Judul: Food-related innovative behavior of the macaques
Abstrak: Innovative behavior is a new behavior performed by individuals, occurred in low frequencies and restricted to particular area. Innovative behavior may allow animals in coping new environment and exploit more resources. Innovation as product and process of learning behavior has been observed and documented in various numbers of animals, mainly birds and primates. Nearly a half of those records came from food-related behaviors including food extraction technique, novel food items, and food preparation. Many of those behaviors were recorded in anthropogenic disturbance habitat, where animals were challenged by rapidly changing environments. First, I observed long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Pengkereman hot-spring in the highland of Mt. Rinjani in Lombok Island in 2008-2009. They showed innovative behavior in utilizing hot-spring. Two individuals of longtailed macaques were observed in September 5, 2004 incidentally to soak their limbs into the hot spring water. On August 20-22, 2008, during three consecutive day surveys, 4, 5, and 6 out of 26 individuals’ macaques immersed their bodies into the hot-spring stream and pool, respectively. However, this behavior not performed by individuals of the two groups living in adjacent areas, Pelawangan Sembalun and Pos 3 Senaru Groups and two others group of Sebau hot spring 20 km eastern of Pengkereman were never observed to soak their bodies in the water. The behavior was driven by scarcity of natural food source while the artificial foods from human tourist available in the area of hot-spring. The behavior fixed in some individuals who learn the thermoregulation advantages of the hot spring bathing in their habitat in highland with low ambient temperatures. Second, I observed fish-eating behavior performed by long-tailed macaques in Pangandaran Recreation Park in 2010-2012. This behavior was firstly observed in Rengganis Group on November 2010, when three adult and a sub-adult females ate fishes obtained from unattended net. Recently the fish-eating behavior is performed only by individuals of Goa Parat and K12 groups of Pangandaran Recreational Park. The fish-eating behavior that performed by long-tailed macaques in Pangandaran might be newly established as the innovative behavior. After Asian economical crisis in 1998 long-tailed macaques in the Pangandaran is in condition of nutritional deterioration. This condition affectted number of individuals and groups of long-tailed macaques in the Recreation Park and also the feeding behavior of the macaques live in park. Decreasing amount of food from visitors drove the macaques to move their home range like Rengganis Group or exploit new source in their home range like Goa Parat Group. The development of fish-eating behavior by individuals of Goa Parat Group could be the response to the challenge posed by the changing situation of the habitat. Third, I investigated the characteristics of a particular food-snatching behavior in which one individual forced another’s mouth open and grabbed the food, as performed by free-ranging Japanese macaques (M. fuscata) in Choshikei Monkey Park on Shodoshima Island, western Japan. I conducted a survey in late June 2012 and observed one of two monkey troops, comprising 214 monkeys. I recorded the age classes and sexes of the individuals who performed the snatching behavior and were snatched from, and
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Judul: Perilaku Seksual Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macaca fascicularis Raffles 1821) di Penangkaran Semi Alami Pulau Tinjil, Kabupaten Pandeglang, Provinsi Banten
Abstrak: Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis Raffles 1821) is one of primate species that has not been protected in Indonesia. The wild caught tended to exceed the wild capture quotas that have been set by the government (Rameiyanti & Purnama 2008). This wild capture can reduce the sustainability of this species, so it should be an effort to prevent extinction by conservation effort such as establishing a captive breeding. One of the most important aspect to the succees of captive breeding is animal reproduction, especially sexual behavior. By knowing the sexual behavior of the macaque, it can be known about the appropriate form of management in order to produce a suitable animal production. The objectives of this study were to determine sexual behavior of the long-tailed macaque in Semi Natural Habitat Breeding of Tinjil Island (SNHBTI) and the influences of sexual behavior to daily behavior of long-tailed macaque. This research was conducted in SNHPTI, Pandeglang, Banten from June to August 2009. The study started on 5 to 10 May 2009 to determine location during preliminary observations by establishing the line transect method. Behavioral data was recorded using behavior sampling method during their active time at 06.00-10.00 WIB and 14.00-18.00 WIB. There was 29 group of the macaques in SNHBTI but only group 3 was observe for this study. The sample unit consist of 5 males and 4 females. The result shows that long-tailed macaques in group 3 spent 20% of their active time to eat, 3,9% drinking, 39,6% moving, 21,4% resting, 3,7% grooming, 4,6% agonistic and 6,8% for sexual activity. Sexual activity is frequently done in the morning. This activity also frequently taken place on the trees. The position of the monkey in the social hierarchy positively correlated with the frequency of male sexual behavior and negatively correlated with the frequency of female sexual behavior. There are types of sexual behavior in long-tailed macaque. The highest frequency was approach-genital inspection. Sexual behavior in males have positively correlated with eating, moving, and resting behavior, and also have a significant influence on eating and moving behavior. Sexual behavior at non-pregnant females have negatively correlated and give significant influences to eating behavior. Sexual behavior at pregnant female has negatively correlated with eating behavior, positively correlated and give significant influences to resting behavior.
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Judul: Sintesis, pencirian, dan uji aktivitas kompleks Cu/Co(II)-Salen pada oksidasi gliserol
Abstrak: Biodiesel sebagai salah satu alternatif pengganti minyak bumi telah menghasilkan produk samping berupa gliserol kasar. Akibatnya jumlah gliserol semakin banyak dan harganya turun di pasaran. Hal ini mendorong pihak industri dan ilmuwan untuk mencari alternatif pemanfaatan gliserol tersebut agar tidak menjadi limbah dan dapat memiliki nilai tambah secara ekonomi. Salah satunya dengan mengoksidasi gliserol tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengubah gliserol menjadi dihidroksiaseton menggunakan kompleks senyawa salen yang telah dihidrogenasi dengan logam atom pusat Cu dan Co. Senyawa salen dibuat dari reaksi kondensasi salisilaldehida dan 1,2-etilenadiamina, kemudian dihidrogenasi dan senyawa disintesis kompleksnya menggunakan logam Cu dan Co sebagai atom pusatnya (berturut-turut menjadi SL Cu dan SL Co). Pencirian senyawa salen dan hasil hidrogenasinya dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji titik leleh dan spektrofotometer inframerah. Penelitian ini juga telah melakukan uji coba aktivitas kompleks SL Cu dan SL Co pada oksidasi gliserol. Hasil analisis kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi menunjukkan bahwa hanya kompleks SL Cu yang diduga menghasilkan senyawa produk oksidasi gliserol. Akan tetapi produk oksidasi tersebut masih harus dianalisis lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui apakah produk tersebut adalah dihidroksiaseton atau bukan.
Keyword: Biodiesel, Katalisis, Salen-H4