Judul: Formula Herbal sebagai Suplemen Imunostimulan Pakan Ayam terhadap Serangan Newcastle disease virus (NDV)
Abstrak: Newcastle disease is a poultry disease which is caused by viruses. Herbal formulas in the form of temulawak, meniran, temu hitam and sambiloto can be used as immunostimulant supplements. This research purpose to distinguish consumption efficiency between chicken with conventional feed and chicken with additional herbs feed. Phase of the research began with grouping chicken with conventional feed and chicken with supplement herbs feed, value of FCR (feed convertion ratio), rate of death, as well as the antibody titers test using hemagglutination inhibition assay. Chicken without the use of immunostimulant supplement (control) showed the highest depletion rate of 42.5%. Meanwhile the chicken which had the lowest depletion rate (24%) was the simplisia group with the dose of 0.5. The highest level of the antibody titer was the control group with level of 2.1674 meanwhile the lowest level of the antibody titer was the simplisia group with the extract doses of 0.5 with level of 1.2041. High-titer antibodies indicated that the chickens were infected by the virus. The most effective dose of immunostimulant supplement was the simplisia group with the extract dose of 0.5, this was caused by the low depletion rate and the low antibody titer.
Keyword: antibody titer, immunostimulant, newcastle diseases, supplement, virus

Judul: Respon Antibodi Ayam Broiler yang Divaksinasi Newcastle Disease (ND) dan Diberikan Ramuan Herbal Fermentasi.
Abstrak: Ramuan herbal atau produk yang mengandung ekstrak tanaman digunakan sebagai alternatif feed supplement dalam usaha peternakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pemberian fermentasi herbal (ekstrak jahe, bawang putih, temulawak, dan kunyit) terhadap respon pembentukan antibodi pada ayam broiler setelah vaksinasi ND. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua jenis herbal yaitu herbal fermentasi lama (A) dan herbal fermentasi cepat (B). Sebanyak 140 ekor day old chick (DOC) dibagi menjadi tujuh kelompok dan tiap kelompok berisi 20 ekor. Kelompok II, III, IV, dan V dibagi menjadi dua kelompok (A,B) dan tiap kelompok berisi 10 ekor, kelompok A diberikan herbal fermentasi lama (A) dan kelompok B diberikan herbal fermentasi cepat (B). Pemberian vaksinasi dan tiap kelompok adalah sebagai berikut: kelompok I (divaksinasi tanpa herbal), kelompok II (diberi herbal tanpa vaksinasi), kelompok III, IV, V (divaksinasi dan diberi herbal), kelompok VI, VII (tanpa vaksinasi dan herbal). Vaksinasi dilakukan dua kali yaitu pada hari ke-3 dan hari ke-15 dengan vaksin live ND tipe B1 (GallivacTM Lasota) melalui air minum. Uji tantang dilakukan satu minggu setelah vaksinasi kedua dengan isolat lapang ND strain Sato (103.32 EID50/ml) melalui tetes mata. Sampel serum diambil pada usia satu hari untuk mengukur titer antibodi maternal, dua minggu setelah vaksinasi pertama, satu minggu setelah vaksinasi kedua, dan satu minggu setelah uji tantang. Titer ND diukur menggunakan uji HI. Nilai titer antibodi pada ayam yang divaksinasi berada dibawah 23. Rataan nilai geometric mean titer (GMT) ND pada tiap kelompok tidak menunjukan adanya perbedaan nyata. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa fermentasi herbal yang mengandung jahe, bawang putih, temulawak, dan kunyit tidak meningkatkan respon pembentukan antibodi setelah vaksinasi.
Keyword: herbal terfermentasi, respon antibodi, vaksinasi, Newcastle Disease (ND)

Judul: Socioeconomic and psychological variables influencing household debt
Abstrak: The overall objective of this study was to examine factors influencing total debt, total debt payment, and patterns of debt payments. The study examined the impacts of both psychological (credit attitudes and perception of future income) and socioe- conomic variables on total debt, total debt payment and patterns of debt payments. A conceptual model for this study was developed by incorporating the theory of borrower risk, the economic and psychological economic theory of borrowing, and the results of previous studies. This model identifies socioeconomic and psycholog- ical variables that influence total debt, total debt payment, and patterns of debt payments. Socioeconomic variables included in the model are gender, race, mari- tal status, employment status, household size, age, education, and household assets. Psychological variables are credit attitudes toward the use of credit, and perception of future income. This study used data from the 1989 Survey of Consumer Finances. The survey was sponsored by the Federal Reserve in cooperation with some other federal agencies. Data for the survey were collected by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan between August 1989 and March 1990. dst ...
Keyword: Gender