Judul: Suplementasi Niasin Yang Berbeda Struktur Kimia Terhadap Produktivitas Sapi Perah Laktasi: Meta-Analisis In Vivo Dan Kajian In Vitro
Abstrak: Niacin supplementation can inhibit the negative energy balance in dairy cows because niacin can increase microbial protein synthesis, forming an essential component of adenosine tri phosphate (ATP) and anti-lipolysis which can prevent ketosis. The present study was aimed to determine the optimum supplementation niacin, examines the effectiveness of niacin for energy balance, analyzing the effect of niacin protected against performance, productivity of lactating dairy cows (methods of meta-analysis). In this study consisted of two phases, the first phase is a study of meta-analysis and the second phase is the in vitro study. Meta-analysis using 51 articles with 30 treatment associated with supplementation of niacin which detected with scopus index. A meta-analysis using data related to the level of feed intake, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles were performed in vivo. Meta-analysis of data obtained were analyzed using SAS 9.1 and supplementation niacin in in vitro optimum at 400 ppm (resulted by meta-analysis). The in vitro study used rumen fluid from a fistulated Holstein Fresian cow obtained from Indonesian Animal Research Center, Ciawi, Bogor. The basal ration was consisted of 60% forage (grass) and 40% concentrate supplemented with niacin 400 ppm in the different chemical form of nicotinic acid (NA), niacinamide (NM), niacin protected with lipid and niacin protected with buffer agent. All samples niacin used in this study was obtained from one of the manufacturers of niacin. In vitro data analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and orthogonal contrast test to see the differences among treatments. The results of the meta-analysis showed the effect of niacin supplementation in different chemical structure can improve the digestibility of acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDF), decrease the production of beta-hidroxybutyric acid (BHBA) and increase milk production. The results of in vitro study of niacin supplementation protected and not protected can not affect dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), ammonia concentration, concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) (acetate, propionate, butyrate). In vitro study has a tendency may increase propionate concentrations and significantly increase the concentration of N-valerate. The conclusion of the study meta-analysis is the level of niacin supplementation protected and not protected at the optimum level in 400 ppm day-1 which can reduce BHBA, increases milk production. This causes the negative energy balance in lactating dairy cows can prevented. In others hand, in vitro studies of niacin supplementation had no effect on digestibility, ammonia concentration, the concentration of VFA (acetic, propionic, butyric), but can improve the concentration of N-valerate because quality of ration not correspond standar. Niacin supplementation effective if given appropriate quality standard ration.
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Judul: Reformulation of Dairy Cattle Concentrated Based on  RDP:RUP Balance at Different Energy Level: An In Vitro Study
Abstrak: Produktivitas ternak ruminansia yang efisien membutuhkan protein, tingkat energi dan rasio RDP:RUP dalam pakan yang seimbang. Pakan harus menyediakan nitrogen yang cukup (RDP) untuk pertumbuhan mikroba rumen, serta sebagai sumber protein langsung untuk hewan inang (RUP). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat optimal rasio RDP:RUP dan tingkat energi ransum sapi perah dengan metode in vitro. Sumber inokulum rumen diperoleh dari rumen fistulasi sapi Friesian Holstein. Perlakuan terdiri dari 4 level rasio RDP: RUP, yaitu 45:55, 50:50, 55:45 dan 60:40, sedangkan level energi terdiri dari level TDN 65%, 70% dan 75%. Rancangan percobaan adalah rancangan acak kelompok pola faktorial. Analisis data menggunakan uji ANOVA dan Duncan multiple range test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rasio RDP: RUP dan variasi TDN berpengaruh terhadap KCBK, KCBO, NH3. Kandungan TDN yang lebih tinggi meningkatkan KCBK, KCBO, dan VFA total secara signifikan. Peningkatan imbangan RDP (dari 45% hingga 60%) dan level TDN (low to high) meningkatkan kecernaan nutrisi, kadar VFA total, populasi bakteri dan protozoa. Peningkatan ini menunjukkan bahwa manfaat dari pakan yang berbasis imbangan RDP:RUP dapat meningkatkan produktivitas ternak ruminansia., Efficiency of ruminant productivity requires optimal protein, energy levels, and RDP:RUP ratios in feed. Dairy feed must provide adequate of nitrogen (RDP) for the rumen microbe, as well as a direct protein source for host animals (RUP). This study aimed to determine the optimal RDP:RUP ratio at different energy level of dairy cattle rations using in vitro method. The source of rumen inoculum was obtained from rumen fistulated Friesian Holstein cattle. The treatments consisted of two factors. The factors were 4 RDP:RUP ratios (60:40; 55:45; 50:50; 45:55) and 3 TDN levels (65%; 70%; 75%). The experimental design was a factorial randomized block design. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test. The result showed that the ratio of RDP:RUP and level TDN had effects on DMD, OMD, NH3. Increased RDP balance (from 45% to 60%) and TDN level (low to high) improve nutrient digestibility, total VFA, bacterial population and protozoa. This increase indicates that the benefits of based feed RDP:RUP balance can increase the productivity of ruminants.
Keyword: n vitro, rumen degradable protein, rumen fermentation, total digestible nutrient

Judul: Pembuatan Automatic Rain Recorder untuk Pengukuran Curah Hujan Menggunakan Microcontroller ATmega8
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk merancang prototype penakar hujan otomatis atau yang lebih dikenal dengan sebutan automatic rain recorder (ARR) dengan akurasi yang diperoleh dari hasil pengujian adalah 88,3%. ARR terdiri dari Microcontroller ATmega8 sebagai CPU (central processing unit) serta akuisisi data. Pewaktuan lokal menggunakan RTC (real time clock) serial dengan dilengkapi baterai litium sebagai backup catu daya. Media penyimpan data menggunakan memori AT24C256 dengan kapasitas hingga 32 Kbyte. Komunikasi dengan komputer menggunakan jalur serial RS232 untuk mengatur waktu RTC dan mengunduh data dari memori . Sensor sebagai penakar curah hujan menggunakan jenis tipping bucket dengan resolusi alat sebesar 0.2 mm. Air hujan yang masuk ke dalam penampung pada tipping bucket menghidupkan read switch dan memberikan logika high pada Microcontroller.
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