Judul: Pembuatan Kecap Ikan dengan Cara Kombinasi Hidrolisa Enzimatis dan Fermentasi
Abstrak: penelitian dibagi menjadi 2 bagian yaitu penelitian pendahuluan dan penelitian utama. Pada penelitian pendahuluan dilakukan pembuatan kecap ikan dengan hidrolisa enzimatis menggunakan enzim protease bakteri dan dilanjutkan dengan fermentasi, menggunakan kultur murni campuran Bacillus pummilus dan Micrococcus roseus. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh hasil bahwa total Nitrogen dan kadar N-a-amino akan meningkat selama fermentasi.
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Judul: Pembuatan kecap ikan secara hidrolisis asam dari ikan kembung (Rastrellinger spp.)
Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat kecap ikan se- cara cepat dengan citarasa dan bau yang disukai; agar dapat dimanfaatkan selain oleh perusahaan besar juga oleh industri kecil. Selain itu bertujuan juga untuk memanfaatkan kelebihan produksi ikan kembung yang tidak dapat dipasarkan. Kecap ikan hidrolisis asam dibuat dengan cara menghidro- lisis ikan yang telah dikukus dan dihancurkan. Perlakuan per- bandingan HC1 - ikan yang dicobakan adalah 1: 2; 1: 1 dan 2: 1. Proses hidrolisis dilakukan pada suhu 80°- 85°C selama 18 jam dan pada suhu kamar (29° 31°C) selama 8 hari. Selan- jutnya untuk meningkatkan citarasa kecap ikan yang dihasilkan diteliti juga kemungkinan penggunaan bumbu-bumbu (pekak, wijen, lengkuas dan bawang putih) dan karamel. Pengamatan terhadap kecap ikan meliputi kadar protein, nitrogen bukan protein, amino nitrogen bebas, kadar trime- tilamin, kadar garam, aw, total padatan terlarut, kepekatan warna (absorbansi) dan organoleptik (warna, rasa, bau dan aseptabilitas). Semua pengamatan dilakukan juga terhadap kecap ikan fermentasi sebagai pembanding. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa rata-rata kadar pro- tein 5,56 gr per 100 ml, nitrogen bukan protein 942,05 mg N per 100 gr, & amino nitrogen bebas 199,22 mg N per 100 gr, ...
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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