Judul: Isolasi Karakterisasi Khamir Lokal Penghasil Biosurfaktan
Abstrak: Biosurfaktan adalah senyawa kimia yang dihasilkan oleh mikroba yang memiliki sifat aktif permukaan. Biosurfaktan memiliki beberapa keunggulan dibandingkan surfaktan sintetis, yaitu bersifat biodegmczble, tidak beracun dan struktur kimianya lebih beragam. Biosurfaktan memiliki fungsi yang luas yaitu aktif permukaan, pengemulsi, pembasahan, pelarutan dan penurunan kekentalan. Penggunaan biosurfaktan pada berbagai industri antara lain adalah penambangan minyak bumi, industri kosmetik, malcanan dan minuman, tekstil, kertas, pestisida dan pupuk. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah mendapatkan isolat khamir lokal penghasil biosurfaktan dari tanah tercemar minyak, melakukan karakterisasi isolat dan menguji kemampuan beberapa isolat terpilih untuk memproduksi biosurfaktan dengan menggunakan sumber karbon glukosa dan minyak kelapa sawit atau CPO.
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Judul: lsolasi, ldentifikasi Bakteri Penghasil Biosurfaktan dari Reservoir Minyak Bumi dan Karakterisasi Biosurfaktan yang Dihasilkannya untuk Enhanced Oil Recovery
Abstrak: Biosurfaktan merupakan zat aktif permukaan yang disintesis oleh mikroorganisme. Zat ini mempunyai kemampuan menurunkan tegangan permukaan dan tegangan antarmuka dalam larutan maupun campuran hidrokarbon, yang berpotensi untuk meningkatkan pengurasan minyak bumi. Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri penghasil biosurfaktan dari reservoir minyak bumi dan telah dilakukan karakterisasi biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan. Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat diterapkan dalam teknologi pengurasan minyak bumi dengan menumbuhkan bakteri tersebut ke dalam reservoir. Dari tahap isolasi telah berhasil diisolasi 82 isolat bakteri, 10 isolat mampu menghasilkan biosurfaktan. Dua di antaranya yaitu isolat P106O15 dan P106T4 telah diidentifikasi berdasarkan Microbact 12E, BioMerieux API 20E dan sekuen gen 16S RNA serta dilakukan analisis kinerja isolat P106O15 dan P106T 4 dan karakterisasi biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan meliputi: 1) kinetika pertumbuhan dan pembentukan biosurfaktan; 2) kemampuan menurunkan tegangan antarmuka; 3) analisis jenis biosurfaktan dan komposisi senyawa penyusunnya. ldentifikasi isolat P106O15 adalah Providencia rettgeri, menghasilkan biosurfaktan mulai awal pertumbuhan hingga fase kematian sel, nilai tegangan antarmuka terendah sebesar 0,00 mN/m pada jam inkubasi ke 80, biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan merupakan jenis lipopeptida. ldentifikasi isolat P106T4 adalah Bacillus subtilis, menghasilkan biosurfaktan mulai awal pertumbuhan hingga fase kematian sel, nilai tegangan antarmuka terendah sebesar 0,02 mN/m pada jam inkubasi ke 80, biosurfaktan yang dihasilkan merupakan jenis lipopeptida.
Keyword: identifikasi bakteri, reservoir, minyak bumi, biosurfakta, Enhanced Oil Recovery

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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