Judul: Analisis Hubungan Pinjaman Luar Negeri dan Kebijakan Fiskal di Indonesia
Abstrak: Indonesia is one of many developing countries that use foreign debt in its development. Foreign debt is one of aspects in fiscal policy. Accumulation of foreign debt every year has a relation with fiscal policy instruments such as government expenditure and tax revenue. Foreign debt also affected by economic growth and international interest rate. This research will discuss the analysis of the relation of foreign debt and fiscal policy in Indonesia. Analysis tools that used in this research are Granger causality method, Vector Auto Regression (VAR), Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), Impulse Response Function (IRF), and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD). VECM estimation model result shows that in the short term equation, foreign debt is positively and significantly affecting the debt itself, while in the long term equation, all variables significantly affecting foreign debt which are Gross Domestic Product, government expenditure, tax revenue, and international interest rate. Gross Domestic Product positively affecting foreign debt. Government expenditure, tax revenue, and international interest rate is negatively affecting foreign debt. Result of IRF shows the same result with VECM estimation model for the effect of shocks from Gross Domestic Product, tax revenue, and international interest rate toward foreign debt. However, result of IRF for government expenditure shocks shows positively affecting foreign debt. Foreign debt shocks is affected by the debt itself that contribute with higher proportion in short term. While for long term, foreign debt is affected by the debt itself and other macroeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product, government expenditure, tax revenue, and international interest rate, but the effect of Gross Domestic Product toward foreign debt is higher than other variables.
Keyword: 

Judul: The impacts of government external debt on the performance of Indonesia economy
Abstrak: The objectives of this study are to analyze the impact s of government external debt on the performance of Indonesia economy, which consists on the role of external debt in reducing deficit financing, decreasing debt stock and its growth. The policy alternatives set for period 1985 - 2005 are simulated wit h a simultaneous econometric model. The two - stage least squares (2 - SLS) method was used to estimate the parameters of the behavioral equations in the model. The result of simulation shows that world interest rate is a dominant factor in influencing externa l debt performance. I t can also be expressed that reducing in government external debt will decrease economic growth, reduce private consumption, reduce budget deficit and reduce re - payment of external loan. Another impact is decreasing sectoral developmen t growth which will lead to increasing the rate of unemployment. Another r esult of simulation also indicates that foreign financing and lender driven has significantly influenced on sectoral growth., Tujuan dari penelitian disertasi ini adalah untuk menganalisis dampak penggunaan utang luar negeri pemerintah terhadap kinerja perekonomian Indonesia yang meliputi peranan utang luar negeri pada beberapa sektor utama dalam perekonomian Indonesia, dan terhadap pengurangan stok utang luar negeri dan pengurangan pembiayaan defisit dalam rangka mencapai kemandirian dalam pembiayaan pembangunan. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari berbagai sumber, terutama data series (time series) dari tahun 1985 sampai dengan tahun 2005, dan dibangun dalam suatu model ekonometrik asimultan. Metoda two-stage least squares (2-SLS) digunakan untuk mengestimasi parameter persamaan perilaku dalam model. Hasil simulasi kebijakan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa suku bunga dunia merupakan faktor yang dominan dalam mempengaruhi keberadaan pinjaman luar negeri pemerintah. Dapat ditunjukkan pula bahwa penurunan jumlah pinjaman baru dari sumber luar negeri akan menyebabkan turunnya pertumbuhan ekonomi, penurunan konsumsi rumah tangga, penurunan investasi masyarakat, pengurangan defisit anggaran dan turunnya pembayaran pokok dan bunga utang luar negeri. Dampak yang lain adalah turunnya angka indikator pertumbuhan sektoral yang akan menyebabkan naiknya angka pengangguran. Hasil yang lain dari simulasi kebijakan juga menunjukkan bahwa utang luar negeri dan kebijakan donor mempunyai pengaruh yang kuat atas kinerja angka indikator pertumbuhan sektoral.
Keyword: deficit financing, debt stock, external loan, two-stage least squares (2-SLS)

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
Keyword: