Judul: Penanggulangan Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman Cengkeh di Kebun Selokaton Sukerejo Kendal
Abstrak: Kebun Selokaton dalam hal serangan hama dan penyakit karena patogen termasuk kebun yang tidak banyak mempunyai masalah. Hama yang menyerang pada umumnya lebih menimbul- kan kerugian dan mendapat perhatian daripada penyakit yang ada. Data tertulis menganai besar dan luas serangan hama dan penyakit yang pernah muncul di kebun hampir tidak ada, hal ini menimbulkan kesukaran untuk mengetahui serangan ha- ma dan penyakit terdahulu. Cara penanggulangan hama dan penyakit yang dipakai ter- lihat lebih dititik beratkan pada penggunaan cara-cara kimia. Penanggulangan yang bersifat pencegahan dilakukan rutin sepanjang bulan tanpa memperhatikan iklim. Pengobatan khusus baru dilaksanakan apabila serangan hama atau penyakit sudah cukup luas dan dianggap menimbulkan kerugian. Jenis pestisida yang digunakan ditentukan oleh perwakil- an, sedangkan' konsentrasi dan dosis yang digunakan ditetapkan
Keyword: 

Judul: Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman Mawar (Rosa hybrida L.) di Desa Pakuon, Kecamatan Sukaresmi, Kabupaten Cianjur
Abstrak: Hama dan penyakit tanaman merupakan organisme pengganggu tanaman selain gulma yang menyebabkan kerusakan fisiologis dan fisik tanaman dari fase benih hingga panen. Penelitian ini bertujuan menginventaris hama dan penyakit dominan di lahan mawar Desa Pakuon, Kecamatan Sukaresmi, Kabupaten Cianjur. Pengamatan ini dilakukan dengan pengamatan langsung terhadap serangan hama dan penyakit di empat rumah kaca serta wawancara dengan petani kebun, selama empat kali dengan interval satu minggu sekali. Varietas mawar yang diamati yaitu Avalanche dan Sexy Red. Selama empat minggu pengamatan serta hasil wawancara petani, didapatkan informasi hama yang dominan menyerang pertanaman mawar antara lain tungau, trips, serta kutu perisai. Penyakit tanaman dominan yang menginfeksi mawar di kebun pengamatan adalah embun tepung dan bercak hitam. Kejadian serta keparahan serangan hama dan penyakit dapat dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan dan cara budi daya yang dilakukan petani.
Keyword: inventory, population, severity

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
Keyword: