Judul: Respon Otot Polos Ileum Kelinci Lokal Terhadap Medan Magnet 60 dan 420 Gauss Secara In Vitro dengan Variasi Suhu Tyrode
Abstrak: The digestive system in the living body involving the small intestinal organs, which included Na+, K+, and Ca2+ channels which play an important role in smooth muscle contraction. Observations on smooth muscle contraction performed on isolated ileum of rabbits that had just died and placed in a organbath that has been filled with tyrode 37 °C. Amplitude, frequency, and strength of contractions were measured using the Force Sensor Data Acquisition System with the application of ADInstruments Australia. Magnetic field of 60 and 420 Gauss can increase the amplitude and force of contraction, and reduce the frequency of contractions. Increasing magnetic field will decrease the contraction of smooth muscle in the body due to the weakening of ions performance in the body. However, when the temperature of tyrode is decreased from 20 to 40 °C the amplitude and force of contraction are increased. The frequency of contractions tend to be constant at any temperature, except for 20 °C where the frequency of contractions is very different compared to other temperatures. If the temperature is too low the contraction of ileum is not stable or even non-exist, which probably indicates the dead of the intestine.
Keyword: temperature, smooth muscle, the magnetic field

Judul: Kontraksi Otot Polos Usus Halus Longitudional Kelinci Akibat Paparan Medan Magnet Secara In Vitro
Abstrak: This research aims to know the response is contraction of the intestine due to exposure to the subtle variations in the intensity of the magnetic field 10-240 gauss with frequency 50 Hz in vitro. Data capture the strength and frequency of contractions using Data Asquisition System AD Instruments. Decrease in strength of contraction occurs, but not significant. Not found a strong correlation between increased the intensity of the magnetic field and a decrease in the strength of contraction. A given exposure is not strong enough to do the modulation of calcium ion mechanosensitive channel through, this is shown on a small correlation values test each of the duodenum, jejunum and illeum is -0.1561, -0.0779, and-0.3204. As well as the test F stating there is no real influence on the strength of contraction of the intestine. A similar case also happened in the contractions increased frequency is very small and not significant. Test results showed no effect on real F on the frequency of contractions and illeum the duodenum, jejunum whereas in effect is real. Not found a strong correlation between the intensity of the magnetic field with the addition of an increase in the frequency of contraction that is indicated by the value of the correlation of the duodenum, duodenal and illeum was 0.0352, 0.1665 and 0.2546.
Keyword: smooth muscle, mechanosensitive ion channels, magnetic fields, contraction, calcium

Judul: Impact Of water policy on poverty reduction and women roles in water management In Zimbabwe
Abstrak: Water management is a key factor in the battle to remove the scourge of extreme poverty and to build secure and prosperous lives for people in the developing world. The water sector in Zimbabwe is complicated by the large number of actors; it is interwoven within various ministries. The research used secondary data and review of literature to evaluate how the current water policy has contributed towards marginalising women and the poor. It looked at how actors can also marginalise or put other actors at risk thereby undermining their role through prioritisation of certain projects, stakeholder participation and usage policy. From a descriptive analysis it is found that women are further relegated and marginalised. The poor are further impoverished through marginalisation and vulnerability. The policy environment favours business and state interests against those of grassroots actors and women. It recommends the establishment of home grown pro- poor water management strategies.
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