Judul: Aphids infesting bananas in Java: Identification, Morphometric, Host Range, and Population Density
Abstrak: Banana aphid, Pentalonia nigronervosa Coquerel (Hemiptera: Aphididae) has been known as the vector of Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), the causal agent of banana bunchy top disease. The disease is threatening production of banana which can cause yield loss up to 100%. Understanding the basic information of the vector can help farmers and IPM practitioners to formulate better and more effective strategies in controlling the BBTV distribution. The goal of this research was to identify and to analyze morphometric characters of aphids infesting banana in Java, to determine the banana aphid host range and its population density. Sampling was done by using purposive method. Morphology and morphometry of aphid observation was conducted to identify aphids infesting banana and non banana host plants. As many as 151 specimens collected from various of banana cultivars were examined to identify the species of aphid infesting banana in Java. Moreover, as many as 101 specimens was selected from eleven banana cultivars of West Java, Central Java and East Java in order to assess the morphometric variation of P. nigronervosa. Morphological measurement was derived from image-measuring using Stereo Microscope Leica M 205C and Leica Application Suit Software Version 4.4.0. Eleven morphometric characters of apterous (wingless aphid) were measured: length of body, head width, antennal length, length of antennal segment I-II, length of antennal segment III-V, length of antennal segment VI, length of ultimate rostrum segment, length of siphunculus, length of femur, length of tibia and length of caudal. Investigation of population density of banana aphids was conducted on two different altitudes, i.e. <500 m asl and 500-1000 m asl. The observation was done on a total of 320 banana suckers from 32 villages in West Java, Central Java and East Java. Suckers with 50-150 cm height were selected for aphid observation. Aphid species identification was done based on the identification key by Blackman and Eastop (2006) and Miller et al. (2014). The morphometric data was analyzed using Principle Component Analysis (PCA). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was done to test the morphometric differences among the colonies of P. nigronervosa. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was performed to test the classification of the species based on the morphometric characters. Cluster analysis with unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) using Euclidian distance was conducted to assess character similarity of P. nigronervosa collected from different banana cultivars. The identification result showed there were two aphid species infesting bananas in Java, P. nigronervosa and P. caladii. P. nigronervosa mostly infested bananas (Musa spp.), and a few on heliconia (Heliconia sp.) and the banana traveler (Ravenala madagascariensis). In contrast P. caladii was rarely found on bananas; the aphid generally infested taro (Colocasia esculenta), turmeric (Curcuma longa), costus (Costus sp.), and dumbcane (Dieffenbachia sp.). Some new host plants of banana aphids in Java were recorded in this study, P. nigronervosa was found on banana traveler (Ravenala madagascariensis) and P. caladii was found on banana (Musa sp.), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and banana traveler (Ravenala madagascariensis). The morphometric variation of P. nigronervosa inhabiting different banana cultivars in Java was clearly indicated by the PCA
Keyword: Banana bunchy top virus, banana genome, morphology character, multivariate analysis, Pentalonia spp

Judul: Identifikasi Kutudaun asal Tanaman Pisang dan Pengaruh Banana bunchy top virus terhadap Siklus Hidup dan Fekunditas Kutudaun
Abstrak: Banana bunchy top disease (BBTD) stands out as a significant threat to banana plants in Indonesia, capable of causing a complete yield loss of up to 100%. Pentalonia nigronervosa and Pentalonia caladii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) have been identified as vectors persistently transmitting the Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV). Previous studies have documented the infestation of these aphid species on banana plants in the provinces of West Java, East Java, and Central Java. Consequently, there was a need for a comprehensive survey to assess the prevalence of aphids on banana plants throughout Indonesia, followed by the identification of aphid species. Beyond transmitting viruses from one plant to another, intricate interactions exist between aphids and the viruses they carry, manifesting in a shorter life cycle for vector insects and heightened fecundity. These dynamics enhance the potential of vectors to disseminate BBTV. This research aimed (1) to identify aphid species on banana plants using eleven morphometric characters and the sequence of partial mtCO-I gene and (2) to determine the effect of BBTV-infected plants on the life cycle and fecundity of aphids. The research activities were conducted in two phases. The first phase involved morphometric and molecular identification of aphids from July to December 2022. The second phase, focusing on the effects of BBTV-infected plants on the life cycle and fecundity of aphids, was executed from January to May 2023. The study was conducted at the Insect Biosystematics Laboratory, Plant Virology Laboratory, Cikabayan Greenhouse, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. Aphid samples were collected from several banana cultivars including Mas, Ketip, Muli, Cavendish, Ambon, Kepok, Randah, Pinang, Awak, and the wild banana, Musa acuminata from four provinces in Indonesia, namely Bali, West Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, and East Kalimantan. Morphological and morphometric identification of aphids using the permanent slide preparation method from Blackman and Eastop (2000). Identification of aphids was pursued up to the species level. Eleven morphometric characters were measured: length of body, head width, antennal length, length of antennal segment I-II, length of antennal segment III-V, length of antennal segment VI, length of ultimate rostrum segment, length of siphunculus, length of femur, length of tibia and length of caudal. Molecular identification begins with the DNA extraction process for total aphids followed by the method proposed by Goodwin et al. (1994) with modifications in the final stage, involving resuspension with a 10 μl solution of ddH2O. The obtained total DNA from aphids served as a template for the mtCO-I gene amplification stage, employing universal primers LCO1490 (5'-GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGAATT-GG-3') and HCO2198 (5'-TAAACTTCAG GGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3') as forward and reverse primers, respectively, with an amplicon target measuring 710 bp. The amplification of the target DNA underwent denaturation, annealing (primary attachment), and elongation (synthesis of new DNA strands) stages. Subsequently, the amplification product was visualized through 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Successfully amplified samples were then forwarded to a service provider for the sequencing stage. Data related to the measurement of morphometric characters in aphids were tabulated using Microsoft Excel 365, employing t-test and PCA (Principal Component Analysis) for analysis. The molecular data were analyzed using Geneious Prime software, involving
Keyword: morphometric, mtCOI, P. caladii, P. nigronervosa, viruliferous

Judul: Konstruksi Persamaan Friedmann Alam Semesta Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker Termodifikasi Materi Gelap Superfluida
Abstrak: Kosmologi merupakan salah satu objek kajian dari teori relativitas umum. Salah satu model dalam kosmologi adalah model kosmologi Friedmann. Model kosmologi Friedmann dibangun berdasarkan asumsi bahwa materi dan energi terdistribusi secara homogen dan isotropik di alam semesta. Teori relativitas umum dapat dimodifikasi melalui pendekatan teori materi gelap superfluida (MGS). Persamaan medan Einstein untuk teori MGS dapat dirumuskan melalui prinsip aksi dengan memodifikasi Lagrangian pada aksi teori MGS. Selanjutnya dengan memilih metrik Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) datar dengan indeks kurvatur sama dengan nol, dapat dibangun suatu bentuk persamaan Friedmann yang dimodifikasi teori MGS.
Keyword: kosmologi, teori materi gelap superfluida, persamaan medan Einstein, metrik FLRW, persamaan Friedmann.