Judul: Processing and Analysis of Seabed Acoustic Backscatter in Yos Sudarso Bay, Jayapura Using Side Scan Sonar Instrument
Abstrak: Side Scan Sonar merupakan instrumen yang digunakan untuk pencitraan dasar laut. Side Scan Sonar mampu membedakan permukaan dasar laut seperti batuan, lumpur, pasir, serta mendeteksi keberadaan pipa dan kabel laut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menginterpretasi dasar laut secara visual dan menganalisa nilai hamburbalik (dB) dengan metode Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) untuk mengetahui jenis substrat dasar laut. Data yang digunakan merupakan hasil pendeteksian instrumen Side Scan Sonar CMAX CM2 Towfish di perairan Teluk Yos Sudarso dengan 3 lintasan survei. Pengolahan data citra Side Scan Sonar meliputi koreksi geometrik dan koreksi radiometrik menggunakan perangkat lunak Sonarwiz 7. Koreksi geometrik meliputi bottom track dan slant range correction, serta koreksi radiometrik meliputi Beam Angle Correction (BAC), Automatic Gain Control (AGC), dan Time Varying Gain (TVG). Konversi data menggunakan perangkat lunak XtftoSegy, ekspor nilai amplitudo dengan Seisee, kemudian menampilkan hubungan amplitudo dan waktu, serta CWT menggunakan Matlab. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh target berupa dua pasir dan satu karang. Hasil perhitungan nilai hamburbalik karang sebesar -5,0413 dB pada lintasan 6. Nilai hamburbalik pasir sebesar -15,4362 dB pada lintasan 7. Nilai hamburbalik pasir sebesar -14,2007 dB pada lintasan 8. Analisis Continuous Wavelet Transform menunjukkan target dengan tekstur keras dan kasar memiliki intensitas berwarna kuning pada scalogram, sedangkan target dengan tekstur lebih halus dan lunak memiliki intensitas berwarna biru pada scalogram., Side Scan Sonar is an instrument that is usually used to perform seabed imaging. Side Scan Sonar can distinguish seabed such as rocks, silt, sand, and detect the existence of marine pipes and cables. The aim of this research was to interpretate the seabed visually and analyze the backscatter (dB) with Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) for determine the type of seabed substrate. The data used from the detection of Side Scan Sonar C-Max CM2 Towfish instrument in Yos Sudarso Bay with 3 survey lines. Processing data Side Scan Sonar Image consisting of geometric corrections and radiometric corrections using Sonarwiz 7 software. Geometric corrections consist of bottom track and slant range, and radiometric corrections consist of Beam Angle Correction (BAC), Automatic Gain Control (AGC), and Time Varying Gain (TVG). Data was converted by XtftoSegy, amplitudo values were exported by Seisee, and displaying relation of amplitude and time, and CWT using Matlab. The results of this research were two sands and one coral target. The backscatter value of coral was -5,0413 dB on line 6. The backscatter value of sand was -15,4362 dB on line 7. The backscatter value of sand was -14,2007 dB on line 8. Continuous Wavelet Transform analysis shows that targets with hard and coarse textures have a yellow intensity on the scalogram, while targets with smooth and soft textures have a blue intensity on the scalogram.
Keyword: backscatter, continuous wavelet transform, side scan sonar, yos sudarso bay

Judul: Side Scan Sonar Data Quantification for Seabed Classification in Yos Sudarso Bay, Jayapura
Abstrak: Side scan sonar (SSS) adalah instrumen yang digunakan dalam survei untuk melakukan pencitraan dasar laut. SSS mampu menunjukkan gambar dua dimensional permukaan dasar laut dengan kondisi kontur, topografi, dan target secara bersamaan. Instrumen ini mampu membedakan besar kecil partikel penyusun dasar laut seperti batuan, pasir, atau tipe-tipe lainnya, selain itu kegunaan teknologi ini adalah mendeteksi keberadaan pipa dan kabel laut, mendeteksi struktur dangkal dasar laut, pengerukan, studi lingkungan, kemiliteran, arkeologi, perikanan, dan pertambangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan menginterpretasi visual dasar laut di wilayah Teluk Yos Sudarso, Jayapura menggunakan instrumen SSS, menentukan nilai hamburbalik (dB) dan amplitudo (mV) substrat dasar laut, serta melakukan komputasi dengan continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Pemrosesan data dilakukan koreksi radiometrik (BAC, AGC) dan geometrik (bottom tracking) dengan software SonarWiz 7. Pengonversian data menggunakan XtfToSegy, ekspor nilai amplitudo dengan SeiSee, sortir data amplitudo menggunakan Ms. Excel, lalu penampilan grafik hubungan amplitudo dan waktu serta CWT menggunakan Matlab. Hasil dari pendeteksian dasar laut diperoleh target berupa tiga pasir dan satu karang. Hasil perhitungan nilai amplitudo pasir 1 sebesar 4319 – 30976 mV dengan nilai habur balik -17.10 dB. Nilai amplitudo pasir 2 sebesar 1411 – 12288 mV dengan nilai habur balik -18.78 dB. Nilai amplitudo pasir 3 sebesar 1391.625 – 12032 mV dengan nilai habur balik 18.70 dB. Nilai amplitudo karang sebesar 24960– 32640 mV dengan nilai habur balik -2.30 dB. Hasil analisis CWT menunjukkan energi dari karang berwarna kuning menunjukkan objek yang lebih kasar dan keras, energi yang dihasilkan dari pasir berwarna biru yang menunjukkan objek tersebut memiliki karakteristik yang halus dan tidak keras., Side scan sonar (SSS) is an instrument that usually used in surveys to perform seabed imaging. SSS is able to show two-dimensional images of seabed load with contour, topographic, and target conditions simultaneously. This instance is capable of distinguishing particles of seabed compilers such as rocks, sand, or other types, in addition the usefulness of this technology are to detect the existence of marine pipes and cables, shallow structures of seabed, dredge, environmental studies, military, archcology, fisheries, and mining. The aims of this research are identify and interpretate the seabed in the Yos Sudarso Bay, Jayapura visually using SSS, to determine the backscatter (dB) and amplitude (mV) of the seabed substrate, and to do computations with continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Processing data is performed by radiometric (BAC, AGC) and geometric (bottom tracking) corrections using SonarWiz 7. Data is converted by XtfToSegy, amplitude values is exported by SeiSee, amplitude data is sorted by Ms. Excel, and displaying relation graph of amplitude, time, and CWT using Matlab. The results of seabed detection is there are three sands and one coral targets. The amplitude value of sand 1 is 4319 - 30976 mV and the value of the backscatter is -17.10 dB. The amplitude value of sand 2 is 1411 - 12288 mV and the value of the backscatter is -18.79 dB. The amplitude value of sand 3 is 1391.625 - 12032 mV and the value of the backscatter is -18.70 dB. Coral amplitude value is 24960 - 32640 mV and the value of the backscatter is -2.30
Keyword: amplitude, backscatter, continuous wavelet transform, side scan sonar

Judul: Prenilasi Senyawa β-Diketon sebagai Prekursor 3-Prenilflavon
Abstrak: One group of flavonoids that has not been commonly synthesized is 3- prenylflavone. The main objective of this experiment was to synthesize precursor of 3-prenylflavone. Firstly, β-diketone was synthesized via 4 steps from phenol as starting compound with total yield of 24%. Prenylation of β-diketone with prenyl bromide and K2CO3 base produced 4 fractions which were separated by using preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) with n-hexane:EtOAc (8:2) as the eluent. Fraction with Rf = 0.80 was further separated by using preparative PTLC with n-hexane:EtOAc (99:1) as the eluent. Two fractions were obtained with Rf = 0.38 and 0.42. The first fraction has been characterized as diprenylated β-diketone with 49% yield. Application of protecting group on the phenolic OH group in β- diketone are needed to obtain monoprenylated β-diketone which can be further cyclized into 3-prenylflavone
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