Judul: Natrium lignosulfonat sebagai agen pendispersi pada mortar
Abstrak: Lignosulphonate, a modification product of lignin waste from pulp and paper industry can be used as water reducer in mortar mixture. This substance can influence the mechanical characteristic of mortar such as diameter of flow, flexural strength, compressive strength, and setting time of cement paste. Lignosulphonate shows it function as dispersant on cement hydration at 3 days that analyzed with x-ray difractometer. Research result show that flow of fresh mortar rise with increase concentration (from weight of cement) of synthetic sodium lignosulphonate (NaLS). It show that mortar homogenity also increasing. The result of flexural strength and compressive strength test use synthetic NaLS 0.1-0.3% from weight of cement show that addition synthetic NaLS 0.2% is the best result because it has the biggest of flexural strenght and compressive strength value. Initial setting time of cement paste increase, about 50% with addition of synthetic NaLS 0.2%. Whereas the final setting time decrease, about 8%. Cement hydration test show increase hydration product peak, Ca(OH)2 dan calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H).
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Judul: Pengaruh Nisbah Reaktan Lignin-NaHSO3 dan pH pada Produk Natrium Lignosulfonat
Abstrak: Lignin diisolasi dari lindi hitam dengan pereaksi H2SO4 20%. Sulfonasi terhadap lignin menghasilkan NaLS yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai zat pendispersi, pengikat, penukar ion, dan aditif pada beton. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan sulfonasi terhadap lignin dengan nisbah reaktan lignin-NaHSO3 1:0.4, 1:0.5, dan 1:0.6 dan pH awal 5, 6, atau 7. Parameter yang diamati ialah kemurnian, pH akhir, dan Rendemen NaLS. Kenaikan pH awal meningkatkan pH akhir dan rendemen NaLS, tetapi menurunkan kemurniannya. Kenaikan nisbah lignin-NaHSO3 meningkatkan rendemen dan menurunkan kemurnian, tetapi tidak berpengaruh pada pH akhir NaLS. Kondisi optimum yang dipilih pada pH awal 6 dan nisbah lignin-NaHSO3 1:0.6. Pencirian gugus fungsi menggunakan spektrofotometri inframerah menunjukkan telah terjadi reaksi sulfonasi terhadap lignin. Hal ini dapat dilihat dengan terbentuknya serapan baru pada bilangan gelombang 626 nm yang menunjukkan ikatan C–S.
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Judul: Ragam jenis ektoparasit burung tekukur (Streptopelia chinensis) dan burung puter (Streptopelia bitorquata) di penangkaran
Abstrak: Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove are the bird species that are easily raised in captivity. Nevertheless, good management is required to successfully breed and raise the birds in captivity; otherwise, the condition may endanger the sustainability of the two bird species. Information on ectoparasites on the bodies of this bird as well as their captivity breeding has not been available, although admittedly taking ectoparasites from these bird families has much been done so that a research is obviously needed. This study aimed to find out various kinds of Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove ectoparasites and to learn various kinds of parasitic insects around the Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove cages. The study was conducted from April to June 2010. The methods of data collection included the general condition of the location, collection of ectoparasites specimens, processing and specimens identification. The data analysis was done descriptively and tabulated with the degree of infestation. The kinds of ectoparasites from the class of insects found in the body of Spotted dove were Goniocotes sp. and Columbicola columbae of phthiraptera order and Pseudolynchia canariensis of diptera order, and arachnida class, that is, tungau from the pterolichidae family. In terms of ectoparasites, Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove were similar, except that Javan turtle dove had no Pseudolynchia canariensis. Goniocotes sp. and Columbicola columbae were mallopaga order (biting lice) and were obligate. The kinds of parasitic insects in the vicinity of Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove cages were from the Ordo Diptera. The diptera classified as parasites included Anopheles, Culex, Psychodidae, Culicoides and Simulium, most of them vectors of disease. The presence of ectoparasites was closely related to how a breeding place is managed.
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