Judul: Iklim Pulau Bali
Abstrak: Curah hujan rata-rata bulanan di Bali berkisar antara 47 mm sampai 327 mm, dengan curah hujan maksimum jatuh pada bulan Januari dan minimum pada bulan Agustus. Total hujan setahun rata-rata di Bali 1901 mm. Pada muim angin barat, curah hujan di utara pegunungan relatif sama dengan di selatan pegunungan, sedangkan pada musim angin timur curah hujan di selatan pegunungan lebih tinggi daripada di utara pegunungan. Isohyet tiap bulan di Bali menunjukkan pengaruh ого- grafis terjadi di bagian timur P. Bali yang mengakibatkan di selatan pegunungan lebih basah daripada di di utara pegunungan selama musim kemarau (monsoon timur). Dari isohyet tersebut dapat juga dilihat bahwa potensi air tertinggi ada di bagian timur P. Bali ini khususnya di bawah kaki G. Agung. Musim angin barat di Bali terjadi pada bulan Desember sampai dengan bulan Maret, dan pada bulan April sampai bulan September merupakan musim angin timur. Musim panca roba terjadi pada bulan Oktober sampai bulan November. ..
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Judul: Characteristics of Diurnal Rainfall and its Relationship with Wind Speed and Direction in Bogor City
Abstrak: Kota Bogor merupakan wilayah yang dikelilingi pegunungan dan terbuka terhadap angin laut sehingga menerima curah hujan relatif tinggi. Distribusi curah hujan diantaranya dipengaruhi oleh arah dan kecepatan angin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik curah hujan serta hubungannya dengan arah dan kecepatan angin. Analisis curah hujan serta angin dilakukan dengan mengamati pola, persentase kejadian dan peluang curah hujan bulanan. Hasil analisis data tahun 2017-2020 menunjukkan Kota Bogor memiliki pola curah hujan monsunal semi ekuatorial dengan puncak musim hujan terjadi pada bulan April dan Oktober. Pola curah hujan diurnal menunjukkan adanya peningkatan curah hujan pada siang hari hingga malam hari dengan puncak curah hujan terjadi pada sore hari. Angin dari arah lautan memengaruhi terjadinya hujan konvektif, sedangkan kecepatan angin yang lebih rendah dari arah pegunungan menyebabkan hujan orografis pada malam hari hingga pagi hari. Curah hujan diurnal pada bulan Desember hingga Februari menunjukkan curah hujan dapat terjadi setiap jam, berbeda dengan bulan Juni hingga Agustus yang hampir tidak ada curah hujan pada malam hari hingga awal siang hari. Angin Monsun Barat yang bersifat basah memengaruhi pembentukan hujan setiap jam. Sementara itu, kecepatan angin per menit bersifat tidak stabil saat awal kejadian hingga turunnya hujan dengan arah angin yang berasal dari semua arah. Kejadian hujan rata-rata pada bulan Desember hingga Februari terjadi setiap jam, terjadi peningkatan pada pukul 15.00-18.00 WIB. Peluang curah hujan bulanan lebih dari 60 mm/bulan sebesar 1 dan lebih dari 100 mm/bulan sebesar 0,9., Bogor City is surrounded by mountains and open to sea breezes, receiving relatively high rainfall. Rainfall distribution is influenced by wind direction and speed. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of rainfall and its relationship with wind direction and speed. Analysis of rainfall and wind is done by observing the pattern, percentage of occurrence, and chance of monthly rainfall. The results of data analysis from 2017-2020 show that Bogor City has a semi-equatorial monsoonal rainfall pattern with the peak of the rainy season occurring in April and October. Diurnal rainfall patterns show increased rainfall from day to night with peak rainfall occurring in the afternoon. Winds from the ocean influence convective rainfall, while lower wind speeds from the mountains cause orographic rainfall at night into the morning. Diurnal rainfall in December to February shows that rainfall can occur every hour, in contrast to June to August where there is almost no rainfall during the night to early afternoon. Wet Western Monsoon winds influence the formation of hourly rainfall. Meanwhile, the wind speed per minute is unstable from the beginning of the event to the rainfall with wind direction coming from all directions. Average rainfall events in December through February occur hourly, with an increase at 15:00-18:00 WIB. The probability of monthly rainfall of more than 60 mm/month is 1 and more than 100 mm/month is 0.9.
Keyword: Bogor, rainfall, wind speed, wind direction

Judul: Fortification of Calcium and Tocopherol to Improve Nutritional Quality of Beef Emulsion Product
Abstrak: Way to increase the consumption of beef is by improving the quality of beef products, especially in terms of nutrition. Beef can be developed into processed beef products that can provide one or more physiological effects beyond its function as a protein source (Murwani 2011). This can be done by adding functional ingredients, that is through the fortification of essential nutrients in processed beef products (Toldra and Reig 2011). The low calcium and tocopherol content in beef and its processed products motivate to conduct on calcium and tocopherol fortification in processed beef products. The study was conducted in two stages. The first stage was the basic formulation of processed beef product (PEDSNF) and formulation of fortified processed beef product (PEDSF). Determination the best PEDSF was done by hedonic test. The analysis which was conducted were physical properties (color and hardness) and chemical composition (moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrates, calcium, total tocopherol content). The second stage was in vivo test to analyze the protein biological value, calcium absorption and retention and liver MDA levels. The results of hedonic test showed that the addition of calcium and tocopherol did not affect the sensory quality of the product. Panelists still liked fortified processed beef product. The best PEDSF was beef emulsion product with the addition of 3250 ppm of Calcium citrate and 300 ppm of dl-α-Tocopheryl acetate. The results of color analysis indicated that PEDSF have L value (brightness) and a value (redness) higher than PEDSNF. Results of the texture analysis showed that the hardness of PEDSF was lower than PEDSNF. The level of calcium in beef emulsion product after adding calcium was increased by 70% and the level of total tocopherol of beef emulsion product after adding tocopherol was increased by 36%. The results of proximate analysis showed that the water, fat, protein contents of PEDSF were lower than PEDSNF while the carbohydrate level of PEDSF was higher than PEDSNF. The results of in vivo test showed that True Digestibility (TD) and Net Protein Utilization (NPU) of PEDSF were 93.0% and 87.2% respectively. This indicated that the high protein biological value of PEDSF. The results of analysis of calcium absorption and retention showed that intake of PEDSF enhanced calcium absorption (66.8%) and retention (66.6%). MDA level of mice group of PEDSF (67056.6 mmol / L) was higher than control group (19164.1 mmol / L). This meant that the tocopherol intake from diet PEDSF did not sufficient to reduce body oxidative stress.
Keyword: ortification, calcium, tocopherol,, beef emulsion product