Judul: Impact Analisys of ASEAN’s +3 Non Tariff Measures (NTM) on the Performance of Indonesian Horticulture Exports
Abstrak: Agricultural trading nowadays is facing the tariff and non tariff barriers. WTO has been set the tariff rate which applied to trade commodities for in entire countries either developed or developing countries. The existence of tariff limitation that already occurred into global trading imposes the country to conduct non-tariff measures (NTM). One of the main point of NTM is the protection of domestic producers facing import competition with foreign products. Utility of NTM that most widely applied NTM is Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). The implementation of SPS and TBT are also commonly occurred in Asia. One of the extending regional cooperation is ASEAN +3 which is led by ASEAN countries, China, Japan, and Korea. Indonesia as one of the ASEAN countries which has a huge potential in agricultural sector. Indonesia has a positive balance of trade on horticulture towards ASEAN +3 countries due the positive balance Indonesian export horticulture of the global trading, regardless there are some negative exports trade with others countries which still exist. Furthermore, potential horticulture production is still able to being developed. Thus, it is necessary to exploring the research about impact of NTM for Indonesian horticultural exports towards the ASEAN +3 countries. This research is expected to provides knowledge about trade policy by NTM system. The aim of this study are describing the performance of the export trade of horticultural subsector in Indonesia; describing the application of NTM in the horticultural subsector in the ASEAN +3 countries; analyzing and estimating the impact of the implementation of the NTM on the performance of horticultural exports which is NTM was about SPS and TBT. Horticultural consists of several groups of floriculture/ornamental plants, vegetables, fruits, and medical herbs. The data used in this research is a secondary data with a period of last three years that occurred on 2010-2012 and focused on the Indonesian horticultural exports towards the ASEAN +3 countries. The approach used in this study is a descriptive approach and data analysis with gravity models. Indonesia’s trade balance to ASEAN +3 countries showed deficit for China and Thailand either in the group of vegetable or fruit while other countries (Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philipina, and Singapore) derived surplus. Non tariff measures such as SPS and TBT which is imposed by ASEAN +3 countries have been applying 200 and 43 policies. The country which is not imposing the products NTM horticulture is Singapore. The approach used to measure the amount of NTM in this study is the frequency index and the coverage ratio. In general, for the SPS and TBT as seen from frequency index during the period 2010-2012 at the ASEAN +3 countries have increased, especially with the destination country of China and Malaysia. Country of the most imposing NTM is Malaysia and Singapore the lowest is completely not impose NTM. Based on the coverage ratio of SPS and TBT in each ASEAN +3 shows almost the same value that is equal to 100%. Horticulture group most affected NTM is ornamental plants and vegetables. The results of the analysis of the gravity panel
Keyword: ASEAN +3, export, horticulture, NTM, SPS and TBT

Judul: Analisis Dampak Non-Tariff Measures dan Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Ekspor Buah-Buahan Indonesia ke Negara Tujuan
Abstrak: Buah-buahan merupakan salah satu komoditas yang menjadi unggulan dalam ekspor sektor hortikultura Indonesia. Adanya hambatan non tarif (non tariff measures/NTMs) dalam perdagangan internasional produk pertanian, khususnya pada buah-buahan Indonesia dapat membuat volume ekspor buah-buahan Indonesia ke negara tujuan mengalami penurunan. Lebih lanjut, hambatan non tarif yang sering diberlakukan adalah kebijakan Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) dan Technical Barries to Trade (TBT). Pada penelitian ini dianalisis dampak NTMs serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor buah-buahan Indonesia pada periode 2010 hingga 2019 ke negara tujuan. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitan ini terdiri dari analisis deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan inventory dan analisis data panel dengan menggunakan model gravity. Hasil analisis inventory menunjukkan bahwa komoditas buah-buahan Indonesia paling banyak dikenakan kebijakan SPS dengan jenis testing requirement. Selanjutnya, hasil estimasi model gravity menunjukkan GDP riil negara pengimpor, GDP riil Indonesia, populasi negara pengimpor, populasi Indonesia, jarak ekonomi, nilai tukar riil, dan coverage ratio SPS berpengaruh signifikan terhadap volume ekspor buah-buahan Indonesia., Fruits are one of the leading commodities in Indonesia's horticultural sector exports. The existence of non-tariff barriers (non-tariff measures/NTMs) in the international trade of agricultural products, especially Indonesian fruit has reduced the volume of Indonesian fruit exports to the destination countries. Furthermore, non-tariff barriers that are often applied are the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) policies. This study analyzes the impact of NTMs and the factors that affect the Indonesian fruits exports in the period 2010 to 2019 to destination countries. The method used in this research consists of descriptive analysis using an inventory approach and panel data analysis using a gravity model. The results of the inventory analysis show that the most Indonesian fruit commodities are subject to the SPS policy with the type of testing requirement. Furthermore, the estimation results of the gravity model show that the real GDP of the importing country, the real GDP of Indonesia, the population of the importing country, the population of Indonesia, the economic distance, the real exchange rate, and the SPS coverage ratio have a significant effect on the volume of Indonesian fruit exports.
Keyword: export, fruits, gravity model, inventory approach, NTMs

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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