Judul: Desain dan Optimasi Primer Gen CFTR Pongo pygmaeus: Lima Ekson dengan Mutasi Tertinggi (Rentang 12−27)
Abstrak: Respiratory disease is one of the leading causes of captive orangutan mortality. Some symptoms resemble cystic fibrosis caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. One study identified mutations that may cause cystic fibrosis-like disease in orangutans. Only several pieces of research focused on respiratory diseases in orangutans involve genetic analysis. Therefore, this study aims to design an effective primer for the Bornean orangutan CFTR gene amplification. This study tested reference primers for six exons with the densest mutation using UCSC PCR in-silico. Primers with no result in PCR in silico were re-designed manually using UGENE and measured via OligoAnalyzer™ Tool. Primer optimisation was conducted using Bornean orangutan DNA blood samples. The sequence result was further analysed using the BLAST-N program to confirm the effectiveness of the primers. Seven sets of primers for exons 12, 14, 17, 20, and 23 of the Bornean orangutan CFTR gene were designed with decent parameter quality. The primers amplified the intended exon along with several bases of the flanking intron.
Keyword: Bornean orangutan, captivity, cystic fibrosis, respiratory disease

Judul: Resistance Test of Escherichia coli Pathogen from  Feces Sample of Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) at Taman Safari Indonesia-Bogor
Abstrak: Orang utan merupakan salah satu primata dan satu-satunya kera besar yang hidup di Asia. Gangguan saluran pencernaan pada orang utan biasanya berupa diare yang disebabkan oleh bakteri enteropatogen E. coli. Pengobatan dengan antibiotik pada orang utan harus mempertimbangkan sensitivitas bakteri terhadap antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui gambaran resistansi Escherichia coli patogen pada sampel feses orangutan kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus) di Taman Safari Indonesia – Bogor terhadap beberapa antibiotik. Sebanyak 10 sampel diisolasi dan diidentifikasi keberadaan E. coli patogen dan sebanyak 10 isolat terdeteksi sebagai E. coli patogen. Uji resistansi dilakukan dengan metode Kirby-Baurer Disk Diffusion Test menggunakan 7 antibiotik yang berbeda. Hasil uji menunjukkan 20% isolat telah resistan terhadap tetrasiklin, 30% isolat resistan terhadap antibiotik streptomisin, trimetoprim dan trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol, dan 90% telah resistan terhadap ampisilin. Sementara itu 100% isolat sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol, 70% sensitif terhadap trimetoprim dan trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol, serta 50% sensitif terhadap siprofloksasin. Antibiotik yang menunjukkan hasil resistan tidak direkomendasikan untuk pengobatan infeksi oleh E. coli pada orang utan., Orangutans are one of the primates and the only great apes which live in Asia. Gastrointestinal problem in orangutans usually characterized by diarrhea which comes from enteropathogenic bacteria E. coli. Moreover, treatment with antibiotics in orangutans should take into account the sensitivity of the bacteria to antibiotics. The aim of this study is to describe the resistance of pathogenic Escherichia coli in fecal samples of the Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) at Taman Safari Indonesia – Bogor to several antibiotics. A total of 10 samples were isolated and identified the presence of pathogenic E. coli and as many as 10 isolates were detected as pathogenic E. coli. Moreover, the resistance test was conducted by using the Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Test method using 7 different antibiotics. The test results show that 20% of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, 30% of the isolates were resistant to the antibiotics streptomycin, trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 90% were resistant to ampicillin. Meanwhile, 100% of isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, 70% sensitive to trimethoprim and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 50% sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Antibiotics that show resistance are not recommended for the treatment of infections by Escherichia coli in orangutans.
Keyword: antibiotic, Escherichia coli, orangutan, resistance

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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