Judul: Mempelajari Pengaruh Debit dan Macam Bahan Pelapis terhadap Efisiensi Penyaluran Air Irigasi pada Saluran Tersier
Abstrak: Tinggi rendahnya suatu efisiensi penyaluran air irigasi tergantung dari besar kehilangan air selama penyaluran. Kehilangan air ini dapat melalui dua cara, yaitu berupa uap yang terjadi melalui evaporasi dan kehilangan air berupa cairan melalui perembesan kedalam tanah, atau karena aliran permukaan.
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Judul: Mempelajari Pengaruh Tingkat Pemadatan Tanah Dan Debit Air Terhadap Persentase Kehilangan Air Pada Saluran Tersier
Abstrak: Efisiensi penyaluran air adalah efisiensi tahap pertama yang perlu dipertahankan sebelum usaha peningkatan efisiensi irigasi yang lain dilakukan. Peningkatan efisiensi penyaluran berarti mengurangi kehilangan air sepanjang saluran, yang antara lain dapat dilakukan dengan jalan memelihara keadaan fisik saluran secara terus-menerus dan mengatur pemberian air secara efisien. Pemadatan tanah merupakan salah satu cara pemeliharaan saluran, yang maksudnya ialah untuk mengurangi ruang pori dari tanah disekitar saluran supaya menghambat perembesan. Pemakaian air akan lebih efisien apabila cara pemberian air diatur sesuai dengan keadaan air yang tersedia, dimana pemberian air dilakukan secara rotasi atau secara penuh (umumnya pemberian air secara rotasi dilakukan apabila debit air yang tersedia hanya dapat mengairi areal sawah kurang dari 60 persen).
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Judul: Studies on growth spurt and aging in higher primates
Abstrak: single measurement that best defines the health and nutritional status of children, just as it provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. The pattern of human growth reflects the biocultural evolution of our species. The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Three studies are reported here which deal to the growth and development of human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). These three studies allow us to contrast the phenomena of adolescence growth spurt and female elderly bone loss in chimpanzee and human as chimpanzee is the closest species to humans within extant nonhuman primates. In the first, a cross-sectional study of growth of the body size and somatotype of 363 Javanese girls and 299 Javanese boys aged 4 to 20 years from Magelang Regency, Indonesia was described. In the second, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee second metacarpal bone linear dimensions from individuals aged 0 to 43.6 years were used for comparison. While in the third, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee body size (body mass and anterior trunk length) and second metacarpal bone mineral content were derived. In measuring the second metacarpal dimensions and mineral content, a total of 568 radiographs of chimpanzee's proximodistal left hands were used. They were taken from 68 females and 49 males aged 0 to 43.62 years old. We applied an image analysis system, Scion Image Release Alpha 4.0.3.2 software for Windows to measure bone linear dimensions and bone mineral content. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body weight and height. A clear growth spurt could be demonstrated by cross-sectional analysis in our girl subjects at around aged 11.5 years and in our boy subjects at around aged 12.5 years. In longitudinal series, not in cross-sectional, several representative chimpanzees of both sexes showed a pre-adult growth spurt on the body sizes, bone dimensions and bone mineral content. They ranged at age 4.5 to 8.5 years. This underscore the fact that adolescent growth spurt in linear dimension was not a universal feature of anthropoid primate ontogeny. Bone loss is a well established characteristic of human female aging. Based on crosssectional analyses the sequential decline of bone mass in female chimpanzee may be said to be genuine. On the other hand, we found in adulthood through elderly, male chimpanzees show a longer plateau than female chimpanzee, that is, bone mineral content is maintained in male.
Keyword: Javanese children, growth spurt, chimpanzee, second metacarpal bone, bone loss, Higher Primates