Judul: Biologi tetrastichus schoenobii Ferriere (hymenoptera : eulophidae, parasitoid telur scirpophaga innotata walker (lepidoptera : pyralidae
Abstrak: Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui beberapa aspek biologi parasitoid telur penggerek batang padi putih. (PBPP) T. schoenobii, dalam usaha peningkatan peranannya sebagai musuh alami dan usaha konservasi parasitoid tersebut. Penelitian meliputi perkembangan T. schoenobii pada inang telur PBPP, pengamatan periode waktu kemunculan parasitoid, seks rasio dan tipe perkembangan, dan lama hidup imago betina T. schoenobii tanpa inang dan dengan inang telur PBPP. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Lapangan Program Nasional Pengedalian Hama Terpadu, Desa Panyingkiran, Kecamatan Rawamerta, Kabupaten Karawang, pada bulan Maret 1991 sampai dengan bulan Pebruari 1992. Telur parasitoid T. schoenobii bertipe hymenopteri- form, diletakkan di dalam telur PBPP. Rata-rata panjang dan lebar telur pada saat diletakkan adalah 0.267 mm dan 0.083 mm, sedangkan menjelang menetas rata-rata 0.273 mm dan 0.089 mm. Stadium telur 1 hari. Larva muda Stadium larva terdiri dari dua sifat. bersifat endoparasitoid, sedangkan larva pertengahan ..dst
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Judul: Biologi parasitoid telur Trichogramma sp. (Hym. : Trichogrammatidae) dan Telenomus sp. (Hym. : Scelionidae) pada penggerek padi kuning Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker) (Lep. : pyralidae)
Abstrak: Penggerek padi kuning merupakan salah satu hana utama tanaman padi. Ada tiga jenis parasitoid telur penggerek padi kuning di Indonesia yaitu: Trichogramma japonicum Ashm. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Telenomus rowani (Gahan) (Hymenoptera Scelionidae) dan Tetrastichus schoenobii Ferr. parasitoid telur Trichogramma sp. dan Telenomus sp. sangat penting untuk adalah diketahui. Aspek biologi yang diteliti : preferensi parasitoid pada berbagai umur telur penggerek padi kuning; siklus hidup parasitoid; kemampuan bertelur parasitoid pada telur yang sesuai; preferensi parasitoid pada berbagai kelompok telur,. serta superparasitisme dan parasitisme ganda. Juga dilakukan pengamatan lapangan untuk mengetahui komposisi parasitoid telur penggerek padi kuning di lapangan. ..dst
Keyword: Trichogramma, Telenomus, Hymenoptera

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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