Judul: Pengaruh Penambahan PEG-400 dan Lilin Lebah terhadap Karakteristik Film Edibel dari Campuran Metilselulos-Karboksimetilselulosa-Susu Bungkil Kedelai
Abstrak: Kemasan dewasa ini sering menjadi beban lingkungan karena sulit di daur ulang. Film edibel sebagai kemasan yang langsung kontak dengan makanan dan terbuat dari "jood grade", ramah lingkungan dan cukup ekonomis diproduksi dalam skala besar merupakan pilihan yang tepat sebagai kemasan pengganti. Film edibel diietakkan di atas maupun di antara komponen makanan untuk menghambat migrasi uap air, oksigen, karbondioksida, aroma dan lipid, juga sebagai pembawa antioksidan, antimikroba dan flavor dan meningkatkan kemudahan penanganan.
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Judul: Pengaruh penambahan ,lilin lebah kuning (Cera flava) terhadap karakteristik edible film berbahan dasar protein bungkil kedelai metilselulosa
Abstrak: Edible film merupakan jenis pengemas alternatif untuk produk pangan karena memiliki beberapa kelebihan daripada pengemas non-edible. Dalam penelitian ini dibuat edible film dengan bahan dasar susu bungkil kedelai dan metil selulosa serta penambahan lilin lebah. Sebagai pemlastik digunakan polietilen glikol dilaurate atau PEG-400. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh penambahan lilin lebah kuning (Cera flava) dalam berbagai konsentrasi terhadap karakteristik edible film dengan bahan dasar protein bungkil kedelai serta interaksinya dengan penggunaan berbagai konsentrasi metil selulosa. Susu bungkil kedelai yang menjadi salah satu bahan utama penelitian ini dibuat dari bungkil kedelai. Bungkil kedelai digiling menjadi tepung 40 mesh lalu direndam dalam air bersuhu 65°C selama 1 jam. Setelah air rendaman dibuang, bungkil kedelai diblender bersama 6 bagian air panas. Bubur bungkil kedelai lalu dimasak, selanjutnya disaring dan disentrifuse untuk membuang padatan tak terlarut, sehingga diperoleh susu bungkil kedelai. Edible film dibuat dengan cara mencampurkan susu bungkil kedelai (1.67%) yang telah dilarutkan dalam etanol-air II dengan larutan metil selulosa. Larutan metil selulosa dibuat dengan mencampurkan metil selulosa (1% dan 1.25%) dengan pelarut etanol-air 2: 1 kemudian digelatinisasi di dalam penangas air. Campuran metil selulosa-susu bungkil kedelai selanjutnya ditambah pemlastik (PEG-400 0.3%) dan lilin lebah (0.1, 0.3 dan 0.5%) kemudian didegassing Larutan film selanjutnya dicetak dan dikeringkan. ...
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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