Judul: Potensi Ekstrak Legetan Warak (Adenostemma lavenia) dan Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura) sebagai Kandidat Obat PPOK
Abstrak: Inflamasi paru-paru merupakan respons normal pada pasien penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK) yang biasanya dapat ditangani dengan obat antiinflamasi. Sebagian besar obat anti inflamasi bekerja menghambat aktivitas siklooksigenase yang memproduksi mediator inflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji potensi antiinflamasi ekstrak legetan warak (Adenostemma lavenia) dan daun kersen (Muntingia calabura) guna pengobatan PPOK melalui daya hambat terhadap enzim siklooksigenase-2 (COX-2) serta menduga senyawa kimia yang berperan di dalamnya melalui uji laboratorium dan studi pustaka. Uji fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa kedua spesies mengandung senyawa flavonoid. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari studi literatur yang telah dilakukan yaitu ekstrak legetan warak dan daun kersen berpotensi sebagai antiinflamasi dengan menghambat aktivitas COX-2. Senyawa yang diduga berperan sebagai COX-2 inhibitor adalah senyawa dari golongan flavonoid dan fenolik.
Keyword: antiinflamasi, COX-2, kersen, legetan warak, PPOK

Judul: Inhibisi Siklooksigenase-2 Ekstrak Legetan Warak (Adenostemma lavenia) dan Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) sebagai Antiinflamasi
Abstrak: Penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK) adalah peradangan kronis yang menghalangi aliran udara dari paru-paru. Inflamasi paru-paru merupakan respons normal pada pasien PPOK yang biasanya dapat ditangani dengan obat antiinflamasi. Obat antiinflamasi, sintetik atau alami, berfungsi sebagai inhibitor enzim siklooksigenase-2 (COX-2). Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan kandungan metabolit sekunder secara kualitatif, potensi bioaktivitas, dan daya inhibisi ekstrak legetan warak (Adenostemma lavenia) dan kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) terhadap aktivitas enzim COX-2 sebagai antiinflamasi untuk pengembangan obat PPOK. Sampel dimaserasi dalam pelarut etanol 70% dan air. Uji fitokimia menyatakan bahwa kedua jenis sampel mengandung metabolit sekunder golongan flavonoid. Ekstrak etanol herba legetan warak, ekstrak etanol dan ekstrak air kenikir menunjukkan potensi bioaktivitas dengan nilai LC50 < 1000 μg/mL. Ekstrak air kenikir konsentrasi 50 μg/mL memberikan daya inhibisi tertinggi terhadap aktivitas COX-2 dibandingkan dengan ekstrak lainnya, tetapi masih < 50%. Fakta ini memperlihatkan bahwa ekstrak kedua tumbuhan tersebut tidak berpotensi sebagai antiinflamasi untuk dikembangkan sebagai obat PPOK.
Keyword: antiinflamasi, COX-2, kenikir, legetan warak, PPOK

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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