Judul: Analysis the Effect of Nominal Effective  Exchange Rate Volatility on Household Consumption: Comparative Study of Japan and South Korea
Abstrak: Fenomena globalisasi dan libralisasi membuat perekonomian setiap negara semakin transparan contohnya seperti Jepang dan Korea Selatan. Karena perekonomian keduanya bergantung pada perdagangan internasional. Indikator ekonomi yang beraksi sensitif terhadap perdagangan internasional salah satunya adalah nilai tukar. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh volatilitas NEER dan variabel lainnya terhadap konsumsi rumah tangga di Jepang dan Korea Selatan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ARCH-GARCH dan ARDL dengan periode waktu 1991q1-2022q3. Hasil penelitian, pada jangka pendek volatilitas NEER Jepang dan Korea Selatan berpengaruh negatif signifikan. GDP riil kedua negara berpengaruh positif signifikan. LT (suku bunga jangka panjang) Jepang berpengaruh positif signifikan, sedangkan LT Korea Selatan berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan hanya lag LT yang berpengaruh positif signifikan. NEER Jepang berpengaruh negatif tidak signifikan sedangkan NEER Korea Selatan berpengaruh positif signifikan. Sementara pada jangka panjang volatilitas NEER Jepang dan Korea Selatan berpengaruh negatif signifikan, sementara GDP riil, LT, dan NEER berpengaruh positif signifikan pada kedua negara., The phenomenon of globalization and liberalization has made the economic relations of each country more transparent, for example, in Japan and South Korea. Because the economics of both depend on international trade. One of the economic indicators that act sensitively to international trade is the exchange rate. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect volatility of NEER and other variables on household consumption in Japan and South Korea. The methods used in this study were ARCH-GARCH and ARDL with a time period of 1991q1-2022q3. The results of the study, in the short term the volatility of NEER Japan and South Korea has a significant negative effect. The real GDP of the two countries has a significant positive effect. Japan's LT (long-term interest rate) has a significant positive effect, while South Korea's LT has a significant positive effect, only LT lag has a significant positive effect. Japan's NEER has a significant negative effect while South Korea's NEER has a significant positive effect. While in the long run the volatility of NEER Japan and South Korea has a significant negative effect, while real GDP, LT, and NEER have a significant positive effect on both countries.
Keyword: household consumption, NEER, volatility

Judul: Analysis The Effect of Real Effective Exchange Rate Volatility on Household Consumption: Comparative Study of Japan and South Korea
Abstrak: Fenomena ekonomi global akibat volatilitas nilai tukar berdampak pada negara Jepang dan Korea Selatan. Negara tersebut bergantung pada perdagangan internasional sehingga volatilitas nilai tukar dapat memengaruhi konsumsi rumah tangganya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh volatilitas REER serta variabel lainnya terhadap konsumsi rumah tangga di Jepang dan Korea Selatan. Metode yang digunakan adalah coefficient of variation (CV), ARCH-GARCH, dan ARDL-ECM dengan periode 1994q1-2022q3. Pada jangka pendek, volatilitas REER dan lagnya berpengaruh negatif signifikan di Jepang sedangkan volatilitas REER Korea Selatan tidak berpengaruh. Lag LTIR berpengaruh negatif signifikan di Jepang namun positif signifikan di Korea Selatan serta lag REER berpengaruh negatif signifikan di Jepang dan Korea Selatan namun positif signifikan pada REER Korea Selatan. Pada jangka panjang, volatilitas REER Jepang tidak berpengaruh sedangkan volatilitas REER Korea Selatan berpengaruh negatif signifikan. LTIR dan REER Jepang dan Korea Selatan tidak berpengaruh. Sementara itu, PDB riil Jepang dan Korea Selatan berpengaruh positif signifikan baik di jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang., The global economic phenomenon due to exchange rate volatility impacts Japan and South Korea. As these countries depends on international trade, the exchange rate volatility could affect household consumption. This study aims to analyze REER volatility effect and other variables on household consumption in Japan and South Korea. The methods used are the coefficient of variation, ARCH- GARCH, and ARDL-ECM for 1994q1-2022q3. In the short term, REER volatility and its lag have a significant negative effect in Japan, while South Korea's REER volatility has no effect. The lag of LTIR has a significant negative effect on Japan but significant positive effect in South Korea, and the REER lag has a significant negative effect in Japan and South Korea but has a significant positive effect on the REER in South Korea. In the long term, Japanese REER volatility has no effect, while South Korean REER volatility has a significant negative effect. Japan's and South Korea's LTIR and REER has no effect. Meanwhile, the real GDP of Japan and South Korea has a significant positive effect both in the short term and long term.
Keyword: ARDL-ECM, household consumption, volatility, volatility of REER

Judul: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Posphate
Abstrak: Biphasio calsium phosphate (BCP), which was a mixture of hydroxypatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP), was synthesized by hydrothermal method followed by sintering process. Hydroxyapatite was produced by using natural calcium source CaO from hen's eggshell and (NH4)2HPO4 as phosphate souce, other hydroxyapatite sample was produce by using synthetic calcium source Ca(OH) and H3PO4 as phosphate source.
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