Judul: Quality Analysis and Energy Consumption of Grain Fluidization Drying with Tempering
Abstrak: Pengeringan mekanis yang biasa digunakan untuk pengeringan gabah adalah menggunakan alat pengering fluidized bed dryer dengan suhu yang tinggi. Pengeringan dengan suhu tinggi biasanya tidak dilakukan hingga kadar air ±14%bb sehingga diperlukan pengeringan FBD menggunakan variasi suhu hingga mencapai kadar air ±14%bb yang ditambah dengan adanya perlakuan proses tempering di tengah pengeringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis konsumsi energi spesifik dan analisis mutu pengeringan fluidisasi gabah dengan beberapa variasi perlakuan suhu dan tempering. Perhitungan kadar air metode oven yang dilakukan dari pengambilan sampel 2 kali ulangan relatif seragam karena nilai yang dihasilkan dari kedua sampel tidak jauh berbeda. Konsumsi energi total perlakuan kombinasi 1, perlakuan kombinasi 2, dan perlakuan kombinasi 3 berturut-turut menghasilkan nilai rata-rata sebesar 3,72 kWh, 4,67 kWh, dan 3,70 kWh. Konsumsi energi panas spesifik perlakuan kombinasi 1, perlakuan kombinasi 2, dan perlakuan kombinasi 3 berturut-turut menghasilkan nilai rata-rata sebesar 35,61 MJ / kg air yang diuapkan, 41,94 MJ / kg air yang diuapkan, dan 26,31 MJ / kg air yang diuapkan. Konsumsi energi spesifik perlakuan kombinasi 1, perlakuan kombinasi 2, dan perlakuan kombinasi 3 berturut-turut menghasilkan nilai rata-rata sebesar 39,34 MJ / kg air yang diuapkan, 50,32 MJ / kg air yang diuapkan, dan 38,84 MJ / kg air yang diuapkan. Analisis mutu yang dilakukan dari penggilingan gabah perlakuan kombinasi 1 menghasilkan rata-rata beras kepala sebesar 81,8% dan 81,4% serta rata-rata beras menir sebesar 2,2% dan 2,5%. Analisis mutu perlakuan kombinasi 2 menghasilkan rata-rata beras kepala sebesar 71,5% dan 66,2% serta rata-rata beras menir sebesar 3,5% dan 3,5%. Analisis mutu perlakuan kombinasi 3 menghasilkan rata-rata beras kepala sebesar 92,3% dan 91,5% serta rata-rata beras menir sebesar 0,6% dan 0,5%., Mechanical drying commonly used for grain drying is to use a fluidized bed dryer with a high temperature. Drying with high temperatures is usually not carried out until the water content is ±14%wb, so it is necessary to dry FBD using temperature variations until it reaches a water content of ±14%wb plus the tempering process treatment in the middle of drying. This study aims to analyze the total energy consumption and quality of grain fluidization drying quality with several variations of temperature and tempering treatment. The calculation of the moisture content of the oven method which was carried out from sampling 2 times was relatively uniform because the values obtained from the two samples were not much different. The total energy consumption of combination I treatment, combination II treatments, and combination III treatments, respectively resulted in an average value of 3.72 kWh, 4.67 kWh, and 3.70 kWh. The specific heat energy consumption of combination I treatment, combination II treatments, and combination III treatments, respectively resulted in an average value of 35.61 MJ / kg of evaporated water, 41.94 MJ / kg of evaporated water, and 26.31 MJ / kg of evaporated water. The specific energy consumption of combination I treatment, combination II treatments, and combination III treatments, respectively resulted in an average value of 39.34 MJ / kg of evaporated water, 50.32 MJ / kg of evaporated water, and 38.84 MJ / kg of evaporated water. Quality analysis carried out from
Keyword: fluidization, grain, drying, tempering, fluidization, grain, drying, tempering

Judul: Performance of Rotary Bed Dryer for Paddy in Several Configured Rotations
Abstrak: Mesin pengeringan tipe rotari tumpukan merupakan jenis pengeringan tipe mekanis untuk biji-bijian yang menggunakan prinsip putaran saat mengaduk bahan. Jenis biji-bijian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah gabah. Penelitian ini bertujuan utuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan jeda dan lama waktu pengadukan dengan suhu tetap 45°C dalam meningkatkan keseragaman kadar air gabah menggunakan pengering tipe rotari tumpukan. Metode pengujian beda kadar air pada titik A dan B adalah pengukuran kadar air dengan prinsip gravimetri (oven) dan pengukuran keseragaman dengan prinsip t-test dengan P(t>T) dan faktor kesalahan α=0,05 pada dua sisi (two-tail). Hasil pengujian mesin pengering tipe rotari tumpukan menunjukkan bahwa seluruh perlakuan memberikan kadar air yang tidak berbeda (beda 0 %bb.) antar lapisan dalam dan luar pada akhir pengeringan. Konsumsi energi spesifik yang dibutuhkan sebesar 2684,7-4144,8 kJ/kg uap air sehingga menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi energi spesifik pengering tipe rotari tumpukan pada pengeringan gabah lebih kecil dibandingkan KES pengeringan biji-bijian konvensional (4260 kJ/kg uap air). Energi pengadukan hanya 2 % sedangkan energi pemanasan sebesar 89 % dari konsumsi energi total pengeringan dan biaya kebutuhan listrik. Hasil pengujian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan adanya pengaruh besar proses pengadukan bahan yang dikeringkan untuk memperkecil nilai beda kadar air di lapisan luar dan lapisan dalam. Proses pengadukan tidak berpengaruh besar terhadap konsumsi energi spesifik dan biaya kebutuhan listrik., Rotary bed dryer is mechanical dryer for grains with rotary system for mixing grains. The grains that used in this study is paddy. The aim of this study is determine the impact of interval and duration of rotations with a fixed temperature in 45°C to increase the uniformity of the paddy with rotary bed dryer. Different moisture content test method for A and B point with gravimetric method (oven) and define uniformity using is used t-test statistic method in P(t>T) and failure factor (α) is 0,05 with two-tails test. The result of this rotary bed dryer show that all treatment was uniform (difference 0 %bb.) between inner and outer layer at the end of the drying process. The specific energy consumption required is 2684,7-4144,8 kJ/kg, it shows that the specific energy consumption of rotary bed dryer to reduce moisture content is smaller than the specific energy consumption of conventional grain drying (4260 kJ/kg). The mechanical energy was 2 % and the heated energy was 89 % of the total energy consumption and the cost of electricity. The results of the tests showed that the stirring process has to influence to decrease the different moisture content in outer later and inner layer. The stirring process does not effect the total energy consumption and the cost of electricity.
Keyword: drying, paddy, rotary bed dryer, uniformity

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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