Judul: Penapisan Fitokimia, Ekstraksi, Fraksionasi, dan Ulasan Potensi Temu Putih (Curcuma zedoaria) sebagai Antibakteri
Abstrak: Temu putih (Curcuma zedoaria) adalah tanaman obat yang dapat digunakan untuk mengobati penyakit akibat infeksi bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan menapis fitokimia, memfraksionasi fraksi n-heksana, dan mengulas potensi rimpang tanaman ini sebagai antibakteri. Sampel dimaserasi dengan metanol kemudian diekstraksi cair-cair berturut-turut dengan pelarut n-heksana dan etil asetat. Senyawa fitokimia ditapis pada ekstrak metanol dan fraksi n-heksana. Fraksi n-heksana difraksionasi menggunakan kromatografi radial (KR) dan kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) preparatif. Potensi temu putih diulas berdasarkan studi pustaka. Metabolit sekunder yang terkandung dalam fraksi n-heksana adalah alkaloid dan triterpenoid. Dari fraksionasi fraksi n-heksana menggunakan KR diperoleh enam fraksi. Salah satu fraksi dilanjutkan pemurniannya menggunakan KLT preparatif, menghasilkan tiga fraksi dan salah satu fraksinya membentuk kristal. Penelusuran pustaka mengungkapkan bahwa ekstrak temu putih memiliki potensi lebih tinggi sebagai antibakteri terhadap bakteri Gram positif dibandingkan dengan tanaman satu genus atau berbeda genus dalam famili Zingiberaceae.
Keyword: antibakteri, fraksi n-heksana, Gram positif, temu putih

Judul: Studi Literatur Senyawa Terpenoid Temu Putih (Curcuma zedoaria) dan Potensinya sebagai Antibakteri
Abstrak: Temu putih (Curcuma zedoaria) tergolong tanaman obat tradisional yang banyak digunakan untuk penyakit tersebab infeksi bakteri. Aktivitas antibakteri rimpangnya banyak dikaitkan dengan komponen metabolit sekunder dari golongan nonfenolik seperti terpenoid. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan menguraikan senyawa terpenoid yang teridentifikasi dari temu putih, dan menganalisis aktivitas antibakteri dari temu putih, serta menganalisis hubungan struktur terpenoid dengan aktivitasnya sebagai antibakteri. Terdapat total 112 senyawa terpenoid yang teridentifikasi pada minyak atsiri temu putih, di antaranya 30 monoterpenoid, 79 seskuiterpenoid, dan 3 diterpenoid. Sebanyak 14 terpenoid pada temu putih memiliki aktivitas antibakteri, sebagian besar terpenoid tersebut merupakan jenis terpena teroksigenasi, siklik, dan umumnya bersifat bakteriostatik. Aktivitas antibakteri pada ekstrak temu putih memiliki spektrum yang luas dan memiliki respons hambatan yang sangat kuat terhadap bakteri Gram positif. Faktor gugus fungsi, enantiomer, dan panjang rantai hidrokarbon yang terhubung ke gugus hidroksil dapat berpengaruh terhadap aktivitas antibakteri, sedangkan jumlah ikatan rangkap, struktur asiklik, monosiklik dan/atau bisiklik tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap aktivitas antibakteri.
Keyword: Antibacterial, Structural relationship, Temu putih, Terpenoid, antibacterial, structural relationship, temu putih, terpenoid

Judul: Mixed effect models for high –dimensional longitudinal data with latent variables
Abstrak: A set of data that consist of repeated measurements on a large number of outcomes and covariates are known as high-dimensional longitudinal data. The high-dimensional longitudinal data may consist of several effects of interest that cannot be directly measured, known as latent factors or latent variables. During the last decade, the multivariate responses or high-dimensional in longitudinal data have been a big issue. The analysis of high-dimensional longitudinal data is complicated due to its complex correlation structures between outcomes. To understand changes over time of outcome variables, having correlations in individuals with explanatory variables is not enough. Hence, complex correlation structures between outcomes need to be considered. One approach that is commonly used to overcome high-dimensional longitudinal data is simultaneous equation modeling. A well-known simultaneous equation modeling method is the structural equation model (SEM). This approach has several appealing modeling abilities and can be used for high-dimensional longitudinal data. Under the SEM framework, the continuous time SEM is developed to avoid some issues associated with autoregressive and cross-lagged problems in SEM. Another simultaneous equation modeling method is by combining factor analysis and multivariate analysis methods to overcome high dimensional longitudinal data, namely latent factor linear mixed model (LFLMM). The factor analysis is used to reduce the high-dimensional outcomes, and the multivariate linear mixed model is used to study the longitudinal trends of several latent factors. One example of high-dimensional longitudinal data is the General Election Study. This study is carried out repeatedly to observe tendencies towards political attitudes and behavior over time in Belgium. The data contain political information, knowledge, perceptions, and preferences of a political party and the level of participation in politics. One of the most interesting things to study from the data is to analyze the change of political attitudes and behavior of respondents over time. Also, the relationship of changes in these outcomes is important to analyze. The General Election Study in Belgium was designed to include a representative sample of the target population under the Belgian electorate, so accurate estimates about the population could be made. This sampling design was created by the Institute for Social and Political Opinion (ISPO) and the Inter-university Center for Political Opinion Research (PIOP). The Belgian data set contained three subsamples, the Flemish (Dutch-speaking), the Walloon (French-speaking), and the Brussels Capital Region (Dutch and French-speaking). Several studies conducted on the Belgium data are carried out to understand the relationships between the latent variables Individualism (I), Ethnocentrism (E), and Authoritarianism (A) in Flanders. Cross-sectional or a longitudinal studies have also been carried out. In such cases, it is critical to capture the trend of the latent variables over time and, more importantly, whether there is any association or relationships between the development of nationalism (N), ethnocentrism (E), individualism (I), and authoritarianism (A) in Belgium. An empirical analysis of CT-SEM has been done to present the interdependencies among the four latent variables mentioned above on the basis of the General Election Studies for Belgium in 1991, 1995, and 1999 (Interuniversitair steunpunt politieke-opinieonderzoek, 1991, 1995, 1999). Although the four variables have been the subject of
Keyword: Belgium, CT-SEM, high-dimensional longitudinal data, LFLMM, Supplemented EM Algorithm