Judul: Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Milk in Kebon Pedes, Bogor
Abstrak: Resistansi antibiotik muncul dan menyebar secara global, mengancam kemampuan untuk mengobati penyakit menular dan menjadi ancaman kesehatan global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui terjadinya resistansi antibiotik pada Escherichia coli (E. coli) yang diisolasi dari susu mentah di Kebon Pedes, Bogor. Resistansi antibiotik E. coli dalam susu dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi 23 sampel susu mentah curah dari peternakan sapi perah di Kebon Pedes, Bogor. Isolasi dan identifikasi E. coli merujuk pada SNI 2897: 2008 tentang Pedoman Analisis Laboratorium pada Pemeriksaan Kontaminasi Mikroba pada Daging, Telur, dan Susu dalam yang dikeluarkan oleh Badan Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia. Resistansi terhadap enam antibiotic, yaitu amoksilin, streptomisin, siprofloksasin, tetrasiklin, kolistin, dan penisilin G, diuji menggunakan metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer berdasarkan standar Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) pada tahun 2018. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa 62 dari 207 isolat (29.95%) isolat ditemukan positif E. coli. E. coli menunjukkan resistansi terhadap antibiotik, yaitu penisilin G (95.2%), streptomisin (84.3%), kolistin (76.9%), amoksisilin (74.2%), dan tetrasiklin (62.5%). 77.42% isolat E. coli positif resistan terhadap lebih dari tiga kelas antibiotik, yang dikenal sebagai multi-drug resistant (MDR), dengan sebagian besar pola AML-S-TE-CT-P (amoksisilin, streptomisin, tetrasiklin, kolistin, dan penisilin G). Kehadiran E. coli yang resistan terhadap antibiotik dalam susu mentah dapat menyebabkan masalah serius pada kesehatan manusia.
Keyword: Escherichia coli, multi-drug resistant, resistansi antibiotik, susu, Escherichia coli, multi-drug resistant, resistansi antibiotik, susu

Judul: Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Milk from Peternakan Sapi Perah Pondok Ranggon
Abstrak: Penggunaan antibiotik berlebih dapat menyebabkan resistansi antibiotik pada ternak yang dapat disebarkan ke manusia dan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus dari susu segar dan mengetahui sifat resistansinya terhadap antibiotik. Pengujian diawali dengan isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri berdasarkan SNI 2897:2008 tentang Metode Pengujian Cemaran Mikroba dalam Daging, Telur dan Susu, serta Hasil Olahannya dan dilanjutkan dengan pengujian resistansi antibiotik menggunakan metode Kirby-Baurer. Antibiotik yang digunakan yaitu golongan β-laktam, aminoglikosida, makrolida, fluorokuinolon, antagonis asam folat, kloramfenikol, tetrasiklin dan cephems. Dari 36 sampel susu segar didapatkan 16 sampel (25 isolat) positif tercemar E. coli dan 13 sampel (13 isolat) positif S. aureus. Sebanyak 24/25 isolat E. coli resistan terhadap 15 jenis antibiotik dan 13/13 isolat S. aureus resistan terhadap 14 jenis antibiotik. Sebanyak 20/25 isolat E. coli telah mengalami multidrug resistance antibiotic dengan pola yang paling sering ditemui yakni penisilin-aminoglikosida-tetrasiklin-kloramfenikol. Sebanyak 8/13 isolat S. aureus mengalami multidrug resistance dengan pola yang paling sering ditemui yakni penisilin-aminoglikosida-fluorokuinolon. Bakteri yang telah mengalami resistansi antibiotik dapat menjadi ancaman bagi kesehatan ternak, kesehatan lingkungan, keamanan pangan dan kesehatan masyarakat., Overuse of antibiotics can cause antimicrobial resistance in livestock which can spread to humans and the environment. This study aimed to isolate Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk and determined their antibacterial susceptibility. Bacterial isolation and identification based on SNI 2897:2008 about Metode Pengujian Cemaran Mikroba dalam Daging, Telur dan Susu, serta Hasil Olahannya were followed up with an antibacterial susceptibility test using the Kirby-Baurer method. The antibiotics used in this study are β-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolide, fluoroquinolones, folic acid antagonist, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and cephems Out of 36 raw milk samples, 16 samples (25 isolates) were contaminated with E. coli and 13 samples (13 isolates) were contaminated with S. aureus. As many as 24/25 of E. coli isolates were resistant to 15 types of antibiotics and 13/13 of S. aureus isolates were resistant to 14 types of antibiotics. As many as 20/25 of E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant with penicillin-aminoglycoside-tetracycline-chloramphenicol as the most common pattern and 8/13 of S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant with penicillin-aminoglycoside-fluoroquinolone as the most common pattern. Antimicrobial resistance can be a threat to animal health, environmental health, food safety, and public health.
Keyword: antimicrobial resistance, Escherichia coli, raw milk, Staphylococcus aureus

Judul: Graphology Analysis Based on Letter a and t Using Perceptron.
Abstrak: Graphology or handwriting analysis is a method of identifying, analyzing, evaluating, and understanding personality through the strokes and patterns revealed by handwriting. A person who can analyze handwriting is called a graphologist. A graphologists can be subjective in their assesments different graphologist can have different analysis of the same handwriting. Therefore, a computer technology may help to minimize the subjectivity. This research used perceptron to analyze personality based on handwriting. Perceptron is one method of neural network. This research analyze two letters to letter a and t image. Letter a are represented by 135 images, consisting of 81 images as training data and 54 images as testing data. There are 150 images used for t images, consisting of 90 images as training data and 60 images as testing data.There are 5 experiments consisting of 2 experiments for letter a and 3 experiments for letter t. The result is the character of each class letter a and t where each parameters there are 3 classes. The accuracy of letter t and letter a was 55% and 88.89% respectively.
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