Judul: Potential of Prenylated Flavonoid Compounds in the Genus Erythrina as Leukemia Anticancer with In Silico
Abstrak: Leukemia merupakan salah satu jenis kanker yang banyak diderita anak di Indonesia. Protein STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) berperan penting dalam apoptosis sel kanker tersebut. Obat baru dikembangkan menggunakan metode in silico sebagai langkah untuk memprediksi senyawa dengan aktivitas terbaik sebagai inhibitor protein STAT3 sehingga penelitian dapat dilanjutkan secara in vitro dan in vivo. Penelitian ini bertujuan menapis secara virtual dengan teknik simulasi penambatan molekul senyawa dari genus Erythrina sebagai inhibitor protein STAT3 secara in silico. Interaksi yang ditelaah pada kajian ini ialah interaksi antara ligan dan reseptor, nilai energi berdasarkan perangkat lunak Vina, dan analisis farmakokinetik. Hasil penambatan menunjukkan 4 ligan uji yang paling efektif, yaitu erisenegalensein F; 2,3-dihidroaurikulatin; 5,2',4'- trihidroksi-7-metoksi-6-prenilisoflavon; dan orientanol F. Keempat ligan uji berikatan hidrogen dengan residu asam amino yang penting pada protein STAT3, Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects many children in Indonesia. STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) protein plays an essential role in cancer cell apoptosis. New drugs are developed using in silico methods to predict compounds with the best activity as STAT3 protein inhibitors so that research can continue with in vitro and in vivo methods. This study aims to screen virtually, using the molecular docking simulation technique of compounds from the Erythrina genus as inhibitors of the STAT3 protein with in silico method. The interactions studied in this study are interactions between ligands and receptors, energy values based on Vina software, and pharmacokinetic analysis. The docking results showed that the 4 test ligands were the most effective, namely erysenegalensein F; 2,3-dihydroauricularin; 5,2',4'-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-6- prenylysoflavon; and orientanol F. These ligands have hydrogen bond interactions with important amino acid residues in the STAT3 protein.
Keyword: erythrina, in silico, leukemia, STAT3, prenylated flavonoid

Judul: In Silico Identification of Bay Leaf (Syzygium polyanthum Wight.) Metabolites As EGFR-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
Abstrak: Syzygium polyanthum Wight. merupakan salah satu tanaman herbal yang telah diketahui memiliki berbagai aktivitas farmakologi termasuk potensi antikanker. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Tyrosine Kinase (EGFR-TK) merupakan sasaran terapi yg menarik karena seringkali terlibat dalam banyak kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif pada S. polyanthum Wight. yang mempunyai aktivitas penghambatan EGFR-TK dan memprediksi mekanismenya secara in silico. Piranti lunak PLANTS digunakan untuk penambatan molekuler dalam rangka penapisan virtual, dan interaksi ligan secara bersama-sama (combined docking) yang sebelumnya dilakukan penentuan grid box. Untuk analisis interaksi ligan-reseptor dan visualisasi menggunakan Pymol, Ligplot+ dan YASARA. Sebanyak 238 senyawa metabolit dalam daun S. polyanthum Wight. dihasilkan dari studi literatur. Struktur 3 dimensi EGFR-TK (kode:1M17) diunduh dari PDB dengan ligan alami 4-anilinakuinazolina sebagai ko-kristal. Proses validasi reseptor menghasilkan rerata RMSD 1,70 Å yang artinya proses penambatan dapat dianggap valid. Hasil penambatan molekuler diperoleh 5 senyawa terbaik dengan skor penambatan sebagai berikut 1-heptatriakotanol (-108,97), Z-heptatriakonten-2-on (-106,50), 2,6,10,15,19,23-heksametil-1,6,10,14,18,22-tetrakosaheksaen-3-ol (-99,05), hentriakontana (-97,22), dan skualena (-95,78). Sebagai pembanding, 4-anilinokuinazolina dan Gefitinib (inhibitor tirosin kinase komersial) berturut-turut memiliki nilai skor penambatan -97,45 dan -97,97. Dengan demikian kelima senyawa tersebut relatif jauh lebih berpotensi daripada inhibitor komersial yang ada. Hasil analisis penambatan kombinasi menghasilkan nilai skor penambatan sebesar -116,3. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi 5 senyawa terbaik Syzygium polyanthum Wight. tersebut jauh lebih baik dibandingkan dengan senyawa tunggalnya. Dari lima senyawa terbaik 2,6,10,15,19,23-heksametil-1,6,10,14,18,22-tetrakosaheksaen-3-ol, hentriakontana, dan skualena memenuhi tiga dari empat aturan Lipinski sehingga dianggap mirip dengan senyawa obat. Dari prediksi Absorpsi, Distribusi, Metabolisme, Toksisitas (ADMET), beraneka senyawa potensial ini mampu terabsorpsi dan diekskresikan dengan baik serta relatif tidak toksik. 1-heptatriakotanol dan Z-heptatriakonten-2-on memiliki bioavalabilitas cukup rendah. Meskipun demikian senyawa terbaik dalam S. polyanthum Wight. itu memiliki atom dan gugus ciri senyawa obat (pharmacophore) yang terkonfirmasi dari potensi penghambatan EGFR-TK yang sangat baik secara in silico sehingga dapat dikembangkan menjadi senyawa obat.
Keyword: inhibitor EGFR-Tirosin Kinase, kanker, penambatan molekuler, Syzygium polyanthum Wight

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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