Judul: Biopelet Kayu Agathis dengan Penguat Kulit Lepasnya
Abstrak: The agathis bark is expected to increase the energy content and durability of the resulting biopellet. The present research was aimed to analyze chemical components of agathis and to determine the quality of agathis wood biopellet fortified with its loosen bark. The klason lignin, extractives, holocellulose and α- cellulose content of wood and bark of the agathis were determined following the standard procedures of TAPPI T 222 0m-88, TAPPI T 204 0m-88, and Browning (1967), respectively. Biopellets of 15 mm diameter were prepared with pelletizing pressure of 1500 psi. The moisture content, ash content, density, durability, and calorific value of the resulting biopellet were compared to those required by DIN EN 14961-2 and 51731 standards. The α-cellulose and holocellulose content of the agathis bark were found lower than these of its wood. However, its klason lignin, extractive, and ash content were higher than these of its wood. The resulting biopellet retained the density of 0.61-0.71 g/cm3, moisture content of 0.42-4.52%, ash content of 0.79-2.73%, durability of 21.26-44.59%, and calorific value of 4524- 4628 kcal/kg. Except for that of the biopellet density and durability, all parameters satisfied the requirements of DIN EN standards. Thermal analysis of biopellet showed that water loss occurred at 36-100 oC and significant mass decomposition between 100 up to 475 oC with the weight loss of 77.34-80.51%. No further decomposition was found at above 480 oC.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), thermal, bark, biopellet, agathis

Judul: Biopelet: Energi Terbarukan dari Batang Kelapa Sawit
Abstrak: Oil palm trunk (OPT) is a potentional source of biomass for the production of biopellet. In the present research, biopellets were prepared from 25 years old OPT. It was prepared by mixing the meristem part with various percentages of its bark (0, 10, dan 30% bark content). The properties of the resulting biopellet were statistical examined. The durability of biopellet was measured according to ASABE standard procedures and its combustion behavior was examined by thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG–DTA). The highest biopellet durability was found for biopellet produced at 130 oC pressing temperature with 30% bark content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of pellet of OPT showed the weak of particle bonding due to low of pelletizing pressure. The moisture content, unit density, ash content, and caloric value of pellets were 3.55–5.35%, 525.56–855.23 kg/m3, 2.76–3.44%, dan 17.89–19.14 MJ/kg, respectively. The combustion profiles of biopellet seemed to be unaffected by the bark content on TGA curve. Thermogravimetric analysis on DTA curve indicated that hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin retained a different pyrolysis characteristic
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), pyrolysis, durability, pellet, Oil palm trunk

Judul: Heisenberg Uncertainty of Double SlitSystem Based on Budiyono-Rohrlich Quantum Statistics Model
Abstrak: Interpretasi kuantum dikembangkan untuk memaknai secara fisis dengan jelas bagaimana suatu dinamika pada sistem mikroskopis yang dijelaskan dengan teori-teori kuantum, seperti interpretasi Copenhagen yang mendeskripsikan sistem kuantum sebagai suatu keadaan yang dideskripsikan dengan fungsi gelombang yang berisikan bagaimana peluang keadaan suatu sistem. Interpretasi kuantum juga bisa dibawa dari suatu sistem klasik seperti pada model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich yang menjelaskan bagaimana dinamika kuantum berhubungan dengan sistem klasik dengan penerapan statistika pada model Hamiltonian sistem. Fungsi distribusi dapat mendeskripsikan bagaimana suatu sistem terdistribusi pada suatu ruang pada pandangan klasik namun untuk sistem kuantum fungsi distribusi adalah peluang dari sistem tersebut. Sistem klasik dan kuantum juga dipisahkan berdasarkan pada ketidakpastian Heisenberg tentang suatu pengukuran yang tidak bisa secara sekaligus dilakukan bersamaan. Model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich membawa suatu sistem klasik menjadi sistem kuantum dengan dua aksioma yaitu hukum kekekalan energi rata rata dan konservasi rapat probabilitas. Sistem klasik yang didefinisikan akan diatur dengan menambahkan dua variable matematis berupa ontic extensions dan epistemic restrictions dimana kedua variabel ini yang akan menghubungkan bagaimana sistem klasik bisa diubah menjadi sebuah sistem kuantum. Dua variabel matematis tadi membuat sebuah sistem bisa diperlihatkan ketidakpastiannya lewat perhitungan simpangan rata-rata dan hasilnya akan selalu memenuhi ketidakpastian Heisenberg
Keyword: fungsi distribusi, model Budiyono-Rohrlich, ontic extension, epistemic restriction, ketidakpastian Heisenberg