Judul: Uji Kinerja dan Evaluasi Kelayakan Prototipe Separator Penyulingan Minyak Nilam
Abstrak: The purpose of this study was to conduct performance test and feasibility evaluation of patchouli oil separator prototype with flow of distillate more than 1.4 liters/minutes and maximum oil loss at 0.5%, and to compare it with the performance of separators used in an SME (small medium enterprise). Distillation vessel used has a capacity of 380 kg raw material . Performance test of a prototype separator is divided into two groups, i.e. group-A with rate of distillate flow below 1.5 liters/minutes and group-B with above 1.5 liters/minutes. Average distillate temperature is 32 °C in group-A and 38 °C in group-B. Average rate of distillate flow in group-A is 1.3 liters/minute and in group-B is 1.7 liters/minute. The total volume of the prototype separator is 180 liters, volume of the inner cylinder is 10.6 liters, and the holding time of group-A is 8.2 minutes and group-B is 6.2 minutes. The performance test of the SME separator resulted in average distillate temperature of 36 °C, and average distillate flow of 1.5 liters. The total volume of the SME separator is 80 liters, volume of the inner cylinder is 7 liters, and the holding time is 4.7 minutes. Average oil loss during the performance test for separator prototype group-A, group-B and the SME separator is 0.20%, 0.48% and 1.46% respectively. The performance of prototype separator is better than SME separator. The clearness of distillated water from prototype separator is better than from SME separator. Separator prototype is still shows good performance distillate flow of 1.7 liters/minute and distillate temperature below 45 °C.
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Judul: Efisiensi Energi Dan Kinerja Prototipe Alat Penyulingan Minyak Pala Berbahan Bakar Kayu
Abstrak: Indonesia is a richest country that has big enough nutmeg oil production in the world. Indonesian nutmeg oil contain high quality essential oil and its export quantities has dominated world market of Nutmeg oil. The increasing of fossil fuel price and its alternative have implicated to their availability, especially kerosene that usually used by Nutmeg oil distillators, as the primary fuel. Transformation of energy to energies with enough cheap price and available is need to minimize production cost. Two examples of them is wood and coals. In this recent time, the cheapest price is wood. The average of wood price is about Rp 500 / kg with the average of water contain is about 30%. Prototype of Nutmeg oil distillation equipments that examined is made to give a solution to distillation processor. Series of this prototype is divided to boiler, distillating cattle accomplying with material cattle and material fraction, spiral condensor with water container and oil separator. This prototype is examined by factors that suitable with recommended standardation and the former research that result as the best factors. From the refferences, the process is done by 12 hours to be efficient process, compare with the conventional time scale of process is about 30–48 hours. From this examining, the output that will be resulted are efficiency of heat energy, performance and the lacking of performance of the prototype. Input factor that used on this prototype is loading material into the cattle as much 300 kg of Nutmeg that have been crushed to the small pieces. The other factor is maintaining pressure in the cattle 1 atm gauge, and flow of condensate as 0.6 liter/hour.kg of material or same with 50 ml of distillate/second, and fluidizing of cooling water after the first hour distillation. Analysis of the average efficiency of energy of boiler results efficiency as 31,59%, the cattle as 91,79%, condenser as 90,87% for recovery efficiency and 99% for transfer efficiency. Beside that, efficiency of conducting pipes between boiler and cattle as 97,27%, and conducting pipes between to condenser cattle as 99,49%, and so the total of efficiency of energy on the distillatory is 25,54%. The distillate or oil from this distillation process has characteristic oil that suitable with SNI 06-2388-2006 about Nutmeg oil characteristics. Responses of combination values of density is about 0,904, refractive index is 1,478, its solution in ethanol 90% at temperature 20°C is 1:1, optical rotary is (+)16,8º, and vapor remain is 0,7%. Standardize from SNI of the density is about between 0,880-0,910, refractive index between 1,470-1,497, solution in ethanol 90% at temperature 20°C is 1:3 and then clarity, optical rotary between (+)8º-(+)25º, and vapor remain is 0,7%. After the examination and analysis of Nutmeg oil, the time of distillation process is determined by 14 hours. The comparation of distillation process with distillation held by common people, on one cycles of distillation process with material about 300 kg can get economical benefit from cost of fuel consumption and operators. Fuel consumption can be reduced to 1.5 million rupiah from changing 1 liter kerosene with price Rp 7.100,- to wooden
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Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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