Judul: Penentuan koefisiensi difusivitas efektif dan sorpsi isotermi tepung tapioka
Abstrak: Tepung tapioka merupakan salah satu produk hasil pengolahan dari ubi kayu yang mengandung karbohidrat yang tinggi. Tapioka banyak digunakan dalam berbagai industri makanan baik sebagai sumber karbohidrat (sumber kalori) maupun sebagai bahan pengental. Produk-produk yang dibuat dari tepung tapioka antara lain berbagai kerupuk, bihun dan mutiara tapioka (tapiocca pearl). macam Kondisi kadar air keseimbangan diperlukan dalam mempelajari pengeringan komoditi pertanian, karena kadar air keseimbangan menentukan kadar air minimum yang dapat dicapai pada suatu kondisi pengeringan. Kadar air ke- seimbangan juga penting untuk mendesain alat, keperluan pengemasan dan menduga tingkah laku dari bahan selama penyimpanan. Difusi didefinisikan sebagai suatu proses dimana bahan bergerak dari satu bagian sistem ke bagian lain berdasarkan pergerakan molekuler secara acak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan koefisien difusivitas efektif dan kadar air keseimbangan....
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Judul: Mempelajari pengaruh derajat kehalusan pulp dan jumlah air pengekstrak terhadap rendemen dan mutu tepung tapioka
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui optimasi penggunaan air pada tahap pengekstraksian pulp ubi kayu pada pengolahan tapioka dan menentukan derajat kehalusan yang dapat menghasilkan tapioka relatip lebih baik. Perlakuan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu dua taraf derajat kehalusan pulp; pulp berukuran halus (A) dan pulp berukuran kasar (A2) serta empat taraf jumlah air pengekstrak; 7.50 1 (B₁), 9.00 1 (B2), 10.50 1 (B3) dan 12.00 1 (B4) per kg pulp ubi kayu. Pada setiap tepung tapioka yang dihasilkan, dilakukan pengamatan terhadap kadar air, kadar abu, kadar serat dan kotoran, kekentalan, derajat putih, derajat asam dan kadar HCN. Derajat kehalusan pulp dan jumlah air pengekstrak tidak berbeda nyata terhadap rendemen tepung tapioka. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa, rendemen tertinggi dihasilkan dari pulp berukuran halus dan pada taraf jumlah air pengekstrak 10.50 liter per kg pulp ubi kayu.
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Judul: Studies on growth spurt and aging in higher primates
Abstrak: single measurement that best defines the health and nutritional status of children, just as it provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. The pattern of human growth reflects the biocultural evolution of our species. The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Three studies are reported here which deal to the growth and development of human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). These three studies allow us to contrast the phenomena of adolescence growth spurt and female elderly bone loss in chimpanzee and human as chimpanzee is the closest species to humans within extant nonhuman primates. In the first, a cross-sectional study of growth of the body size and somatotype of 363 Javanese girls and 299 Javanese boys aged 4 to 20 years from Magelang Regency, Indonesia was described. In the second, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee second metacarpal bone linear dimensions from individuals aged 0 to 43.6 years were used for comparison. While in the third, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee body size (body mass and anterior trunk length) and second metacarpal bone mineral content were derived. In measuring the second metacarpal dimensions and mineral content, a total of 568 radiographs of chimpanzee's proximodistal left hands were used. They were taken from 68 females and 49 males aged 0 to 43.62 years old. We applied an image analysis system, Scion Image Release Alpha 4.0.3.2 software for Windows to measure bone linear dimensions and bone mineral content. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body weight and height. A clear growth spurt could be demonstrated by cross-sectional analysis in our girl subjects at around aged 11.5 years and in our boy subjects at around aged 12.5 years. In longitudinal series, not in cross-sectional, several representative chimpanzees of both sexes showed a pre-adult growth spurt on the body sizes, bone dimensions and bone mineral content. They ranged at age 4.5 to 8.5 years. This underscore the fact that adolescent growth spurt in linear dimension was not a universal feature of anthropoid primate ontogeny. Bone loss is a well established characteristic of human female aging. Based on crosssectional analyses the sequential decline of bone mass in female chimpanzee may be said to be genuine. On the other hand, we found in adulthood through elderly, male chimpanzees show a longer plateau than female chimpanzee, that is, bone mineral content is maintained in male.
Keyword: Javanese children, growth spurt, chimpanzee, second metacarpal bone, bone loss, Higher Primates