap and long strangle strategy, the maximum profit is infinity with the maximum loss is the initial cost. In the short put ladder strategy, the maximum profit is the sum of strike price that has been adjusted for the option cost, while the maximum loss is the sum of higher strike price that has been adjusted for the option cost. When the option is exercised, the final hedging selling price is the sum of the strike price that has been adjusted for the option cost. When the option is not exercised, the final hedging selling price will increase as the spot price increases.
Keyword: cocoa, long strangle, option, short put ladder, strap

Judul: Hedging for Arabica Coffee’s Prices in Indonesia Using Options Strategies
Abstrak: Meningkatnya konsumsi kopi di Indonesia yang disertai dengan adanya pandemi Covid-19 dan fenomena embun beku di Brazil menyebabkan harga kopi Arabika meningkat pesat. Lindung nilai menggunakan strategi opsi dapat menjadi solusi untuk mengurangi risiko jika menghadapi kondisi bullish di masa depan. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga strategi opsi, yaitu long call, short combo, dan vertical ratio call back spread. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, biaya vertical ratio call back spread merupakan yang terendah pada kondisi bearish dan short combo pada kondisi bullish. Pada kondisi neutral, biaya terendah dicapai ketika tidak dilakukan strategi opsi. Ketiga strategi opsi memiliki keuntungan maksimum tak terhingga jika terjadi peningkatan spot price, sedangkan kerugian maksimum terjadi pada kondisi dan nilai yang berbeda-beda. Vertical ratio call back spread lebih menguntungkan pada kondisi bearish, sedangkan short combo lebih menguntungkan pada kondisi bullish., The increasing consumption of coffee in Indonesia, which is accompanied by the Covid-19 pandemic and the frost phenomenon in Brazil, caused the price of Arabica coffee to increase rapidly. Hedging using an option strategy can be a solution to reduce risk if facing bullish conditions in the future. This study uses three option strategies, namely long call, short combo, and vertical ratio call back spread. Based on the calculation results, the cost of the vertical ratio call back spread is the lowest in bearish conditions and the short combo in bullish conditions. In neutral conditions, the lowest cost is achieved when the option strategy is not carried out. The three option strategies have an infinite maximum profit if the spot price increases, while the maximum loss occurs at different conditions and values. The vertical ratio call back spread is more profitable in bearish conditions, while the short combo is more profitable in bullish conditions.
Keyword: Arabica coffee, hedging, long call, short combo, vertical ratio call back spread

Judul: Light Microscope Study of ConnectiveTissue in The Spleen of Common Rousette Bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus)
Abstrak: The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ. As a secondary lymphoid organ, in addition to its immune function, the spleen also has functions as blood filtration, storage, and hematopoiesis. The spleen has different morphologies between species that support different physiological functions, one of which is the difference in the structure of the capsule and trabeculae. Capsule and trabeculae of the spleen generally consist of connective tissue and smooth muscle. The thickness of smooth muscle composed together with connective tissue in the capsule and trabecula determines the function of the spleen that is divided spleen into three storage, defense, and intermediate. Bats are the reservoir of various zoonotic diseases. Bats are thought to have unique immune systems compared to other mammals but the characteristics of its immune organs such as the spleen have never been studied before. This study was conducted to examine the characteristics of capsulae and trabecula of the Common Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus).
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