Judul: Effect of Extraction Time on The Characteristics of Starch Fish Skin Gelatin
Abstrak: Gelatin merupakan produk hidrolisis protein kolagen kulit dan tulang hewan yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam berbagai industri pangan maupun nonpangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan perbandingan waktu ekstraksi terbaik untuk membuat gelatin, serta karakteristik fisik-kimia gelatin kulit ikan patin. Waktu yang digunakan untuk proses ekstraksi yaitu 6, 8 dan 10 jam. Waktu terbaik ditentukan berdasarkan karakteristik gelatin yang dihasilkan menggunakan analisis ANOVA dengan uji lanjut Duncan. Perlakuan terbaik didapatkan pada perlakuan waktu ekstraksi 8 jam. Perlakuan tersebut menghasilkan rendemen 17,64±0,18%; kadar air 10,22±0,18%; kadar abu 0,26±0,02%; pH 5,50±0,49; setting point 20,83±0,83ºC; viskositas 63,0±2,0 mps; dan kekuatan gel 204,688±4,52 bloom. Karakteristik gelatin yang dihasilkan telah sesuai dengan standar GMIA 2019 dan SNI 8622-2018. Analisis logam berat gelatin menunjukkan bahwa gelatin yang dibuat tidak terdeteksi logam berat arsen (As), merkuri (Hg), cadmium (Cd) dan timbal (Pb)., Gelatin is a product of hydrolysis of animal skin and bone collagen protein that can be used in various food and non-food industries. This study aims to determine the ratio of the best extraction time to make gelatin, as well as the physico-chemical characteristics of catfish skin gelatin. The time used for the extraction process is 6, 8 and 10 hours. The best time was determined based on the characteristics of the gelatin produced using ANOVA analysis with Duncan’s further test. The best treatment was obtained at the extraction time of 8 hours. This treatment resulted in a yield 17.64±0.18%; water content 10.22±0.18%; ash content 0.26±0.02%; pH 5.50±0.49; setting point 20.83 ± 0.83ºC; viscosity 63.0±2.0 mps; and gel strenght 204.688±4.52 bloom. The characteristics of the gelatin produced are in accordance with the GMIA 2019 standard and SNI 8622-2018. Heavy metal analysis of gelatin showed that the gelatin made did not detect heavy metals arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb).
Keyword: catfish, exctraction time, gelatin, heavy metal

Judul: Effect of Citrict Acid Soaking Volume and Time on Catfish Skin for Optimazion of Gelatin Extraction
Abstrak: Gelatin berasal dari protein kolagen yang diperoleh melalui hidrolisis kolagen kulit dan tulang hewan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan kapsul keras. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mendapatkan formula proses pembuatan gelatin optimal dari kulit ikan patin dengan Response Surface Methodology (RSM) serta dilakukan analisis fisik dan kimia kapsul keras gelatin. Rancangan eksperimen yang digunakan yaitu Central Composite Design (CCD) yang terdiri dari dua variabel yaitu volume asam sitrat (300 mL, 400 mL dan 500 mL) dan waktu perendaman asam sitrat (6 jam, 12 jam dan 18 jam) pada suhu ekstraksi 65°C selama 8 jam dengan delapan respon yaitu rendemen, kadar air, kadar abu, pH, kekuatan gel, viskositas, setting point dan melting point. Ekstraksi gelatin optimal pada perlakuan volume 500 mL dan waktu perendaman 18 jam menghasilkan gelatin dengan kualitas yang telah sesuai standar GMIA 2019 dan SNI 86222018. Nilai validasi keadaan optimal yang diperoleh yaitu rendemen 22,41±0,20% kadar air 6,72±0,40%; kadar abu 0,30±0,05%; pH 5,26±0,02; kekuatan gel 266,08±14,68 bloom; viskositas 59±0,16 mps; setting point 20,33±1,5°C; dan melting point 24,67±1,52°C. Karakteristik kapsul keras yang dihasilkan telah sesuai dengan standar Depkes RI 1995., Gelatin is derived from collagen protein obtained through hydrolysis of animal skin and bone collagen which can be used as raw material for making hard capsules. The research was conducted to obtain the optimal formula for the process of making gelatin from catfish skin with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and physical and chemical analysis of hard gelatin capsules were carried out. The experimental design was the Central Composite Design (CCD) which consisted of two variables, namely the volume of citric acid (300 mL, 400 mL and 500 mL) and the immersion time of citric acid (6 hours, 12 hours and 18 hours) at an extraction temperature of 65°C for 8 hours with eight responses, namely yield, water content, ash content, pH, gel strength, viscosity, setting point and melting point. Optimal gelatin extraction at treatment volume of 500 mL and soaking time of 18 hours produced gelatin with quality that complies with GMIA 2019 and SNI 8622-2018 standards. The optimal validation value obtained was yield of 22,41±0,20% water content 6,72±0,40%; ash content 0,30±0,05%; pH 5,26±0,02; gel strength 266,08±14,68 bloom; viscosity 59±0,16 mps; setting point 20,33±1,5°C; and a melting point of 24,67±1,52°C. The characteristics of the hard capsules produced are in accordance with the 1995 Ministry of Health standards.
Keyword: Catfish, Gelatin, Hard capsule, Optimal, Response Surface Methodology

Judul: Etno-ornitologi Burung Kancilan Flores (Pachycephala nudigula nudigula Hartert 1897) pada Masyarakat Lio di Taman Nasional Kelimutu
Abstrak: Bare-throathed whistler is one of several wild birds in Kelimutu National Park (TNKL) that is believed to have correlation with Lio Community‟s belief. The estimation of Bare-throated whistler‟s population in Kelimutu National Park was about 186.41-1668.07 individual by the density about 0.0389-0.3481 ind/ha with the sex ratio 6.2:1 that spreaded on area with height of 1100 – 1600 masl. The characteristic of Bare-throated whistler‟s habitat is a natural forest with various canopy level, high plant species diversity and high density. The habitat characteristics related to the availability of food in the form of insects, cover, safety and a nesting site. Generally the most of Lio community knew the existence of Bare-throated whistler directly or from their parents‟ stories. The perceptions of Lio Community to the Bare-throated whistler‟s existence is generally support the conservation efforts. The perceptions construct the Lio Community‟s atitude that tend to be conservative to the existence of Bare-throated whistler. The attitude shown by their behavior that not cathing the Bare-throated whistler from the TNKL‟s area or the outside. The attitude have an important role to the existence of Bare-throated whistler in Kelimutu National Park‟s area.
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