Judul: Model Optimasi Fermentasi Curah Aseton - Butanol - etanol oleh Clostridium acetobutylicum Menggunakan Substrat Hidrolisat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit
Abstrak: Tandan kosong kelapasawit (TKKS) adalah lirnbah Iignoselulosik yang terdapat dalam jumlali yang melimpah di Indonesia dan berpotensi sebagai bahan baku industri. Salali satu pemanfaatan TKKS adalah dengan menghidrolsisnya sehingga diperoleh liidrolisat yang kemudian digunakan sebagai substrat fermentasi untuk memproduksi pelarut aseton, butanol dan etanol menggunakan mikroba Clostridium acetobutylicun~. Dengan adanya beberapa keterbarasan produksi pelarut, antara lain mahalnya biaya proses awal evaporasi hidrolisat dan pemurnian. maka perlu dipilili proses fermentasi yang optimal sehingga diperoleli bahan pelarut maksimal
Keyword: 

Judul: Kajian Awal Fermentasi Aseton - bUtanol - Etanol dari Hidrolisat Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit pada Kultur Curah
Abstrak: Pendayagunaan limbah tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) menjadi produk bernilai ekonomis tinggi belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian mengenai teknologi biokonversi untuk memanfaatkan TKKS sebagai substrat fermentasi asetonbutanol- etanol (ABE) bersifat penting karena nilai tambahnya yang cukup tinggi. ABE merupakan senyawa kimia yang digunakan secara luas sebagai pelarut, bahan dasar pada berbagai industri kimia dan bahan bakar yang bersifat terbarui. Penelitian ini adalah kajian awal untuk memanfaatkan TKKS sebagai substrat fermentasi ABE dan untuk menentukan beberapa parameter yang berpengaruh terhadap produksi ABE. Aspek kajian ini meliputi proses perlakuan awal TKKS dengan tiga metoda delignifikasi secara alkali untuk menurunkan kadar lignin dan meningkatkan kerentanan selulosa terhadap aktifitas enzim selulase. Ketiga metoda delignifikasi tersebut adalah metoda pembengkakan dengan larutan NaOH 1 N, metoda pendidihan dalam larutan NaOH 1N dan metoda alkalin peroksida dalam larutan H,O, 1 % pH 11.5. Kajian selanjutnya adalah hidrolisis enzimatis terhadap substrat hasil delignifikasi TKKS untuk mendapatkan gula sebagai substrat fermentasi ABE.
Keyword: 

Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua