Judul: Kajian Pengaruh Konsentrasi Metanol dan Lama Reaksi pada Proses Pemurnian Metil Ester Sulfonat terhadap Karakteristik Deterjen Bubuk
Abstrak: Soap and detergent have widely been used as cleaning product at various activities, such as laundry, warewashing, janitorial, domestic, transportation, commercial activity, and metal industry. One of important compiler substances in soap and detergent formulation is surfactant. According to Matheson (1996), there are four general types of surfactant namely anionic, nonionic, cationic, and amphoteric. Methyl ester sulfonates (MES) is one of anionic surfactant types, which have been being developed in recent years. Test in the laboratory indicates that biodegradation of MES (methyl ester sulfonates) is similar to AS (alcohol sulfate) and soap, but faster than that of LAS (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate). However, the problem is the sulfonation process still produces undesired sulfonated soap by-product, often called di-salt. Therefore, it is important to purify MES (methyl ester sulfonates) to reduce the content of di-salt in order to improve the performance of MES (methyl ester sulfonates) as surfactant. The aims of this research are knowing the differences of characteristics of unpurified MES and purified MES, obtaining the best condition purification process of MES, kno wing the effect of the purification process of MES on the characteristics of detergent powders and obtaining the best concentration of MES in the formulation of detergent powders. In this research, the purification process was done by addition of methanol at the certain concentration and reaction time. The effects of methanol concentration (factor K) and reaction time (factor t) were assessed in Completely Factorial Randomized Design with two factors. Each factor consisted of four levels (10, 20, 30 and 40 % for factor K and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes for factor t). The parameters measured on this step were pH, surface and interfacial tension, emulsion stability, foam stability, and detergency. Meanwhile, the effects of purification process on the characteristics of detergent powders were assessed in completely factorial randomized design with two factors that are the kind of MES (unpurified MES and purified MES) and MES concentrations. MES concentrations used in this design were 15, 20 and 25 %. The parameters measured on this step were pH, moisture content, bulk density, detergency, emulsion stability, water insoluble substance and whiteness. Based on the results, it showed that unpurified MES had the following characteristics: pH value of 4,98, surface tension 30,6 mN/m (46,36 %), interfacial tension 31,1 mN/m (87,99 %) to 34,70 mN/m (98,02 %), emulsion stability 15,96 %, foam stability 0,38 hours, and detergency 25,84 %. Meanwhile, the characteristics of purified MES were pH value of 3,95 to 4,93 (MES before neutralized) and 6,92 to 7,67 (MES after neutralized), surface tension 31,45 mN/m (47,72 %) to 42,25 mN/m (64,11 %), interfacial tension 31,85 mN/m (89,97 %) to 34,70 mN/m (98,02 %), emulsion stability 16,67 % to 84,52 %, foam stability 0,41 hours to 3,84 hours, and detergency 26,28 % to 87,22 %. Based on the results, it showed that methanol concentration 40 % and reaction time 90 minutes performed the best condition of purification process. The characteristics of MES obtained from this best condition were: pH value before neutralized 3,95 and after neutralized 6,92, surface tension 42,25 mN/m (64,11 %),
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Judul: Pengaruh Penambahan H2O2 sebagai Bahan Pemucat pada Proses Pemurnian Surfaktan MESA (Methyl Ester Sulfonates Acid) dari Jarak Pagar terhadap Sifat Fisiko Kimia Surfaktan yang Dihasilkan.
Abstrak: Surfactant is a surface active agent that capable to reduce surface and inter- facial tension. One of them that can be developed prospectively is a MES surfactant that can be applied largely as a cleaning agent. This condition based on the oil contain C18 of MES by the jatropha curcas has a detergency nature that can be used as a cleaning agent. Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES) is the anionic surfactant made from vegetable oil that is now being developed. MES has the similar, or even better than Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates that is now the most produced anionic surfactant synthesized from petroleum. Jatropha curcas is potential to be developed as MES feedstock because of oil contain and the C18 as a dominant of fatty acid composition. Methyl Ester Sulfonates synthesis can be done by a chemical process of metyl ester as a raw material with SO3 reactant. In this research, preparation of the sample carried out by the reaction of the methyl ester with SO3 at a certain temperature condition with level 100oC and sampling sample in the 3rd period (after 3 hours). The sulfonation process in this research using single tube falling film reactor. Methyl ester input flow rate into the reactor is 100 ml/minute. For the perfect sulfonation, process will be continued by aging process with 80 oC temperature condition and 45 minutes duration. MESA produced in black color which is the main problem in its aplication as a cleaning agent so that the purification process such as bleaching and neutralization process required. The reason of usage the hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent because of its nature as a stronger oxidizer and versatile oxidant which is both safe and effective. Afterwards, the proportion of H2O2 consentration to get the best purification process will be undertaken, because of H2O2 addition in the certain concentration will be given the effect to the physic and chemical characteristic of product, so that the best purification condition can be achieved. This research purpose to learn the effect of the H2O2 addition as a bleaching agent in MESA purificaton process of Methyl Ester Sulfonates Acid from Jatropha curcas L applicable to the physic and chemical characteristic of the produced surfactant. Research was begun with the Jatropha seeds pressing until the purification and analysis process. This research using single factorial completely randomized design with two replications. The treatments used are bleaching with 2, 4 dan 6% variation of H2O2 consentration followed by neutralization process so that the neutral surfactant can be produced. From the physic and chemical analysis process of MESA, the neutralized MESA, bleached MESA and bleached-neutralized MESA has an active matter value from 18,94 to 23,47 percent, iodine value from 29,75 to 32,82 mg Iod/g MES, absorbency color percent from 0,27 to 0,52 percent, and pH from 1,11 to 7,15. Performance test shows that the bleaching and the bleaching-neutralization process in 2, 4 and 6% variation of H2O2 consentration have no significant effect in the iodine value, acid number, pH, color and active matter of MESA. The best condition of MES purification process reached at
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Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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