Judul: Histopathology of Rat Heart Induced by DMBA  Subcutaneously as Carcinogen and Treated with Nanoemulsion of Rodent Tuber Extract
Abstrak: Keladi tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme) merupakan tanaman yang mengandung senyawa flavonoid, tanin, alkaloid, dan terpenoid dengan aktivitas antikanker secara in vitro maupun in vivo. Sebagai pengembangan potensi antitumor yang ada, maka ekstak keladi tikus dikembangkan dalam bentuk nanoemulsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efek nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus pada jantung tikus. Penelitian ini menggunakan 25 ekor tikus yang diinjeksi karsinogen DMBA (7,12-dimethylben[a]anthracene) secara subkutan dengan dosis 25 µg/0,05 mL/ekor dua kali seminggu selama dua belas minggu. Tikus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan yaitu: kontrol negatif (Kneg); pelarut nanoemulsi 0,1 mL (Kplas); dan tiga kelompok perlakuan injeksi nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus dengan dosis 25 µg/kg BB (K25); 50 µg/kg BB (K50); dan 100 µg/kg BB (K100) secara intratumoral. Tikus dieutanasia kemudian jantung dikoleksi dan dibuat preparat histopatologi dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin–Eosin (HE) dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop dengan pembesaran 10x. Variabel yang diamati adalah persentase luas dari edema interstisial, hemoragi, dan nekrosis. Hasil uji Kruskall- Wallis menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan nyata (p > 0,05) pada variabel yang diamati di kelima kelompok perlakuan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa nanoemulsi ekstrak keladi tikus tidak memberikan efek toksik terhadap jantung tikus secara histologis dalam semua dosis., Rodent tuber (Typhonium flagelliforme) is a plant that contains flavonoid, tannin, alkaloid and terpenoid compounds with anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. To enhance its antitumor potential, rodent tuber extract was developed into nanoemulsion. This research aimed to analyze the effect of nanoemulsion of rodent tuber extract on rat heart. This study used 25 rats induced by carcinogen DMBA (7,12-dymethylbenz(a)anthracene) subcutaneously at dosage of 25 µg/0,05 mL/rat twice a week for twelve weeks. Rat that showed visible and palpable nodule were then treated. Rat were divided into five groups: negative control group (Kneg); nanoemulsion solvent 0,1 mL (Kplas); and three treatment groups receiving nanoparticle emulsion of rodent tuber extract at dosage of 25µg/kg BB (K25); 50 µg/kg BB (K50); and 100 µg/kg BB (K100) intratumorally. Rat were euthanized, then heart were collected for histopathological examination using Hematoxylin–Eosin (HE) staining and analyzed under microscope at 10x magnification. The variable observed were area percentage of edema interstitial, haemorrhage, and necrosis. Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant diferences (p > 0,05) in the observed variables among all groups. This study indicates that nanoemulsion of rodent tuber extract has no toxic effects on the rat heart histologically in all doses.
Keyword: antitumor, heart, in vivo, nanoparticle, Typhonium flagelliforme

Judul: Histopathology of Rat Kidney Induced by the DMBA for Tumor Modeling on the Skin and Treated with Rodent Tuber Extract Nanoparticle Emulsion.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi potensi efek toksisitas bahan herbal antitumor emulsi nanopartikel ekstrak keladi tikus pada histopatologi ginjal tikus putih yang diinduksi karsinogen 7.12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). Sebanyak dua puluh lima ekor tikus jantan berumur 30 hari dengan bobot badan 70-80 gram yang telah diinduksi DMBA digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Tikus dibagi menjadi lima kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok perlakuan pelarut emulsi nanopartikel, kelompok perlakuan emulsi nanopartikel keladi tikus dosis rendah, kelompok perlakuan emulsi nanopartikel keladi tikus dosis sedang, dan kelompok perlakuan emulsi nanopartikel keladi tikus dosis tinggi. Pengamatan perubahan histopatologi ginjal dilakukan secara mikroskopik dengan pewarnaan Hematoksilin Eosin dan perbesaran 100x. Lesio histopatologis yang diamati dari masing-masing kelompok perlakuan berupa hemoragi, infiltrasi sel radang, dan nekrosis tubular. Analisis histopatologi dilakukan menggunakan aplikasi ImageJ dan data kuantitatif dianalisis dengan metode one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Hasil pengamatan seluruh kelompok perlakuan menunjukkan bahwa hemoragi, infiltrasi sel radang, dan nekrosis tubular secara signifikan tidak berbeda nyata (p, This study aims to evaluate the potential toxicity effect of the antitumor herbal ingredient of emulsion nanoparticles rodent tuber extract on kidney histopathology of white rats induced by the carcinogen 7.12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA). A total of twenty-five 30-day-old male mice with a body weight of 70-80 grams that had been induced by DMBA were used in this study. The mice were divided into five treatment groups, namely the negative control group, the nanoparticle emulsion solvent treatment group, the low dose rodent tuber nanoparticle emulsion treatment group, the medium dose rodent tuber nanoparticle emulsion treatment group, and the high dose rodent tuber nanoparticle emulsion treatment group. Observation of kidney histopathological changes was carried out microscopically with Hematoxylin Eosin staining and 100x magnification. Histopathological lesions observed in each treatment group were hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and tubular necrosis. Histopathological analysis was carried out using the ImageJ application and quantitative data was analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. Observation results for all treatment groups showed that hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration and tubular necrosis were not significantly different (p>0.05). Based on the results, it was concluded that in this study treatment using rat taro was not effective in suppressing histopathological damage to rat kidneys due to the carcinogen DMBA. There was no visible toxic effect on the kidney histopathology of white rats at either low or high doses of rat taro extract nanoparticle emulsion
Keyword: emulsi nanopartikel, ginjal, tikus, tumor, typhonium flagelliforme

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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