Judul: Marketing and Value Added of Cocoa Beans in Madiun District, East Java
Abstrak: Madiun district as largest sentral of people's cocoa plantations in East Java, the production of cocoa beans of this area at 2009 until 2011 is increased. To increase farmers' income, increased production should be followed by the development of efficient marketing. Marketing of cocoa beans in Madiun involving many actors with different behaviors. Investment policy and implementation of export duties are expected to improve the cocoa industry and develop the performance of the cocoa market in the country. The development of marketing performance with various alternatives, provide opportunities for cocoa farmers to select marketing channels for optimal profit. The purpose of this research is to analyze: 1) performance cocoa beans supply chain, 2) factors that influence of marketing channels choice in cocoa beans supply chain in Madiun District , and 3) added value from the processing of cocoa beans. This research was conducted in Madiun District, East Java. Primary data collected through interviews using questionnaires. The type and number of respondents consisted 90 cocoa farmers, 18 colletors, two large cocoa trader and one processed industry. Analysis of cocoa beans supply chain descriptions using FSCN process framework. Marketing efficiency measured from the margin, farmer's share, the ratio of benefits and costs. The factors that determine the cohice of farmers to supply chains used quantitative approach with mutinomial logit regression model, and added value analysis method used is Hayami. The results showed that the most efficient marketing channel is the channel that connects the cocoa farmers directly to the district level collector. Factors that affect decision making of cocoa farmers to sell cocoa beans are farmer age, farmer education, the selling price of cocoa beans, and the main livelihood of the farmers. Secondary products of cocoa beans that produce the highest profit is cocoa powder and cocoa butter. To increase the income of farmers suggested to improve the quality of cocoa beans by reducing the water content and doing fermentation of cocoa beans, so that farmers can directly sell to district level collector with better price. To improve the performance of small and medium scale cocoa processing industry required Puslitkoka role and the government should be able to find specific market access.
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Judul: Analisis Produksi dan Pemasaran Kakao di Kabupaten Padang Pariaman Propinsi Sumatera Barat
Abstrak: The aim of this research is to analyze factors that influence cocoa production, identified marketing chanel of cocoa, estimated marketing margin and determined farmer share. This research used survey method to cocoa farmer and wholeseller. Production analysis using Cobb-Douglas fuction and to analyze marketing structure, conduct and performent analysis is used. The result of this research show that cocoa production influenced by labour, manure, chemical fertilizer, land area, number of plants produced dan farmer education. Performance marketing of cocoa in Kabupaten Padang Pariaman is inefficient. It is based on margin indicators and farmer share. According to result number of fertilizer and plants produced need to optimalize in order to increased cocoa production. Bargaining power of cocoa farmers need to increased by optimalize farmer association.
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Judul: Pertahanan pada ikan terhadap infestasi ichthyophthirius multifiliis dengan tetrahymena pyriformis dan tetrahymena thermophila
Abstrak: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis adalah protozoa dari kelas Oligohymenophorea, ordo Hymenostomatida dan famili Ophryoglenidae. Protozoa ini sering menyerang ikan liar, ikan yang dibudidayakan dan ikan hias dalam akuarium. Bentuk dewasanya (trophozoit) tinggal dibawah kulit ikan yang menjadi inangnya. Mereka makan runtuhan sel dan mengelupaskan epithel. Angka mortalitas dapat mencapai 100% pada ikan yang dipelihara dalam akuarium. Penyakit ini telah dilaporkan dari semua benua. Banyak preparat kimia yang dapat dipakai untuk mengontrol parasit ini. Yang paling berhasil dari antara preparat-preparat kimia yang digunakan adalah malachite green dengan konsentrasi 0.25 ppm yang dibiarkan bekerja selama 1 jam. Namun ada masalah yang timbul dalam pengobatan, karena di dalam hampir setiap perairan terdapat parasit tersebut. Hal ini menyebabkan sewaktu-waktu atau secara kontinyu terjadi infestasi oleh parasit ini dalam populasi ikan. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini maka tindakan yang dianggap praktis dan efektif untuk mengontrol parasit ini adalah imunisasi. Disinipun timbul permasalahan pula. Karena Ichthyophthirius multifiliis adalah parasit obligat, maka sulit mengumpulkannya dalam jumlah yang cukup untuk pembu- atan vaksin. Maka dicari sumber lain untuk membuat vaksin terhadap parasit ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Tetrahymena pyriformis dan Tetrahymena thermophila dapat dipakai sebagai vaksin terhadap Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Masalah yang timbul kemudian adalah bahwa perlindungan terhadap Ichthyophthirius multifiliis ternyata tergantung pada strain (galur) atau isolat dari kedua spesies Tetrahymena di atas yang digunakan. Sebagai pertahanan bentuk lain dari ikan selain imunitas dapat dikemukakan ketahanan non imunologis yang tergantung pada spesies ikan dan kenaikan kadar vitamin C didalam makanan.
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