Judul: Autekologi tanaman lada (Piper nigrum L.) di Provinsi Lampung: karakteristik lingkungan dan faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas
Abstrak: Understanding the characteristic of crop plant species is a pivotal step to achieve the cultivation success on agricultural practices. Each plant requires a specific environmental condition for its growth and maturation. In case of pepper plant, environmental factors such as altitude and rainfall considerably affect on the growth as well as productivity of this plant. As one of pepper production center in Indonesia, Lampung Province has diversity of pepper varieties and different environmental characteristic with gradient of altitude and precipitation. Based on Dinas Perkebunan (Plantation Office) of Lampung Province, productivity of pepper in Lampung tends to decrease recently. The average pepper production was 651 kg/ha in 2005, 478 kg/ha in 2007 and 461 kg/ha in 2011. Those, well-knowledge about autecology of pepper plant in Lampung Province become an important concern to solve the problems on pepper cultivation. The main objective of this research was to study the autecology of pepper plant in Lampung Province. The research covered specific objectives were (i) to obtain the information about phenology of pepper plant in Lampung Province, (ii) to determine the recent environmental condition of pepper plant habitat including biotic and abiotic factors, and (iii) to investigate the environmental factors that affect the productivity of pepper plant in Lampung Province. Study about phenology of pepper plant in Lampung was conducted through direct observation on selected plot in two areas i.e. (i) Kebun Percobaan Balittri, Cahaya Negeri Village, Subdistrict of Abung Barat, North Lampung and (ii) Kebun Percobaan BPTP, Negara Ratu Village, Subdistrict of Natar, South Lampung. Whereas, study about of environmental characteristics and its factors effect on the productivity of pepper plant was conducted in four districts with different altitude i.e. (i) Sekincau Subdistrict, West Lampung, (ii) Abung Barat Subdistrict, North Lampung, (iii) Margatiga Subdistrict, East Lampung, and (iv) Natar Subdistrict, South Lampung. Observation and measurement were conducted to obtain the data for environmental factors, variability and productivity of pepper plant. Analysis of soil chemistry was performed to determine the condition of soil fertility on each location. To study the biotic component, insects were explored as study case to investigate the relationship between insect and pepper plant. Then, statistical analyses were performed to study the relationship between environmental factors including abiotic and biotic factors and the productivity of pepper in Lampung Province. The result showed that the phenology of pepper plant in Lampung is started from the seed or cutting, seedling, immature, and adult. In the mature period, pepper plant having an annual cycle between vegetative and generative phase. Vegetative phase is started around September to December, while generative phase is from January to August. Flowering characteristic of pepper plant varieties i.e. Natar 1 and Natar 2 have seasonal flowering time which is early flowering time follow the rainy season in the local region. In Abung Barat, variety of Natar 1 has higher variability and productivity than Natar 2. In contrast, variability and productivity of Natar 2 was higher than Natar 1 in Natar Subdistrict. The difference of environmental condition might affect the productivity of pepper plant in Lampung Province. Environmental characteristic of pepper plant habitat
Keyword: autecology, environmental factor, Lampung Province, phenology, Piper nigrum

Judul: Directions for Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Development in West Lampung Regency in Facing the Era of Agriculture 4.0, Directions for Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Development in West Lampung Regency in Facing the Era of Agriculture 4.0.
Abstrak: Lampung Barat menjadi salah satu area pengembang komoditas lada di Provinsi Lampung yang saat ini mengalami penurunan produktivitas lada dari tahun 2013-2019 sebanyak 14% . Melihat hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyusun arahan kawasan pengembangan lada di Kabupaten Lampung Barat dengan mengetahui sebaran spasial komoditas lada dan karakteristiknya, menganalisis ketersediaan dan kesesuaian lahan komoditas lada, serta menganalisis karakter sosial dan ekonomi petani lada dalam menghadapi era pertanian 4.0. Analisis spasial dengan citra Sentinel-2 2019 di software ArcGIS 10.8 dilakukan untuk mengetahui sebaran spasial, ketersediaan lahan, dan kesesuaian lahan lada di Kabupaten Lampung Barat. Data PDRB, peta tematik, dan peta dasar juga digunakan untuk mendukung analisis. Selain aspek fisik, karakter sosial dan ekonomi diperoleh dari survei wawancara kepada petani lada sebagai responden, dan petugas pemerintahan sebagai informan, kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 2019, Kabupaten Lampung Barat memiliki luas area lada sebesar 23,90 % yang mayoritas tersebar di sisi timur Kabupaten Lampung Barat. Karakteristik spasial lada yaitu lada di Kabupaten Lampung Barat menggunakan tajar hidup dan mayoritas budidaya dilakukan secara tumpang sari. Ketersediaan lahan di Kabupaten Lampung Barat terbagi menjadi tiga kategori dengan masing masing luasan yaitu Lahan tersedia seluas 21.958 ha, lahan potensi tersedia seluas 3.906 ha, dan lahan tidak tersedia seluas 21.462 ha. Hasil analisis kesesuaian lahan menunjukkan kelas kesesuaian lahan S2 seluas 1.895 ha dan untuk kelas kesesuaian lahan S3 seluas 20.433 ha serta kesesuaian lahan N seluas 3.536 ha. Sebagian besar lahan lada masih memungkinkan untuk dilakukan intensifikasi melalui pemberian input spesifik terhadap lahan sehingga menghasilkan kelas kesesuaian lahan potensial dengan masing-masing luasan, yaitu: kelas S1 (1.526 ha), kelas S2fn seluas 1.855 ha, dan kelas kesesuaian S2fns seluas 15.444 ha. Adapun untuk karakter sosial ekonomi petani lada di Kabupaten Lampung Barat dalam menghadapi era pertanian 4.0 baik dari sisi on-farm dan off-farm, petani lada di Kabupaten Lampung Barat masih jauh dalam kategori 4.0. Salah satu aspek pertanian 4.0 yang memungkinkan untuk diterapkan di Kabupaten Lampung Barat yaitu dari sisi off-farm dalam hal pemasaran digital. Syarat kepemilikan alat elektronik dan kekuatan sinyal internet yang baik sudah terpenuhi. Arahan pengembangan komoditas lada berdasarkan aspek fisik terbagi menjadi 8 prioritas yang kemudian terbagi ke dalam 3 arahan pengembangan, yaitu arahan 1, 2, dan 3. Arahan 1 merupakan area yang cocok dijadikan sentra lada, sedangkan kedua arahan lainnya membutuhkan perbaikan. Sementara pengembangan kawasan lada berdasarkan karakteristik sosial dan ekonomi petani lada baik dari aspek on-farm dan off-farm, yaitu: (1) meningkatkan kualitas lada dengan pemakaian bibit unggul, (2) memudahkan penjualan dengan perluasan pasar skala industri dengan bantuan pemerintah maupun pihak swasata, dan (3) meningkatkan kualitas pasca panen lada serta mencari para investor yang ingin bekerja sama untuk mengembangkan lada dalam skala besar., West Lampung is one of the areas that developed pepper in Lampung Province which was experiencing a problem of decreasing pepper productivity. This study aims to compile the direction of the pepper development in West Lampung Regency by knowing the spatial distribution of the pepper commodity and its characteristics, analyzing the land availability and land suitability for pepper, and analyzing the socio-economic of pepper farmers in facing the
Keyword: Land suitability, Land availability, marketing, priority, Sentinel

Judul: Grup dan Homomorfisma Grup pada Rubik Revenge
Abstrak: Rubik cube is a kind of puzzle game. A player must arrange rubik sides, which have been disordered, back to the position where every side has the same colour. This paper does not focus on the settlement solution, but instead on proving the existence of a group homomorphism between rubik movement group and S96 symmetric permutation group in rubik revenge. Firstly, it has been proved that rubik movement set is a group. Then, it also has been proved that the M set, which contains numeric labels of 1 until 96 in cubinos sides, is S96 symmetric permutation group.
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