Judul: Design of the lignocellulosic bioethanol production as a source of renewable energy using the ecoefficiency approach
Abstrak: Corn stover, as an agricultural residue, is one of the lignocellulosic biomass abundantly available in Indonesia. It is an attractive material for bioethanol fuel production. Conversion of lignocellulosic to ethanol consists of four major unit operations: pretreatment, hydrolysis, fermentation and ethanol purification. Biomass pretreatment is one of the main processing steps which have significant contribution to the cost effectiveness of cellulosic biomass conversion to ethanol. The purpose of this research was to elucidate the ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass through development of pretreatment technology as well as simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) technology. The pretreatment consisted of the delignification using Ca(OH)2 and two stages hydrothermolysis at 121 OC for one hour and at 180-190 OC for 20 minutes respectively, while the SSCF elaborated the use of cellulase and xylanase enzymes for saccharification and the use of mixed culture fermentation. An optimum process condition for chemical pretreatment was achieved at Ca(OH)2 loading of 0.075 g/g biomass and the use of 6.25 ml water/g biomass, heated at 69.61 OC for 2 hours. Hydrothermolysis produced solid fraction that contained 42.68% of cellulose and 34.68% of hemicellulose. The highest ethanol concentration (43.08 g/l) was obtained after 48 hours of incubation. The energy required for ethanol production was 44.154 MJ/L ethanol and the Net Energy Ratio (NER) value was 5.60, while the water demand reached 114.08 L/L ethanol. Consequently, this production system emitted CO2 (21.93 kg/L ethanol), N2O (0.00003 kg/L ethanol), and CH4 (0.0000002 kg/L ethanol). The suitable design of production process had a negative impact on global warming potential, because the emitted greenhouse gas was 6.578 ton CO2-eq annually. The techno-economic analysis showed that the investment needed to produce 1000 L ethanol per day was Rp 1,891,508,861.00, with working capital of Rp 466,230,881.00 and production costs of Rp 2,797,385,287.00 per year. The production was feasible because its Net Present Value (NPV) value was Rp 957,794.270.00, the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) was 19.29%, which was higher than interest rate 12%, and the payback period was 4.96 years. With the raw materials intensity of 7,881 kg/L, the environmental impact was equivalent to 248.68 tons of CO2-eq. If the price of CO2 was Rp 270,000 per ton (based on 2020), then the ratio of value-added and environmental impact, which called ecoefficiency value, was 0.032.
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Judul: Energy Balance and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Analysis for Bioethanol Production Cassava-Based (Manihot utilissima)
Abstrak: Bioetanol merupakan bahan bakar nabati alternatif untuk mengurangi penggunaan bensin. Perkembangan industri bioetanol di Indonesia semakin meningkat untuk mencapai target bauran energi dengan program Pertamax Green 95. Pemerintah juga mengoptimalkan keikutsertaan perusahaan terhadap kepedulian lingkungan melalui Program Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (PROPER) dengan salah satu penilaiannya yaitu Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan inventori, menganalisis neraca energi, mengkaji dampak, melakukan analisis sensitivitas, dan rekomendasi perbaikan pada daur hidup bioetanol berbahan baku singkong di Indonesia, khususnya di Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder terkait informasi aktual daur hidup bioetanol dengan batasan cradle to gate. Metode penilaian dampak yang digunakan yaitu Recipe 2016 Midpoint (H). Penelitian ini mengacu pada SNI ISO 14040:2016 dan 14044:2017 dengan kategori dampak Global Warming Potential (GWP), Stratospheric Ozone Depletion (SOD), Terrestrial Acidification (TAC), Freshwater Eutrophication (FEU), Terrestrial Ecotoxicity (TEC), dan Human Carcinogenic Toxicity (HCT). Berdasarkan perhitungan neraca energi dengan melibatkan embodied energy bahan baku, diperoleh nilai Net Energy Gain (NEG) dan Net Energy Ratio (NER) sebesar -59,79 MJ/L dan 0,365, serta energi spesifik sebesar 17,16 MJ/L. Potensi dampak lingkungan aktual per liter bioetanol dihasilkan GWP 11,88 kg CO2 eq; SOD 5,9x10-6 kg CFC11 eq; TAC 0,04 kg SO2 eq; FEU 0,01 kg P eq; TEC 41,60 kg 1,4-DCB; dan HCT 2,51 kg 1,4-DCB. Kontribusi terbesar (hotspot) terdapat pada proses pemurnian bioetanol yaitu distilasi dan dehidrasi. Analisis sensitivitas diantaranya skenario jarak kebun/industri chip ke industri bioetanol dan skenario pemanfaatan limbah menunjukkan neraca energi dan dampak lingkungan yang lebih baik., Bioethanol is an alternative biofuel to reduce gasoline consumption. Indonesia’s bioethanol industry development is increasing to achieve the energy mix target through Pertamax Green 95. The government also optimizes companies participation in environmental concerns through the Company Performance Rating Program in Environmental Management (PROPER) with one of it is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). This research aims to conduct inventories, analyze energy balances, assess impacts, conduct sensitivity analysis and improvement recommendations of the life cycle bioethanol cassava-based in Indonesia, especially West Java. This research uses secondary data related to actual information by cradle to gate. The life cycle impact assessment method based on Recipe 2016 Midpoint (H). This research refers to SNI ISO 14040:2016 and 14044:2017 by analyzing Global Warming Potential (GWP), Stratospheric Ozone Depletion (SOD), Terrestrial Acidification (TAC), Freshwater Eutrophication (FEU), Terrestrial Ecotoxicity (TEC), and Human Carcinogenic Toxicity (HCT). Energy balance calculaion for Net Energy Gain (NEG) and Net Energy Ratio (NER) that involving embodied energy of raw materials are -59.79 MJ/L and 0.365, then the spesific energy consumption is 17,16 MJ/L. While the environmental impact per liter of bioethanol produced GWP 11.88 kg CO2 eq; SOD 5.9x10-6 kg CFC11 eq; TAC 0.04 kg SO2 eq; FEU 0.01 kg P eq; TEC 41.60 kg 1,4-DCB; dan HCT 2.51 kg 1,4-DCB. The biggest contribution (hotspot) is purifying bioethanol process, these are distillation and dehydration. The sensitivity analysis consists of distance from the farm/chip industry to the bioethanol industry scenario and waste utilization scenario showing improvement for energy balance and environmental impact.
Keyword: bioethanol, cassava, energy balance, life cycle assessment

Judul: Trichomonas Gallinae Penyebab Trichomonosis Pada Unggas
Abstrak: Trichomonas gallinae adalah protozoa yang bergerak aktof dengan keempat flagella yang mempunyai layar dan pada salah satu sisinya terdapat membran seperti sirip ikan yang berombak. Spesies dari genus Trichomonas ini mempunyai arti penting pada unggas, karena dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada alat pencernaan bagian atas.
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