Judul: Identifikasi Marka Molekuler Ikan Nilem Osteochilus hasselti Resistan Aeromonas hydrophila melalui RAPD-PCR
Abstrak: Ikan nilem merupakan ikan air tawar asli Indonesia yang terdistribusi di daerah Pulau Jawa, khususnya Jawa Barat. Serangan penyakit perlu diwaspadai dalam kegiatan budidaya. Salah satu penyakit yang menyerang yaitu motile aeromonad septicaemia (MAS) yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi marka molekuler yang resistan terhadap A. hydrophila dengan teknik RAPD-PCR. Ikan nilem yang digunakan berukuran panjang total 8,44±0,36 cm dan bobot 6,19±0,47 g. Kepadatan bakteri yang digunakan pada penentuan LD50 yaitu 106,107, dan 108 CFU mL-1 dan diperoleh dosis LD50 yaitu 106 CFU mL-1. Sebanyak sepuluh ekor ikan nilem hidup dan sepuluh ekor ikan nilem mati pada 24 jam pascainfeksi diambil bagian sirip ekor (10-20 mg) untuk ekstraksi DNA genom. Proses optimasi amplifikasi PCR dilakukan dengan menggunakan empat primer RAPD (OPA-08, OPA-11, OPB-06, dan OPC-09), dan dielektroforesis dengan gel agarosa 1,5%. Primer OPA-11 menghasilkan pita berukuran 1.400 bp yang terdapat pada ikan hidup dengan peluang kemunculan pita sebesar 40% dan 250 bp dengan peluang kemunculan pita sebesar 20%. Pita tersebut menjadi pembeda antara ikan resistan dan rentan, serta dapat dijadikan sebagai kandidat marka molekuler penanda ikan yang resistan.
Keyword: ikan nilem, marka molekuler, RAPD, resistan

Judul: Identifikasi Marka Molekuler Daya Tahan Infeksi Aeromonas hydrophila pada Lele Dumbo Clarias gariepinus dengan Metode RAPD-PCR
Abstrak: Pencegahan penyakit motile aeromonas septicemia (MAS) pada ikan lele dumbo (Clarias gariepinus) dapat dilakukan melalui seleksi ikan berbasis marka molekuler menggunakan teknik random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR (RAPD-PCR) untuk mengidentifikasi keberadaan fragmen pita yang kemungkinan terkait dengan daya tahan terhadap penyakit MAS. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kandidat marka molekuler daya tahan penyakit pada ikan lele dumbo setelah diinfeksi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila. Penelitian ini menggunakan 4 jenis primer RAPD dengan sekuen berbeda sebagai tahap optimasi kerja. Sampel DNA yang diamati berasal dari ikan yang tahan (resistant) dan rentan (susceptible) pascainfeksi masing-masing sebanyak 8 sampel. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kandidat marka molekuler terkait daya tahan terhadap infeksi bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila pada lele dumbo bertahan hidup pasca penyuntikan bakteri A.hydrophila 107 CFU ml-1 memiliki pita DNA berukuran sekitar 1700 bp dengan peluang populasi resistan sebesar 87.5%.
Keyword: DNA, lele dumbo, primer, RAPD

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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