Judul: Export Performance of Indonesia Yellowfin Tuna in United State
Abstrak: Permintaan ekspor tuna di pasar Amerika Serikat terus meningkat, terutama tuna sirip kuning. Namun, Amerika Serikat memiliki standar ekspor yang tinggi sehingga banyak produk ekspor yang mengalami penolakan, terutama Indonesia. Hal tersebut menjadi penghambat kinerja ekspor Indonesia di Amerika Serikat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja ekspor dari tuna sirip kuning Indonesia di Amerika Serikat dengan analisis deskriptif, RCA, dan EPD. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, penolakan ekspor tuna sirip kuning Indonesia merupakan penolakan terbanyak diantara negara pengekspor dengan 1369 kasus dari 2582 kasus penolakan perikanan Indonesia oleh FDA. Penyebab penolakan ekspor dikarenakan produk kotor dan bakteri salmonella. Nilai RCA untuk produk tuna sirip kuning segar dan beku mengalami penurunan setiap tahunnya, terutama pada produk beku yang mengalami penurunan cukup drastis. Hal ini dikarenakan kondisi pasar tuna sirip kuning Indonesia berada pada posisi kehilangan pangsa pasar di Amerika Serikat yang diakibatkan banyaknya kompetitor dan standar ekspor yang menghambat para pelaku ekspor dari Indonesia. Hal ini menjadi perhatian karena kinerja tuna sirip kuning Indonesia sebagai eksportir di Amerika Serikat perlu diatasi., Demand for tuna exports in the United States market continues to increase, especially yellowfin tuna. However, the United States has a high export standard so that causes many of export products are rejected, especially Indonesia. This is an obstacle to Indonesia's export performance in the United States. This research aims to analyze the export performance of Indonesian yellowfin tuna in the United States with descriptive analysis, RCA, and EPD. Based on the results of the analysis, the rejection of Indonesian yellowfin tuna exports is the most rejected among exporting countries with 1369 cases out of 2582 cases of rejection of Indonesian fisheries by the FDA. The cause of export rejection is due to filthy and salmonella. RCA's value for fresh and frozen yellowfin tuna products decreases every year, especially in frozen products that have decreased quite drastically. This is because the condition of the Indonesian yellowfin tuna market is in a position to lose market share in the United States due to the large number of competitors and export standards that hinder export actors from Indonesia. This is a concern because the performance of Indonesian yellowfin tuna as an exporter in the United States needs to be overcome.
Keyword: Kinerja, Penolakan, Tuna

Judul: Determinants of Indonesian Fishery  Commodities and Products Export Rejection by The United States and The  European Union
Abstrak: Ikan dan produk perikanan Indonesia merupakan komoditas strategis berorientasi ekspor. Neraca perdagangannya menunjukkan tren yang positif pada periode 2012-2020. Berdasarkan nilai ekspor tahun 2016-2020, Amerika Serikat dan Uni Eropa termasuk lima besar negara tujuan utama ekspor hasil perikanan Indonesia. Peningkatan nilai ekspor Indonesia di negara tersebut selalu diiringi dengan kasus penolakan ekspor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perkembangan penolakan ekspor, menganalisis alasan penolakan ekspor, dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi penolakan ekspor. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis Unit Rejection Rate, Relative Rejection Rate, Regresi Poisson (GLMM.ZINB), dan analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai URR dan RRR Indonesia di sepuluh negara mengalami penurunan dan hanya di Italia yang mengalami peningkatan. Penurunan nilai URR dan RRR menandakan adanya perbaikan compliance terhadap keamanan pangan di negara mitra, demikian sebaliknya. Share penolakan lebih tinggi dibandingkan share nilai ekspor di sebelas negara, artinya Indonesia masih perlu meningkatkan food safety dan kualitas kinerja ekspor. Tuna segar paling banyak ditolak di Amerika Serikat dan swordfish di Uni Eropa. Filthy (54,97%) menjadi penyebab penolakan tertinggi di Amerika Serikat dan mercury (54,41%) di Uni Eropa. Variabel jarak geografis berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap penolakan ekspor perikanan Indonesia. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan jarak geografis, dapat melakukan perbaikan logistic performance., Indonesian fish and fishery products are export-oriented and strategic commodities. The trade balance showen a positive trend in the period 2012-2020. Based on the export value for 2016-2020, the United States and the European Union are among the top five main export destinations for Indonesian fishery products. The increase in the value of Indonesia's exports in these countries is always accompanied by cases of export refusal. This study aims to analyze the development of export refusal, analyze the reasons for export refusal, and analyze the factors that influence export refusal. The analytical methods used are Unit Rejection Rate, Relative Rejection Rate, Poisson Regression (GLMM.ZINB) analysis, and descriptive analysis. The results showed that Indonesia's URR and RRR values in ten countries decreased and only Italy experienced an increase. The decrease in URR and RRR values indicates an improvement in compliance with food safety in partner countries, and vice versa. The share of rejection is higher than the share of export value in eleven countries, meaning that Indonesia still needs to improve food safety and the quality of export performance. Fresh tuna is the most rejected in the United States and swordfish in the European Union. Filthy (54,97%) was the highest cause of rejection in the United States and mercury (54,41%) in the European Union. The geographical distance variable has a positive and significant effect on the rejection of Indonesian fishery exports. To overcome the problem of geographical distance, can improve logistics performance.
Keyword: Export Rejection, Fish and Fishery Products, Poisson Regression, Relative Rejection Rate, Unit Rejection Rate

Judul: Penentuan Nilai Eigen dan Vektor Eigen dari Matriks Tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz dengan Pendekatan Polinomial Chebyshev
Abstrak: The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix can be determined by finding its characteristic polynomials. The characteristic polynomials of a tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz matrix is shown to be closely connected to polynomials which satisfy the Chebyshev recurrence relationship. If the order of the matrix is odd, then the eigenvalues are found explicitly in terms of the Chebyshev zeros and the eigenvectors are found in terms of the polynomials satisfying the recurrence relationship. For even ordered matrices, the situation is more complicated. The problem in these cases is that although the Chebyshev recurrence formula is still applied, its initial values are not generating Chebyshev polynomials
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