Judul: Sistem Bonus-Malus dengan Frekuensi Klaim Menyebar Binomial Negatif dan Ukuran Klaim Menyebar Pareto
Abstrak: Sistem Bonus-Malus merupakan metode yang biasa digunakan untuk menentukan harga premi risiko yang didasarkan pada riwayat klaim dari masingmasing pemegang polis. Pada karya tulis ini dijelaskan dua model sistem Bonus- Malus yaitu sistem Bonus-Malus klasik dan sistem Bonus-Malus optimal. Penentuan harga premi risiko pada sistem Bonus-Malus klasik didasarkan hanya pada riwayat dari frekuensi klaim masing-masing pemegang polis, sedangkan penentuan harga premi risiko pada sistem Bonus-Malus optimal didasarkan pada riwayat dari frekuensi klaim dan ukuran klaim masing-masing pemegang polis. Frekuensi klaim diasumsikan menyebar binomial negatif dan ukuran klaim diasumsikan menyebar Pareto. Pada karya tulis ini juga dilakukan ilustrasi penghitungan premi risiko dari dua model sistem Bonus-Malus tersebut dengan menggunakan data hipotetik yang dibangkitkan menggunakan perangkat lunak Wolfram Mathematica 11.0.
Keyword: sebaran binomial negatif, sebaran Pareto, sistem Bonus-Malus

Judul: Sistem Bonus-Malus dengan Frekuensi Klaim Berdistribusi Binomial Negatif dan Besaran Klaim Berdistribusi Weibull
Abstrak: Sistem bonus-malus merupakan sistem asuransi di mana pemegang polis mendapatkan penurunan harga premi (bonus) jika pemegang polis tidak mengajukan klaim, sedangkan pemegang polis yang mengajukan klaim mendapatkan penambahan harga premi (malus). Perusahaan asuransi harus menghitung harga premi dengan tepat agar tidak terjadi kerugian bagi perusahaan maupun pemegang polis. Pada karya ilmiah ini dijelaskan dua model sistem bonus-malus yaitu sistem bonus-malus klasik yang penghitungan preminya bergantung pada frekuensi klaim pemegang polis dan sistem bonus-malus optimal yang penghitungan preminya bergantung pada frekuensi dan besaran klaim yang diajukan pemegang polis. Diasumsikan frekuensi klaim menyebar binomial negatif dan besaran klaim menyebar Weibull. Hasil simulasi menggunakan data hipotetik yang dibangkitkan menggunakan perangkat lunak Wolfram Mathematica 11.2 dapat menunjukkan sistem bonus-malus yang lebih adil.
Keyword: sistem bonus-malus, sebaran binomial negatif, sebaran Weibull

Judul: Drought Stress Tolerance Mechanisms of Eggplant (Solanum spp.): Physiology and Molecular.
Abstrak: Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is a popular and economically important vegetable crop grown in the tropics and subtropics, especially in Asia and Africa. Most of these crops grown in Asia and Africa are tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Eggplant has a wide variation in morphological and physiological characteristics, therefore, it is necessary to explore the germplasm to gain more genotypes tolerant to biotic and abiotic stresses. Sufficient water availability at the first stage of plant growth is very important. Limited water supply may lead to drought stress. The long period of drought stress may disturb the metabolic process and lead the irreversible damage of the plant tissues, so the plant can not recover. This abiotic stress has been significantly proved to be one of factors decreasing the plant growth and productivity. The objective of this research was to reveal physiological and molecular response of six eggplant accessions (i.e. 098, 155, 414, 754, 772, and 827 accessions, and Panjalu-F1 as the control genotype) to drought stress. Plants were grown in medium containing soil, sand and compost (1:1:1, v/v/v) in the greenhouse. Plants were exposed to the drought treatment at 21 days after the plants have 6 fully leaves. Some parameters were examined during the drought treatment, which were media water content (MWC), relative water content (RWC), plant growth and dry weight, proline concentration, chlorophyll content and polyamine concentration. Total RNA was extracted from leaves on day 21st of the treatment. The arginine decarboxylase S. melongena (SmADC) fragment gene was amplified from the cDNA. ADC gene is one of genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis and plays important role in the plant tolerance mechanism to drought stress. The results showed that drought stress significantly reduced plant height, leaf area, stomatal density and aperture in all plants. Levels of chlorophylls were similar during the drought treatment in all plants. Proline and/or polyamines were accumulated and reached the maximum levels after 14 to 21 days after the treatment. High levels of these amines can be used to indicate that the plant is stressed by drought. Levels of proline and polyamines, especially putrescine, increased 10 times higher in the stressed-plants compared to those grown in the optimum condition. cDNA was synthesized from the total RNA by reverse transcription. In total, four fragments of SmADC were obtained by PCR from cDNA of accession 098 (2 fragments), cDNA of accession 772 (1 fragment) and genomic DNA of accession 098 (1 fragment). ADC primers were designed based on the conserved regions in ADC Solanum lycopersicum (accession number HM629957.1). Sequences analysis showed that the four SmADC fragments were 1 442 bp, 1 422 bp, 1 407 bp and 636 bp, encoding 151, 357, 466, 182 amino acids, respectively. Nucleotide alignment analysis showed that four SmADC fragments were 86-93 % homologue to Solanum lycopersicum (Acc: NM_001247720.1), Datura stramonium (Acc: AJ251898.1), Capsicum annuum (Acc: AY156514.1) and Nicotiana tabacum (Acc: AF321137.1). Based on the phylogenetic tree developed from the deduced amino acid sequence of ADC, SmADCs were grouped with Solanum lycopersicum, Datura stramonium, Capsicum annuum and Nicotiana tabacum. Analysis of conserved domains revealed that
Keyword: eggplant, proline, polyamine, arginine decarboxylase (ADC), pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)