Judul: Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Biodiesel dari Minyak Biji Karet (Hevea brasiliensis) Melalui Proses Estrans (Esterifikasi- Transesterifikasi)
Abstrak: Biodiesel is alkyl ester produced from of vegetable, animal or fat oil derivate which could be used in diesel machine. One of the materials that can be used in making biodiesel is rubber seed oil. In order to influence the effective and efficient of biodiesel production, the process held in two steps esterificationtransesterification with the appropriate catalyst. The process had to be held in two step because of the high concentration of free fatty acid in rubber seed oil. The general purpose of this research was to add the utilization of rubber seed oil. The particular purposes of this research were to obtain the opted esterification-transesterification process from rubber seed oil and to know the characteristic of biodiesel produced from rubber seed oil esterificationtransesterification process and compare it with the obtained biodiesel standard. The result of proximate analysis of rubber seed showed that fat concentration in rubber seed was high enough about 38.65 % (dry basis) and the mean of rubber seed oil yield after extraction was 15.69 %. The characteristics of rubber seed oil after degumming were; cinematic viscosity at 40 oC was 23.31 cSt, the oil density at 25 oC was 0.896 g/ml and fatty acid value was 22.22 mg KOH/g of sample. Moreover, the oil could not be used directly as biodiesel because of three parameter values were higher than the standard. Therefore, the Esterification-Transesterification process must be carried out, so biodiesel that produced could fulfill the standard and could be used as fuel. Based on biodiesel production of rubber seed oil through Esterification- Transesterification could be known that the opted condition of esterification process was at A1B2C3 (HCl 1 %, reaction time 120 minutes, and mole ratio of methanol: oil = 20:1), fatty acid value was 0.32 mg KOH/g sample. The opted condition of transesterification was at A1B2 (reaction time 30 minutes and mole ratio of methanol:oil = 6:1), cinematic viscosity at 40 oC was 4.77 cSt, yield of biodiesel was about 74.51 %, and fatty acid value was 0.22 mg KOH/g of sample. Based on biodiesel characterization, the biodiesel quality produced in this research was appropriate with the standard of biodiesel for cinematic viscosity, density, fatty acid number, and flash point.
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Judul: Pembuatan Biodiesel Karet dan Biodiesel Sawit dengan Instrumen Ultrasonik serta Karakteristik Campurannya
Abstrak: Biodiesel is one of known alternative fuel, obtained by oil processing, for example from rubberseed oil and palm oil. Conventionally, biodiesel obtained by reacted oil with methanol for 1 hour at temperature of 65 oC with mechanical stirring, using homogenous catalyst such as NaOH. Homogeneous catalysts dissolve fully in the glycerol layer and partially in the biodiesel layer during the triglyceride transesterification process. Heterogeneous (solid) catalysts, such as CaO, can prevent contamination, making product separation much easier. Moreover, the reaction time of conventional methods can be shortened by applying ultrasonic energy. This research consists of several stages, aimed to obtain biodiesel yield from transesterification using homogenous and heterogenous catalyst, to produce rubberseed biodiesel and palm biodiesel by applying ultrasonic energy, and then obtain the characteristics of palm biodiesel, rubberseed biodiesel, and mix of both. The result showed that the transesterification process using heterogenous catalyst need longer time and give the lower biodiesel yield than the transesterification using homogenous catalyst. Ultrasonic transesterification of palm oil gives a greater yield then the conventional stirring methods, which ultrasonic transesterification yield range between 96.52% to 98.03% and the acid number range from 0.50 mg KOH/g sample to 0.63 mg KOH/g sample. Ultrasonic esterification succeeded in reducing acid value of rubber seed oil in a shorter time, which is smaller than acid value by 30 minute conventional esterification. Ultrasonic transesterification only succeeded to form biodiesel from rubberseed oil that has gone through the 30 minutes ultrasonic esterification (78.84% yield) and through an 1 hour conventional esterification (91.55% yield). Rubberseed biodiesel, palm methyl ester, and a blended of both meets the SNI-04-7182-2006 on the characteristics of acid value, density, viscosity, and cloud point. The iodine number of rubberseed biodiesel was still above the standard, but blending palm methyl ester to rubberseed biodiesel can reduce the iodine number of blended biodiesel to meet the standards. Production cost analysis at biodiesel blended (25% palm methyl ester ini rubberseed biodiesel) resulted : ultrasonic methods still more expensive than conventional methods.
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Judul: "Kegiatan perancangan lanskap apartemen, hotel dan pemukiman di Ong & Ong architecs, Singapura"
Abstrak: Negara Singapura merupakan pusat kegiatan ekonomi kawasan regional Asia Tenggara. Karya arsitektur bangunan, lanskap dan sistem manajemen tata kotiingapura yang dihasilkan selama ini telah diakui oleh dunia internasional. Faktor eksistensi tersebut menstimulasi pendirian dan pengembangan konsultan- konsilan arsitektur swasta lokal dan multinasional di Singapura dengan ruang lingup kerja berskala internasional. Ong & Ong Architects (COA) adalah salah satu konsultan swasta di Singapura yang berdiri sejak tahun 1972 dan bergerak di bidang arsitektur bangunan, dekorasi interior dan arsitektur lanskap. Melalui kegiatan magang di OOA, seluruh proses kegiatan perancangan lanskap yang menghasilkan suatu hasil karya lanskap dengan standar kualitas skala internasional merupakan salah satu kegiatan nyata yang sangat penting untuk dipelajari. Tujuan magang untuk memperluas dan meningkatkan wawasan serta pengalaman keprofesian di bidang arsitektur lanskap. Magang bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan kemampuan profesionalisme, menjalin hubungan dan kerjasama yang baik dengan staf, manajemen OOA serta kaitannya dengan Departemen Arsitektur Lanskap Institut Pertanian Bogor secara makro, Kegiatan magang dilaksanakan mulai dari tanggal 12 Juni 2006 hingga 12 Oktober 2006 berlokasi di Thomson Road, Singapura, pada perusahaan konsultan Swasta Ong & Ong Architects, Divisi Arsitektur Lanskap yang beralamat di 510 Thomson Road 9-11 Floor SLF Building, Singapura. Proses studi dilaksanakan dengan cara magang, melalui kegiatan observasi di lapangan dan partisipasi aktif di studio sebagai trainee. Data diperoleh melalui observasi / survai, wawancara, da di pustaka dan buku, laporan dan sumber pustaka lainnya. Tahapan kegiatan berupa pengenalan lembaga dan manajemen, observasi lapang, pengumpulan data, studi pustaka, dan kegiatan perancangan. Batasan mageng berada pada ruang lingkup struktur internal manajemen kelembagaan, beserta tahapan proses pekerjaan lanskap secara mendetail dalam pekerjaan lanskap Apartemen Cuscaden Walk, Quincy Hotel, dan Mirador Village. Konsultan OOA membuat batasan ruang lingkup bisnis dengan penekanan kepada empat aspek yaitu (1) Analisis, (2) Perancangan, (3) Dokumentasi, (4) Pelayanan. Struktur organisasi OOA berbentuk rantai perintah langsung kepada masing-masing kepala di tiap divisi, dan bergerak seterusnya kebawah. Pelimpahan pekerjaan berada pada struktur tingkat yang sama, sehingga memungkinkan divisi arsitektur bangunan memberikan pekerjaan lanskap kepada divisi arsitektur lanskap dan sebaliknya sesuai dengan bidang pekerjaannya masing-masing. Hal ini bergantung kepada siapa pemegang kontrak dengan klien. Garis besar jabatan pekerjaan dalam perusahaan terdiri atas: (1) Managing director, (2) Project Director, (3) Associate Director. (4) Executive Secretary. (5) Administration Head, (6) Senior Architect, (7) Personal Assistant, (8) Architect, (9) Team Leader (Principal Technical Officer), (10) Draftperson (Technical Officer) (11) Clerical Staff/Administrative Staff. (12) Accounts Executive/Accounts Officer (13) Quality Assurance (QA) Manager (Management Representative), (14) Assistant QA Manager, (15) Auditor, (16) IT Officer, (17) Visualization Team, (18) Corporate Affairs. Ong & Ong Architects mengidentifikasi klien kedalam tiga kelompok yaitu: (1) Pengembang. (2) Kontraktor, (3) Pengisi / konsumen primer. Ong & Ong Architects meraih sertifikasi internasional ISO 9001 dengan pendekatan berupa (1) Kepuasan pelanggan, (2) Peningkatan kinerja, (3) Implementasi teknologi informasi, (4) Implementasi Quality Assurance System...
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