Judul: Influenza Specific Immunoglobulin Y Purification from Egg Yolk with Sodium Chloride Precipitation Method
Abstrak: Imunoglobulin Yolk (IgY) yang terdapat dalam kuning telur telah banyak dimanfaatkan untuk imunoterapi dan imunodiagnostik. Salah satu kendala dalam pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur adalah pemisahan Ig dengan lemak, sehingga teknik pemurnian Ig selalu berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur dengan metode pengendapan menggunakan sodium chloride (NaCl) serta melakukan karakterisasi IgY spesifik influenza. Sodium chloride dipilih karena bahan kimia ini relatif murah, ramah lingkungan, dan tidak merusak imunoaktivitas IgY. Kuning telur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari telur ayam layer yang divaksinasi dengan vaksin influenza Flubio® yang berisi virus Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 dan B/Washington. Pemurnian IgY hanya dilakukan pada kuning telur yang mengandung antibodi spesifik influenza. Deteksi keberadaan antibodi spesifik influenza ditentukan dengan uji agar gel presipitasi (AGP) dan metode enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Konsentrasi IgY hasil pemurnian dihitung dengan spektrofotometer dan karakterisasi protein dilakukan dengan metode Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Konsentrasi protein dari hasil pemurnian IgY memiliki nilai rata – rata 50,403 mg/mL. Hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan enam pita protein, yaitu struktur IgY utuh (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), rantai berat IgY (66,54 kDa), Fab ( 47,65 kDa), rantai ringan IgY (21,85 kDa), dan β-livetin (36,74 kDa). IgY hasil pemurnian masih dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza berdasarkan uji ELISA. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemurnian IgY menggunakan metode pengendapan NaCl dapat memurnikan IgY dengan struktur utuh, meskipun masih ada dua protein tidak spesifik hasil pemurnian. IgY yang dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza mengindikasikan prospek pemanfaatannya untuk pencegahan influenza dan imunodiagnostik., Yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) contained in egg yolk has been widely used for immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. One of the obstacles in IgY purification from egg yolk is separating Ig from fat, so that IgY purification techniques are always developing. This study aimed to purify IgY from egg yolk using sodium chloride (NaCl) precipitation method and to characterize influenza-specific IgY. Sodium chloride was chosen because this chemical is relatively unexpensive, environmentally friendly, and does not impair IgY immunoactivity. The egg yolks used in this study were collected from layer eggs vaccinated with the Flubio® influenza vaccine, which contains the Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 and B/Washington viruses. IgY purification was only carried out on egg yolks containing influenza specific antibodies. The presence of influenza-specific antibodies was determined by the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The purified IgY concentration was determined using spectrophotometer, and protein characterization was performed using the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. Protein concentration from purification has a mean value of 50,403 mg/mL . SDS-PAGE result showed six protein bands, namely intact IgY structure (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), IgY heavy chain (66,54 kDa), Fab (47,65 kDa), IgY light chain (21,85 kDa), and β-livetin (36,74 kDa). The purified IgY still able to bind with influenza antigen based on the ELISA test. The results of this study indicate that purification of IgY using the NaCl precipitation method can purify IgY with intact structure, although there are still two unspecific proteins in the purification results. The resulting IgY can bind to influenza antigens indicating the
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, influenza, egg yolk, purification, sodium chloride

Judul: Purification of SARS-CoV-2 Antibody from Egg Yolk with Sodium Chloride Method
Abstrak: Beberapa pengobatan berbasis antibodi yang dapat digunakan pada pasien COVID-19 adalah pemberian sediaan antibodi monoklonal anti-SARS-CoV-2 dan terapi plasma konvalesen. Selain itu, penggunaan Imunoglobulin Y (IgY) spesifik SARS-CoV-2 juga berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai pengobatan COVID-19. Pemanfaatan IgY dapat dilakukan setelah antibodi IgY dimurnikan dari kuning telur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemurnian IgY spesifik SARS-CoV-2 dari kuning telur dengan metode pengendapan sodium chloride. Kuning telur yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berasal dari ayam layer yang telah diimunisasi selama tiga hari berturut-turut dengan antigen berupa protein rekombinan nucleocapsid (N), spike -1 (S1), dan receptor binding domain (RBD) dari SARS-CoV-2 dan dilanjutkan booster dengan interval 2 minggu. Keberadaan IgY spesifik pada kuning telur dideteksi dengan metode enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) dan kemampuan netralisasi IgY terhadap SARS-CoV-2 dilakukan secara in vitro dengan metode neutralization assay (NA). Hasil pemurnian dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan sodium dodecyl sulphate poly acrylamide gel electrophpresis (SDS-PAGE) dan konsentrasi IgY dihitung dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer. Rata-rata konsentrasi IgY yang diperoleh pada hasil purifkasi adalah 59,145 mg/mL. Hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukan pita protein pada 192,76 kDa, 64,28 kDa, dan 28,66 kDa yang merupakan IgY, Heavy Chain, dan Light Chain. Imunoglobulin Y hasil pemurnian menunjukan kemampuan netralisasi virus yang ditunjukkan dengan hasil positif pada NA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa IgY spesifik SARS-CoV-2, dapat dimurnikan dengan metode pengendapan sodium chloride dengan konsentrasi yang cukup tinggi, menghasilkan struktur IgY utuh serta memiliki kemampuan netralisasi., Several antibody-based treatments that can be used in COVID-19 patients are the administration of anti-SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and convalescent plasma therapy. In addition, the use of immunoglobulin Y (IgY) specific for SARS-CoV-2 also has the potential to be used as a COVID-19 treatment. Utilization of IgY can be done after IgY antibodies are purified from egg yolk. The aim of this study was to purify SARS-CoV-2 specific IgY from egg yolk by using sodium chloride precipitation method. The egg yolks used in this study collected from layer chickens that had been immunized for three consecutive days with antigens in the form of nucleocapsid recombinant protein (N), spike -1 (S1), and receptor binding domain (RBD) from SARS-CoV-2. and followed by a booster at 2-week intervals. The presence of specific IgY in egg yolk was detected by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method and the neutralization ability of IgY against SARS-CoV-2 was carried out in vitro using the neutralization assay (NA) method. The purification results were characterized using sodium dodecyl sulphate poly acrylamide gel electrophpresis (SDS-PAGE) and the IgY concentration was calculated using a spectrophotometer. The average concentration of IgY obtained in the purification results was 59.145 mg/mL. The results of SDS-PAGE showed protein bands at 192.76 kDa, 64.28 kDa, and 28.66 kDa which were IgY, Heavy Chain, and Light Chain. The purified immunoglobulin Y showed the ability to neutralize the virus which was indicated by a positive result on the NA. The results showed that SARS-CoV-2 specific IgY could be purified by the sodium chloride precipitation method with a high concentration, resulting intact IgY structure and has neutralizing ability.
Keyword: egg yolk, Imunoglobulin Y, purification, SARS-CoV-2, sodium chloride

Judul: Implementasi Space Time Composite (STC) Data Model Menggunakan Model Data Relasional
Abstrak: The data model is a concept that describes the data stored in the database and the relationship between the data to the user in logic. Development of data models is very important in the design of the database as the basis of the stage of database design to be made. This study aims to apply the concept of Space Time Composite (STC) on the Model Data storage vector data types that can store enough information and describes the process of drafting objects and objects spatiotemporal evolution over time. From the results of the test queries on the data model that have been created, queries in a system are acquired that can help display the information preparation of objects from time to time and know the history of the object polygon and arc that has undergone changes in topology.
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