Judul: Histopathology of Rat Liver Induced Subcutaneously by DMBA as Carcinogen and Treated with Nanoemulsion of Rodent Tuber Extract
Abstrak: Keladi tikus adalah tanaman herbal yang ekstraknya diketahui memiliki khasiat antitumor. Ekstrak keladi tikus dibuat dalam bentuk nanoemulsi untuk meningkatkan efektivitas antitumornya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek nanoemulsi pada hati tikus secara mikroskopis. Dua puluh lima ekor tikus yang sudah terinduksi tumor kulit oleh 7,12-dimetilbenz(a)antrasen dibagi ke dalam 5 kelompok yaitu: kontrol negatif (Kneg); plasebo (Kplas) yang diberi pelarut nanoemulsi; K25 yang diberi nanoemulsi dosis 25 μg/kg bobot badan (BB); K50 yang diberi nanoemulsi dosis 50 μg/kg BB; dan K100 yang diberi nanoemulsi 100 μg/kg BB. Tikus disuntikkan pelarut dan nanoemulsi secara subkutan pada lokasi tumor tiga kali seminggu selama empat minggu, kemudian dieutanasia dan diambil organ hatinya. Organ hati dibuat preparat histopatologi dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin, dianalisis dengan pembesaran objektif 10x. Analisis histopatologi memperlihatkan perubahan kongesti, vakuolisasi sel, dan dilatasi. Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis dilanjutkan uji Dunn menunjukkan perbedaan nyata pada luas daerah kongesti (p < 0,05) antara perlakuan Kneg-K50, Kneg-K100, dan Kplas-K100, sedangkan luas vakuolisasi sel dan daerah dilatasi tidak berbeda nyata (p > 0,05). Luas daerah kongesti menunjukkan peningkatan pada K25–K100. Daerah dilatasi menunjukkan peningkatan rataan signifikan pada K100 dibandingkan Kneg–K50. Perubahan memiliki kecenderungan ditemukan di zona centrilobular yang tinggi aktivitas metabolisme xenobiotik. Diduga perubahan kongesti dan dilatasi disebabkan oleh akumulasi xenobiotik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus dapat menyebabkan kongesti dan dilatasi ringan pada hati tikus; nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus relatif tidak toksik pada sel hati tikus., Rodent tuber is an herbal plant known for its antitumor properties. Rodent tuber extract is formulated into nanoemulsion to enhance its effectiveness against tumours. This study aimed to microscopically analyse the effect of rodent tuber extract nanoemulsion on rat liver. Twenty-five rats induced with skin tumor by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene were divided into five groups: negative control (Kneg); placebo (Kplas); K25, which received 25 μg/kg body weight (BW) of nanoemulsion; K50, which received 50 μg/kg BW of nanoemulsion; and K100, which received 100 μg/kg BW of nanoemulsion. The rats were injected with solvent and nanoemulsion subcutaneously into the tumor three times a week for four weeks, euthanized, and the livers were collected. The liver tissues were prepared for histopathological examination using Hematoxylin-Eosin staining and analyzed at 10x objective magnification to measure changes in congestion, cell vacuolization, and dilation. Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s test, showed a significant difference in congestion area (p < 0,05) between treatment Kneg-K50, Kneg-K100, and Kplas-K100, while cell vacuolization and dilation area did not show significant difference (p > 0,05). The congestion area increased in K25–K100. The dilation area showed a significant increase in K100 compared to Kneg–K50. Changes in this study tend to be found in the centrilobular zone, which has high activity for xenobiotic metabolism. It is suspected that the accumulation of xenobiotics caused congestion and dilation. The result of this study indicates that the nanoemulsion can cause mild congestion and dilation in rat liver; rodent tuber extract nanoemulsion is relatively non-toxic to hepatocytes.
Keyword: histopathology, liver, nanoparticle, rat, rodent tuber

Judul: Histopathology of Rat Kidney Induced by the DMBA for Tumor Modeling on the Skin and Treated with Rodent Tuber Extract Nanoparticle Emulsion.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi potensi efek toksisitas bahan herbal antitumor emulsi nanopartikel ekstrak keladi tikus pada histopatologi ginjal tikus putih yang diinduksi karsinogen 7.12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Sebanyak dua puluh lima ekor tikus jantan berumur 30 hari dengan bobot badan 70-80 gram yang telah diinduksi DMBA digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Tikus dibagi menjadi lima kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok perlakuan pelarut emulsi nanopartikel, kelompok perlakuan emulsi nanopartikel keladi tikus dosis rendah, kelompok perlakuan emulsi nanopartikel keladi tikus dosis sedang, dan kelompok perlakuan emulsi nanopartikel keladi tikus dosis tinggi. Pengamatan perubahan histopatologi ginjal dilakukan secara mikroskopik dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin Eosin dan perbesaran 100x. Lesio histopatologis yang diamati dari masing-masing kelompok perlakuan berupa hemoragi, infiltrasi sel radang, dan nekrosis tubular. Analisis histopatologi dilakukan menggunakan aplikasi ImageJ dan data kuantitatif dianalisis dengan metode one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Hasil pengamatan seluruh kelompok perlakuan menunjukkan bahwa hemoragi, infiltrasi sel radang, dan nekrosis tubular secara signifikan tidak berbeda nyata (p, This study aims to evaluate the potential toxicity effect of the antitumor herbal ingredient of emulsion nanoparticles rodent tuber extract on kidney histopathology of white rats induced by the carcinogen 7.12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). A total of twenty-five 30-day-old male mice with a body weight of 70-80 grams that had been induced by DMBA were used in this study. The mice were divided into five treatment groups, namely the negative control group, the nanoparticle emulsion solvent treatment group, the low dose rodent tuber nanoparticle emulsion treatment group, the medium dose rodent tuber nanoparticle emulsion treatment group, and the high dose rodent tuber nanoparticle emulsion treatment group. Observation of kidney histopathological changes was carried out microscopically with Hematoxylin Eosin staining and 100x magnification. Histopathological lesions observed in each treatment group were hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tubular necrosis. Histopathological analysis was carried out using the ImageJ application and quantitative data was analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. Observation results for all treatment groups showed that hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration and tubular necrosis were not significantly different (p>0.05). Based on the results, it was concluded that in this study treatment using rat taro was not effective in suppressing histopathological damage to rat kidneys due to the carcinogen DMBA. There was no visible toxic effect on the kidney histopathology of white rats at either low or high doses of rat taro extract nanoparticle emulsion
Keyword: emulsi nanopartikel, ginjal, tikus, tumor, typhonium flagelliforme

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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