Judul: Penyelesaian Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem Menggunakan Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure
Abstrak: Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is a variation of Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), which is intended is the problem to determine the route of vehicle with increasing its capacity. The goal of CVRP is either to minimize the mileage or delivery time of shipping product. In this paper, the CVRP problem will be solved by using a heuristic method, namely Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP).This method has two phases, firstly is determining the initial solution and secondly is improving the quality of the solution. Determination of initial solution was carried out by classifying customers into groups and then designing the routes to minimize distances. Further, the initial solutions are improved by using the 2-opt method. The application of CVRP is showed as an ilustration in determining the minimum distance route of bread product delivery.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), 2-opt method, VRP, GRASP, heuristic method, CVRP

Judul: Penyelesaian Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem Menggunakan Algoritme Clarke-Wright dan Algoritme Genetika
Abstrak: Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) merupakan salah satu variasi dari Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) dengan kapasitas angkut kendaraan sebagai kendala yang dihadapi. Ada beberapa metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan ini. Pada karya ilmiah ini, digunakan algoritme Clarke-Wright dan algoritme genetika untuk menyelesaikan CVRP. Pada tahap pertama algoritme Clarke-Wright digunakan untuk pembentukan grup dari sejumlah pelanggan berdasarkan konsep penghematan jarak. Tahap kedua digunakan algoritme genetika untuk penentuan rute pendistribusian di setiap grup yang sudah terbentuk. Model diimplementasikan pada pendistribusian roti. Hasil implementasi model memperlihatkan algoritme yang diusulkan lebih baik dibandingkan dengan algoritme greedy., Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is a variation of Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP) with the vehicle carrying capacity as an obstacle. There are several methods that can be used to solve this problem. In this scientific work, the Clarke-Wright algorithm and genetic algorithm are used to solve CVRP. In the first step, the Clarke-Wright algorithm is used to form groups of a number of customers based on the concept of distance saving. In the second step, genetic algorithms are used to determine the distribution route in each group that has been formed. The model is implemented in bread product delivery. The result of model implementation shows that the proposed algorithm is better than the greedy algorithm.
Keyword: Clarke-Wright algorithm, CVRP, genetic algorithm

Judul: Mercury Toxicity and It’s Effect on Histopathology Change of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Abstrak: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of fish species that oportunity to contaminated with mercury. The effects of pollutants can damage living organisms organs and can cause death. The effects caused mercury had acute or chronic character. The aims of this study are to determine threshold and acute toxicity of mercury chloride (HgCl2) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), to assess the effect of mercury chloride (HgCl2) on several biometric parameters (survival, growth rate of average daily weighted, liver condition, bile and reproductive variability of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), assess the level of damage to the histological structure of the gills, liver and kidney of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) caused mercury chloride (HgCl2) exposure. This study was conducted from February to June 2013. Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were used in this study were female with average weight 20 grams or 11-13 cm length range. Toxicant materials used in this study was mercury chloride (HgCl2). Fish were reared in each aquarium 60x40x30 containing 48 liters of water. This study consists of three stages: a preliminary test, acute test, and sub-chronic test. To determine the changes in biometric condition of tilapia approximated by measuring the survival rate (SR), the growth rate of average daily weight , the content of mercury in the fish organs, hepatosomatic index (HSI), the relative bile volume (VER), gonadal soamtic index (IKG), fecundity and oocit diameter, tissue damage caused by mercury in fish organs by making histological preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The median lethal concentration (96 hr, LC50) of Mercury Chloride was calculated as 1,64 mgL--1.The survival rate was highest in the control treatment (46,67 %) . Mercury chloride with concentration 0.196 mgL--1 show significant effect to changes HSI and relative bile volume, and oocyte diameter of Nile tilapia (p < 0,05). Mercury chloride with a concentration of 0,164 mgL-1 and 0,196 mgL-1 have not a significant effect on the growth rate of weight, gonadal somatic index and fecundity of Nile tilapia (p > 0,05). Mercury chloride cause damage to gills (hyperplasia, hypertrophy, proliferation and neukrosis), liver (hyperplasia, hemorhage, shrinkage of hepatocytes, proliferation and neukrosis) and kidney (hyperplasia, hemorrhage, shrinkage of the glomerulus, proliferation and neukrosis).
Keyword: Nile tilapia, Hepatosomatic indexs (HSI), histopathology