Judul: Biological Control Agent Products for Control of Plant Diseases
Abstrak: Penyakit tanaman dapat menurunkan hasil panen mencapai 25% per tahun. Pengendalian penyakit tanaman dengan agens hayati sangat disarankan karena bersifat selektif, aman bagi manusia, dan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyusun informasi terkait produk agens hayati untuk mengendalikan penyakit tanaman dari berbagai jenis mikroba yang telah beredar di pasaran baik produk dari dalam maupun luar negeri. Penelitian dilakukan dengan kajian pustaka secara daring pada Google, Google cendekia, ReserachGate, ScienceDirect, dan Repository IPB. Diketahui terdapat 273 merek dagang produk agens hayati untuk mengendalikan penyakit tanaman di pasaran yang disusun berdasarkan 118 sumber pustaka ilmiah. Jumlah merek tersebut mencakup 15 merek lokal dan 258 merek dari luar negeri. Produk ini terdiri dari 129 jenis bakteri, 138 jenis cendawan, dan enam jenis virus, sedangkan produk dari jenis nematoda belum ada, tetapi penelitian mengenai spesies nematoda yang berpotensi seperti Monochochus aquaticus, Aphelenchus avenae, dan Mesorhabditis sp. telah banyak dilaporkan. Mayoritas produk menekan patogen tanaman dengan mekanisme antibiosis. Produk dapat diaplikasikan dengan cara biopriming, pencelupan bibit, penyemprotan daun, dan aplikasi pada tanah. Jumlah produk dan minat masyarakat terhadap produk agens hayati masih sedikit, tapi diperkirakan akan terus meningkat seiring banyaknya program pelestarian lingkungan dan sistem pertanian organik. Kata kunci: antibiosis, pertanian organik, produk komersial, priming, Plant diseases can reduce crop yields by 25% per year. Control of plant diseases with biological agents is highly recommended because they are selective and safe for humans, and the environment. This study aims to compile information related to biological agent products to control plant diseases from various types of microbes that have been available in the market, both domestic and foreign products. The research was conducted using an online literature study on Google, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, and the IPB repository. Based on this study there are 273 trademarks of biological agents products for controlling plant diseases in the market which are compiled based on 118 scientific literature sources. The number of brands includes 15 local brands and 258 brands from abroad. These products consist of 129 types of bacteria, 138 types of fungi, and six types of viruses, while the products of the nematodes type do not yet exist, but research on potential nematode such as Monochochus aquaticus, Aphelenchus avenae, and Mesorhabditis sp. has been widely reported. The majority of mode action in suppressing plant pathogens is antibiosis mechanisms. The product can be applied using biopriming, seed dip, foliar spray, and soil application. The number of products and public interest in the products of biological agents is still small, but is expected to continue to increase in line with the number of environmental conservation programs and organic farming systems. Keywords: antibiosis, commercial product, organic farming, priming
Keyword: Antibiosis, Pertanian organik, Produk komersial, Priming

Judul: Critical Review of the Potential of Preparations of Twenty Species from Fourteen Plant Families for Crop Pest Control
Abstrak: Serangan hama tanaman dapat menimbulkan kerugian yang besar sehingga harus dikelola dengan tindakan pengendalian yang tepat. Insektisida sintetik yang sering digunakan petani dapat menyebabkan berbagai dampak samping yang tidak diinginkan terhadap organisme bukan sasaran dan lingkungan. Insektisida nabati merupakan salah satu alternatif potensial untuk mengendalikan hama tanaman. Kajian pustaka ini dilakukan untuk meninjau secara kritis publikasi tentang sediaan insektisida nabati 20 spesies dari 14 famili tumbuhan. Potensi insektisida nabati tersebut dievaluasi berdasarkan ketersediaan, kefektifan, keamanan terhadap organisme bukan sasaran, dan potensi pemasyarakatannya. Publikasi daring yang relevan ditelusuri melalui database seperti Google, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, National Center for Biotechnology Information, dan IPB Repository, dengan tambahan beberapa materi cetak. Hasil analisis literatur menunjukkan bahwa di antara 20 spesies tumbuhan yang dievaluasi, hanya 5 spesies yang ekstrak pelarut organik atau minyak atsirinya memiliki bioaktivitas yang sangat kuat terhadap setidaknya satu spesies hama sasaran. Kelima spesies tumbuhan tersebut ialah Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Dysphania ambrosioides, dan Nicotiana tabacum. Sementara itu, sediaan A. sativum, A. indica, dan Citrus limon yang disiapkan dengan pelarut air juga memiliki aktivitas insektisida yang sangat kuat. Data yang tersedia menunjukkan bahwa insektisida nabati aman bagi organisme bukan sasaran dan lingkungan. Peningkatan penggunaan insektisida nabati dapat dilakukan dengan mengintegrasikan pemasyarakatan dan penggunaannya dalam program pengelolaan hama yang relevan., Crop losses due to pest organisms can be substantial and should be managed by applying proper crop protection measures. Synthetic insecticides commonly used by farmers could cause some undesirable side effects to non-target organisms and the environment. Botanical insecticides represent one of the potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for controlling crop pests. This literature study was carried out to critically review published papers on botanical insecticide preparations of 20 species from 14 plant families. Those botanical insecticides were assessed based on their availability, effectiveness, safety to non-target organisms, and dissemination potential. Relevant publications were searched through online databases such as Google, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, National Center for Biotechnology Information, and IPB Repository, in addition to some printed materials. Results of the literature analysis showed that among the 20 plant species studied, only 5 species yielded organic solvent extracts or essential oils that had very strong insecticidal activity against at least one target pest species. Those five plant species were Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Dysphania ambrosioides, and Nicotiana tabacum. Meanwhile, A. sativum, A. indica, and Citrus limon aqueous extracts also had very strong insecticidal activity. Available data indicated that botanical insecticides are safe to nontarget organisms and the environment. Enhancement of use of botanical insecticides can be done by integrating their dissemination and use in relevant pest management programs.
Keyword: botanical insecticides, crop pests, feasibility, safety, dissemination

Judul: Penggunaan Teorema Homeomorphy 2-Manifold dan Teorema Euler Poincare pada Torus 𝑇�� dan Simplicial Complex 𝐾��
Abstrak: Two dimensional topological spaces are said to be homeomorphic if they have the same topological invariant, where one of topological invariant used is an Euler characteristic. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem and Euler Poincare’s Theorem are used to distinguish two topological spaces. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem uses Euler characteristic to identify two dimensional topological spaces. Euler Poincare’s Theorem is an alternative way to find Euler characteristic with Betti number, which is topological invariant as well. The objective of this paper is to investigate the homeomorphism of torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾�����. Topological space torus and simplicial complex 𝐾����� have the same Euler characteristic, which is two. Based on Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem topological space torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾����� is homeomorphic.
Keyword: simplicial, torus, Euler, homeomorphism, topology