Judul: Molecular Markers Development that is Associated with Apomixis Characters and the Strength of Cell Wall Composed Yellow Latex Secretory Duct on Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.).
Abstrak: Mangosteen is one of the excellent export fruit commodity from Indonesia and well-known as Queen of Tropical Fruits. There are two current main development issues of mangosteen, which are apomixis and yellow latex secretion from the fruit caused by destruction of epithelial cell that form yellow latex secretory duct. Therefore, a research to study the aspects of apomixis and cell wall strength that form yellow latex secretory duct in mangosteen should be done. This research consisted of two main topics, the development of molecular marker that is associated with the apomixis characters in Garcinia and molecular marker that is associated with the cell wall strength characters that form yellow latex secretory duct in mangosteen. Mangosteen reproduces through apomixis mechanism. Apomixis is a naturally occurring mode of reproduction that results in embryo formation without the involvement of meiosis or fertilization of the egg. Seed-derived progeny of an apomictic plant is genetically identical to the maternal parent. In Garcinia, apomixis form is called as adventitious embryony, which is divided into obligate and facultative apomixis. Identification and characterization of those apomixis in Garcinia is important for conservation and utilization of Garcinia members. The development of specific molecular markers that associated with apomixis is necessary. The developed markers can then be used as a tool for identification, characterization and selection of Garcinia germplasms. The first part of this research aimed to develop molecular markers related to apomixis character. The DNA ampilication was carried out using primer developed by Ozias-akins et al. (1998) based on the sequence of Pennisetum DNA. The primer was used to amplify DNA from four Garcinia species, i.e. : Garcinia mangostana L., G. hambroniana Pierre., G. celebica L. and G. malacensis T. Anderson. The result showed that only G. hambroniana Pierre. DNA could be not amplified, while the others showed the ampilication band with the size of ± 480 bp. The BLAST sequence analysis of the PCR frgment showed that there was no homology with other DNA sequences in database. Three set of primers were then designed based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) among three DNA sequences from those three species (G. mangostana L., G. celebica L. and G. malacensis T. Anderson). This research succesfully developed three set of primers, which were (1) Apo_Fak1 (forward 5‟ACAATAATCACCACCATACC‟3 and reverse 5‟GTCTT TTCCACTTGGGCTGG‟3); (2); Apo_Fak2 (forward 5‟ACAATAATCACCA CCATACC‟3 and reverse 5‟AGGCTTCAACTTAGTTGTCA‟3); (3) Apo_Obli (forward 5‟ACAATAATCACCACCATACC‟3 and reverse 5‟TCATTTCCCA CTTGGGCTGT‟3). Those three set of primers were then verified using three reference species (G. mangostana L., G. celebica L. and G. malacensis T. Anderson) and the result showed two specific bands that related with apomixis character, i.e. : a 300 bp DNA band produced from G. mangostana L. and G. celebica L., while a 317 bp produced from G. malacensis T. Anderson. Forty one species of Garcinia can be separated into three groups based on the developed molecular markers. Fourteen species were identified as obligate apomixis, fourteen species were facultative apomixis with dioecius flowers, and the other thirteen species were facultative apomixis with hermaprodit flowers. Another aspect of mangosteen development that should be considered is how to eliminate
Keyword: apomixis, Garcinia mangostana L.,, Garcinia spp, yellow latex, molecular markers

Judul: Analisis konsistensi pola genetik empat generasi manggis (garcinia mangostana l.) berdasarkan marka ISSR
Abstrak: Mangosteen reproduces trough apomixes mechanism, from which the seed develops without fertilization. Mangosteen is an obligate apomicts and it is believed that all of its progenies may have the same genotype as their mother plant. However it was found that genetic variations occurred among mangosteen accessions. This research is aimed to study pattern of morphology variations, genetic consistency among generations and genetic variations in single plant. The study was carried out at Center for Tropical Fruit Studies (PKBT) during February – September 2009. The plant materials used four generations (P1, P2, P3, and P4) of mangosteen were taken from Wanayasa, Purwakarta according to tree height and sector (north, east, west, and west). There are three analysis: morphology, molecular by ISSR, and data. Genetic observations were conducted by using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) technique. Ten primers were used to amplify the genomic DNA of mangosteen. The levels of polymorphism as revealed ISSR were 70.21%. It was found that genetic and morphology variations occurred among tree of different age. Morphology variations was bigger than genetic variations among mother plant. Genetic variation also was occurred within single plant, among progenies, and between progeni and mother plant. This information may be useful to determine of optimum age of mangosteen for becoming mother plant.
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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