Judul: Evaluation Study on Stunting Reduction Policy and Program in Indonesia
Abstrak: The increase in stunting nutrition problems has negative implications for health status and even potential economic losses that impact development performance. The geographical environment of the archipelago was another challenge that required clear methods and mechanisms at every administrative and operational level. The difficulty of convergence and coordination across government sectors at various administrative and operational levels has resulted in poor development programs, including the food and nutrition sector. Stunting national and regional policies must be implemented and operationalized within an integrated institutional framework. With various stunting interventions that have been identified and implemented by the government, this study develops a framework that considers the categorical dimensions and social organization of the food and nutrition security system. The research focuses on stunting interventions at the meso and micro social organization levels and immediate and underlying determinants. This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of stunting policies and develop an institutional strategy model and a stunting responsive index. The stages of this research are divided into four sequences. The first stage is a qualitative evaluation study on targeting that is operationalized using the Korten Conformity Model to answer the question: Have the targets or beneficiaries of the program been appropriately defined? The second stage is an implementation effectiveness evaluation study that answers the main question, is the intervention successful? Furthermore, if successful, is the intervention feasible? The third stage is the institutional strategy modeling stage for the multi-criteria decision-making approach, namely the Analytic Network Process (ANP). The fourth stage is developing a stunting intervention evaluation model, namely the stunting responsive index. This study assesses the suitability of the three elements of implementing food and nutrition policies in stunting interventions at the research sites (Bangka and West Bangka), namely the program itself, implementing organizations, and program beneficiaries. The suitability of the program output in this study is based on the perceived benefits of the target group. Program implementing organizations, especially those in charge of nutrition-specific interventions, demonstrate the ability to carry out the required tasks. The stunting intervention policy or program at the research location certainly still requires continuous improvement, especially the resources of the implementing organization, namely implementing officers and financing. Evaluating the impact of food and nutrition programs, especially on beneficiaries, is crucial to saving resources and is also helpful in redefining the program to meet its following objectives. Program implementers need to be trained and motivated, and beneficiaries provide information about program benefits and mechanisms for accessing the program. Nutrition program intervention is a complex process that needs to be harmonized. Financing is one of the obstacles that occur in the research location that can create competition for regional apparatus organizations to obtain sources of financing. Multisectoral convergence is needed to avoid competition for resource allocation. The results of the cost-effectiveness analysis conducted in this study noted that the cost of stunting-sensitive interventions was higher than the costs of stunting-specific interventions in the two research districts. The characteristics of the effectiveness of the social environment-sensitive intervention program in the Bangka Regency are more cost-effective because the additional costs incurred per one
Keyword: evaluation, intervention, policy, SDGs, stunting

Judul: Study of Reducing Stunting Prevalence with Sensitive Intervention Approach using Least Median of Squares
Abstrak: Percepatan angka penurunan stunting pada balita merupakan program prioritas pemerintah yang termuat dalam Rancangan Pembangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN) 2020-2024. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh model dan penduga koefisien terbaik untuk prevalensi stunting. Faktor yang dipertimbangkan mengacu pada jenis intervensi sensitif yang tercantum pada Pedoman Pelaksanaan Intervensi Penurunan Stunting Terintegrasi di Kabupaten/Kota. Amatan yang digunakan berupa 34 provinsi di Indonesia dengan karakteristik yang bervariasi sehingga rentan mengandung pencilan. Metode yang sering digunakan untuk melakukan pendugaan regresi adalah Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Namun, metode OLS sensitif terhadap pencilan sehingga mengakibatkan terjadinya pelanggaran asumsi klasik pada model. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sebuah metode yang kekar terhadap keberadaan pencilan, salah satunya adalah Least Median of Squares (LMS). Diperoleh faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap prevalensi stunting adalah persentase rumah tangga dengan sumber air minum layak, akses terhadap sanitasi layak, keikutsertaan dalam program keluarga harapan (PKH), dan prevalensi kerawanan pangan tingkat sedang atau berat. Metode LMS menghasilkan hasil yang lebih baik dalam menduga parameter regresi pada data mengandung pencilan dengan nilai RMSE sebesar 4,249, MAPE 15,491, dan MAE 3,025. Sementara itu, metode OLS menghasilkan nilai RMSE sebesar 4,199, MAPE 16,030, dan MAE 3,190., Accelerating stunting reduction rates among children under five is government priority program contained in the National Medium Term Development Plan 2020-2024. This study aims to obtain the best model and coefficient estimator for stunting prevalence. The factors considered refer to the types of sensitive interventions listed in the Guidelines for Implementing Integrated Stunting Reduction Interventions in Districts/Cities. The observations used are 34 provinces in Indonesia with varying characteristics that are prone to contain outliers. The method often used to estimate regression is Ordinary Least Square (OLS). However, the OLS method is sensitive to outliers, resulting in violations of classical assumptions in the model. Therefore, a method that is robust to the presence of outliers is needed, one of which is the Least Median of Squares (LMS). The factors found to contribute to stunting prevalence are the percentage of households with proper drinking water sources, access to proper sanitation, participation in the family hope program (PKH), and the prevalence of moderate or severe food insecurity. The LMS method produced better results in estimating the regression parameters on data containing outliers with an RMSE value of 4,249, MAPE 15,491, and MAE 3,025 while the OLS method produces an RMSE value of 4,199, MAPE 16,030, and MAE 3,190.
Keyword: least median of squares, robust, sensitive interventions, stunting

Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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