Judul: Studi Potensi Pemanfaatan Limbah Cair Organik Rumah Sakit PMI Kota Bogor Sebagai Alternatif Energi Terbarukan (Biogas)
Abstrak: Waste is defined as all of the material that discarded from the human activities such as household, commerce, hospital, industrial, and agricultural. Biogas technology is one of technologies which can be used to convert hospital’s organic liquid waste to energy resource and other useful product such as liquid fertilizer. The objectives of this research is to determine the potential of hospital's organic liquid waste to produce biogas, and also to analyze the technical feasibility towards the implementation of biogas technology in processing of hospital's organic liquid waste. This research was divided into 2 steps: the preliminary study and the main study. In the preliminary study, raw material was analyzed (water content, C/N ratio) to find the best material and optimum composition which produce highest productivity. The selected material and composition will be use as feedstock for biogas producer plant which is observed in the main study. Result of preliminary study shows that the potential study was organic liquid waste without solids material (C/N ratio 16.36) which could produce biogas approximately 0.718 liters/day. The drum with capacity of 240 liters has been used as a continuous type digester. Result of technical analysis was indicated that the implementation of biogas technology to organic liquid waste without solid material, didn't feasible due to the low methane concentration (approximately 0.04%) in the biogas. The several factors which influenced biogas production were ambient temperature, C/N ratio, and toxic material.
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Judul: Konversi sampah organik pasar dengan sistem fermentasi media padat menjadi biogas dan pupuk organik.
Abstrak: In 2010 Indonesia produced 200 thousand tons of waste everyday. It causes problems for the society and for environment. The purposes of this research are to design and get an optimal process condition for solid medium fermentation to convert organic waste from traditional market into bioenergy and organic fertilizer, to characterize biogas, digestate, and leachate. The experiments were conducted with 1.5 L and 10 L reactors . Composition of organic waste from traditonal market that gave higest volume of biogas are banana leaf 7.5%, cornhusk 24.2%, bitter melon 14.8%, cabbage 19.9%, chicory 6.2%, water spinach 8.0%, mustard 8.0%, carrots 11.5% (w/w). It produced 4500 ml biogas/kg biomass and the maximum production was reached within 17 days. This equal to biogas production of 37.63 ml biogas/gram VS. Fermentation process in 10 liter reactor with adition of 75% feed, 50% of feed, and 100% feed produced 12378 ml, 10908 ml, and 16707 ml biogas, respectively leachate consists nitrogen 473-4500 ppm, phosphat 47-150 ppm, and COD 8333-12500 mg/l, while the digestate consists of carbon 28-49%, nitrogen 0.7-1.7%, phosphat 0.2-0.4%, and COD 16000-18000 mg/kg. Concentration of methane in biogas is still low and hence futher experiments needed to increase methane concentration. Keywords : organic waste, biogas, digestate, leachate, solid state fermentation
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Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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