Judul: The life strategy of Arfak Tribe based on craniofacial shape, growth rate, and sexual maturation
Abstrak: Arfak tribe is one of traditional tribes living in Manokwari, West Papua Province. The tribe has an unique natural life differently with other tribes in Indonesia. The nature of a life cycle is a result of an adaptive response of the organism to the environmental conditions that reflect to the phenomenon of evolution of bio-culture and natural selection. The research concerned to the potential evolution characters was divided into three parts. The first study discussed the diversity of craniofacial shapes of Arfak tribe in Manokwari, West Papua Province, based on 26 landmark frontal side and 16 landmark lateral side of face. Distribution individual in morphology space first five RW components have ellipsoidal pattern distribution. This means face variability relatively heterogen and polarized. The second study discussed a cross-sectional study of body size growth patterns of Arfak children and adolescents aged 6-23 years for boys and aged 6-19 years for girls. Growth rate of body weight of Arfak children at juvenile phase tend to faster than that of other population. The strategy of faster growth during juvenile phase is as a manifestation of unstable environmental condition. One of unstable environment conditions is a risk of death caused by diseases. The most common diseases suffered by children in West Papua is malaria diseases. The third study reviewed a cross-sectional study of the age at menarche and age at spermarche among the Arfak children, and the association between somatic maturation and gonad maturation. We found that median age at menarche of Arfak girls is 12,2 years, while median age at spermarche is 13,6 years. A possible factor causing young age at menarche is due to adaptation to unstable environmental conditions because of high risk of death by malaria disease in childhood. The events of menarche and spermarche achieved one year after the peak of body height velocity, and just before or at the same time with the time of maximum growth rate of body weight, body mass index, and body fat. Boys and girls accumulate body fat before puberty to be used as an energy reserve for the occurrence of gonad maturation. BF growth rate reached the lowest point at the age 16 years old, and then increase linearly with age until adulthood showed the adiposity rebound post-spermarche phenomenon. Based on these three aspects, namely smaller body size, younger age at menarche, and rapid growth rate of body weight at juvenile phase, Arfak tribe show fast life history strategy in an unstable environment. Malaria disease is a main factor of unstable environment which play a role in generating the adaptive response. On the other hand, the diversity of craniofacial since ancient still exist until now and do not show a unique typology as the three characters previously mentioned.
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Judul: Lintasan Pertumbuhan dari Ukuran Tubuh Orang Baduy
Abstrak: The measurenment of body size is the best way to find out the health, nutritional status and quality of life of a population. Many indigenous populations that are local, scattered, and less or not involved in the network of social services, economic and politics, have specific growth trajectories. Baduy people are indigenous population which is more-or-less socially isolated. Marriage is restricted among Baduy people only. Present study aims to determine the growth trajectory of female and male of Baduy people with cross-sectional method. Body size of Baduy people may be categorized as same size as pygmy population. They have a slow growth rate at child to juvenile transition, low and long growth spurt with prolonged growth well beyond reproductive maturation. Low growth spurt, which leads to small body size in the growing period, may be a saving on body maintenance costs. Prolonged somatic growth offset the slow growth rate at child to juvenile transition and low growth spurt. Baduy people older than 30 year are shorter and smaller than younger people, suggesting secular trend.
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Judul: Katalis Zink Ferit Tersubstitusi Cu untuk Oksidasi Benzil Alkohol
Abstrak: Katalis berperan dalam menurunkan energi aktivasi. Katalis ZnFe2O4 dan ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu disintesis menggunakan metode kopresipitasi untuk digunakan dalam oksidasi benzil alkohol. Katalis dicirikan dengan spektrofotometer inframerah (FTIR) dan difraktometer sinar-X. Spektrum FTIR menunjukkan puncak serapan dari ikatan Zn-O dan Fe-O masing-masing pada rentang 559‒575 cm-1 dan 419‒447 cm-1. Difraktogram menunjukkan terbentuknya fase tunggal Zn0.6Cu0.4Fe2O4 pada katalis ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu 20%. Benzil alkohol dioksidasi dengan sistem refluks. Konversi benzil alkohol meningkat dengan meningkatnya suhu. Kadar benzaldehida yang dihasilkan dengan katalis ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu 20% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan katalis ZnFe2O4 yang tidak tersubstitusi dan yang tersubstitusi Cu 60 dan 80%. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa katalis ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu 20% memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik dalam oksidasi benzil alkohol menjadi benzaldehida dengan kadar benzaldehida 8.763%.
Keyword: Benzil alkohol, katalis, oksidasi, ZnFe2O4