Judul: Persembuhan luka yang ditetesi ekstrak chlorella (Chlorella vulgaris) pada Mencit
Abstrak: Ekstrak chlorella telah diuji pengaruhnya pada penyembuhan luka dengan memberikan ekstrak chlorella secara tropikal pada punggung mencit yang dilukai sebelumnya. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan, yaitu 1) kontrol negatif (tanpa pemberian ekstrak chlorella dan antiseptik) 2) pemberian antiseptik tanpa disertai pemberian chlorella, 3) pemberian ekstrak chlorella tanpa disertai pemberian antiseptik, dan 4) pemberian ekstrak chlorella disertai pemberian antiseptik.
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Judul: Efektifitas ekstrak air kulit batang singkong (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) dalam proses persembuhan luka pada kulit mencit (Mus musculus albinus)
Abstrak: Prevalensi kejadian perlukaan pada hewan dan manusia akibat trauma memiliki persentase yang cukup tinggi, tetapi persediaan bahan baku obat sintetik terbatas dan harus diimpor. Pengobatan alternatif tradisional dengan menggunakan tanaman makin marak dilakukan karena mengandung bahan aktif antiinflamasi dan dapat mempercepat proses persembuhan luka. Pengobatan alternatif yang digunakan adalah ekstrak air kulit batang singkong sebagai obat persembuhan luka topikal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas ekstrak air kulit batang singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) terhadap proses persembuhan luka kulit. Ekstraksi kulit batang singkong dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat sokhlet. Penelitian ini menggunakan 45 ekor mencit putih (Mus musculus albinus) yang telah dilukai kulit punggungnya dan dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok yaitu kontrol negatif (KN), kontrol positif (Bioplacenton®) dan ekstrak air kulit batang singkong. Pengamatan dilakukan secara patologi anatomi dan histopatologi menggunakan Pewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin (HE) dan Masson-Trichrome (MT) pada hari ke- 3, 5, 7, 14 dan 21 pasca perlukaan. Pengamatan secara histopatologi dilakukan terhadap jumlah sel radang (neutrofil, limfosit, makrofag), neokapiler, persentase re-epitelisasi dan pembentukan jaringan ikat. Data pengamatan kuantitatif (sel radang, neokapiler dan persentase re-epitelisasi) diuji menggunakan Analisis Sidik Ragam (ANOVA). Data kualitatif (pembentukan jaringan ikat) disajikan secara deskriptif dan non-parametrik yang diuji menggunakan Kruskal Wallis...
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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