Judul: Identifikasi isolat acetobacter sp. lokal dan uji kemampuannya dalam memeproduksi selulosa pada medium HS (hestrin dan schramm) dan modifikasinya
Abstrak: Selulosa yarg dihasilkan dari tumbuhan dikenal dengan lignoselulosa, sedangkan selulosa yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri disebut selulosa bakteri (Bacterial cellulose). Dewasa ini telah mulai dilakukan pengembangan produksi selulosa dari bakteri yang dihasilkan oleh kelompok bakteri tertentu terutama dari genus Acetobacter. Selulosa bakteri terbebas dari kontaminasi polisakarida-polisakarida lainnya dan isolasi serta permurniannya relatif sederhana, tidak memerlukan energi atau proses kimiawi yang rumit. Selulosa bakteri mempunyai sifat-sifat fisik yang unik, diantaranya jaringan serat yang ultra halus, struktur jaringan yang kuat, kemurnian dan kristalinitas yang tinggi, serta bersifat biodegradable. Alternatif penggunaannya antara lain sebagai bahan baku produksi kertas bermutu tinggi, makanan rendah kalori dan membran ultrafiltrasi. Penelitian iri bertujuan untuk memperoleh isolat Acetobacter lokal yang unggul dalam memperoduksi selulosa dengan melakukan isolasi dan identifikasi, serta memperoleh komposisi media yang optimal untuk produksi selulosa menggunakan isolat lokal tersebut. Media yang digunakan pada tahap produksi adalah medium HS (Hestrin dan Schramm) dan medium HS yang dimodifikasi berdasarkan hasil analisis komposisi air kelapa. Penggunaan media sintetik ini dimaksudkan untuk menghindari ketergantungan terhadap persediaan media alami seperti air kelapa. Perolehan selulosa yang dihasilkan pada media HS termodifikasi diharapkan lebih tinggi daripada perolehan selulosa pada medium HS...
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Judul: Identifikasi Isolat Acetobacter sp Lokal dan Uji Kemampuannya dalam Memproduksi Selulosa pada Medium HS (Hestrin dan Schramm) dan Modifikasinya
Abstrak: Selulosa yang dihasilkan dari tumbuhan dikenal dengan lignoselulosa, sedangkan seldosa yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri disebut selulosa bakteri (Bacterial cellulose). Dewasa ini telah mulai dilakukan pengembangan produksi selulosa dari bakteri yang dibasilkan oleh kelompok bakteri tertentu terutama dari genus Acetobacter. Selulosa bakteri terbebas dari kontaminasi polisakarida-polisakarida lainnya dan isolasi serta pemurniannya relatif sederhana, tidak memerlukan energi atau proses kimiawi yang rumit. Selulosa bakteri lnempunyai sifat-sifat fisik yang unik, diantaranya jaringan serat yang ultra halus, struktur jaringan yang kuat, kemurnian dan kristalinitas yang tunggi, serta bersifat biodegradable. Alternatif penggunaannya antara lain sebagai bahan baku produksi kertas bermutu tinggi, makanan rendah kalori dan membran ultrafiltrasi.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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