Judul: Penawaran dan Permintaan Teh dan Teh Olahan di Pasar Domestik
Abstrak: Penelitian bertujuan mengkaji : ( I) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi penawaran dan permintaan teh dan teh olahan di pasar domestik, dan (2) dampak perubahan faktur ekonomi terhadap perubahan kesejahteraan produsen dan konsumen teh dan teh olahan serta penerimaan devisa, Studi menggmakan pendekatan penawaran dan permintaan yang dirumuskan dalam model persamaan simultan dan diduga dengan metoda pangkat dua terkecil dua tahap (Two Stage Leusa Squares = 2SLS) yang menggunakan data time series aahun 1970 - 1998.
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Judul: Analisis penawaran dan permintaan teh hitam Indonesia dan pasar domestik dan internasional
Abstrak: Komoditi teh (Camelia Sinensis) sebagai komoditi perkebunan mempunyai peranan yang penting sebagai sumber devisa negara, sumber mata pencaharian dan juga sebagai penunjang kelestarian lingkungan hidup. Perkebunan teh merupakan usaha padat karya yang memberikan kesempatan kerja yang besar. Setiap tahun lebih dari 60 persen produksi teh Indonesia diekspor dan memberi pemasukan bagi devisa negara. Namun pada beberapa tahun terakhir ini, situasi perdagangan teh di dunia mengalami kelesuan karena kelebihan penawaran (over supply) akibat besarnya laju produksi teh dunia yang tidak diimbangi dengan laju permintaan. Keadaan tersebut ditambah lagi dengan terhentinya impor teh dari negara-negara pengimpor teh utama akibat situasi politik dan ekonomi yang buruk sehingga harga teh menjadi turun. Sedangkan perdagangan teh di dalam negeri belum berkembang dengan baik yang ditunjukkan oleh rendahnya tingkat konsumsi teh Indonesia yaitu sekitar 250 gram per kapita per tahun pada tahun 1990-1995 (Biro Pusat Statistik, 1996). Tingkat konsumsi ini sangat rendah bila dibandingkan dengan tingkat konsumsi negara produsen teh lainnya. Sementara itu, penduduk Indonesia sebesar 200 juta merupakan pasar yang memiliki potensi besar untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) perkembangan pemasaran teh Indonesia di dalam dan luar negeri serta perkembangan teh di dunia, (2) faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi penawaran teh Indonesia di dalam negeri, (3) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan teh Indonesia di dalam negeri, (4) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi ekspor teh Indonesia, dan (5) faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi harga domestik teh, harga ekspor teh dan harga teh dunia...
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Judul: Development of DNA Vaccine Encoding Glycoprotein of Koi Herpes Virus Using Local Isolate.
Abstrak: The aim of this research was to develop DNA vaccine of Koi Herpesvirus in carp. Glycoprotein gene originated from ORF 25 KHV virus that is 1.8 kbp in size, is a potential gene in DNA vaccine construction. The sequencing and similarity analysis of the gene using BLAST software showed that this gene is a GP25 gene and was found to be very similar (99%) to GP25 of KHV virus from the USA and Israel. When this GP25 gene was ligated with pGEMT Easy (pT, 3 kbp in size) vector, plasmid size was increasing up to 5 kb. Following this, a digestion of pT-GP25 plasmid using Sal I enzyme was applied resulted in a GP25 fragment (1.8 kbp). Subsequently, pAct-D6 with a size of 8.5 kbp was also cut using the same enzyme to eleminate a D6 gene with a size of 1.6 kbp. GP25 gene was then ligated with pAct resulted a pAct-GP25 plasmid with a size of 8.8 kbp. As there was only one restriction site applied, ligation can be occurred in two different directions. Thus, in order to determine the plasmid with the desired direction PCR analysis was carried out, and plasmid with the right direction was the one that sized approximately 2.1 kbp (no. 6, 17 and 20). High level of GFP gene expression was detected in all tissues analyzed, i.e. kidney, gil, spleen, and muscle 24 hours after injection which indicated that β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka could be active in common carp. Although not as high as on 24 hours, expression was still detected until day 7 and disappeared after day 28 post injection indicating that pAct-GFP can be remained and β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka can be active in muscle, gills and kidney at least a week after injection. The result of RT-PCR analysis on pAct-GP25 injected common carp showed that GP25 gene expression can be detected 14 days after injection in all tissues observed. The expression level differences between GFP and GP25 genes possibly related to the primer sensitivity on annealing process to cDNA template and the size of PCR targeted DNA fragment, as smaller PCR targeted product will be easier to be amplified than a bigger one. The length of PCR targeted DNA with GP25 primer was 1.8 kbp whereas GFP gene was 0.6 kbp.The challenge test on common carp results showed that all unvaccinated and negative control (not infected with KHV) was alive until the end of the experiment. Whereas, the survival of fish vaccinated with a dose of 12.5 was ranged from 60.9 and 96.7%. In relation to the activity of β-actin promoter that was used in this DNA vaccine, gene expression was occured 24 hours after vaccination and remained until 2 weeks. The control fish that was not injected by GP25 showed no GP25 expression either in the observed tissues or organs and resulted in a lower survival, i.e. 23.3%. The challenge test results has indicated that the fish vaccinated with GP25 at doses of 7.5 and 12.5 μg/100μL were able to produce KHV glycoprotein in their body which would be
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