Judul: Carbon Stock and Footprint of Cacao Agroforest in Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi.
Abstrak: Cacao is one of the commodities that play an important role in supporting economic and social development both in tropical and subtropical countries. However, it also acts as one of the significant contributor of carbon emissions. The facts that the cocoa industry is a greenhouse gas contributor has led to various efforts towards environment friendliness of the cacao farm management system. In this study, we conducted field observation with objectives to: 1) measure the rate of carbon stock and carbon footprint in two cacao cultivation systems, and an agroforest and monoculture system, 2) comprehend the contribution of biophysical aspects to the rate of carbon stocks and carbon footprints, 3) determine both the implication of the two systems to the environmentally friendly management of the cacao farm. The method was a combination between the questionnaire and the direct observation. Ten cacao agroforests and ten cacao monoculture cultivation farms were randomly selected in four Polewali Mandar villages. On the selected farm, a questionnaire-based interview was conducted to collect all information regarding the farm, its history, management practice including on-farm supply chain (fertilizer, pesticide, and fuel use). Field observation was conducted to find more information related to that farm. A field inventory was implemented on each farm using the sampling plot with the core plot of 20 x 20 m to collect the biomass data for carbon stock analysis. Some of the biophysical aspects such as light intensity, shade, and soil characteristic also were collected in this study. The result showed that cacao agroforests accumulated better total carbon stock than that of cacao monoculture system, namely 134.43±14.27 Mg C ha-1 and 104.7± 9.29 Mg C ha-1, respectively. On the other hand, cacao monoculture system enhanced significantly total carbon footprint higher than cacao agroforest, namely 1914.4±212.0 kg CO2e ha-1 and 932.1±251.6 kg CO2e ha-1, respectively. Shade trees, trees density, and soil organic were biophysical aspects showing a significant positive correlation between the level of carbon stock, while shade trees had a significantly negative correlation with the carbon footprint level. Cacao agroforests are considered as a climate-friendly management system due relatively to the ability for storing a high level of carbon stock and securing low carbon footprint.
Keyword: cacao agroforest, carbon stock, carbon footprint, climate friendliness

Judul: Effectiveness of soil and water conservation measures to reduce runoff and soil erosion on cacao plantation
Abstrak: Cacao plant is one of the major commodity of plantation in South East Sulawesi, especially in Konawe regency. Land management practices which is implemented by the local farmers on cultivating cacao, in many cases are not according to soil and water conservation principles. The research was aimed to study the effectiveness of several soil and water conservation practices on reducing runoff and soil erosion on cacao plantation with different land slopes and canopy coverages. The research was conducted in Amosilu village, Besulutu district, Konawe regency, the province of South East Sulawesi, from December 2006 to September 2007. The Experimental method in the field study was split plot design consisting three factors. The first factor was slope consisting two levels (10 – 15% and 40 – 45%) and the second factor was age of the cacao plant consisting two levels (5 to 7 month and 25 to 27 month) were used as main plots (P1 = 5 to 7 month and 10 – 15%; P2 = 25 to 27 month and 10 – 15%; P3 = 5 to 7 month and 40 – 45%; and P4 = 25 to 27 month and 40 – 45%), while the third factor, the vegetative conservation treatment was used as sub plots consisting three levels, i.e T1 = cacao with ground cover, T2 = upland rice and soybean rotation within cacao plant, T3 = upland rice and soybean rotation within cacao plant + Arachis pintoi as strip cropping. There was not interaction effect both cacao plant and slope treatment with vegetative conservation treatment on runoff and soil erosion with soil properties, exception on aggregate stability index. The result showed that vegetative conservation treatment (T3) with upland rice and soybean rotation within cacao plant with A. pintoi as strip cropping was best alternatif because it has been produced the lower rate of erosion (21,76 ton ha-1 year-1) compared tolerable soil loss value (22,44 ton ha-1 year-1) and improved of soil properties and has given a good benefit to famers from both upland rice and soybean.
Keyword: Arachis Pintoi, Strip cropping, Upland rice

Judul: Infectious laryngo tracheitis pada unggas
Abstrak: Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis merupakan penyakit pada unggas yang disebabkan oleh virus yang mempunyai sasaran saluran pernapasan bagian atas Penyebab penyakit Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis Univers (ILT) adalah virus yang termasuk kelompok virus Herpes sering disebut Tarpeia avium. Virus tersebut tersusun dari inti asam deoksi ribonukleat yang dilengkapi dengan pembung- kus yang merupakan derivat dari lemak serta mempunyai garis tengah antara 195-250 nano meter. Pada temperatur kamar virus tersebut dapat bertahan selama 15 hari dalam keadaan tanpa pengawetan. Virus penyebab Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis mempunyai kepekaan terhadap zat kimia golongan pelarut lemak seperti: phenol dan kresol. Induk semang definitip penyakit Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis adalah ayam, tetapi burung merak, itik dan kalkun pernah dilaporkan dapat terinfeksi. Mammalia dan golongan rodensia merupakan hewan yang tahan terhadap infeksi penyakit ini. Pada manusia penyakit Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis diduga mempunyai hubungan dengan timbulnya gangguan neuralgia yang bersifat sub-akut akibat infeksi virus Herpes jenis lain yang disebut virus Sub-acute Myelo Optico Neuropathi (virus SMON).
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