Judul: Low Emission Policies of G20 Member Countries and Export Performance of Indonesian Motor Vehicles
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara eksportir kendaraan bermotor di dunia dengan peringkat ke-14 dunia, peringkat ke-11 G20, dan peringkat ke-2 ASEAN. Fenomena peningkatan emisi dari sektor transportasi memicu negara G20 menerapkan kebijakan rendah emisi melalui kebijakan kendaraan listrik (electric vehicle policy). Timbulnya kekhawatiran penurunan ekspor kendaraan bermotor berbahan bakar minyak Indonesia ke negara anggota G20. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan kinerja ekspor kendaraan bermotor Indonesia ketika kebijakan EVP diterapkan di 11 negara anggota G20 dalam periode 2012-2021. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah RCA, EPD, X-Model dan regresi data panel. Hasil analisis RCA menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki daya saing komparatif di Meksiko, Arab Saudi, dan Afrika Selatan. Secara EPD dan X-Model, kendaraan bermotor Indonesia didominasi posisi falling star dan pasar kurang potensial. Analisis regresi data panel menunjukkan variabel GDP perkapita negara tujuan, dummy EVP Indonesia, dummy EVP negara tujuan positif dan signifikan. Sedangkan variabel jarak ekonomi berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan, tetapi variabel nilai tukar riil, tarif impor, dan dummy Covid-19 tidak signifikan., Indonesia is one of the world's motor vehicle exporters, ranking 14th globally, 11th in the G20, and 2nd in ASEAN. The increasing emissions from the transportation sector have prompted the G20 countries to implement a low-emission policy through an electric vehicle policy. Concerns arose over the decline in Indonesia's exports of oil-fueled motor vehicles to G20 member countries. This study aims to analyze differences in the performance of Indonesia's motor vehicle exports when the EVP policy was implemented in 11 G20 member countries in 2012-2021. RCA, EPD, X-Model, and panel data regression are the research methods used. The results of the RCA analysis show that Indonesia has comparative competitiveness with Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa. Regarding EPD and X-Model, Indonesian motor vehicle products are in a Falling Star position with less potential market development. Panel data regression analysis shows that the variable GDP per capita of the destination country, Indonesia's dummy EVP, destination country's dummy EVP is positive and significant. Meanwhile, the economic distance variable has a negative and significant effect, but real exchange rate, import tariffs, and dummy Covid-19 not significant.
Keyword: automotive, electric vehicle, G20, low emission, panel data regression

Judul: Competitiveness and Factors Affecting Indonesia's Automotive Exports to the ASEAN Region
Abstrak: Sektor otomotif merupakan bagian dari sektor industri manufaktur yang berkontribusi besar terhadap GDP Indonesia. Pasar ASEAN merupakan paar yang sangat potensial, namun Indonesia hanya menempati urutan kedua dalam penguasaan pasar perdagangan otomotif di kawasan ini. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis posisi daya saing dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor otomotif Indonesia ke kawasan ASEAN. Selanjutnya dalam penelitian ini menggunakan alat analisis Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) dan data panel untuk menjawab tujuan-tujuan tesebut. Periode dalam penelitian ini adalah enam tahun (2013-2018) dengan negara tujuan ekspor adalah Brunei Darusallam, Kamboja, Malaysia, Myanmar, Laos, Filipina, Singapura, Thailand dan Vietnam. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa otomotif Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif di negara Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, Filipina, Laos, Thailand, dan Vietnam sedangkan sisanya memiliki daya saing lemah. Hasil analisis data panel menunjukkan bahwa GDP riil perkapita negara tujuan, pertumbuhan populasi negara tujuan, harga ekspor dan nilai tukar riil berpengaruh signifikan terhadap volume ekspor otomotif Indonesia., The automotive sector is a part of the manufacturing industry sector which contributes greatly to Indonesia's GDP. The ASEAN market is a very potential market, but Indonesia is only takes the second position in the dominance of the automotive market shares in this region. The purpose of this research is to analyze the position of competitiveness and the factors that influence Indonesia's automotive exports to the ASEAN region. Furthermore, in this research using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) analysis tools and panel data to answer these objectives. The period in this study is six years (2013-2018) with the export destination countries being Brunei Darusallam, Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Laos, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The results of the analysis show that Indonesian automotive has a comparative advantage in Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, the Philippines, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam while the rest have weak competitiveness. The results of panel data analysis show that the real GDP per capita of the destination country, population growth of the destination country, export prices and real exchange rate have a significant effect on the volume of Indonesia's automotive exports.
Keyword: RCA, Data Panel, Otomotif, Negara Kawasan ASEAN

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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