Judul: Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Resistance of Nile Tilapia Fed Bacillus sp. NP5 Paraprobiotic and infected by Streptococcus agalactiae
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas pemberian paraprobiotik Bacillus sp. NP5 yang ditambahkan melalui pakan pada kinerja pertumbuhan, respons imun, dan resistansi ikan nila terhadap infeksi Streptococcus agalactiae. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak rengkap yang terdiri dari 3 perlakuan 5 ulangan, penambahan probiotik 1%, penambahan paraprobiotik 1% dan tanpa penambahan probiotik atau paraprobiotik (kontrol). Ikan perlakuan dipelihara selama 30 hari, pada hari ke 31, uji tantang dengan S. agalactiae (107 CFU ml-1) yang diinjeksikan melalui intraperitoneal kecuali perlakuan kontrol negatif yang diinjeksi dengan PBS. Hasil penelitian setelah 30 hari pemberian probiotik dan paraprobiotik Bacillus sp. NP5 menunjukkan kinerja pertumbuhan dan respons imun yang meningkat signifikan (P<0.05) dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Pasca uji tantang, peningkatan respons imun pada perlakuan probiotik dan paraprobiotik Bacillus sp. NP5 menunjukkan tingkat kelangsungan hidup yang lebih tinggi (P<0.05) dibandingkan kontrol positif pasca uji tantang dengan S. agalactiae. Pemberian probiotik dan paraprobiotik Bacillus sp. NP5 melalui pakan efektif dalam meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan, respons imun, dan resistansi ikan nila terhadap infeksi Streptococcus agalactiae., The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of paraprobiotic Bacillus sp. NP5 administration through commercial feed on the growth performances, immune responses, and resistance of nile tilapia against Streptococcus agalactiae infection. This study used a completely randomized design, which consisted of three treatments with five repetitions, that were 1% (v/w) addition of probiotic, 1% (v/w) addition of paraprobiotic, and no addition of probiotic or paraprobiotic (control). The experimental fish were reared for 30 days and on day 31, the fish was challenge tested with S. agalactiae (107 CFU ml-1) injected by intraperitoneal route, unless the negative control was injected with PBS. The results of this study showed significantly improved growth performances and immune responses (P<0.05), compared to the control group after 30 days of probiotic and paraprobiotic Bacillus sp. NP5 administered. After challenge tested, the increased of immune responses in the probiotic and paraprobiotic of Bacillus sp. NP5 showed a higher survival rate (P<0.05), than positive control after callenge tested with S. agalactiae. Administration of probiotic and paraprobiotic Bacillus sp. NP5 through the commercial feed were effective in increase the growth performances, immune responses, and resistance of nile tilapia against S. agalactiae infection.
Keyword: Bacillus sp. NP5, nile tilapia, paraprobiotic, Streptococcus agalactiae

Judul: Aplikasi Mikrokapsul Probiotik Bacillus Np5 Dan Prebiotik Mannanoligosakarida Untuk Pencegahan Streptococcosis Pada Ikan Nila.
Abstrak: Streptococcus agalactiae merupakan patogen penyebab penyakit streptococcosis pada ikan nila. Penyakit streptococcosis dapat menyebabkan kematian massal ikan nila dalam waktu yang singkat. Salah satu cara untuk pengendalian penyakit streptococcosis adalah dengan pemberian probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik. Namun, penggunaan kultur segar probiotik memiliki beberapa kelemahan diantaranya yaitu viabilitas yang cepat menurun selama penyimpanan sehingga diperlukan teknik untuk mempertahankan viabilitas probiotik tersebut dalam jangka waktu yang lama, yaitu dengan mikroenkapsulasi probiotik. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa pemberian mikrokapsul probiotik Bacillus NP5 secara tunggal mampu meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan, sistem imun, dan resistensi ikan nila yang diinfeksi S. agalactiae. Beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian sinbiotik (gabungan antara probiotik dan prebiotik) menunjukkan hasil yang lebih baik daripada pemberian probiotik dan prebiotik secara tunggal. Namun penelitian yang mengevaluasi tentang pemberian mikrokapsul probiotik Bacillus NP5, prebiotik MOS, dan sinbiotik belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas pemberian mikrokapsul probiotik Bacillus NP5, prebiotik MOS, dan gabungan keduanya (sinbiotik) yang diberikan melalui pakan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan, sistem imun, dan resistensi ikan nila yang diinfeksi S. agalactiae. Perlakuan yang diberikan meliputi pemberian pakan komersial dengan kadar protein 30% yang telah dicampur dengan mikrokapsul probiotik Bacillus NP5 dosis 0.5% (perlakuan A), prebiotik MOS dosis 0.4% (perlakuan B) dan sinbiotik (gabungan mikrokapsul probiotik Bacillus NP5 dosis 0.5% dan prebiotik MOS dosis 0.4%) (perlakuan C) selama 40 hari, sedangkan pada perlakuan kontrol negatif (KN) dan kontrol positif (KP) diberikan pakan komersial (protein 30%). Pemberian pakan dilakukan secara at satiation. Pada hari ke-40, ikan diinfeksi dengan S. agalactiae dosis 0.1 mL (106 CFU/mL) secara intraperitoneal, kecuali pada kontrol negatif (KN), selanjutnya ikan dipelihara selama 10 hari. Parameter yang diukur pada penelitian ini yaitu tingkat kelangsungan hidup (TKH), laju partumbuhan harian (LPH), rasio konversi pakan (RKP), total bakteri dan total Bacillus NP5 RfR di usus ikan uji (hari ke-0 dan hari ke-40), TKH ikan nila setelah uji tantang, total eritrosit (TE), kadar hematokrit (Ht), kadar hemoglobin (Hb), total leukosit (TL), aktivitas fagositosis (AF) dan aktivitas respiratory burst (RB) hari ke-0 dan ke-40 (sebelum uji tantang) dan hari ke-43, 46, dan 50 (setelah uji tantang), serta total S. agalactiae pada organ target ikan uji (otak, mata, ginjal, dan hati) sebelum uji tantang pada hari ke-0, dan setelah uji tantang pada hari ke-45 dan ke-50. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kelangsungan hidup ikan nila setelah pemberian mikrokapsul probiotik Bacillus NP5 (A), prebiotik MOS (B), sinbiotik (C), kontrol negatif (KN), dan kontrol positif (KP) selama 40 hari berkisar antara 96.67-100%. Pemberian mikrokapsul probiotik Bacillus NP5, prebiotik MOS, dan sinbiotik mampu meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan harian (LPH), dan menunjukkan rasio konversi pakan (RKP) yang lebih rendah daripada kontrol positif (KN) dan kontrol negatif (KP). Total bacterial count meningkat setelah pemberian mikrokapsul probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik selama 40 hari. Total probiotik Bacillus NP5 RfR terdeteksi pada perlakuan A dan C. Pemberian mikrokapsul probiotik Bacillus NP5, prebiotik MOS, dan sinbiotik mampu meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup ikan nila yang diinfeksi S. agalactiae. TE, Ht, dan Hb ikan nila meningkat pada akhir pemberian pakan (hari ke-40), kemudian mengalami penurunan pada hari ke-43 (3 hari setelah uji tantang) selanjutnya meningkat pada hari ke-46 (6 hari setelah
Keyword: Mikrokapsul probiotik, prebiotik, sinbiotik, ikan nila, S agalactiae

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite