Judul: Identifikasi dan Pola Resistansi Escherichia coli dari Sampel Asal Sapi Perah di Desa Baba, Enrekang
Abstrak: Sapi perah merupakan komoditas unggulan peternakan di Kabupaten Enrekang. Namun, pemeliharaan ternak masih dilakukan secara sederhana, tradisional, di lahan sempit, dan limbah ternak dibiarkan tanpa pengelolaan dengan baik. Hal tersebut menyebabkan terjadinya kontaminasi bakteri di lingkungan. Contoh bakteri yang dapat mengontaminasi lingkungan peternakan adalah Escherichia coli. Kontaminasi dapat menyebabkan infeksi akibat bakteri pada sapi perah sehingga membutuhkan pengobatan dengan cara pemberian antibiotik yang tepat. Sejauh ini, data terkait kejadian resistansi antibiotik asal air minum dan air bilasan ambing sapi belum banyak dipublikasikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui keberadaan bakteri Escherichia coli dan pola resistansi pada air minum dan air bilasan ambing sapi di Desa Baba, Enrekang. Hasil isolasi dan identifikasi menunjukkan sebanyak 15 dari 23 sampel positif terhadap Escherichia coli. Uji resistansi antibiotik dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Test dengan 7 macam antibiotik dari golongan yang berbeda-beda. Hasil uji resistansi menunjukkan bahwa Escherichia coli 100% masih sensitif terhadap gentamisin, kloramfenikol, tetrasiklin, dan siprofloksasin. Sementara itu, sampel telah resistan terhadap ampisilin (26,6%), sefotaksim (26,6%), dan seftriakson (6,67 %). Terdapat 1 isolat mengalami multidrug resistance.
Keyword: antibiotics, dairy cattle, E. coli, E. coli antibiotic resistance

Judul: Resistansi Antibiotik Isolat Escherichia coli ESBL Asal Tangan Pemerah, Puting Sapi, Susu, dan Air di Peternakan Sapi Perah Enrekang, Sulawesi Selatan
Abstrak: Escherichia coli producing extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) adalah kemampuan E. coli untuk menghasilkan enzim yang dapat menginduksi resistansi terhadap antibiotik β-laktam termasuk sefalosporin spektrum luas generasi ketiga dan monobaktam. Prevalensi E. coli ESBL pada hewan penghasil pangan sangat tinggi, dan keberadaannya dapat ditemukan pada feses hewan yang sakit dan sehat. E. coli ESBL dikaitkan dengan masalah kesehatan manusia karena penyebarannya yang cepat, sehingga WHO menetapkan sebagai parameter dalam surveilans AMR. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran resistansi E. coli ESBL terhadap beberapa jenis antibiotik yang diisolasi dari swab tangan pemerah, swab puting sapi, susu, dan air di peternakan sapi perah Enrekang, Sulawesi Selatan. Metode uji resistansi antibiotik yang digunakan adalah difusi cakram dan interpretasi hasil mengacu pada Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Isolat E. coli ESBL (n=4) terdiri atas tiga isolat dari swab puting dan satu isolat dari air dari 130 sampel yang diuji. Hasil uji resistansi menunjukkan bahwa isolat E. coli ESBL resistan terhadap eritromisin (100%), ampisilin (100%), trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol (75%), seftazidim (75%), kloremfenikol (25%), enrofloksasin (25%), tetrasiklin (25%), dan gentamisin (25%). Isolat E .coli ESBL telah mengalami multidrug resistance terhadap tiga hingga tujuh jenis antibiotik sekaligus. Isolat E. coli ESBL menunjukkan potensi penyebaran bakteri resistan yang cepat dan luas serta dapat menimbulkan risiko bagi kesehatan masyarakat, sehingga diperlukan evaluasi dan pengendalian lebih lanjut.
Keyword: antibiotic resistance, E. coli, hand swab, milk, udder swab, water

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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