Judul: Gambaran Resistensi Escherichia coli Asal Feses Sapi Australia Terhadap Beberapa Jenis Antibiotika.
Abstrak: Bakteri Escherichia coli adalah bakteri normal yang ada di dalam saluran pencernaan. Bakteri ini dapat menjadi agen predisposisi penyakit gastrointestinal pada sapi. Antibiotik sering digunakan dalam pengobatan bakteri ini. Selain itu, antibiotik juga sering digunakan dalam imbuhan pakan pada sapi Australia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui resistensi bakteri Escherichia coli yang ada pada isolat feses sapi asal Australia terhadap antibiotika eritromisin, seftazidim, sefpodoksim, norfloksasin, dan tetrasiklin. Pengujian resistensi Escherichia coli terhadap antibiotik dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar yang didasarkan pada hubungan ukuran zona hambat dan sensitivitas bakteri. Hasil yang diperoleh kemudian dibandingkan dengan Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Escherichia coli memiliki tingkat resistensi yang bervariasi terhadap antibiotik. Tingkat resistensi paling tinggi ditunjukkan oleh bakteri E.coli terhadap eritromisin, yaitu sebesar 90%. Resistensi dari antibiotik tetrasiklin dan norfloksasin masing-masing sebesar 40% dan 20%. Antibiotik seftazidime dan sefpodoksim masih aman dalam penggunaan karena hasil menunjukkan sensitif 100%.
Keyword: antibiotik, Escherichia coli, resistensi

Judul: Profil Resistensi Eschericia coli Asal Feses Sapi Bakalan Impor Terhadap Beberapa Antibiotika.
Abstrak: Permintaan produk daging sapi terus meningkat dan belum mampu dipenuhi dari produksi domestik. Impor sapi berpotensi membawa agen-agen penyakit yang penting untuk diwaspadai salah satunya adalah adanya foodborne bakteri yang resisten terhadap beberapa jenis antibiotika. Resistensi Escherichia coli terhadap berbagai antibiotika telah banyak dilaporkan. E. coli asal isolat sapi impor Australia juga memiliki kemungkinan terjadinya resistensi, oleh karena itu diperlukan informasi tentang kepekaan E. coli isolat sapi impor asal australia terhadap beberapa jenis antibiotika. Pengujian resistensi antibiotika dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi cakram (disc diffusion method). Suspensi bakteri diambil dan diletakan diatas Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) kemudian diratakan dengan pipa gelas dan keping antibiotika diletakkan diatas biakkan bakteri. Hasil pengujian resitensi diperoleh dengan cara mengukur diameter zona hambat menggunakan penggaris dan ditentukan kepekaannya terhadap antimikrobial dengan mengukur zona hambat yang terbentuk. Hasil pengukuran zona hambat tersebut diinterpretasikan dengan mengacu pada standar Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Hasil dari uji resistensi 10 isolat E. coli asal feses sapi bakalan impor menunjukkan bahwa E. coli resisten terhadap antibiotika siprofloksasin dengan persentase 20%, fosfomisin 10% dan nitrofurantoin 10%.
Keyword: resistensi, Escheria coli, antibiotika

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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