Judul: Kopolimerisasi Grafting Monomer Asam Akrilat Pada Onggok Singkong dan Karakteristiknya
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara penghasil pati tapioka terbesar di dunia dan limbah onggok singkong yang dihasilkannya sangat berlimpah. Namun onggok singkong belum bisa dimanfaatkan secara optimum untuk meningkatkan nilai ekonomis. Senyawa karbohidrat merupakan komponen utama yang terkandung di dalam onggok singkong, yaitu sebesar 65,90%. Oleh karena itu, sangat mungkin dilakukan modifikasi terhadap senyawa karbohidrat yang terdapat pada onggok singkong. Berdasarkan fakta tersebut perlu dilakukan usaha merekayasa onggok singkong secara kimia sehingga menghasilkan material kinerja tinggi, diantaranya dengan kopolimerisasi grafting.
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Judul: Sintesis superabsorben melalui kopolimerisasi pencangkokan dan penautan silang onggok dengan akrilamida
Abstrak: Solid wastes of tapioca is known as onggok. This study is aiming to see a possibility to increase the value of onggok by transforming it into a superabsorbent polymer through grafting cross-linking copolymerization of acrylamide as a monomer, N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide as a cross-linker, and ammonium persulfate as an initiator. Onggok was used as a backbone in grafting and cross-linking copolymerization. The copolymerization was conducted at 70oC for 3 hours and the copolymer was saponified with NaOH 1M for 2 hours. Water absorbency capacity of the saponified copolymer as well as unsaponified copolymer thereafter were measured. The saponified copolymer showed significant difference in absorbency capacity, i.e. 28.92 g/g and 1040.08 g/g, for unsaponified and saponified copolymer, repectively. This was obtained from copolymer composed of 25% onggok, 75% acrylamide, 25 mg N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide, and 250 mg ammonium persulfate. The occurrence of grafting cross-linking copolymer was confirmed by fourier transformed infrared spectra, where it was found to exhibit all characteristic bands of both polysaccharide fractions of onggok and acrylamides units.
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Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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