Judul: Screening of Halophilic and Halotolerant  Protease-producing Microorganisms from the Bima Salt Pond with Krosok Salt  Media
Abstrak: Kebutuhan protease di Indonesia semakin meningkat seiring berjalannya waktu, namun masih bergantung pada impor. Keperluan akan protease tahan garam untuk memenuhi industri tersebut, bisa didapatkan dari mikroorganisme ladang garam. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi mikroorganisme halofilik dan halotoleran yang diisolasi dari Ladang Garam di daerah Bima menggunakan media artifisial dengan penambahan garam krosok dari Bima untuk melihat potensi mikroorganisme tersebut sebagai penghasil enzim protease. Metode identifikasi mikroorganisme meliputi isolasi, seleksi isolat proteolitik dengan nilai IP>1, pewarnaan Gram, ekstraksi DNA, amplifikasi, dan sekuensing gen 16S rRNA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 116 isolat halofilik dan 43 isolat halotoleran berhasil diisolasi pada media dengan penambahan 15%, 20%, dan 5% garam krosok Bima. Sebanyak 28 isolat bersifat proteolitik yang ditandai dengan zona bening pada media susu skim 2%. Identifikasi 8 dari 9 isolat proteolitik terpilih berdasarkan gen 16S rRNA memiliki kemiripan 99%-100%. Isolat BM3-4a, BM4-7a, BM4-2a, BM16-2a, BM4-3a, BM4-4a, dan BM7-2b mirip Halobacillus sp. dan isolat BM4-1a mirip Bacillus sp., The demand for protease in Indonesia is growing steadily, but it was still dependent on imports. The need for salt-resistant protease to fulfill the industry could be obtained from solar salt pond microorganisms. This study aimed to isolate and identify halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms isolated from Salt Ponds in Bima using artificial media with the addition of solar salt from Bima to assess the potential of these microorganisms as protease enzyme producers. Microorganism identification methods included isolation, selection of proteolytic isolates with IP>1 value, Gram staining, DNA extraction, amplification, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results showed that 116 halophilic isolates and 43 halotolerant isolates were successfully isolated on media with the addition of 15%, 20%, and 5% Bima solar salt. A total of 28 isolates were proteolytic characterized by a clear zone on 2% skim milk media. Identification of 8 out of 9 selected proteolytic isolates based on 16S rRNA gene had 99%-100% similarity. Isolates BM3-4a, BM4-7a, BM4-2a, BM16-2a, BM4-3a, BM4-4a, and BM7-2b were similar to Halobacillus sp., and isolate BM4-1a was similar to Bacillus sp.
Keyword: bakteri halofilik, bakteri halotoleran, garam krosok, protease

Judul: Screening of Halophilic and Halotolerant Microorganisms Producing Protease from Lombok Salt Pans Using Solar Salt Medium
Abstrak: Ladang garam merupakan salah satu lingkungan dengan kondisi garam tinggi, menjadikannya habitat potensial bagi mikroorganisme halofilik dan halotoleran. Mikroorganisme ini memiliki kemampuan untuk menghasilkan enzim protease yang penting dalam berbagai aplikasi industri, baik industri pangan maupun non pangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi mikroorganisme halofilik dan halotoleran penghasil protease dari Ladang Garam Lombok menggunakan media garam krosok. Metode penelitian ini meliputi isolasi mikroorganisme menggunakan media selektif dengan berbagai konsentrasi garam, dilanjutkan dengan uji aktivitas protease melalui metode hidrolisis kasein menggunakan media Skim Milk Agar (SMA) 2%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 29 isolat mampu memproduksi enzim protease, di antaranya sembilan isolat menunjukkan aktivitas protease yang tinggi yaitu isolat 1-1a, 1-3b, 7-5b, 20-1a, 21-2a, 22-1a, 22-2a, 22-3a, dan 12-2b dengan rata- rata indeks proteolitik diatas 1,77 (IP = 1,77). Identifikasi molekuler pada gen 16S rRNA menunjukkan bahwa isolat tersebut termasuk dalam genus Planococcus, Exiguobacterium, Thalassobacillus, Halobacillus, dan Bacillus., Salt pans are one of the environments with high salt conditions, making them a potential habitat for halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms. These microorganisms have the ability to produce protease enzymes that are important in various industrial applications, both in the food and non-food industries. This study aimed to isolate and identify halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms producing protease from Lombok Salt Pans using Solar Salt Medium (SSM). The research methods included the isolation of microorganisms using selective media with various salt concentrations followed by the testing of protease activity through casein hydrolysis using 2% Skim Milk Agar (SMA). The results showed that 29 isolates were able to produce protease, with nine isolates exhibiting high protease activity: isolates 1-1a, 1-3b, 7-5b, 20-1a, 21-2a, 22-1a, 22-2a, 22-3a, and 12-2b with an average proteolytic index above 1.77 (PI = 1.77). Molecular identification of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that these isolates belong to the genus Planococcus, Exiguobacterium, Thalassobacillus, Halobacillus, and Bacillus.
Keyword: protease, halofilik, halotoleran, ladang garam, media garam krosok

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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