Judul: Pembuatan Biogas Dari Sampah Buah-Buahan Melalui Fermentasi Aerobik Dan Anaerobik
Abstrak: Solid wastes and energy crisis are created by high growing rate of people. An alternative solving for both problems is biogas technology. Municipal waste can be proceed into biogas and fertilizer by biogas technology. In general, the process of conventional biogas technology has long time about 40 days (in tropical countries) and 100 days (in subtropical countries). The main goal of the research was to shorten the retention time of biogas production by combining its aerobic and anaerobic processes with optimized environmental condition (temperature) and substrate composition (C:N ratio) in anaerobic phase. Hydrolysis and acidogenesis were set in aerobic phase, while asetogenesis was set in anaerobic phase. Fruits waste were set into pre-treatment, minimized waste size between 1-2 cm2 and water addition (1: 1). The mixed ingredients was added by E~ microorganism culture and took into digester to start aerobic process. After 5 days, the process was stopped then substrate took to anaerobic digester to produced biogas (methano~enesis). Anaerobic process was set at different temperatures (30,35 and 40 C) and C:N ratios (20,25 and 30). The beginning of water content and C:N ratio of substrate were 86,24 % and 70,32: 1. Respectively, in aerobic process substrate was degraded by microorganism into simple compound. This process can be analyzed by C:N ratio change of total solid (TS), total volatile solid (TVS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile fatty acid (VF A) and acidity degree (pH). Methanogenesis (anaerobic process) was monitored by the volume of biogas produced and analyzed COD, VF A and pH. The optimum of production rate and volume ofbiogas produced was achieved by treatment in 35°C temperature and 30: 1 C:N ratio, which biogas has produced 26,5 ml in the ftrst day and 42,5 ml biogas in the end of biogas production with the highest production rate was 9,6 mVday. It showed that activity of methanogenic microbe was optimum in that treatment condition.
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Judul: Konversi sampah organik pasar dengan sistem fermentasi media padat menjadi biogas dan pupuk organik.
Abstrak: In 2010 Indonesia produced 200 thousand tons of waste everyday. It causes problems for the society and for environment. The purposes of this research are to design and get an optimal process condition for solid medium fermentation to convert organic waste from traditional market into bioenergy and organic fertilizer, to characterize biogas, digestate, and leachate. The experiments were conducted with 1.5 L and 10 L reactors . Composition of organic waste from traditonal market that gave higest volume of biogas are banana leaf 7.5%, cornhusk 24.2%, bitter melon 14.8%, cabbage 19.9%, chicory 6.2%, water spinach 8.0%, mustard 8.0%, carrots 11.5% (w/w). It produced 4500 ml biogas/kg biomass and the maximum production was reached within 17 days. This equal to biogas production of 37.63 ml biogas/gram VS. Fermentation process in 10 liter reactor with adition of 75% feed, 50% of feed, and 100% feed produced 12378 ml, 10908 ml, and 16707 ml biogas, respectively leachate consists nitrogen 473-4500 ppm, phosphat 47-150 ppm, and COD 8333-12500 mg/l, while the digestate consists of carbon 28-49%, nitrogen 0.7-1.7%, phosphat 0.2-0.4%, and COD 16000-18000 mg/kg. Concentration of methane in biogas is still low and hence futher experiments needed to increase methane concentration. Keywords : organic waste, biogas, digestate, leachate, solid state fermentation
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan