Judul: Aktivitas antifungal ekstrak dan minyak rimpang lengkuas (Alpinia galanga L.) terhadap patogen rebah kecambah kedelai
Abstrak: Di Indonesia kerugian akibat hama dan penyakit dalam budidaya tanaman sangat merugikan, apabila tidak dikendalikan dengan baik. Petani masih menngandalkan pestisida sintetik untuk mengatasi serangan organisme pengganggu tanaman, walaupun telah diketahui banyak dampak negatif akibat penggunaan pestisida yang kurang bijaksana. peneliti dan sebagian praktisi pertanian sudah menyadari pentingnay pengendalian hama dan penyakit yang ramah lingkungan, antara lain menggunakan pestisida nabati.
Keyword: 

Judul: Pengendalian penyakit busuk pangkal batang (Phytophthora capsici LEONIAN) pada lada (Piper nigrum L.) dengan ekstrak pinang, gambir, sirih, dan kapur sirih
Abstrak: Lada merupakan komoditas ekspor penting penghasil devisa Indonesia. Faktor pembatas produksi di antaranya patogen Phytophthora capsici penyebab penyakit busuk pangkal batang (BPB). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui keefektifan ekstrak pinang, gambir, sirih, dan kapur sirih sebagai bahan pengendali penyakit BPB. Penelitian secara in vitro disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap dua faktor dengan faktor pertama jenis ekstrak dan faktor kedua konsentrasi ekstrak. Isolat P. capsici berumur 4 hari dan berdiameter 5 mm ditumbuhkan pada media V8 yang sebelumnya telah dicampur dengan ekstrak uji. Perlakuan yang diuji yaitu ekstrak pinang 0,01%; 0,02%; dan 0,04%, gambir 0,01%; 0,02%; dan 0,04%, pinang + gambir 0,005%; 0,01%; dan 0,02%, campuran pinang + gambir + sirih + kapur sirih 0,0025%; 0,005%; dan 0,01%, ditambah kontrol (tanpa perlakuan ekstrak). Setiap perlakuan diulang 3 kali. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 6 hari dengan peubah yang diamati yaitu perkembangan diameter miselium terhadap waktu inkubasi. Pengujian secara in vivo disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap dengan 5 ulangan dan 4 unit perlakuan. Pengujian dilakukan dengan mencelupkan daun lada pada ekstrak uji, kemudian diteteskan sebanyak 0,1 ml zoospora P. capsici 9 x 104 sel/ml pada 4 titik di bawah permukaan daun. Perlakuan yang diuji yaitu ekstrak campuran pinang + gambir + sirih + kapur sirih 0,005%; ekstrak campuran pinang + gambir + sirih + kapur sirih 0,01%; ekstrak pinang 0,04%; fungisida berbahan aktif propineb 70% konsentrasi 0,2%; dan kontrol. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 11 hari dengan peubah yang diamati yaitu kemunculan dan perkembangan diameter gejala terhadap waktu inkubasi. Ekstrak campuran pinang + gambir + sirih + kapur sirih 0,005%; campuran ekstrak pinang + gambir + sirih + kapur sirih 0,01%; dan pinang 0,04% secara in vitro cukup efektif menghambat perkembangan diameter koloni P. capsici. Selain itu, ekstrak campuran pinang + gambir + sirih + kapur sirih 0,01% secara in vivo efektif dalam menghambat keparahan penyakit dan memiliki daya efikasi yang menyamai daya efikasi fungisida propineb 0,2%.
Keyword: 

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
Keyword: