Judul: Evaluasi Pemberian Kombinasi Probiotik Dalam Air Minum Terhadap Organ Dalam dan Saluran Pencernaan Ayam Broiler
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pemberian kombinasi probiotik melalui air minum terhadap bobot organ dalam dan panjang saluran pencernaan ayam broiler. Percobaan ini menggunakan 400 ekor ayam dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari P1 = air minum + 0,005% Placebo dextrosa, P2 = air minum + 0,001% Effective Microorganism-4, P3 = air minum + 0,005% kombinasi probiotik Lactococcus lactis dan Bacillus licheniformis populasi 105 CFU ml-1, P4 = air minum + 0,005% kombinasi probiotik Lactococcus lactis dan Bacillus licheniformis populasi 106 CFU ml-1 . Peubah yang diamati yaitu persentase dari bobot organ dalam, organ imunitas, bobot saluran pencernaan dan panjang relatif saluran pencernaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan probiotik kombinasi di dalam air minum memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P<0,05) terhadap persentase bobot bursa Fabricius, duodenum dan panjang relatif sekum, kolon dan duodenum. Pemberian probiotik tidak mengganggu kinerja organ dalam dan imunitas ayam broiler., This study aimeds to evaluate the provision of a combination of probiotics through drinking water on the weight of giblet and the length of the digestive tract of broiler chickens. This experiment used 400 chickens in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatments consisted of P1 = drinking water + 0.005% Placebo dextrose, P2 = drinking water + 0.001% Effective Microorganism-4, P3 = drinking water + 0.005% combination of probiotics Lactococcus lactis and Bacillus licheniformis with population 105 CFU ml-1, P4 = drinking water + 0.005% combination of probiotics Lactococcus lactis and Bacillus licheniformis population with 106 CFU ml-1 , The observed variables were the percentage of giblet weight, immunity organ, digestive tract weight and relative length of the digestive tract. The results showed that the addition of probiotic combination in drinking water had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the percentage weight of bursa Fabricius, duodenum, and relative length of cecum, conlon and duodenum. Provision probiotics did not interfere with the performance of internal organs and immunity of broiler chickens
Keyword: broiler, imunitas, organ dalam, saluran pencernaan, probiotik

Judul: Evaluation of Combined Feeding Probiotics  or Single on Weight Percentage of Giblets and Immunity Organs of Broiler Chicken.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengevaluasi pemberian beberapa jenis probiotik terhadap persentase bobot organ dalam dan organ imunitas ayam broiler. Percobaan ini menggunakan 600 ekor ayam dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) terdiri 6 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari P1 = Ransum tanpa probiotik, P2 = Ransum + lactibacillus lactis D1813, P3 = Ransum + Bacillus licheniformis D3270, P4 = Ransum + Bacillus licheniformis D3270 +Lactobacilllus lactis D1813, P5= Ransum + Bacillus subtilis (spora), P6 = Ransum + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (spora) Ecobiol. Peubah yang diamati yaitu persentase dari bobot organ dalam, bobot organ imunitas, bobot saluran pencernaan dan panjang relatif saluran pencernaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan probiotik kombinasi maupun individu di dalam ransum ini tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata terhadap bobot organ dalam, imunitas dan panjang relatif saluran pencernaan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian probiotik kombinasi maupun individu tidak mengganggu kinerja organ dalam dan imunitas ayam broiler, The objective of the study was to evaluate the supplementation of different probiotics on the percentage of the giblets and immunity organs weight of broilers. The design used in the study used were 600 birds broiler chicken completely randomized design (RAL) with six treatments and five replications. The treatments of broiler rations consisted of P1 = ration without probiotics, P2= ration + lactibacillus lactis D1813, P3= ration + Bacillus licheniformis D3270, P4= Ration + Bacillus licheniformis D3270 + Lactobacilllus lactis D1813, P5=ration + Bacillus subtilis (spore), P6=ration + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (spora) Ecobiol. Variables Observed were the percentage of giblets, immunity organs, the relative length of the digestive tract. The Result of the study was that the addition of single or combined dietary probiotics does not have significant effect on the weight percentage of giblets, immunity organs, and the relative length of digestive tract of broiler chickens. The conclusion of the study was that the addition of single or combined dietary probiotics does not impact on the weight percentage of giblets and immunity organs.
Keyword: broiler, immunity, giblets, growth, probiotics

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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