Judul: Analisis daerah d-loop dna mitokondria pada kerbau belang (bubalus bubalis) dengan menggunakan enzim restriksi (pcr- rflp)
Abstrak: Spotted buffalo is slaughtered buffalo for sacrifices in Tana Toraja funeral ceremonies. Spotted buffalo is believed gives security in the hereafter. Therefore at the funeral ceremony, many spotted buffaloes slaughtered. Generally, hundreds of buffaloes from every class sacrificed every year. Further studies about DNA genetic pattern from spotted buffalo is needed in order to kept it existence. One of them is mitochondrial DNA expecially D-loop region. The objective of this research was to know the the connection between D-loop fragment variation and skin color variation in B. bubalis as a basic information to kept the existence of spotted buffalo. Tha research was performed using PCR-RFLP technique. DNA amplification in Dloop region used spesific primers CTDF and CTDR was then cutted using restriction enzymes Hae III, Alu I, Rsa I, Hinc II, Bam HI and Eco RI. PCR amplification of D-loop generated same size DNA bands that were approximately 1361 bp. Cutting PCR product with Hae III, Alu I, Rsa I, and Hinc II generated DNA bands with same pattern (monomorphic). Meanwhile Bam HI and Eco RI did not generated any cutted DNA band. Cutting with Hae III generated DNA bands those were 636 bp, 166 bp, and 559 bp. Cutting with Alu I generated DNA bands those were 71 bp, 82 bp, 365 bp, 191 bp, 276 bp, 185 bp, dan 191 bp. Cutting with Rsa I generated DNA bands those were 284 bp dan 1077 bp. Cutting with Hinc II generated DNA bands those were 1203 bp dan 158 bp. Restriction site in D-loop fragmen in buffalo had no polymorphism. The prediction is first it was caused by the lack of restriction enzymes that have been used. Second it can be caused by restriction enzymes cutting site that being used were at the non hypervariable D-loop region. Third it can be caused by buffalo domestication which centered in Indonesia or because of buffalo introduction to Indonesia from one distribution source. So it can be said that those buffaloes came from the same ancestor. Because the result was monomorphic, it can be concluded that there was no clear connection between mitochondrial variation in D-loop fragmen with spotted skin color in buffalo.
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Judul: Analisis keragaman genetik daerah D-Loop DNA mitokondria ayam hutan hijau (Gallus varius)
Abstrak: Analisis keragaman genetik dilakukan pada 30 sampel ayam hutan hijau. (Gallus varius) yang berasal dari Jawa Timur, Bali dan Lombok dengan menggunakan teknik PCR-RFLP. Sebagai pembanding (outgroup) digunakan ayam hutan merah (Sumatera dan Sulawesi) dan beberapa jenis ayam lainnya (ayam pelung, ayam kedu, ayam ras petelur dan ayam kampung). Amplifikasi daerah. D-loop mtDNA ayam dilakukan dengan menggunakan sepasang primer, yaitu L16750 (5'-AGGACTACGGCTTGAAAAGC-3' yang menempel pada tRNA Glutamic acid) dan H1255 (5'-CATCTTGGCATCTTCAGTGCC-3' yang menempel pada tRNA Phenylalanine). Hasil amplifikasi tersebut selanjutnya dipotong dengan menggunakan lima enzim restriksi pemotong empat basa, yaitu: Alu I (AGICT), Hae III (GG CC), Hpa II (CCGG), Mbo I (GATC) dan Rsa I (GTAC). Amplifikasi daerah D-loop pada ayam hutan hijau menghasilkan dua macam ukuran fragmen DNA yang berbeda. Fragmen DNA berukuran 1322 pasang basa (pb) ditemukan pada hampir semua ayam hutan hijau dari ketiga daerah yang berbeda, sedangkan fragmen DNA berukuran 1381 pb hanya ditemukan pada dua sampel ayam hutan hijau (Jawa Timur dan Bali). Analisis dengan menggunakan teknik PCR-RFLP hanya menghasilkan dua macam haplotipe. Hampir semua ayam hutan hijau memiliki haplotipe 1, sedangkan haplotipe II hanya dimiliki oleh ayam hutan hijau yang berasal dari Lombok (satu sampel). Pada kelompok pembanding, ukuran fragmen DNA teramplifikasi yang dihasilkan adalah 1322 pb, dengan pola pita hasil pemotongan berdasarkan analisis PCR-RFLP adalah haplotipe II. Ayam hutan hijau yang berasal dari Lombok (satu sampel) diduga berasal dari induk yang mengalami proses perkawinan campuran dengan ayam hutan merah atau jenis ayam lainnya. Penelitian lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan teknik PCR-Sequencing diharapkan dapat mengungkapkan secara terperinci keragaman genetik intraspesies pada ayam hutan hijau yang ada di Indonesia.
Keyword: Gallus varius, Mitochondrial DNA, D-Loop, Genetic differences, Green jungle fowl

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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