Judul: optimasi proses ekstraksi pada pembuatan karaginan dari rumput laut merah (Eucheuma cottonii)  serta aplikasinya sebagai penstabil  pada sirup markisa
Abstrak: Carrageenan is seaweed gum derived from red seaweed polysaccharide sulfate form which has the properties of hydrocolloid so widely used in food and industrial products. The objectives of this research was to analyze and optimize the process of carrageenan from E.cottonii (variation of water ratio, KCl concentration and precipitation temperature) to shorten process time and to obtain physico-chemical characteristics and functional extracted carrageenan, determine and assess the optimal extraction process and to apply carrageenan optimal extraction process results in products of passion fruit syrup as well as assess the quality of the resulting syrup. Rendemen, viscosity, gel strength, moisture, ash, acid insoluble ash, sulphate and whiteness were used as quality parameters of carrageenan. It was found that the best carrageenan extraction process was obtained from water ratio 1:20, 1% KCl concentration and precipitation temperature of 30 oC process. The application of carrageenan on passion fruit syrup indicated that addition of carrageenan 4.4 % gave the pH, viscosity and turbidity similar to commercial syrup. Based on paired comparison test with the commercial syrup, the resulted one has better appearance, sour taste and flavor passion fruit on a commercial while for sweetness and color were less than those of the passion fruit syrup. commercial syrup.
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Judul: Mempelajari Ekstraksi Carrageenan Dari Rumput Laut (Eucheumae spinosum) Dengan Isopropanol Sebagai Bahan Pengendap
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi optimum proses ekstraksi guna menghasilkan rendemen dan kekuatan gel carrageenan yang baik, dan mempunyai kadar. abu dan kandungan sulfat yang memenuhi standar sebagai- mana ditetapkan oleh Food Chemical Codex (1981). Jenis rumput laut yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Eucheuma spinosum, berumur enam minggu yang di- peroleh dari Bali. Rumput laut ini mempunyai kadar berat kering 60 persen, kadar abu 22.67 persen dan kadar serat kasar 6.12 persen. Rumput laut diekstraksi dengan menggunakan air yang ditambahkan larutan NaOH 2 persen sehingga mencapai pH 9.0- Perbandingan rumput laut terhadap air 1 g: 40 ml. Per- lakuan yang diberikan adalah suhu dan lama ekstraksi. Suhu yang digunakan adalah 75°C, 85°C dan 95°C, dan lama ekstraksi 1 jam, 3 jam dan 5 jam. Rumput laut ini dieks- traksi untuk menghasilkan carrageenan melalui tahap-tahap perajangan, ekstraksi dengan air selama 30 menit pada su- hu 80 C 85°C, penghancuran, ekstraksi dengan penambahan larutan NaOH 2 persen sampai pH 9.0, dekolorisasi, filtrasi dan pengendapan. Rancangan percobaan yang digu- nakan pada proses ekstraksi adalah rancangan acak lengkap faktorial. Rendemen carrageenan yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian rata-rata 48 persen. Rendemen yang dihasilkan ini tidak dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan lama ekstraksi. Perlakuan suhu dan lama ekstraksi mempengaruhi kekuatan gel dan kandungan sulfat carrageenan, tetapi tidak mempengaruhi kadar abu total carrageenan. Kekuatan gel optimum diperoleh pada suhu ekstraksi 85°C selama 5 jam. Pada kondisi ini, carrageenan yang dihasilkan mempunyai kekuatan gel 75.85 g/cm2 dan kandungan sulfat 29.41 persen…
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Judul: Studies on growth spurt and aging in higher primates
Abstrak: single measurement that best defines the health and nutritional status of children, just as it provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. The pattern of human growth reflects the biocultural evolution of our species. The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Three studies are reported here which deal to the growth and development of human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). These three studies allow us to contrast the phenomena of adolescence growth spurt and female elderly bone loss in chimpanzee and human as chimpanzee is the closest species to humans within extant nonhuman primates. In the first, a cross-sectional study of growth of the body size and somatotype of 363 Javanese girls and 299 Javanese boys aged 4 to 20 years from Magelang Regency, Indonesia was described. In the second, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee second metacarpal bone linear dimensions from individuals aged 0 to 43.6 years were used for comparison. While in the third, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee body size (body mass and anterior trunk length) and second metacarpal bone mineral content were derived. In measuring the second metacarpal dimensions and mineral content, a total of 568 radiographs of chimpanzee's proximodistal left hands were used. They were taken from 68 females and 49 males aged 0 to 43.62 years old. We applied an image analysis system, Scion Image Release Alpha 4.0.3.2 software for Windows to measure bone linear dimensions and bone mineral content. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body weight and height. A clear growth spurt could be demonstrated by cross-sectional analysis in our girl subjects at around aged 11.5 years and in our boy subjects at around aged 12.5 years. In longitudinal series, not in cross-sectional, several representative chimpanzees of both sexes showed a pre-adult growth spurt on the body sizes, bone dimensions and bone mineral content. They ranged at age 4.5 to 8.5 years. This underscore the fact that adolescent growth spurt in linear dimension was not a universal feature of anthropoid primate ontogeny. Bone loss is a well established characteristic of human female aging. Based on crosssectional analyses the sequential decline of bone mass in female chimpanzee may be said to be genuine. On the other hand, we found in adulthood through elderly, male chimpanzees show a longer plateau than female chimpanzee, that is, bone mineral content is maintained in male.
Keyword: Javanese children, growth spurt, chimpanzee, second metacarpal bone, bone loss, Higher Primates