Judul: Gene Variation 5-Htt Allele Coding Aggressiveness On Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo Abelii
Abstrak: Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelii) merupakan kera besar yang daerah persebarannya hanya di Asia. Hewan ini merupakan primata yang agresif. Agresivitas dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, diantaranya oleh gen. Gen yang berperan yaitu gen 5-HTT yang merupakan penyandi transporter serotonin yang bekerja meregulasi sistem serotonergik dan reseptornya melalui modulasi konsentrasi serotonin di dalam cairan ekstraselular. Variasi yang terjadi pada daerah intron dapat mengubah regulasi transkripsi gen 5-HTT. Perubahan ekspresi dari transporter dapat berpengaruh terhadap agresivitas, emosi, fungsi motorik dan beberapa sifat kognitif pada primata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi keragaman gen 5-HTT pada P. abelii. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 48 sampel yang terdiri dari 28 jantan dan 20 betina. Amplifikasi gen 5-HTT dilakukan secara in vitro dengan menggunakan teknik PCR. Frekuensi genotipe L/L 23.81 %, L/S 47.62 %, dan S/S 28.57%. Frekuensi alel L 0.48 dan alel S 0.52. Amplifikasi sampel Macaca nemestrina dilakukan untuk membandingkan ukuran fragmen amplikon gen 5-HTT pada monyet dan kera besar. Sampel P. abelii nomor 127 (S/S) dan 131 (L/L) dan sampel M. nemestrina nomor 12, 38, dan 39 menunjukkan kemiripan sebesar 99% dengan gen transporter serotonin manusia pada kromosom 17 dengan nomor aksesi NG_011747.1. Individu bergenotipe L/L mengekspresikan serotonin dua kali lebih banyak daripada individu bergenotipe S/S atau L/S. Alel S memiliki aktifitas transkripsi yang rendah dibandingkan alel L.
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Judul: Variasi Alel dari Gen 5-HTT (Penyandi Agresivitas) pada Macaca nemestrina
Abstrak: Macaca nemestrina is an aggressive primate. The aggresivity is influenced by many factors, one of them is by a gene. The 5-HTT gene encodes the serotonin transporter that affects the regulation of serotonergic system and its receptor by modulating the concentration of serotonin in extracellular fluid. Variation in promoter and intron region can change the transcriptional activity of the 5-HTT gene, mainly the activity of the transporter and serotonin uptake. The transporter change activity influenced aggressivity, emotion, motor function, and some cognitive traits in primates. This research aimed to determine alelles variant of 5-HTT gene (encoding aggresivity) in M. nemestrina. Samples used in this research consisted of 56 M. nemestrina. The gene was amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Amplification in promoter region revealed two alleles and three genotypes with the frequencies of L and S alleles were 88,18% and 11,82%, respectively. Amplification of the third intron region showed two alleles with the frequency of l and s alleles were 55,4% and 44,6%, respectively. None of the individual had s/s genotype in the third intron region. Short allele was dominant to long allele. The presence of at least one short allele decreased transcription activity. There was one individual with S/S genotype in promoter region that was possibly to be the alpha male in the group.
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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