Judul: Transformasi Gen P5CS1 Asal Tebu PSJT 941 dalam Kalus Tebu Kentung dan PS 864 Melalui Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Abstrak: Gen P5CS berperan dalam biosintesis prolin yang terakumulasi saat tanaman mengalami kekeringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan transformasi gen P5CS1 asal tebu varietas PSJT 941 ke dalam kalus tebu varietas Kentung dan PS 864 melalui media Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Gen P5CS1 dikonstruksi ke dalam vektor plasmid pCAMBIA 1303. Penelitian diawali dengan transformasi plasmid rekombinan pCAMBIA-P5CS1 ke Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 melalui metode kejut panas. Plasmid rekombinan berhasil ditransformasikan ke dalam A. tumefaciens yang ditandai dengan tumbuhnya koloni bakteri berwarna putih pada media seleksi. Bakteri tersebut digunakan untuk mentransformasikan kalus tebu dengan cara merendam kalus ke dalam koloni bakteri. Kalus dipindahkan ke media seleksi yang mengandung higromisin 50 ppm. Keberhasilan transformasi plasmid rekombinan pCAMBIA-P5CS1 ke dalam kalus ditunjukkan dengan terbentuknya pita DNA berukuran sekitar 2300 bp untuk gen P5CS1 dan berukuran 500 bp untuk gen hpt. Transformasi plasmid rekombinan ke dalam kalus tebu belum berhasil dilakukan karena pita DNA untuk gen P5CS1 dan gen hpt tidak terbentuk pada sampel kalus.
Keyword: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, prolin

Judul: Penyisipan Gen Fitase (Pbinpi-Ii Ec) Ke Kalus Tebu (Saccharum Officinarum L.) Dengan Bantuan Agrobacterium Tumefaciens Gv2260 Dan Regenerasinya
Abstrak: Rekayasa genetik digunakan untuk meningkatkan karakter tebu yang pada umumnya memiliki fertilitas rendah dan polihibrid. Kami melaporkan introduksi gen fitase yang berasal dari bakteri ke dalam genom beberapa kultivar kalus tebu melalui Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV2260. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan komposisi media regenerasi yang sesuai untuk kalus transforman dan nontransforman. Eksplan meristem dan kalus dari tebu kultivar PA 117, PSJT 94-33, dan PS 851 digunakan dalam uji regenerasi dan transformasi. Komposisi media regenerasi yang baik untuk menginduksi tunas, daun, dan akar dari dua kultivar PA 117 dan PSJT 94-33 berturut-turut adalah media R10 (yaitu media MS yang ditambahkan 2 mg/L + 57 mg/L dalapon) dan media R4 (yaitu media MS yang ditambahkan 1 mg/L IAA dan 57 mg/L dalapon). Regenerasi kalus transforman PSJT 94-33 mampu menghasilkan tunas dan daun. Sedangkan dua kultivar transforman lain, yaitu PA 117 dan PS 851 (dalam media MS dengan penambahan 2 mg/L IAA dan 59 mg/L dalapon yang dimodifikasi (dengan penambahan glukosa 1%, 2.5 mg/L asam sitrat dan 2 mg/L asam askosbat) hanya menghasilkan tunas. Reaksi PCR untuk amplifikasi gen fitase dari kalus transforman menunjukkan hasil positif. Dengan demikian, kalus transforman dapat terus ditumbuhkan menjadi tanaman transgenik yang lengkap.
Keyword: kultivar tebu, transformasi gen fitase, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, IAA, dalapon

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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