Judul: Mengelola risiko ekonomi produk hasil perikanan pada pasar global berdasarkan kajian risiko keamanan pangan
Abstrak: The export of fishery products is a source of national revenue for Indonesia. However, these commodities are often rejected by the export destination countries because they do not meet food safety requirements. Some examples of food safety hazards that has caused rejection include pathogenic bacteria, heavy metal, and veterinary drugs. Several interventions have been identified as efforts to prevent export refusal. Risk analysis framework supported by the concept of food safety objectives can be applied to determine the effectiveness of these prevention efforts. This work aimed to develop mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of export rejection of fishery products due to food safety hazards. In particular, the objectives of this research were: 1) to obtain a risk ranking of food-hazard pairs that have caused export rejection, 2) to identify the handling of rejected products, risk factors and possible mitigation for export refusals, 3) to estimate the risk of rejection and develop risk mitigation strategies to achieve food safety objectives by using quantitative risk assessment. The first step of the research has successfully produced a priority list of food -hazard pairs that must be followed up by risk managers. During this step, risk ranking approaches by the Food and Agriculture Organization was used. In addition to health impacts, food–hazard pairs were also evaluated based on economic impacts, using the rejection data from three importing countries: the United States, the European Union and Japan, as well as export and reimport data from Indonesian Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. The top priority for food–pathogen pairs were shrimp–Salmonella spp. and tuna–Salmonella spp. Meanwhile, the highest priority for food and chemical pair was tuna-histamine. Follow-up actions, in the form of a risk mitigation formulation was recommended for those pairs. The development of risk mitigation was conducted through risk factors identification in food processing units in the second step. In this study, a qualitative survey method was employed to identify measures conducted by producers in handling of the rejected products. Furthermore, risk factors in the production process were identified, and possible mitigation were determined as preventive measures. Several activities carried out by producers in dealing with the rejected products, include: laboratory analysis, product transportation to Indonesia, product repair, re-export, conversion to animal feed, and destruction in Indonesia. Informants at this study acknowledged the high cost of those measures, thus emphasizing the importance of preventive measures. In the preparation of prevention efforts, identification of risk factors was carried out for three main commodities of fishery products: shrimp, tuna and cephalopod. Contamination of pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, and food contact materials were the common risk factors in those three commodities. Risk mitigation included the application of hygiene and sanitation as well as rapid production process, the procurement of raw materials from environment unpolluted by heavy metals, and the use of safe food packaging. In addition, there were specific risk factors. For example, the formation of histamine in tuna which can be prevented by the application of hygiene, sanitation, and cold chain. Another example was excessive veterinary drug residue in shrimp which can be avoided by ensuring the prudent
Keyword: Exported food refusals, Food safety objectives, Quantitative risk assessment, Risk factors, Risk ranking

Judul: Determinants of Indonesian Fishery  Commodities and Products Export Rejection by The United States and The  European Union
Abstrak: Ikan dan produk perikanan Indonesia merupakan komoditas strategis berorientasi ekspor. Neraca perdagangannya menunjukkan tren yang positif pada periode 2012-2020. Berdasarkan nilai ekspor tahun 2016-2020, Amerika Serikat dan Uni Eropa termasuk lima besar negara tujuan utama ekspor hasil perikanan Indonesia. Peningkatan nilai ekspor Indonesia di negara tersebut selalu diiringi dengan kasus penolakan ekspor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perkembangan penolakan ekspor, menganalisis alasan penolakan ekspor, dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi penolakan ekspor. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis Unit Rejection Rate, Relative Rejection Rate, Regresi Poisson (GLMM.ZINB), dan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai URR dan RRR Indonesia di sepuluh negara mengalami penurunan dan hanya di Italia yang mengalami peningkatan. Penurunan nilai URR dan RRR menandakan adanya perbaikan compliance terhadap keamanan pangan di negara mitra, demikian sebaliknya. Share penolakan lebih tinggi dibandingkan share nilai ekspor di sebelas negara, artinya Indonesia masih perlu meningkatkan food safety dan kualitas kinerja ekspor. Tuna segar paling banyak ditolak di Amerika Serikat dan swordfish di Uni Eropa. Filthy (54,97%) menjadi penyebab penolakan tertinggi di Amerika Serikat dan mercury (54,41%) di Uni Eropa. Variabel jarak geografis berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap penolakan ekspor perikanan Indonesia. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan jarak geografis, dapat melakukan perbaikan logistic performance., Indonesian fish and fishery products are export-oriented and strategic commodities. The trade balance showen a positive trend in the period 2012-2020. Based on the export value for 2016-2020, the United States and the European Union are among the top five main export destinations for Indonesian fishery products. The increase in the value of Indonesia's exports in these countries is always accompanied by cases of export refusal. This study aims to analyze the development of export refusal, analyze the reasons for export refusal, and analyze the factors that influence export refusal. The analytical methods used are Unit Rejection Rate, Relative Rejection Rate, Poisson Regression (GLMM.ZINB) analysis, and descriptive analysis. The results showed that Indonesia's URR and RRR values in ten countries decreased and only Italy experienced an increase. The decrease in URR and RRR values indicates an improvement in compliance with food safety in partner countries, and vice versa. The share of rejection is higher than the share of export value in eleven countries, meaning that Indonesia still needs to improve food safety and the quality of export performance. Fresh tuna is the most rejected in the United States and swordfish in the European Union. Filthy (54,97%) was the highest cause of rejection in the United States and mercury (54,41%) in the European Union. The geographical distance variable has a positive and significant effect on the rejection of Indonesian fishery exports. To overcome the problem of geographical distance, can improve logistics performance.
Keyword: Export Rejection, Fish and Fishery Products, Poisson Regression, Relative Rejection Rate, Unit Rejection Rate

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular