Judul: Early Gestation Cow Uterus Phantom with Black Grass Jelly-based as Ultrasound Imaging Simulation Media
Abstrak: Cincau hitam dapat digunakan sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan phantom untuk meningkatkan keterampilan tenaga medis mendiagnosis kebuntingan dini pada sapi menggunakan ultrasonografi. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat phantom ultrasonografi berbahan dasar cincau hitam sebagai media pembelajaran mengenali karakteristik citra ultrasonografi organ uterus sapi kebuntingan dini. Phantom dibuat dari campuran bubuk cincau hitam, BNF 10%, aquades, serta bubuk kunyit. Model organ dibuat mirip organ uterus sapi kebuntingan dini. Evaluasi phantom dilakukan menggunakan software ImageJ dengan parameter pengamatan fisik, durabilitas, ukuran serta nilai ekogenitas phantom. Sineresis organ model phantom rendah dan tidak terjadi pertumbuhan organisme pada permukaan phantom. Penambahan bubuk kunyit ke dalam formulasi phantom berpengaruh pada perbedaan ekogenitas tiap model organ. Nilai rataan ekogenitas model embrio dan jaringan perimetrium adalah hipoekoik, model alantois tampak anekoik, dan model jaringan miometrium tampak hiperekoik., Black grass jelly can be used as a base material for making phantoms to improve the skills of medical personnel to diagnose early gestation in cow using ultrasonography. This study aims to make a black grass jelly-based ultrasonography phantom as a learning medium to recognize the characteristics of ultrasonographic images of early gestation cow uterus organs. The phantom formulation was made from a mixture of black grass jelly powder, BNF 10%, aquades, and turmeric powder. The organ model was made to resemble the uterus organs of early gestation cows. Evaluation of the phantom using ImageJ software with physical observation parameters, durability, size and echogenicity value of the phantom. The cineresis of the phantom model organ was low and there was no growth of organisms on the surface of the phantom. The addition of turmeric powder to the phantom formulation affected the difference in echogenicity of each organ model. The mean echogenicity values of the embryo and perimetrium tissue models were hypoechoic, the alantois model appeared anechoic, and the myometrial tissue model appeared hyperechoic.
Keyword: cincau hitam, kebuntingan dini, phantom, uterus

Judul: Development of Low-Cost Ultrasound Phantom from Jelly Based for Simulation of Small Animal Organ Imaging
Abstrak: Penggunaan ultrasonografi membutuhkan pelatihan yang cukup untuk menunjang kompetensi operatornya. Namun, pelatihan menggunakan hewan hidup tidak selalu tersedia dan harus diminimalisir. Phantom ultrasonografi dapat dibuat sebagai solusi dalam pelatihan penggunaan ultrasonografi. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat suatu purwarupa phantom ultrasonografi yang ekonomis dari bahan dasar agar sebagai alat simulasi kanulasi intravena dan pencitraan organ pada hewan kecil. Phantom dibuat dari bahan agar dengan berbagai fomulasi yaitu phantom A dengan agar Nutrijell®, phantom B dengan agar Swallow®, dan phantom C dengan campuran kedua agar. Buah dan bakso digunakan sebagai model organ serta balon panjang digunakan sebagai model pembuluh darah. Setiap model organ dievaluasi bentuk, ukuran, dan nilai ekogenisitasnya menggunakan software ImageJ dan dibandingkan dengan organ dan kelainan pada hewan kecil. Konsistensi dan daya tahan phantom juga dievaluasi selama 4 minggu. Hasilnya phantom C memiliki konsistensi serta daya tahan yang paling baik dengan tingkat sineresis terendah yaitu 4.68%. Nilai ekogenisitas dari ketiga formulasi agar masih terlalu rendah (anekoik) dan belum dapat menunjukkan kemiripan dengan otot pada manusia dan hewan kecil. Bakso aci dan bakso dapat menjadi phantom organ ovarium, testis, kelenjar prostat, tumor, dan nodul, sedangkan bakso aci isi hidrogel dapat menjadi phantom kantung empedu dan kista berdasarkan nilai ekogenisitasnya. Balon panjang dapat memberikan kemudahan dalam pelatihan akses maupun kanulasi pembuluh darah menggunakan ultrasonografi., The use of ultrasound requires adequate training to support the competence of the operator. However, training using live animals is not always available and should be minimized. Ultrasound phantom can be used as a solution for ultrasound training. This study was aimed to make a jelly-based low-cost ultrasound phantom prototype for simulating intravenous cannulation and organ imaging in animals. Phantom were made with various formulations of jelly, phantom A with Nutrijell® jelly, phantom B with Swallow® jelly, and phantom C with mixture of both jelly. The organ model used various fruit and meatballs and the vein model used a long balloon. Each organ model was evaluated for shape, size, and ecogenicity values using the ImageJ software and compared with organs and abnormalities in small animals. Phantom consistency and endurance were also evaluated for 4 weeks. The result is that Phantom C has the best consistency and durability with the lowest syneresis level of 4.68%. The ecogenicity value of the three formulations was too low (anechoic) and could not show similarity to muscle in humans and small animals. Aci meatballs and regular meatballs can become phantom organs of the ovaries, testes, prostate glands, tumors, and nodules, while hydrogel filled meatballs can be phantom of the gallbladder and cyst based on its ecogenicity value. Long balloons can provide convenience in training for access and cannulation of blood vessels using ultrasound.
Keyword: agar Nutrijell®, agar Swallow®, ImageJ, phantom, ultrasonografi

Judul: Eksplorasi Masalah Logaritma Diskret pada Finite Field G P(2m)
Abstrak: Discrete logarithm problem represents a problem which is defined as modular arithmetic. It is often used to generate a key pair on public key cryptography as security object. Given cyclic group G of order n, αgenerator of G, and β∈􀜩, then, in general, discrete logarithm problem is determined as the integer 􀝔, 0≤􀝔≤􀝊−1, such that α􀯫≡β(mod 􀝊). In Menezes et al. (1997) the algorithm to solve the discrete logarithm problem in common cyclic group G are Exhaustive Search algorithm, Baby-Step Giant-Step, Pollard's rho, Pohlig Hellman and Index Calculus. Furthermore, these algorithms are explored to determine the solution of discrete logarithm problem on 􀜩􀜨(2􀯠). The reconstructed algorithms are implemented using Maple 11 software. These implementation can be used to measure security level of cryptography algorithm, which is based on security aspects of discrete logarithm problem
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