Judul: Simulasi Dispersi Gas Polutan SO2, H2S, dan CO dengan Menggunakan Program Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Abstrak: Studi simulasi dispersi gas polutan dari sebuah cerobong merupakan upaya pengembangan sektor industri yang ramah lingkungan. Prediksi sebaran emisi gas polutan terhadap udara ambien dilakukan untuk mengantisipasi dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan dari suatu kegiatan industri. Studi simulasi dispersi gas polutan dilakukan dengan menggunakan program Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Studi simulasi ini dilakukan untuk melihat simulasi dispersi dan sebaran konsentrasi gas polutan (SO2, H2S, dan CO) dari cerobong ke lingkungan dengan menggunakan program CFD yang akan dibandingkan dengan model Gaussian. Model simulasi yang digunakan untuk menentukan nilai konsentrasi gas polutan di suatu titik tertentu adalah model persamaan dispersi Gaussian dengan menggunakan program visual basic dan model Navier-Stokes yang direpresentasikan oleh software Solidworks Office 2007 dengan menggunakan metode finite volume. Parameter input simulasi yaitu laju emisi gas yang diemisikan dari cerobong, kecepatan udara di sekitar sumber emisi atau ambien, faktor stabilitas atmosfer hingga titik acuan, dan sifat karakteristik kimia gas polutan. Sedangkan parameter output yang diharapkan adalah visualisasi sebaran konsentrasi gas polutan berupa bidang 2 dimensi yang dilengkapi dengan nilai persamaan konsentrasinya terhadap jarak dari sumber emisi. Program CFD digunakan sebagai support simulator atau tools untuk mendapatkan visualisasi sebaran gas terdispersi dari hasil perhitungan. Sotfware yang digunakan adalah sotfware Solidworks Office 2007 yang memiliki kemampuan untuk membuat model geometri, batasan lingkungan simulasi atau domain, meshing model geometri yang akan disimulasikan, solver atau pencarían solusi dengan menyediakan fleksibilitas mesh automatis berbentuk tetahedral yang dapat diatur mudah kerapatan meshnya. Software ini menghitung persamaan fluida dinamik dengan menggunakan metode finite volume, sehingga dapat mempresentasikan data dan memvisualisasikan berbagai kasus aplikasi dinamika fluida secara detail. Representasi hasil visualisasi simulasi dengan program CFD memberikan gambaran bahwa gas polutan yang paling besar memberikan dampak pencemaran terhadap permukaan tanah di lingkungan sekitar adalah gas SO2, dimana nilai konsentrasi yang paling tinggi terdapat pada jarak 60 m dari ceobong, yaitu sebesar 10721,6 ppm. Sedangkan gas CO mencemari permukaan tanah pada jarak di atas 300 m dari cerobong dan gas H2S dari hasil simulasi tidak mencemari permukaan tanah karena bergerak ke atmosfer. Adapun perbandingan hasil simulasi dispersi gas polutan dengan menggunakan model Gaussian sangat berbeda jauh dengan hasil dari model EFD yang menggunakan basis persamaan Navier-Stokes. Dalam model Gaussian tidak ada parameter sifat kimia atau karakteristik bahan material fluida yang mempengaruhi proses dispersi, bahkan diabaikan. Sedangkan simulasi dispersi dengan model EFD sangat dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal dari material fluida yaitu karakteristik kimiawinya.
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Judul: Simulasi penyebaran gas SO2 dari emisi cerobong menggunakan Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Abstrak: Sulfur-dioxide (SO2) is one of pollutants emitted from industrial stack emission, particularly from industries which use coal as the fuel. This pollutant dispersion needs to be studied for monitoring of air quality, one of it methods is by doing simulation using mathematical models. This research is directed to predict the distribution of SO2 concentration, dispersion pattern and critical distance where the SO2 concentration being maximum. The simulation is performed by applying CFD approach to the case of study in Suralaya power plant. A widely used CFD software called FLUENT is used to solve the equations of mass and Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes momentum conservations using finite volume method. Turbulence is modeled using the Spalart-Allmaras one equation while SO2 flux diffusion is computed using the species transport equation. The simulation is performed for varying atmospheric condition from very unstable to very stable one. The simulation results show that the maximal SO2 concentration at the stack is 495 mg m-3 occurs at unstable atmospheric condition, as for the maximal SO2 concentration at the altitude of 1.5 m is 5.06 mg m-3 occurs at very unstable atmospheric condition. The more stable atmospheric condition the longer the pollutant exists in the air and it falls down to the ground at a farther distance. On the contrary, the more unstable atmospheric condition, the faster the pollutant falls down as of the distance when maximal concentration on the ground is closer
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Judul: Studies on growth spurt and aging in higher primates
Abstrak: single measurement that best defines the health and nutritional status of children, just as it provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. The pattern of human growth reflects the biocultural evolution of our species. The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Three studies are reported here which deal to the growth and development of human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). These three studies allow us to contrast the phenomena of adolescence growth spurt and female elderly bone loss in chimpanzee and human as chimpanzee is the closest species to humans within extant nonhuman primates. In the first, a cross-sectional study of growth of the body size and somatotype of 363 Javanese girls and 299 Javanese boys aged 4 to 20 years from Magelang Regency, Indonesia was described. In the second, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee second metacarpal bone linear dimensions from individuals aged 0 to 43.6 years were used for comparison. While in the third, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee body size (body mass and anterior trunk length) and second metacarpal bone mineral content were derived. In measuring the second metacarpal dimensions and mineral content, a total of 568 radiographs of chimpanzee's proximodistal left hands were used. They were taken from 68 females and 49 males aged 0 to 43.62 years old. We applied an image analysis system, Scion Image Release Alpha 4.0.3.2 software for Windows to measure bone linear dimensions and bone mineral content. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body weight and height. A clear growth spurt could be demonstrated by cross-sectional analysis in our girl subjects at around aged 11.5 years and in our boy subjects at around aged 12.5 years. In longitudinal series, not in cross-sectional, several representative chimpanzees of both sexes showed a pre-adult growth spurt on the body sizes, bone dimensions and bone mineral content. They ranged at age 4.5 to 8.5 years. This underscore the fact that adolescent growth spurt in linear dimension was not a universal feature of anthropoid primate ontogeny. Bone loss is a well established characteristic of human female aging. Based on crosssectional analyses the sequential decline of bone mass in female chimpanzee may be said to be genuine. On the other hand, we found in adulthood through elderly, male chimpanzees show a longer plateau than female chimpanzee, that is, bone mineral content is maintained in male.
Keyword: Javanese children, growth spurt, chimpanzee, second metacarpal bone, bone loss, Higher Primates