Judul: Optimization Gelatin Extraction Process for Catfish (Pangasius sp.) Skin with Response Surface Methodology Application
Abstrak: Ikan patin merupakan bahan baku gelatin alternatif yang aman dan halal. Kulit ikan memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda dengan hewan terestrial sehingga memerlukan optimasi pada proses ekstraksi sebelum masuk ke skala industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan optimasi kondisi pretreatment pada proses ekstraksi gelatin menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM) serta menentukan karakteristik gelatin terpilih. Rancangan eksperimen yang digunakan yaitu Central Composit Design (CCD) dengan dua variabel bebas (konsentrasi NaOH dan konsentrasi asam asetat) dan 7 variabel respon (rendemen, kadar air, kadar abu, kekuatan gel, viskositas, pH, dan setting point). Hasil optimasi diperoleh respon optimum pada konsentrasi NaOH 0,3 M dan konsentrasi asam asetat 0,067 M. Hasil validasi keadaan optimal memperoleh gelatin terpilih dengan rendemen 22,44±0,68%, kadar air 8,53±3,4%, kadar abu 0,325±0,22%, derajat keasaman (pH) 6,65±0,13, kekuatan gel 241,58±9,5 Bloom, viskositas 6,65±0,5 mPas, dan setting point 19,75±1,06 ℃. Karakteristik gelatin terpilih telah memenuhi standar gelatin SNI 8622:2018 dan GMIA 2019., Catfish is an alternative raw material for gelatin that is halal and safe. Pangasius skin has different characteristics from terrestrial animals, so it requires to optimize the extraction process before industrial scale production. This study aims to optimize the pretreatment conditions in the gelatin extraction process using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and determine the characteristics of the selected gelatin based on the pretreatment conditions. Central Composite Design (CCD) with two independent variables (NaOH concentration and acetic acid concentration) and 7 response variables (yield, moisture content, ash content, gel strength, viscosity, pH, and setting point) was performed. The results showed the optimum response at 0.3 M NaOH and 0.067 M acetic acid. The validation obtained selected gelatin with a yield 22.44 ± 0.68%, water content 8.53 ± 3.4%, ash content 00.325 ± 0.22%, degree of acidity (pH) 6.65 ± 0.13, gel strength 241.58 ± 9.5 Bloom, viscosity 6.65 ± 0.45 mPas, and setting point 19.75 ± 1.06 ℃. The characteristics of the selected gelatin have met the SNI 8622: 2018 and GMIA 2019 gelatin standards.
Keyword: catfish, gelatin, halal, process optimization, RSM

Judul: Characterization of Tilapia Fish Scale Gelatin (Oreochromis niloticus) Extraction Process Optimization Results Using Response Surface Methodology
Abstrak: Sisik ikan nila menjadi salah satu sumber bahan baku halal yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk produksi gelatin ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan kondisi pretreatment yang optimum melalui penggunaan konsentrasi NaOH dan HCl yang tepat berdasarkan metode Response Surface Methodology (RSM) serta menentukan karakteristik gelatin hasil optimasi. Variabel bebas yang digunakan, yaitu konsentrasi NaOH dan konsentrasi HCl dengan variabel respon penelitian meliputi, rendemen, kadar air, kadar abu, kekuatan gel, viskositas, pH, dan setting point. Hasil optimasi diperoleh respon optimum pada konsentrasi NaOH 0,05 M dan konsentrasi HCl 0,257 M. Hasil verifikasi keadaan optimum memperoleh gelatin dengan rendemen 17,20±0,36%, kadar air 2,42±0,19%, kadar abu 0,47±0,02%, kekuatan gel 223,448±5,55 Bloom, viskositas 15,37±0,29 mPas, pH 6,87±0,08, dan setting point 19,63±0,06℃. Gelatin hasil optimasi memiliki gugus fungsi amida A, B, I, II, III dan bobot molekul menunjukkan rantai β 241,048 kDa; α_1 161,318 kDa dan α_2 100,646 kDa., Tilapia scales are one of halal raw sources that can be utilized for fish gelatin production. This study aims to determine the optimum pretreatment conditions through the use of the right NaOH and HCl concentrations based on the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and determine the characteristics of the optimized gelatin. The independent variables were used, such as NaOH concentration and HCl concentration with response variables including yield, moisture content, ash content, gel strength, viscosity, pH and setting point. Based on this study, it showed the optimum response at NaOH concentration of 0,05 M and 0,257 M for HCl concentration. The verification results of the optimum conditions obtained gelatin with a yield of 17,20±0,36%, moisture content of 2,42±0,19%, ash content of 0,47±0,02%, gel strength of 223,448±5,55 Bloom, viscosity of 15,37±0,29 mPas, pH 6,87±0,08, and setting point of 19,63±0,06℃. The optimized gelatin has amide functional groups A, B, I, II, III and the molecular weight shows β chain 241,048 kDa; α_1 161,318 kDa dan α_2 100,646 kDa.
Keyword: gelatin, halal, optimization, RSM, scales

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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