Judul: Pengaruh Penggunaan Anestesi Propofol dan Isoflurane Jangka Panjang terhadap Fungsi Kardiovaskular Kelinci Domestik
Abstrak: Anesthesia during surgical procedures can lead to suppression of the heart function. Several major surgeries may require long time use of anesthetics and therefore increase the heart function suppression. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of long time use of propofol and isoflurane anesthesia on cardiac function of domestic rabbits through the systole blood pressure and echocardiography examination. This study used 5 male rabbits, 1-1,5 years old. Anaesthesia was used during the study was the combination of propofol 12,5 mg/kg IV as an induction and isoflurane inhalation as the maintenance anesthetic for a 12-hour observation. Isoflurane was inhaled with 1 L/minutes in facemasked. During this study, intravenous infusion was maintained with 6 mL/kg/hours NaCl physiology. Infuse flowing was controlled by infusion pump. Study phases were acclimatization phase, preparation phase, and anaesthesia phase. Acclimatization phase was started by the time the rabbits were arrived to cages for 3 days. Acclimatization used ivermectine as parasiticids, mebendazole as anthelmentics, and enrofloxacin as antibiotics. Blood tests were examined after a week of acclimation to ensure the rabbit condition before the study. Phases of preparation were done before the study. Phases include shaving hair on the right thoracic region, medial antebrachii, and ears. The shaving was done for echocardiography examination, systolic blood pressure, and oxygen saturation. On the day of the study, clinical examination was performed in all rabbits that including checking temperature, respiratory and heart rate examination. Anaesthetic phase was begun when propofol was injected intravenously and done when isoflurane flowing was stopped at the twelfth hour. Echocardiography examination was done at the time of induction, as well as systolic blood pressure and echocardiography examinations were done during maintenance. During the examination phase of anesthesia, monitoring was also done including oxygen saturation and clinical examination including temperature and respiratory examination. Oxygen saturation was set to a minimum value of oxygen saturation was 95%. The results of this study include systolic blood pressure, cardiac structure and function. Systolic blood pressure was ranged from 70,17±17,92 to 88,33±15,34 mmHg. Cardiac structure and function were observed using M-mode echocardiography. Results showed that the left ventricle heart chamber dimensions during diastole (LVIDd) and systole (LVIDs) were between 1,21±0,08 to 1,33±0,1cm, and 0,87±0,08 to 0,98±0,08cm respectively. Left ventricular wall thickness at diastole (LVWd) and systole (LVWs) ranged from 0,24±0,04 to 0,28±0,04cm, and 0,23±0,03 to 0,28±0,05cm respectively, while the thickness of the interventricular septa at diastole (IVSd) and systole (IVSs) ranged from 0,23±0,02 to 0,27±0,04cm, and 0,28±0,06 to 0,3±0,05 cm. Cardiac function observed in study were heart rate, heart blood volume, and the ability of the heart’s contraction. Heart rate ranged from 244±18 to 266±24 beat/min. Heart blood volumes which include stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) ranged from 1,07±0,29 to 1,57±0,53ml/beat and 0,27±0,07 to 0,39±0,14lt/min respectively. the ability of the heart’s contraction includes fractional shortening, and ejection fraction. Fractional shortening and ejection fraction ranged from 26±3 to 31±5% and 60±2 to 67±8% respectively. The results of monitoring examinations during the study, known temperature ranged from 36,40±0,81 to 39,02±0,54 °C and respiration rate ranged from 42±6 to 61±23
Keyword: echocardiography, blood pressure, isoflurane, long time anesthesia, propofol, rabbits

Judul: Gambaran Fungsi Jantung Kelinci Domestik pada Pembiusan Jangka Panjang Xylazin-Ketamin dengan Pencitraan Ekhokardiografi
Abstrak: Combination of xylazine-ketamine are commonly used anesthesia in veterinary medicine either in the minor or mayor surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of long-term anesthesia xylazine-ketamine combination on heart dynamics or performace of domestic rabbit’s assessed using Motion-mode echocardiography imaging. Xylazine-ketamine was administered to the male adult rabbit intra muscular for induction and through intra vena drip method for 7 hours maintenance. Evaluation of heart performance was assessed by Motion-mode echocardiography imaging. The results showed that administration of long-term anesthesia causes effect on the rabbit heart such as decrease of LVW (left ventricular wall), HR (heart rate), SV (stroke volume), CO (cardiac output), FS (fractional shortening), and EF (ejection fraction) value and increase of LVID (left ventricular internal dimention), EDV (end diastolic volume) dan ESV (end systolic volume) value. These results clearly showed the decrease of cardiac performance due to administration of long-term anesthesia that will inhibit the release of norepinephrine through the pressure of the sympathetic nervous system. The conclusion of this study is the long-term anesthesia xylazine-ketamine will result in a decrease of cardiac performance.
Keyword: xylazine-ketamine., long-term, heart, echocardiography, esthetica

Judul: Peranan Pemimpin Informal dalam Menggerakan Partisipasi Masyarakat  untuk Pembangunan Desa
Abstrak: Pendekatan pembangunan yang banyak diterima para ahli adalah pendekatan dari bawah ke atas (bottom up) yang berarti bahwa dalam pembangunan diperlukan keikutsertaan rakyat. Keikutsertaan tidak hanya pada tahap merencanakan pembangunan, akan tetapi juga ikut dalam melaksanakan, bahkan sampai pada menilai hasil-hasil pembangunan (Cohen dan Uphoe 1977; Dusseldorp, 1981; Slamet, 1993). Agar rakyat yang berhimpun dalam kelompok-kelompok dapat ikut serta, mereka harus memiliki sejumlah kualifikasi yang diperlukan untuk itu.
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