Judul: Kajian proses retting serat kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) menggunakan kultur isolat mikro organisme liar pada kolam tanah dengan sistem
Abstrak: Produk serat petani khususnya di Jawa Timur masił tergolong bermutu rendah, dengan komposisi 15-20% mutu A, 40-50% mutu B dan sisanya mutu C. Hal ini terutamɛ disebabkan oleh proses retting yang kurang baik. Proses reting merupakan proses ekstraksi atau pemisahan serat dari kulit batang dengan cara perendaman dalam air. Proses tersebut melibatkan aktivitas mikroorganisme untuk mendegradasi senyawa-senyawa organik yang menyelubungi serat. Isolasi mikroorganisme-retting di Laboratorium dengan metode Poured plate pada media Plant Extract Agar mempero- leh 59 isolat dominan. Penerapan masing-masing kultur isolat tersebut dalam proses retting, menunjukkan bahwa terdapat delapan isolat yang cukup baik dalam mempercepat proses penghancuran fraksi non-serat pada ribbon. Secara visual, kemampuan isolat-isolat unggulan tersebut tidak dapat dibedakan satu dengan yang lainnya, sehingga untuk mendapatkan satu isolat potensial dari delapan isolat unggulan, dilakukan pengujian lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan parameter kuantitatif sebagai tolok ukur keberhasilan proses retting. Pengujian proses retting di Laboratorium menggunakan bak plastik berukuran 30 x 20 15 cm³ sebagai kolam. X ..dst
Keyword: Hibiscus cannabinus L., Microorganism isolation, Poured plate method

Judul: Pengembangan sistem proses retting serat kenaf (Hibicus cannabinus L.) menggunakan kultur mikrobial pada lingkung non aseptik
Abstrak: Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) merupakan salah satu varietas andalan peng- hasil serat. Di India dan Bangladesh serat kenaf digunakan untuk berbagai keper- luan, seperti karung goni, tekstil, karpet, hardboard, industri perkapalan, kerajinan dan sebagainya. Di Indonesia, walaupun terbatas dalam pembuatan karung, namun kebutuhan nasionalnya baru terpenuhi 20 - 30 % dari produksinya. Di lain pihak ra- taan mutu serat yang dihasilkan masih rendah, yakni 15 - 20 % mutu A, 40 - 50 % mutu B dan sisanya mutu C. Dalam mata rantai produksi serat kenaf diduga penyebab utama rendahnya mutu serat adalah proses retting. Proses retting merupakan ujung tombak dari keberhasilan dan kelestarian komoditas serat kenaf di negara-negara anggota Interna- tional Jute Organization (IJO), khususnya Indonesia. Proses retting adalah proses pemisahan atau ekstraksi serat dari material non-serat dengan cara merendam dalam air dan melibatkan aktivitas enzim kompleks mikroorganisme yang ada di dalamnya. Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk memperoleh cara retting yang efektif dan efisien, termasuk di dalamnya perpaduan proses mikrobiologis, mekanis dan semi mekanis. Di samping itu timbul pemikiran baru pelaksanaan proses retting yang seyogyanya tidak dikerjakan oleh masing-masing petani penghasil, melainkan oleh kelompok tani, koperasi atau instansi terkait. Dengan demikian diharapkan mutu serat yang dihasilkan dapat seragam dan optimal. Untuk merealisasikan hal tersebut diperlukan teknologi proses yang memadai terhadap sentra-sentra retting yang dikembangkan. Proses retting dalam bentuk ribbon, menggunakan kolam sirkulasi dengan penambahan nutrien pemerkaya (urea), serta starter mikrobial merupakan arah…dst
Keyword: Retting, fiber -, Hibeiscus cannaabinus

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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