Judul: Aktivitas Ekstrak Daun Alpukat dan Tanaman Kumis Kucing terhadap Daya Luruh Kalsium Oksalat secara In Vitro.
Abstrak: Kalsium oksalat menjadi komponen utama penyebab batu ginjal, yaitu sekitar 80% dari mineral yang membentuk batu ginjal. Daun alpukat dan tanaman kumis kucing dipercaya sebagai obat tradisional untuk menyembuhkan batu ginjal. Aktivitas daun alpukat dan tanaman kumis kucing dapat meluruhkan kalsium oksalat penyebab batu ginjal belum diketahui secara ilmiah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji aktivitas ekstrak daun alpukat dan tanaman kumis kucing terhadap daya luruh kalsium oksalat sebagai komponen utama penyusun batu ginjal secara in vitro. Ekstraksi dengan maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 70%. Rendemen ekstrak etanol daun alpukat sebesar 21.18%, sedangkan ekstrak etanol tanaman kumis kucing sebesar 12.88%. Hasil uji fitokimia menunjukkan adanya senyawa metabolit sekunder pada kedua ekstrak yang memiliki aktivitas terhadap daya luruh kalsium oksalat. Hasil uji kelarutan kalsium oksalat menunjukkan ekstrak tunggal daun alpukat memiliki aktivitas yang lebih baik dibandingkan ekstrak tunggal tanaman kumis kucing dan kombinasinya.
Keyword: batu ginjal, ekstrak daun alpukat, ekstrak tanaman kumis kucing, kalsium oksalat

Judul: Aktivitas Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun Alpukat dan Tanaman Kumis Kucing terhadap Daya Luruh Kalsium Oksalat In Vitro
Abstrak: Batu ginjal merupakan gangguan pada sistem ekskresi yang disebabkan adanya material seperti batu yang terbentuk dalam ginjal atau saluran urin. Kalsium oksalat adalah komponen utama penyusun batu ginjal yang terbentuk akibat adanya partikel-partikel pada larutan yang lewat jenuh. Senyawa flavonoid, fenolik, tanin, saponin, dan alkaloid yang terdapat pada daun alpukat dan tanaman kumis kucing diketahui memiliki aktivitas meluruhkan kristal kalsium oksalat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis aktivitas kombinasi ekstrak daun alpukat dan tanaman kumis kucing terhadap daya luruh kalsium oksalat penyusun utama batu ginjal secara in vitro. Ekstrak daun alpukat menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 21.18 % dan rendemen ekstrak tanaman kumis kucing sebesar 6.4 %. Hasil uji fitokimia pada kedua ekstrak menunjukkan adanya senyawa flavonoid. Hasil uji kombinasi ekstrak terhadap peluruhan kalsium menunjukkan hasil yang tidak sinergis.
Keyword: AAS, Batu ginjal, daun alpukat, kalsium oksalat, kumis kucing

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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