Judul: Karakteristik Kimia dan Organoleptik Madu dari Lebah Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, dan Trigona Sp.
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan spesies lebah Apis mellifera, A. dorsata, A. cerana, dan Trigona sp. terhadap karakteristik kimia dan organoleptik madu yang dihasilkan di Indonesia. Karakteristik kimia yang diamati berupa kadar air, keasaman, gula pereduksi, sukrosa, hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF), dan kadar abu. Karakteristik organoleptik berupa warna, rasa manis, aroma asam, kekeruhan, dan kekentalan. Hasil analisis keragaman menunjukkan keasaman dan gula pereduksi sangat nyata dipengaruhi (P<0.01) dan kadar abu nyata dipengaruhi (P<0.05) oleh spesies lebah. Nilai keasaman terendah pada madu A. cerana dan tertinggi Trigona. Kadar gula pereduksi tertinggi ada pada madu A. mellifera dan A. cerana, serta terendah pada Trigona. Semua karakteristik organoleptik madu sangat nyata (P<0.01) dipengaruhi oleh spesies lebah. Kadar air, sukrosa, HMF, dan kadar abu dapat dijadikan standar umum kimia madu Indonesia, namun untuk kadar abu dibedakan antara madu Apis dan Trigona sp.
Keyword: karaktersistik kimia, lebah, madu, organoleptik

Judul: Karakteristik Fisik Madu dari Lebah Apis melifera, Apis dorsata, Apis cerana dan Trigona spp.
Abstrak: Characteristics of honey in tropical region of Indonesia are certainly different from other countries with different climates. The aimed of this study was to analyse the physical performance of Indonesian honey which produced by different species of bees. Honey samples were taken from 4 different species of bees consist of Apis melifera, A. dorsata, A. cerana and Trigona spp. with 5 replication for each species. The observed physical characteristics consist of color, specific gravity or density, turbidity, pH, water activity, and viscosity. The results showed that the bees’s species greatly affect the turbidity, water activity (P<0.01) of honey. Other physical characteristics can be used as standard of physical quality of honey with color value of L 53.08, a 8.77 and b 18.34, density 1.3 and pH value 3.91. The water activity can be used as standard by taking into account the differences between honey produced by Trigona spp. (0.73) and of Apis spp. (0.63-0.66).
Keyword: turbidity, physical characteristics, honey, color, bee

Judul: A Continuous Vaccination Strategy in the SVIR Epidemic Model
Abstrak: Vaccination is conducted to minimize the spread of a disease. The vaccination is usually done several times within a fixed time interval. In the SVIR model, it is assumed that individuals do not get immediate immunity following a vaccination program. So according to process of vaccination on SVIR model, there are two strategies, i.e. the continuous vaccination strategy (CVS) and the pulse vaccination strategy (PVS). In this study, only the CVS strategy in epidemic model SVIR is considered. Results of the study indicate that dynamics of the CVS system depends on the basic reproductive number. If the basic reproductive number is less than one, then the disease-free fixed point is asymptotically stable. It means that the disease will eventually disappear from the population. Conversely, if the basic reproductive number is greater than one, then the endemic fixed point is asymptotically stable, which means that the disease will remain exist in the population. Simulation result shows that the vaccination would minimize the spread of disease by reducing the basic reproductive number. If the time for the vaccinated recipients to obtain the immunity, as well as a possibility of vaccinated recipients to be infected are neglected, then the disease will be eradicated. This condition is called an over-evaluating effect of vaccination.
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