Judul: Optimization of Coniferyl Ester Synthesis from Eugenol through Acetylation/Benzoylation, Bromination, and Dehydrobromination through Acetate/Benzoate-Substitution
Abstrak: Ester koniferil telah disintesis dari eugenol melalui tahapan asetilasi/benzoilasi, brominasi, dan dehidrobrominasi substitusi asetat/benzoat, tetapi rendemen yang dihasilkan masih lebih rendah daripada metode sintesis lain yang telah dilaporkan sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengoptimisasi sintesis tersebut dengan menghilangkan proses pemurnian menggunakan kromatografi kolom dan work up pada tahap asetilasi/benzoilasi dan brominasi. Eugenol diasetilasi menggunakan anhidrida asetat atau dibenzoilasi menggunakan benzoil klorida. Eugenil asetat dan benzoat kemudian direaksikan dengan bromin dalam kloroform. Kedua produk dibromida selanjutnya didehidrobrominasi dan disubstitusi dengan gugus asetat/benzoat untuk menghasilkan empat jenis ester koniferil. Rendemen keempat ester tersebut tidak jauh berbeda dengan sebelum dioptimisasi, tetapi optimisasi lebih menghemat biaya karena mengurangi penggunaan silika gel untuk kromatografi kolom serta lebih menghemat waktu kerja. Metode optimum satu-wadah ini akan digunakan untuk perbanyakan ester koniferil pada tahap penelitian selanjutnya, Coniferyl esters have been produced from eugenol via acetylation/benzoylation, bromination, and dehydrobromination-substitution acetate/benzoate stages. However, the yield is still lower than the previously reported synthesis methods. As a result, this research aims to optimize the synthesis by eliminating the purification stage using column chromatography and working up the acetylation/benzoylation and bromination steps. Eugenol can be acetylated with acetic anhydride or benzoylated with benzoyl chloride. The eugenyl acetate and benzoate are then treated with bromine in chloroform. The two dibromide products are then dehydrobrominated and replaced with acetate/benzoate groups to generate four types of coniferyl esters. The yields of these four esters are not significantly different from before the optimization. However, the optimization saves money by reducing the consumption of silica gel for column chromatography and saving working time. This one-pot optimal approach could be employed in the following study stage to replicate coniferyl esters
Keyword: bromin, eugenil asetat, eugenil benzoat, reaksi satu-wadah

Judul: Transformation of Eugenol to Coniferyl Esters Through  a Series of Protection-Bromination-Esterification Reactions
Abstrak: Eugenol (4-alil-2-metoksifenol) adalah komponen utama minyak atsiri cengkih. Transformasi eugenol menjadi ester koniferil dimungkinkan karena keduanya memiliki kerangka fenilpropanoid yang sama. Penelitian ini melaporkan transformasi 3 langkah eugenol menjadi ester koniferil. Pertama, eugenol diasetilasi dan dibenzoilasi dengan menggunakan anhidrida asetat dan benzoil klorida serta basa dengan rendemen berturut-turut 92% dan 97% dari eugenol. Kedua, reaksi eugenil asetat dan eugenil benzoat dengan bromin dalam kloroform mengubah rantai samping alil menjadi gugus 2,3-dibromopropil. Produk dibromida asetat dan benzoat didapatkan dengan rendemen masing-masing 93% dan 90%. Ketiga, reaksi esterifikasi juga berhasil dilakukan pada kedua dibromida, dengan pendekatan melalui dehidrobrominasi dan substitusi nukleofilik dengan asam. Rendemen ester dari eugenil asetat adalah 56% dan 39%. Kedua ester koniferil dari eugenil benzoat diperoleh dengan rendemen 43% dan 49%. Ketiga reaksi dengan pemurnian tunggal juga telah dirangkai untuk ester asetat dari eugenil asetat, dengan rendemen 45%. Semua produk sintetik telah dikonfirmasi strukturnya secara spektroskopi., Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) is the main component of clove essential oil. The transformation of eugenol to coniferyl esters is possible because both have the same phenylpropanoid framework. This study reports a 3-step transformation of eugenol to coniferyl esters. First, eugenol was acetylated and benzoylated successfully using acetic anhydride and benzoyl chloride, respectively, giving 92% and 97%. Secondly, the reaction of eugenyl acetate and eugenyl benzoate with bromine in the chloroform converts the allyl side chain to a 2,3-dibromopropyl group. Dibromide acetate and benzoate products yielded 93% and 90%, respectively. Thirdly, esterification reactions were also successfully carried out in both dibromides through dehydrobromination and nucleophilic substitution with acid. The two coniferyl esters of eugenyl acetate led to 56% and 39% yield. The two coniferyl esters of eugenyl benzoate were 43% and 49% yield. The three reaction series with single purification have also been assembled for the acetate ester of eugenyl acetate, and the yield was 45%. The structures of all the synthetic products have been confirmed spectroscopically.
Keyword: coniferyl ester, eugenol, spectroscopy

Judul: Implementation of Spatio-Temporal Change Query in Relational Database.
Abstrak: Geographic object changes in various views. Object changes are recorded using a model of static storage. No historical connection between old version data and new version data has been built. For that, a storage model of spatio-temporal queries that can analyze spatio-temporal changes has been developed. The object changes the geometry are grouped according to the taxonomy of Spatio-Temporal Pattern Change. This research has been able to apply the query patterns change including born, expand, merge, contract, split, normal and die. This query based on geometric (area) changes. The implementation of spatio-temporal change queries represents an object changes continuously with easy, change detection is done by comparing two versions of data. Keyword: spatio-temporal change query, spatio-temporal change pattern.
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