Judul: Extraction process engineering Kamandrah (Croton tiglium L.) seed oil with expression and biolarvacide development of Dengue Fever Preventive
Abstrak: Kamandrah (Croton triglium L.) is one of many medicinal plants found in the some parts of Indonesia. Kamandrah seeds produce oil that can be used as biolarvacide. The objectives of this research were to study larvacidal activity of the ingredients contained in the seed extract of kamandrah; to get optimum conditions of kamandrah seed extraction using pressing method; to provide processing technology of larvacide production; and to analyze the financial feasibility of the product. The results of proximate analysis of kamandrah seed oil showed that it contained 6.29% water, 3.6% ash, 53.73% fat, 11.98% protein, 8.25% crude fiber, and 16.15% carbohydrates (by difference). Kamandrah fruits harvested at the age of 42 days after flowering (fully brown rind colour) were the most effective as larvacide against A. aegepty larvae. The yield of oil was 20.42% and the LC50 value was as much as 132.67 ppm (24 hours) and 70.08 ppm (48 hours). The acid number of the oil was 8.76 mg KOH/g oil; free fatty acid level was 4.36 mg KOH/g oil; peroxide number was 3.59 meq O/100g; refractive index was 1.4783; specific gravity was 0.9466 g/ml and colour values were 73.03, 64.13, and 3.26 for L*, a* and b*, respectively. The two major unsaturated fatty acids components in kamandrah oil were oleic acid (42.33%) and linoleic acid (2.03%). The results of GC-MS analysis with NIST library search showed that the active ingredients predicted as insecticide were piperidine and 1,4- naphthoquinone while the result of identification with a library pest.l showed the the active ingredients were butacarboxim compound, 2,3,6-trichlorphenol, dnoc, and propamocarb. Based on optimization of kamandrah seed extraction process, the optimum conditions to obtain the optimum yield, LC50 and LC90 values using canonical analysis were heating temperature of 85oC, pressure of 10.54 Pa, and heating time of 15 minutes. The response values for yield, LC50 and LC90 at this optimum condition were 29%, 41,85 ppm, and 87,51 ppm, respectively. The results of product design for the plant-derived (vegetable) larvacide made from kamandrah oil showed that the best form was sustained released granules, which was non-irritating to eyes and skin, with LC50 values of 1,039 ppm (24 hours) and 718 ppm (48 hours). Financial analysis showed that the larvacide produced from oil extract of kamandrah seed was feasible to be developed and produced with NPV of Rp. 25.509.663.712, IRR of 32.9%, Net B/C ratio of 1.4 and PBP of 5.9 years.
Keyword: active ingredients, larvacide, oil extraction, financial analysis, Process Engineering, Kamandrah, Croton tiglium L., Seed Oil, Biolarvacide Development Of Dengue

Judul: Efektivitas Minyak Biji Kamandrah (Croton tiglium) Dan Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas) Sebagai Larvasida, Anti- Oviposisi Dan Ovisida Nyamuk Aedes aegypti Dan Aedes albopictus
Abstrak: Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus mosquito is increasing problem of public health, being the vector responsible for dengue and chikungunya. Various effort have been done to control the mosquitoes both chemically and naturally. Croton tiglium and Jatropha curcas seed oil were known to posses insecticide activity against larval mosquito species. The study was aimed to examine effectiveness of C. tiglium seed oil and J. curcas seed oil as larvicidal, anti-oviposition, and ovicidal against A. aegypti and A. albopictus, and quantitative analysis of piperine achieved by spectrophotometer. C. tiglium seed oil possessed a significantly higher larvicidal activity against the 3th-4th instar larvae of A. aegypti and A. albopictus than J. curcas seed oil. The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. The LC50 value of C. tiglium seed oil and J. curcas seed oil were 769.52 ppm and 1366.07 ppm respectively, against A. aegypti and 707.78 ppm and 905.29 ppm respectively, against A. albopictus. There was a decrease in the number of eggs laid by A. aegypti and A. albopictus with C. tiglium and J. curcas oil (≤ 5% eggs) if compared to control (> 50% eggs). C. tiglium and J. curcas seed oil was effective on 0.4%-0.5% concentration so that could prevent the eggs from being hatched (> 90%). Quantitative analysis of C. tiglium and J. curcas by spectrophotometer revealed the presence of piperine were 0.0385% and 0.0054%. The content of C. tiglium was higher compared to J. curcas as proved by the value of LC50. The result of this study suggested that the C. tiglium and J. curcas oil posses insecticide properties that could be developed and used as natural insecticide for larval mosquito control.
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Judul: Solusi Geometri Schwarzschild untuk Dimensi 4+1 dengan Invarian Rotasi Isotropik.
Abstrak: Metrik Schwarzschild merupakan solusi eksak pertama dari persamaan medan Einstein dengan mangasumsikan metrik statik dan simetris. Metrik Schwarzschild yang ditemukan oleh Karl Schwarzschild masih dalam dimensi 3+1, namun seiring dengan teori-teori terbaru yang menunjukkan bahwa alam semesta tidak hanya di dimensi 3+1. Maka melalui penambahan dimensi, tujuan penelitian ini memperoleh solusi pada geometri Schwarzschild untuk dimensi 4+1 dengan memodifikasi koordinat bola yang invarian rotasi isotropik dan melalui penurunan rumus seperti koordinat bola, simbol Christoffel, dan tensor Ricci. Selain mendapatkan solusi ini, metrik Schwarzschild dimensi 4+1 dapat digunakan sebagai metrik dasar untuk memperoleh solusi blackhole dan wormhole pada dimensi 4+1. Hasil akhirnya, dengan memanfaatkan modifikasi koordinat bola, metrik Schwarzschild dapat dibentuk sehingga diperoleh solusi geometri Schwarzschild untuk dimensi 4+1.
Keyword: metrik Schwarzschild, persamaan medan Einstein, modifikasi koordinat bola, penambahan dimensi, invarian rotasi isotropik