Judul: Respon Otot Polos Ileum Kelinci Lokal Terhadap Medan Magnet 60 dan 420 Gauss Secara In Vitro dengan Variasi Suhu Tyrode
Abstrak: The digestive system in the living body involving the small intestinal organs, which included Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels which play an important role in smooth muscle contraction. Observations on smooth muscle contraction performed on isolated ileum of rabbits that had just died and placed in a organbath that has been filled with tyrode 37 °C. Amplitude, frequency, and strength of contractions were measured using the Force Sensor Data Acquisition System with the application of ADInstruments Australia. Magnetic field of 60 and 420 Gauss can increase the amplitude and force of contraction, and reduce the frequency of contractions. Increasing magnetic field will decrease the contraction of smooth muscle in the body due to the weakening of ions performance in the body. However, when the temperature of tyrode is decreased from 20 to 40 °C the amplitude and force of contraction are increased. The frequency of contractions tend to be constant at any temperature, except for 20 °C where the frequency of contractions is very different compared to other temperatures. If the temperature is too low the contraction of ileum is not stable or even non-exist, which probably indicates the dead of the intestine.
Keyword: temperature, smooth muscle, the magnetic field

Judul: Perubahan Kontraksi Otot Longitudinal  Usus Halus Kelinci Akibat Paparan  Medan Listrik Dan Magnet Secara In Vitro
Abstrak: Effects of electric and magnetic field on living tissue have drawn scientist’s attention because of it’s widespreads use on many major of life. In this experiment, static electric field 7,5, 15, 22,5, 30, 37,5, and 45 V/m and magnetic field strength from 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 Gauss were used to investigate contraction alteration on longitudinal smooth muscle contraction of rabbit small intestine. Electric field did not affect alteration of amplitude and contraction’s frequency on duodenum, jejenum, and ileum. Magnetic field exposure on duodenum and ileum had amplitude alteration pattern that increased in field power of 30 Gauss. This pattern is suspected related with hormesis phenomena. Duodenum amplitude’s alterations was not significant, jejenum amplitudes significantly decreased on 90 Gauss, while ileum amplitude significantly differed with control on 90, 120, and 180 Gauss, but magnetic field did not affect contraction’s frequency. Small intestine contract autonomically. Electric and magnetic fields are suspected influence ion transportation for contraction of small intestine such as Ca2+, Na+, K+ , ion channnel and neurotransmitter of intrinsic plexus that play a role in controlling smooth muscle contraction.
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Judul: Impact Of water policy on poverty reduction and women roles in water management In Zimbabwe
Abstrak: Water management is a key factor in the battle to remove the scourge of extreme poverty and to build secure and prosperous lives for people in the developing world. The water sector in Zimbabwe is complicated by the large number of actors; it is interwoven within various ministries. The research used secondary data and review of literature to evaluate how the current water policy has contributed towards marginalising women and the poor. It looked at how actors can also marginalise or put other actors at risk thereby undermining their role through prioritisation of certain projects, stakeholder participation and usage policy. From a descriptive analysis it is found that women are further relegated and marginalised. The poor are further impoverished through marginalisation and vulnerability. The policy environment favours business and state interests against those of grassroots actors and women. It recommends the establishment of home grown pro- poor water management strategies.
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