Judul: Analisis Target Strength Udang Galah (Macrobrachium rosenbergii De Man) Menggunakan Akustik Split Beam di Sungai Mahakam
Abstrak: Fresh water giant prawn is one of the most abundant species of the high quality economic. Unfortunately water quality condition was changed and it’s feeding ground and nursery ground. This Population declined by indicated fishermen catches were tends to decrease, one of them is fresh water giant prawn. On the other hand, information of the spatial dispersal is limited and the identification of fresh water giant prawn still used by visual. This research tried to estimate target strength value of fresh water giant prawn influenced by biological factors associated with the ontogeny (total length, carapace length and weight) and physiology (gravid and non-gravid). The research was conducted by using stationary position and controlled the acoustic method in Mahakam River, East Kalimantan. The hydroacoustic instrument used was Simrad EY 60. Five samples of prawns were measured for memories 50 kB and 200 region on echogram each of. The variables of ontogeny were analyzed by simple regression model, principal component analysis and z test. The results showed that target strength of each samples were -64,45; -65,30; -65,15; -65,21; and -55,27 dB, respectively. The regression (r2) between target strength with carapace length were 0,9103; total length 0,4704 and weight 0,3633, respectively. Calculation of principal component analysis (PCA) is used the fourth variable (target strength, total length, carapace length and weight) reduced to 2 variables. Then two new variables can explain 99.8% of the total variability of the four variables. PCA biplot graph shows that have a carapace length greater closeness when compared with the other variables. Samples 2, 3, and 4 have similar characteristics, but samples 1 and 5 do not have similar characteristics with each other. Z test results are tcalculate> ttabel then H0 rejected. This result show the sample gravid and non-gravid are not the same, because the t value falls in the region of the right of criticism. The gravid conditions suspected exerts a greater influence on the value of the target strength than the conditions non-gravid. The conclusion are value of the target strength on fresh water giant prawn influenced by the length of the carapace (ontogeny) and gravid condition (physiology).
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Judul: Analisis Target Strength dan Densitas Ikan Kerapu Macan (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) Menggunakan Metode Akustik di Pulau Lancang Kepulauan Seribu
Abstrak: Ikan Kerapu Macan merupakan jenis ikan target yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi, sehingga ikan kerapu menjadi sasaran tangkap oleh nelayan baik dengan menggunakan alat tangkap yang ramah lingkungan maupun alat tangkap yang dapat merusak ekosistem. Salah satu penggunaan metode akustik yang sering dilakukan adalah untuk mengestimasi densitas atau stok ikan yang ada di suatu perairan. Prinsip dasar metode akustik adalah penggunaan gelombang suara yang dapat merambat jauh hingga ke dasar laut dan beberapa lapisan dibawahnya untuk mendeteksi target. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian tentang analisis target strength dan estimasi densitas ikan karang yang berlokasi di perairan Pulau Lancang, kebanyakan menggunakan single beam echosounder, sedangkan analisis target strength dan estimasi ikan karang menggunakan single beam echosounder di perairan Pulau Lancang belum banyak digunakan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat akustik echosounder single beam dengan frekuensi 200 kHz di Perairan Pulau Lancang. Penelitian dilakukan di Keramba Jaring Apung tempat budidaya ikan kerapu macan. Kalibrasi dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah percobaan. Pengukuran dilakukan untuk 3 ekor ikan kerapu macan dengan ukuran yang berbeda-beda. Percobaan dilakukan dengan metode kurungan dengan mengikat sampel ikan mati tepat di bawah tranducer dan dilakukan pemeruman selama 5 menit. Pengukuran densitas dilakukan dengan metode survey dengan tipe lintasan zigzag. Data akustik yang telah diperoleh diproses menggunakan perangkat lunak Echoview 5.0 dan Microsoft Excel. Hasil penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan persamaan TS untuk jenis ikan kerapu macan. Persamaan TS untuk ikan kerapu macan yaitu TS = 20 Log L – 63.26 dengan nilai R2 0.7463 untuk ukuran panjang pada kisaran 21.70 cm, 28 cm dan 42.5 cm. Nilai densitas ikan kerapu macan di pulau Lancang sebesar 1.32 ind/m3 sampai 98.01 ind/m3. Nilai densitas tertinggi terdapat di kedalaman 26-31 m sebesar 26591.13 gr/ha dan nilai densitas yang terendah terdapat di kedalaman 6-11 m sebesar 4446.20 gr/ha Hasil perhitungan TS dapat dijadikan data dasar untuk perhitungan densitas, Tinggi dan rendahnya nilai densitas terjadi dikarenakan semakin dalam kedalaman maka nilai densitas semakin rendah disebabkan karena adanya keterbatasan pada settingan alatnya dan semakin dalam kedalaman terjadi perubahan suhu, salinitas serta oksigen terlarut, penetrasi cahaya lebih sedikit masuk ke dalam perairan yang kedalaman besar sehingga pertumbuhan fitoplanton jadi terganggu., Tiger Grouper is a type of target fish that has high economic value, so that grouper fish are targeted for fishing by fishermen both by using environmentally friendly fishing gear and fishing gear that can damage the ecosystem. One of the uses of acoustic methods that are often done is to estimate the density or stock of fish in a water (Manik, 2013). The basic principle of acoustic methods is the use of sound waves that can propagate deep into the seabed and some of the layers below it to detect targets (Good, 2013; Lee et al. 2012; Both and Lindem, 2014). The instruments used in the research on target strength analysis and coral fish density estimation located in the waters of Lancang Island, mostly use single beam echosounder, while target strength analysis and coral fish estimation using single beam echosounder in the waters of Lancang Island have not been widely used. The study was conducted using a single beam
Keyword: Acoustics, Density, Lancang Island, Target Strength

Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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