Judul: Deteksi Gen Penyandi Resistensi Antibiotik pada Bakteri Klebsiella spp. yang diisolasi dari Ayam Pedaging dan Petelur di Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik adalah salah satu masalah yang menjadi perhatian kesehatan dunia. Penyalahgunaan antibiotik pada unggas dapat menyebabkan dampak yang buruk. Salah satunya menyebabkan flora normal pada unggas menjadi resisten terhadap antibiotik. Flora normal pada unggas yang mengalami resistensi salah satunya bakteri Klebsiella. Laporan tentang kejadian resistensi bakteri Klebsiella di berbagai negara cukup tinggi, sehingga perlu adanya penelitian tentang resistensi bakteri Klebsiella spp. pada unggas di Indonesia khususnya di Jawa Barat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan isolasi bakteri Klebsiella spp., mengetahui pola resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik dan deteksi molekuler gen penyandi resistensi. Total samapel penelitian 320 swab kloaka ayam pedaging dan petelur dari kabupaten Bogor, Sukabumi dan Cianjur, Jawa Barat. Sampel diisolasi dan diidentifikasi secara makroskopis, mikroskopis, biokimia dan molekuler. Isolat positif dilakukan uji sensitivitas terhadap antibiotik menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion kemudian uji PCR untuk mendeteksi gen penyandi resistensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 18.33% sampel positif Klebsiella spp. Isolat menunjukkan tingkat resistensi yang tinggi; 100% resisten terhadap eritromisin, ampisilin 94.83%, oksitetrasiklin 93.10%, tetrasiklin dan asam nalidiksat 89.66%, enrofloksasin 86.21%, siprofloksasin 81.03%, gentamisin 55.17% dan kloramfenikol 29.31%. Deteksi molekuler gen penyandi resistensi pada isolat Klebsiella spp., menunjukkan 100% memiliki gyrA dan blaTEM, 83.33% memiliki tetA, 45.83% gen ermB, 66.67% gen blaSHV dan 62.50% memiliki gen blaCTXM. Bakteri Klebsiella spp. yang diisolasi dari swab kloaka ayam pedaging dan petelur di Jawa Barat menunjukkan tingkat resistensi yang tinggi dan hampir keseluruhan isolat multi resisten terhadap antibiotik.
Keyword: gen resisten, Klebsiella spp, resistensi antibiotik

Judul: Deteksi Gen Penyandi Resistensi Antibiotik pada Escherichia coli dan Salmonella sp. yang Diisolasi dari Beberapa Peternakan Unggas di Jawa Barat.
Abstrak: Industri perunggasan menggunakan antibiotik sebagai pencegahan, pemacu pertumbuhan dan pengobatan penyakit infeksi bakerial. Oleh karena itu banyak menimbulkan bakteri resisten. Escherichia coli dan Salmonella sp. adalah bakteri penting pada hewan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi E. coli dan Salmonella sp., menguji sensitivitas dan deteksi gen penyandi resistensi E. coli and Salmonella sp.. Seratus lima sampel swab kloaka unggas digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri menggunakan kaldu tetrationat (khusus Salmonella sp.), kemudian dikultur pada media agar selektif (agar Mac Conkey dan eosin methylene blue untuk E.coli, Salmonella-Shigella untuk Salmonella sp.), pengujian biokimia dan pewarnaan Gram. Isolat bakteri dikonfirmasi dengan amplifikasi gen uspA E. coli dan invA Salmonella sp. menggunakan PCR. Tetrasiklin, oksitetrasiklin, ampisilin, gentamisin, asam nalidiksat, siprofloksasin, enrofloksasin, eritromisin dan kloramfenikol adalah antibiotik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer digunakan untuk mendeteksi resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik. Hasil uji sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa E. coli resisten terhadap tetrasiklin (92.3%), oksitetrasiklin (92.3%), ampisilin (100%), gentamisin (61.6%), asam nalidiksat (94.3%), siprofloksasin (69.2%), enrofloksasin (65.4%), eritromisin (96.2%) dan kloramfenikol (0%). Salmonella sp. resisten terhadap tetrasiklin (75%), oksitetrasiklin (75%), ampisilin (75%), gentamisin (12.5%), asam nalidiksat (100%), siprofloksasin (12.5%), enrofloksasin (0%), eritromisin (100%) dan kloramfenikol (0%). Hasil deteksi gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik pada E. coli dan Salmonella sp. berturut-turut yaitu tetA (83.3% dan 33.3%) positif, blaTEM (100% dan 100%) positif, aac(3)-IV (3.1% dan 0%) positif, gyrA (100% dan 100%) positif ermB (6% dan 0%) positif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa E. coli dan Salmonella sp. dapat diisolasi dari swab kloaka unggas. Semua isolat E. coli resisten terhadap ampisilin. Semua isolat Salmonella sp. resisten terhadap asam naidiksat dan eritromisin. Gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik yaitu tetA, blaTEM, aac(3)-IV, gyrA dan ermB genes terdeteksi pada isolat E. coli dan gen tetA, blaTEM dan gyrA terdeteksi pada isolat Salmonella sp..
Keyword: antibiotik, resisten, Escherichia coli, gen, Salmonella sp

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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