Judul: Kajian Pengaruh Konsentrasi Metanol dan Lama Reaksi pada Proses Pemurnian Metil Ester Sulfonat terhadap Karakteristik Deterjen Bubuk
Abstrak: Soap and detergent have widely been used as cleaning product at various activities, such as laundry, warewashing, janitorial, domestic, transportation, commercial activity, and metal industry. One of important compiler substances in soap and detergent formulation is surfactant. According to Matheson (1996), there are four general types of surfactant namely anionic, nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric. Methyl ester sulfonates (MES) is one of anionic surfactant types, which have been being developed in recent years. Test in the laboratory indicates that biodegradation of MES (methyl ester sulfonates) is similar to AS (alcohol sulfate) and soap, but faster than that of LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate). However, the problem is the sulfonation process still produces undesired sulfonated soap by-product, often called di-salt. Therefore, it is important to purify MES (methyl ester sulfonates) to reduce the content of di-salt in order to improve the performance of MES (methyl ester sulfonates) as surfactant. The aims of this research are knowing the differences of characteristics of unpurified MES and purified MES, obtaining the best condition purification process of MES, kno wing the effect of the purification process of MES on the characteristics of detergent powders and obtaining the best concentration of MES in the formulation of detergent powders. In this research, the purification process was done by addition of methanol at the certain concentration and reaction time. The effects of methanol concentration (factor K) and reaction time (factor t) were assessed in Completely Factorial Randomized Design with two factors. Each factor consisted of four levels (10, 20, 30 and 40 % for factor K and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes for factor t). The parameters measured on this step were pH, surface and interfacial tension, emulsion stability, foam stability, and detergency. Meanwhile, the effects of purification process on the characteristics of detergent powders were assessed in completely factorial randomized design with two factors that are the kind of MES (unpurified MES and purified MES) and MES concentrations. MES concentrations used in this design were 15, 20 and 25 %. The parameters measured on this step were pH, moisture content, bulk density, detergency, emulsion stability, water insoluble substance and whiteness. Based on the results, it showed that unpurified MES had the following characteristics: pH value of 4,98, surface tension 30,6 mN/m (46,36 %), interfacial tension 31,1 mN/m (87,99 %) to 34,70 mN/m (98,02 %), emulsion stability 15,96 %, foam stability 0,38 hours, and detergency 25,84 %. Meanwhile, the characteristics of purified MES were pH value of 3,95 to 4,93 (MES before neutralized) and 6,92 to 7,67 (MES after neutralized), surface tension 31,45 mN/m (47,72 %) to 42,25 mN/m (64,11 %), interfacial tension 31,85 mN/m (89,97 %) to 34,70 mN/m (98,02 %), emulsion stability 16,67 % to 84,52 %, foam stability 0,41 hours to 3,84 hours, and detergency 26,28 % to 87,22 %. Based on the results, it showed that methanol concentration 40 % and reaction time 90 minutes performed the best condition of purification process. The characteristics of MES obtained from this best condition were: pH value before neutralized 3,95 and after neutralized 6,92, surface tension 42,25 mN/m (64,11 %),
Keyword: 

Judul: Pengaruh Proses Bleaching dan Netralisasi terhadap Karakteristik Surfaktan Metil Ester Sulfonat dari Metil Ester CPO (Crude Palm Oil)
Abstrak: Surfactant is surface active agent that has ability to reduce surface and inter-facial tension. Based on its ability, surfactant is used almost in all sectors of industries. It can be synthesized from petroleum, microorganism, and vegetable oil. Based on the hydrophilic part, it is divided into four groups: cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric. Anionic surfactant is the most produced compared to other groups. Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES) is the anionic surfactant made from vegetable oil that is now being developed. MES has the similar, or even better, than Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates that is now the most produced anionic surfactant synthesized from petroleum. MES production in this research use CPO (Crude Palm Oil) as raw material to give added value for CPO as main commodity in Indonesia. These research methods were divided into some steps: (1) analysis of physical-chemical characteristics of CPO (2) production and analysis of methyl ester of CPO (3) sulfonation process of methyl ester of CPO using SO3 with temperature of 1000C by STFR (Single Tube Falling Film Reactor) and (4) analysis of MES surfactant. The purpose of this research is to find the effect of bleaching and neutralizing processes to the characteristics of Methyl Ester Sulfonates produced from methyl ester CPO. This research used factorial completely randomized design with two replications. The treatment used is process step with no bleaching-neutralizing step, with neutralizing step, and with bleachingneutralizing step. MES produced has inter-facial tension value from 1.4 x 10-2 to 1.4 x 10-1 mN/m, surface tension from 35.33 to 47.17 dyne/cm, active matter content from 15.32 to 19.10 %, iodine value from 53.38 to 55.44 mg Iod/mg MES, CMC from 2.6-3.5% and pH 3.08-6.84. Based on statistic test, the process steps significantly affect inter-facial tension value, surface tension, active matter, and pH but not to iodine value. The best process step found in the sulfonating which continued with neutralizing process based on some parameters. Parameters used were lowest inter-facial tension and surface tension, highest active matters content, and most neutral pH. In this best process, physical-chemical characteristics obtained: inter-facial tension of 0.0201 mN/m, surface tension of 37.30 dyne/cm, iodine value of 55.02 mg I2/g MES, active matter content of 19.10 %, CMC of 2.5% and pH of 6.16.
Keyword: 

Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
Keyword: