Judul: Characterization of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Protein for Functional Food
Abstrak: Black Soldier Fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) is wasp-like fly that is useful to manage extensive amounts of animal manure. BSF is not a mechanical vector of disease as adult BSF do not feed and survive merely on fat stores from their larval stage. BSF and their larvae has gained intensifying attention within these past few years due to their high contents of protein and lipid that may result in a high-value feed ingredient and potential uses in many applications. Indonesia is a country with rapid population growth, economic development, and urbanization. However, Indonesia also possesses nutritional problems such as malnutrition in children. Therefore, demands for quality food arises. As demands arise, meat and dairy production should also be increased. However, the increase in meat and dairy production will then lead to the substantial increase in demand for protein-rich animal feeds. Hence, alternative protein-rich food and feed that is economically viable such as those sourced from BSF is needed. However, the study regarding the extraction and characterization of protein from BSF for its utilization in functional food are not done yet. This research aims to (1) characterize the protein profile of BSF larvae and (2) identify the digestibility of protein extracted from BSF larvae. This research was conducted in two stages: first and second stage research. First stage research was aimed to characterize the isolated BSFL protein. Second stage research was aimed to conduct the in-vitro simulated digestion of BSFL protein and determining its eligibility for functional food. Data processing was done using one-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) protein in this research had 73.46 ± 0.20% protein content. Through SDS-PAGE analysis, BSFL protein showed thick bands at 35 kDa and below, indicating the presence of low molecular weight protein/peptides that refers to the glutelin proteins. BSFL protein hydrolysed with external digestive enzymes showed 97.48 ± 0.04% digestibility. Whey protein isolate as a protein control in the human in-vitro digestion process showed 97.84 ± 0.03% digestibility. Hence, comparing with the digestibility of whey protein isolate, BSFL protein can be regarded as a good protein. The digested BSFL protein no longer displayed protein bands above 15 kDa in the SDS-PAGE analysis indicating its high digestibility. BSFL extract contained internal enzyme with an α-amylase activity of 48.93 ± 1.57 U/ml, pepsin activity of 2.04 ± 0.005 U/ml, and pancreatin activity of 1.65 ± 0.006 U/ml. The in situ internal enzyme activity was also observed in the zymogram analysis. Upon zymogram analysis, BSFL internal enzyme exhibited activity at 50-75 kDa and under 25 kDa. BSFL protein hydrolysed with BSFL internal enzyme displayed 44.1 ± 0.21% digestibility, still leaving protein bands at 35, 25, and 15 kDa. Overall, experimental data suggested the exceptional potencies of BSFL protein as food alternative protein source as it was well digested by external digestive enzyme.
Keyword: Black Soldier Fly Larvae, functional food, protein, in-vitro digestion, enzyme

Judul: Evaluation of Biological Processing of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Prepupa Phase as an Alternative Protein Source
Abstrak: BSF (Hermetia illucens) merupakan serangga yang memiliki kandungan protein tinggi dan dapat digunakan sebagai sumber protein pakan ternak, tetapi BSF mengandung kitin yang menghambat proses utilisasi nutrien. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengolahan biologis BSF fase prepupa untuk menurunkan kadar kitin. Penelitian ini menggunakan BSF fase prepupa berumur 18 hari yang diberi pakan limbah dapur. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan yaitu P0 (BSF Fase prepupa tanpa perlakuan), P1 (P0 + difermentasi dengan Lactobacillus plantarum), P2 (P0 + difermantasi dengan Aspergillus oryzae) dan P3 (P0 + difermentasi dengan Lactobacillus acidophilus). Variabel yang diamati adalah hasil analisis proksimat, Van Soest, rendemen kitin, spektrum FTIR dan derajat deasetilasi (DD). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya penurunan kandungan serat kasar (SK) 4,43%, ADF 3,89%, NDF 10,6% dan peningkatan protein kasar (PK) 5,38%. Nilai DD kitin P0 sebesar 42,60% nyata lebih tinggi (P<0,05) dibandingkan nilai DD pada P1 (32,81%), P2 (26,03%) dan P3 (28,45%) menunjukkan bahwa adanya penurunan kadar kitin., BSF (Hermetia illucens) is an insect that has high protein and can be used as a protein source for animal feed, but BSF contains chitin that can inhibits the process of nutrient utilization. This study aimed to evaluate the biological treatment of BSF prepupa phase to reduce chitin levels. This study used 18 days old BSF prepupae phase fed with kitchen waste. This study used a completely randomized design (RAL) with 4 treatment and 5 replications, namely P0 (BSF prepupa phase without treatment), P1 (P0 + fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum), P2 (P0 + fermented with Aspergillus oryzae) and P3 (P0 + fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus). The variables observed were the results of proximate analysis, Van Soest analysis, chitin yield, FTIR spectrum and degree of deacetylation (DD). The results of this study showed a decrease in crude fiber content (SK) 4.43%, ADF 3.89%, NDF 10.6% and an increase in crude protein (PK) 5.38%. The DD value of chitin P0 was 42.60% real higher (P<0.05) than the DD value at P1 (32.81%), P2 (26.03%) and P3 (28.45%) showed a decrease in chitin levels.
Keyword: black soldier fly, chitin, crude fiber, crude protein, degree of deacetylation

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf