Judul: The Effect of Labor Productivity on Economic Growth in Lower Middle Income Countries
Abstrak: Produktivitas tenaga kerja merupakan satuan yang menunjukkan kemampuan negara dalam mengelola sumber daya manusia. Efisiensi produktivitas tenaga kerja akan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dalam lima tahun terakhir, kategori negara lower middle income mengalami perlambatan dalam tingkat pertumbuhan produktivitas tenaga kerja yang berpotensi meningkatkan ketimpangan ekonomi terhadap negara high income. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh produktivitas tenaga kerja terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi beserta faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas tenaga kerja di negara lower middle income dengan menggunakan data cross section 10 negara lower middle income dan time series tahun 2010 hingga 2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan labor productivity, foreign direct investment, trade openess, dan human development index berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Sementara produktivitas tenaga kerja dipengaruhi secara positif dan signifikan oleh pertumbuhan sektor industri, pertumbuhan sektor jasa, serta gross fixed capital formation., One of the ways for a country to measure its ability on managing their human resources is through labor productivity. It is widely believed that an increase in labor productivity would lead to economic growth. In the last five years, the growth rate of labor productivity in lower middle income countries starts to decelerate. This could lead into an even bigger economic inequality between these countries and higher income countries. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of labor productivity on the economy of lower middle income countries and factors that affect labor productivity itself. Ten lower middle income countries were taken as cross section data and the time range was from 2010 to 2019. The result showed that the variables of labor productivity, foreign direct investment, trade openness, and human development index had significant and positive effect on economic growth. Meanwhile, gross fixed capital formation alongside growth of industrial and service sectors were factors that significantly increase labor productivity.
Keyword: panel data, Lower Middle Income Countries, economic growth, labor productivity

Judul: Determinant of Labor Absorption in Lower Middle-Income Country
Abstrak: Tenaga kerja sebagai salah satu faktor produksi merupakan salah satu hal yang essensial dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu negara. Dengan meningkatnya populasi dari tahun ke tahun, kontribusi sumber daya manusia dalam aktivitas ekonomi menjadi salah satu faktor pembangunan ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis determinan dari penyerapan tenaga kerja di negara Lower Middle Income (LMC) selama periode tahun 2011-2020. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif untuk menggambarkan terkait kondisi penyerapan tenaga kerja di negara Lower Middle Income (LMC) serta analisis data panel untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi penyerapan tenaga kerja di negara Lower Middle Income (LMC) dengan menggunakan data cross section 10 negara LMC dan time series selama 10 tahun dari tahun 2011 hingga 2020. Model regresi data panel yang digunakan ialah Fixed Effect Model (FEM) dengan hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa variabel pertumbuhan Gross Domestic Product (GDP), produktivitas tenaga kerja, serta Foreign Direct Invesment berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap tenaga kerja, sedangkan variabel ekspor memberi pengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap penyerapan tenaga kerja. Variabel lainnya yakni inflasi berpengaruh tidak signfikan terhadap penyerapan tenaga kerja., Labor as a factor of production is one of the essential things in the economic growth of a country. Population increases from year to year, the contribution of human resources in economic activity is one of many factors that affecting economic development. This research aims to analyze the determinants of employment in Lower Middle Income (LMC) Countries during 2011 until 2020. The analytical method that we used is qualitative descriptive analysis to provide an overview of the conditions of employment in Lower Middle Income (LMC) Countries and we used panel data regression analysis to analyze the factors that affecting employment in Lower Middle Income (LMC) Countries by using cross data. section for 10 LMC countries and time series for 10 years during the period 2011 until 2020. We used Fixed Effect Model (FEM) for panel data regression analysis, the results showing that GDP growth variable, labor productivity, Foreign Direct Investment has a positive and significant effect on labor absorption. Meanwhile, the export variables had a negative and significant effect on labor absorption. Another variable such as inflation had no significant effect on labor absorption.
Keyword: labor absorption, economic growth, panel data, Fixed Effect Model (FEM), Lower Middle-Income Country (LMC)

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
Keyword: