Judul: Application of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic to enchance the immune response of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibrio harveyi infection
Abstrak: Probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic are now widely used in aquaculture and showed their capability in controlling the bacterial disease. The aim of this study was to the test the effectiveness of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic in enhancing the immune response of shrimp againts Vibrio harveyi infection. This research comprised of 5 treatments, namely: control P0(+), control P0(-), 1% probiotic (P1), 2% prebiotic (P2) and synbiotic (1% probiotic+2% prebiotic: P3). Probiotic SKT-b (dose 106 CFU/ml) was supplemented into bacterial feed. Prebiotic used in this study was oligosaccharides derived from sweet potato varietie of Sukuh (2% of the feed weight). Shrimp used in this study was Litopenaeus vannamei larvae (±3.5 g in weight). Shrimp were cultured aquaria 60x35x30 cm3 filled with 40 L seawater for 28 days. Immune response parameters observed including total hemocyte, phagocytic activity and phenoloxidase activity (PO). Each parameter was observed 9 times, i.e at 0, 7 and 14 day of culture and after a challenge test, i.e at the 6, 12, 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours post infection. Post-test results showed that the highest survival P3 treatment (100%), followed by P1(90%), P2(83%), and P0(+)(60%) showed by respectively. The results of the immune response observed during the study showed the highest in P3 (total hemocyte 3,36±0,05- 9,32±0,05x106 cells/ml, phagocytic activity of 16,48±0,14-77,55±0,22% and PO activity 0,128±0,03-0,591±0,01) and the lowest was P0(+) (total hemocyte 3,15±0,16-4,53±0,33x106 cell/ml; phagocytic activity 10,15±0,10-20,78±0,34% and PO activity 0,128±0,03-0,181±0,03). From this study, we concluded that the addition synbiotic into the feed can improve the immune response of shrimp better than the other treatments.
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Judul: Pemberian prebiotik, probiotik, dan sinbiotik untuk pengendalian ko-infeksi bakteri Vibrio harveyi dan IMNV (Infectious Myonecrosis Virus) pada udang vaname Litopenaeus vanname
Abstrak: This study aimed to examine the influence of prebiotic, probiotic, and sinbiotic against survival and immune response of white shrimp challenged with coinfection of Vibrio harveyi and the IMNV virus. Shrimp that with a body weigth of 2,04±0.20 g/animal, was kept at 20 shrimps per aquarium with size 60 x 30 x 35 cm. The study was conducted with five treatments consisted of K (+) (without the addition of prebiotic, probiotic and sinbiotic with co-infection), K (-) (without the addition of prebiotic, probiotic and sinbiotic and without co-infection), P1 (the addition of prebiotik with co-infection), P2 (the addition of probiotic with coinfection), and P3 (the addition of sinbiotik with co-infection). The results showed that prebiotic, probiotic and sinbiotic treatment have better influence than the K (+) treatment. The survival of prebiotic, probiotic, and sinbiotic treatment were higher (70,83%-79,17%) than K(+) treatment (50,00%) and a better immune response were also observed.
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Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular