Judul: Produksi Etanol oleh Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus. dari Sirup Dekstrin Pati Sagu (Metroxylon sp.) Menggunakan Metode Aerasi Penuh dan Aerasi Dihentikan.
Abstrak: Indonesia adalah pemilik lahan sagu terbesar di dunia. Potensi sagu di Indonesia cukup berlimpah. Di dunia diperkirakan terdapat 2 juta ha hutan sagu dan kurang lebih setengah hutan sagu dunia ada di Indonesia. Sekitar 90% di antaranya terdapat di Papua (Marsudi dan Aprillia, 2006). Besarnya potensi sagu di Indonesia belum termanfaatkan secara optimal. Selama ini baru sekitar 10% dari total area sagu nasional yang dimanfaatkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan serta industri. Jika dibudidayakan, produktivitas pati sagu kering mencapai 25 ton/ha/tahun, lebih banyak apabila dibandingkan dengan ubi kayu 1.5 ton/ha/tahun, kentang 2.5 ton/ha/tahun, maupun jagung 5.5 ton/ha/tahun. (Sumaryono, 2007) Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kemungkinan penggunaan dekstrin dari pati sagu sebagai substart dalam pembuatan etanol, melihat potensi Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus sebagai mikroorganisme penghasil etanol, serta pemilihan laju aerasi dan konsentrasi gula pada substrat berdasarkan kadar etanol dan jumlah biomassa tertinggi yang dihasilkan. Selain itu penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh rekayasa bioproses (aerasi penuh dan aerasi dihentikan) terhadap biomassa dan kadar etanol yang dihasilkan. Pada penelitian pertama dilakukan fermentasi sirup dekstrin dengan perlakuan konsentrasi yang berbeda yaitu 18%, 24%, 30%, dan 36% serta perlakuan pemberian aerasi sebesar 1vvm dan 2 vvm. Dari beberapa perlakuan tersebut terpilih konsentrasi 30% dan laju alir 1 vvm sebagai perlakuan terbaik untuk pertumbuhan khamir. Selama 24 jam dihasilkan jumlah biomassa tertinggi yaitu 2,98 g/l dengan nilai μmaks 0,29 jam-1. Pada jam ke-6 khamir tersebut masih mengalami fase log, hingga pada jam ke-12 pertumbuhan khamir sudah mulai masuk ke fase stasioner. Sisa total gula dalam substrat dan nilai pH mengalami penurunan selama proses fermentasi. Penurunan kandungan total gula dalam substart menunjukkan aktifitas sel dalam mengkonsumsi substrat sirup dekstrin. Sedangkan perubahan pH terjadi karena adanya pelepasan H+ selama konsumsi NH4 +, penggunaan asam amino sebagai sumber nitrogen dan akumulasi produk samping berupa asam-asam organik hasil metabolisme karbohidrat. Rekayasa bioproses dilakukan pada perlakuan terpilih dengan penghentian aerasi pada jam ke-6. Selama 24 jam fermentasi dihasilkan etanol sebanyak 24,94±0,16 g/l. Hasil ini jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan perlakuan dengan aerasi penuh yang hanya menghasilkan etanol sebanyak 21,25±0,55 g/l. Pada jam ke-24, rata-rata pH pada aerasi penuh mencapai 3,05, sedangkan rata-rata pH pada aerasi yang dihentikan di jam ke-6 mencapai 3,15. pH yang terlalu rendah dapat menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme. Aerasi yang dihentikan pada jam ke- 6 mengubah kondisi lingkungan fermentasi dari kondisi aerob menjadi anaerob, sehingga proses fermentasi untuk pembentukan etanol berjalan secara maksimal.
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Judul: Produksi Etanol Oleh Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Var. Ellipsoideus Dari Sirup Dekstrin Pati Sagu (Metroxylon Sp.) Menggunakan Metode Aerasi Penuh Dan Aerasi Dihentikan
Abstrak: Indonesia is known as the largest owner land of sago, with the area around 1 million ha, or 50% of 2 million ha of world sago area (Marsudi and Aprilia, 2006). The great potential of sago in Indonesia has not been used optimally. Thus far, only about 10% of the total national sago area that has been used to meet food and industry requirements. When sago is cultivated properly, it’s dried starch productivity would reach 25 ton/ha/year, much higher as compared to cassava 1,5 tons/ha/year, potatoes 2,5 tons/ha/year, and corn 5,5 tons/ha/year. (Sumaryono, 2007) This research is aimed to find the possibility of using dextrin as substrate for ethanol production, to see potentiality of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. ellipsoideus as the ethanol producer, also the selection of aeration rate and total sugar concentration for fermentation. More over, this research also aims to determine the influence of bioprocess engineering (full and stopped aeration) to biomass and ethanol production. In the first study conducted, fermentation was treated at different substrate concentrations (18%, 24%, 30%, 36% w/v) and two regimes of aeration (1 vvm and 2 vvm). It is found that the best treatment was obtained from fermentation at 30% substrate concentration and 1 vvm aeration rate, which produced the highest amount of biomass (2,98 g/l) with the value of μmaks was 0,29 hour-1. For the first six hour cultivation, biomass growth was still in log phase. The residual sugar content in substrate and the pH value decreased during the fermentation process. The decline of residual sugar contents in substrate showed the activity of cells that consumed dextrin as substrate. While changes in pH was due to the release of H+ during the consumption of NH4 +, also the use of amino acids as nitrogen source and the accumulation of by products such as organic acids from carbohydrate metabolism. Bioprocess engineering was done on the treatment selected, with the stop of aeration after its first 6 hours cultivation. In 24 hours of fermentation, ethanol produced was 24,94±0,16 g/l. This results was much higher than the treatment with full aeration which only produced ethanol as much as 21,25±0,55 g/l. The pH at the end of fermentation in full aeration reached 3,05, while in stop aeration was 3,15. The extreme low pH can prevent the growth of microorganisms. The stop of aeration after the first 6 hour aeration change the environment of the fermentation conditions from aerob to be anaerob, so that the fermentation process for the formation of ethanol can be maximized.
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Judul: Query Expansion based on Bilingual Dictionary Using Conditional Probability
Abstrak: Query expansion is a technique that can be used to bridge vocabulary gaps between queries and documents in the collection. With query expansion, user will be helped to formulate queries well so that user will optimize the search result. In this study, the expansion term was resulted from the translation of bilingual dictionary. Subsequently, several terms of expansion were elected based on the closeness of its relationship with the original query. This research showed that conditional probability can be used to select expansion term in bilingual translation method query expansion. The result of 1000 documents was more than 97% relevan document can be retrieved by this system. The more expansion term used, the larger number relevan document was retrieved.
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