Judul: The utilization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria to providing phosphate for the growth and production of pakchoy plant
Abstrak: Phosphorus is an essential macro nutrient needed for plant growth and has an important function in the metabolic process. The function of phosphorus in plants for cell growth, the formation of fine roots and root hairs, the stems to strengthen the standing crop for not easy to fall, the formation of flowers, fruits and seeds, and strengthen resistance to disease. In soil, organic and inorganic phosphorus, both of which are an important source for plants. Plants absorb phosphorus in the form of H2PO4-, HPO42- dan PO43-. One of the alternative to improving the efficiency of phosphate fertilizer to utilize the phosphate solubilizing microbial groups. Pakchoy is a vegetable crops, including to Brassicaceae family. Pakchoy have a high economic value. These plants thrive in tropical and subtropical regions This research aims to study about the four isolates of phosphate solubilizing microbes (BPF) applied either single or in combination to enhance the growth and production of pakchoy plant and in reducing the use of inorganic phosphates.This research was started from January 2012 to July 2012 in the Soil Biotechnology Laboratory Departement of Soil Science and Land Resources and Land owned by CV. Agro Meori Jl.Atang Sanjaya KM 4 Sand Gauk, Bogor and implemented in two stages, i.e. in vitro and in vivo (greenhouse). . The results of in vitro studied showed that Burkholderia sp. T9 has a high value of Solubilization Index (SI) (3.47) and the solubilizing of phosphate in Pikovskaya liquid medium (4.9 ppm). The results for CV.Meori Agro bacterial isolates collection showed that the Burkholderia sp. PS4 has a high value of Solubilization Index (SI) (1.56) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa P2 has a high value for solubilizing of phosphate in Pikovskaya liquid medium (1.3 ppm). A high value of enzyme activities showed by Burkholderia sp. T9 (0,268 ppm). The results of in vivo studied showed that the best value of leaves number was the combination of Pseudomonas aeruginosa P2 + Burkholderia sp. PS4 (17.18%). The highest average leaf width was shown by Burkholderia sp. PS4 ( 4.83%). Wet weight of plants with the best results was shown by Burkholderia sp. PS4 i.e. 0.42%. The highest nutrient uptake of P was shown by Burkholderia sp. PS4 (0,44%) .The best average P in plant tissues was shown by a combination of P2 + PS4 + T9 i.e. 0,42%. The best average of P in soil was shown by the combination T9 + P2 i.e. 1,25%.
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Judul: Studi Mikrob Pelarut Fosfat untuk Mengurangi Dosis Pupuk P Anorganik pada Sistem Budidaya Padi Pengelolaan Tanaman Terpadu (PTT) dan System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
Abstrak: Phosphorus (P) fertilizer has an important role in increasing the production of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.). Application of high rate P fertilizer is not suitable with the availability of P in the soil because most P bounded by Al, Fe and Ca so make it unavailable to plants. This leads to inefficient use of P fertilizers. Utilization of phosphate solubilizing microbes (PSM) is one of the means to increase the availability of P that can be absorbed by plants, thus reducing the use of inorganic-P fertilizer. Therefore, the aims of the experiment were (1) isolating and selecting some phosphate solubilizing microbes, (2 )to test its effectiveness of PSM in increasing the availability P available on cultivation system of ICM and SRI, (3) to know the effect of PSM to reducing rate inorganic-P fertilizer on the growth and yield of rice. The experiment was conducted of two experiment. First experiment was conducted in Soil Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Soil Science and Land Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University in October 2011 - April 2012. Second experiment was conducted at Field Experiment Sawah Baru, University Farm, Bogor Agricultural University in May to August 2012. The first experiment was (1) isolating and selecting PSM (phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi) from biofertilizers. (2) Phosphate solubilizing index test (PSI) to measure the clear zone around the colony. (3) Test the ability of solubilizing P from insoluble phosphate source (Ca3(PO4)2, AlPO4, FePO4). (4) Antagonistic test to know ability of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi and compatibility both in the growing medium and identified of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and fungi. The second experiment was conducted using a split block design with two factors and three replications. First factor as main factor is cultivations system (ICM and SRI) and second factor as sub plot is Combination of rate inorganic-P fertilizer and PSM namely 100% inorganic-P; 75% inorgaic-P; 75% inorganic-P + Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB); 75% inorganic-P + phosphate solubilizing fungi (PSF); 50% inorgaic-P; 50% inorganic-P + PSB; 50% inorganic-P + PSF; PSB only; PSF only; and PSB + PSF. The results of laboratory experiment obtained isolate of PSB BPFA5 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and the isolate of PSF FPFE1 (Aspergillus niger) has high phosphate solubilizing index, with wide of clear zone is 2.29 and 1.22, ability of phosphate solubilizing from P source Ca3(PO4)2 is 259.86 dan 537.26 ppm-P and compatible (non antagonistic) in same medium. Both of these isolates used for inoculation in the field. The result of second experiment in the field showed that treatment of cultivation system produced that number productive of tillers, weight of dry plant ,number of grain per panicle, weight of 1000 grain, yield, and population of phosphate solubilizing microbes higher on SRI cultivation system than ICM cultivation system. Combination of 75% inorganic-P fertilizer + PSM on SRI cultivation system produced number of productive tillers, yield, and uptake P of viii grain higher than other treatments. PSM application (PSB and PSF) increase of yield and nutrient-P uptake of straw and grain.
Keyword: integrated crop management (ICM), phosphate solubilizing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing, fungi, system of rice intensification (SRI)

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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