Judul: Independensi Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) di tengah Kepentingan Donor
Abstrak: The top-down development approach has been failed in bringing prosperity to Indonesia. The model of development approach by the NGO become an alternative model of development before. But this approach is also not free from problems, the indicator is from rapid development of NGOs cannot reduce the poverty in Indonesia. Each development agencies including NGOs cannot be separated from the various interests. Form of interest relationship happens between NGOs and Donors.This study would like to answer the question that is donors infleunce of the independence of NGOs. In order to answer the research question, the writer is using qualitative method. The financial arrangement network, action, interest, motives and NGOs ideology are the main focus of this study. Two NGOs are observed, namely Lembaga Kajian untuk Transformasi Sosial (LKTS) and Lembaga Pertanian Sehat (LPS). The first NGO is more dependent to international donor where as the second is more dependent to local donor. The first NGO is working at region wide, while the second on local level. This study resulted that LKTS and LPS were dependent in the financial aspect. LKTS was also dependent in action aspects but LPS was independent in this aspect. The NGOs differences were in independences financial aspects and the action. They appeared on the characteristics of the donor, where LKTS collect funds from foreign donors with a greater interest agenda while LPS collect funds from the community in a participatory management of the trust to LPS. In addition, Factors that affected the independence of NGOs to the characteristics of donors were the change that also influenced by internal factors, namely: 1. Militancy of NGOs’ ideology, 2. Fund, 3. NGOs Achievements be the strength variabel in negotiations. Shifting in NGOs Ideology orientation was not directly caused by the donor, but because of the greater increased in financial needs. This occured because of the NGOs’ increasing demand activities (Operational Costs, developing events, staff, and other budget support). Needs should be fulfilled by NGOs to be able to maintain its existence. In the development perspective, NGOs did not necessarily become a social movement organization which realised the dream of success bottom up approach. NGOs that had established its first platform as an independent institution from outside interests and the interests of a civil (civil sphere) appeared to have the problem in dependency on the donor in the field of financial and actions. In addition, NGO had also experienced in shifting ideology orientation.
Keyword: 

Judul: : Respons Berhagai AIdor Terbsdap Pros% Pembaoguoan (Kasus Program Fengentam Kerniskinan yang Dilzbanakan oleh JiCA Beke rjasarna dengan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Takalar, Sulawesi Selatan)
Abstrak: For many years, many programs of development has taken to solve poverty in Indonesia One of them is poverty alleviation program in Lassang Village. This study intends to study the response of various actors in relation to development by way of actor-oriented approach suggested by Norman Long which was based on phenomenology. This approach conveys a new analysis on the development process; it scrutinizes issues in development that have never been noticed before. From the actor-oriented approach point of view, the project manager of development should be concerned about the interface among actors in a development. This perspective is very important to overcome the gap of understanding that ofien occurs in development. In this thesis, the writer analyzed poverty alleviation program through bottom-up approach as conducted by JICA and local government of Takalar district, South Sulawesi from 1997 to 2002. This evaluation emphasized on development system by bottarn-up approach called SISDUK and focused on the interpretation of various actors on SISDUK since they comect the development system to their life-world and they react to SISDUK based on such comprehension. In SISDUK, the actors comprises of JICA expert, field officer, Takalar regional government staff, village heads, and the community. Every actor interprets SISDUK differently and acts upon this interpretation. This different interpretation usually creates gaps among such actors, These gaps could sometimes be solved; but in other times they potentially become the problem in SISDUK activity. In the mean time, the life-world of every actor changes dynamically does as SISDUK after the JICA contract is terminated and was continued using the frame of regional budget plan. This makes the interpretation and use of the agency of every actor dynamically change. The writer concludd that although it is important to focus on the development system (topdown or bottom-up approach), the more critical concern is on the interpretation of every actor upon issues in the development, in order to overcome development problems. From the actor-oriented approach point of view, through the study of SISDUK as a pilot project, it is clear to see that the empowerment of the powerless community in the frame of community empowerment perspective is just a utopia because the community have agency.
Keyword: 

Judul: Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Made of Eggshells Through A Hydrothermal Method
Abstrak: Biphasic Calcium Phosphate mixed of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate. A hydrothermal method of synthesizing by mixing CaO as calcium source and (NH4)2HPO4 as phosphate source with distilled water. CaO got from calcination process made of eggshells. All samples were synthesized using hydrothermal reactor then followed by sintering process. The molar ratio of Ca and P for all samples was 0.5 M : 0.3 M. Hydrothermal temperature and sintering temperature were variated they are 250 ºC, 300 ºC for hydrothermal and 800 ºC, 900 ºC, 1000 ºC for sintering, higher treatment temperature, tricalcium phosphate appears. Final results of synthesis were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared. X-ray Diffraction patterns was ecompared with database Join Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards and found tricalcium phosphate and hydoxyapatite.
Keyword: biphasic calcium phosphate, hydrothermal, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate