Judul: Evaluasi Proses Pengemasan Untuk Mengurangi Persentase Kerusakan Kemasan dari Susu Kental Manis Sachet di PT Frisian Flag Indonesia Jakarta.
Abstrak: PT Frisian Flag Indonesia had a problem, which is high percentage of damage sachet. Damage sachet divided into damage sachets from filling and sealing machines. The purpose was to identify the types of damage sachet and the factors that caused damage sachet of sweetened condensed milk, then formulated alternatives fixes the problem. This study was designed as a descriptive survey. The data used in the analysis is obtained from Intership in PT Frisian Flag Indonesia. Internship activities carried out for 4 months. The procedures performed were 1) identify the problems, 2) fixed the methods of data collection, 3) data collection and retrieving, and 4) an analysis of the existing problems with the Pareto diagram, why-why anaysis and fishbone diagram. The results showed that 13 of 18 filling machine has the largest damage sachet percentage, and 13 of the 18 sealer machines also has the largest damage sachet percentage for 14 weeks. Collected data of damage sachet type from filling machines started on third week based on largest percentage data in the second week, is machines P, R and C, while for damage sachet from sealer machines A, Q, E, J and O. The types of damage sachet often occurs at AA, AB, AC, AE, AF, AG, AD, AJ, AM and AN. The main factor that caused damage sachet was factor of humans and machines, in addition there are also other factors that affect the damage, is the methods and materials factors. Alternative improvements that can be done is the care and maintenance of the machines should be more frequent, monitoring of humans, machines, methods and materials done regularly and need to be established or empowered teams to conduct regular analysis of the damage sachet and the types.
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Judul: Validasi dan verifikasi proses pengemasan susu kental manis sachet dengan mesin filling piltz
Abstrak: The objectives of the reseach were to obtain the optimum processing parameters regarding package integrity, and to validate and verify the processes according to food safety management system of ISO 22000. The results of this reseach were used as a basis for commercial running of new installed piltz filling machine for sweetened condensed milk ( SCM) product packed in sachet size. Package integrity of SCM product packed in sachet size is a compromise of temperature, pressure, and contact time in sealing process. From the food safety point of view, sealing quality is a critical parameter to prevent recontamination during shelf life of the product. The reseach was conducted in four steps. The first step was to calibrate the measuring equipment related with temperature and pressure parameter. The second step was to determine the optimum combination of temperature and pressure parameter in sealing operation which the speed of filling was applied in a constant rate at 67 sachets/minute or 0,9 seconds/sachet for sealing contact time. Five combinations of temperature and pressure were tried. The third step was to validate the optimum parameter obtained from the second step. The validation was conducted by operating the parameter by minimum 3 times for 3 hours running in each. In this step, the success criteria based on military standard 105E (special inspection level (S2) single sampling normal with AQL 0,1% ) was no leaking sachet found for all samples taken in pressure test evaluation. The fourth step was to verify the consistency of machine performance by operating the machine for 7 days, and the product was manually sorted 100% to find the leaking sachet, and the success criteria was no more than 1% product rejected caused by leaking. Based on those steps, the optimum parameter obtained for vertical sealing temperature was 165 oC, horizontal sealing temperature was 163 oC and the pressure was 60 bar. Total rejection product obtained from verification was 0,045%, which only 0,018% from filling machine and this was still lower than specified standard.
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Judul: Posisi Filogeni Orlitia borneensis dan Hieremys annandalei (Testudines) Berdasarkan Gen 16s rRNA
Abstrak: Urutan DNA mitokondria (mtDNA) banyak digunakan sebagai penanda molekuler dalam menentukan hubungan filogeni suatu organisme karena struktur organisasinya yang stabil. Seiring dengan kemajuan bioteknologi, pengelompokkan kura-kura Bataguridal masih menjadi perdebatan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh perbedaan karakter yang diamati. Beberapa hasil penelitian mengelompokkan kura-kura ini ke dalam famili Emydidae tetapi ada yang menempatkan kurakura ini ke dalam famili tersendiri yaitu famili Bataguridae. Pada penelitian ini digunakan urutan nukleotida gen 16S rRNA O. borneensis dan H. annandalei (Testudines) yang disejajarkan dengan urutan nukleotida beberapa spesies Testudines lainnya yang terdapat di Genbank. Hasil rekonstruksi pohon filogeni berdasarkan urutan nukleotida 16S rRNA menunjukkan bahwa O. borneensis dan H. annandalei berkerabat dengan Chinemys reevesi (famili Bataguridae). Hasil amplifikasi gen 16S rRNA O. borneensis dan H. annandalei menunjukkan komposisi nukleotida didominasi oleh nukleotida adenin dan timin dengan nilai perbandingan antara A/T dan G/C = 60.1%:39.9% untuk O. borneensis dan 63%:37% untuk H. annandalei. Rasio transisi terhadap transversi (ts/tv) gen 16S rRNA berkisar antara 0.67 sampai dengan 6.75. Nilai jarak genetik terkecil terjadi antara Trachemys scripta dan Chrysemys picta dan antara Dogania subplana dan Tracemys scripta yaitu sekitar 0.005 sedangkan nilai jarak genetik terbesar terjadi antara Pelomedusa subrufa dan Emydura subglobusa yaitu sekitar 0.869.
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