Judul: Produksi Bioetanol dari Bagas Sorgum Manis dengan Metode Sakarifikasi Enzimatis dan Fermentasi Simultan
Abstrak: Bagas sorgum manis (Sorghum bicholor L) merupakan biomassa yang komponen penyusun utamanya adalah lignoselulosa. Kandungan selulosa sebesar 50.68% merupakan potensi yang bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku bioetanol generasi kedua. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memproduksi bioetanol dari bagas sorgum manis sebagai bahan berlignoselulosa dengan metode Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) secara enzimatis. Adapun tahapan produksi bioetanol pada penelitian ini meliputi praperlakuan (delignifikasi), sakarifikasi enzimatis menggunakan selulase, dan fermentasi. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi selulosa, gula pereduksi, biomassa dan kadar etanol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perolehan kadar etanol tertinggi pada metode SSF yaitu sebesar 1.35 g L-1 dengan efisiensi pengunaan selulosa tertinggi sebesar 48.38% dan laju produksi bioetanol sebesar 0.004 g jam-1. Rendemen produk bioetanol dengan metode SSF ini sebesar 0.06 g bioetanol/g selulosa.
Keyword: bagas sorgum manis, bioetanol, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Sakarifikasi dan Fermentasi Simultan (SSF), selulase

Judul: Produksi Bioetanol Dari Bagas Sorgum Manis (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Oleh Trichoderma viride Dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dengan Metode Sakarifikasi Fermentasi Simultan
Abstrak: Bagas sorgum manis berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan baku produksi bioetanol. Bagas sorgum manis mengandung selulosa sebesar 50,68% yang dapat dihidrolisis menjadi gula dan difermentasi menjadi etanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan bioetanol dari bagas sorgum manis melalui perlakuan aerasi dan waktu penambahan inokulum untuk mendapatkan bioetanol dengan rendemen dan konsentrasi yang tertinggi. Bagas sorgum manis yang telah di delignifikasi, dilanjutkan dengan perlakuan sakarifikasi fermentasi simultan. Perlakuan yang diterapkan menggunakan substrat berupa bagas sorgum manis dengan konsentrasi sebesar 10% (b/v), kapang Trichoderma viride dan khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae 10% (v/v) dengan waktu fermentasi 72 jam pada kondisi suhu ruang (±25oC-30oC), serta pemberian aerasi 2 vvm. Pengambilan dan pengujian sampel dilakukan setiap 24 jam. Penghentian aerasi dilakukan pada jam ke 24 karena kapang Trichoderma viride menghasilkan konsentrasi gula total tertinggi pada waktu tersebut yaitu sebesar 1,50 g/L. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ditemukan bahwa perlakuan terbaik adalah perlakuan II yaitu perlakuan dengan pemberian khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae dan penghentian aerasi pada jam ke-24 yang menghasilkan konsentrasi gula pereduksi yaitu sebesar 0,47 g/L serta konsentrasi bioetanol tertinggi sebesar 1,24 g/L pada jam ke-48. Hasil perhitungan kinetika kultivasi sakarifikasi fermentasi simultan meliputi laju pertumbuhan spesifik sel maksimum (μNmaks) sebesar 0,15/jam; rendemen produk terhadap pemakaian substrat (Yp/s) sebesar 0,005 ± 0,003 g bioetanol/g substrat; serta laju produksi etanol sebesar 0,05 g L-1 jam-1.
Keyword: bagas sorgum manis, kapang Trichoderma viride, khamir Saccharomyces cerevisiae, sakarifikasi fermentasi simultan, aerasi, stop-aerasi, bioetanol

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite