Judul: Dynamic Floodplain Visualization of Unsteady Flood Models using Geographic Information System (Case Study of Downstream Ciliwung, Jakarta, Indonesia)
Abstrak: Jakarta (also Djakarta or DKI Jakarta) is the capital and the largest city of Indonesia, located on the northwest coast of the island of Java, at 6" 11' S and 106"SO'E. It has an area of 650 km2. Down stream Ciliwung, located in DKI Jakarta, was the focus of study based on the reason that flooding has always been a constant problem to both the immediate residents and the local government. The river reach length used for the hydraulic models, is approximately of 5.09 kilometers. Local planners and decision makers are in need accurate information on the spatial distribution, magnitude and depth of flooding, and on the landuse affected by it. The objectives of this research are: 1) to predict design flood for site along a river and 2) to create dynamic floodplain visualization of Downstream Ciliwung by integrating HEC-RAS hydraulic modeling and Arcview GIs. The results of this study provide information on the unsteady flow hydraulic model method as well as what advantages it has over steady flow hydraulic models. The HEC RAS model's stream geometry was extracted from the digital terrain model, which ensured that the flood plain's extent was fully accounted for. The results of the HEC RAS unsteady flow model were also compared to the HEC RAS steady flow model based on steady flow peak runoff discharge values. The unsteady flow hydraulic madel's maximum water surface elevation was less than the steady flow hydraulic model's water surface elevation because the steady flow hydraulic model assumes peak runoff occurs simultaneously in the individual drainage basins within the watershed, while the unsteady flow model more closely mimics the movement of the flood wave through the drainage area. Flood delineation in the HEC GeoRAS post-processor is simple, but Anhation processing is tedious. This procedure required numerous GIs export file development iterations from the HEC RAS interface. Once accomplishsd, each time step was copied with a screen captured image and pasted into an animation software tool to develop an animated GIF of the flood event. Overall, the results of the research indicate that GIs is an effective environment for floodplain mapping and analysis.
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Judul: Modeling of Flood for Land Use Management (Case Study of Ciliwung Watershed)
Abstrak: Floods are one of the major disasters affecting many countries in the world year after year. It is an inevitable natural phenomenon occurring from time to time in all rivers and natural drainage systems. It causes damage to lives, natural resources and environment as well as the loss of economy and health. Floods represent complex problems because of its variety. Therefore, this variety cannot be studied or controlled only by one or two specific methods. The objectives of this research are to understand the process of flood events and its interaction with hydrometeorological components, to develop flood model for watershed management and to determine the effect of land use change to watershed discharge which indicates flood event. The research consists of four processes those are 1) Data Preparation, 2) Model Development, 3) Model Simulation and 4) Model Calibration and Validation. Data preparation was conducted for two kinds of data namely spatial data and tabular data. Model developed as numerical model of the hydrology of a river basin system. This model includes the response of watershed to precipitation, the actions of the river network as water flows through the river, the effect of land use changes, and the effect of engineering structures to the watershed. Model simulated by change land use as an input. Model calibrated by using water level data of field measurement in year 1996 and model validated by using water level data of field measurement in year 2000. The result of this reseach showed how the process based modeling is useful to model hidrological processes over the watershed. Precipitation is the main input for hidrology simulation and land use change gives the effect of water level in the watershed. The model which is built in this research can be used to evaluate runoff from different land use areas. For assessing the hydrological effects of land use changes on floods, three hypothetical scenarios, namely urbanization, deforestation and afforestation scenario, were considered made. It was found from the model simulation that the urbanization scenario has the higest negative impact on increasing water level. Deforestation has the second largest negative impact, while afforestation causes positive impact shown by decreasing water level. The result indicated that the urbanization produce the highest peak flow, followed by the deforestation and afforestation scenario. The simulated water level for the present land use is 84 cm, for the urbanization scenario 135 cm, deforestation scenario 92 cm, and afforestation scenario 59 cm. Accordingly, the urbanization scenario increases the peak discharge by 61%, the deforestation scenario increase 15%, and afforestation decrease by 19%.
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Judul: Karakteristik Kulit Kaki Ayam yang disamak dengan Penyamak Nabati.
Abstrak: Penyamakan nabati merupakan salah satu jenis penyamakan yang mampu menghasilkan kualitas kulit samak yang cukup baik serta dapat mengurangi dampak pencemaran lingkungan dan bahaya kesehatan. Oleh karena itu, penyamakan nabati perlu dilakukan untuk menggantikan penggunaan bahan penyamak krom. Penyamakan nabati dengan menggunakan mimosa dan ekstrak daun jambu biji akan menghasilkan kulit dengan karakteristik yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui level kombinasi penyamak nabati yang terbaik terhadap karakteristik kulit kaki ayam yang disamak. Kontrol menggunakan bahan penyamak kombinasi berupa krom dan mimosa dengan pebandingan konsentrasi 80:20. Bahan penyamak nabati yang digunakan berupa mimosa dan ekstrak daun jambu biji dengan perbandingan konsentrasi 20:80, 40:60 dan 60:40. Setiap perlakuan memiliki 3 kali ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah kekuatan tarik, kemuluran dan kekuatan sobek. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa konsentrasi bahan penyamak nabati berpengaruh nyata terhadap semua parameter. Level kombinasi terbaik dihasilkan oleh kulit dengan konsentrasi bahan penyamak 60:40. Kekuatan tarik yang dihasilkan sebesar 29.051 kg cm-2, kemuluran 31.94% dan kekuatan sobek 19.051 kg cm-1.
Keyword: kulit kaki ayam, penyamakan nabati, tanin