Judul: Aktivitas protease ekstraseluler dan interaksi escherichia coli Enteropatogenetik K1. 1 pada substrat imunoglobin A sekretori manusia
Abstrak: Imunoglobulin A sekretori manusia (sIgA) adalah salah satu pertahanan imunologis di daerah permukaan mukosa terhadap invasi bakteri, virus, dan patogen Antibodi ini mempunyai kemampuan untuk menginaktifkan enzim dan toksin bakteri, menetralkan virus, dan meningkatkan fagositosis sel-sel fagositosit.
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Judul: Tinjauan immunoglobulin dan peranannya dalam saluran gastrointestinal terutama terhadap serangan cacing
Abstrak: Immunoglobulin merupakan suatu glikoprotein yang terdapat dalam serum dan cairan jaringan. Immunoglobulin ini diproduksi bila sistem limfoid berkontak dengan anti gen. Immunoglobulin ini berperan dalam melindungi tubuh dari infeksi. Didalam tubuh immunoglobulin terdiri dari lima klas yang masing-masing klas mempunyai karakteris- tik dan fungsi yang spesifik yaitu Ig G, Ig A, Ig M, Ig E dan Ig D.. Diantara klas immunoglobulin, Ig G adalah yang pa- ling melimpah dalam serum darah dan strukturnya dapat di pakai sebagai model bagi immunoglobulin yang lain. Dalam saluran gastrointestinal, immunoglobulin da- pat berperan dalam sistem kekebalan lokal. Diantara ke- lima klas immunoglobulin, Ig A merupakan immunoglobulin terbesar yang terdapat dalam sekresi saluran gastrointes tinal. Hal ini disebabkan karena Ig A mampu bertahan terhadap enzim proteolitik yang terdapat dalam saluran gastrointestinal dibanding klas immunoglobulin lainnya. Agar dapat bertahan terhadap enzim tersebut Ig A dilin- dungi oleh komponen sekretori. Oleh karena itu struktur Ig A yang berada dalam serum berbeda dengan Ig A yang terdapat dalam sekresi saluran gastrointestinal. Ig A sekresi ini mempunyai kemampuan mencegah perlekatan bakteri pada permukaan mukosa saluran gastrointestinal dan dapat mengontrol koloni mikroorganisma yang secara normal terdapat dalam saluran gastrointestinal seperti Escherichia coli agar tidak membahayakan tubuh. Dalam resistensi terhadap virus, Ig A dapat mencegah replikasi virus pada mukosa yang merupakan tempat masuknya. Ig A memiliki dua subklas yang dapat dibedakan oleh asam amino pada rantai alpha () dan pada pengikat disulfida…dst
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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