Judul: Lama pemberian ekstrak bawang putih Allium sativum yang optimum pada pakan untuk mencegah penyakit koi herpes virus pada ikan mas cyprinus carpio
Abstrak: This experiment purposed to observe the optimum duration of the application of feed with garlic Allium sativum extract towards immunity of carp fish Cyprinus capio body that infected with Koi Herpes Virus. Experimental design was Complete Random Design that consist of 3 treatments and 3 replications that were : (K-) feed without garlic extract addition and injected with PBS 0,1 ml; (K+) feed with garlic extract addition and infected with KHV 0,1 ml; (A) feed with garlic extract addition (50 gram/kg feed) during 21 days and infected with 0,1 ml KHV; (B) feed with garlic extract addition (50 gram/kg feed) during 14 days and infected with 0,1 ml KHV; (C) feed with garlic extract addition (50 gram/kg feed) during 7 days and infected with 0,1 ml KHV. The result of this experiment showed the high value of survival rate that consist in negative control treatment, each of A and B treatment with value of 91,7% and 83,8% that significantly different with positive control treatment each with value 0%. It showed that time of garlic extract given on feed could affect the immunity of carp fish body toward KHV infection. The optimum result based on survival rate was obtained in garlic extract given during 21 days.
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Judul: Efikasi Vaksin DNA Penyandi Glikoprotein Koi Herpesvirus pada Ikan Mas Stadia Benih melalui Perendaman
Abstrak: Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a herpesvirus which especially infects and causes mass mortality to koi and common carp. Therefore the protection of carp from KHV infection is urgently needed. In this study, we developed an application of DNA vaccine containing gene encoding KHV glycoprotein by immersion method to increase survival of common carp against KHV infection. As many as 400 of 30-day-old common carp juveniles were immersed in the water containing 1.3 x 108 CFU/ml of the killed Escherichia coli cells carrying DNA vaccine. Treatments performed were variation of duration and frequency of DNA vaccine immersion; as follows: 1x 30 minutes, 1x 60 minutes, 1x 90 minutes, 2x 90 minutes, and 3x 90 minutes of immersion treatments. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that DNA vaccine was successfully expressed among the vaccinated fish. Twenty eight days post vaccination, the fish were challenged by injecting 10-4 ml/fish of KHV. The result demonstrated that vaccination by 30 minutes immersion; allowed the 61% of fish survived, this was significantly different (P<0.05) compared to control (without vaccination), but insignificantly different (P>0.05) compared to those of other treatments. The relative percent survival of vaccinated fish were also similar among different treatments (P>0.05). Vaccination by immersion have increased the survival rate about 2 fold compared to unvaccinated fish control (26.67%). Thus, DNA vaccine was effective delivered by immersion for 1x 30 minutes, and this technique can be useful to level up the resistance to KHV infection in common carp juveniles.
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Judul: Peranan Pemimpin Informal dalam Menggerakan Partisipasi Masyarakat  untuk Pembangunan Desa
Abstrak: Pendekatan pembangunan yang banyak diterima para ahli adalah pendekatan dari bawah ke atas (bottom up) yang berarti bahwa dalam pembangunan diperlukan keikutsertaan rakyat. Keikutsertaan tidak hanya pada tahap merencanakan pembangunan, akan tetapi juga ikut dalam melaksanakan, bahkan sampai pada menilai hasil-hasil pembangunan (Cohen dan Uphoe 1977; Dusseldorp, 1981; Slamet, 1993). Agar rakyat yang berhimpun dalam kelompok-kelompok dapat ikut serta, mereka harus memiliki sejumlah kualifikasi yang diperlukan untuk itu.
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