Judul: Ex situ Conservation of Mangifera casturi Kosterm. based on community in Indragiri Hilir Regency of Riau Province
Abstrak: The ex situ conservation of Mangifera casturi Kosterm. is very important because this is an extinct species in the wild. This study is conducted to conserve the diversity of M. casturi genetic resources. The collections of living organisms that are conserved ex situ can be used for many purposes, including research, education and public awareness. In addition, through an ex situ conservation it is possible to use species as a source of economic income for the community. The study of M. casturi in Indragiri Hilir Regency, was to map the distribution of this species, identify its bio-ecological factors, elucidate the population structure and identify stimulus factors in community. The data obtained will be useful to formulate the ex situ conservation strategy of M. casturi based the community participation. The spread of M. casturi in the Indragiri Hilir Regency cannot be separated from the migration of Banjar ethnic of South Kalimantan in the 1860’s. Currently, the population of M. casturi has spread to several districts in Indragiri Hilir Regency, including Tembilahan City district, Gaung district, Gaung Anak Serka district (GAS), Batang Tuaka district, and Kuindra district. The results showed that the populations of M. casturi were mostly found in Gaung and GAS districts. The inventory conducted in the two districts found a total of 1315 individuals of M. casturi. This amount represents the total of 1085 individuals in the GAS district and 230 individuals in the Gaung district. The successful ex situ conservation of this species in this area seemed to be supported by at least three stimulus: natural, benefit, and religious stimulus. However both internal and external factors belonging to the local community values also influenced significantly. In the GAS district, ex situ conservation of M. casturi was mainly supported by benefit stimulus while in the Gaung district the ex situ conservation effort was supported by mainly religious stimulus. The principle component analysis (PCA) was performed to determine possible relationships between the ex situ conservation of M. casturi and the supporting variables within the community. In the GAS district, the ex situ conservation effort of M. casturi was significantly supported by the species population size, harvest and market activites. However pre-planting activities were also important. In the Gaung district, ex situ conservation of the valuable mango was supported not only by the population size, harvest and market activites, but also by pre-planting activites as well as land status and size. Indeed M. casturi has a promising economic value and market potential to be developed as an important agro-commodity in Indragiri Hilir Regency.
Keyword: ex situ conservation, extinct in the wild, Indragiri Hilir, Mangifera casturi

Judul: Genetic Diversity of Mango Casturi ( Mangifera casturi Kosterm.) from South Kalimantan and Riau based on Microsatellite Markers
Abstrak: Mangifera casturi Kosterm. merupakan salah satu buah endemik asal Kalimantan Selatan. Tanaman mangga kasturi berasal dari keluarga Anacardiaceae, genus Mangifera. Saat ini, mangga kasturi termasuk dalam kategori langka di alam. Penyebaran mangga kasturi terdapat hampir di seluruh wilayah Indonesia, salah satunya di provinsi Riau. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keragaman genetik Mangifera casturi Kosterm. asal Kalimantan Selatan dan Riau dengan menggunakan marka simple sequence repeats. DNA dari 14 aksesi Mangifera casturi di amplifikasi menggunakan 14 lokus marka SSR, data yang dihasilkan digunakan untuk mengevaluasi keragaman genetiknya. Amplifikasi DNA menggunakan metode Multiplex PCR dengan menggunakan primer yang dilabeli dengan fluorescent dyes pada primer forwardnya yang akan dideteksi dengan menggunakan capillary electrophoresis. Sebanyak 42 alel diperoleh dari 14 lokus dengan rata-rata 3 alel per lokus. Nilai heterozigositas yang teramati (Ho) adalah 0,24, nilai tersebut lebih rendah dari nilai heterozigositas yang diharapkan (He) dengan rataan 0,48. Indeks fiksasi (FIS) keempat belas lokus mikrosatelit berkisar antara –0,876 dan 1. Hal ini mengindikasikan adanya proses inbreeding pada populasi yang mengakibatkan peningkatan alel homozigot dan menurunkan keragaman genetiknya. Rendahnya keragaman genetik berkaitan dengan adanya hanyutan genetik yang menyebabkan efek bottleneck pada populasi. Nilai PIC rata rata 0,39, nilai PIC tertinggi dimiliki oleh primer MC58089 (0,65) yang menunjukkan lokus tersebut sangat informatif untuk mengungkap keragaman genetik. Analisis filogenetik dengan metode neighbor-joining pada aplikasi Phylip versi 3.695 yang membentuk 4 kelompok. Mangga kasturi asal Riau berkerabat dekat dengan mangga kasturi asal Kalimantan Selatan dari kultivar pelipisan dan cuban., Mangifera casturi Kosterm. is one of the endemic fruits of South Kalimantan. It belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, genus Mangifera. Currently, kasturi mango is include in the rare category in nature. The distribution of kasturi mangoes is found in almost all regions of Indonesia, one of which is in Riau province. This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of Mangifera casturi from South Kalimantan and Riau using SSR markers. Fourteen DNA of Mangifera casturi accessions were amplified using 14 SSR markers loci, and the generated data were used to evaluate their genetic diversity. DNA amplification using Multiplex PCR method with a fluorescence-labeled dyes on the forward primer which will be detected using capillary electrophoresis. A total of 42 alleles were obtain from the 14 loci with an average 3 alleles per locus. The observed heterozigocity value (Ho) is 0.24, lower than the expected heterozygosity value (He) with an average 0.48. The fixation index (FIS) of the fourteen microsatellite loci ranged from –0.876 and 1. This indicates an inbreeding process in the population resulting an increase of homozygous alleles and reduced genetic diversity. The low genetic diversity related to the genetic drift that causes a bottleneck effect on the population. The average of PIC value is 0.39, with the highest found in primer MC58089 (0.65), indicating the SSR marker loci is very informative for revealing the genetic diversity. The phylogenetic analysis using neighbor-joining method on the Phylip program v. 3.695 formed 4 groups. Kasturi mangoes from Riau are closely related to kasturi mangoes from South Kalimantan from the pelipisan and cuban cultivars.
Keyword: mikrosatelit, alel, keragaman genetik, polimorfik

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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