Judul: Metil Ester Gondorukem sebagai Kandidat Bahan Bakar Nabati
Abstrak: The objective of this research is to produce ester of rosin distillate using methanol and H2SO4 (pa) as a catalyst. The result showed an optimum yield of methyl ester was 88.5% at an operating condition of 1.2 mL catalyst in 1.5 hours. The infrared spectra showed that carboxyl groups was replaced by C=O ester group, proofing that the rosin distillate was esterified. Furthermore, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometer spectra showed that the resin acids consists of ester derivates of abietic acid, sandaracopimaric acid, dehidroabietic acid, isopimaric acid, palustric acid. Based on SNI 04 -7182-2006, the kinematic viscosity at 40ºC (4.2 mm2/s), cloud point (-18ºC), total sulfur (67 ppm), acid number (0.1 mg-KOH/g), iodine number (12.8%), and total alkyl ester (99.8%), the methyl ester of pine rosin would be feasible to be used as a biodiesel material. The flash point was considered too low for biodiesel, but would be suitable f or biogasoline.
Keyword: 

Judul: Sifat fisiko-kimia ester gliserol gondorukem hidrogenasi
Abstrak: Gondorukem merupakan hasil hutan bukan kayu yang memiliki peluang besar untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia. Selama ini gondorukem yang banyak digunakan masih dalam bentuk non modifikasi. Gondorukem non modifikasi memiliki beberapa kelemahan seperti sifatnya yang mudah mengkristal bila dilarutkan, mudah teroksidasi oleh oksigen pada udara bebas karena sifat ketidakjenuhannya, dan mudah bereaksi dengan logam-logam berat seperti dalam pemanfaatannya pada pernis (Kirk & Othmer 2007). Kelemahan-kelemahan gondorukem ini dapat diatasi dengan memodifikasi gugus karboksil dan ikatan rangkap yang ada pada senyawa asam dalam gondorukem tersebut, salah satunya dengan proses hidrogenasi dan esterifikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan gliserol sebagai agen pada proses esterifikasi terhadap sifat fisiko-kimia produk derivat gondorukem yang dihasilkan sehingga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan sifat fisoko-kimia ester gliserol gondorukem hidrogenasi, meningkatkan nilai tambah dan memperluas penggunaan dari produk derivat gondorukem yang dihasilkan. Bahan yang digunakan yaitu gondorukem mutu WG (window glass), gas Hidrogen, katalis Nikel, Petroleum Benzene, Gliserol, dan bahan kimia untuk pengujian sifat fisiko-kimia ester gliserol gondorukem hidrogenasi. Pembuatan gondorukem hidrogenasi dilakukan dengan mencampurkan gondorukem dengan Petroleum Benzene, kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah reaktor dan dilakukan proses hidrogenasi dengan menggunakan suhu 125 ⁰C, tekanan 6-8 bar selama 1 jam (US Patent 2,739,947). Gondorukem hidrogenasi yang dihasilkan digunakan bahan baku dalam pembuatan ester gliserol gondorukem hidrogenasi. Pembuatan ester gliserol gondorukem hidrogenasi yaitu dengan memanaskan 50 g gondorukem hidrogenasi dan ketika mencapai suhu 280 ⁰C ditambahkan gliserol pada taraf 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, dan 12%, suhu akan turun kemudian naik kembali dan ketika mencapai suhu 280 ⁰C dipertahankan selama 2 jam. Ester gliserol gondorukem hidrogenasi yang dihasilkan ticetak pada wadah untuk kemudian dihitung nilai rendemennya dan diuji sifat fisiko-ki2mia (RSNI3 2010), yaitu warna dan penampakan, titik lunak, kelarutan dalam Toluena, kadar abu, bilangan asam, dan kadar logam (Pb dan As).
Keyword: 

Judul: Model’s Dynamics for Lymphocytes Recovery on the HIV presence with Protease Inhibitor Therapy.
Abstrak: HIV is a member of retrovirus that especially attacks lymphocytes or white blood cells, known as CD4+ T cells. New T cells created from sources within the body such as the thymus and by proliferation of existing T cells. In this paper, influence of protease inhibitor therapy in HIV dynamics will be analyzed. The influence can be categoried in three models, which are model HIV without drug therapy, model HIV with protease inhibitor and model T cell recovery. In the models, three parameters which are uninfected cells population, infected cells population and virus population are studied. From HIV without drug therapy model it is obtained two types fixed point which are uninfected fixed point and infected fixed point. The stability of fixed point depends on basic reproduction number which is influenceed by the total number of virus produced by a cell during its lifetime. From HIV with protease inhibitor therapy model it is obtained two type fixed points. The stability of fixed point depends on basic reproduction number. Other than influenceed by the total number of virus produced by a cell during its lifetime, basic reproduction number of this model also affected by the effectiveness of a protease inhibitor. Basic reproduction number of this model is smaller than that of model HIV without drug therapy. In the model T cell recovery, new T cells created only from sources within the body, and T cells can be invulnerable to HIV infection after the therapy. From the model it is obtained only one fixed point that is uninfected fixed point. The stability of fixed point depends on basic reproduction number. The total number of virus produced by a cell during its lifetime and the effectiveness of a protease inhibitor determine the basic reproduction number. Basic reproduction number of this model is smallest than that of other models.
Keyword: