Judul: Downscaling Methodology Development Using Arftificial Neyral Network (Case Study of Indramayu’s Rainfall).
Abstrak: The unexpected climate change results a long period wet and dry so it makes many agricultural areas damage. This is cause the farmers failed to harvest so the production of food will be decreased. To solve this problem, we need a model that can estimate the climate and rainfall so it can determine the suitable cropping pattern with the climate. Statistical downscaling modeling commonly used to model the changes of the weather. This study develops a statistical downscaling model that use artificial neural network with some of GCM data as an input in training. In this study, the GCM data is input for training. Before training this data is grouped into 5 groups. The results obtained indicate that some of the GCM can approach the average of monthly rainfall. However, in some extreme point, the result have not managed to reach and close to results of observation. The best results obtained with the correlation Bondan station at 0.4976 and the worst results obtained Krangkeng station with a correlation of 0.3704. In this study also can be seen that the estimators can be influenced by the location of the observation. The location is adjacent to the sea tend to have the results of a relatively lower correlation compared with the location that far from the sea.
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Judul: Statistical Downscaling of GCM Data using Support Vector Regression to Predict Monthly Rainfall in Indramayu.
Abstrak: The knowledge about weather and climate pattern, especially rainfall is required by many sectors such as, agricultural, plantation, transportation, and so on. Recently, the model that is used to observe the impact and to predict the climate change is the global circulation model (GCM). However, the current GCM-resolution data is too low and it is difficult to predict the local climate pattern that requires high resolution. However, it is possible to obtain regionalscale information if it is combined with statistical downscaling (SD) methods. The main objective of this research is to develop SD models by using support vector regression (SVR) in forecasting monthly rainfall in Indramayu, in order to get the accurate climate information based on GCM data. The results of this research showed that overall, the model is good enough to predict rainfall with normal conditions. But for extreme circumstances, although the prediction model was able to follow the pattern of the observational data, but the value of the resulting predictions have not managed to predict accuratelly the actual observed values. Variations of the evaluation of estimated results by the model for 13 rain stations in Indramayu district showed that the location of rain stations in certain areas can influence and determine the accuracy of the monthly rainfall forecast. Rain observations points located farther from the sea tend to have better estimation results than the observation points located close to the sea.
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Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable