Judul: Institutional Analysis in Sub Watershed Management of Batulanteh, Sumbawa Regency (Institutional Economics Perspective).
Abstrak: During 21 years (1984 till 2005), more than half of the watershed were demaged (282 of 468 existing watershed). All this time, the secure efforts were limited to optimization natural resources, human resources, and man-made capital. Institutional factor was neglected, so the performance of watershed management has not yet been satisfactory. Therefore, this interesting study done, with the aim are analyzing legislation, the response of government and society to the Act, the variety of property rights, analyze stakeholders, and redesign institutional of sub watershed. The results showed 71,15 percent disposition the authority that was regulated in the Act is not appropriate. This phenomenon means preversi authority and resistive to optimal and sustainability forest management. In the measurement of response rate, both government and community level responses classified as good but not effectively to solve critical land problem in watershed. Property rights regime consist of state property and private property. Those regime have three problems : first, private property is not effective in public domain; secondly, there is illegal utilization in state property caused government incapabilty to protect their property rights; last, unclear position KPH organization, due to loss of exclusion. In the stakeholder analysis shows the fact that the overall stakeholder have mutual support against the interes of each other. But overall the stakeholders have not been fully involved in the management of sub watershed, including stakeholders who have great influence. The result from analysis of institutional design recommend to correction the act level and organization structure.
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Judul: Institutional Analysis of Forest Area Land Use Pattern  in North Bandung Area, Bandung Regency
Abstrak: Land use change cause the environmental degradation. The pattern of land use change is always from vegetated land to built up land. It also happended in Bandung Regency. It happened because there was inappropriate land use change. Inappropriate land use change is defined as the activity of using land resources that exceed the capacity of the land. The formulation of a strategy that involves all sectors and related institutions in the management of land use in North Bandung Area, Bandung Regency (Upper Citarum Watershed) must be implemented immediately. It is considered the condition of land that has been degraded due to continuous and significant land use. Numerous past studies have investigated that there are patterns in the forest area's land use management that support forest sustainability and society's economy. This research aimed to identify the action arena and patterns of interaction, to describe the outcomes of the two land use patterns, and to formulate the strategy related to forest area’s land use pattern in North Bandung Area, Bandung Regency. This research used Institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework as the research method. Exogenous variables were analyzed using descriptive analysis, community attributes, and content analysis. The action arena was analyzed using the analysis of Stakeholder and Actor Theory Analysis. The patterns of interaction was analyzed using Collective Analysis, and Coordination Action. The outcomes of the patterns of interaction was analyzed using the IAD (Institutional Analysis and Development) framework. The land use change management strategy was analyzed using the concept of Pentahelix. The identified action arena includes the pattern of commodity and profession transfer. The actors involved were State-owned Forest Enterprises (Perum Perhutani), Village Administrations, forest extensions, Forest Village Community Association (FVCA), and Forest and Farm Producers Organization (FFPO). The most dominating actor in land use activities in both patterns was Perum Perhutani, along with FVCA and FFPO. The pattern of interaction that exists between actors was considered appropriate with only minor problems found within its coordination system. The outcome of the application of these two patterns, among others, is to raise public awareness in conserving forests and improving the community's economy. The land management strategy for forest areas can be directed using the Penta helix concept.
Keyword: Commodity transfer, Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, land use, North Bandung Area, profession transfer

Judul: Pengaruh Konsentrasi Yeast dan Jenis Emulsifier pada Frozen Dough
Abstrak: Frozen dough adalah produk adonan beku yang diproses dengan menggunakan teknologi air blast freezer dengan suhu (-30°C). Adonan dari frozen dough memiliki keuntungan antara lain dapat diproduksi secara sentralisasi, mudah dalam distribusi atau transportasi, dan umur simpan produk lebih panjang. Kelemahan frozen dough yaitu penurunan retensi gas CO2 selama proofing dan penurunan volume potongan roti akibat kematian sel-sel khamir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang formulasi frozen dough dan proses produksi dari awal hingga akhir serta untuk mengetahui pengaruh yeast dan jenis emulsifier dalam pembuatan roti dari frozen dough. Penelitian dilakukan dalam tiga tahap yaitu penelitian tahap pertama, kedua, dan ketiga. Penelitian tahap pertama untuk menentukan formulasi dan proses pembuatan roti manis, penelitian tahap kedua untuk menentukan formulasi dan proses pembuatan roti manis dari frozen dough, dan penelitian tahap ketiga untuk melakukan analisis adonan yang telah dibekukan dalam air blast freezer dan analisis produk dari frozen dough. Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi analisis pada adonan dan produk akhir. Analisis pada adonan yaitu potensi pengembangan adonan, volume spesifik adonan, dan analisis ekstensograf, sedangkan analisis pada produk roti yaitu analisis bread firmness, volume spesifik adonan, analisis warna crust dan crumb dengan chromameter, dan uji organoleptik. Hasil formulasi terpilih untuk pembuatan produk roti manis meliputi bahan-bahan sebagai berikut tepung terigu (100 g), air es (40-50g), yeast (1-2g), garam (1-2g), gula pasir (20-25g), susu bubuk (2-4g), telur (10-15g), lemak (10- 15g), dan bread improver (1-1.5g). Produk yang dihasilkan dari formulasi tersebut memiliki rasa aroma susu yang khas dan teksturnya lembut. Hasil analisis diperoleh potensi pengembangan adonan roti manis yaitu pada menit ke-50 sampai menit ke-160. Volume spesifik adonan roti manis yaitu sebesar 29.60 ± 0.5657 cm3 / 30 gram adonan. Berdasarkan uji ekstensograf, maksimum resistensi peregangan adonan roti manis pada menit ke-45 sebesar 657.5 BU menjadi 410 BU pada menit ke-135, sedangkan ekstensibilitas adonan pada menit ke-45 sebesar 16.6 cm menjadi 14.2 cm pada menit ke-135. Untuk analisis produk roti manis, nilai bread firmness sebesar 0.496 gf, volume spesifik roti sebesar 160.50 ± 0.7071 cm3 / 30 gram adonan, warna crust dengan nilai L sebesar 45.19, nilai a sebesar 18.27, dan nilai b sebesar 27.03. sedangkan nilai L untuk warna crumb sebesar 77.95, nilai a sebesar -1.54, dan nilai b sebesar 27.69.Hasil uji organoletik (uji hedonik) pada 25 orang panelis tidak terlatih dengan skala penilaian 5 tingkat (1= sangat tidak suka. 2= tidak suka, 3= netral, 4= suka, 5= sangat suka ) diperoleh level of acceptance sebesar 3.40, dengan nilai rata-rata aroma sebesar 3.24, tekstur sebesar 3.38, rasa keseluruhan 3.44, aftertaste 3.52. Hasil formulasi untuk frozen dough terdiri dari tepung terigu (100g), air es (60-65g), yeast (4,4.5, 5 g), garam (1-2g), gula pasir (20-25g), susu bubuk (2- 4g), lemak (10-15g), emulsifier A atau B (0.3g), dan antioksidan (100-200 ppm). Kombinasi antara konsentarsi yeast dan jenis emulsifier menghasilkan 6 formulasi 4 perlakuan adonan. Keseluruhan perlakuan disimpan dalam freezer suhu -20°C selama 0 hari, 7 hari, 14 hari, dan 21 hari. Proses pembuatan frozen dough sendiri dimulai dari penimbangan bahan, kemudian pencampuran bahan menjadi adonan, resting, pembekuan adonan dalam air blast freezer, penyimpanan beku dalam freezer. Apabila frozen dough diubah
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