Judul: Pengaruh gelombang mikro pada hidrolisis asam empulur sagu untuk produksi bioetanol
Abstrak: Sago starch, has a cheap price, a lower quality. Some problems associated with low quality of sago starch including low degrees of whiteness, starch particle size is not uniform, and the declining in starch content during the extraction process in rural areas. Color change of starch during the extraction process is a factor that causes decreasing of starch quality. When the trunk is cut and shredded, browning reaction occurs and strongly bound to the starch granule. Sago starch, isolated from the stem of sago palm, a white granule, is tasteless and odorless. Starch granules are not soluble in cold water. In the extraction, sago pith used must be fresh and must be directly processed. If it delayed would cause starch reduced in the degree of whiteness. Some starch importing countries were unsatisfied with the variety of quality of sago starch, which mostly have very low quality. This causes limited application of sago in the industry. One way to overcome the low quality of sago is to utilize for the production of glucose syrup, which does not depend on the nature of native sago starch.
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Judul: Pengaruh Pemanasan Microwave Terhadap Sifat Penerimaan Enzim Amilolitik dan Holoselulolitik Untuk Produksi Fermentable Sugar dari Empulur Sagu (Metroxylon sagu)
Abstrak: Sago (Metroxylon sagu) has been one of the important raw materials for the production of useful substances. Because contains more than 80% carbohydrates, which is consists of 55.86% starch and 14.52% lignocellulosic material, the utilization of sago pith is essential for the fermentable sugar production in terms bioenergy production. In other hand, using the sago pith might prevent the waste of the resources. Lignin is one of the main components in lignocellulosic materials in sago pith. Its existence influence the sago pith structural rigidity by holding and stiffening the fibres together so decreasing the enzymatic suspectibility of sago pith. The use of microwave radiation is a promising approach to pretreatment that utilizes thermal and non-thermal effects generated by microwaves in aqueous environments. This study have shown that the microwave heating caused the process of swelling and gelatinization of starch granules and also could enhance lignin degradation itself. Thus could be very efficient in destroying the starch and lignin crystalline arrangement, obtaining a soft gel, and destroying cellulose-hemicellulose structure. On the other hand, if the energy that given to the slurry of sago pith more than it needed then it would build resistant characteristic of sago pith and increasing enzymes concentration wouldn’t enhance yield of reducing sugars. Pretreatment were evaluated based on yields of total sugars, reducing sugars, polymerization degree, equivalent dextrose, filtrate volumes, weight of residue, and filtrate purity from enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass. The experimental results in this study can be used in existing simultant process of bioethanol production by using Pichia stipitis and Saaccharomyces elippsoides. The highest ethanol content was given by technical glucose and fermented by Pichia stipitis, prove the pretreatment could not efficiently degradated biomass due to the lignin content was too high. Thus, the lignin content is one of the matter in efficiently pretreatment in order to get the highest yield of reducing sugars.
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan