Judul: Butterfly Community of Superfamily Papilionoidea (Lepidoptera) at Gunung Meja Recreational Forest Area, Manokwari, Papua Barat
Abstrak: Gunung Meja, one of the forest areas in Manokwari, West Papua province, has been designated as a recreational forest since 1980. Gunung Meja covers 460.25 ha and is located at 75 – 175 m asl. Gunung Meja is directly adjacent to residential areas, so that the community activities, such as felling trees and gardening are often conducted in the area. These can interfere with the existence of flora and fauna inside, including butterflies. To know the impact of intrusive human activities on the forest area, it is necessary to obtain basic information about what flora and fauna are present there. This study aims to record the butterfly community in the area. Observations of butterflies were done by scan sampling on primary forest, secondary forest, gardens and settlements. Sampling and measurement of environmental parameters were performed in the morning and afternoon for seven weeks. This study recorded 113 species and 4.049 individuals of butterflies. There were 75 species in primary forest, 77 species in secondary forest, and 63 species in gardens and settlements. The number of species found was still increasing until the last day of the observation. Shannon- Wiener index (H’) calculation showed that diversity in primary and secondary forests were 3.48 and 3.50, respectively, thus classified as high (H’ > 3). Sorensen index calculation (CN) showed high value reaching 0.5 quantitatively. The numbers of butterflies both species number and individual number, observed in the morning were higher than those in the afternoon. There was significant effect (P < 0.05) of temperature, RH, light intensity, and canopy coverage to the number of individual butterflies. The result of PCA analysis showed that the environmental parameters in primary forest, secondary forest, gardens and settlements influenced the number of species and number of individuals.
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Judul: Community of Superfamily Papilionoidea Butterflies at Nature Educational Conservation Centre Bodogol, Sukabumi, West Java
Abstrak: Changes of habitats which functioned as butterfly habitat have implicated to butterfly abundance. Aim of this research was to study Papilionoidea butterfly diversity based on habitat types i.e heterogenous, coniferous forest, and agricultural land. Observations of butterflies were conducted from July to December 2010 by scan sampling method. `Data were analyzed by using Shannon diversity index, equitability, Sorensen similarity, relative density, and frequency of occurance. Data were also shown in biplot using Principle Component Analysis and Correspondence Analysis. Result showed that as many as 132 species from 3864 individuals of butterflies the species were recorded into 4 families i.e Lycaenidae (21 species), Nymphalidae (80 species), Papilionidae (15 species), and Pieridae (17 species) were recorded. Diversity of butterflies at heterogeneous forest was highest, followed by agricultural land and coniferous forest. Similarity of butterflies between heterogenous and coniferous forest was 74%, between heterogenous forest and the agricultural land was 64%, and between coniferous forest and agricultural land was 70%. Family Nymphalidae has a higher density in heterogenous and coniferous forest. Whereas Papilionidae, Lycaenidae, and Pieridae were dominant in agricultural land. Heterogenous and coniferous forest were characterized by high humidity and lower temperature, light intensity and wind speed. Agricultural land was characterized by lower humidity and higher temperature, light intensity, and wind speed.
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Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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