Judul: Design of Rice Cultivation Work System on Terraced Paddy field with an Ergonomic-Economic Approach and Selective Mechanization (study case in Seda Village)
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara agraris. Pemanfaatan lahan pertanian di Indonesia sebesar 56,5 juta ha dan 7,46 juta hektarnya adalah lahan padi sawah. Sebesar 15-20% dari total luas lahan sawah Indonesia merupakan sawah berteras. Karakteristik lahan sawah berteras yang berbeda dari hamparan lahan datar menyebabkan beban kerja budidaya padi tinggi dan produktivitasnya rendah sehingga upah petani rendah, karena itu diperlukan perancangan sistem kerja yang optimum serta sesuai dengan upah petani. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan kesesuaian perancangan sistem kerja yang optimum dengan upah petani menurut standar daerah dan merancang sistem kerja dengan analisis ergonomi-ekonomi untuk meningkatkan upah petani jika perancangan sistem kerja optimum belum sesuai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perancangan sistem kerja optimum belum sesuai dengan upah petani yaitu Rp 1.722.202 per bulan (lebih rendah dari UMR), sehingga diperlukan perancangan sistem kerja baru. Perancangan sistem kerja baru dengan berbagai skenario mampu meningkatkan upah akhir petani menjadi Rp 5.794.774 per bulan dan sesuai dengan produktivitas kerja menurut standar upah minimum Kabupaten Kuningan. Kata Kunci: berteras, budidaya, padi, produktivitas, upah, Indonesia is an agricultural country. Utilization of agricultural fields in Indonesia is 56,5 million ha and 7,46 million hectares are paddy fields. Estimated about 15-20% of the total area of paddy fields in Indonesia is terraced paddy fields. The characteristics of terraced paddy fields that are different from the flat ones made the workload of paddy cultivation heavy and the productivity is low that affects the farmer’s wage, therefore it is necessary to design an optimum work system that is suitable with the farmer’s wage. This research aims to determine the suitability of the optimum work system design with farmer’s wage according to the regional standards and to design a work system with ergonomic-economic analysis to increase farmer’s income if the optimum work system design is not suitable. The results showed that the optimum work system design was not equal with the farmer’s income, that is Rp 1.722.202 / month (below the minimum wage), so new design was required. The new design by using different scenarios can generate wages up to Rp 5.794.774 / month that is suitable with the work productivity according to the standard minimum wage of Kuningan Regency.
Keyword: berteras, budidaya, padi, produktivitas, upah

Judul: Time Study and Work Method Designing in Terraced Paddy Cultivation (Study Case in Seda Village, Kuningan Regency)
Abstrak: Kegiatan budidaya padi di lahan berteras Desa Seda terdiri dari elemen kerja penyemaian, pengolahan tanah, penanaman, perawatan, dan pemanenan. Hasil pengamatan menunjukan bahwa kebutuhan tenaga kerja kegiatan budidaya di lokasi dengan tingkat kemiringan 10-12o setara dengan 142 orang hari kerja per hektar. Perancangan sistem kerja dengan kaidah ergonomi untuk lahan seluas 70 hektar membutuhkan 73 orang petani dengan rincian 18 orang untuk penyemaian dan pengolahan tanah, 9 untuk penanaman, 6 untuk pemupukan, 8 untuk penyemprotan, 10 orang untuk penyiangan, 4 untuk pemotongan dan 18 untuk perontokan. Kebutuhan alsintan terdiri dari 18 traktor roda dua, 8 sprayer elektrik, 10 alat penyiang tradisional (gasrok), 4 paddy mower dan 9 perontok lipat. Pengoptimalan penggunaan alsintan dilakukan dengan penjadwalan sehingga didapatkan luas ideal 1.94 hektar per blok. Komparasi rancangan kebutuhan mekanisasi di lahan sawah berteras dan lahan sawah datar menunjukan adanya perbedaan jenis dan jumlah pengadaan alsintan antara lahan sawah berteras dan lahan datar., Rice cultivation activities on terraced land in Seda Village consist of seedling, tillage, planting, maintaining, and harvesting. Observations show that the need for labor for cultivation activities in locations with a slope of 10-12o is equivalent to 142 working days per hectare. The design of a work system with ergonomic principles for an area of 70 hectares requires 73 farmers with details of 18 for seeding and tillage, 9 for planting, 6 for fertilizing, 8 for spraying, 10 for weeding, 4 for cutting and 18 for threshing. The equipment needs consist of 18 two-wheel tractors, 8 sprayers electric, 10 traditional weeders (gasrok), 4 paddy mowers and 9 folding threshers. Optimization of the use of machineries is done by scheduling so that the ideal area is 1.94 hectares per block. Comparison of the design requirements for mechanization in terraced rice fields and flat rice fields shows that there are differences in the type and amount of agricultural machinery procurement between terraced and flat land.
Keyword: budidaya padi, sistem kerja, studi waktu, tenaga kerja, lahan berteras

Judul: Durability of Specific Immunoglobulin (Ig) Y Againts Influenza and Covid-19 in Sunscreen
Abstrak: The benefit of specific immunoglobulin Y (Ig Y) as an active ingredient in personal care products such as sunscreen has not been properly studied. Our study aims to evaluate the reliability of specific IgY against influenza and the COVID-19 virus in a sample sunscreen product. Specific IgY influenza and COVID-19 viruses were inserted in the sample sunscreen at two concentrations of 0.1% and 0.25%. Three treatments were observed: control (C) sunscreen without IgY, treatment 1 (T1) sunscreen with 0.1% IgY, and treatment 2 (T2) sunscreen with 0.25% IgY. Organoleptic observations were carried out to monitor changes in aroma, color, and texture, and sunscreen sampling was done every week for 6 weeks. The durability of IgY was evaluated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a neutralization assay. Organoleptic observation from weeks 1 to 6 showed consistency in its aroma, color, and texture. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and neutralization assay (NA) results of the T1 and T2 groups showed negative results except for sample T1 at week 5, which showed a positive result in the Influenza A ELISA. Based on the results, it seems that IgY concentrations of 0.1% or 0.25% were not optimal. However, this negative result might be due to low concentration of the IgY and the presence of beeswax, which inhibits IgY and causes it to dissolve in distilled water, thus preventing it from being detected in the assay.
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, Sunscreen, Influenza, COVID-19, Biological Activity