Judul: Isolation and Molecular Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Reared on Different Substrates
Abstrak: Usage of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) in livestock is banned due to the negative impact on the livestock productivity and consumers. Probiotic is an alternative for AGP providing microorganisms that give a benefit for health of the host. This study aims to isolate and molecularly identify the Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from digestive tract of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae in broiler manure and palm kernel meal as substrates, as probiotic candidates, using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. The active carbohydrate enzyme and types of secondary metabolites are predicted. The LAB isolates were morphologically identified including color and diameter of colony. Probiotic potency is observed by using antimicrobial test against pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium), and hemolysis activity. Three selected isolates were molecularly identified followed by construction of phylogenic tree. Identification of predicted carbohydrate enzymes and secondary metabolite types was analyzed from the closer relationship that has a complete genome. The pH value and result of antimicrobial test against pathogenic bacteria were analyzed by T-test using SPSS 25.0. Five isolates from BSF larvae reared on chicken manure substrate and three isolates from BSF larvae reared on palm kernel meal substrate were identified as gram-positive bacteria. Those had the pH value around 4.34 – 4.6 and 4.1 – 4.4, respectively. Isolates of LAB from BSF larvae reared on chicken manure and palm kernel meal substrates had inhibition zones against pathogenic bacteria (E. coli and S. typhimurium) which were not significantly different. The inhibition zone of LAB isolates from BSF larvae reared on chicken manure and palm kernel meal substrates against E. coli are categorized as strong and medium, respectively. Category of inhibition zone of all LAB isolates from BSF larvae reared on different substrates against S. typhimurium are medium. All isolates showed no hemolysis activity. By using 16S rRNA gene sequencing 3 isolates (A3, A4, and B1) is Enterococcus faecalis with their percentage of similarities, are 99.90%, 99.79%, and 100%. Isolate A4 is predicted to have active enzyme groups including Glycoside Hydrolase, while isolate B1 have grouped active enzymes including Glycoside Hydrolase, GlycosylTransferase, and Carbohydrate Esterase. The species have secondary metabolite types including Lanthipeptide class II and Cyclic lactone autoinducer. In conclusion, three isolates of which the isolation result of digestive tract from The isolate A3, A4, and B1 are potentially used as probiotics., Penggunaaan Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) di bidang peternakan dilarang dikarenakan adanya dampak negatif yang menyebabkan penurunan produktivitas ternak dan berpengaruh pada konsumen yang mengonsumsinya, sehingga diperlukan adanya alternatif sebagai pengganti AGP. Probiotik merupakan salah satu alternatif AGP dengan pemberian mikroorganisme hidup yang dapat menguntungkan bagi kesehatan inang. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) dari saluran pencernaan larva Black Soldier Fly (BSF) yang dipelihara dari media feses ayam broiler dan bungkil sawit sebagai kandidat probiotik, serta mengidentifikasi molekuler isolat BAL menggunakan primer gen 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) dengan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Penelitian ini juga bertujuan mengidentifikasi prediksi enzim aktif karbohidrat dan senyawa metabolit sekuender melalui pendekatan kekerabatan berdasarkan urutan nukleotida. Isolat BAL diidentifikasi secara morfologi yaitu
Keyword: 16S rRNA gene, BSF larvae, chicken manure, lactic acid bacteria, palm kernel meal

Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Asam Laktat dari Larva Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Pada Media Feses Ayam Sebagai Kandidat Probiotik
Abstrak: Penelitian telah dilakukan untuk isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri asam laktat (BAL) dari larva BSF (Hermetia illucens). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi bakteri asam laktat yang ada di BSF (Hermetia illucens) dan menentukan karakteristik isolat bakteri asam laktat (BAL) larva BSF (Hermetia illucens). Isolasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan media selektif MRS Broth dan MRS Agar. Identifikasi isolat bakteri asam laktat (BAL) digunakan metode pewarnaan gram, pengujian katalase, pengujian TSIA dan pengujian motilitas. Dilakukan pengujian aktivitas antimikrob BAL terhadap bakteri patogen, pengujian ketahanan BAL terhadap pH saluran pencernaan dan garam empedu. Jumlah hasil isolasi isolat BAL berkisar 107. 13 isolat bakteri asam laktat (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, A9, A10, A11, A12, A13) diidentifikasi memiliki karakteristik gram positif, katalase negatif, dapat memfermentasi gula dan bergerak motil. Hasil identifikasi disajikan dalam bentuk deskriptif. 13 isolat yang diidentifikasi memiliki zona bening pada pengujian aktivitas E.coli. Dari ke 13 isolat, 3 isolat diuji ketahanan pH saluran pencernaan dan garam empedu. Hasil menunjukkan 3 isolat tersebut mampu bertahan pada berbagai pH saluran pencernaan pH 2, pH 4, pH 6 dan garam empedu 0.5% dengan sedikit penurunan. Berdasarkan seluruh hasil uji disimpulkan bahwa tiga isolat terpilih (A13, A11 dan A5) memiliki potensi sebagai kandidat probiotik untuk ayam.
Keyword: bakteri asam laktat, isolasi, identifikasi, probiotik

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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