Judul: Factors Affecting Imports of Wheat in Indonesia
Abstrak: Salah satu kebutuhan pangan yang harus dipenuhi dalam jumlah besar adalah produk pertanian. Gandum merupakan salah satu produk pertanian yang permintaannya tinggi di Indonesia. Gandum bukanlah makanan pokok masyarakat Indonesia. Akan tetapi, masyarakat Indonesia mengonsumsi makanan berbahan dasar tepung terigu, seperti roti dan mie instan dan bahan baku tepung terigu tersebut adalah dari gandum, hal ini menyebabkan Indonesia melakukan impor gandum untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri dan dapat menyebabkan ketergantungan dengan negara pengeskspor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi volume impor gandum di Indonesia menggunakan analisis regresi data panel dengan model fixed effect melalui pendekatan gravity model dalam periode tahun 2002-2018 dari empat negara pengekspor utama. Komoditas yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah gandum dengan kode HS 1001 (Wheat and meslin). Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi impor gandum di Indonesia secara signifikan dipengaruhi oleh GDP riil per kapita Indonesia, GDP riil per kapita negara pengekspor gandum utama ke Indonesia, konsumsi tepung terigu per kapita dalam rumah tangga Indonesia, dan jarak ekonomi., One of the food needs that must fulfill in large quantities is an agricultural product. Wheat is one of the most demanding agricultural products in Indonesia. Wheat is not the staple food of Indonesian society. However, Indonesian people consume foods made from wheat flour, such as bread and instant noodle and the main ingredient of wheat flour is wheat, it causes Indonesia to import wheat to fulfill domestic needs leading to dependence on exporting countries. The purpose of this research is to analyze the factors that affecting imports of wheat in Indonesia using panel data regression analysis with fixed effect model (fem) through the gravity model approach in the period of 2002 to 2018 from four main exporting countries. The commodity that is used in this study is wheat with HS code 1001 (Wheat and meslin). The estimation result shows the factors that significantly affect Indonesia wheat’s import are real GDP per capita of Indonesia, real GDP per capita of exporting countries, Indonesia's per capita consumption of wheat flour, and economic distance.
Keyword: fixed effect model, gravity model, import, panel data, wheat

Judul: The Effect of Restrictive Policy of  Wheat Demand in Indonesia
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara pengimpor gandum terbesar di dunia. Indonesia belum dapat memproduksi gandum secara mandiri sehingga untuk memenuhi tingginya permintaan pasar diperlukan kebijakan impor. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis pengaruh hambatan kebijakan impor gandum terhadap volume permintaan gandum di Indonesia dari Australia, Kanada, Ukraina, Amerika Serikat dan Rusia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu analisis data panel dengan spesifikasi model pengaruh tetap dan model gravitasi. Komoditas yang diteliti adalah gandum dengan kode HS 1001. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang berpengaruh signifikan yaitu harga gandum internasional, GDP negara pengekspor, nilai tukar riil, jarak ekonomi dan dummy hambatan impor tarif dan non tarif. Sedangkan, variabel yang tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan adalah GDP negara importir dan populasi. Alternatif kebijakan yang didapatkan yaitu implementasi kebijakan kuota impor akan lebih baik daripada tarif impor, tarif impor berisiko meningkatkan harga gandum di pasar. Selain itu, pemerintah perlu melakukan penelitian dan pengembangan produksi gandum nasional bersama lembaga terkait agar gandum dapat diproduksi secara efisien., Indonesia is one of the largest wheat importers countries in the world. Indonesia has not been able to produce wheat independently and must import to meet the high demand. This study aimed to analyze the barriers effect of wheat import policy on wheat demand volume in Indonesia with exporting countries such as Australia, Canada, Ukraine, the United States, and Russia. The method used in this research is panel data analysis with fixed effect model specifications and gravity models. The commodity studied was wheat with HS code 1001. The estimation results showed that the significant effect variables were international wheat prices, GDP of exporting countries, real exchange rates, economic distance, and tariff and non-tariff import barriers. Besides, the importing country's GDP and the population were variables with insignificant effect. The alternative policy obtained was the import quota policy implementation would be better than the import tariff. Import tariff has the risk of increasing the price of wheat in the market. Therefore, the government needs to carry out national wheat production research and development with related institutions for efficient wheat production.
Keyword: Fixed effect model, Gravity model, Import barrier, Wheat

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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