Judul: Characterization Of APOA5 And BCAT2 Genes  Related To Carcass Characteristic, Lamb Quality, And Nutritional Content Of Indonesian Sheep
Abstrak: Permintaan daging domba meningkat seiring bertambahnya penduduk negara Indonesia menyebabkan diperlukan peningkatan produksi daging domba baik kuantitas dan kualitas. Upaya peningkatan produktivitas daging domba tersebut dapat dilakukan dengan perbaikan genetik berbasis seleksi molekuler. Perbaikan secara genetik tersebut untuk melihat sifat karkas, kualitas daging, dan kandungan gizi daging domba. Hal ini menjadi faktor yang penting dan mempengaruhi referensi konsumen dalam konsumsi daging merah dan produk daging olahan. Penelitian terkait gen APOA5 dan gen BCAT2 belum banyak dilakukan pada ternak domba. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan gen APOA5 dan BCAT2 terhadap sifat karkas, kualitas daging, dan kandungan gizi pada domba. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 168 ekor domba yang terdiri dari 18 ekor domba ekor gemuk (DEG), 84 ekor domba ekor tipis (DET), 23 ekor domba jonggol (DJ), 4 ekor domba komposit garut (DKG), 10 ekor domba composit agrinak (DCA), 10 ekor domba barbados cross (DBC), dan 19 ekor domba garut (DG). Identifikasi gen APOA5 dan BCAT2 dilakukan dengan menggunakan (PCR-RFLP) menghasilkan genotipe pada gen APOA5 CC,CT, dan TT serta gen BCAT2 yaitu GG, GC, dan CC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa polimorfisme gen APOA5 dan BCAT2 bersifat polimorfik pada domba. Mutasi gen APOA5 dan BCAT2 berhubungan nyata (P<0,05) dengan kandungan kalium dan zat besi, kolesterol, 4-methyloctaanoic (MOA), persentase karkas, panjang karkas, pH, keempukan, dan susut masak. Gen APOA5 dan BCAT2 mempunyai kontribusi terhadap kualitas domba pada domba, Demand for lamb increases as Indonesia's population increases, making it necessary to increase lamb meat production in both quantity and quality. Efforts to increase sheep meat productivity can be made through genetic improvement based on molecular selection. This genetic improvement looks at carcass characteristics, meat quality, and nutritional content of sheep meat. This parameter is essential and influences consumer references in consuming red meat and processed meat products. Research regarding the APOA5 gene and BCAT2 gene has not been carried out much in sheep. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the relationship between the APOA5 and BCAT2 genes on carcass characteristics, meat quality, and nutritional content in sheep. The samples used were 168 sheep consisting of 18 fat-tailed sheep (FTS), 84 thin-tailed sheep (TTS), 23 jonggol sheep (JS), four garut composite sheep (GCS), ten compass agrinak sheep (CAS), ten Barbados cross sheep (BCS), and 19 garut sheep (GS). The APOA5 and BCAT2 genes were identified using (PCR-RFLP) to produce genotypes for the APOA5 genes CC, CT, and TT and the BCAT2 genes, namely GG, GC, and CC. The results showed that sheep's APOA5 and BCAT2 gene polymorphisms were polymorphic. APOA5 and BCAT2 gene mutations were significantly related (P<0.05) to potassium and iron content, cholesterol, 4-methyl octanoic acid (MOA), carcass percentage, carcass length, pH, tenderness, and cooking loss. The APOA5 and BCAT2 genes contribute to lamb quality in sheep
Keyword: APOA5, BCAT2

Judul: Characterization of DGAT1 Gene as Candidate Marker for Quality and Nutrition of Indonesian Sheep
Abstrak: Kualitas daging domba premium melalui peningkatan nilai gizi yang terkandung dalam daging melalui potensi gen diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi keragaman gen DGAT1 pada SNP g.8539 C>T serta kaitannya dengan perbaikan kualitas dan gizi (flavour dan odour, asam lemak, kolesterol, mineral, dan karakteristik karkas) daging domba Indonesia. Total sampel domba yang digunakan keragaman gen DGAT1 254 sampel berumur 10–12 bulan dengan jenis kelamin jantan yang terdiri dari domba ekor gemuk (DEG) (n=20), domba ekor tipis (DET) (n=107), domba komposit garut (DKG) (n=10), domba compass agrinak (DCA) (n=10), domba barbados cross (DBC) (n=10), domba garut (DG) (n=20), domba jonggol (DJ) (n=27) dan domba lokal jambi (DLJ) (n=50). 100 sampel digunakan untuk asosiasi gen DGAT1 terhadap flavour dan odour, asam lemak, kolesterol, mineral, dan karakteristik karkas. Identifikasi keragaman DGAT1|ALuI dianalisis dengan metode PCR-RFLP. Hasil keragaman gen DGAT1 bersifat polimorfik dalam DET, DG, dan DEG, sedangkan DCA, DBC, DLJ, dan DKG bersifat monomorfik. Dua genotipe CC, dan CT ditemukan dalam DET, DG, dan DEG. Titik mutasi gen DGAT1 berasosiasi (P<0.05) pada flavour dan odour, asam lemak sedangkan titik mutasi gen DGAT1 tidak berasosiasi (P>0.05) pada kolesterol, mineral, dan karakteristik karkas. Gen DGAT1 memiliki kontribusi dalam flavour dan odour yaitu pada senyawa 4-Ethyloctanoic acid (EOA) serta pada konten lemak, asam palmitoleat, dan asam heptadekanoat, The quality of premium sheep meat through improving the nutritional value contained in the meat through the potential gene diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 (DGAT1). This study aims to identify the diversity of the DGAT1 gene with SNP g.8539 C>T access number EU178818 and its relationship to the quality and nutritional value (mineral, cholesterol, flavour and odour, fatty acids, and carcass characteristics) of Indonesian sheep. A total of 254 samples and ages 10-12 months, consisted of javanese fat-tail sheep (JFTS) (n=20), javanese thin-tail sheep (JTTS) (n=107), garut composite sheep (GCS) (n=10), compass agrinak sheep (CAS) (n=10), barbados cross sheep (BCS) (n=10), garut sheep (GS) (n=20), jonggol sheep (JS) (n=27), and jambi local sheep (JLS) (n=50). 100 samples use association DGAT1 gene with mineral, cholesterol, flavour and odour, fatty acid, and characteristic carcass. The diversity of DGAT|AluI were analyzed with PCR-RFLP method. DGAT1 gene were polymorphic in JTTS, GS, and JFTS, and monomorphic in CAS, BCS, JLS, and GCS sheep population. Two type genotypes CC and CT were found in JTTS, GS, and JFTS. SNP g.8539 C>T in DGAT was associated to flavour and odour (P<0.05), and fatty acid, but it was not associated to cholesterol, mineral, and characteristic carcass. DGAT1 gene has contribution to level of flavour and odour through stimulate 4-Ethyloctanoic acid (EOA) molecules and fat content, palmitoleac acid, and heptadecanoat acid.
Keyword: sheep, DGAT1 gene, mineral, cholesterol, flavour and odour, fatty  acid, characteristic carcass, PCR-RFLP.

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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