Judul: Histopatologi Ginjal dan Otot Rangka Mencit yang Diinfeksi Toxoplasma gondii dan Diberikan Ekstrak Etanol Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum)
Abstrak: Toxoplasma gondii adalah parasit intraselular protozoa yang menyebabkan toksoplasmosis. Jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) memiliki efek sebagai antimikrobial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan efektivitas ekstrak etanol jahe merah sebagai kandidat pengganti obat untuk toksoplasmosis. Penelitian ini menggunakan 12 ekor mencit dengan perlakuan KN (mencit tidak diinfeksi dan tidak diberi perlakuan), EJ (mencit diinfeksi T. gondii dan diberi ekstrak etanol jahe merah), SP (mencit diinfeksi T. gondii dan diberikan Spiramycin), dan KP (mencit diinfeksi T. gondii dan tidak diberi perlakuan). Mencit diinfeksi dengan takhizoit dosis 1x104 secara intraperitoneal. Ekstrak etanol jahe merah dan Spiramycin diberikan 24 jam pasca infeksi dengan dosis masing-masing 400mg/KgBB dua kali sehari dengan selang waktu 12 jam. Pada hari ke 6 organ ginjal dan otot rangka diambil untuk diperiksa secara histopatologi dengan pewarnaan Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) menggunakan mikroskop dengan pembesaran 400x. Pengamatan organ ginjal dan otot rangka mencit menunjukan ekstrak etanol jahe merah memiliki potensi sebagai pengganti spyramicin. Hal ini ditandai adanya penurunan persentase takhizoit, limfosit dan makrofag pada organ ginjal masing-masing sebesar 54%, 43%, dan 46% dan persentase penurunan takhizoit, limfosit, dan makrofag pada otot rangka masing-masing sebesar 50%, 38%, dan 40%.
Keyword: ekstrak etanol jahe merah, ginjal, otot rangka, takhizoit, Toxoplasma gondii

Judul: Gambaran Histopatologi Otak dan Paru-Paru Mencit Setelah Infeksi Toxoplasma gondii dan Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Jahe Merah
Abstrak: Zingiber officinale rubrum (Red Ginger) in Indonesia is used as an herbal medicinal plant to treat various diseases, one of which is anti-microbial. Toxoplasmosis is an intracellular obligate parasite that infects many pregnant women, causing miscarriage. Treatment using antibiotics can cause resistance so red ginger is used as a candidate for Spiramycin replacement. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of red ginger as an antibiotic to treat toxoplasmosis. Research using 12 mice was divided into 4 treatments into KN (Mice not infected and not treated), SP (Mice infected with T. gondii and given Spiramycin), EJ (Mice infected with T. gondii and given red ginger extract), and KP ( Infected and untreated mice. Mice were infected with Txoplasma at a dose of 1��104 /head intraperitoneally. On the 6th day mice were necropped and histopathic preparations were made with HE staining. The results showed that red ginger extract had an effect as an anti-Toxoplasma gondii, as evidenced by a decrease in the percentage of takhizoit, lymphocytes and macrophages in the brain organs of 89%, 18% and 15% respectively and the percentage decrease in takhizoite, lymphocytes and macrophages in skeletal muscles of 53%, 15% and 21% respectively.
Keyword: Brain, Lung, Red ginger extract, Spiramycin, Tachyzoites, Toxoplasma gondii

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
Keyword: