Judul: Selection and Characterization of Orchid Endophytic Bacteria and Fungi that Potentially Increase TSS (True Shallot Seed) Germination
Abstrak: Penggunaan True Shalot Seed (TSS) pada budidaya bawang merah memerlukan waktu produksi lebih lama karena membutuhkan waktu penyemaian. Upaya mempersingkat masa penyemaian diantaranya dapat dilakukan dengan perlakuan perendaman TSS dalam suspensi mengandung mikroba yang mampu meningkatkan perkecambahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyeleksi 73 isolat mikroba endofit anggrek yang berpotensi meningkatkan perkecambahan TSS kemudian menguji aktivitas enzim ekstraselularnya. Seleksi dilakukan dengan merendam TSS dengan inokulum mikroba yang diuji, kemudian diamati jumlah TSS yang berkecambah setelah 11 hari diinkubasi. Isolat-isolat yang mampu meningkatkan perkecambahan TSS ≥84% dipilih untuk diuji enzim selulase, amilase, protease, kitinase, dan ligninase. TSS hasil perlakuan isolat terpilih, diamati morfologi luarnya terutama degradasi lapisan kulit biji dengan mikroskop digital. Isolat 3.14, 19.2, 17.1B, dan PC 03.09 berturut-turut meningkatkan perkecambahan TSS sebesar 100%, 100%, 85%, dan 85% dibandingkan kontrol. Uji ekskresi enzim-enzim tersebut menunjukkan hasil negatif untuk isolat bakteri 3.14. Isolat 17.1B positif pada uji amilase dan protease, sedangkan isolat 19.2 positif hanya pada uji protease. Isolat fungi PC 03.09 menghasilkan enzim amilase dan ligninase., The use of True Shallot Seed (TSS) in shallot cultivation requires a longer production time because it needs seeding time. Soaking the TSS in a microbes suspension is an alternative way in the effort to shorten the seedling period. This study aims to select 73 isolates of orchid endophytic microbes that have the potential to increase TSS germination and then test their extracellular enzyme activity. Selection was carried out by soaking the TSS with the tested microbial inoculum, then observing the amount of TSS that germinated after 11 days of incubation. The isolates which increase TSS germination ≥84% were selected to test their extracellular hydrolytic enzyme excretion (cellulase, amylase, protease, chitinase and ligninase). The TSS resulting from the treatment of the selected isolates was observed for its external morphology, especially the degradation of the seed coat layer using a digital microscope. Isolate of 3.14, 19.2, 17.1B, and PC 03.09 respectively increased TSS germination by 100%, 100%, 85% and 85% compared to control. The extracellular enzymes test showed negative results for 3.14 isolate. The 17.1B isolate was positive in the amylase and protease tests, while 19.2 isolate was positive only in the protease test. The fungus isolate PC 03.09 produces amylase and ligninase enzymes.
Keyword: orchid endophytic, TSS germination, hydrolytic enzyme

Judul: Peningkatan produksi dan mutu benih botani (True Shallot Seed)bawang merah (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum B.) dengan BAP dan Boron, serta serangga penyerbuk
Abstrak: True shallot seed (TSS) is one potential alternative of seed source to be developed and be able to solve the problem of shallot seed in Indonesia. Constraints in TSS production are the low flowering and seed formation. Such attempts to improve TSS production is through increasing flowering using benzylaminopurine (BAP), pollen viability using boron and pollination using insect pollinators. The aims of the research were to enhance flowering, pollen viability, TSS production and quality using BAP and boron, as well as study mating system in TSS production and enhance TSS production and quality using insect pollinators. The study consisted of three experiments and was conducted in two location i.e. Lembang (high land - 1250 m asl) during August 2011-August 2012 and in Subang (low land - 100 m asl) during March-August 2012. In each location the experiment was carried out in two steps. In the first step BAP at 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ppm and boron at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 kg ha-1 were used and arranged in randomized block design with three replicates. In the second step there were two trials, namely experiments using self-pollination and cross-pollination, as well as experiments using insect pollinators i.e. bees (Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Trigona sp.) and green fly (Lucilia sp. - Calliphoridae) were employed, with open pollination as control were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated five times. The results showed that BAP increased flowering, pollen viability and TSS production in Lembang. While boron 1-4 kg ha-1 increased flowering, pollen viability, TSS production and quality in Lembang. The optimum concentration of BAP and dosage of boron for TSS production in Lembang were 37.5 ppm and 2.9 kg/ha respectively. In Subang, BAP enhanced flowering and pollen viability. BAP did not increase the TSS production and quality. Boron also did not affect flowering, pollen viability, TSS production and quality in Subang. Crosspollination was better in producing the yield and quality of TSS than self-pollination in Lembang, but in Subang resulted in lower germination. Honeybee Apis cerana was the most effective pollinator in increasing the yield and quality of TSS both in Lembang and Subang. Increasing production of TSS by A .cerana was 56.8% with 77% germination in Lembang, while in Subang that was 61.3% with 83% germination.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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