Judul: The Potential of Noni Fruit (Morinda  citrifolia) as an Antihypertensive Based on Pharmacological Networks and Molecular Docking
Abstrak: Buah mengkudu (M. citrifolia) merupakan salah satu komoditas yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh berbagai suku di Indonesia dalam mengobati hipertensi. Rasionalisasi penggunaan buah mengukudu secara tradisional masih sangat terbatas, terutama mekanisme farmakologi yang mendasari dalam penanganan hipertensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan memprediksi senyawa aktif, target potensial, mekanisme pengobatan, serta pasangan ligan-reseptor terbaik pada buah mengkudu dalam pengobatan hipertensi. Jejaring farmakologi dibuat untuk memahami hubungan antara senyawa kandidat, protein target, penyakit, dan jalur lintasan penyakit. Uji penambatan molekul dilakukan untuk menganalisis dan memverifikasi interaksi antara senyawa kandidat dan protein target, Sebanyak tiga senyawa buah mengkudu (isorhamnetin, quercetin, dan kaempferol) diprediksi berperan penting dalam efek farmakologis buah mengkudu untuk pengobatan hipertensi berdasarkan jejaring farmakologi. Sebanyak 10 protein target utama (ALB, AKT1, IL6, EGFR, SRC, ESR1, BCL2, HIF1A, PTGS2, PPARG) diyakini sebagai target potensial dalam pengembangan obat hipertensi berdasarkan jejaring protein-protein. Mekanisme buah mengkudu sebagai antihipertensi diprediksi berkaitan dengan jalur kanker, persinyalan PI3K/AKT, resistensi insulin, persinyalan HIF-1, focal adhesion, cAMP, dan interaksi ligan-reseptor neuroaktif. Sebanyak lima pasangan ligan-reseptor memiliki nilai binding affinity terbaik, yaitu kaempferol-PTGS2, quercetin-EGFR, kaempferol-EGFR, isorhamnetin-EGFR, dan kaempferol-ESR1. Penelitian ini dapat memberikan gambaran yang holistik mengenai mekanisme potensi buah mengkudu sebagai antihipertensi., Noni fruit (M. citrifolia) is a often used by various tribes in Indonesia to treat hypertension. The rationalization of the traditional use of noni fruit is limited, particularly concerning the pharmacological mechanisms underlying hypertension treatment. This study aims to predict the best active compounds, potential targets, treatment mechanism, and the ligand-receptor pairs in noni fruit for treating hypertension. A network pharmacology approach is used to understand the relationships between candidate compounds, target proteins, diseases, and disease pathways. Molecular docking was conducted to analyze and verify interactions between candidate compounds and target proteins. Three compounds in noni fruit (isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol) are predicted to play an important role in noni pharmacological effects for hypertension treatment. A total of 10 major target proteins (ALB, AKT1, IL6, EGFR, SRC, ESR1, BCL2, HIF1A, PTGS2, and PPARG) are predicted to be potential targets in the development of hypertensive drugs. The antihypertensive mechanisms are predicted to relate to cancer pathways, PI3K/AKT signaling, insulin resistance, HIF-1, focal adhesion, cAMP, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions. Five ligand-receptor pairs have the best affinity binding values, namely kaempferol-PTGS2, quercetin-EGFR, kaempferol-EGFR, isorhamnetin-EGFR, and kaempferol-ESR1. This research provides a holistic view of the potential mechanisms of noni fruit as an antihypertensive.
Keyword: senyawa bioaktif, In silico, tanaman obat, penemuan obat

Judul: Analysis in silico of the interaction of the noni (Morinda citrifolia) bioactive compounds as an antistress candidates inhibit the Monoamine Oxidase A (MAO-A) receptors
Abstrak: Monoamin oksidase (MAO) merupakan famili enzim yang menggunakan oksigen untuk memotong gugus amina neurotransmitter monoamine. Enzim MAO berfungsi untuk menonaktifkan neurotransmitter monoamine, terkhusus MAO-A yang memecah serotonin, epinefrin dan norepinefrin sebagai biomarker stres. Pencegahan stres dapat menggunakan senyawa aktif flavonoid, lignan dan kumarin yang memiliki potensi sebagai antistres/antidepresi. Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang memiliki kandungan senyawa aktif flavonoid dan lignan. Senyawa turunan yang terdapat pada mengkudu diantaranya adalah quercetin, 3,3'-bisdemethyltanegool, pinoresinol, (-)-3,3'-bisdemethylpinoresinol, kaempferol, scopoletin, isoscopoletin, dan vanillin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa bioaktif mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) yang memiliki potensi paling efektif terhadap MAO-A sebagai kandidat antistres secara In silico. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif eksploratif yang dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap meliputi: preparasi ligan, preparasi protein reseptor, penambatan molekuler (Molecular docking) dan visualisasi hasil docking. Data hasil docking dianalisis dengan cara mengelompokkan model ligan yang memiliki energi ikatan paling rendah dan jenis ikatan yang terbentuk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan senyawa yang terdapat pada buah mengkudu terbukti memiliki potensi menghambat aktivitas enzim MAO-A. Kata kunci: antistres, MAO-A, mengkudu, penambatan molekuler, Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a family of enzymes that use oxygen to cleave the amine group of the monoamine neurotransmitter. MAO functions to deactivate monoamine neurotransmitters, especially MAO-A which breaks down serotonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine as stress biomarkers. Depression or stress can be prevented using the active compounds of flavonoids, lignans and coumarins which have potential as antistress/antidepressants. Noni (Morinda citrifolia) is a plant that contains active compounds of flavonoids and lignans. Derivative compounds found in noni include quercetin, 3,3'-bisdemethyltanegool, pinoresinol, (-)-3,3'- bisdemethylpinoresinol, kaempferol, scopoletin, isoscopoletin, and vanillin. This study aims to determine the bioactive compound of noni which has the most effective potential inhibit MAO-A as an In silico antistress candidate. The type of research used is descriptive exploratory which is carried out through several stages including: ligand preparation, receptor protein preparation, molecular docking and visualization of docking results. The docking data were analyzed by grouping the ligand model with the lowest bond energy and the type of bond formed. The results showed that the compounds contained in the noni fruit (Morinda citifolia) proved to have the potential to inhibit the activity of the MAO-A enzyme.
Keyword: antistress, MAO-A, moleculer docking, noni

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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