Judul: Analisis Kinerja Keuangan Badan Usaha Milik Negara Bidang Industri Farmasi
Abstrak: Bidang industri farmasi BUMN adalah salah satu bidang yang dibawahi sektor industri pengolahan, bergerak dalam penciptaan, pengembangan, dan pendistribusian obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Menganalisis tren kondisi keuangan dari tiap perusahaan BUMN industri farmasi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. (2) Mengetahui kinerja keuangan perusahaan bidang industri farmasi BUMN yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia menurut Kepmen BUMN nomor : KEP-100/MBU/2002. (3) Mengetahui seberapa besar risiko kebangkrutan pada tiap perusahaan BUMN industri farmasi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder berupa laporan keuangan yang diperoleh dari Bursa Efek Indonesia. Hasil dari analisis tren kondisi keuangan menunjukkan bahwa total aktiva, total kewajiban, dan pendapatan setelah pajak PT. Kimia Farma terus meningkat, untuk PT. Indofarma ketiganya juga memiliki tren positif. Hasil dari analisis kinerja keuangan menurut Kepmen BUMN nomor : KEP-100/MBU/2002, PT. Kimia Farma tergolong baik dan PT. Indofarma tergolong kurang baik. Sementara hasil dari analisis risiko kebangkrutan dengan metode z-score PT. Kimia Farma aman dari risiko kebangkrutan dan PT. Indofarma rawan terjadinya kebangkrutan.
Keyword: BUMN, financial performance, trend analysis, z-score

Judul: Telaah dan analisis kinerja keuangan perusahaan BUMN perkebunan : Studi kasus pada PT. Perkebunan Z, Bandung Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Dalam penelitian ini, kinerja keuangan PT Perkebunan Z dianalisis dengan menggunakan SK. Menkeu No 740/KMK.00/1989 dengan metode analisis rasio yang terdiri dari rasio rentabilitas, likuiditas, dan solvabilitas. Pada tahun 1991 terjadi penurunan rentabilitas, likuiditas dan solvabilitas PT Perkebunan Z. Penurunan rentabiulitas disebabkan oleh penurunan laba sebelum pajak dan peningkatan nilai modal yang digunakan. Laba sebelum pajak menurun karena terjadi penurunan penjualan yang diiringi dengan peningkatan harga pokok penjualan yang lebih besar. Likiditas perusahaan menurun sehingga nilai sehingga berada di bawah nilai standar industri. Hal ini cukup mengganggu jalannya kegiatan perusahaan. Namun dengan adanya penjualan aktiva tetap yang dilakukan untuk membiayai modal kerja, nilai likuiditas perusahaan nampak mulai meningkat. Solvabilitas perusahaan juga mengalami penurunan namun penurunan tersebut masih berada di atas standar...
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm