Judul: Lignin and Lignosulfonates from Eucalyptus Black Leachate to Increase the Fire Resistance Properties Particle Boards from Areca
Abstrak: Lignin berpotensi sebagai aditif Flame Retardant (FR) yang ramah lingkungan karena dapat memanfaatkan limbah dan berasal dari bahan terbarukan. Lignin bersifat tidak larut air, sehingga diperlukan modifikasi melalui proses sulfonasi menjadi lignosulfonat agar mudah dalam pengaplikasiannya. Lignin dan lignosulfonat dari kayu Eukaliptus diaplikasikan pada papan partikel pelepah pinang berperekat asam sitrat-sukrosa. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh penambahan lignin dan lignosulfonat sebagai aditif terhadap sifat ketahanan api dan fisis mekanis papan partikel pelepah pinang berperekat asam sitrat-sukrosa. Lignin dan lignosulfonat dari kayu Eukaliptus diaplikasikan pada papan partikel pelepah pinang berperekat asam sitrat-sukrosa. Pengujian papan partikel meliputi uji ketahanan api, sifat fisis dan mekanis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kehilangan berat papan partikel setelah diuji bakar torch menurun setelah ditambahkan lignin dan lignosulfonat. Penambahan larutan lignin dan lignosulfonat tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap sifat ketahanan api papan partikel setelah diuji dengan UL-94. Pengujian sifat fisis mekanis papan partikel yang mengacu pada standar Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) A 5908-2003 menunjukkan bahwa penambahan lignosulfonat meningkatkan sifat fisis dan mekanis papan partikel walaupun secara keseluruhan belum memenuhi standar JIS A 5908-2003., Lignin has the potential as an environmentally friendly Fire Retardant (FR) additive in biocomposite manufacturing. Lignin is water-insoluble, which requires modification of the solubility through a sulfonation process to become lignosulfonate for easy application. Lignin and lignosulfonates from Eucalyptus wood were applied as filler to the areca nut frond particleboard bonded citric acid-sucrose. This research aims to analyze the effect of adding lignin and lignosulfonate as additives on the fire resistance and mechanical-physical properties of the areca nut frond particleboard with citric acid-sucrose adhesive. Particleboard testing includes fire resistance tests and physical and mechanical properties. The results showed that the weight loss of particle board after the torch-burning test decreased after adding lignin and lignosulfonate. The addition of lignin and lignosulfonate solutions did not have a significant effect on the fire resistance properties of particleboard after being tested with UL-94. Testing of the physical and mechanical properties of particle board referring to the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) A 5908-2003 standard shows that the addition of lignosulfonate improves the physical and mechanical properties of particle board even though overall it does not meet the JIS A 5908-2003 standard.
Keyword: lignin, lignosulfonate, particleboard, fire retardant

Judul: Papan Partikel Dari Pelepah Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Perekat Asam Sitrat dan Molase
Abstrak: Pelepah kelapa sawit merupakan biomassa kelapa sawit yang biasanya tidak dimanfaatkan secara optimal, pelepah kelapa sawit memiliki kandungan lignoselulosa yang berpotensi untuk dijadikan papan partikel dan ketersediannya yang cukup melimpah.Penelitian ini bertujuan menghasilkan papan partikel yang ramah lingkungan tanpa menggunakan bahan kimia berbahaya. Selain itu, menganalisis pengaruh kadar perekat dengan menggunakan asam sitrat dan molase terhadap karakteristik sifat fisis dan mekanis papan partikel. Papan dibuat dengan kerapatan target 0,8 g/cm³ dan ukuran 30 x 30x 0,6 cm menggunakan kempa panas suhu 200°C selama 10 menit dengan tekanan 5 Mpa. Pengujian sifat fisis dan mekanis papan partikel mengacu pada standar SNI 03-2105-2006 (kerapatan, kadar air, daya serap air, pengembangan tebal, MOE, MOR, dan keteguhan rekat). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan kadar perekat berpengaruh nyata terhadap karakteristik sifat fisis dan mekanis papan partikel Semakin tinggi kadar perekat yang ditambahkan mampu meningkatkan sifat fisis dan mekanis pada papan plafon yang dibuat., Palm fronds are palm biomass that is usually not used optimally, palm fronds have lignocellulose content that has the potential to be used as a particleboard and its availability is quite abundant. This study aims to produce environmentally friendly particle boards without the use of harmful chemicals. In addition, it analyzes the effect of adhesive levels using citric acid and molasses on the characteristics of the physical and mechanical properties of particle boards. The board was made with a target density of 0,8 g/cm³ and a size of 30 x 30x 0,6 cm using a heat felt of 200°C for 10 minutes with a pressure of 5 Mpa. Testing of the physical and mechanical properties of particle boards refers to the standard SNI 03-2105-2006 (density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, MOE, MOR, and internal bounding). The results of this research show that the adhesive content has a significant effect on the characteristics of the physical and mechanical properties of composite ceiling boards. The higher the adhesive content added is able to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the ceiling board made.
Keyword: adhesive content, citric acid, molasses, palm fronds, particle board

Judul: Implementation of Spatio-Temporal Change Query in Relational Database.
Abstrak: Geographic object changes in various views. Object changes are recorded using a model of static storage. No historical connection between old version data and new version data has been built. For that, a storage model of spatio-temporal queries that can analyze spatio-temporal changes has been developed. The object changes the geometry are grouped according to the taxonomy of Spatio-Temporal Pattern Change. This research has been able to apply the query patterns change including born, expand, merge, contract, split, normal and die. This query based on geometric (area) changes. The implementation of spatio-temporal change queries represents an object changes continuously with easy, change detection is done by comparing two versions of data. Keyword: spatio-temporal change query, spatio-temporal change pattern.
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