Judul: Studi resistensi Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) terhadap insektisida Deltametrin
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati tingkat resistensi C.binotalis dari empat daerah pusat produksi sayuran di Jawa Barat yaitu: Kecamatan Cisarua (Kabupaten Bandung), Kecamatan Pacet (Kabupaten Cianjur), Ke- camatan Sukaraja (Kabupaten Sukabumi), dan Kecamatan Cisarua (Kabupa- ten Bogor) terhadap insektisida deltametrin. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan bu- lan Oktober 1995 sampai Juni 1996 dan bertempat di Laboratorium Fisiologi dan Toksikologi Serangga, Jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Studi resistensi ini dilakukan melalui dua tahap pekerjaan, yaitu: per- banyakan serangga C. binotalis (strain standar Lab HPT dan strain populasi lapang) dan pengujian resistensi serangga populasi lapang terhadap insektisida deltametrin. Serangga C. binotalis dibiakkan di laboratorium dengan suhu dan kelembaban harian rata-rata 28.3°C dan 67.7%. C. binotalis yang digunakan untuk pengujian resistensi ini adalah larva instar ketiga. Untuk mendeteksi resistensi serangga populasi lapang dilakukan dengan uji toksisitas insektisida deltametrin terhadap serangga populasi lapang tersebut pada tingkat LC99 dari C. binotalis strain Lab HPT. Bila resistensi telah terdeteksi, selanjutnya dilakukan uji toksisitas insektisida deltametrin terhadap serangga populasi lapang yang resisten tersebut, dan ditentukan nis- bah resistensinya berdasarkan LC95. C. binotalis strain Bandung dan Sukabumi telah resisten terhadap in- sektisida deltametrin dengan nisbah resistensi 9.48 dan 4.63. Resistensi C. binotalis terhadap insektisida deltametrin telah mulai berkembang di daerah Cianjur dengan nisbah resistensi 2.32. Sedangkan di daerah Bogor resistensi C. binotalis terhadap insektisida deltametrin tidak terdeteksi…
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Judul: Deteksi resistensi terhadap Crocidolomia binatalis Zell.(Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) dan pengaruh konsentrasi subletal profenofos terhadap berat pupa, keberhasilan pupa menjadi imago, reproduksi dan lama hidup imago
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati tingkat resistensi C. binotalis dan pengaruh konsentrasi subletal insektisida golongan profenofos terhadap berat pupa, keperidian imago betina C. binotalis, persentase penetasan telur dan lama hidup imago di beberapa daerah sentra produksi kubis. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap lima populasi C. binotalis dari empat daerah sentra produksi kubis yaitu Sukabumi, Bandung, Simpang Empat (Sumatera utara) dan Pacet, selama bulan Maret hingga November 1996. Dalam penelitian ini suatu serangga dikatakan resisten apabila nisbah resistensinya lebih atau sama dengan empat (Winterringham, 1969 dalam Soemawinata et al., 1994). Penentuan tingkat konsentrasi untuk masing-masing perlakuan dilakukan dengan analisa probit. Pengaruh konsentrasi subletal dianalisa dengan program SAS yang diikuti dengan uji Duncan pada taraf 0.01%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa C. binotalis populasi Bandung mempunyai nisbah resistensi 15.4 dan 13.3, berturut-turut diikuti dengan populasi Pacet, Simpang Empat dan Sukabumi dengan nisbah resistensi 7.4, 7.0 dan 4.1. ...
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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