Judul: Kajian Keberadaan Virus Avian Influenza pada Unggas di Pasar Burung Pramuka, Jakarta
Abstrak: Avian Influenza (AI) which is caused by influenzavirus A of the family Orthomyxoviridae cause an important impact, including in health, social and economic sectors. AI viruses (AIV) can infect various birds and mammals, therefore bird market as a meeting place for human and poultry can potentially transmit AI virus among birds or from birds to human. Indonesia is a habitat of various bird species; therefore research about AIV on bird, especially which are sold in the Pramuka Bird Market, as the biggest bird market in Jakarta, is urgently needed. In general, the aim of this study was to examine the presence of AIV in various bird species sold in Pramuka Bird Market, Jakarta. Specifically, the aims of this study were: (1) to assess the presence of H5 AI virus in oropharyngeal swab, cloacal swab, and fecal samples of various bird species using real time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR); (2) to detect the presence of antibodies against AIV (H5) in various bird species using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, and (3) to determine the relationship among weather and geographic origin of birds to the prevalence of AIV. During April until September 2011, a number of 862 field samples from 28 families and 96 bird species were collected in Pramuka Bird Market, Jakarta. These field samples consisted of 649 fecal samples, 114 cloacal swab samples, and 99 oropharyngeal swab samples. As many as 7 of 649 faecal samples (1.08%) were positive AI. However, none cloacal or oropharyngel swab were positive AI. Positive fecal samples were detected in four bird species, which are three magpie-robins (Copsychus saularis, family Turdidae), two white-eyes (Zosterops palpebrosus, family Zostropidae), a yellow-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus goiavier, family Pycnotidae), and a robin (Leiothrix lutea, family Sylviidae). In addition to field samples, during April until September 2011, 178 birds from 21 families and 47 species were purchased from the same bird market. From 178 birds, two birds (1.12%), which were two white-eyes (Zosterops palpebrosus, family Zostropidae), were positive AI. The whole positive samples were from Passeriformis order. However, based on rRT-PCR result, there were no H5 positive samples. A number of 163 serum samples were collected from 178 purchased birds from Pramuka Bird Market. Based on HI test using antigen A/Legok/IPB-SGT/1/2004 (H5N1) and A/Ck/West Java/PWT-Wij/2006 (H5N1), seven of 163 birds (4.29%) had positive antibodies to AI. There were differences in HI titers between the two antigens. By using A/Legok/IPB-SGT/1/2004 (H5N1) antigen, two sample were strongly positive (titers ≥ 24), while the other five samples were weakly positive (titers <24). Strongly positive results were obtained from two scooty-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster, family Pycnotidae). While the weakly positive results were obtained from a swan (Cygnus sp., family Anatidae), a duck (Anas sp., family Anatidae), a munia (Lonchura maja, family Ploceidae), a spotted-dove (Streptopelia chinensis, family Columbidae), and a black-crowned iv night heron (Nyctorax nyctorax, family Ardeidae). By using A/Ck/West Java/PWT-Wij/2006 (H5N1) antigen, the average HI titer obtained was higher. Five samples were strongly positive (Lonchura maja, Cygnus sp., Nyctorax nyctorax, and two Pycnonotus aurigaster), while samples from Anas sp. and Streptopelia chinensis were weakly positive.
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Judul: Kajian Persistensi dan Penularan Virus Avian Influenza di Peternakan Itik menggunakan Teknik Real Time RT-PCR
Abstrak: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been a major threat to poultry industry and human health in Indonesia over the past several years. The existence of backyard and free-range duck raising system has been hypothesized to play role in the disease circulation. This study investigated H5 virus infection and circulation occurring in three types of free-range duck farms in Indramayu District, West Java, Indonesia from September 2009 to March 2010. One hundred and eighty pairs of cloacal-oropharyngeal swab samples from sentinel ducks placed in six farms of the three farm types were collected every month for seven months period and screened in pools for influenza A virus. In addition to the sentinel ducks, 30 non-sentinel ducks were included at the first and the last sampling month. Of the total 648 pool samples collected for seven months, 91 pools (14%) were found influenza A positive at repeated events. The virus was more commonly found on type 1 farms followed by type 2 and 3 farms. The individual swab samples of influenza A positive pools were tested for H5 subtype. Of the total 91 pools of influenza A positive samples, 455 individual samples were tested for H5 subtype and 50 (11%) individual samples were found H5 positive. The H5 subtype was found at certain points of sampling time and was more commonly found in type 2 farms followed by type 1 and was not found on type 3 farms. The H5 virus was likely to be transmitted within duck farm but was unlikely to be maintained for a long time.
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Judul: Penerapan Metode Carathéodory untuk Menentukan Solusi Periodik Persamaan Diferensial Takotonom Orde Dua
Abstrak: Persamaan diferensial takotonom merupakan persamaan diferensial yang secara eksplisit memuat variabel bebas. Persamaan diferensial ini jika diberikan kondisi batas periodik akan menghasilkan suatu solusi periodik. Pada karya ilmiah ini akan dipelajari penggunaan metode Carathéodory untuk mencari solusi periodik dari persamaan diferensial takotonom orde dua yang memiliki syarat batas periodik. Berdasarkan penggunaan metode Carathéodory didapatkan hasil bahwa solusi periodik persamaan diferensial takotonom orde dua adalah solusi dari minimizer persamaan variasional. Untuk menggambarkan solusi periodik dari persamaan diferensial takotonom orde dua digunakan bantuan software Mathematica 6.
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