Judul: Potensi azolla (Azolla microphylla) teramoniasi sebagai sumber protein ternak ruminansia
Abstrak: Suatu penelitian telah dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kecernaan dan fermentabilitas azolla melalui amoniasi dengan urea dan mengetahui efek penggunaannya terhadap pertumbuhan domba percobaan. Penelitian dibagi menjadi dua percobaan. Percobaan pertama dilakukan secara in vitro dengan menggunakan Azolla microphylla hasil penanaman dalam rak bertingkat empat berukuran 1 x 2 m2 . Perlakuan percobaan adalah 5 taraf amoniasi dengan urea o, 2, 4, 6 dan 8% (UO, U2, U4, U6 dan US). Rancangan percobaan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 4 ulangan. Azolla (BK 65%) dicampur urea sesuai perlakuan, kemudian disimpan dalam kantong plastik kedap udara selama 10 hari, Selanjutnya dikeringkan dan dilakukan analisis proksimat serta uji kecernaan, produksi asam lemak terbang (VFA) dan amonia. Percobaan kedua dilakukan secara in vivo dengan menggu-nakan 18 ekor domba lokal sapihan berbobot 11.8 + 1.48 kg yang dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok. Enam ransum perlakuan yang dicobakan terdiri atas ransum dengan sumber protein urea sebagai kontrol (K) dan ransum dengan sumber protein azolla teramoniasi dengan taraf urea o, 2 , 4, 6 dan 8% (AO, A2, A4, A6 dan AS). Ransum berbentuk pelet disusun isoprotein dan isoenergi dengan imbangan hijauan dan konsentrat 55 45, kandungan protein 15.24 + 0.13% dan TDN 66.17 + 0.08%. Pemberian ransum secara lebih kurang 1 kg BK/hari yang dibagi dua untuk pagi dan sore hari. Peubah produksi ternak yang diukur adalah konsumsi nutrien, kecernaan, retensi N dan pertambahan bobot hidup (PBH) serta parameter metabo-lisme rumen yaitu konsentrasi VFA, amonia, jumlah protozoa dan bakteri cairan rumen. ...
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Judul: Effects of Urea-Amoniation, Hydrolyzed Poultry Feather, Cassava Leaves, and Mixture of Lysine-Zinc-Lemuru Fish Oil on Feed Utilization in Ruminants.
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluai penggunaan amoniasi urea pada rumput gajah, hidrolisat bulu ayam sebagai sumber asam amino bersulfur, daun singkong sebagai asam amino bercabang, dan penggunaan campuran lisin-Zn-minyak lemuru sebagai modulator pencernaan rumen dan pascarumen. Penelitian dilakukan dua tahap dengan Iima perlakuan ransum yang dicobakan, sebagai berikut: A= 40% rumput gajah (RG)+ 60% konsentrat (K), B = 40% amoniasi urea RG + 60% K, C = B + 3% hidrolisat bulu ayam, D = C + 15% daun singkong, dan .E = D + 1.06% campuran lisin-Zn-minyak lemuru. Percobaan pertama menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok pada 20 ekor kambing Peranakan Etawah dengan bobot hidup berkisar antara 13 sampai 29 kg. Percobaan kedua mengunakan rancangan bujur sangkar latin 5 x 5 pada sapi perah laktasi. Amoniasi urea rumput gajah dan hidrolisat bulu ayam menurunkan konsumsi bahan kering ransum pada kambing Peranakan Etawah, namun pengaruhnya pada sapi perah tidak berbeda nyata. Hidrolisat bulu ayam meningkatkan (P<0.05) kecernaan bahan organik (71.69 vs 74.35 %) dan produksi susu sapi perah laktasi (12.36 vs 13.47 kg/hari). Daun singkong meningkatkan konsumsi bahan kering ransum (329 vs 402 g/hari), retensi N (7.71 vs 9.30 g/hari) dan rata-rata pertambahan bobo hidup harian kambing Peranakan Etawah (68.45 vs 89.29 g/hari). Campuran lisin-Zn-minyak lemuru berkecenderungan meningkatkan rata-rata pertambahan bobot hidup, menurunkan kadar lemak tubuh, dan kadar kolesterol serum darah pada kambing Peranakan Etawah, serta meningkatkan produksi, kandungan lemak, dan beberapa asam lemak rantai panjang pada sapi perah laktasi. Berdasarkan pertimbangan parameter metabolit dan penampilan produksi, ransum E merupakan ransum yang terbaik., The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of urea-ammoniation of elephant grass, the use of hydrolysed poultry feather as the source of S-containing amino acids, the use of cassava leaves as the source of branched-chain amino acids, and mixture of lysine-Zn-lemuru fish oil as a modulator for ruminal and postruminal digestion. The study consisted of two trials with five dietary treatments, i. e. A = 40% elephant grass (EG) + 60% concentrate mix (CM), B = 40% urea-ammoniated EG + 60% CM, C = B + 3% hydrolysed poultry feather (HPF), D = C + 15% cassava leaves, and E = D + 1.06% mixture of lysine-Zn-lemuru fish oil. In trial 1, 20 Etawah grade goats of 13-20 kg live weight were assigned in a randomized block design. In trial 2, the treatments and the exprimental cows were assigned ini a 5x5 latin square design. Urea-ammoniation and hydrolysed poultry feather decreased dry matter (DM) intake of goats but the effect of inclusion of these component was not observed in lactating dairy cows. OM digestibility (71.69 vs 74.35 %) and milk production of lactating dairy cows were significantly improved (12.36 vs 13.47 kg day°1) by hydrolysed poultry feather (P< 0.05). Cassava leaves increased DM intake (329 vs 402 g. day"1 ), N retention (7.71 vs 9.30 g day"1 ) and average daily gain of goats (68.45 vs 89.29 g day°1). Mixture of lysine-Zn-lemuru fish oil in Etawah grade goats tended to increase average daily gain, decrease body fat and cholesterol serum. However, milk production, milk fat content, and some
Keyword: Amoniation, Hydroyzed, Cassava leaves, Lyzine-zinc, Lemuru fish oil, Feed utilization

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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