Judul: Deteksi dan Distribusi Virus Bawang Putih pada Umbi Benih dan Konsumsi
Abstrak: Garlic is a horticultural commodity with high economic value. High consumption of garlic and low production of local garlic resulted in a lot of imported garlic in domestic market. One constraint in garlic production is virus infection which can be carried through vegetative propagation material (bulbs). The research was conducted to detect Garlic common latent virus (GCLV), Shallot latent virus (SLV), Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), and Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) in local garlic bulbs used as seed bulbs and imported garlic bulbs used for consumption. Samples of local seed bulbs were collected from seed breeders in several garlic growing areas in Indonesia; while imported bulbs were collected from several local markets in Bogor. Morphological observations of each garlic bulb include skin color, neck hardness, and diameter size. The bulb samples were then grown in the laboratory, and the leaves were collected to be used as virus-detection material. Virus detection was conducted by RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) method using specific primers for each virus, namely GCLV-F/GCLV-R, GS-RT1/GS-RT2, OG-RT1/OG-RT2, and P-RT3/P-RT4, respectively for GCLV, SLV, OYDV, and LYSV. Seed and consumption bulbs have differences in their morphological characteristics, especially in the type of neck hardness and size of bulb diameter. OYDV and LYSV infections were successfully detected in seed and consumption bulbs; while SLV was only found in consumption bulbs and GCLV was only found in seed bulbs. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that SLV from consumption bulbs formed one group, GCLV from seed bulbs formed one group, while OYDV and LYSV from seed and consumption bulbs were in different groups, indicating that the viruses came from different strains. Further research is needed to anticipate the spread of new garlic virus strains in Indonesia., Bawang putih merupakan komoditas hortikultura bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Konsumsi bawang putih yang tinggi dan rendahnya produksi bawang putih lokal mengakibatkan banyak bawang putih impor yang beredar di pasaran. Salah satu faktor kendala dalam produksi bawang putih adalah infeksi virus yang terbawa melalui bahan perbanyakan vegetatif (benih umbi). Penelitian dilakukan untuk mendeteksi Garlic common latent virus (GCLV), Shallot latent virus (SLV), Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), dan Leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) pada umbi bawang putih lokal yang digunakan sebagai umbi benih serta umbi bawang putih impor yang digunakan untuk konsumsi. Sampel umbi benih lokal dikumpulkan dari penangkar benih di beberapa sentra penanaman bawang putih di Indonesia; sementara umbi impor dikumpulkan dari beberapa pasar lokal di Bogor. Pengamatan morfologi dari masing-masing umbi bawang putih meliputi warna kulit umbi, kekerasan leher, dan ukuran diameter umbi. Sampel umbi kemudian ditumbuhkan di laboratorium, daun dikumpulkan untuk digunakan sebagai bahan deteksi virus. Deteksi virus dengan metode RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) menggunakan primer spesifik masing-masing virus, yaitu GCLV-F/GCLV-R, GS-RT1/GS-RT2, OG-RT1/OG-RT2 dan P-RT3/P-RT4, berturut-turut untuk GCLV, SLV, OYDV dan LYSV. Umbi benih dan umbi konsumsi memiliki perbedaan pada karakteristik morfologinya, terutama pada jenis kekerasan leher dan ukuran diamater umbi. Infeksi OYDV dan LYSV berhasil dideteksi dari umbi benih dan umbi konsumsi; sedangkan SLV hanya ditemukan pada umbi konsumsi dan GCLV hanya ditemukan pada umbi benih. Analisis sekuen nukleotida menunjukkan SLV dari umbi
Keyword: morphological characteristics, RT-PCR, sequence analysis, specific primers

Judul: Infeksi Virus dan Keragaan Pertumbuhan Kultivar Bawang Putih Lokal.
Abstrak: Bawang putih (Allium sativum L) adalah komoditas hortikultura dengan permintaan cukup tinggi di Indonesia. Bawang putih dibudidaya secara aseksual melalui perbanyakan vegetatif yaitu dengan bagian umbi (siung). Perbanyakan secara vegetatif ini meningkatkan resiko infeksi oleh berbagai macam virus yang bersifat tular umbi. Beberapa penyakit utama yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus pada bawang putih diantaranya, Garlic common latent virus (GarCLV) dan Shallot latent virus (SLV) dari genus Carlavirus, Onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV) dan Shallot yellow stripe virus (SYSV) dari genus Potyvirus. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi virus pada beberapa varietas bawang putih (Sanur 1, Sanur 2, Jati Barang, Lumbu Kuning dan Banjar), mengukur insidensi penyakit dan mengamati pertumbuhan tanaman bawang putih. Gejala penyakit, tinggi tanaman dan jumlah daun per tanaman diamati setiap 2 minggu sekali. Konfirmasi lebih lanjut terhadap infeksi virus dilakukan dengan dot-immunobinding assay (DIBA). Hasil deteksi menunjukkan bahwa infeksi Potyvirus (OYDV, SYSV) dan Carlavirus (GarCLV and SLV) berhasil dikonfirmasi dari semua sampel. Insidensi penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus di pertanaman berkisar antara 88.2 hingga 100%; sedangkan pada umbi berkisar antara 96.8 sampai 99.5%. Gejala dominan yang ditemukan di lapangan diantaranya, mosaik kuning, bercak kuning, ujung daun berlekuk dan kerdil. Hasil panen menunjukkan rata-rata berat umbi berkisar antara 0.69 g sampai 1.86 g; dengan rata-rata jumlah siung per umbi antara 1 sampai 2 buah. Hasil penelitian ini mengonfirmasi tingginya infeksi virus pada bawang putih dan potensinya mengganggu pertumbuhan tanaman. Kata kunci: dot-immunobinding assay, gejala penyakit, insidensi penyakit, mosaik
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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