Judul: Karakterisasi Selulase Bakteri Asal Tanah Pertanian Jawa Tengah  dan Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Selulosa merupakan komponen terbesar pada tanaman. Enzim selulase memiliki potensi yang besar dalam pengolahan limbah pertanian. Enam isolat bakteri selulolitik asal tanah pertanian Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Barat telah dikarakterisasi meliputi suhu dan pH optimum serta substrat yang sesuai. Isolat C4-4 memiliki pH optimum 5, suhu optimum 70 °C, dan avisel sebagai substrat yang sesuai. Isolat C5-1 memiliki pH optimum 3.5, suhu optimum 90 °C, dan karboksimetil selulosa (CMC) sebagai substrat yang sesuai. Isolat C5-3 memiliki pH optimum 5, suhu optimum 80 °C, dan filter paper sebagai substrat yang sesuai. Isolat C11-1 memiliki pH optimum 8, suhu optimum 70 °C, dan CMC sebagai substrat yang sesuai. Isolat KBM 2 memiliki dua waktu produksi enzim tertinggi yaitu pada umur kultur 3 hari dan 6 hari, memiliki pH optimum 7 dan suhu optimum 50 °C pada umur kultur 3 hari, memiliki pH optimum 5 dan suhu optimum 30 °C pada umur kultur 6 hari. Substrat yang sesuai untuk KBM 2 ialah CMC. Isolat KBM 4 memiliki pH optimum 7, suhu optimum 50 °C, dan CMC sebagai substrat yang sesuai.
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Judul: Aktivitas enzim selulase isolat asal Indonesia pada berbagai substrat limbah pertanian
Abstrak: Isolat C11-1 dan KBM-2 memiliki aktivitas enzim selulase yang relatif tinggi dibandingkan isolat lain pada substrat selulosa CMC Sigma, Avicel dan Kertas saring Whatman no. 1. Hal ini menggambarkan enzim ekstrak kasarnya mengandung endo-1,4-â-glukanase dan ekso-1,4-â-glukanase. Kemampuan enzim selulase isolat C11-1 dan KBM-2 dalam mendegradasi substrat limbah pertanian juga tinggi. Isolat C11-1 memiliki aktivitas enzim selulase tertinggi pada substrat jerami padi sebesar 179 x 10-3 nkat/ml, sedangkan KBM-2 memiliki aktivitas enzim selulase tertinggi pada substrat kulit pisang sebesar 118 x 10-3 nkat/ml. Isolat C4-4 memiliki aktivitas selulase tertinggi pada substrat kulit pisang sebesar 180 x 10-3 nkat/ml. Isolat C5-1 dan C5-3 memiliki aktivitas enzim selulase yang relatif kecil pada substrat CMC, Avicel dan kertas saring sehingga kemampuan enzim selulase isolat tersebut juga relatif kecil dalam mendegradasi substrat limbah pertanian. Namun isolat C5-1 dan C5-3 berturut-turut memiliki aktivitas yang tinggi pada substrat kulit pisang yaitu 262 x 10-3 nkat/ml dan 210 x 10-3 nkat/ml.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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