Judul: Aplikasi Instrumen Multibeam Sonar dan Side Scan Sonar untuk Deteksi Kapal Karam (Contoh Studi Kapal Bahuga Jaya di Perairan Selat Sunda)
Abstrak: Multibeam Sonar and Side Scan Sonar are acoustic technologies that are used to detect underwater objects by using sound waves. This study aim to detect shipwreck Bahuga Jaya in waters bottom that crashed and sank on 26 September 2012. The instruments that used were Multibeam Sonar ELAC SEA BEAM 1050D and Side Scan Sonar EdgeTech 4200. Data processing using softwares CARIS HIPS & SIPS 6.1, MBSystem, Surfer and Sonar Web. Tidal type in the study area was mixed dual skew tide. Sound speed value ranges was between 1543.64 m/s - 1544.99 m/s. Bahuga Jaya wreck coordinate was at 05o52’44.53’’ S and 105o51’11.60’’ E. Water depths ranging is between 40 m to 150 m. From the point of collision, the vessel Bahuga Jaya moved 537 m far to the east away. Wreck dimension detected 90 m long and 14.8 m wide. Backscatter amplitude value of the wreck is is 717.25 mV showed the greatest value in comparison with the surrounding objects.
Keyword: amplitude backscatter, depth, Bahuga Jaya, Side Scan Sonar, Multibeam Sonar

Judul: Pencitraan dan Identifikasi Material Dasar Perairan dan Kapal Karam di Perairan Mempawah Menggunakan Instrumen Side Scan Sonar
Abstrak: Side Scan Sonar adalah instrumen yang dapat digunakan untuk melihat kenampakan permukaan dasar laut dalam bentuk 2 dimensi serta mengetahui informasi dasar perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggambarkan kenampakan dasar perairan dan mendeteksi objek serta mengetahui nilai hambur balik melalui analisa nilai amplitudo dengan metode Continuous Wavelet Transform. Data yang digunakan adalah hasil pendeteksian instrumen CM-2 C-Max Side Scan Sonar dengan frekuensi 325 kHz di Perairan Mempawah Kalimantan Barat dengan 4 jalur survei. Pengolahan data Side Scan Sonar meliputi koreksi geometrik dan radiometrik. Koreksi geometrik berfungsi untuk mengetahui dan menetapkan posisi objek sebenarnya dengan bottom tracking, slant range correction, dan layback correction. Koreksi radiometrik dilakukan untuk memperbaiki nilai piksel agar citra yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan objek sebenarnya meliputi Beam Angle Correction (BAC), Empirical Gain Normalization (EGN), Automatic Gain Control (AGC), dan Time Varying Gain (TVG). Pada riset ini ditemukan 2 objek kapal karam dengan nilai amplitudo kapal 1 sebesar 27152 - 32564 mV dan kapal 2 sebesar 24320 - 32522 mV. Rata rata nilai amplitudo dari sedimen berkisar 1408 - 14336 mV. Analisa Continuous Wavelet Transform menunjukan material dengan susunan kasar, keras, dan padat memiliki intensitas berwarna merah pada scalogram sedangkan material dengan susunan yang halus dan lunak akan menunjukan intensitas berwarna biru pada scalogram.
Keyword: Amplitudo, Continuous Wavelet Transform, Geometrik, Radiometrik, Side Scan Sonar., Geometrik, Radiometrik

Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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