Judul: Endophytic Bacteria Utilization to Increase Yield and Andrographolide Content on King of Bitter (Andrographis paniculata).
Abstrak: King of bitter (Andrographis paniculata) is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as antimalarial, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. The problems in its cultivation were low yield and andrographolide content since appropriate cultivation techniques have not been standardized and minimal research. One of the solutions was the application of endophytic bacteria and phosphate. Endophytic bacteria have roles as growth promoter and producer of secondary metabolites. They generate plant hormone such as auxin, gibberellins, and cytokinins, and also can supply nutrients such as Nitrogen fixation and Phophate solubilization. Phosphate acts as a constituent of macro molecules and compound storage; transferring energy; and regulating biochemical reactions. This research aimed to increase yield of king bitter plant both in quantity and quality. This study had general objective to find endophytic bacteria consortia and appropriate phosphate dosage to increase yield and andrographolide content of king of bitter. Specifically it aimed to: 1) obtain endophytic bacteria consortia at king of bitter indigenous from several agro-climatic conditions which can promote plant growth, 2) obtain potential endophytic bacteria consortia which can stimulate plant growth and increase yield and andrographolide content, 3) obtain the information of the association of endophytic bacteria consortia and phosphate on growth, yield and andrographolide content of king of bitter in the field, 4) obtain the information of association of endophytic bacteria consortia and phosphate in increasing the yield and content of andrographolide of king of bitter in nutrient solution media. This dissertation consisted of four experiments. The title of first experiment was “The exploration, isolation and selection of endophytic bacteria consortia from king bitter plant as plant growth promoter”. The activity in this study was to isolate endophytic bacteria from four locations which has different agro-climatic conditions viz. West Java (Bogor), Central Java (Blora), and East Java (Madiun and Pasuruan). The results showed there were 24 endophytic bacteria consortia from roots, stems, and leaves. Media used for isolation were 5% and 20% Trytone Soya Agar (TSA). The consortia isolated from root tissue (105-106 CFU ml-l) had higher population than from leaves and stems (103-105 CFU ml-l). All the 24 consortia were potential as plant growth promoter. However, only four consortia (5MD, 20BB, 20BD, and 20CD) had better effect on plant growth than others, so chosen and tested for further research. The title of the second experiment was “The potency of endophytic bacteria consortia to promote growth and andrographolide content on king bitter plant”. Four selected endophytic bacteria and one bacteria isolated from Graminae leaves, were tested in the greenhouse. The experiment was arranged in randomized block design (RBD), 6 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments consisted of: control, 5MD, 20BB, 20BD, 20CD consortia, and isolate 90AA. The results revealed that the consortia were able to enhance plant height, number of primary branches, shoot dry weight and andrographolide content at 14 weeks after planting (WAP). Shoot dry weight increased 25-82.81%, as well as N, P, and K uptake. The highest increasing of shoot dry weight and andrographolide yield was indicated by 20CD. Andrographolide content of 20CD, 20BB and 20BD treatments were significantly higher than control. The
Keyword: Andrographolide, endophytic bacteria consortia, recommendation, king of bitter

Judul: The Potency of Endophytic Bacteria to Enhance The Resistance of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) againts Phytophthora capsici Leon, the Causal Agent of  Basal Stem Rot Disease (BSR).
Abstrak: Penyakit Busuk Pangkal Batang (BPB) yang disebabkan oleh cendawan P. capsici merupakan penyakit paling penting pada tanaman lada. Penyakit tersebut sudah menyebar di berbagai daerah penanaman lada di Indonesia. Kerugian hasil yang ditimbulkan oleh adanya penyakit BPB pada tanaman lada dapat mencapai 40% setiap tahun. Sampai saat ini belum ada cara efektif untuk mengendalikan penyakit BPB. Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman mikroba yang sangat tinggi dan banyak diantaranya berpotensi sebagai agens pengendali hayati salah satunya adalah kelompok bakteri endofit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri endofit dari beberapa varietas tanaman lada yang mampu menekan perkembangan penyakit BPB serta menguji daya penekanan bakteri endofit terhadap penyakit BPB secara in vitro dan in vivo pada bibit tanaman lada. Eksplorasi bakteri endofit diisolasi dari tanaman lada yang diambil dari tiga jenis varietas yaitu varietas Natar, Petaling, dan Jambi. Isolat cendawan P. capsici yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari koleksi Laboratorium Balai Penelitian Tanaman Obat dan Aromatik Bogor. Isolat yang diperoleh diseleksi potensi antagonismenya terhadap cendawan P. capsici dengan metode biakan ganda pada media PDA. Bakteri endofit terpilih dibiakkan pada media cair Luria Berthani (LB) kemudian diinkubasi bergoyang dengan kecepatan 150 rpm pada suhu ruang selama 72 jam. Perlakuan yang digunakan pada pengujian ini meliputi: aplikasi bakteri endofit secara tunggal, kombinasi antar isolat, aplikasi fungisida, dan kontrol tanpa aplikasi bakteri dan fungisida dengan 4 ulangan dan 5 sub unit bibit tanaman lada pada setiap ulangan. Pengamatan dilakukan terhadap masa inkubasi, kejadian penyakit, penekanan penyakit, keparahan penyakit, dan perkembangan penyakit. Isolat bakteri endofit terpilih diidentifikasi secara molekuler berdasarkan gen 16S rRNA. Ekstraksi DNA bakteri dilakukan menggunakan kit GeneadTM. Amplikasi gen 16 rRNA menggunakan primer universal 27(F5’-AGAG TT TGATCCTGGCTCAG-3’) dan 1492R (5’-GGTTACCTTGTT ACGA CTT-3’). Isolat bakteri terpilih dilakukan karakterisasi secara morfologi bakteri endofit, uji Gram menggunakan KOH 3%, penambat nitrogen, dan reaksi hipersensitif pada tanaman tembakau., Phytophthora capsici as causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR) disease on pepper plants (Piper nigrum L) is a major pathogen of this plant. The objective of this research was to get some endophytic bacteria were able to suppress the growth of Phytophthora capsici by two methods: (1) explored and identified endophytic bacteria from several varieties of pepper plants were able to suppress the progression of the disease, (2) endophytic bacterial antagonism were tested toward Phytophthora capsici by in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that 134 endophytic bacteria from leaves and roots of black pepper have been successfully isolated and produced three isolates selected. The three endophytic bacteria were DJ4, AN21, and DJ8. The incubation period of endophytic bacteria treatment was longer than control treatment, 12-15 days after inoculation (dai) and 10 dai, respectively. The application of endophytic bacteria in suppressing disease progression ranged 51.95% to 95.63% in black pepper seed. Severity of illness ranged from 0%-29.35%. Molecular characterization based on the sequence partial of 16S rRNA showed that three isolates of endophytic bacteria (DJ4, AN21, and DJ8) identified as Agrococcus jenensis, Delfitia tsuruhatensis, and Bacillus licheniformis, three endophytic bacteria were not phytopathogenic.
Keyword: Black pepper, Endophytic bacteria, Phytophthora capsici, Sequencing

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
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