Judul: Sistem Bonus Malus dengan Frekuensi Klaim Berdistribusi Geometrik dan Ukuran Klaim Berdistribusi Weibull
Abstrak: Bonus-Malus system is one of systems implemented by an insurance in calculating the risk premium based on claim history from each policyholder. In this work we discussed two different types of Bonus-Malus system namely the classical Bonus-Malus system and the optimal Bonus-Malus systems. The classical Bonus-Malus system sets the risk premium by taking into account only the number of accidents of each policyholder. While the optimal Bonus-Malus system sets the risk premium by taking into account both the frequency and the severity of the claims of each policyholder. Both of the Bonus-Malus systems are then compared, with the number and size of the claims and insured persons are assumed to follow respectively a geometric and a Weibull distributions. The risks faced by each policyholder are different such that the number and size of the claims experienced by each policyholder are also different. Fu r t h e rmo r e , posterior distribution o f severity and frequency claim parameters is estimated by using Bayes method. Subsequently, solutions of both systems are obtained in term of future premium based on claim history from each policyholder.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University, Weibull distribution., geometric distribution, Bonus-Malus systems

Judul: Sistem Bonus-Malus dengan Banyak Klaim Berdistribusi Geometrik dan Besar Kerugian Berdistribusi Weibull Terpotong
Abstrak: Insurance is one way to denigrate financial loss by channeling the risk of loss of the person to another entity, for example automobile insurance. The risk premium of the automobile insurance is determined by insurance that is known data in the past (experience rating). System experience rating could call as Bonus-Malus system. In the Bonus-Malus system, policyholders who has submitted one or more claims will be subjected to a risk premium increase (malus), whereas for policyholders who did not file a claim would be rewarded with a decrease in risk premium (bonus) in the next premium payment period. Bonus-Malus system is said to be optimal if it is financially balanced for insurance companies and fair for policyholders. That is, the determination of the risk premium is not only based on the claims frequency but also based on the severity. In this study, we used the Bonus-Malus system by Mert and Saykan (2005) and Ni et al. (2014). But, previous research concern with the determination of the risk premium Bonus-Malus system which is applied to all of the severity that guaranteed by the insurance company. In fact, all of the severity proposed by policyholder could not be covered by insurance company. When an insurance company sets a maximum bound of the severity incurred, it is necessary to modify the model of the severity distribution into the truncated severity distribution. The claim frequency is geometric distribution as a combination of Poisson and exponential distribution. While, the severity distribution by Ni et al. (2014) modified to be the severity distribution with maximum bound is truncated Weibull distribution. Truncated Weibull distribution is a combination of truncated exponential and Levy distribution. In this study, we also compared the risk premium between the full severity and the severity with the maximum bound. The result shows that the risk premium equation with maximum bound is           3 2 t 1 1 2 1 2 Premium K K B c N u K n K N u K n  t c B c N u K n                                 , where 𝐾 is the total claim frequency, 𝑢 is the maximum bound that covered by insurance company, 𝑁 is the total severity which is lower than bound 𝑢, 𝑛 is the claim frequency which is lower than bound 𝑢, 𝐵𝐾−1/2 is the Bessel function with index 𝐾 − 1/2, 𝜃 is the parameter of the claim frequency distribution, and 𝑐 is the parameter of the severity distribution. The risk premium equation for the next period shows that the risk premium depends on the claim frequency, time period, and the total severity. The risk premium of Bonus-Malus system with the severity component based on Weibull distribution is equal to the risk premium based on truncated Weibull distribution when the severity component are less than the maximum bound of severity. Whereas, the
Keyword: truncated Weibull distribution, Weibull distribution, geometric distribution, Levy distribution, Bonus-Malus system, experience rating, the risk premium

Judul: Study of Tupaia javanica Hepatocytes Culture as In Vitro Replication Media of Nonhuman Primate HBV
Abstrak: Virus hepatitis B (VHB) adalah virus DNA yang menginfeksi organ hati sebagai target utama. Infeksi ini menyebabkan hepatitis yang dapat bersifat kronis dan berlanjut menjadi sirosis, kanker hati bahkan kematian. Pengembangan model in vivo dan in vitro berkaitan dengan hepatitis B menjadi perhatian khusus bagi para peneliti. Kultur hepatosit banyak digunakan untuk mempelajari berbagai ha] terkait hepatitis B baik dari aspek virus, penyakit, pencegahan, dan pengobatan. Pengembangan hepatosit asal hewan kecil sepe1ii Tupaia sp. untuk model in vitro merupakan salah satu altematif dalam penyediaan kultur hepatosit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan kultur primer dan lestari hepatosit T. javanica yang mampu mendukung replikasi VHB orangutan (OuHBV) dan VHB owa jawa (GiHBV), dan dapat menjawab kebutuhan akan model in vitro kultur hepatosit. Isolasi hepatosit T. javanica dilakukan dengan prosedur sebagai berikut: organ hati yang telah dicacah dalam cawan petri dengan larutan perfusi, diinkubasi pada 37 °C. Suspensi disentrifugasi 300-500 g sehingga didapatkan pelet sel hati. Pelet yang sudah dicuci kemudian diresuspensi dengan Hepatocyte Basal Media untuk menumbuhkan hepatosit dan selanjutnya hepatosit akan ditransformasi menggunakan perangkat Lenti-SV 40. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) yang diindikasikan sebagai reseptor hepatosit untuk melekatnya VHB, nampak pada hepatosit baik pada kultur primer maupun kultur yang ditransformasi. Reseptor hepatosit spesifik ini terlihat sebagai pendaran hijau dengan uji imunofluoresensi. Kultur hepatosit primer T. javanica berhasil dikembangkan selama 14 hari untuk mencapai kepadatan 80%, dan inokulasi GiHBV dan OuHBV ke dalam kultur pada hari ke-15 menunjukkan adanya replikasi virus hingga hari ke-8 (berdasarkan hasil PCR). Kuantifikasi virus dengan real-time PCR memperlihatkan replikasi tertinggi pada hari kedua setelah inokulasi. Penjajaran sebagian protein permukaan setelah virus dinokulasikan memperlihatkan kesamaan asam amino dengan virus wild type sebesar 99.29% dan 95.71 % pada GiHBV dan OuHBV., Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a DNA virus which infects liver as primary target organ. This i11fection causes hepatitis which could become chronic and progress to cirrhosis, liver cancer and even death. Development of in vitro and in vivo model related to hepatitis B is a concern for researchers. Hepatocyte cultures widely used to study a variety of aspects of hepatitis B such as the virus, disease, prevention and treatment. Development qf hepatocyte from small animal e.g. Tupaia sp. for the in vitro model is an alternative of hepatocyte cultures. The purpose of the study is to develop primary and immortal T. javanica hepatocytes cultures capable to replicate orangutan HBV (OuHBV) and javan gibbon HBV (GiHBV), and to answer the need for in vitro model ofhepatocytes. Isolation of hepatocytes from T. javanica was done as followed: mincedliver were transported into petri dish containing perfusion buffer solution to be incubated at 37 °C. The suspension was centrifuged at 300-500 g to obtain liver cell pellets. The washed-pellet was resuspended in Hepatocyte Basal Media to let specific hepatocytes grow and later be transformed by Lenti-SV40 kit. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) has been ident(fied as hepatocyte receptor for HBV attachment, and was seen on hepatocytes from both primary and transformed cultures. This hepatocytes specific receptor was shown as green luminenscent by immunofluorescence assay. Primary T. javanica hepatocytes cultures was successfully maintained for
Keyword: Tupaia javanica, in vitro model, hepatocytes culture, hepatitis B virus, Liver cancer, Picornaviridae, Hepadanaviridae, Flaviviridae, Caliciviridae