Judul: Sistem Pakar Penentuan Jenis Budidaya Ikan Air Tawar Berdasarkan Lokasi dan Kualitas Air
Abstrak: This research developed an expert system designed to record and use knowledge, experience, and expertise of the experts in aquaculture to identify what types of freshwater fish farming based on location and existing water quality. K-fold cross validation method is used for sharing subset of data train and data test with three replications for each training and testing. Nominal distance is used to calculate distances on the nominal parameters, while Euclidean distance is used to calculate numerical parameters that will be combined using aggregate formula. The resulting distances are combined by aggregate formula. The classification method used for determining the appropriate class type is K-Nearest Neighbor that give the best average of accuracy at k = 3 with normalization, with a value of 97.41%.
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Judul: Sistem Pakar Penentuan Kelayakan Usaha Budi Daya Pembenihan Ikan Gurami
Abstrak: This study develops an expert system that is designed to record and use the knowledge, experience, and expertise of the experts in the field of aquaculture feasibility to determine the feasibility of gouramy hatchery. The utilized inference method is Tsukamoto Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) with travezoid curve membership functions. The weighted average is used as the defuzzification method. The parameters used are fuzzy and non-fuzzy. The fuzzy parameters are temperature, amonia (NH3), disolved oxygen (DO), alkalinity, Puissance negative de H (pH), pond water depth, and hardness. The non-fuzzy parameters are the forms of business entities, business licenses, benefits to society, consumer behavior, and the return cost ratio (R/C ratio). Seven fuzzy input parameters has 11 rules for technical scale that are determined by experts to produce the business analysis output. The develoved expert system has been able to analize the feasibility of gouramy hatchery with a capability close to that of expert
Keyword: weighted average., membership functions, hatchery, fuzzy inference system, defuzzification

Judul: Studies on growth spurt and aging in higher primates
Abstrak: single measurement that best defines the health and nutritional status of children, just as it provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. The pattern of human growth reflects the biocultural evolution of our species. The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Three studies are reported here which deal to the growth and development of human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). These three studies allow us to contrast the phenomena of adolescence growth spurt and female elderly bone loss in chimpanzee and human as chimpanzee is the closest species to humans within extant nonhuman primates. In the first, a cross-sectional study of growth of the body size and somatotype of 363 Javanese girls and 299 Javanese boys aged 4 to 20 years from Magelang Regency, Indonesia was described. In the second, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee second metacarpal bone linear dimensions from individuals aged 0 to 43.6 years were used for comparison. While in the third, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee body size (body mass and anterior trunk length) and second metacarpal bone mineral content were derived. In measuring the second metacarpal dimensions and mineral content, a total of 568 radiographs of chimpanzee's proximodistal left hands were used. They were taken from 68 females and 49 males aged 0 to 43.62 years old. We applied an image analysis system, Scion Image Release Alpha 4.0.3.2 software for Windows to measure bone linear dimensions and bone mineral content. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body weight and height. A clear growth spurt could be demonstrated by cross-sectional analysis in our girl subjects at around aged 11.5 years and in our boy subjects at around aged 12.5 years. In longitudinal series, not in cross-sectional, several representative chimpanzees of both sexes showed a pre-adult growth spurt on the body sizes, bone dimensions and bone mineral content. They ranged at age 4.5 to 8.5 years. This underscore the fact that adolescent growth spurt in linear dimension was not a universal feature of anthropoid primate ontogeny. Bone loss is a well established characteristic of human female aging. Based on crosssectional analyses the sequential decline of bone mass in female chimpanzee may be said to be genuine. On the other hand, we found in adulthood through elderly, male chimpanzees show a longer plateau than female chimpanzee, that is, bone mineral content is maintained in male.
Keyword: Javanese children, growth spurt, chimpanzee, second metacarpal bone, bone loss, Higher Primates