Judul: Identifikasi Keragaman Gen Calpastatin (CAST|MspI) pada Bangsa Sapi di Indonesia dengan Teknik PCR RFLP
Abstrak: Calpastatin (CAST) is a gene that inhibits degeredation of protein muscle. The increasing of calpastatin’s activity causes the increasing of hiperthropy, in the other hands decreasing meat tenderness. The objective of this research was to identify polymorphism of calpastatin (CAST-MspI) genes in Indonesian cattle breeds. This research used 283 Indonesian cattle breeds, they are bali cattle (100), madura cattle (68), pesisir cattle (50), aceh cattle (15), and katingan cattle (50). Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique was used to identify polymorphism of calpastatin genes in Indonesian cattle breeds. The result revealed two genotypes MM and MN and two alleles M and N. Genotype frequence of bali cattle, madura cattle, aceh cattle, and katingan cattle MM (1,00) were evidenced for the CAST|MspI monomorphism, but different from pesisir cattle MM (0,92) and MN (0,08) were the evidenced of polymorphism. Allele frequence of bali cattle, madura cattle, aceh cattle, and katingan cattle is 1,00, while allele frequence M and N of pesisir cattle are 0,96 and 0,04 respectively. The highest M allele frequency was found in the bali, madura, aceh, and katingan cattle population (1,00) and the lowest one was found in pesisir cattle (0,96). The heterozygosity value of bali cattle, madura cattle, aceh cattle, and katingan cattle is 0,00, while the heterozygosity value of pesisir cattle is 0,08. Based on the analysis, Indonesian cattle breeds (bali cattle, madura cattle, aceh cattle, and katingan cattle except pesisir cattle) are monomorphic in calpastatin gene.
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Judul: Identifikasi Keragaman Gen Calpastatin (CAST) pada Bangsa Sapi Pedaging dengan Teknik PCR-RFLP.
Abstrak: Gen calpastatin merupakan salah satu gen mempengaruhi keempukan daging dan memiliki fungsi sebagai penghambat protein sel otot. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi keragaman gen CAST pada bangsa sapi pedaging (bali, limousin, dan PO). Total sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 127 sampel, terdiri dari 48 sampel sapi bali, 19 sampel sapi limousin dan 60 sampel sapi PO. Sampel berasal dari darah masing-masing sapi. Teknik PCR-RFLP digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi keragaman gen CAST menggunakan enzim restriksi Cfr13I. Analisis data menggunakan frekuensi alel, frekuensi genotipe, dan keseimbangan Hardy-Weinberg. Fragmen yang dihasilkan dari amplifikasi gen CAST memiliki panjang 624 bp yang terletak pada intron 15 dengan suhu annealing 60 oC selama 10 detik. Hasil genotyping CAST|Cfr13I menunjukkan sapi bali memiliki alel polimorfik, frekuensi alel G (0.68) lebih tinggi dari alel A (0.32). Frekuensi alel G (1.00) pada sapi limousin dan PO. Keragaman gen CAST pada sapi limousin dan PO bersifat monomorfik dan pada populasi sapi bali bersifat polimorfik.
Keyword: gen calpastatin, keragaman, PCR-RFLP, sapi pedaging

Judul: Impact Of water policy on poverty reduction and women roles in water management In Zimbabwe
Abstrak: Water management is a key factor in the battle to remove the scourge of extreme poverty and to build secure and prosperous lives for people in the developing world. The water sector in Zimbabwe is complicated by the large number of actors; it is interwoven within various ministries. The research used secondary data and review of literature to evaluate how the current water policy has contributed towards marginalising women and the poor. It looked at how actors can also marginalise or put other actors at risk thereby undermining their role through prioritisation of certain projects, stakeholder participation and usage policy. From a descriptive analysis it is found that women are further relegated and marginalised. The poor are further impoverished through marginalisation and vulnerability. The policy environment favours business and state interests against those of grassroots actors and women. It recommends the establishment of home grown pro- poor water management strategies.
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