Judul: Jenis Pakan dan Pola Pemanfaatan Tajuk berdasarkan Aktivitas Makan Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798) di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak Provinsi Jawa Barat.
Abstrak: Javan gibbon (Hylobates moloch) is one of Javan endemic primates. Gunung Halimun Salak National Park is one of its suitable habitat that supports significant number of population of the gibbon in Java. One of the habitat usage by Javan Gibbon is for foraging at tree canopies. Canopy is part of cover area for Javan gibbon which can be used to do some activity such as feeding and hiding from intruders. This study aimed to reveal food plants and and canopy usage pattern of Javan gibbon based on feeding activity. This study was conducted from June to August 2011 at Cikaniki Research Station, Citalahab village and the surrounding habitats. The equipments used in this study included binocular, range finder, camera, stop watch, ribbon, compass, tally sheet, rope, work map, and stationary. This study was focussed on two groups of Javan gibbon consisting 4 and 3 individuals respectively. The data collected were plant species and their coordinates of the trees that used by the Javan gibbon for their feeding activities, duration of feeding activities at the trees, and different spaces used of the animal at the trees’ canopy. The data collected using focal animal sampling with continous recording and scan sampling methods. The observations were carried out from 06.00 am to 05.00 pm or when Javan gibbon started doing their activities until they went to the sleeping trees. Javan gibbon consumed 47 kind of feeds covering 46 species of plants and one species of insect. Parts of the plants eaten by the Javan gibbon were fruits, leaves, and flowers representing 77,8% , 21,02% , 1,18% respectively. The Javan gibbon was also observed eating insects which was 0,002% of the total consumption. The usage of the tree canopy based on feeding activity can be catagorized into two types, trees as food sources and trees as place to eat. For feeding activity at trees used as food source, the Javan gibbon preferred the edges of canopies, that was CII canopy part. The canopy space selection at the edge of the canopy, aften found at ki dage tree (Bruinsmia styracoides) that used for hanging. Whereas trees that used as a place to eat, Javan gibbon were mainly found at the lower middle of canopy (AIII) which were mostly observed at rasamala trees (Altingia excelsa) which were also used for hanging. Javan gibbon used four models of tree architecture including attims, massart, rauh, and scarrone. Of the four models, attims was the most used by Javan gibbon when doing their feeding activities.
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Judul: Pola Penggunaan Ruang Owa Jawa (Hylobates Moloch Audebert, 1798) Berdasarkan Perilaku Bersuara Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun - Salak, Provinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Area Gunung Halimun – Salak National Park is the habitat of endemic primate of Java, Javan Gibbon (Hylobate moloch Audebert, 1798). This species life is dependent on existence of big trees, because Javan Gibbon is arboreal species which travelled and fed from one branch to another. Javan Gibbon is one of nine primate species in the world that only spread in Asia. By knowing space application pattern of Javan Gibbon based on calling behaviour, hopefully the zone maintaining action is basicly done based on habitat and ecosystem important species. The aims of the research are to knowing the space application pattern of Javan Gibbon based on calling behavior each group structure. The research can be considered information for habitat management of Javan Gibbon. The research was conducted for two month from HM 6 – HM 33 and the area arrounds it. The equipments were used are work map, camera, binocular, stopwatch, compass, tallysheet, range finder, rope and stationery. The objects are two groups of Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798). Monitoring was done with scan sampling method. The method to collecting data is using continous recording method. Data from the research were analyse by graphic and descriptive illustration technique. Calling behaviour which have been done by group A during the research was counted 29 calls that consist of 26 calls by directly observed and three calls by indirect observed. Group B was counted 16 calls that consist of 14 calls by directly observed and two calls by indirect observed. Based from the observation, calling behaviour mostly happened at 10:00 – 11:00 AM. H. moloch calling behaviour is 69% using canopy B, 26% using canopy A and 5% using canopy C. Adult female song bouts observed at 16 different trees for 4785 second. Adult male song bouts observed at eight different trees for 1547 second and sub-adult female song bouts observed at six different trees for 262 second. All of the group structure used Rauh, Scarrone, Attims and Massart model architechture tree. The conclusions from this research are the adult female used 15 Rasamala (Altingia excelsa) as calling tree and used 17 Scarrone model architecthure tree for calling. Position AI and AII were used for female song bout (FSB); AI, BI, ang BII were used for border conflict call bout (BCCB); AIII, BIII and CIII were used for harassing call bout (HCB). Adult male used three Ki haji (Dysoxylum alliaceum) and five Rauh model architechture tree as calling tree. Position AII were used for border conflict call bout; CIII were used for harassing call bout; BI, BII and CII were used for male song bout. Sub-adult female used five Kimokla (Knema cinerea (Poir.) Warb.) which have model architecthure tree, Massart as calling tree. Position AII ang AIII were used for female song bout and harassing call bout; BI, BII ang BIII were used for harassing call bout. Keywords : Javan Gibbon, group structure, space application pattern.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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