Judul: Prevalensi campylobacter jejuni pada karkas ayam dan pengembangan uji deteksinya
Abstrak: Chicken meat and eggs are the main source of animal protein in Indonesia because they are relative cheaper than cattle products. Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen predominantly found in chicken carcasses. C. jejuni causes gastroenteritis in humans, had a very low infectious dose that is easy to cause infection in humans. The study was aimed to (1) rapidly detect C. jejuni contamination in chicken carcass (2) determine the prevalence of contamination and quantitative analyse of the risk of thermophilic Campylobacter sp. when mishandling consume. (3) produce immune sera against the local isolates that can be used as a reagent for ELISA. A total of 298 chicken carcass samples sold in modern and traditional markets in the area of Jakarta, West Java (Bogor and Sukabumi) and Central Java (Kudus and Demak) were collected and attempted for isolation following ISO/ DIS 10272-1994 protocol, identification using biochemical API Campy, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using hipO, glyA, fla, and 23S rRNA primer sets for species identification. The result is chicken carcasses sold in the sampling area both traditional markets and supermarkets are contaminated with C. jejuni and C. coli. Prevalence of Campylobacter sp. contamination on chicken carcasses was isolated by conventional (19.8%) and PCR (41.6%). The contamination rate of Campylobacter sp. on chicken carcasses sold in supermarkets, markedly 14.09% is higher than in traditional markets 5.70%. It is also confirmed that the prevalence for contamination of C. jejuni was higher than C. coli. Prevalence of C. jejuni contamination that sold in traditional markets 88.23% was higher than C. coli 11.76%. The prevalence of C. jejuni contamination in carcasses sold in swalayan was 78.57%. These were higher than contamination of C. coli that was identified by conventional methods 21.42%. Flagella and whole cell antigen purification from a local isolate of C. jejuni (C1) was done by glycine extraction and produced flagellar protein of 31 kDa. Animal immunization against flagellar protein extract induced higher specific antibody titers in chicken than rabbits and sheep. A probability model describing variability but not uncertainty was developed in beta-poisson model. The result is microorganism reduction 2 log cfu/gram and the output sof the model was the probability of illness per handling if the roasted chicken mishandled is 4 for 1 000 humans.
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Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Campylobacter jejuni Menggunakan Metode Konvensional dan Molekuler serta Mekanisme Patogenesis pada Saluran Pencernaan Ayam Broiler
Abstrak: Kejadian infeksi Campylobacter spp. pada manusia meningkat selama beberapa dekade terakhir. Campylobacter spp. merupakan bakteri Gram-negatif, motil, berbentuk spiral (wing shape), reaksi oksidase dan katalase positif, serta tidak dapat mengoksidasi/memfermentasi karbohidrat. Campylobacter spp. dapat diisolasi dari hewan domestik maupun hewan liar, karena saluran pencernaan hewan berdarah panas merupakan habitat alami dari Campylobacter spp. Spesies yang patogen dari genus ini bersifat thermotoleran atau thermofilik yaitu C. jejuni, C. coli dan C. lari. Campylobacter spp. bersifat toleran dan mampu bertahan pada suhu 4 C (refrigerator) selama 49 hari, namun tidak dapat tumbuh dan berkembang biak. Saat ini, Campylobacter spp. menjadi perhatian dunia, karena merupakan bakteri patogen yang menyebar melalui makanan. Campylobacter jejuni tumbuh pada suhu antara 25-49 C, sensitif terhadap sodium klorida (NaCl) dan kondisi kering serta tumbuh dengan baik pada pH 5.5-8.0. Bakteri ini mampu tumbuh dan berkembang biak di saluran pencernaan manusia dan menyebabkan diare yang parah. Campylobacter jejuni menyebabkan Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) yaitu kerusakan pada sistem syaraf peripheral dan berubah menjadi paralysis temporer yang merupakan penyebab neuromuscular akut dan bisa menyebabkan kematian. Lebih dari 40% pasien GBS berhubungan dengan infeksi C. jejuni dan 80% penyebab campylobacteriosis adalah C. jejuni. Gejala klinis infeksi Campylobacter spp. antara lain, diare berair yang dapat berubah menjadi diare berdarah tergantung toksin yang dihasilkan oleh beberapa strain Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter jejuni menghasilkan beberapa toksin seperti cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), shiga toxin dan hemolisis, cholera-related enterotoxin. Hasil penelitian saat ini memperlihatkan bahwa daging ayam dan produk olahannya merupakan sumber kontaminasi utama dari C. jejuni. Penelitian di Jepang menunjukkan, sekitar 60% dari karkas ayam dan produk olahannya yang dijual di pasar terkontaminasi oleh C. jejuni. Daging ayam terkontaminasi C. jejuni dari isi saluran pencernaan atau feses selama proses pemotongan, penanganan dan pengolahan. Manusia terinfeksi Campylobacter spp. karena mengkonsumsi daging ayam setengah matang. Campylobacter spp. merupakan bakteri patogen yang sulit untuk dikultur dan diisolasi, sehingga diperlukan media pre enrichment dan enrichment yang telah ditambah suplemen pertumbuhan dan antibiotika. Metode kultur konvensional untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi Campylobacter spp. pada sampel pangan pada umumnya membutuhkan waktu beberapa hari. Alternatif uji secara cepat, sensitif dan berdasarkan pada metode kultur adalah teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).....dst
Keyword: C. jejuni, conventional method, PCR, gross lesions, histopathologic lesions

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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