Judul: Pengaruh gelombang mikro pada hidrolisis asam empulur sagu untuk produksi bioetanol
Abstrak: Sago starch, has a cheap price, a lower quality. Some problems associated with low quality of sago starch including low degrees of whiteness, starch particle size is not uniform, and the declining in starch content during the extraction process in rural areas. Color change of starch during the extraction process is a factor that causes decreasing of starch quality. When the trunk is cut and shredded, browning reaction occurs and strongly bound to the starch granule. Sago starch, isolated from the stem of sago palm, a white granule, is tasteless and odorless. Starch granules are not soluble in cold water. In the extraction, sago pith used must be fresh and must be directly processed. If it delayed would cause starch reduced in the degree of whiteness. Some starch importing countries were unsatisfied with the variety of quality of sago starch, which mostly have very low quality. This causes limited application of sago in the industry. One way to overcome the low quality of sago is to utilize for the production of glucose syrup, which does not depend on the nature of native sago starch.
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Judul: Pengaruh Pemanasan Microwave Terhadap Sifat Penerimaan Enzim Amilolitik dan Holoselulolitik Untuk Produksi Fermentable Sugar dari Empulur Sagu (Metroxylon sagu)
Abstrak: Sago (Metroxylon sagu) has been one of the important raw materials for the production of useful substances. Because contains more than 80% carbohydrates, which is consists of 55.86% starch and 14.52% lignocellulosic material, the utilization of sago pith is essential for the fermentable sugar production in terms bioenergy production. In other hand, using the sago pith might prevent the waste of the resources. Lignin is one of the main components in lignocellulosic materials in sago pith. Its existence influence the sago pith structural rigidity by holding and stiffening the fibres together so decreasing the enzymatic suspectibility of sago pith. The use of microwave radiation is a promising approach to pretreatment that utilizes thermal and non-thermal effects generated by microwaves in aqueous environments. This study have shown that the microwave heating caused the process of swelling and gelatinization of starch granules and also could enhance lignin degradation itself. Thus could be very efficient in destroying the starch and lignin crystalline arrangement, obtaining a soft gel, and destroying cellulose-hemicellulose structure. On the other hand, if the energy that given to the slurry of sago pith more than it needed then it would build resistant characteristic of sago pith and increasing enzymes concentration wouldn’t enhance yield of reducing sugars. Pretreatment were evaluated based on yields of total sugars, reducing sugars, polymerization degree, equivalent dextrose, filtrate volumes, weight of residue, and filtrate purity from enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated biomass. The experimental results in this study can be used in existing simultant process of bioethanol production by using Pichia stipitis and Saaccharomyces elippsoides. The highest ethanol content was given by technical glucose and fermented by Pichia stipitis, prove the pretreatment could not efficiently degradated biomass due to the lignin content was too high. Thus, the lignin content is one of the matter in efficiently pretreatment in order to get the highest yield of reducing sugars.
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Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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