Judul: Determination of the Annual Premium and Benefit Reserve in Last Survivor Insurance for the Case of Three Insured Persons
Abstrak: Asuransi merupakan suatu kesepakatan antara pihak penyedia jasa asuransi dan pemegang polis. Pemegang polis diwajibkan membayar sejumlah uang atau premi kepada penyedia jasa asuransi dengan besaran dan jangka waktu sesuai kontrak yang disepakati, sedangkan penyedia jasa asuransi akan memberikan sejumlah uang kepada pemegang polis sebagai ganti premi yang dibayarkan apabila terjadi risiko yang diasuransikan. Asuransi jiwa last survivor merupakan asuransi multi life dengan pembayaran premi yang akan berakhir ketika terjadi kematian terakhir dari seluruh pemegang polis asuransi tersebut. pada karya ilmiah ini, difokuskan pada penentuan premi tahunan dan cadangan manfaat asuransi jiwa last survivor berjangka untuk kasus tiga orang tertanggung. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, semakin tua usia peserta saat mengikuti asuransi, maka semakin besar premi yang harus dibayarkan serta semakin besar tingkat suku bunga, maka semakin kecil premi yang harus dibayarkan. Nilai cadangan manfaat naik setiap tahun hingga tahun ke-14 dan kemudian turun setiap tahun hingga tahun terakhir, yaitu tahun ke-20 nilai cadangan manfaat menjadi nol.
Keyword: annual premium, benefit reserves, insurance, last survivor

Judul: Penentuan Premi Tahunan dan Cadangan Benefit pada Asuransi Last Survivor.
Abstrak: Asuransi adalah suatu perjanjian antara penyedia jasa asuransi sebagai penanggung dan pemegang polis asuransi sebagai tertanggung di mana pemegang polis diwajibkan untuk membayarkan sejumlah uang atau premi kepada penyedia jasa asuransi dengan besaran dan jangka waktu sesuai kontrak yang disepakati, dan pihak penyedia jasa asuransi tersebut berjanji akan memberikan sejumlah uang kepada pemegang polis sebagai ganti premi yang dibayarkan apabila terjadi risiko yang diasuransikan. Asuransi last survivor adalah asuransi multilife dengan premi dibayarkan hingga kematian peserta terakhir. Karya ilmiah ini membahas penentuan premi tahunan dan cadangan benefit dari asuransi last survivor dengan endowmen murni, asuransi last survivor berjangka, dan asuransi last survivor dwiguna. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, premi tahunan asuransi last survivor dengan endowmen murni dan asuransi last survivor dwiguna jauh lebih besar daripada premi asuransi last survivor berjangka. Cadangan benefit asuransi last survivor dengan endowmen murni dan asuransi last survivor dwiguna menuju ke nilai satu, sedangkan cadangan benefit asuransi last survivor berjangka menuju ke nilai nol.
Keyword: asuransi, last survivor, premi konstan, cadangan benefit

Judul: Process engineering of cassava pulp hydrolysis using microwave heating for ethanol production
Abstrak: Cassava pulp is a potential source of carbohydrates. In this work, characteristics of the cassava pulp were analyzed and validity of microwave irradiation for hydrolysis of carbohydrates, especially starch present in the cassava pulp, was estimated as a non-enzymatic saccharification technique. The hydrolysis was performed in water and acid medium. In addition, the role of activated carbon in the microwave-assisted hydrolysis was also evaluated. An optimization of the hydrolysis was conducted using Central Composite Design (CCD) and was analyzed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Fermentation of cassava pulp hydrolysates produced from microwave-assisted acid hydrolysis was performed to those added with activated carbon (25% w/w) and those without activated carbon by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There were two types of activated carbon, which have different adsorption properties, used in this experiment. Results of the cassava pulp characterization shows that the starch granules in the cassava pulp were trapped in biomass matrices, so that the starch was harder to hydrolyze than the free starch, such as that in tapioca flour. Microwave-assisted hydrolysis of cassava pulp can be completed in less than 15 minutes in water medium, and less than 10 minutes in acid medium. The addition of activated carbon improved hydrolysis of cassava pulp starch in water medium with suppression of formation of the secondary decomposed materials. The highest glucose yield obtained from cassava pulp was 46% of dry matter or 52% of theoretical, which was about 60% higher than the one without the addition of activated carbon. On the contrary, the addition of activated carbon decreased the glucose yield when the hydrolysis was performed in acid medium (0.5% H2SO4). The glucose yield could reach 80.8% of dry matter or 91.5% of theoretical yield when no activated carbon was added in the acid medium. The estimated optimum condition for cassava pulp hydrolysis under microwave irradiation was using 0.88% sulfuric acid with 9 minutes of heating time, which resulted in 85% of theoretical glucose yield and 140 g/L glucose concentration. At the end of the fermentation the ethanol yield and concentration obtained in the samples treated with activated carbon (0.41-0.43 g ethanol / g glucose consumed; 34-35 g/L) were lower than that not treated with activated carbon or those treated with activated carbon which was added after hydrolysis (0.48 g ethanol / glucose consumed; 38- 39 g/L). However, the fermentation was completed very much faster in the hydrolysates treated with the activated carbon which has a high adsorption capacity than in that not treated with activated carbon or those treated with activated carbon of low adsorption capacity. Therefore, ethanol productivities (0.44-0.55 g/L/h) of the former were higher than the latter (0.28-0.34 g/L/h).
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