Judul: Distribution of Hotspots as an Indicator of Forest and Land Fires in Various Land Covers in Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan
Abstrak: Kalimantan Timur selama lima tahun terakhir yaitu tahun 2016 hingga tahun 2020 mengalami kebakaran hutan dan lahan, khususnya di beberapa Kabupaten. Salah satu kabupaten yang memiliki titik panas (hotspot) terbanyak yaitu Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi sebaran spasial titik panas dan menganalisis hubungan curah hujan dengan titik panas sebagai indikator terjadinya kebakaran hutan dan lahan di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara tahun 2019–2020. Data titik panas yang digunakan diperoleh dari FIRMS, Data tutupan lahan dari KLHK, data adminitrasi Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara dan data curah hujan dari Badan Pusat Statistika. Data yang diperoleh diolah dengan aplikasi Arcgis 10.3, Microsoft excel dan MINITAB 18. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan titik panas yang terdeteksi pada tahun 2019 hingga tahun 2020 di Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara mencapai 5.323 titik panas. Kebakaran hutan dan lahan paling banyak terjadi pada tutupan lahan belukar dan belukar rawa. Kebakaran hutan dan lahan tahun 2019 diduga karena terjadi anomali iklim yang menyebabkan curah hujan lebih rendah. Hasil uji korelasi curah hujan dan titik panas memiliki korelasi negatif, yaitu penurunan curah hujan diikuti dengan kenaikan titik panas., East Kalimantan for the last five years, from 2016 to 2020, experienced forest and land fires, especially in several districts. One of the regencies that has the most hotspots is Kutai Kartanegara Regency. This study aims to identify the spatial distribution of hotspots and analyze the relationship between rainfall and hotspots as an indicator of forest and land fires in the Kutai Kartanegara Regency in 2019–2020. The hotspot data used was obtained from FIRMS, land cover data from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, administrative data from Kutai Kartanegara Regency, and rainfall data from the Central Statistics Agency. The data obtained were processed using the Arcgis 10.3 application, Microsoft excel, and MINITAB 18. The results showed that the hotspots detected in 2019 to 2020 in Kutai Kartanegara Regency reached 5,323 hotspots. Most forest and land fires occur in scrub and swamp cover. The forest and land fires in 2019 were thought to be due to a climate anomaly that caused lower rainfall. The results of the correlation test between rainfall and hotspots have a negative correlation, namely a decrease in rainfall followed by an increase in hotspots.
Keyword: fire, hotspot, Kutai Kartanegara, landcover, rainfall

Judul: Pengaruh Curah Hujan terhadap Penurunan Titik Panas (Hotspot) di Indonesia Pada Tahun 2019-2020
Abstrak: Kebakaran hutan dan lahan merupakan fenomena yang sering terjadi di Indonesia setiap tahunnya. Terlebih banyaknya perubahan alih fungsi lahan, seperti di Pulau Sumatera dan Pulau Kalimantan. Hal tersebut dapat dilihat seperti terjadi di provinsi Jambi, Sumatera Selatan, Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan Tengah. Faktor iklim dapat mempengaruhi terjadinya kebakaran hutan dan lahan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui hubungan antara titik panas dengan curah hujan terhadap terjadinya penurunan kebakaran hutan dan lahan di Indonesia pada tahun 2019 dan khususnya 2020 di provinsi Jambi, Sumatera Selatan, Kalimantan Barat dan Kalimantan Selatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan data titik panas NASA MODIS, peta administrasi, dan data curah hujan dari BMKG. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa curah hujan sangat berpengaruh terhadap jumlah titik panas, apabila curah hujan rendah maka titik panas tinggi dan sebaliknya. Bulan Juli sampai November menjadi musim kering pada tahun 2019, sedangkan tahun 2020 pada bulan Agustus sampai Oktober. Dari hasil uji korelasi P-Value hanya Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan yang dibawah batas 0,05 yaitu 0,041. Sedangkan dari hasil uji korelasi R-Person Provinsi Jambi memilki notasi psositif (+). Hal ini menandakan curah hujan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah titik panas di kedua provinsi tersebut., Forest and land fires (karhutla) are a phenomenon that often occurs in Indonesia every year. Moreover, there are many changes in land use, such as on the islands of Sumatra and Kalimantan. For example in Jambi, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan. Climatic factors can affect the occurrence of forest and land fires. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between hotspots and rainfall on the occurrence of forest and land fires in Indonesia 2019 to 2020. This study used NASA MODIS hotspot data, administrative maps, and rainfall data from the BMKG. The results of this study indicate that rainfall is very influential on the number of hotspots, if the rainfall is low then the hotspots is high and vice versa. July to November is the dry season in 2019, while 2020 is from August to October. From the results of the P-Value correlation test, only South Kalimantan Province is below the 0.05 limit, which is 0.041. Meanwhile, from the results of the R-Person correlation test, Jambi Province has a positive notation (+). Wich means that rainfall has no effect on the number of hotspot in the two provinces.
Keyword: fire, hotspot, precipitation, modis, correlation

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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