Judul: Hubungan antara Populasi Penduduk dengan Deforestasi, Penggunaan Lahan , Erosi dan Penurunan Nutrisi Tanah
Abstrak: Tanah hutan tropika merupakan tanah yang rentan terhadap terjadinya degradasi tanah, ditandai dengan kondisi banjir saat musim hujan dan kekeringan cukup parah saat musim kemarau. Hal itu menunjukkan bahwa lahan kurang mampu lagi mengatur kelembaban, sehingga cepat mengering dan jenuh bila kondisi curah hujan berubah. Karena hal ini kemampuan tanah dalam memegang air menjadi berkurang sehingga laju aliran permukaan menjadi meningkat dan pada akhirnya kualitas air lahan menjadi menurun. Perubahan penggunaan lahan hutan menjadi lahan non hutan dianggap dapat meningkatkan laju erosi tanah. Permasalahan utama perubahan penggunaan lahan hutan menjadi bentuk lain adalah berupa penurunan kualitas lahan. Dalam hal ini campur tangan manusia dalam memanfaatkan sumberdaya alam memegang peranan penting terhadap degradasi lahan dan erosi. Laju pertumbuhan penduduk yang cepat pada gilirannya mendorong peningkatan pemanfaatan lahan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dasar manusia yang berupa sandang, pangan dan papan. Hal Ini berimbas terhadap peningkatan pemanfaatan sumberdaya alam seperti tanah, hutan dan air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hubungan antara populasi penduduk dengan penggunaan lahan, deforestasi, erosi dan penurunan nutrisi tanah.
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Judul: Keterkaitan Pertumbuhan Penduduk dengan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Pertanian ke Non Pertanian dan Luas Lahan Kritis
Abstrak: Increasing population growth is one of factors affecting the use of a piece of land, where low-land-rent utilization tend to be converted into the higher-land-rent utilization. Land rent of non-agricultural uses which is higher than on-farm agriculture undeniably increase agricultural conversion, then could accelerate land degradation. Land degradation could be due to improper management which is not in accordance with its carrying capacity then initializing degraded land. The purpose of this research is: (1) to identify population growth and agricultural land use change to non-agricultural one, (2) to identify acreage of degraded land, (3) to compare agricultural land rent and non-agricultural uses, and (4) to understand the relationship among population growth, agricultural land use change and the acreage of degraded land. The analytical techniques utilized in this research include: (1) analysis of population growth and spatial technique to identify changes from agricultural land to non-agricultural ones, (2) spasial analysis to calculate hectarage of classified degraded land based on ministry of forestry, (3) descriptive analysis of land rent and the t test, and (4) correlation analysis to understand the relationship among population growth, land use changes and the acreage of degraded land. The results showed that population in Kecamatan Sukaraja grew at 7,6 % and Kecamatan Sukamakmur increased at 0,3 % in the period 2006-2009. The acreage of agricultural land use change to non-agricultural one in Kecamatan Sukaraja was 95,95 ha (4,5%) and in Kecamatan Sukamakmur was 232,74 ha (2 %). Kecamatan Sukaraja was comprised of 1.383,90 ha of non degraded land, 1.613,96 ha of potentially degraded land, 723,34 ha of somewhat degraded land, 166,78 ha of degraded land, and 0,16 ha of severe degraded land. Kecamatan Sukamakmur comprised of 984,07 ha non degraded land, 3.681,50 ha potentially degraded land, 4.330,52 ha somewhat degraded land, 7.658,94 ha degraded land and 44.08 ha severe degraded land. Comparison of the average value of agricultural land rent to non-agricultural one at CI 95 % indicates, that the non-farm business more lucrative than farming. Correlation coefficient of population growth and land use change in Kecamatan Sukaraja was 0,82 and in Kecamatan Sukamakmur was 0,92, the coefficient of population growth and acreage of degraded land of Kecamatan Sukaraja was 0,85 and of Kecamatan Sukamakmur was 0,91, while the coefficient of land use change acreage and degraded land in Kecamatan Sukaraja was 0,90 and in Kecamatan Sukamakmur was 0,98. These suggest positive relationship among all variables at 95% confidence level and implied that the higher population then more intensive changes from agricultural land uses to non-agricultural ones and the wider acreage of degraded land.
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Judul: Development of DNA Vaccine Encoding Glycoprotein of Koi Herpes Virus Using Local Isolate.
Abstrak: The aim of this research was to develop DNA vaccine of Koi Herpesvirus in carp. Glycoprotein gene originated from ORF 25 KHV virus that is 1.8 kbp in size, is a potential gene in DNA vaccine construction. The sequencing and similarity analysis of the gene using BLAST software showed that this gene is a GP25 gene and was found to be very similar (99%) to GP25 of KHV virus from the USA and Israel. When this GP25 gene was ligated with pGEMT Easy (pT, 3 kbp in size) vector, plasmid size was increasing up to 5 kb. Following this, a digestion of pT-GP25 plasmid using Sal I enzyme was applied resulted in a GP25 fragment (1.8 kbp). Subsequently, pAct-D6 with a size of 8.5 kbp was also cut using the same enzyme to eleminate a D6 gene with a size of 1.6 kbp. GP25 gene was then ligated with pAct resulted a pAct-GP25 plasmid with a size of 8.8 kbp. As there was only one restriction site applied, ligation can be occurred in two different directions. Thus, in order to determine the plasmid with the desired direction PCR analysis was carried out, and plasmid with the right direction was the one that sized approximately 2.1 kbp (no. 6, 17 and 20). High level of GFP gene expression was detected in all tissues analyzed, i.e. kidney, gil, spleen, and muscle 24 hours after injection which indicated that β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka could be active in common carp. Although not as high as on 24 hours, expression was still detected until day 7 and disappeared after day 28 post injection indicating that pAct-GFP can be remained and β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka can be active in muscle, gills and kidney at least a week after injection. The result of RT-PCR analysis on pAct-GP25 injected common carp showed that GP25 gene expression can be detected 14 days after injection in all tissues observed. The expression level differences between GFP and GP25 genes possibly related to the primer sensitivity on annealing process to cDNA template and the size of PCR targeted DNA fragment, as smaller PCR targeted product will be easier to be amplified than a bigger one. The length of PCR targeted DNA with GP25 primer was 1.8 kbp whereas GFP gene was 0.6 kbp.The challenge test on common carp results showed that all unvaccinated and negative control (not infected with KHV) was alive until the end of the experiment. Whereas, the survival of fish vaccinated with a dose of 12.5 was ranged from 60.9 and 96.7%. In relation to the activity of β-actin promoter that was used in this DNA vaccine, gene expression was occured 24 hours after vaccination and remained until 2 weeks. The control fish that was not injected by GP25 showed no GP25 expression either in the observed tissues or organs and resulted in a lower survival, i.e. 23.3%. The challenge test results has indicated that the fish vaccinated with GP25 at doses of 7.5 and 12.5 μg/100μL were able to produce KHV glycoprotein in their body which would be
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