Judul: Histopathological changes of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in the Penaeus vannamei Shrimp
Abstrak: Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is a type of parasite that can be categorized as a microsporidia, which is a diverse group of obligate intracellular eukaryotic parasites. EHP infection is often associated with white feces syndrome. The most of the aquaculture shrimp contribution has come from Penaeus vannamei which accounts 80% of the whole shrimp production. The aim of this research is to analyze and determine the structures and intensity of these organisms through microscopic observation of the Penaeus vannamei shrimp that were confirmed to be infected by Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This research is done in the form of histopathological observations through diagrams, and the understanding of the pathogenesis using Hematoxylin Eosin (HE), Alcian Blue-Periodic Acid Schiff (AB-PAS) and Masson’s Trichrome staining. Histopathological representation is done through the use of a light microscope. Results of this study indicates that, the testing of three types of dyes which are the Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) stain, Alcian-Blue Periodic Acid Schiff (AB-PAS) and the Masson’s Trichrome stain show that the usage of AB-PAS stain is the best out of the three stains. Further tests show that granulocytes are the type of hemocytes most dominant in response to EHP infection with the highest susceptibility in shrimp 1 out of three shrimp. Intestinal microscopic observation also showed that there was no apparent occurrence of white feces syndrome (WFS). In conclusion, from this research it can be found microscopically an abnormality which is the presence of one of the life cycles of the parasite EHP in the hapatopancreas tubules of the shrimp.
Keyword: Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei, hepatopancreas, microsporidia, Penaeus vannamei, penyakit udang

Judul: Uji Patogenisitas Bakteri Vibrio parahaemolyticus pada Udang Vaname Litopenaeus vannamei
Abstrak: Salah satu penyakit yang sering menyerang budidaya udang adalah vibriosis, yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Vibrio sp. termasuk Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Strain tertentu V. parahaemolyticus yang memiliki gen pirA pirB menjadi penyebab penyakit acute hepatopankreatic nekrosis disease (AHPND). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji patogenisitas bakteri V. parahaemolyticus pada udang vaname. Uji tantang dilakukan dengan menggunakan udang vaname berukuran 0.9±0.1 g dengan kepadatan bakteri (104 CFU mL-1 ) yang didapat dari uji LC50. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan tiga perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, yaitu udang vaname yang tidak diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus (K), udang vaname yang diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus dari Tasikmalaya (Vp-1), dan udang vaname yang diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus dari Situbondo (Vp-2). Parameter yang diamati terdiri atas konfirmasi V. parahaemolyticus dan AHPND, tingkat mortalitas, gejala klinis, populasi bakteri, total haemocyte count, aktivitas fagositik, respiratory burst, aktivitas phenoloxydase, serta histopatologi hepatopankreas dan usus. Isolat Vp-1 dan Vp-2 teridentifikasi sebagai V. parahaemolyticus strain AHPND yang menginfeksi udang vaname dengan gejala klinis berupa hepatopankreas yang pucat, usus kosong, serta pergerakan tidak aktif. Kerusakan pada tingkat jaringan terlihat banyak nekrosis pada organ hepatopankreas dan usus, serta menyebabkan kematian hingga 73,33-81,67% dengan rata-rata waktu kematian 24,28-65,44 jam., A disease that often affects shrimp farming is vibriosis, which is caused by infection with Vibrio sp. including Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A specific strain of V. parahaemolyticus that has the pirA pirB gene causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). This study aims to test the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus bacteria in white shrimp. The challenge test was conducted using shrimp measuring 0,9 ± 0,1 g with bacterial density (10^4 CFU mL-1) obtained from the LC50 test. The study used a completely randomized design with three treatments and three replicates, namely white shrimp not infected with V. parahaemolyticus (K), white shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus from Tasikmalaya (Vp-1), and white shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus from Situbondo (Vp-2). Parameters observed consisted of confirmation of V. parahaemolyticus and AHPND, mortality rate, clinical signs, bacterial population, total haemocyte count, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, phenoloxydase activity, and hepatopancreas and gut histopathology. Isolates Vp-1 and Vp-2 were identified as V. parahaemolyticus strain AHPND infecting white shrimp with clinical signs of pale hepatopancreas, empty gut, and inactive movement. Damage at the tissue level showed a lot of necrosis in the hepatopancreas and gut, and caused mortality up to 73,33-81,67% with an average mortality time of 24,28-65,44 hours.
Keyword: AHPND, histopathology, pathogenicity, V. parahaemolyticus, white shrimp

Judul: Optimalisasi distribusi teh botol sosro Di PT Sasana Caraka Mekarjaya Unit Cakung Tugu
Abstrak: Teh merupakan komoditas perkebunan yang rnemiliki peran penting dalam pembangunan ekonomi nasional. Salah satu jenis teh siap saji adalah teh yang dikemas dalam botol. Teh botol adalah produk yang siap diminum terbuat dari teh yang dapat dilarut atau konsetrat cairnya. Teh botol merupakan produk utama dari PT Sinar Sosro yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Teh Botol Sosro (TBS). Grup Sinar Sosro merupakan salah satu perusahaan yang cukup berhasil dalam industry pengolahan teh. Selain memproduksi teh olahan (teh bubuk) perusahaan ini juga memproduksi teh botol dan tetra pack. Upaya distribusi yang dilakukan PT Sinar Sosro tidak cukup untuk menjamin pelanggan agar tetap setia kepada produknya. Pelanggan perlu diyakinkan bahwa produk tersebut tersedia setiap saat pada saatdibutuhkan dan mudah diperoleh.
Keyword: