Judul: Model Neraca Nitrogen pada Pertanian Indonesia serta Dampak yang Ditimbulkan Tahun 1968 dan 2008
Abstrak: Intensification has been choosen as a main effort of agricultural development in Indonesia. The measure of fertilizer is the main characteristic of intensification within which urea (nitrogen) is the most common fertilizer. This study was conducted to assess the efficiency of nitrogen and nitrogen Past to the environment, to estimate its environmental impacts and to find their mitigation measures of fertilizer application. In order to obtain a comprehensive result, system aproach was used. Secondary data and other sources of reliable information were used. Four inputs entering the system are mineral fertilizer, plant N-fixation, soil bacterial fixation and precipitation. Nitrogen mass-balance models were developed to determine production, efficiency and the nitrogen losses. The result showed the Same trend of the system, increased the the lost and decrease the efficiency around 1968 dan 2008. From the material balance model outputs, it is predicted that around 138 kg-N/ha-year are lost and antering the environment or ecosystem. It is estimated that the future Indonesian agriculture will be more intensive and fertilizer application will increase. Fertilizer impacts are decreasing of nitrogen efficiency, soil organic matters, macroelements and organisms, groundwater contamination and air pollution. To avoid most of the possible adverse effects, some efforts might be made by reduce the use mineral fertilizer, increasing legume, use of azolla and increase the use organic fertilizer (green and animal manure). A recommended that used the future Indonesian agricultural development to Sustain the agricultural production should be optimize input agricultural and minimizing losses.
Keyword: Nitrogen fertilizer, Model, Efficiency, N-loss, agricultureA

Judul: Model Keseimbangan Bahan Dalam Ekosistem Sawah Intensifikasi Dan Hubungannya Dengan Pencemaran Lingkungan
Abstrak: Model Keseimbangan Bahan Dalam Ekosistem Sawah Intensifisi dan Hubungannya Dengan Pencemaran Lingkungan (di bawah bimbingan Rokhain Dahuri sebagai ketua, Sudarsono dan Sudirman Yahya sebagai anggota). Permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam penggunaan pupuk anorganik yang terus meningkat, antara lain menurunnya efisiensi penggunaan pupuk tersebut. Penurunan efisiensi mengakibatkan makin tingginya kehilangan bahan yang dapat menimbulkan masalah pencemaran lingkungan. Selain itu, dengan dikeluarkannya kebijaksanaan pemerintah untuk menghapus subsidi terhadap pupuk anorganik, maka upaya peningkatan efisiensi penggunaan pupuk ter- sebut makin dirasakan urgensinya. Penelitian aliran bahan yang dilakukan, bertujuan untuk mendapatkan struktur model hubungan perpindahan bahan antara ekosistem sawah intensifikasi dengan lingkungan di sekitarnya, aliran internal, mengukur faktor efisiensi pemanfaatan unsur hara serta mengkaji kehilangan unsur yang menjadi limbah dan terbuang ke lingkungan. Hasil penelitian diharapkan berguna dalam upaya mendapatkan metoda untuk menekan kehilangan bahan tanpa mengorbankan segi produksi. Pendekatan untuk mendapatkan gambaran aliran bahan dilakukan melalui pendekatan sistem. Keseimbangan bahan dalam sistem dirumuskan dalam suatu model input-output yang secara umum dinyatakan sebagai : I (input) = P (produk) + H (hilangan). E (efisiensi) = P/I Penelitian dilakukan dengan pemberian masukan berupa pupuk anorganik sesuai dengan paket C kredit usaha tani (KUT) inten- sifikasi dan pengembalian sisa tanaman dari musim tanam sebe- lumnya. Penelitian dibedakan menjadi 3 kelompok pengelolaan berdasarkan perbedaan pengembalian sisa tanaman, yaitu pengem- balian akar dan gulna (1), pengembalian akar, gulma dan jerami (2) serta pengembalian akar, gulma, jerami dan sekam (3)…dst
Keyword: Ekosistem Sawah, Pencemaran Lingkungan, Pupuk Anorganik, Daur Nitrogen, Daur Fosfor dan Kalium

Judul: Phylogenetic analysis of subgenus Dieramalpinia (Alpinia carolinensis clade) - Zingiberaceae based on ITS sequences
Abstrak: The most recent infra-generic classification of Alpinia Roxb. by Smith divided the genus into two subgenera (Alpinia and Dieramalpinia) with 11 sections and 12 subsections. One of the sections of Alpinia subgenus Dieramalpinia is Myriocrater which contains about 16 species. The most recent phylogenetic study that included species from Alpinia subgenus Dieramalpinia was done by Kress et al. (2007). They sampled only eight species and found that these were nested within a clade referred to as the Alpinia carolinensis clade. This clade was well supported and may be separated as a genus if sampling more species confirms the result. The objectives of the present project are to compare ITS within one species; to test the monophyly of Alpinia section Myriocrater; to test whether adding more samples still supports the Alpinia carolinensis clade. The present study included thirty-nine samples representing nineteen taxa from Alpinia; seven samples are still unidentified at species level. Sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer were used in the analysis. The result showed that ITS sequence of Myriocrater’s species are more conserved than another group in Zingiberaceae. There are base variations within species level. The Alpinia section Myriocrater plus five species from other section is not monophyletic. The Alpinia carolinensis clade still includes three sections of Smith classification (Dieramalpinia, Myriocrater and Pycnanthus) from subgenus Dieramalpinia. Alpinia subgenus Dieramalpinia section Eubractea and one species of section Dieramalpinia are separated into another clade.
Keyword: Alpinia, Myriocrater, Dieramalpinia, Alpinia carolinensis clade