Judul: Penambahan Template Kitosan dan Albumin pada Sintesis Nanosilika Abu Ketel Industri Gula dengan Metode Kopresipitasi.
Abstrak: Nanosilica has many potential application in widely sectors. Boiler ash has contains silica that synthesized using precipitation method. Templating was modification process from precipitation method. The objective of this research was to synthesis nanosilica with template from boiler ash using precipitation method, determine the effect of chitosan and albumin templates on the characterization of nanosilica, determine the potential application based on characterization of nanosilica. This research consist of several stages, preparation of boiler ash, silica extraction, synthesis of nanosilica, testing of material, testing and characterization of nanosilica, and analyze of data. Boiler ash contained 49.69% silica and furnace ash contained 78.75% silica. Increasing concentration of chitosan and albumin templates was decrease amount of diffraction peak, diffraction peak intensity, decrease average of crystal size, narrow of crystal size distribution, and narrow of particle size distribution (PDI) curve. Degree of crystallinity nanosilica with chitosan template has ranges 34.40-54.69% and with albumin template has ranges 39.33-68.79%. Crystal size nanosilica has ranges 35.87-61.57 nm. Particle size nanosilica has ranges 228.39-1369.23 nm. PDI value nanosilica has ranges 0.09-0.297. Nanosilica has potential application as compose top layer of ultrafiltration membrane, compose porous support of ultrafiltration membrane, and support component of catalyst.
Keyword: albumin, boiler ash, chitosan, nanosilica, precipitation

Judul: Sintesis Nanosilika dari Abu Ketel Industri Gula Mengguakan Metode Ko-presipitasi dengan Template Pati.
Abstrak: Boiler ash is by product of the sugar industry which is not yet widely used. Boiler ash is highly silica content that can be utilized as nanosilica. The purpose of this study to synthesis nanosilica using boiler ash with the addition of tapioca and corn starch as a template. This research aims to know the effect of tapioca and cornstarch on characteristic of nanosilica, and also give information about the aplication of nanosilica with starch template. The researchs consist of four part that is preparation of material, synthesis of silica, synthesis of nanosilica, and characterization of nanosilica. 49,69% bagasse ash is composed of silica and after the furnace at a temperature of 7000 C the furnace ash containing 78,75% silica. Characteristics of nanosilika was multiphase consist of quartz, tridimit, and krisrobalit phase with cristobalite as the predominant phase.The most high crystallinity of nanosilika was 82,070% at treatment without addition of the template and the smallest crystallinity was 49,063% on addition corn starch at 33,33%. Starch contain of amylose that have contributed on decreasing cristalinity of nanosilica. Particle size of nanosilika was more homegen with the addition of corn starch when PDI’s number was above 0,1. Observation by SEM showed that the particle has polygonal form and looks spreads. Commonly, the effect of starch as a template was decreased the particle size, distrubution of particle, cristalinity, and cristal size. Characteristic of nanosilika that produced by starch’s template can aplicate as a silica-polymer nanocomposit and as a filler for ceramic’s material.
Keyword: boiler ash, co-presipitation, nanosilica, starch

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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