Judul: Evaluation of In Vitro Digestibility of Supplementation of Probiotic and Protected Lysine for Ruminants
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi ransum dengan penambahan probiotik dan asam amino lisin terproteksi secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial 2 (penambahan probiotik) × 4 (penambahan lisin terproteksi). Asam amino lisin terproteksi terbuat dari lisin yang dicampur tanin dengan level berbeda. Perlakuan pada penelitian berupa L0 sebagai kontrol, L1-L3 dengan penambahan lisin terproteksi dengan level tanin yang berbeda, serta dengan atau tanpa penambahan probiotik. Parameter yang diamati pada penelitian diantaranya pH, konsentrasi amonia, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organik, kinetika dan produksi gas, serta produksi gas metan. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan hasil yang signifikan (P<0,05) akan diuji lanjut menggunakan uji Duncan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa penambahan probiotik memberi pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap nilai pH, konsentrasi amonia, dan total produksi gas. Penambahan lisin terproteksi tanin berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi metan. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penambahan probiotik mampu meningkatkan aktivitas mikroba rumen dan penambahan lisin terproteksi tanin pada level tinggi dapat menekan produksi metan., This study aimed to evaluate supplementation of probiotics and ruminally protected lysine in in vitro digestibility. This study used a factorial randomized block design 2 (the probiotics) × 4 (the protected lysine) with five replications of in vitro incubation run as blocks. The protected lysine was made from lysine mixed with different levels on tannins. Thus, the treatments were L0 as control, L1-L3 as addition of three types of the protected lysine, and with or without the addition of the probiotic. Parameters observed were pH, ammonia concentration, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, kinetics and gas production, and methane gas production. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant results (P<0,05) were further tested using Duncan's test. The results showed that the addition of probiotics had a significant effect on pH values, ammonia levels, and total gas production. The addition of the protected lysine had a significant effect on the production of methane gas. The conclusion of the research was the addition of probiotics can increase rumen fermentability of the ration and the protected lysine with high tannin levels can suppress methane gas production.
Keyword: in vitro digestibility, lysine, probiotic, rumen protected amino acid

Judul: Evaluation of the Addition Premix Combination of Methane Inhibitor, Mineral Mix, and Probiotics in Ruminant in Vitro
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi premix kombinasi dengan campuran methane inhibitor berupa tanin, mineral mix, dan probiotik terhadap kecernaan, fermentabilitas, dan pengukuran gas metana. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 12 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Variabel yang diamati adalah pH rumen, produksi gas total, produksi gas metana, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organik, dan N-NH3. Semua perlakuan menggunakan tanin cair kecuali L0 = tanpa penambahan dan L6 = dengan penambahan probiotik saja. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan hasil yang signifikan (P<0,05) diuji lebih lanjut menggunakan uji kontras. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan tanin cair, probiotik, dan mineral organik berpengaruh nyata terhadap pH rumen, produksi total gas, produksi gas metana, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organik, dan N NH3. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penambahan tanin cair, probiotik, dan tembaga akan menurunkan produksi gas total, produksi gas metana, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organik, dan N-NH3., This study aimed to evaluate the premix combo with a mixture of methane inhibitors in the form of tannin, mineral mix, and probiotics on digestibility, fermentability, and measurement of methane gas. This study used randomized block design with 12 treatments and 5 replications. The observed variables were rumen pH, gas total production, methane gas production, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and N-NH3. All of the treatments were used liquid tannin except for L0 = without addition and L6 = with additions probiotic only. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant results (P<0.05) were further tested using contrast’s test. The results showed that the addition of liquid tannin, probiotic, and organic mineral (Fe, Mn, Cu) had a significant effect on rumen pH, gas total production, methane gas production, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and N-NH3. The conclusion of the research was the addition of liquid tannin, probiotic, and Cuprum would decrease total gas production, methane gas production, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and N-NH3.
Keyword: digestibility, fermentability, organic mineral, probiotic, tannin

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite