Judul: Survei Nematoda Parasit pada Seledri (Apium graveolens L.) dan Pengendaliannya Menggunakan Bakteri Endofit
Abstrak: Nematoda parasit tanaman merupakan salah satu patogen pada seledri. Pengendalian biologi nematoda parasit tanaman menggunakan bakteri endofit merupakan salah satu alternatif pengendalian yang dapat dipertimbangkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini mengidentifikasi nematoda parasit yang berasosiasi dengan tanaman seledri di Desa Cikole, Kecamatan Lembang, dan Desa Cihideung, Kecamatan Parongpong, Kabupaten Bandung Barat serta Desa Ciputri, Kecamatan Pacet, Kabupaten Cianjur, dan pengendaliannya menggunakan bakteri endofit. Ekstraksi nematoda parasit menggunakan metode flotasi-sentrifugasi dan pengabutan. Identifikasi nematoda parasit dilakukan berdasarkan karakteristik morfologinya dan identifikasi spesies Meloidogyne berdasarkan pada karakter pola perineal nematoda betina dewasa. Bakteri endofit diisolasi dari tanaman kenikir (Cosmos caudatus Kunth.) dengan menggunakan metode sterilisasi permukaan dan medium tryptic soy agar (TSA). Bakteri endofit yang didapatkan selanjutnya diuji hipersensitif, uji aktivitas hemolisis dan uji in vitro. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tujuh genus nematoda parasit, yaitu Meloidogyne, Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Hoplolaimus, Tylenchorhynchus, dan Xiphinema serta empat spesies Meloidogyne spp., yaitu M. incognita, M. arenaria, M. javanica dan M. hapla ditemukan berasosiasi dengan tanaman seledri. Sebelas isolat dari 101 isolat bakteri endofit yang diuji menunjukkan reaksi negatif berdasarkan uji reaksi hipersensitif dan aktivitas hemolisis. Hasil uji in vitro sebanyak lima isolat bakteri endofit yaitu EB45, EB48, EB28, EB13, EB49 mampu menyebabkan mortalitas larva nematoda parasit antara 47.6% sampai 53.7% pada 12 jam setelah perlakuan
Keyword: bakteri endofit, Meloidogyne, nematoda parasit, seledri

Judul: Potential of Endophytic Bacteria from Various Plants to Control Meloidogyne spp. on Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)
Abstrak: Nematoda puru akar (NPA) yang disebabkan oleh Meloidogyne spp. merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada tanaman terung. Pengendalian Meloidogyne spp. menggunakan nematisida sintetik merupakan pengendalian yang paling banyak diminati oleh petani karena lebih praktis dan mudah didapatkan. Penggunaan nematisida sintetik yang tidak bijaksana dapat menyebabkan resistensi patogen dan pencemaran lingkungan. Keberhasilan bakteri endofit dalam mengendalikan penyakit tular tanah telah banyak dilaporkan. Bakteri endofit merupakan bakteri yang hidup di jaringan tanaman yang dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan dan kesehatan tanaman inang. Penggunaan bakteri endofit yang diisolasi dari tumbuhan Lantana camara L. serta isolat bakteri endofit asal sawit, pinang, mangrove dan paku-pakuan diharapkan dapat menekan NPA sekaligus memacu pertumbuhan tanaman terung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi keefektifan bakteri endofit dalam menekan populasi Melodogyne spp. serta pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman terung. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Nematologi Tumbuhan dan Laboratorium Bakteriologi Tumbuhan serta Rumah Kaca Cikabayan IPB dilaksanakan bulan November 2020 hingga Maret 2022. Penelitian ini mencakup isolasi dan seleksi bakteri asal L. camara, menggunakan isolat koleksi asal kelapa sawit, pinang, mangrove dan paku-pakuan, uji karakterisasi fisiologi bakteri endofit, uji mortalitas nematoda terhadap bakteri endofit dan uji mortalitas nematoda dengan senyawa volatile organic compound (VOC) asal bakteri endofit secara in vitro, pengujian keefektifan bakteri endofit di rumah kaca, dan karakterisasi molekuler bakteri endofit terbaik. Data dianalisis menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan uji Tukey pada data uji in vitro dan uji Dunnet pada data uji in vivo pada taraf 5%. Sebanyak 48 isolat bakteri endofit berhasil diisolasi dari tumbuhan L. camara. 23 isolat diantaranya tidak bersifat patogen terhadap tumbuhan dan mamalia. Berdasarkan karakterisasi fisiologi, sebanyak 12 isolat menghasilkan enzim protease, kitinase dan pelarutan fosfat dan 6 isolat diantaranya memproduksi enzim kitinase dengan indeks kitinolitik sebesar 0,33-1,16. Hasil pengujian terhadap mortalitas juvenile 2 Meloidogyne spp. 8 isolat menghasilkan persentase mortalitas sebesar 34,3-96,2%. Lima isolat terpilih dari hasil pengujian mortalitas diuji secara in vivo dan uji VOC yaitu LCA5, LCA13, LCA19, EG26 dan BAT27. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian di rumah kaca, perlakuan lima isolat potensial dapat menurunkan kerusakan akar dan telur Meloidogyne spp. pada tanaman terung. Penekanan kerusakan akar tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh isolat LCA5+LCA13. Kelima isolat yang digunakan berpengaruh nyata terhadap tinggi dan bobot basah tanaman terung. Perlakuan isolat LCA19 menunjukkan pertumbuhan yang lebih baik dibanding perlakuan isolat lain. Hasil pengujian VOC menunjukkan isolat LCA13 memilki pengaruh mortalitas tertinggi terhadap juvenil 2 Meloidogyne spp. Berdasarkan sekuens gen 16S rRNA, tiga isolat memiliki identitas berturut-turut teridentifikasi sebagai: Dyella marensis LCA5, Stenotrophomonas rhizophilla, Root-knot nematode (RKN) caused by Meloidogyne spp. is one of the important diseases of eggplant. Control of Meloidogyne spp. using synthetic nematicides is the most in demand by farmers because it is more practical and easy to obtain. The unwise use of synthetic nematicides can lead to pathogen resistance and environmental pollution. The success of endophytic bacteria in controlling soil borne diseases has been widely reported. Endophytic bacteria are bacteria that live in plant tissue that can increase the growth and health of host plants. The use of endophytic bacteria isolated from Lantana camara L. and isolates of endophytic bacteria from oil palm, areca nut, mangrove and ferns is
Keyword: volatile organic compound, 16S rRNA, homology

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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