Judul: Status of Foot and Mouth Disease Antibodies in Dairy Cattle in The North Cianjur Cattle Cooperative Region
Abstrak: Penyakit mulut dan kuku (PMK) adalah penyakit infeksi pada hewan berkuku belah dan merupakan penyakit re-emerging di Indonesia. Kasus PMK mulai terjadi pada ternak sapi perah di wilayah Cianjur Utara pada bulan Mei 2022, kemudian program vaksinasi PMK mulai dilakukan di wilayah ini sejak bulan Juni 2022. Monitoring keberadaan antibodi setelah vaksinasi penting dilakukan guna mengevaluasi efektivitas program vaksinasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan status antibodi PMK pada sapi perah di wilayah Cianjur Utara dengan kriteria berikut: pernah terinfeksi-divaksin satu kali, tidak pernah terinfeksi-divaksin dua kali, dan pernah terinfeksi-belum divaksin. Dua puluh lima sampel susu individu dikoleksi dan dianalisa keberadaan antibodi PMK dengan metode enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kompetitif. Hasil ELISA menunjukkan bahwa 2 sampel susu asal sapi pernah terinfeksi-divaksin satu kali positif memiliki antibodi PMK, sedangkan sampel lainnya negatif antibodi PMK. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa antibodi PMK lebih banyak terbentuk pada individu yang pernah terinfeksi dan divaksin, dibandingkan individu yang tidak pernah terinfeksi dan divaksin dua kali maupun individu yang pernah terinfeksi dan belum divaksin. Selain itu, hasil ini juga memperlihatkan bahwa sampel susu individu dapat digunakan sebagai sampel alternatif non-invasif untuk monitoring antibodi PMK setelah vaksinasi karena pengambilan sampelnya relatif lebih mudah dilakukan dan aspek kesejahteraan hewan terpenuhi., Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious disease in cloven hooves and is a re-emerging disease in Indonesia. FMD cases began to occur in dairy cattle in the North Cianjur region in May 2022, then the FMD vaccination program began in this region in June 2022. Post-vaccination antibody monitoring is important to evaluating the effectiveness of vaccination programs. This study aims to determine the FMD antibody status in dairy cattle in the North Cianjur region with the following criteria: infected-vaccinated once, never infected-vaccinated twice, and infected-not vaccinated. Twenty-five milk samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of FMD antibodies using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA results showed that 2 milk samples from dairy cattle that have been infected-vaccination once were positive for FMD antibodies, while the other samples were negative. These results indicate that more FMD antibodies are formed in individuals who have been infected and vaccinated, compared to individuals who have never been infected and vaccinated twice or individuals who have been infected and have not been vaccinated. Moreover, these results showed that individual milk samples can be used as a non-invasive alternative sample for monitoring FMD antibodies after vaccination because the sampling is relatively easy and animal welfare aspects are met.
Keyword: antibodies, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), foot and mouth disease (FMD), milk samples, vaccination

Judul: Detection of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) Genome Segment Using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique
Abstrak: Penyakit mulut dan kuku (PMK) merupakan penyakit penting pada ternak yang disebabkan oleh virus RNA untai tunggal positif yang disebut Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) anggota famili Picornaviridae. Wabah PMK kembali terjadi di Indonesia pada April 2022 dan pertama kali dilaporkan di Provinsi Jawa Timur, setelah sebelumnya menyandang status bebas PMK tanpa vaksinasi sejak tahun 1990 dari World Organisation of Animal Health (WOAH). Gejala klinis PMK mirip dengan penyakit lain, sehingga dibutuhkan diagnosis konfirmasi antara lain menggunakan teknik reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) dengan prinsip amplifikasi segmen genom. Penelitian ini bertujuan menerapkan RT-PCR konvensional untuk melacak segmen genom FMDV pada sampel swab mulut dan kuku dari 18 ekor sapi suspek PMK di Kabupaten Bogor. Amplifikasi menggunakan dua pasang primer 1F/1R dan FM8/FM9 tidak menunjukkan pita amplikon sepanjang 328 base pair (bp) dan 644 bp, secara berurutan. Beberapa kemungkinan dapat memengaruhi hasil negatif tersebut. Pertama, virus sudah tidak ada pada lesi di mukosa mulut maupun bekas luka pada kuku atau jumlah virus berada di bawah ambang deteksi dari teknik ini jika sapi tersebut pernah terinfeksi FMDV. Kemungkinan lainnya adalah lesi tersebut bukan disebabkan oleh infeksi FMDV., Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an important disease of livestock caused by positive sense single-stranded RNA virus known as Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) belonging to Picornaviridae family. Outbreaks of FMD reemerged in Indonesia in April 2022 and first reported in East Java Province, after previously having “FMD-free without vaccination” status since 1990 from the World Organization of Animal Health (WOAH). Clinical signs of FMD are similar to other vesicular diseases, confirmatory diagnosis such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) by amplifying FMDV genome region is necessary. This study aimed to apply conventional RT-PCR to detect the genomic region of FMDV in mouth and hoof swabs collected from 18 FMD suspected cattle in Bogor area. Amplification using two pairs of primers 1F/1R and FM8/FM9 did not produced an amplicon band of 328 base pair (bp) and 644 bp, respectively. Several things can influence the negative result. First, the virus is no longer present in the oral or hoof lesions or the amount of virus is below the detection threshold of this technique if the cow wasinfected with FMDV. Another possibility is the lesions were not caused by FMDV.
Keyword: FMDV, primer, RT-PCR, genome, vesicular

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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