Judul: Pengaruh gelombang mikro pada hidrolisis asam empulur sagu untuk produksi bioetanol
Abstrak: Sago starch, has a cheap price, a lower quality. Some problems associated with low quality of sago starch including low degrees of whiteness, starch particle size is not uniform, and the declining in starch content during the extraction process in rural areas. Color change of starch during the extraction process is a factor that causes decreasing of starch quality. When the trunk is cut and shredded, browning reaction occurs and strongly bound to the starch granule. Sago starch, isolated from the stem of sago palm, a white granule, is tasteless and odorless. Starch granules are not soluble in cold water. In the extraction, sago pith used must be fresh and must be directly processed. If it delayed would cause starch reduced in the degree of whiteness. Some starch importing countries were unsatisfied with the variety of quality of sago starch, which mostly have very low quality. This causes limited application of sago in the industry. One way to overcome the low quality of sago is to utilize for the production of glucose syrup, which does not depend on the nature of native sago starch.
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Judul: Pengaruh pemanasan gelombang mikro dua tahap pada hidrolisis asam empulur sagu untuk produksi bioetanol
Abstrak: Sago is a genus of palm that can be utilized to produce fermentable sugars as substrate for bioethanol. Sago pith is a heterogeneous substrate consists of starch and fiber. Acid hydrolysis by microwave heating radiation can break down starch and fibers together in a very short time, so it is considered to be very efficient. The use of microwave energy (as power level) and variation of heating time can produce fermentable sugar with certain characteristics. This study included the preparation of sago pith flour, pith composition analysis including proximate components, starch, and fiber components, the process of acid hydrolysis (0.3 M and 0.5 M sulphuric acid) with two steps microwave heating (power level 30% with time variation 1 minute, 2 minutes and 3 minutes the next step followed by power level 70% for 3 minutes), and characterization of fermentable sugar. As comparison, conventional treatment carried out using the autoclave on 121oC for 15 minutes. The highest sugar (105.7 g/l) contents of fermentable sugar is produced from microwave heating with power level 30% for 2 minutes followed by the power level 70% for 3 minutes. This hydrolyzate then used as substrate fermentation for Issatchenkia orientalis with different acidity (pH 3, 4 and 5), but highest ethanol produced from substrate with pH 5. Ethanol produced is still low (2.8 g/l) compared with autoclave treatment (14.5 g/). Not all sugar were consumed and it is proved that Issatchenkia orientalis only consumed glucose for growth and ethanol production.
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan