Judul: Alkali Pretreatment Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dengan Microwave Heating pada Produksi Bioetanol
Abstrak: Pretreatment lignoselulosa adalah kunci pemanfaatan biomassa yang efisien dalam produksi bioetanol. Pemilihan NaOH sebagai pelarut pada proses pembuatan bioetanol menggunakan microwave didasari oleh nilai momen dipol yang tinggi sehingga kemampuan untuk menyerap gelombang lebih baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi NaOH dan lama waktu pemaparan microwave terhadap pembebasan selulosa dari lignin (degradasi lignin) dan membandingkan hasil uji lignin dan selulosa sebelum dan setelah pretreatment. Tandan kosong terlebih dahulu digiling hingga ukuran 60 mesh kemudian direndam dalam larutan NaOH dengan level konsentrasi 0.5 M, 0.75 M, dan 1 M. Kemudian diberi pemaparan microwave 1250 W dengan empat level waktu 6, 9, 12, 15 menit. Hasil variasi pretreatment diuji menggunakan metode Chesson-Datta dan dianalisis menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Pemberian larutan NaOH dan pemaparan microwave mampu menurunkan persentase lignin dan hemiselulosa serta meningkatkan persentase selulosa. Namun secara statistik peningkatan konsentrasi NaOH dan lama pemaparan microwave hanya berpengaruh nyata pada hemiselulosa. Lama waktu pemaparan gelombang microwave dan konsentrasi NaOH yang terbaik adalah 12 menit dan 1 M. Perbandingan data setelah pretreatment dengan data kontrol menunjukan bahwa metode pretreatment ini mampu memenuhi syarat pretreatment lignoselulosa. Hasil pengujian metode SNI dengan Metode Chesson-Datta berbeda, terutama lignin dan komponen lain-lain. Perbedaan hasil yang didapatkan tersebut, disebabkan oleh ketidakmampuan metode Chesson-Datta dalam melarutkan selulosa dari lignin secara sempurna dan tidak adanya koreksi abu.
Keyword: Alkali pretreatment, Bioetanol, Pretreatment microwave

Judul: Delignification of Cacao Pods Husk as a Raw Material for Bioethanol using Alkaline and Microwave Heating Methods
Abstrak: Sebagai negara produsen dan eksportir kakao terbesar di dunia, Indonesia memproduksi kakao sebanyak 720,66 ribu ton per tahun atau 14,34% dari produksi kakao dunia. Sebanyak 74% buah kakao merupakan limbah kulit kakao yang mengandung lignoselulosa dan berpotensi diolah menjadi bioetanol. Dalam memproduksi bioetanol ada beberapa tahapan, seperti pretreatment atau delignifikasi, hidrolisis, fermentasi, dan pemurnian. Tahap pretreatment dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kandungan selulosa/gula yang diproses lebih lanjut pada tahap hidrolisis. Pretreatment dapat dikombinasi seperti penggabungan metode secara fisika dan kimia. Penggunaan metode alkali dan pemanasan microwave merupakan bentuk penggabungan metode fisika dan kimia yang berguna untuk meningkatkan kandungan selulosa dan menurunkan kandungan lignin. Metode ini merupakan metode terbaik yang sudah dilakukan jika dibandingkan dengan metode lain. Larutan alkali yang digunakan yaitu NaOH karena memiliki sifat yang mampu mendegradasi lignin tanpa merusak struktur selulosa. Delignifikasi dilakukan dengan memberikan variasi konsentrasi NaOH 0,75 M; 1 M; dan 1,5 M dan variasi lama waktu paparan panas microwave 5; 7,5; dan 10 menit. Hasil variasi pretreatment diuji secara statistik menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Secara statistik, peningkatan konsentrasi larutan NaOH dan lama waktu paparan panas microwave memberikan pengaruh nyata untuk kandungan lignin dan selulosa. Konsentrasi NaOH dan waktu paparan microwave terbaik adalah 1 M dan 7,5 menit., As the largest producer and exporter of cocoa in the world, Indonesia produces approximately 720,66 thousand tons of cocoa per year, which accounts for 14,34% of global cocoa production. About 74% of cocoa fruits consist of cocoa husks, which contain lignocellulose and have the potential to be processed into bioethanol. The production of bioethanol involves several stages, such as pretreatment/delignification, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification. The pretreatment stage is conducted to obtain cellulose/sugar content that will be further processed in the hydrolysis stage. Pretreatment can be done by combining physical and chemical methods. The use of alkaline methods and microwave heating is a form of combining physical and chemical methods, which is useful for increasing cellulose content and reducing lignin content. This method has been proven to be the best compared to other methods. Alkali solutions, such as NaOH, are used because it can degrade lignin without damaging the cellulose structure. Delignification is carried out by varying the concentration of NaOH at 0,75 M, 1 M, and 1,5 M, and the exposure time to microwave heating at 5; 7,5; and 10 min. The results of the pretreatment variations are statistically tested using a completely randomized design. Statistically, increasing the concentration of NaOH solution and the duration of microwave heating significantly affect the lignin and cellulose content. The optimal NaOH concentration and microwave exposure time are 1 M and 7,5 min.
Keyword: alkaline, bioethanol, cacao pods husk, delignification, microwave heating

Judul: Ragam jenis ektoparasit burung tekukur (Streptopelia chinensis) dan burung puter (Streptopelia bitorquata) di penangkaran
Abstrak: Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove are the bird species that are easily raised in captivity. Nevertheless, good management is required to successfully breed and raise the birds in captivity; otherwise, the condition may endanger the sustainability of the two bird species. Information on ectoparasites on the bodies of this bird as well as their captivity breeding has not been available, although admittedly taking ectoparasites from these bird families has much been done so that a research is obviously needed. This study aimed to find out various kinds of Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove ectoparasites and to learn various kinds of parasitic insects around the Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove cages. The study was conducted from April to June 2010. The methods of data collection included the general condition of the location, collection of ectoparasites specimens, processing and specimens identification. The data analysis was done descriptively and tabulated with the degree of infestation. The kinds of ectoparasites from the class of insects found in the body of Spotted dove were Goniocotes sp. and Columbicola columbae of phthiraptera order and Pseudolynchia canariensis of diptera order, and arachnida class, that is, tungau from the pterolichidae family. In terms of ectoparasites, Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove were similar, except that Javan turtle dove had no Pseudolynchia canariensis. Goniocotes sp. and Columbicola columbae were mallopaga order (biting lice) and were obligate. The kinds of parasitic insects in the vicinity of Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove cages were from the Ordo Diptera. The diptera classified as parasites included Anopheles, Culex, Psychodidae, Culicoides and Simulium, most of them vectors of disease. The presence of ectoparasites was closely related to how a breeding place is managed.
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