Judul: Target Strength and Acoustic Fish Density Measurement Tidung Island, Kepulauan Seribu. Supervised
Abstrak: Informasi mengenai densitas ikan masih kurang akurat, dikarenakan data yang diperoleh tidak dilakukan pengukuran langsung pada kondisi nyata di perairan untuk mengatasi masalah ini yaitu dengan menggunakan teknologi hidroakustik berupa echosounder. Echosounder yang digunakan yang digunakan yaitu Single Beam Echosounder (SBES) SIMRAD EK 15 dengan frekuensi 200 kHz. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji dan menginterpretasi hasil pengukuran Target Strength dan acoustic fish density Perairan Pulau Tidung Kepulauan Seribu sehingga diperoleh visualisasi densitas ikan dan mengetahui hubungan Target Strength, densitas ikan, suhu dan salinitas. Pengolahan data menggunakan perangkat Sonar 5-Pro, Matlab 2016 dan Minitab 16. Nilai TS di perairan Pulau Tidung yaitu -59,4 dB sampai dengan -34,6 dB. Nilai densitas ikan tertinggi terdapat pada stasiun 3 di kedalaman 12-21 m sebesar 778,1 ind/m3 sedangkan densitas ikan terendah terdapat pada stasiun 6 di kedalaman 2-11 m sebesar 0,3 ind/m3. Suhu dan salinitas memiliki nilai yang bervariasi dengan kisaran nilai 29,6 ⁰C sampai 31,2 ⁰C dan 32,2 PSU sampai 33,3 PSU. Hasil analisis PCA nilai TS dan densitas ikan memiliki hubungan yang lebih kuat dengan suhu dibandingkan salinitas., Information on fish density is still not accurate, because the data obtained are not directly measured in real conditions in the waters to overcome this problem, namely by using hydroacoustic technology in the form of echosounder. The echosounder used is the Single Beam Echosounder (SBES) SIMRAD EK 15 with a frequency of 200 kHz. This study aims to examine and interpret the measurement results of Target Strength and acoustic fish density in the waters of Tidung Island, Kepulauan Seribu in order to obtain a visualization of fish density and determine the relationship between Target Strength, fish density, temperature and salinity. Data processing using Sonar 5-Pro, Matlab 2016 and Minitab 16. TS in Tidung Island waters are -59,4 dB to -34,6 dB. The highest fish density value was found at station 3 at a depth of 12-21 m at 778,1 ind/m3 the lowest fish density was at station 6 at a depth of 2-11 m at 0,3 ind/m3. Temperature and salinity have various values with values ranging from 29,6 C to 31,2 C and 32,2 PSU to 33,3 PSU. The results of PCA analysis of TS and fish density have a stronger relationship with temperature than salinity.
Keyword: Densitas ikan, Suhu, Salinitas, Target Strength, Fish density, Salinity, Target Strength, Temperature

Judul: Analisis Sebaran Target Strength dan Densitas Ikan Demersal dengan Menggunakan Metode Hidroakustik di Perairan Teluk Banten
Abstrak: Perairan Teluk Banten merupakan bagian wilayah administrasi Kabupaten dan Kota Serang Provinsi Banten. Sektor perikanan merupakan tumpuan perekonomian masyarakat Serang. Ikan demersal merupakan salah satu jenis ikan yang banyak ditangkap oleh nelayan. Pemanfaatan metode hidroakustik sangat efektif untuk mengetahui karakteristik, serta penyebaran dari sumberdaya ikan di suatu perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sebaran nilai target strength rata-rata dan nilai densitas rata-rata ikan demersal secara horizontal dan vertikal di perairan Teluk Banten dengan menggunakan instrument SIMRAD EK-15 pada frekuensi 200 kHz. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada hari Kamis tanggal 25 Desember 2021. Pengolahan dan analisis hasil survei akustik menggunakan perangkat lunak Echoview 4.8, Microsoft Excel, dan QGIS. Nilai target strength rata-rata ikan demersal secara horizontal dan vertikal di perairan Teluk Banten berada pada selang -43,66 dB sampai -58,14 dB. Berdasarkan nilai target strength rata-rata dapat diketahui bahwa ukuran target yang terdeteksi pada kedalaman 3-12 m didominasi oleh ukuran yang kecil dengan kemunculan nya hampir merata di sepanjang jalur cruise track. Sebaran TS rata-rata nilai secara vertikal menunjukkan bahwa nilai TS rata-rata tertinggi terdapat pada kedalaman 3,55 m sedangkan untuk TS rata-rata terendah terdapat pada kedalaman 5,88 m. Sebaran densitas rata-rata ikan demersal secara spasial menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan tertinggi berada pada posisi tengah perairan Teluk Banten dan dekat dengan Pulau Pamujan Kecil. Nilai densitas rata-rata ikan demersal tertinggi berada di kedalaman 6,33 meter sedangkan nilai densitas rata-rata ikan demersal terendah berada di kedalaman 3,55 meter., Banten Bay waters are part of the administrative area of Serang Regency and the City of Banten Province. The fishery sector is the economic foundation of the Serang community. Demersal fish is one type of fish that is caught by many fishermen. The use of the hydroacoustic method is very effective to determine the characteristics, and distribution of fish resources in waters. This study aims to analyze the distribution of the average target strength value and the average density value of demersal fish horizontally and vertically in Banten Bay waters using the SIMRAD EK-15 instrument at a frequency of 200 kHz. Data collection was carried out on Thursday, December 25, 2021. Processing and analysis of acoustic survey results using Echoview 4.8 software, Microsoft Excel, and QGIS. The average target strength value of demersal fish horizontally and vertically in Banten Bay waters is between -43,66 dB to -58,14 dB. Based on the average target strength value, it can be seen that the target size detected at a depth of 3-12 m is dominated by small sizes with their appearance almost evenly along the cruise track. The vertical distribution of the average TS values indicates that the highest average TS value is at a depth of 3,55 m, while the lowest average TS is at a depth of 5,88 m. The spatial distribution of the average density of demersal fish shows that the highest density is in the middle of Banten Bay and close to Pamujan Kecil Island. The highest average density value of demersal fish is at a depth of 6,33 meters while the lowest average density value of demersal fish is at a depth of 3,55 meters.
Keyword: densitas, hidroakustik, ikan demersal, target strength, Teluk Banten

Judul: Sintesis Flavonol melalui 2’-Hidroksikalkon
Abstrak: Flavonol is a class of flavonoids commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Flavonol is very useful, especially in food sector and health. In this study, flavonol unsubstituted was successfully synthesized from an intermediate material 2’-hydroxychalcone. The 2’-hydroxychalcone was synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation method between o-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde using 4 different catalysts, namely KOH 60%, solid pellet of KOH-grinding technique, BF3-Et2O, and NaH in DMF. The KOH 60% was the best catalyst, giving the highest yield (57%). Afterward, the flavonol was synthesized in 1-stage oxidation cyclization of o-hydroxyacetophenone using Algar-Flynn-Oyamada (AFO) reaction, giving 76%. The flavonol total yield from 2’-hydroxychalcone was 43%. All synthesized products were characterized by their melting points and their spectra. The success of the synthesis flavonol opens the way to synthesis of useful flavonol derivatives such as quercetin and kaempferol.
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