Judul: Karakteristik Kimia dan Organoleptik Madu dari Lebah Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, dan Trigona Sp.
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan spesies lebah Apis mellifera, A. dorsata, A. cerana, dan Trigona sp. terhadap karakteristik kimia dan organoleptik madu yang dihasilkan di Indonesia. Karakteristik kimia yang diamati berupa kadar air, keasaman, gula pereduksi, sukrosa, hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF), dan kadar abu. Karakteristik organoleptik berupa warna, rasa manis, aroma asam, kekeruhan, dan kekentalan. Hasil analisis keragaman menunjukkan keasaman dan gula pereduksi sangat nyata dipengaruhi (P<0.01) dan kadar abu nyata dipengaruhi (P<0.05) oleh spesies lebah. Nilai keasaman terendah pada madu A. cerana dan tertinggi Trigona. Kadar gula pereduksi tertinggi ada pada madu A. mellifera dan A. cerana, serta terendah pada Trigona. Semua karakteristik organoleptik madu sangat nyata (P<0.01) dipengaruhi oleh spesies lebah. Kadar air, sukrosa, HMF, dan kadar abu dapat dijadikan standar umum kimia madu Indonesia, namun untuk kadar abu dibedakan antara madu Apis dan Trigona sp.
Keyword: karaktersistik kimia, lebah, madu, organoleptik

Judul: Analisis Fisikokimia  Madu Lebah Hutan (Apis dorsata) Multilokasi Indonesia dengan Variasi Suhu  Pemanasan
Abstrak: Madu merupakan cairan manis alami yang dihasilkan oleh lebah dari berbagai sumber nektar. Madu hutan memenuhi 75% kebutuhan madu di Indonesia. Sifat fisikokimia perlu diketahui untuk menentukan kualitas madu. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan sifat fisik dan kimia madu lebah hutan (Apis dorsata) yang berasal dari Garut, Ujung Kulon, Danau Sentarum, dan Flores yang diberi perlakuan panas, serta menentukan jenis madu yang unggul dan suhu perlakuan yang optimal. Sampel madu yang digunakan berasal dari. Perlakuan panas tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap fisikokimia madu, kecuali kadar gula pereduksi. Seluruh sampel madu dinyatakan lulus SNI, terkecuali madu asal Flores dengan kadar gula pereduksi dibawah SNI pada pemanasan suhu 65℃ dan 121℃ yaitu sebesar 59,55% dan 55,93%. Madu asal Danau Sentarum memiliki sifat fisikokimia yang lebih unggul pada parameter kelarutan, keasaman, HMF, gula pereduksi, dan sukrosa. Madu ditemukan optimal pada suhu ruang atau tanpa perlakuan panas. Madu Danau Sentarum memiliki rata-rata kelarutan, keasaman, dan kadar HMF yang lebih rendah dari madu asal daerah lain, yaitu secara berurutan sebesar 3 ml madu/ml akuades, 35,75 ml NaOH/kg, dan 1,934 mg/kg., Honey is a naturally sweet liquid produced by bees from various sources of nectar. Forest honey meets 75% of Indonesia's honey needs. Physicochemical properties need to be known to determine the quality of honey. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical properties of forest bee honey (Apis dorsata) originating from Garut, Ujung Kulon, Danau Sentarum, and Flores which were given heat treatment, as well as to determine the superior type of honey and the optimal treatment temperature. The honey samples used were from . Heat treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the physicochemistry of honey, except for reducing sugar content. All honey samples passed SNI, except for honey from Flores with reducing sugar content below SNI at 65℃ and 121℃ heating, namely 59.55% and 55.93%, respectively. Honey from Danau Sentarum has superior physicochemical properties in the parameters of solubility, acidity, HMF, reducing sugar, and sucrose. Honey was found to be optimal at room temperature or without heat treatment. Danau Sentarum honey has lower average solubility, acidity, and HMF content than honey from other regions, which are 3 ml honey/ml aquadest, 35.75 ml NaOH/kg, and 1.934 mg/kg respectively.
Keyword: honey, Apis dorsata, honey physicochemistry, honey heating

Judul: A Continuous Vaccination Strategy in the SVIR Epidemic Model
Abstrak: Vaccination is conducted to minimize the spread of a disease. The vaccination is usually done several times within a fixed time interval. In the SVIR model, it is assumed that individuals do not get immediate immunity following a vaccination program. So according to process of vaccination on SVIR model, there are two strategies, i.e. the continuous vaccination strategy (CVS) and the pulse vaccination strategy (PVS). In this study, only the CVS strategy in epidemic model SVIR is considered. Results of the study indicate that dynamics of the CVS system depends on the basic reproductive number. If the basic reproductive number is less than one, then the disease-free fixed point is asymptotically stable. It means that the disease will eventually disappear from the population. Conversely, if the basic reproductive number is greater than one, then the endemic fixed point is asymptotically stable, which means that the disease will remain exist in the population. Simulation result shows that the vaccination would minimize the spread of disease by reducing the basic reproductive number. If the time for the vaccinated recipients to obtain the immunity, as well as a possibility of vaccinated recipients to be infected are neglected, then the disease will be eradicated. This condition is called an over-evaluating effect of vaccination.
Keyword: