Judul: Pembuatan Tepung Telur dengan Stabilisator Kapur
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan tepung telur yang memiliki keluwesan penggunaan mendekati telur segar . Hal-hal yang dipelajari antara lain sifat pembusaan, pemilihan bahan stabilisator emulsi, penggunaan kapur , proses pembuatan tepung telur , pengaruh penambahan kapur terhadap mutu tepung telur , pengaruh penyimpanan tepung telur , dispersibilitas dan penggunaan tepung telur . Bahan stabilisator yang digunakan adalah kapur sirih , mentega putih , " coffee mate" dan soda kue.
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Judul: Pembuatan Tepung telur Bebek Dengan Pengeringan Semprot
Abstrak: Pembuatan tepung telur bebek, sebagai salah satu u- saha peningkatan pemanfaatan, daya simpan dan jangkauan pemasaran telur, dimulai dengan penyeleksian, pencucian dan pemecahan telur segar. Isi telur dikocok, disaring, dipasteurisasi pada suhu 57-59°C selama 15 menit dan se- gera didinginkan hingga suhu 2-5°C. Selanjutnya emulsi telur dikeringkan dengan pengering semprot yang berkondi- si suhu udara masuk 160-170°C, suhu udara keluar 85-100°C dan tekanan penyemprotan 3.5 psi. Tepung telur yang di- hasilkan dikemas vakum dalam kantong plastik jenis polie- tilen densitas rendah dan disimpan pada suhu ruang dengan kelembaban 59-68 persen. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan penambahan penstabil busa sukrosa, maltosa, laktosa dan dekstrosa dengan kon- sentrasi O persen, 2 persen, 5 persen dan 12 persen. Pe- ngamatan yang dilakukan meliputi volume spesifik dan ke- stabilan busa, pH, kadar air, kadar lemak, kadar protein, kadar abu dan bilangan peroksida. Selain itu juga penga- matan secara obyektif terhadap rasa, warna, aroma, ...
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Judul: Systematics of Desmos (Annonaceae) in Malesia
Abstrak: Desmos is a woody climbing genus of Annonaceae which has been widely used as traditional medicine in several countries such as China, Indo-China, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia to treat dysentery, vertigo, fever, and postpartum. Phylogenetic studies on Desmos showed a close relationship between Desmos and Dasymaschalon. They share similar moniliform monocarpic fruits, but their flowers are different. It has been debated among Annonaceae researchers whether both genera should be treated as the same or distinct genus. Therefore, investigation on the taxonomic delimitation of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon will be necessary. Plastid genome (plastome) identification, leaf epidermal section of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon species, a taxonomic revision of Desmos in Malesia using morphological data, the spatial distribution of Desmos species in Malesia, and morphological and genetic variation in Desmos chinensis population using ISSR marker were used to investigate taxonomic delimitation of Desmos. Plastome study of Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was carried out to determine the origin, evolution, phylogenomics, and identify marker candidates for Desmos and Dasymaschalon or with other genera in Annonaceae. We discovered that the plastome of Desmos chinensis was circular with the size of 167,677 bp (smaller than Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum), consist of 111 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 29 transfer RNAs, and 4 ribosomal RNAs. The plastome showed a typical quadripartite structure, i.e., large single copy (LSC), small single copy (SSC), and two inverted repeats (IRs). The plastome of Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was 191,488 bp in length, which also exhibited a typical quadripartite structure (LSC, SSC, and two IRs). Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum showed different copies of accD, ndhD, ndhF, rps18, and ycf2. Protein coding genes of rpoB, rpoC1, rbcL, matK, rpl32, infA, and rpl36 were identified based on nucleotide diversity, sequence variability, and parsimony-informative sites. The genes are defined as molecular marker candidates of plastome for phylogenetic, barcoding, and population genetic research. We predicted that Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum separated at ca. 64 million years ago during the Paleocene. Leaf anatomical feature study was carried to support the taxonomic delimitation of interspecific Desmos and intergeneric of Desmos and Dasymaschalon. Leaf anatomy in the paradermal section of 20 taxa (12 species of Desmos, eight species of Dasymaschalon) have been carried out. According to the leaf epidermal section, Desmos and Dasymaschalon are two distinct genera mainly distinguished based on the anticlinal wall undulation of epidermal cells and supported by variation of the crystal type and size. The anticlinal wall undulation of Desmos was almost straight to slightly wavy and never sinuous; meanwhile, Dasymaschalon varies from almost straight to deeply sinusoid. The crystals of Desmos consist of rhombohedral, druse type A, and druse type B crystals, whereas Dasymaschalon has prism, druse type A, druse type B, and druse type C crystals. The recent taxonomic revision using the morphological data was mainly based on the examination of about 1374 specimens from BO, L, WAN, ANDA, SING, SAN, K, P, HUH herbaria. The Desmos species in Malesia consists of eight species: D. acutus, D. chinensis, D. chryseus, D. dunalii, D. pedunculosus, D. subbiglandulosus, two new records: D. lawii and D. macrocarpus, and one
Keyword: Dasymaschalon, Desmoid clade, Magnoliid, plastid genome, phylogenomics analysis