Judul: Embryo rescue secara in vitro dan produksi bibit aren (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.).
Abstrak: Sugar palm is a member of Arecaceae (palmaceae) originated from Indo- Malayan archipelago. Sugar palm may have important position as biofuel producing crop. Hence, research and development of sugar palm need to be done. Availability of planting material is one of significant constraints to develop sugar palm for cultivation and breeding program. The main constraints of planting material (sugar palm seedlings) in Indonesia are the seed dormancy and the use of physiologically mature seed as planting material. Embryo rescue technique can be applied as a breakthrough to obtain sugar palm seedlings in a relatively short time. The objectives of the experiment were to evaluate: 1) the effect of zygotic embryo age and basal medium composition on germination and development of rescued zygotic embryo of sugar palm, 2) the effect of pre-treatment and cytokinins and 3) the effect of PGR combination (auxin with or without cytokinin) in vitro embryo culture and seedlings production of sugar palm. In exp. 1, zygotic embryos isolated from immature and mature sugar palm fruit were cultured on Y3 or WPM medium without of plant growth regulators. In exp. 2. sub-unit 1, immature zygotic embryos with or without pre-treatment were cultured onto Y3 medium containing cytokinin in the form of coconut water (100, 150 and 200 ml/l) or BAP (5 ppm). In exp. 2. sub-unit 2, addition of NAA (1 or 5 ppm), kinetin (5 ppm), BAP (5 ppm), a combination of NAA (1 or 5 ppm)+kinetin (5 ppm), or NAA (1 or 5 ppm)+BAP (5 ppm) in Y3 medium for plantlet regeneration. The result showed that the viability and germination of immature zygotic embryo (92%) was better than the mature one (72%). On the other hand, the composition of the basal medium (Y3 or WPM) did not significantly affect embryo germination. Some of the culture zygotic embryo developed abnormal development of haustorium and cotyledonary petiole, at 32% and 26%, respectively. The percentage of planlets from zygotic embryo in this experiment range from 6%-25%. The results showed that cytokinin (coconut water or BAP) did not affect growth of the rescued zygotic embryo, whereas immature embryo with pretreatment led to the highest shoot and root formations, respectively. On the other hand, addition of PGR (auxin with or without cytokinin) showed positive effects on length of root from the zygotic embryos. A combination of NAA (5 ppm)+BAP (5 ppm) gave the highest number planlets. The plantlet of sugar palm were successfully regenerated from rescued embryos and transferred into soil.
Keyword: auxin, coconut water, cytokinin, embryo rescue and sugar palm

Judul: Effect of Addition of Several Combinations of Growth Regulatory Substances (PGR) and Pre-Treatment Media on In Vitro Growth of Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata Merr) Zygotic Embryos.
Abstrak: Aren (Arenga pinnata Merr) merupakan famili Arecaceae yang tumbuh soliter. Tanaman ini memiliki tandan yang ditumbuhi oleh buah aren. Buah aren memiliki embrio yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan perbanyakan secara generatif. Perbanyakan bibit aren melalui embrio diharapkan dapat menghasilkan bibit secara cepat dan berkualitas. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melakukan evaluasi pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ZPT dan media pra perlakuan pada tanaman aren secara in vitro dalam petumbuhan dan perkembangan membentuk tunas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberiaan kombinasi ZPT dan penggunaan media pra perlakuan secara masing-masing berpengaruh dalam pertumbuhan embrio aren. Pemberian kombinasi terbaik dengan BAP 7,5 ppm + IAA 2 ppm menunjukkan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap kontrol dalam pertumbuhan kecambah embrio aren hingga membentuk tunas dan media tanpa pra perlakuan menunjukkan hasil terbaik dalam pertumbuhan embrio menjadi tunas. Pemberian ZPT dan pengunaan media pra perlakuan berpengaruh dalam pertumbuhan embrio aren., Aren (Arenga pinnata Merr) is a solitary growing family of Arecaceae. This plant has bunches overgrown with palm fruit. Palm fruit has an embryo that can be used as a generative propagation material. Propagation of palm seeds through embryos is expected to produce seeds quickly and with quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of giving a combination of PGR and pre-treatment media on sugar palm plants in vitro on growth and development to form shoots. The results showed that the combination of PGR and the use of pre-treatment media each had an effect on the growth of sugar palm embryos. Giving the best combination with BAP 7.5 ppm + IAA 2 ppm showed a significant effect on control in the growth of sugar palm embryo sprouts to form shoots and media without pretreatment showed the best results in embryo growth into shoots. The administration of PGR and the use of pre-treatment media had an effect on the growth of sugar palm embryos.
Keyword: Embryo, in vitro, pre-treatment, sugar palm

Judul: Heisenberg Uncertainty of Double SlitSystem Based on Budiyono-Rohrlich Quantum Statistics Model
Abstrak: Interpretasi kuantum dikembangkan untuk memaknai secara fisis dengan jelas bagaimana suatu dinamika pada sistem mikroskopis yang dijelaskan dengan teori-teori kuantum, seperti interpretasi Copenhagen yang mendeskripsikan sistem kuantum sebagai suatu keadaan yang dideskripsikan dengan fungsi gelombang yang berisikan bagaimana peluang keadaan suatu sistem. Interpretasi kuantum juga bisa dibawa dari suatu sistem klasik seperti pada model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich yang menjelaskan bagaimana dinamika kuantum berhubungan dengan sistem klasik dengan penerapan statistika pada model Hamiltonian sistem. Fungsi distribusi dapat mendeskripsikan bagaimana suatu sistem terdistribusi pada suatu ruang pada pandangan klasik namun untuk sistem kuantum fungsi distribusi adalah peluang dari sistem tersebut. Sistem klasik dan kuantum juga dipisahkan berdasarkan pada ketidakpastian Heisenberg tentang suatu pengukuran yang tidak bisa secara sekaligus dilakukan bersamaan. Model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich membawa suatu sistem klasik menjadi sistem kuantum dengan dua aksioma yaitu hukum kekekalan energi rata rata dan konservasi rapat probabilitas. Sistem klasik yang didefinisikan akan diatur dengan menambahkan dua variable matematis berupa ontic extensions dan epistemic restrictions dimana kedua variabel ini yang akan menghubungkan bagaimana sistem klasik bisa diubah menjadi sebuah sistem kuantum. Dua variabel matematis tadi membuat sebuah sistem bisa diperlihatkan ketidakpastiannya lewat perhitungan simpangan rata-rata dan hasilnya akan selalu memenuhi ketidakpastian Heisenberg
Keyword: fungsi distribusi, model Budiyono-Rohrlich, ontic extension, epistemic restriction, ketidakpastian Heisenberg