Judul: Potency α-Glucosidase Inhibitor from Streptomyces tendae Crude Extract as a Blood Glucose Lowering Level on Sprague Dawley Rats Diabetes
Abstrak: Diabetes is a dissease due to impaired insulin function or insulin deficiency cause high glucose level (hyperglycemia). One form of impaired insulin function is insulin resistance which cause type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance is associated with impaired glucose absorption in peripheral tissue while glucose absoption from intestine and liver production still occurred. Therefore, one of treatment for diabetes type 2 is using α-glucoside inhibitor. Medicinal plant, Ficus deltoidea or known as tabat barito, commonly grown in Kalimantan. Local people in that area traditionally used brewed water leaves of F. deltoidea to treat diabetes. Previous research discovered that F. deltoidea leaves extract has the ability to lower blood glucose level and it was also known that endophytic microbes of F. deltoidea produces α-glocoside inhibitor. The IC50 of water extract from F. deltoidea has a value of 647.31 µg/mL while endophyte producing inhibitor, Streptomyces tendae had a value of 159.25 µg/mL. Diabetes treatment with α- glucosidase inhibitor may provide significant result in lowering blood glucose levels. Potency metabolites as α-glucosidase inhibitors obtained from S. tendae was in vitro assay, however in vitro frequently may not in line with in vivo. This study aimed to determine potency of S. tendae crude extract as α-glucosidase inhibitor and antihyperglicemic in Sprague Dawley rats type 2 induced by low dose streptozotocin. This reasearch was started by reculturing of S. tendae provided by Microbiology Laboratory, Biology Department, IPB into International Project Streptomyces (ISP) 2 broth for 14 days. The growth culture was separated from medium to obtain cell-free supernatant (cfs), cfs then evaporated and solid yield was obtained. Yield obtained was measured for IC50. The IC50 activity was used as base to determining dose in rats using oral glucose toleance test (OGTT) and determine its effectiveness as antihyperglymic in diabetic rats induced by low dose streptozotocin. The IC50 of S. tendae crude extract had decreased activity from 159.25 µg/mL to 8,512 µg/mL. The result of TTGO showed increasing distribution and elimination phase of blood glucose in Sprague Dawley rats diabetes. Dose1 of 157.5 mg/200g can significanly reduce blood glucose levels. Based on these data, S. tendae crude extract has potency as an antihyperglycemic through a mechanism other than inhibit enzyme and has the posibility to stimulate glucose intake to peripheral tissue.
Keyword: Actinobacteria, Endophyte, Ficus deltoidea, IC50, OGTT

Judul: Isolation of Endophytic Actinomycetes in Medicinal Plants and Their Potency as an Antidiabetes Based on α-glucosidase Activity.
Abstrak: Endophytic actimomycetes lives in plant tissues without causing a negative impact on plant. Several medicinal endophytic microbes are able to produce the same bioactive compounds as produced by the host. Inhibition of α-glucosidase is one of antidiabetes mechanism. The potency of endophytic actinomycetes from medicinal plant as α-glucosidase inhibitor needs to be elucidated. Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), ciplukan (Physalis minima) and brotowali (Tinospora crispa) were surface sterilized and crushed, then plated on humic acid vitamin B. Actinomycetes colonies were purified and produced on International Streptomyces Project No. 4 followed by α-glucosidase assay. Crude extracts with the highest inhibition of α-glucosidase were freeze dried, then diluted at 0.07%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% (w/v) with dimethylsulfoxide and assayed. Commercial inhibitor, acarbose (Glucobay; Bayer) were used as a comparation. Fourty six isolates were classified into 29 isolates Gram positive and 17 isolates Gram negative. Fifteen isolates were actinomycetes which 11 isolates obtained from brotowali stem, and 4 isolates from temulawak rhizome. The highest inhibition (61.27%) were shown by Cx-10.1 temulawak isolate at 0.07% (w/v) concentration compared with Glucobay 0.1% (w/v) which was only 39.70%. At 0.07% (b/v) concentration, Tc-2.1 from brotowali produce low activity (24.16%). Endophytic Cx-10.1 isolate could be potential to produce higher activity of α-glucosidase inhibitor compared with Glucobay.
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Judul: Rekonstruksi Persamaan Pauli dan Representasi Kuantum Entanglement Berdasarkan Interpretasi Kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich.
Abstrak: Mekanika kuantum merupakan teori fundamental yang telah memberikan kontribusi besar dalam perkembangan sains dan teknologi hingga saat ini. Namun masih banyak masalah fundamental terkait realita fisis postulat-postulat dan perumusan mekanika kuantum yang menimbulkan pertanyaan. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan banyak perdebatan dan interpretasi yang berbeda mengenai fundamental teori mekanika kuantum. Salah satu interpretasi mekanika kuantum yang menggunakan dasar mekanika statistik klasik adalah interpretasi Budiyono-Rohrlich (BR). Interpretasi kuantum BR merupakan interpretasi mekanika statistik klasik yang menggunakan aksioma ontic extension dan epistemic restriction serta memuat tiga teorema untuk menjelaskan kuantum entanglement, prinsip ketidakpastian Heisenberg dan merekonstruksi persamaan Schrodinger. Namun, interpretasi kuantum BR belum melibatkan spin dalam perumusannya. Persamaan Schrodinger yang melibatkan interaksi elektromagnetik dan keadaan spin disebut sebagai persamaan Schrodinger-Pauli atau persamaan Pauli. Asumsi pemisahan distribusi probabilitas untuk keadaan spin-up dan spin-down dapat digunakan untuk merekonstruksi persamaan Pauli. Proses formulasi persamaan menggunakan aksioma ontic extension dan epistemic restriction dalam interpretasi kuantum BR serta menggunakan prinsip konservasi, yaitu konservasi energi rata-rata dan kontinuitas probabilitas. Formulasi ini juga dapat digunakan untuk mendapatkan persamaan dinamika dan representasi kuantum entanglement dua partikel, namun menggunakan asumsi pemisahan distribusi probabilitas yang berbeda, yaitu untuk masing-masing keadaan yang mungkin dari dua partikel tersebut. Dalam formulasi ini, spin sebagai intrinsik momentum sudut tidak dapat dinyatakan dalam epistemic restriction, melainkan menggunakan definisi operator.
Keyword: Budiyono-Rohrlich, entanglement, epistemic, ontic, Pauli, spin