Judul: Analysis Competitiveness and Impact of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) of Indonesian Refined Palm Oil Exports to Main Destination Countries
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara pengekspor produk kelapa sawit terbesar dalam bentuk Refined Palm Oil (RPO) di dunia. Namun, sepanjang tahun 2013-2022 nilai ekspor RPO Indonesia cenderung berfluktuasi. RPO Indonesia merupakan salah satu komoditas yang terkena pemberlakuan hambatan non tarif atau Non Tariff Measures (NTMs) oleh negara tujuan ekspornya berupa kebijakan Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) dan Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT). Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk menganalisis daya saing dan dinamika ekspor RPO Indonesia serta dampak pemberlakuan NTMs terhadap ekspor RPO Indonesia ke negara tujuan utama pada tahun 2013-2022. Metode analisis secara deskriptif dengan pendekatan inventory dan kuantitatif dengan metode Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), X-Model, dan regresi data panel. Hasil analisis menunjukkan RPO Indonesia berdaya saing kuat dan sebagian besar negara tujuan ekspor pasarnya pada kondisi rising star. Hasil pendekatan inventory menunjukkan Uni Emirat Arab adalah negara yang paling sering menerapkan dan menunjukkan cakupan tertinggi kebijakan SPS. Sementara negara yang paling sering menerapkan dan menunjukkan cakupan tertinggi kebijakan TBT adalah Afrika Selatan. Hasil estimasi regresi data panel menunjukkan kebijakan SPS dan TBT berpengaruh negatif terhadap nilai ekspor RPO Indonesia. Faktor-faktor lain yang berpengaruh terhadap RPO Indonesia adalah GDP per kapita negara tujuan, nilai ekspor, jarak ekonomi, dan nilai RCA., Indonesia is the world's largest exporter of palm oil products in the form of Refined Palm Oil (RPO). However, throughout 2013-2022, the value of Indonesia's RPO exports tended to fluctuate. Indonesian RPO is one of the commodities subject to Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) imposed by its export destination countries, including Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) policies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the competitiveness and export dynamics of Indonesian RPO as well as the impact of NTMs on Indonesian RPO exports to main destination countries from 2013-2022. The analysis method are descriptive using inventory approach and quantitative methods using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), X-Model, and panel data regression. The analysis results indicate that Indonesian RPO has strong competitiveness, and most of the export destination markets are in a rising star conditions. The inventory approach results show that the United Arab Emirates is the country that most frequently applies and shows the highest coverage of SPS policies. Meanwhile, the country that most frequently applies and shows the highest coverage of TBT policies is South Africa. Panel data regression estimates indicate that SPS and TBT policies negatively affect the value of Indonesia's RPO exports. Other factors affecting Indonesian RPO are GDP per capita of main destination countries, export value, economic distance, and RCA value.
Keyword: panel data regression, competitiveness, refined palm oil, Non-tariff measures

Judul: Analisis Daya Saing dan Perdagangan Produk Ekspor Kelapa Sawit Indonesia di Pasar Internasional
Abstrak: Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil products in the world, with a production of about 44.46 percent of the total world production. Exports of palm oil products driven from the demand side, namely the growth in world consumption is equal to 3 percent per year. Although the quantity of export of palm oil products showed an increase, but starting in 2011, a change in the composition of exports of Indonesian palm oil products, namely the export of processed products or Refinery Palm Oil (RPO) increased, whereas Crude Palm Oil (CPO) decreased. This happens due to the impact of the progressive establishment of export duty on palm oil products, which began in 2007. The trend of increasing exports of Indonesian palm oil products and increased consumption of palm oil world, demonstrates the potential exports of palm oil products market is still high in the international market. The volume of exports of palm oil products in the international market is determined by the competitiveness of export products of palm oil and other determinants. To that end, the purpose of this study are: (1) analyze the competitiveness and the level of competition Indonesian palm oil export products in the international market and (2) analyze the factors that affect the flow of trade in products of Indonesian palm oil exports as well as the potential for trade in the international market. Secondary data were used in the form of panel data is a merger between the data time series and cross section. The analysis method used in this study were: (1) descriptive analysis, (2) analysis of the competitiveness of the method of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), (3) Spearman rank correlation analysis, (4) analysis of panel data with gravity models, and ( 5) analysis of the ratio of trade potential. Research results indicate that the export product trade Indonesian palm oil in the international market has the highest comparative advantage for CPO (average value of 64.72 RCA) and the lowest for the RPO (average value of 32.37 RCA), although seen from the RCA all products Indonesian palm oil exports show has a comparative advantage. Based on the analysis of competitiveness, Indonesia has a negative correlation with Malaysia's CPO and RPO market. The variables that significantly influence the volume of Indonesian CPO exports include Indonesia's real GDP per capita, real GDP per capita of the country of destination, within the Indonesian economy with the country of destination and the exchange rate against the local currency unit (LCU). While the variables that are not significant to the CPO export volume is a progressive export tax on palm oil products. RPO model, the variables that significantly affect Indonesia's per capita real GDP, real GDP per capita of the country of destination, the rupiah against the LCU, and a progressive export tax. While the variables that are not significant to the export volume RPO is the distance of the Indonesian economy with the country of destination. Indonesian CPO trade potential ratio shows that the trade is still under trade and potentially increase in the future is the China, Netherland,
Keyword: competitiveness, exports, gravity models, palm oil

Judul: Morfologi Organ Reproduksi Betina Walet Linchi (Collocalia linchi)
Abstrak: This research is aimed to describe the morphology of the female reproductive organs of the cave swiftlets (C. linchi ) macroscopic and microscopically. Four female reproduction organs were used in this study. Microscopic observation was done using Hematoxilin – eosin (HE), alcian blue (AB) pH 2.5 and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining methods. The reproductive organs were consisted of ovarium and oviduct. The oviduct has five parts: infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina. The mucosa of oviduct has mucosal folds and lined with columnar ciliated epithelial cells. Glandular glands were found in the lamina propria of oviduct, except in the vagina. The thick muscle of sphincter uterovagina was found in the border between uterus and vagina. Using AB-PAS staining methods, it was detected that oviduct contained neutral and acid carbohydrate, especially in the secrete glands of oviduct.
Keyword: oviduct., ovarium, Collocalia linchi