Judul: Induksi variasi somaklonal dan uji in vitro untuk perbaikan ketahanan phalaenopsis terhadap penyakit busuk lunak
Abstrak: Soft rot disease caused by Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora is an important disease of Phalaenopsis sp. Efforts have been made to control the disease, but the results are not sufficiently promising. The use of resistant varieties is commontly recommended to control the disease because of its save impact to the environment and human life. Therefore, development of new superior varieties that are highly resistant to the disease is very urgent at the moment. Somaclonal variation using mutagenic agents is proven to be one of feasible technique to provide promising resistant varieties. In this study, development new resistant varieties to soft rot disease was conducted by using physical mutagenesis gamma ray irradiation and chemical mutagenesis EMS that were induced somaclonal variation and combined with in vitro testing technique. Gamma ray and EMS were applied separately to the calli. The treated calli were regenerated on selected in vitro medium enriched with plant growth regulator. The results showed that somaclone variation occured on the three clones treated. Frequency of occurance of somaclone variation using gamma ray variation was 0.4- 6.85 while using EMS was 0.9 – 20.8%. The all variants were in vitro tested for their resistance to soft rot disease by using pathogen suspension agent Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and it was obtained 162 potential mutant resistant to soft rot. After all potential mutant resistant being tested using the same agent in the field, it was proven that of the total available genetic materials, 14 mutants of SGN-PV2.11, 6 mutants of clone No. 642 and 4 mutants of clone No. 377 were resistant to Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, the cause agent of soft rot disease.
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Judul: Pertumbuhan dan Ketahanan terhadap Penyakit Busuk Lunak pada Anggrek Phalaenopsis dengan Pemupukan dan Asam Salisilat.
Abstrak: Maintaining is one of the important processes in Phalaenopsis plants cultivation to get high quality plants. Practically, it is aimed to promote plant grow quickly, healthy and free of diseases. One of main disease on Phalaenopsis is soft rot which caused by Dickeya dadantii bacteria. The use of resistant varieties, application of NPK fertilizers and salicylic acid for growth and resistance are alternatives that can be used to prevent the disease. The purposes of this study were to analyze the Phalaenopsis orchid resistance to soft rot diseases that caused by D. dadantii, determine the effect of NPK fertilizer and salicylic acid concentration as well as the interaction between them for growth and resistance to soft rot diseases caused by D. dadantii. The experiments were conducted at the Bacterial Plant Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection and Greenhouse Leuwikopo, Bogor Agriculture University and plastic house Alam Sinar Sari Dramaga, Bogor, Indonesia. The treatments used for the first experiment were five Phalaenopsis hybrids, namely Phal. KHM 205, Phal. KHM 1126, Phal. KHM 1318, Phal. AMP 17, and Phal. KHM 2249. Phal. amabilis and Phal. amboinensis used as control. Phalaenopsis hybrids used in the second experiment were Phal. KHM 1318 and Phal. KHM 205. The first factor was NPK concentration (0, 1000 and 2000 ppm) and the second one was the concentration of salicylic acid (0, 5 and 10 ppm). The resistance test on some genotype of Phalaenopsis to D. dadantii showed that all Phalaenopsis hybrid had the symptoms of soft rot disease. Phal. KHM 2249 which had the lowest number of leaves reduction and the highest number of life plants after infection was indicated as resistance genotype relatively compared to others in the experiment. The resistance could be came from highest peroxidase activity, low leaf thickness and water content that were not appropriate for pathogen development. The results in the second experiment showed that NPK fertilizer increased growth of Phal. KHM 1318 and Phal. KHM 205. NPK fertilization 1000 and 2000 ppm showed the same effects on all growth variables. Salicylic acid did not have significant effect in improving plant growth. The increased of NPK concentrations reduced plant resistance to soft rot disease which could be seen from increasing of disease symptoms area and the number of fallen leaves and decreasing of the number of life plants after soft root infection on both genotype. Salicylic acid application on Phal. KHM 1318 could not improve plant resistance to soft root although it increased peroxidase activities. Adversely on Phal. KHM 205, salicylic acid could decreased disease symptom area but did not increased peroxidase activity.
Keyword: D. dadantii, leaf thickness, leaf water content, PAL, peroxydase

Judul: The impact and contribution of the tourism sector to the Indonesian economy : an I-O and SAM approach
Abstrak: Tourism is an important and strategic sector for the Indonesian economy. The sector has been growing for the last two decades to enhance its contribution to the GDP, employment, regional, local economy, and to strengthen the balance of payment. In particular, a planned economy was introduced to provide substantial opportunities to utilize tourism as a mechanism for national development. As a service-based sector, tourism as also considered to be a vehicle of converting the manufacturing economy to a service economy which makes the delivery of the product rather than the creation of the product the most important thing.
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