Judul: Karakteristik dan Kinetika Enzimatik β-Galaktosidase Isolat Bakteri AV-1 pada Susu Pasteurisasi
Abstrak: Lactose is not found in natural product except from mammary gland. Lactose must be hydrolized into glucose and galactose by β-galaktosidasesenzyme. So that, it is posible to be absorb by intestine. The purpose of this research was determined differences in characteristic and kinetics of β- galaktosidases-enzyme produced by AV-1 selected isolate lactid acid bacteria and Lactobacillus bulgaricus in hydrolyzing pasteurized milk. The optimum condition of AV-1 isolate β-galaktosidase enzyme was on incubation time 25 minute, temperature 43 °C, pH 6.5, with activity 0.182 U/ml, while the optimum condition of Lactobacillus bulgaricus β-galaktosidase enzyme was on incubation time 20 minute, temperature 43 °C, pH 6.5, with activity 0.357 U/ml. The kinetics parameters (Vmaks. and apparent KM) of isolate AV-1 β-galaktosidase enzyme were 0.198 U/ml and 1.314 mM, while the kinetics parameters (Vmaks. and apparent KM) of Lactobacillus bulgaricus’ β-galaktosidase enzyme (as control) were 0.385 U/ml and 1.075 mM. The activity of β-galaktosidase AV-1 isolate statistically was different from Lactobacillus bulgaricus’ (P < 0.05).
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Judul: Amobilisasi β-galaktosidase Bakteri Asam Laktat Indigenos Strain D-210 dengan Natrium Alginat dan Potensi Hidrolisisnya pada Susu UHT
Abstrak: Lactose intolerance is a symptom who cannot produce the β-galactosidase enzyme (lactase) an enzyme that catalyzes hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose, in their digestive system. In most cases this causes symptoms which may include abdominal bloating and cramps, flatulence, diarrhea and nausea. Immobilization of Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria strain D-210 β-galactosidase with natrium alginate and its potential in UHT milk has not been reported yet. Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria strain D-210 was found as bacteria producing β-galactosidase which was culture in MRS (Mann Rogosa Sharpe) and substrate lactose 3%. The β-galactosidase was dialyzed for getting the partial pure. The research results showed that the optimum production of β-galactosidase in Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria Strain D-210 was reached on 24 hours with activity 26.605 U/ml and total activities was 27.669 U, and Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria Strain D-210 optimum growth was reached on 24 hours with optimum optical density 1.984 and amount of cell was 1.81x10-8 cell/ml. The total activities partial purification of crude β-galaktosidase was 138.396 U, total activities after presipitation with amonium sulfat the total activities was 87.030 U and total activities after dialysis was 50.420 U. The inhibitors of β-galaktosidase were Hg and Cu with relative activities were 56.82% and 1.04%, while the activators were Mg,Mn,Ca,Co,Zn. Kinetic parameter of enzyme showed that the values of Km: 0.491 mM and Vmax:0.093 μmol/minute (free β-galactosidase), and values of Km:15.54 mM and Vmax 0.474 μmol/minute (immobilized β-galactosidase) . The optimum activity of the free β-galactosidase was reached on pH: 6.5 with activity 252.341 U/ml, and temperature: 45 oC with activity 180.093 U/ml. The optimum concentration of Na alginate for immobilized cell and β-galactosidase were 2% and 3% respectively. The concentration of Na alginat used for hydrolysis lactose in cell was 12% with the released total product 58.884 μmol and for the β-galactosidase was 20% with the released total product 91.752 μmol. The optimum activity of the immobilized β-galactosidase was reached on pH:6 with activity 40.428 U/ml, and on temperature: 40 oC with activity 41.194 U/ml. The optimum potential of cell imobilized and β-galactosidase for lactose hidrolysis in UHT milk were reached for 6 hours and 18 hours with relative activity 76.72% and 62.78% respectively. Repeated use of cell and enzyme β-galactosidase immobilized was 6 times with the use of relative hydrolisis activity were 39.52% and 53.68% respectively.
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Judul: Perencanaan Sistem Ruang Terbuka Hijau (RTH) Untuk Mendukung Terciptanya Kenyamanan dan Identitas Lanskap Kotamadya Metro.
Abstrak: Secara umum luas RTH total Kota Metro menurut Inmendagri No. 14 Tahun 1988 masih mencukupi yaitu sebesar 3.639,09 Ha (52,94% dari luas total wilayah). Berdasarkan perhitungan Simonds (1983), kebutuhan RTH dalam skala kota saat ini masih mencukupi yaitu sebesar 951,20 Ha (kebutuhan RTH hanya 760,08 Ha), dan menurut metode Gerarkis kebutuhan RTH berupa tegakan pohon sebesar 940,94 Ha (kebutuhan RTH hanya 558,80 Ha). Meskipun kebutuhan RTH Kota Metro dalam skala kota masih mencukupi, namun dari segi kualitas dalam bentuk RTH untuk kenyamanan lingkungan masih kurang, terutama dengan semakin meningkatnya pembangunan fisik di tahun mendatang. Konsep sistem RTH yang diusulkan adalah sistem jejaring RTH yang berkesinambungan sehingga dapat menyangga sistem ekologi kota, memberikan kenyamanan bagi warga kota serta menampilkan identitas dan keindahan visual melalui pengembangan lanskap kota dan penataan vegetasi sesuai fungsi serta bentuk RTH diharapkan dapat menampilkan identitas kota. Karakter identitas RTH Kota Metro terbentuk melalui pola jejaring RTH yang diusulkan, taman kota di kecamatan Metro Pusat sebagai landmark dan pusat jejaring, serta melalui penataan vegetasi yang adaptif dan disukai oleh masyarakat. Sistem jejaring RTH ini diterapkan dalam perencanaan RTH berdasarkan pendekatan kebutuhan RTH, peningkatan kualitas RTH dan pembangunan RTH melalui konversi bentuk­bentuk RTH yang memungkinkan. Selain itu, untuk menunjang aspek kehyamanan diperoleh dari penerapan sistem jejaring RTH, peningkatan jumlah pohon, penataan secara estetis dan pemeliharaan yang berkelanjutan. Dalam studi ini, konsep dituangkan juga dalam bentuk rencana spasial RTH Kota Metro...dst
Keyword: tataguna lahan, tata ruang kota, identitas kota, RTH, topografi