Judul: Detection and Characterization of Bunt Disease in Imported Wheat Seeds for Food.
Abstrak: Bunt merupakan penyakit penting pada gandum (Triticum aestivum) yang disebabkan oleh cendawan Tilletia spp. Penyakit ini menjadi perhatian utama dalam perdagangan internasional karena dapat menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas gandum. Tilletia spp. merupakan salah satu organisme pengganggu tumbuhan karantina yang belum terdapat di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan Tilletia spp. ada biji gandum impor dan mempelajari karakterisik Tilletia spp. penyebab penyakit bunt. Penelitian diawali dengan pengambilan sampel, deteksi dan identifikasi Tilletia spp. secara morfologi dengan cara washing test dilanjutkan uji viabilitas teliospora. Uji petik dilakukan pada satu Instalasi pengolahan gandum dengan mengamati suhu yang terjadi pada proses penggilingan gandum menjadi produk akhir. Data suhu serta sampel gandum dan bran diambil sebanyak 8 kali. Keberadaan cendawan Tilletia spp. dideteksi dengan melihat biji gandum yang bergejala yaitu biji gandum berwarna kecokelatan pada sebagian atau keseluruhuan biji, biji menjadi kerdil dan malformasi. Hasil identifikasi ditemukan teliospora berbentuk bulat hingga lonjong dengan dinding berlapis ganda dan halus, berwarna cokelat kemerahan, diameter sel 13-25 μm dengan ketebalan dinding sel 1,5-2 μm yang diidentifikasi sebagai T. laevis. Pengujian viabilitas dilakukan pada beberapa suhu diantaranya yaitu pada suhu ruang selama 7 hari, suhu ruang (sebelumnya diinkubasi terlebih dahulu pada suhu 4 °C selama 1 jam) selama 7 hari, suhu 4 °C selama 7 hari, 18-20 °C selama 7 hari, dan suhu 9-11 °C selama 16 hari. Dari semua suhu yang diujikan tidak ada cendawan T. laevis yang berkecambah. Banyak dari cendawan yang ditemukan dalam keadaan rusak. Hal tersebut dapat dikarenakan oleh adanya perlakuan fumigasi dan paparan panas pada saat perjalanan di dalam palka kapal laut. Pengamatan di Instalasi pengolahan gandum didapat suhu pada mesin gandum tertinggi pada suhu 94.00 oC, terendah 48.50 oC dengan rata-rata 67.97 oC Pada pengukuran suhu mesin pengolah bran didapatkan suhu terendah 48.60 oC, tertinggi 66.10 oC dengan rata-rata 55.45 oC. T. laevis ditemukan pada sampel gandum tetapi tidak ditemukan pada sampel bran dari Instalasi pengolahan gandum., Bunt is a main disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum) caused by Tilletia spp. This disease is a major concern in international trade because it can reduce the quality and quantity of wheat. Tilletia. spp. is a quarantine pest that has not been found in Indonesia. This study aimed to detect and characterize Tilletia spp. causes of bunt disease from imported wheat seed for food. The research began with sampling, description of bunt symptoms, detection and morphology identification of Tilletia spp. by washing test, viability test of teliospores and temperature observation in wheat processing factory. Temperature observation was carried out by observing the temperature on a milling machine and taking samples of wheat and bran. These were taken for 8 times. The presence of Tilletia spp. detected by looking for symptomatic grain. Wheat grains turn brown to black at the part to the entire surface of the seeds, the seeds become stunted and malformed. The result found that teliospores were globose or subglobose to ovoid, double layered and smooth walls, reddish brown, 13-25 μm diameter and 1.5-2 μm thick. Teliospores then were morphologically identified as T. laevis. Viability testing was carried out at several temperatures, at room temperature
Keyword: morphology, symptoms, teliospores, Tilletia laevis

Judul: Potential Disease Problem of Wheat Grain in Indonesia
Abstrak: Gandum (Triticum aestivum L.) merupakan tanaman serealia yang banyak dibudidayakan di daerah subtropis dan menjadi makanan pokok di dunia. Indonesia saat ini melakukan pengembangan gandum dan menghadapi beberapa kendala, salah satunya karena penyakit bulir gandum. Penelitian ini bertujuan memberikan informasi mendalam tentang penyakit bulir gandum oleh cendawan yang berpotensi menjadi masalah pada pertanaman gandum di Indonesia. Analisis berdasarkan hasil Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) patogen berupa potensi masuk, menetap, berkembang, dan dampak ekonomi yang ditimbulkan oleh penyakit bulir gandum. Informasi juga meliputi pentingnya penyakit tersebut, bioekologi patogennya, potensi penyakit tersebut menjadi masalah pada pertanaman gandum di Indonesia berdasarkan segitiga penyakit, dan potensi pengendaliannya. Penyakit bulir gandum yang berpotensi menjadi masalah pada pertanaman gandum di Indonesia yaitu yaitu scab/ hawar malai (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. acuminatum, F. trincictum, F. poae, F. camptoceras, F. moniliforme, F. longipes, F. sambucinum, F. nivale, F. sporotrichoides, F. chlamydosporum, F. semitectum, F. oxysporum, dan F. solani), black point/bintik hitam (Alternaria alternata, A. triticina, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata, C. pallescens, Phoma glomerata, Helminthosporium sorokiniana, dan H. sativum), bercak Septoria (Septoria tritici dan S. nodorum), blast (Pyricularia oryzae dan P. graminis tritici), karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), common bunt (T. tritici dan T. laevis), dan ergot (Claviceps purpurea) dengan hasil PRA keseluruhan tergolong sedang. Walaupun baru diidentifikasi hingga genus, patogen bulir gandum yang sudah dilaporkan ada di Indonesia adalah Fusarium sp., Helmintsporium sp., Phoma sp., Curvularia sp., dan Alternaria sp., Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a cereal crop that is widely cultivated in subtropical areas and wheat is the main staple food in the world. Indonesia is currently developing wheat production and is facing several obstacles, one of which is due to wheat grain diseases. This study aims to provide in-depth information about fungal grain disease which is a potential problem in wheat cropping in Indonesia. The analysis is based on the results of the Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) of pathogens in the form of the potential of entry, establishment, spread, and the economic impact of wheat grain diseases. This information includes the importance of the diseases, the bioecology of the pathogens, the potential for the diseases to become a problem in wheat cropping system in Indonesia based on the disease triangle, and the potential to control them. Grain diseases that have the potential to become a problem in wheat production in Indonesia are scab/ panicle blight (Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. avenaceum, F. equiseti, F. acuminatum, F. trincictum, F. poae, F. camptoceras, F. moniliforme, F. longipes, F. sambucinum, F. nivale, F. sporotrichoides, F. chlamydosporum, F. semitectum, F. oxysporum, and F. solani), black point/ black spot (Alternaria alternata, A. triticina, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Curvularia lunata, C. pallescens, Phoma glomerata, Helmintshosporium sorokiniana, and H. sativum), Septoria spot (Septoria tritici and S. nodorum), blast (Pyricularia oryzae and P. graminis tritici), karnal bunt (Tilletia indica), common bunt (T. tritici and T. laevis), and ergot (Claviceps purpurea) with moderate PRA results. Although still identified to the genus level, the pathogens of wheat grain diseases that have been reported in Indonesia are Fusarium sp., Helmintsporium sp., Phoma sp., Curvularia sp., and Alternaria sp.
Keyword: bioecology, control, disease triangle, fungi, Pest Risk Analysis

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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