Judul: The Effect of Unemployment Benefits and Other Labour Market Institutions on Unemployment
Abstrak: Unemployment is a threatening issue as it causes adverse effects on the economy especially because it is associated with poverty widespread thus contributing to some detrimental effects on individuals. One of the government’s efforts to prevent the unfavourable effects of unemployment is through unemployment benefits in the labour market institutions that replace a part of income before termination, which also can boost employment through active labour market programs (ALMPs) that aim to reintegrate the unemployed to the labour. Meanwhile, labour market institutions facilitate the arrangement of quality employment with decent wages and working conditions. However, unemployment rate trends are still diverse in countries that have implemented the unemployment benefits system. Likewise, the literature depicts that all those labour market institutions may affect unemployment growth where in some findings they increase unemployment and vice versa in other results. Outside those institutions, unemployment is also affected by some non-institutional factors in which the literature finds various conclusions regarding unemployment as the cases in the labour market institution. This study becomes more indispensable because the unemployment benefits system is moderately new in Indonesia, thus, understanding the impact of the scheme in other countries is necessary, primarily in those with similar socio-economic conditions. Hence, this study's objectives are to analyse the effects of unemployment benefits and other labour market institutions on unemployment and formulate policy implications for more optimal implementation of unemployment benefits and other labour market institutions in Indonesia. To answer these objectives, the data was analysed through descriptive and quantitative analysis. Descriptive analysis is presented in the form of tables and graphs. As for quantitative analysis, the study uses secondary datasets from the cross-section of thirty-two countries (middle and high-income countries) in 2018 that have implemented unemployment benefits before 2010, estimated with multiple linear regression analysis with ordinary least squares (OLS). The findings indicate that 3 out of the 4 variables in labour market institutions that are estimated to affect unemployment have a significant effect where high unemployment benefits, the existence of collective bargaining, and less stringent employment protection will raise unemployment. Meanwhile, the non-institutional factors that increase unemployment significantly from the lowest effect to the highest are increased corporate taxes, a high inflation rate, population growth and appreciated domestic currency. Besides that, the effect of these variables on the unemployment rate is more prominent than that of labour market institutions. Thus, as lessons learned for Indonesia, to lessen unemployment employment protection legislation and the exchange rate should be handled first as they have more effect on unemployment respectively in labour market institutions and non-institutional factors.
Keyword: labour market institutions, non-institutional factors, unemployment, unemployment benefits

Judul: Pengangguran di Indonesia 1984-2008
Abstrak: Unemployment is a common problem in most countries. Generally the national unemployment rate rose from average 4.83 percent in 1992-1999 to 9.08 percent in 2000-2008. An increase in the unemployment rate not only implies a serious underutilization of manpower, but also may likely generate a series of social problems in the long run. As such, dealing with the upsurge in the unemployment rate has become the top priority in the governments policy agenda. Aside from the rise of the aggregate unemployment rate, the regional unemployment rate in Indonesia shows wide variability of the unemployment rate among 26 provinces, moreover this unemployment rate seems to persist over time. This study intended to identify the persistence of regional unemployment and to explore the sources of this regional unemployment across Indonesian provinces. Using time series data from 1984 through 2008 it identified the existence of regional persistence with two approaches: Im Pesharan Shin panel unit root test and panel method to get the ‘near unit root’ coefficient. Thus, to analyze factors affecting regional unemployment, panel data analysis was used. Panel unit root test showed that panel data in this period was stationary and this study found the coefficient was a near unit root process (0.87). A cross-regional panel study showed that the variables contributing to unemployment rate were the share of the labor force (15-24), minimum wage province, the percentage of the labor force that is male, and the share of labor force with a higher education. Real GDRP per capita, dependency ratio, and industry composition (the share of manufacturing and agriculture sectors to GDRP) negatively effected the dependent variable. Related to industry composition, even though both sector have a negative effect which reduced regional unemployment but the result showed that agriculture has the largest employment elasticity.Understanding the sources of regional unemployment is helpful to determine the appropriate policies to mitigate the unemployment rate across regions. This study provides important implications for government to make a new reorientation so that sector which has relatively high growth can also create employment. Second, this study recommends the promotion of a vocational education and training as a transition for young person to enter labor market. Third, it also suggests development of agriculture in rural area. Fourth, the government in region must have a specific unemployment program depending on potential characteristics of the regions and promotes new investments to create employment. Fifth, UMP is still needed as a reference in setting the workers wage, but the criteria of minimum wage should be determined not only refers to inflation rate but also includes employment growth, financial capability of company, and macroeconomic stability.
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Judul: Transformasi Genetik Tanaman Tembakau oleh Gen LFY Kakao (TcLFY) Menggunakan Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Abstrak: LFY is a protein that have important role in flowering. TcLFY gene have been isolated from cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). To examine its role, this gene that is under control of p35S CaMV promoter was introduced in the tobacco plant using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transformation efficiency of transgenic plants was 16 % with regeneration efficiency was 27.38%, and produce 4 buds each explant. PCR analyses toward 5 putative transgenic tobacco plants that were taken randomly showed that all of them were transgenic. They also flowered early. Expression analyse of TcLFY gene using PCR showed that transgenic plant expressed the TcLFY gene in the all of its parts. This result showed that transgenic tobacco plant contained TcLFY gene under control of p35S CaMV
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