Judul: Analysis of Meat Quality Determinants Genes as Markers of Premium Meat  Producing  in  Bali  Cattle
Abstrak: Bali cattle are native Indonesian livestock genetic resources (AnGR) that have been domesticated from Banteng. Bali cattle should be maintained and preserved for future use because they have the potential to become premium quality beef cattle. Bali cattle's potential can be increased through selection based on genetic markers or marker-assisted selection (MAS), which produces more accurate, effective, and efficient results. The process can be applied to candidate genes related to meat quality. Calpain1 (CAPN1), fatty acid banding protein-4 (FABP4), sterol regulating element binding protein-1 (SREBF1), and scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SCARB1). The purpose of this study is to analize candidate genes that determine beef quality through analysis of gene diversity using DNA sequencing methods and to associate gene diversity with quality characteristics of Bali beef from Kupang, as well as to analyze CAPN1 gene expression. In this study, 95 Bali cattle were used. Meat samples were used for physical analysis and fatty acid composition, and blood samples were used to identify the diversity of the CAPN1, FABP4, SREBF1, and SCARB1 genes using the direct-sequencing method. Analysis of CAPN1 gene expression in Bali cattle liver and blood tissue. Six novel SNPs were discovered for the CAPN1 gene, four for the FABP4 and SREBF1 genes, and five for the SCARB1 gene in Bali cattle as a result of the analysis of gene diversity. The marbling score, intramuscular fat, pH, meat color, tenderness (WBSF), and fatty acid composition were associated with the CAPN1 gene (g.5327C>T, g.5869T>C, and g.5959C>T), according to the results of the association analysis. The FABP4 gene (g.5002C>T) was significantly associated with carcass characteristics including longissimus dorsi thickness (TLD). SREBF1 gene (g.12629T>C, g.12731T>C, g.12881A>G, and g.12986C>T) had an association with fatty acid composition. The SCARB1 gene (g.72219C>T, g.72380C>A, g.72400A>G, g.72517G>A and g.72607C>T) were significantly associated with fatty acid composition. The results of gene expression analysis showed that the low tenderness value (WBSF) was characterized by a higher CAPN1 gene expression level. The results of this study can be concluded that the CAPN1, FABP4, SREBF1, and SCARB1 genes are potential candidate genes to be used as genetic markers for selection of meat quality traits in Bali cattle., Sapi Bali merupakan sumber daya genetik ternak (SDGT) asli indonesia yang telah mengalami proses domestikasi dari Banteng. Sapi Bali berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai sapi pedaging kualitas premium, oleh karena itu perlu dipertahankan dan dilestarikan untuk dimanfaatkan secara berkelanjutan. Potensi sapi Bali dapat ditingkatkan melalui seleksi berdasarkan marka genetik atau marker assisted selection (MAS) yang hasilnya lebih akurat, efektif dan efisien. Proses seleksi dapat dilakukan pada kandidat gen-gen yang berkaitan dengan kualitas daging. Beberapa gen yang potensial untuk diseleksi antara lain: gen calpain1 (CAPN1), gen fatty acid banding protein-4 (FABP4), gen sterol regulating element binding protein-1 (SREBF1), dan scavenger reseptor class B member 1 (SCARB1). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis karakteristik karkas dan daging berdasarkan teknik ultrasonografi, sifat fisik, dan profil asam lemak daging sapi Bali, mengkarakterisasi kandidat gen penentu kualitas daging sapi melalui analisis keragaman gen dengan metode sekuensing DNA dan mengasosiasikan keragaman gen dengan sifat kualitas daging sapi Bali dari Kupang, serta menganalisis ekspresi gen
Keyword: bali cattle, gene expression, meat quality, ultrasound

Judul: The Polymorphisms of Calpastatin Gene (CAST) and Its Association with Meat Characteristics and Growth Traits in Bali Cattle
Abstrak: Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) is known as one of Indonesian native cattle that domesticated from banteng. Bali cattle was registered by the Ministry of Agriculture of Republic Indonesia (325/Kpts/OT.140/1/2010) is native Indonesian cattle. High adaptability to the environment is one of the traits belong to bali cattle. As one of the local native cattle, bali cattle have the potential to produce high quality meat. One of the factors that affecting the meat quality is genetic factor. The calpastatin gene (CAST) is one of the genes that play an important role in meat quality. The aim of this study was to analyze the polymorphisms of SNP g.41139G>A in the CAST gene using PCR-RFLP and its association with meat charactheristics and growth traits in bali cattle. Bali cattle (n=52) in this study were from BPTU-HPT Sapi Bali Denpasar. Belgian Blue cattle (n=30) from BPTU-HPT Padang Mangatas, West Sumatra Province; Wagyu cattle (n=7) and Limousin cattle (n=14) from BET Cipelang, West Java Province; PO cattle (n=30) from VBC Kebumen were used as comparison. The SNP g.41139G>A polymorphisms on CAST gene were identified by the PCR-RFLP method. Allelic frequency, genotypic frequency, and heterozygosity were analyzed to find out the genetic diversity of bali cattle. The genetic equilibrium in the population was analyzed using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test (χ2) using the PopGen 1.32 program. The association of SNP g.41139G>A polymorphisms on CAST gene with meat characteristics (BFT, LDT, MS, and PIMF) using ultrasound method and growth traits (BW, WW, WT12, WT18, WT24, WT30, and ADG) were analyzed by the t test using SAS program 9.4. The SNP g.41139G>A on CAST gene was specific only found in bali cattle. The SNP g.41139G>A was polymorphic and produced GA genotype and GG genotype, while genotype AA was not found in bali cattle. The SNP g.41139G>A were monomorphic in the other Indonesian beef cattle (Belgian Blue cattle, Wagyu cattle, PO cattle, and Limousin cattle) because only found GG genotype. The results of the SNP association study of g.41139G>A on the CAST gene did not significantly effect with meat characteristics and growth traits in bali cattle., Sapi Bali (Bos javanicus) dikenal sebagai salah satu sapi asli Indonesia hasil domestikasi banteng. Sapi Bali telah ditetapkan oleh Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia (325/Kpts/OT.140/1/2010) sebagai sapi asli Indonesia. Sebagai salah satu sapi asli Indonesia, sapi Bali memiliki potensi sebagai penghasil daging yang cukup berkualitas. Salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi kualitas daging yaitu faktor genetik. Gen calpastatin (CAST) merupakan salah satu gen yang berperan penting terhadap karakteristik dan kualitas daging. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keragaman SNP g.41139G>A pada gen CAST dengan menggunakan PCR-RFLP serta hubungannya dengan karakteristik daging dan pertumbuhan pada sapi Bali. Sapi Bali (n=52 ekor) yang digunakan berasal dari BPTU-HPT Sapi Bali Denpasar. Sebagai perbandingan digunakan sapi Belgian Blue (n=30 ekor) yang berasal dari BPTU-HPT Padang Mangatas, sapi Wagyu (n=7 ekor) dan Limousin (n=14 ekor) yang berasal dari BET Cipelang, sapi PO (n=30 ekor) dari VBC Kebumen. Karakteristik daging meliputi tebal lemak punggung (BFT), tebal Longissimus dorsi (LDT), marbling score (MS), dan persentase intramuscular fat (PIMF) diukur dengan menggunakan teknik ultrasonografi dan hasil ultasonografi dianalisis
Keyword: bali cattle, CAST gene, polymophisms, ultrasonography

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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