Judul: Effectiveness of jintan putih (Cuminum  cyminum) infusion as antidiarrheal in mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Jintan putih merupakan tanaman yang sudah sejak lama dikonsumsi sebagai bahan masakan dan obat, namun belum terdapat penelitian terkait manfaat jintan putih sebagai antidiare. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas infusa jintan putih sebagai antidiare dan menentukan konsentrasi yang memiliki efek antidiare paling efektif. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan mengetahui kandungan metabolit sekunder pada jintan putih melalui penapisan fitokimia. Pengujian antidiare dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode proteksi intestinal dengan pemberian sediaan secara peroral. Parameter yang diamati pada metode proteksi intestinal yaitu frekuensi defekasi, konsistensi feses, dan durasi diare. Penelitian ini menggunakan 30 ekor mencit yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok terdiri dari kontrol negatif (Tween-80 [1%]), kontrol positif (Loperamide HCl), dan kelompok perlakuan infusa jintan putih konsentrasi 25, 50, dan 100%. Konsentrasi 25% merupakan konsentrasi yang paling efektif, karena menghasilkan durasi diare paling pendek. Penapisan fitokimia infusa jintan putih menunjukkan terdapat senyawa metabolit sekunder meliputi alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, tanin, dengan tanin sebagai senyawa yang paling berpotensi sebagai antidiare., White cumin is a plant that has long been consumed as a food and medicine ingredient however, there has been no research related to the benefits of white cumin as antidiarrheal. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of white cumin extract as antidiarrheal and determine the concentration that has the most effective antidiarrheal effect. This study also aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites in white cumin through phytochemical screening. Antidiarrheal testing was carried out using the intestinal protection method by administering the preparation orally. Parameters observed in the intestinal protection method are frequency of defecation, consistency of feces, and duration of diarrhea. This study used 30 mice divided into 5 groups consisting of a negative control (Tween-80 [1%]), positive control (Loperamide HCl), and treatment groups of white cumin infusion with concentrations of 25, 50, and 100%. The 25% concentration is the most effective concentration, because it produces the shortest duration of diarrhea. Phytochemical screening of white cumin infusion showed that there were secondary metabolite compounds including alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, tannin, with tannin as the most potential antidiarrheal compound.
Keyword: antidiare, infusa, proteksi intestinal, infusion, intestinal protection, jintan putih, penapisan fitokimia, antidiarrhea, phytochemical test

Judul: Efficacy of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Infusion as an  Antidiarrhea in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Jintan hitam (Nigella sativa L.) merupakan tanaman berkhasiat yang umum digunakan sebagai obat berbagai penyakit. Belum ada riset farmakologi infusa jintan hitam memiliki aktivitas sebagai antidiare. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder melalui uji fitokimia dan efikasi sediaan infusa jintan hitam sebagai antidiare melalui metode proteksi intestinal. Penelitian ini menggunakan 30 ekor mencit yang dibagi kedalam 5 kelompok perlakuan: satu kelompok kontrol negatif (Tween 80 [1%]), satu kelompok kontrol positif (Loperamid HCl), dan tiga kelompok perlakuan jintan hitam dengan konsentrasi 25, 50, dan 100%. Parameter yang digunakan yakni frekuensi defekasi, konsistensi feses, awal mula dan durasi diare. Ditemukan bahwa senyawa antidiare infusa jintan hitam adalah flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, dan saponin. Infusa jintan hitam juga menunjukkan aktivitas antidiare pada konsentrasi 25, 50, dan 100% dengan menurunkan frekuensi defekasi, memperbaiki konsistensi, menunda terjadinya diare, dan memperpendek durasi diare. Efek antidiare terbaik dimunculkan oleh infusa jintan hitam konsentrasi 50% yang dapat menyembuhkan diare setara dengan loperamid. Oleh karena itu, infusa jintan hitam 50% berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai herbal antidiare. Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is a nutritious plant commonly used as a medicinal herb for various diseases. However, no pharmacological research has shown that black cumin infusion has antidiarrheal activity. This research aims to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds through phytochemical tests and the efficacy of black cumin infusion as an antidiarrheal preparation using intestinal protection methods. This study used 30 mice, which were divided into 5 treatment groups: a negative control group (Tween 80 [1%]), a positive control group (Loperamid HCl), and three black cumin treatment groups with concentrations of 25, 50, and 100%. The parameters used are defecation frequency, stool consistency, onset, and duration of diarrhoea. It was found that the antidiarrheal compounds of black cumin infusion are flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. Black cumin infusion also showed antidiarrheal activity at a concentration of 25, 50, and 100% by reducing the frequency of defecation, improving consistency, delaying the occurrence of diarrhoea, and shortening the duration of diarrhoea. The best antidiarrheal effect is produced by black cumin infusion with a 50% concentration, which can cure diarrhoea on par with loperamid. Therefore, 50% black cumin infusion has the potential to be developed as an antidiarrheal herb.
Keyword: antidiare, infusa, jintan hitam, proteksi intestinal, uji fitokimia

Judul: Bifurkasi Hopf pada Model Siklus Bisnis Kaldor Kalecki tanpa dan dengan Waktu Tunda
Abstrak: Business cycle model is one of dynamical system models in economic. One of the business cycles model is Kaldor-Kalecki model. Kaldor-Kalecki business cycle model that is written in delayed defferential equations, is a business cycle model that involves gross product and capital stock of a company. In this paper Kaldor-Kalecki business cycle model is analyzed using both nondelay and delay in time of capital stock. By Taylor expansion for the time delayed model, an analysis of stability around the fixed points has been done. Furthermore, by using Hopf bifurcation theorem, it can be shown that there exists periodic orbits and limit cycle. In the nondelayed model, changing the parameter of goods market could lead to the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and the existence of limit cycle. Similarly, for the delayed model, it has been shown that changing the time delay parameter may result in the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and limit cycle.
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