Judul: Application of Feed Supplement Nanocalcium-Vitamin D, or Protease Enzymes to Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Fattening Sheep
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik fermentasi rumen pada domba penggemukan dengan suplementasi nanokalsium-vitamin D, enzim bromelin atau enzim papain. Ternak yang digunakan adalah 12 ekor domba ekor tipis dengan bobot badan awal 13,8 ± 1,36 kg. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri atas empat perlakuan yaitu P0 (rumput pakchong 30% + konsentrat 70%) sebagai kontrol, P1 (P0 + nanokalsium-vitamin D 5,06 g kgBB-1 hari-1), P2 (P0 + enzim bromelin 108 mg kgBB-1 hari-1), dan P3 (P0 + enzim papain 108 mg kgBB-1 hari-1). Peubah yang diamati meliputi nilai pH, populasi protozoa, populasi total bakteri, NH3, VFA total, VFA parsial, produksi CH4, kadar kalsium, dan kadar allantoin rumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan nanokalsium-vitamin D, enzim bromelin, dan enzim papain tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap nilai pH, populasi protozoa, populasi total bakteri, konsentrasi NH3, VFA total, VFA parsial, produksi CH4, kadar allantoin, namun berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap peningkatan kadar kalsium dalam rumen. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian suplementasi nanokalsium-vitamin D, enzim bromelin, atau enzim papain pada domba tidak mengganggu aktivitas fermentasi di dalam rumen., This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of rumen fermentation in fattening sheep with supplementation of nanocalcium-vitamin D, bromelain enzyme, and papain enzyme. A total of 12 thin-tailed sheep with an initial body weight of 13.8 ± 1.36 kg was used in this study. This study used a Completely Randomized Block (CRBD) consisting of four treatments, namely P0 (pakchong grass 30% + consentrate 70%) as control, P1 (P0 + nanocalcium-vitamin D 5.06 g kgBW-1 day-1), P2 (P0 + bromelain enzyme 108 mg kgBW-1 day-1), and P3 (P0 + papain enzyme 108 mg kgBW-1 day-1). Parameters measured included pH value, protozoa population, total bacteria population, NH3, total VFA, partial VFA, CH4 production, calcium level, and allantoin level in the rumen. The results showed that the treatment of nanocalcium-vitamin D, bromelain enzyme, or papain enzyme had no significant effect (P>0.05) on pH value, protozoa population, total bacteria population, NH3 concentration, total VFA, partial VFA, CH4 production, and allantoin levels. Still, they significantly increased (P<0.05) the rumen calcium levels. Supplementation of nanocalcium-vitamin D, bromelain enzyme, or papain enzyme in sheep does not interfere with fermentation activity in the rumen.
Keyword: bromelin, fermentasi rumen, nanokalsium, papain

Judul: Karakteristik Fermentasi Rumen Domba Garut yang Diberi Pakan dengan Suplementasi Minyak BSF(Black Soldier Fly) atau Sabun Ca-BSF.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi karakteristik fermentasi rumen pada domba Garut yang diberi pakan dengan suplementasi minyak BSF atau sabun Ca-BSF. Ternak yang digunakan yaitu sebanyak 8 ekor domba Garut jantan dengan rata-rata bobot badan awal 29,08 ± 3,62 kg. Perlakuan yang diterapkan yaitu P1 penambahan minyak BSF dan P2 penambahan sabun kalsium BSF. Peubah yang diamati meliputi nilai pH, konsentrasi VFA total, konsentrasi amonia, populasi bakteri, dan populasi protozoa. Data dianalisis dengan uji T menggunakan SPSS 23. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai pH, konsentrasi amonia, dan populasi protozoa pada rumen tidak berbeda antara perlakuan. Konsentrasi VFA total P1 (85,38 mM) sangat nyata lebih rendah (P<0,01) daripada P2 (122,51 mM). Populasi bakteri total P1(4,89 log CFU ml-1) sangat nyata lebih rendah (P<0,01) daripada P2 (6,76 log CFU ml-1). Penambahan sabun Ca-BSF efektif meningkatkan kadar VFA dan populasi bakteri total dalam rumen. Kata Kunci: fermentasi rumen, minyak BSF, sabun Ca-BSF., This study was conducted to examine the characteristics of rumen fermentation in Garut sheep fed with suplements of BSF oil or BSF Ca-soap. Eight male Garut sheep with an average initial body weight of 29.08 ± 3.62 kg were used in this experiment. The treatments applied were P1 BSF oil suplementation and P2 BSF Ca-soap suplementation. The variables measured were pH value, total VFA concentration, ammonia concentration, total population of bacteria, and protozoa. Data were analyzed using T test with statistical program of SPSS 23. The results showed that the pH value, ammonia concentration, and protozoa population in the rumen did not differ between treatments. The total VFA concentration of P1 (85.38 mM) was significantly lower (P<0.01) than that of P2 (122.51 mM). Bacteria population of P1(4.89 log CFU ml-1) was significantly lower (P<0.01) than that of P2 (6.76 log CFU ml-1) . The addition of Ca-BSF soap was effective in increasing VFA consentration and total bacteri population in rumen Keywords: BSF oil, calcium soap BSF, rumen fermentation.
Keyword: fermentasi rumen, domba garut, sabun Ca-BSF, BSF oil, calcium soap BSF, rumen fermentation

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite