Judul: Geometric Morphometrics Wing Venation of Bali Honey Bees Apis cerana
Abstrak: Apis cerana merupakan lebah madu yang tersebar di Asia. Di Indonesia, A. cerana tersebar di Sumatra, Kalimantan, Jawa, Bali, Lombok, Flores, dan Sulawesi. Lebah madu termasuk dalam Ordo Hymenoptera, Famili Apidae, Genus Apis dengan ciri khas yaitu adanya sengat pada lebah betina. Lebah Apis cerana banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia karena potensinya sebagai lebah penghasil madu dan dapat hidup di dataran tinggi maupun dataran rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis variasi landmark venasi sayap A. cerana serta analisis kekerabatannya dari tiga desa di Bali. Sayap depan lebah pekerja A. cerana dianalisis menggunakan morfometrik geometris berdasarkan 19 landmark venasinya. Analisis morfometrika geometris berdasarkan pergerakan landmark grid deformasi venasi sayap A. cerana berhasil menunjukkan perbedaan intraspesies pada lebah yang berasal dari lokasi berbeda. Variasi landmark pada A. cerana yang berasal dari Pitra dan Tenganan memiliki pergerakan landmark yang menjauhi nilai rerata. Hasil ini berbeda dengan A. cerana asal Melaya yang memiliki pergerakan landmark mendekati nilai rerata. Landmark venasi sayap A. cerana asal Bali yang paling berkontribusi terhadap pergerakan landmark adalah 8, 10, dan 11. Nilai bending energy tertinggi terlihat pada A. cerana Tenganan., Apis cerana (honey bee) spread across Asia. In Indonesia, A. cerana spread around Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Bali, Lombok, Flores and Sulawesi. Honey bees belong to the Hymenoptera Order, Apidae Family, Apis Genus with distinctive feature, sting on the female bee. Apis cerana are widely cultivated in Indonesia because of their potential as honey-producing bees and ability to live in the highlands and lowlands. This study aims to analyze variations in the landmark venation of A. cerana wings and kinship analysis of the bee from three villages in Bali. The fore wings of worker bee A. cerana were analyzed using geometric morphometrics based on 19 landmarks. Geometric morphometric analysis based on the deformation grid landmark movement of the wing venation of A. cerana succeeded in showing intraspecies differences in bees from different locations. Landmark variations in A. cerana from Pitra and Tenganan have landmark displacement that move away from the mean value. This result is different from A. cerana from Malaya which has movement of landmarks close to the mean value. The wing venation landmarks of A. cerana from Bali that contribute the most to the movement of landmarks are 8, 10, and 11. The highest bending energy values were seen in A. cerana Tenganan.
Keyword: Apis cerana, Geometric, Morphometrics, Wing Venation

Judul: Geometric morphometrics of wing venation honey bee Apis dorsata
Abstrak: Lebah Apis dorsata tersebar luas di kepulauan Indonesia, namun, hubungan kekerabatan berdasarkan variasi landmark yang menunjukkan pola persebarannya belum pernah dianalisis. Lebah A. dorsata memiliki landmark homolog pada venasi sayap yang merupakan karakter dapat diturunkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi landmark penciri venasi sayap A. d. dorsata asal Pulau Sumatera, Belitung, Jawa, Sumbawa, Maluku dan A. d. binghami asal Pulau Sulawesi serta menganalisis hubungan kekerabatannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah digitasi landmark dan menganalisis kekerabatan melalui landmark venasi sayap dengan perangkat lunak Thin Plate Spin (TPS) dan R. Grid deformasi berdasarkan konfigurasi landmark menunjukkan variasi venasi sayap A. dorsata. Variasi landmark pada grid deformasi dipengaruhi oleh bending energies. Bending energies menunjukkan penciri landmark 14 dengan nilai variansi yang tinggi serta landmark 16 dan 17 adalah dua nilai dengan kontribusi relatif tertinggi. Landmark tersebut dikenal dengan cubital index dalam morfometika tradisional yang juga digunakan sebagai karakter menentukan subspesies lebah madu. Plot ordinasi menunjukkan sebaran dan kedekatan individu A. dorsata berdasarkan morphometrika geometrik venasi sayap dari berbagai pulau di Indonesia. Kladogram hasil analisis kekerabatan berdasarkan metode neighbor-joining menyatakan bahwa A. dorsata asal Sumbawa dan Sulawesi terdapat pada clade yang terpisah dari A. dorsata di pulau lainnya., Apis dorsata distributes across a large area in the Indonesian archipelago, however, the relationship based on landmark variations to reveal the pattern of their distribution has never been analyzed. Apis dorsata has homologous landmarks on wing venation which presumably are inherited. This research aimed to explore the venation landmark of A. dorsata wings from Sumatera, Belitung, Java, Sumbawa, Mollucas dan A. d. binghami from Sulawesi and analysed their relationships. The method employed were landmark digitization and the relationship of the wing venation landmarks using Thin Plate Spin (TPS) and R software. Deformation grids based on landmark configurations showed variations in the venation of the A. dorsata wing which are influenced by bending energies. The bending energies revealed that the landmark 14 has high variance value and the landmark 16 and 17 were the two highest value of relative contribution. These landmarks were known as the cubital index in the traditional morphometrics, are used for subspecies determining in honey bees. Ordination plots presented that the distribution and proximity of A. dorsata individuals based on wing morphometric geometric. The cladogram based on neighbor-joining showed that A. dorsata from Sumbawa and Sulawesi are in a clade separated with A. dorsata from other islands.
Keyword: Apis dorsata, A. dorsata binghami, cubital index, digitasi landmark sayap, Sulawesi

Judul: Quality improvement of paddy soil and discharged water in drainage channel at acid sulphate soil.
Abstrak: Oxidation of pyrite in acid sulphate soil reduced the quality of soil and discharged water from paddy field. Improvement of soil quality in paddy cultivation could be managed by addition of organic matter together with regulating water to maintain its reductive condition. Water quality improvement in the paddy field was conducted by addition of good quality water (pH=5,0)through utilization of high tide water in dry season and rain water during rainy season while for improvement of discharged water, a system of drainage channel was developed
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