Judul: Literature Review of Types of Purification Methods on Morphological and Optical Properties of Carbon-Dot
Abstrak: Karbon-dot merupakan nanopartikel karbon berfluoresens yang memiliki diameter kurang dari 10 nm. Purifikasi karbon-dot merupakan tahapan penting dalam proses menghasilkan karbon-dot yang murni, karena dapat menghilangkan produk samping serta dapat memisahkan antarkarbon-dot berdasarkan perbedaan ukuran partikel dan sifat optik. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan, yaitu telaah pustaka mengenai purifikasi karbon-dot dari berbagai literatur. Telaah pustaka ini bertujuan membahas pengaruh penggunaan berbagai metode purifikasi karbon-dot terhadap sifat optik dan morfologi karbon-dot. Perbedaan kecepatan sentrifugasi menghasilkan karbon-dot dengan diameter dan fluoresensi yang berbeda. Metode dialisis dapat menghilangkan garam dan produk samping yang dapat mengganggu fluoresensi karbon-dot. Metode kromatografi kolom memiliki kemampuan untuk memurnikan karbon-dot berdasarkan perbedaan gugus fungsi dan ukuran, serta dapat mereduksi level aglomerasi., Carbon-dot is a fluorescent carbon nanoparticle having a diameter of less than 10 nm. Carbon-dot purification is an important step in the process of producing pure carbon-dots, because it can remove by-products and can separate between carbondots based on differences in particle size and optical properties. The research method used is a literature review on carbon-dot purification from various literature. This literature review aims to identify the effect of using the purification method in carbon-dot purification on the optical and morphological properties of carbon-dot. The differences in centrifugation speed produce carbon-dots with different diameters and fluorescence. The dialysis method can remove salts and byproducts that can interfere with carbon-dot fluorescence. The column chromatography method can purify carbon-dot based on differences in functional groups and sizes, and can reduce the level of agglomeration.
Keyword: Centrifugation, Column chromatography, Carbon-dot, Dialysis

Judul: Synthesis of fluorescent carbon nanoparticle
Abstrak: Nanopartikel karbon (C-dot) merupakan material yang termasuk ke dalam kelas nanopartikel 0 dimensi. C-dot dapat disintesis dari beberapa jenis asam organik yang berperan sebagai sumber karbon dan urea sebagai agen pasivasi permukaan C-dot. C-dot disintesis menggunakan metode oven mikrogelombang. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah menyintesis dan mencirikan C-dot dari beragam asam organik, yaitu asam askorbat, asam sitrat, dan asam oksalat dan beragam kadar urea yang ditambahkan. Kadar urea yang ditambahkan masing-masing 0, 10, 25, 50, dan 75% (b/b). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan pendaran C-dot di bawah lampu ultraviolet 366 nm semakin meningkat dengan meningkatnya kadar urea. Emisi yang dihasilkan dari C-dot ini berada pada panjang gelombang 500 nm. Spektrum inframerah kadar urea yang beragam tidak menunjukkan perbedaan gugus fungsi yang nyata. Ukuran diameter rata-rata C-dot yang diperoleh sebesar ±18 nm. Uji kemampuan sensor C-dot yang dipreparasi dari asam askorbat dan urea 75% menunjukkan selektif terhadap ion logam Cr6+., Carbon nanoparticle (C-dot) is a material which belongs to the class of 0- dimensional nanoparticle. C-dot can be synthesized from several types of organic acid as a carbon source and urea as a passivation agent on the C-dot surface. C-dot was synthesized using microwave method. The purpose of this study was to synthesize and to characterize the C-dot from various organic acids, namely ascorbic acid, citric acid, and oxalic acid and various levels of added urea. The levels of aded urea were 0, 10, 25, 50, and 75% (w/w). The results showed the Cdot luminescence under ultraviolet light 366 nm increased with the increasing levels of urea. An emission resulting from the C-dot is located at a wavelength of 500 nm. Infrared spectra measurements of urea levels showed there was no significant differences in functional groups. The average diameter size of the Cdot was ±18 nm. The ability test toward heavy metal ion of the C-dot prepared using ascorbic acid and urea 75% showed selective toward Cr6+ ion. Key words: ascorbic acid, citric acid, carbon nanoparticle, fluorescence
Keyword: asam askorbat, asam sitrat, C-dot, fluoresens

Judul: Studies on growth spurt and aging in higher primates
Abstrak: single measurement that best defines the health and nutritional status of children, just as it provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. The pattern of human growth reflects the biocultural evolution of our species. The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Three studies are reported here which deal to the growth and development of human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). These three studies allow us to contrast the phenomena of adolescence growth spurt and female elderly bone loss in chimpanzee and human as chimpanzee is the closest species to humans within extant nonhuman primates. In the first, a cross-sectional study of growth of the body size and somatotype of 363 Javanese girls and 299 Javanese boys aged 4 to 20 years from Magelang Regency, Indonesia was described. In the second, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee second metacarpal bone linear dimensions from individuals aged 0 to 43.6 years were used for comparison. While in the third, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee body size (body mass and anterior trunk length) and second metacarpal bone mineral content were derived. In measuring the second metacarpal dimensions and mineral content, a total of 568 radiographs of chimpanzee's proximodistal left hands were used. They were taken from 68 females and 49 males aged 0 to 43.62 years old. We applied an image analysis system, Scion Image Release Alpha 4.0.3.2 software for Windows to measure bone linear dimensions and bone mineral content. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body weight and height. A clear growth spurt could be demonstrated by cross-sectional analysis in our girl subjects at around aged 11.5 years and in our boy subjects at around aged 12.5 years. In longitudinal series, not in cross-sectional, several representative chimpanzees of both sexes showed a pre-adult growth spurt on the body sizes, bone dimensions and bone mineral content. They ranged at age 4.5 to 8.5 years. This underscore the fact that adolescent growth spurt in linear dimension was not a universal feature of anthropoid primate ontogeny. Bone loss is a well established characteristic of human female aging. Based on crosssectional analyses the sequential decline of bone mass in female chimpanzee may be said to be genuine. On the other hand, we found in adulthood through elderly, male chimpanzees show a longer plateau than female chimpanzee, that is, bone mineral content is maintained in male.
Keyword: Javanese children, growth spurt, chimpanzee, second metacarpal bone, bone loss, Higher Primates