Judul: Effectivity Malang Apple (Malus sylvestris Mill) Peels Infuse as Antidiarrheal for Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Kulit apel memiliki berbagai manfaat kesehatan sebagai antioksidan, antibakteri, dan antiproliferatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kandungan metabolit sekunder apel malang dengan skrinning fitokimia dan kemampuannya sebagai antidiare menggunakan metode proteksi intestinal, serta mengetahui konsentrasi yang efektif sebagai antidiare pada mencit. Penelitian menggunakan 30 ekor mencit yang dibagi menjadi lima kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol (-), kontrol (+), dan tiga kelompok percobaan dengan tingkat konsentrasi 25%, 50%, dan 100% diberikan secara peroral. Parameter yang diamati berupa frekuensi defekasi, konsistensi feses, onset, durasi, serta waktu persembuhan diare mencit setiap 30 menit selama 9 jam. Hasil skrinning fitokimia kulit apel menunjukkan adanya senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa alkaloid, flavonoid, dan saponin. Hasil pengamatan pada onset, durasi, dan waktu persembuhan diare menunjukkan sediaan infusa kulit apel pada setiap konsentrasi dapat mempersingkat durasi diare. Hasil pengamatan konsistensi, frekuensi, dan durasi menunjukkan infusa kulit apel malang memiliki efek antidiare pada setiap konsentrasi dengan konsentrasi 100% memiliki tingkat efektivitas paling baik sebagai antidiare., Apple peels have various health benefits as antioxidants, antibacterials, and antiproliferative agent. This study aimed to determine the secondary metabolite content of unfortunate apples by phytochemical screening and its ability as antidiarrheal using the intestinal protection method, as well as to determine the effective concentration as antidiarrheal in mice. The study used 30 mice divided into five groups, namely the control group (-), control (+), and three experimental groups with concentration levels of 25%, 50%, and 100% given orally. Parameters observed were frequency of defecation, consistency of feces, onset, duration, and recovery time of mice diarrhea every 30 minutes for 9 hours. The results of apple peel phytochemical screening showed the presence of secondary metabolite compounds in the form of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. The results of observations on the onset, duration, and recovery time of diarrhea showed that apple peel infuse preparations at each concentration could shorten the duration of diarrhea. Observations on consistency, frequency, and duration showed that apple peel infuse had an antidiarrheal effect at each concentration with 100% concentration having the best level of effectiveness as antidiarrheal.
Keyword: antidiare, infusa, proteksi intestinal, apel hijau, kulit apel

Judul: Potensi Sari Apel (Malus domestica) sebagai Imunomodulator pada Mencit (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Apple juice is considered as a nutrient-dense product which contain nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds. They may have the function to boost immune system. This study aims to determine the effect of apple juice (Malus domestica) as an immunomodulator by using mice (Mus musculus) as animal model. A total of 30 mice were used and divided into 5 treatments, i.e., 1) negative control (mice administered with distilled water), 2) positive control (mice administered with Echinacea purpurea extract), 3) mice administered with apple juice 25% at a dose of 1 g/kg BW, 4) mice administered with apple juice 25% at a dose of 3 g/kg BW, and 5) mice administered with apple juice 25% at a dose of 5 g/kg BW. Administration of apple juice infusion was done once a day orally using micropipette for 14 days. The experimental mice were induced with non-pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus on the 15th day intraperitoneally before collecting peritoneal fluid. The peritoneal fluid was taken and made into a smear preparation and observations were done on the number of active macrophages and S. aureus in active macrophages. Then, the phagocytic activity and phagocytic index of macrophages were calculated. The results show that apple juice is effective as immunomodulator and among apple juice 25% dose of 1 g/kg BW, 3 g/kg BW and 5 g/kg BW, the optimal dosage of apple juice 25% is dose of 5 g/kg BW., Sari apel dianggap sebagai produk kaya nutrisi yang mengandung nutrisi seperti vitamin, mineral, dan senyawa fenolik. Oleh karena itu, sari apel mungkin dapat meningkatkan sistem kekebalan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi efek sari apel (Malus domestica) sebagai imunomodulator dengan menggunakan mencit (Mus musculus) sebagai hewan model. Sebanyak 30 ekor mencit digunakan dan dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu 1) kontrol negatif (mencit diberi akuades), 2) kontrol positif (mencit diberi ekstrak Echinacea purpurea), 3) mencit diberi sari apel 25% dengan dosis 1 g/kg BB, 4) mencit diberi sari apel 25% dengan dosis 3 g/kg BB, dan 5) mencit diberi sari apel 25% dengan dosis 5 g/kg BB. Pemberian infusa sari apel dilakukan satu kali sehari secara peroral dengan mikropipet selama 14 hari. Kemudian mencit percobaan diinduksi dengan Staphylococcus aureus nonpatogen pada hari ke-15 secara intraperitoneal sebelum dilakukan pengambilan cairan peritoneal. Cairan peritoneal diambil lalu dibuat preparat ulas dan dilakukan pengamatan pada jumlah makrofag aktif dan S. aureus di dalam makrofag aktif. Selanjutnya aktivitas fagositosis dan indeks fagositosis makrofag dihitung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sari apel efektif sebagai imunomodulator. Dalam sari apel dengan dosis 25% sebanyak 1 g/kg BB, 3 g/kg BB, dan 5 g/kg BB, dosis optimal sari apel 25% adalah dosis 5 g/kg BB.
Keyword: active macrophages, apple juice, immunomodulator, phagocytic activity, imunomodulator, indeks fagositosis, makrofag aktif, sari apel

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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