Judul: Economic Analysis of Benefit Value of Coral Reef Ecosystem in Ternate Island North Maluku Province
Abstrak: Artisanal fishermen are people whose economic activities depend on natural resource especially coral reef ecosystem. In Ternate Island there are 729 fishermen household. Who are running some economic activities, including destructive fishing practices . The aim of this research is to estimate the benefit value of coral reef in Ternate Island using Effect on Production (EoP) approach. This approach mainly applies to estimate the difference in value of productive output before and after the impact of activity. The results of this research show that the actual economic values of coral reef in Ternate Island based on cross section data is Rp 21.027.933.840,00, while produce an estimation of present value of the benefit is Rp 384.542.778,79. Furthermore, the present value of residual rent is as of estimated to be Rp 239.081.334,38. Based on the time series appproach, it is estimated that a loss of benefit after 10 years has been occurred. Therefore foregone benefit value of coral reef in 10 years is Rp 5.097.140.400,00 or Rp 2.842.800.000,00 per hectare.
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Judul: Economic valuation of coral reefs in the Seribu Islands marine protected area
Abstrak: Seribu Islands National Park (TNKpS) is a Marine Protected Area (MPA) which protects a number of the ecosystem such as coral reef, mangrove, seagrass and so on. Coral reefs is one of the most important ecosystems in this area which provides various benefits such as goods and services. These benefits are of high value and critical importance to the local economies in Seribu islands. These value were frequently overlooked or underappreciated by the local communities. In other words, the coral reefs ecosystem true value is still undervalued by the local communities. As a consequence the degradation and many other environmental damages were occurred. Economic valuation is an instrument that can be used to assess how much the communities appreciate goods and services from the ecosystem by giving 'price tag' and compared with its ecosystem true value. The main purpose of this research was to-assess coral reef's economic value which consist of use value and non use value. The use values derived from fisheries and tourism, meanwhile the non use values were derived from enviromental protection value and option value. The economic values were assessed using several approaches, namely change in productivity method, market prices, CVM, and Von Neumann-Morgenstern (option price). The results of the study showed that use value of tourism and fishery was 106.49 billion rupiah, and non-use value, included environmental protection value and option value, was 316.85 billion rupiah. Hence, the total economic value was 423.34 billion rupiah for total area 4,397.06 hectare or 96.28 million rupiah per hectare per year. However, the estimation for long-term (50 years) economic value in terms of Present Value (PV) to the local population will be much higher than the existing value. The estimated value will be of 5,162.23 billion rupiah on average or 1.18 billion rupiah per hectare. To secure these values, There are several policies can be implemented, such as increasing public awareness, rentcapture mechanism, institutional mechanism, 'localized economic scale' policy, and knowledge-based economic strenghtening.
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Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular