Judul: Reduksi Logam Berat Hg, Ag, Dan Cr Limbah Laboratorium Menggunakan Metode Presipitasi Dan Adsorpsi
Abstrak: Laboratory operational activities produce solid, liquid, and gasions wastes. Increased laboratory activities such as research and other laboratory ser vices result in increasing of the wastes quantity. Some types of wastes contain heavy metals such as Hg, Ag, and Cr. This heavy metals are toxic and pollute the environment. Appropriate treatment can reduce the heavy metals concentration in liquid waste. The objectives of this research were to determine the optimum condition of precipitation and adsorption, to determine the removal efficiency and the quality of the treated liquid. The studied liquid wastes is cha racterized by very highly acidi zand highly content of heavy metals. The characteristics are pH values of 1.3 – 1.4, COD of 320 – 360 mg/L, Hg of 77.6 – 391.6 mg/L, Ag of 2.6 – 9.14 mg/L, and Cr of 11.36 – 21.9 mg/L. Additition of NaOH 50% resulted in reduction of 97% for Hg at pH 11.63, 98.95% for Ag at pH 11.63 and 96.85% for Cr at pH 9 .77. Based on the results, Hg did not meet the requairement, the others me tal Ag and Cr concentrations met the requirement. Adsorption using activated carbon in the forms of granule and powder reduced COD and heavy metals (Hg, Ag, Cr) significanly. The qu ality of treated liquid waste was high and met the requirement according to Kepmen N0. 51/1995.
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Judul: Pengolahan Limbah Cair Laboratorium Bekas Pengujian Kebutuhan Oksigen Kimiawi (KOK) dengan Metode Presipitasi
Abstrak: Determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter in water samples produce laboratory waste which are still harmful to be dumped to the environment. It is because COD testing still use several reagents containing heavy metals such as Ag, Cr, and Hg. This research was focused on Hg removal, because of its higher toxicity compared with the two others. The initial COD waste contained 5241.4 mg/L of Hg, whereas the quality standard of Hg according to PP No. 82/2001 is 0.002 mg/L. Precipitation method was studied in this research to treat this COD waste, especially to reduce the Hg content. The precipitation was carried out with hydroxide and carbonate. From several methods tested, 5 of which decreased significant amount of Hg, which were hydroxide precipitation with acid addition (HA), multilevel hydroxide precipitation (HB), carbonate precipitation with addition of hydroxide and acid (KHA), multilevel hydroxide precipitation with acid addition (HBA), and multilevel hydroxide precipitation with addition of salt and acid (HBGA). Those five methods could decrease the Hg content up to 99.96%, into 2.1939, 2.7513, 2.0185, 2.5858, and 2.1683 mg/L, respectively. However these results had not yet fulfilled the quality standard
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Judul: Anatomi otot-otot ekspresi wajah monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis)
Abstrak: Hewan primata banyak digunakan untuk penelitian biomedis karena memiliki kemiripan anatomi dengan manusia. Evolusi dari otot wajah mamalia yang berhubungan dengan ekspresi wajah dan komunikasi visual terutama pada hewan pimata dalam hal ini otot-otot daerah kelopak mata serta mulut memegang peranan penting (Bennet et al., 1995). Monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) adalah slah satu jenis hewan primata di antara 5 hewan primata yang paling banyak digunakan untuk penelitian biomedis (Anonimus, 2000; Anonimus, 2002). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari morfologi otot-otot ekspresi wajah beserta origo dan insersionya untuk melengkapi data dasar anatomi otot pada M. fascicularis. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga ekor preparat monyet ekor panjang yang telah diawetkan dalam larutan formalin 10% dan sebuah tengkorak kepala beserta tulang rahang bawah monyet ekor panjang. Pengamatan yang dilakukan meliputi morfologi otot beserta origo dan insersionya, dan hubungannya dengan variasi ekspresi wajah yang mampu dilakukan monyet ekor panjang, kemudian membandingkannya dengan literatur anatomi manusia, beberapa hewan primata lain, hewan herbivora dan karnivora. Dari hasil pengamatan, pada susunan otot ekspresi wajah monyet ekor panjang ditemukan lima kelompok otot: 1). Kelompok otot kulit kepala yaitu: m. occipitofrontalis (gabungan m. frontalis dan m. occipitalis). 2). Kelompok otot hidung yaitu: m. nasolabialis. 3). Kelompok otot mulut yaitu: m. nasolabialis, m. zygomaticus major, m. zygomaticus minor, m. levator anguli oris, m. depressor anguli oris, m depressor labii inferioris, m. mentalis, m. buccinatorius, m. orbicularis oris dan m. platysma. 4). Kelompok otot telinga yaitu: m auricularis posterior, m. auricularis superior dan m. auricularis anterior. 5). Kelompok otot kelopak mata yaitu: m. orbicularis oculi, m. corrugator supercilii dan mlevator palpebrae superioris. Setiap kelompok otot memiliki berbagai karakteristik baik morfologi maupun origo dan insersio yang berbeda dengan primata. lain, kuda, sapi dan anjing. Hal tersebut menghasilkan variasi fungsi otot yang berbeda sesuai dengan perilaku dan pola hidup.
Keyword: Macaca fascicularis, long-tailed macaque, monkey