Judul: Deteksi Kebuntingan, Parturasi dan Monitoring Stress secara Non-Invasif pada Monyet Hitam Sulawesi Betina (Macaca Nigra)
Abstrak: Monyet hitam Sulawesi (Macaca nigra) merupakan satwa endemik yang telah dikategorikan sebagai satwa terancam punah (critically endangered). Populasi M. nigra mengalami penurunan yang tajam sehingga upaya untuk melindungi dan meningkatkan populasi penting dilakukan. Oleh karena itu, data terkait dengan reproduksi dan kajian tentang stres sangat diperlukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kebuntingan, parturasi (waktu melahirkan), dan monitoring stres secara non-invasif melalui pengukuran hormon dari sampel feses dan pengamatan fisik berupa sex skin coloration di area perineal. Penelitian dibagi atas 4 tahap yaitu (1) validasi beberapa enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) untuk pengukuran metabolit hormon steroid yaitu estrogen EIAs (estrone conjugate/E1C, estradiol/E2, dan total estrogen/Etotal), progesteron EIAs (pregnanediol-3-glucuronide/PdG, progesterone, dan pregnanolone), dan glukokortikoid EIAs (cortisol, 3α,11-oxo-etiocholanolone/11-oxo-CM, dan 3α,11β-hydroxy-etiocholanolone/11β-hydroxy-CM); (2) validasi metode pengawetan, ekstraksi, dan penyimpanan sampel feses; (3) penentuan kebuntingan dan parturasi berdasarkan sex skin coloration dan analisis hormon; dan (4) pengukuran hormon stres selama periode siklus menstruasi, bunting, dan laktasi. Penelitian dilakukan di Cagar Alam Tangkoko-Batuangus, Sulawesi Utara (1⁰ 33' N, 125⁰10' E),terhadap 12 betina bunting M. nigra kelompok Rambo 1. Hasil penelitian tahap 1, rerata (±STD) konsentrasi metabolit estrogen (fEM) pada awal fase follikuler, fase subur (ovulasi), dan fase luteal pada masing-masing EIAs adalah: E1C (33,85±8,74ng/g; 73,89±4,54ng/g; dan 39,18±10,53ng/g); E2 (50,12±24,40 ng/g; 164,13±91,48ng/g; dan 39,39±9,84ng/g); Etotal (81,44±24,71ng/g; 163,67±41,07; dan 78,15±25,65ng/g). Hasil validasi tiga estrogen EIAs, konsentrasi fEM pada fase follikuler dari E1C lebih stabil dengan profil yang lebih baik dibandingkan dua EIAs lainnya. Rerata (±STD) konsentrasi metabolit progesteron (fPM) pada fase follikuler dan fase luteal pada masing-masing EIAs adalah: PdG (0,94±0,66ug/g dan 1,83±0,67ug/g), progesterone (1,31±0,91ug/g dan 3,56±1,32ug/g), pregnanolone (0,76±0,28ug/g dan 3,96±1,65ug/g). Hasil validasi tiga progesteron EIAs, konsentrasi fPM dari pregnanolone pada fase follikuler lebih stabil dibandingkan dua EIAs lainnya. Hasil uji validasi glukokorticoid EIAs menunjukkan konsentrasi metabolit glukokortikoid (fGCM) pada semua EIAs yang digunakan meningkat pada hari ke 2-3 setelah cekaman. Namun, pada 11β-hydroxy-CM, persentase respon stres lebih tinggi dibandingkan 11-oxo-CM dan cortisol berturut-turut (256,15%, 225,13%, dan 234,45%) Hasil penelitian tahap 2, konsentrasi fEM lebih tinggi, sedangkan fGCM lebih rendah pada feses yang diawetkan 10 jam setelah dikoleksi dibandingkan kontrol (feses langsung diawetkan pada suhu -20OC; p<0,05). Penyimpanan jangka panjang pada feses dalam pelarut methanol 80% (MeOH) menyebabkan peningkatan yang nyata pada konsentrasi fEM dan fGCM masing-masing setelah bulan ke-4 dan ke-6 (p<0,05). Pengeringan feses menggunakan metode oven-drying pada suhu 50OC, 70OC, and 90OC tidak berpengaruh terhadap konsentrasi fEM (p>0,05), tetapi pengeringan pada suhu 90OC menyebabkan konsentrasi fGCM lebih rendah dibandingan pada suhu 50OC, dan 70OC (p<0,05). Pembekuan/pencairan berulang (freeze-thaw cycles) pada ekstrak feses menyebabkan peningkatan konsentrasi fEM setelah 8 kali freeze-thaw cycles dan 4 kali freeze-thaw cycles pada fGCM (p<0,05). Tiga jenis metode pengawetan feses (freeze-drying, field friendly extraction, dan oven drying) dan pelarut ekstraksi (MeOH, etanol/EtOH, dan alkohol komersial/propanol/isopropyl alcohol) menghasilkan konsentrasi fEM dan fGCM yang tidak berbeda (P>0,05). Hasil penelitian tahap 3, intensitas warna sex skin coloration mengalami perubahan pada awal minggu keempat setelah detumescent (hari ketika swelling mulai mengkerut) menjadi merah keputihan (light pink) dengan rasio nilai R/G (red/green) = 1,67±0,12 jika betina tidak bunting dan menjadi merah dengan rasio nilai R/G (red/green) =1,94±0,16 jika betina bunting. Intensitas warna
Keyword: Monyet hitam Sulawesi, sex skin coloration, kebuntingan, kelahiran, stress

Judul: Perilaku Harian Monyet Hitam Sulawesi (Macaca nigra) pada Masa Kebuntingan di Cagar Alam Tangkoko-Batuangus, Sulawesi Utara
Abstrak: Crested macaque (Macaca nigra), one of the seven endemic primates in Sulawesi is the most endangered macaque species that has been categorized as critically endangered by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). However, almost nothing is known about the reproductive biology in associated with the behavioral during pregnancy. The data is important to support a management and breeding programs such as pregnancy diagnostic and conservation program in this species. The research aimed to study the behavior of the crested macaques during pregnancy. Observations were performed on the 10 adult females of the Rambo 1 group (R1) which has been habituated at Tangkoko-Batuangus Nature Reserve, North Sulawesi. Behavioral data were collected using focal animal sampling and recorded using instantanaeous sampling on females during menstrual cycling, pregnancy, and after parturition (lactation). During five months observations, a total of 393,63 observation hours were recorded. The results showed that daily activities of the M. nigra during menstrual cycling were dominated by feeding (26.60%), foraging (15.95%), and locomotion (16.16%). Daily activities during pregnancy were dominated by feeding (27.03%), foraging (16.37%), and resting (13.45%), whereas after parturition (lactation) period was dominated by resting (26.12%), foraging (19.51%) and feeding (14.98%). The resting was the most activity in the end of pregnancy and few day after parturition. The diets which were collected successfully composed of the fruits (34 species, 20 families), arthropods (3 species, 2 families, 4 orders), fungi (4 genera and division), and plants (5 species and families). Climate influenced on the composition of the diet, especially on fruit and arthropods. In conclusion, the activity budgets were different during menstrual cycling, pregnancy, and lactation, especially feeding, foraging, locomotion, and resting.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), diet, lactation, pregnancy, menstrual cycling, M. nigra

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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