Judul: Flower Color Characterization, Metabolite Profiling and Flavonoid-Related Gene Expression in Sudamala Barak Marigold Flowers (Tagetes patula).
Abstrak: Marigold (Tagetes spp.) is a floricultural plant belonging to the Asteraceae family and is extensively cultivated in Indonesia, particularly in the province of Bali, where it is used as a prop in religious ceremonies. Marigold flowers exhibit limited color variations including yellow, orange, and red, with flower color being a critical characteristic that determines the commercial value of floricultural plants. Therefore, there is a need to develop marigold varieties to enhance flower color variation. Traditional breeding techniques such as hybridization and mutation have limitations due to their random nature, which hinders the creation of specific flower color variations. These challenges can be addressed through biotechnology-based breeding techniques such as genetic engineering, which require information on biochemical contents and gene expression patterns in desired pigment biosynthesis pathways. Sudamala Barak Marigold (T. patula) exhibits a unique red color change in its flowers from early to late developmental stages, likely originating from carotenoid, flavonoid, and anthocyanin pigments. This research aims to investigate flower color changes, identify metabolite profiles, and analyze gene expression patterns related to the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway across four stages of flower development. The genetic material used in this study includes Sudamala Barak marigold flowers at four developmental stages: closed buds (stage 1), semi-open buds (stage 2), open flowers (stage 3), and fully open flowers (stage 4). Sudamala Barak marigolds were clonally propagated using cuttings and grown at the Pasir Sarongge Experimental Garden, Cianjur, West Java, at an altitude of 1100 meters above sea level (masl). In metabolomic analysis, samples were extracted and metabolized with 70% methanol containing 0.1% HCl, and the data obtained were analyzed using MetaboAnalyst software. For gene expression analysis, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed, and the data were processed using Livak and Schmittgen methods. From this research, Sudamala Barak marigold flowers experienced a color change from moderate reddish brown at stage 1 to strong orange at stage 4. A total of 58 compounds have been identified during four stages of development, with 32 compounds present in all stages. The main compound groups include amino acids, phenols, flavonoids and terpenoids, where flavonoids, especially flavonols such as patuletin, isorhamnetin, and others, are thought to contribute to the formation of yellow color in flowers. Gene expression analysis shows that early biosynthesis genes (CHS, CHI, F3H) and late biosynthesis genes (F3'H, DFR, ANS, UFGT, OMT) play a role in pigment formation, with the highest expression occurring at different stages. It was confirmed that the red color of the flowers was caused by anthocyanins., Marigold (Tagetes spp.) merupakan tanaman florikultura yang termasuk ke dalam famili Asteraceae dan banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia khususnya provinsi Bali karena digunakan sebagai salah satu properti dalam upacara keagamaan. Bunga marigold memiliki variasi warna terbatas yaitu kuning, oranye dan merah, sedangkan warna bunga merupakan ciri penting yang menentukan nilai komersial tanaman florikultura. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan perakitan varietas marigold untuk meningkatkan variasi warna bunga. Teknik pemuliaan seperti hibridisasi dan mutasi memiliki kelemahan yakni bersifat acak, sehingga belum dapat diciptakan variasi warna bunga yang spesifik. Kendala tersebut dapat diatasi dengan teknik pemuliaan berbasis bioteknologi seperti rekayasa genetik yang memerlukan
Keyword: gene expression, metabolit sekunder, ekpresi gen, analisis LCMS tidak tertarget, analisis kuantitatif PCR, quantitative PCR analysis, secondary metabolites, flavonoid, flavonoid, untargeted LCMS analysis

Judul: Analisis Keragaman Morfologi dan Kandungan Pigmen untuk Identifikasi Calon Tetua Unggul dalam Pemuliaan Tanaman Marigold (Tagetes spp.)
Abstrak: Marigold (Tagetes spp.) merupakan tanaman hias yang sangat diminati karena bunganya, sehingga menjadi tanaman hias yang banyak dibudidayakan di Indonesia, khususnya di Bali. Namun perkembangan varietas unggul benih Marigold bermutu di Indonesia masih terbatas dan bergantung pada benih impor. Karakteristik utama yang diambil sebagai nominasi genotipe-genotipe untuk pemuliaan lanjutan Marigold adalah tipe bunga all ligulate (dominan pada tipe ray floret), ukuran tanaman dan bunga, serta warna bunga. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi keragaman morfologi dari 20 genotipe Marigold (14 genotipe T. erecta, 5 genotipe T. patula, dan 1 genotipe hibrida antarspesies T. erecta x T. patula bernama Zenith Red) serta mengidentifikasi genotipe unggul untuk kegiatan pemuliaan lanjutan (persilangan) marigold. Kemiripan antara ke-20 genotipe yang diuji menunjukkan koefisien kemiripan sebesar 78%. Pengujian kandungan pigmen dilakukan untuk mengetahui korelasi antar pigmen terhadap intensitas pewarnaan, melalui pendugaan kandungan pigmen antosianin dan karotenoid dengan penghitungan kandungan pigmen klorofil. Pigmen antosianin berperan dalam intensitas pewarnaan yang lebih gelap (merah) yang ditemukan pada genotipe Takengon Kontrol, serta klorofil yang tinggi menunjukkan intensitas warna yang lebih terang (putih) yang ditemukan pada genotipe Gayatri EMS. Pengujian daya kecambah adalah parameter bagi suatu benih untuk mampu bertumbuh normal dalam kondisi optimum, hasil pengujian menunjukkan genotipe-genotipe French Marigold (T. patula) galur lokal memiliki indeks vigor yang tinggi dibandingkan genotipe-genotipe African Marigold (T. erecta) hibrida. Genotipe Balerina dan Cassanova menunjukkan diameter kuntum dan panjang floret yang lebih superior dibandingkan genotipe lain, sementara karakter panjang tangkai dan lebar floret tertinggi dimiliki genotipe Cracker Jack Kuning dan Cracker Jack Kuning Tua. Genotipe-genotipe yang memiliki tipe ray floret dominan adalah Mega F1, Cassanova, Molek, Rona, Beautiful, Galery, Balerina, Zenith Red, dan Maharani. Tiga genotipe dengan ukuran bunga terbesar adalah Balerina, Mega F1, dan Cassanova. Genotipe-genotipe terbaik untuk mengembangkan warna bunga oranye yang intens adalah Maharani, Kees Orange, Rona, Beautiful, Gallery, untuk warna bunga kuning adalah Molek dan Balerina, untuk warna emas adalah Cassanova dan Mega F1, dan untuk warna merah adalah RL02, RL03, dan Red Cherry. Hasil dari penelitian ini memberikan informasi penting terkait perakitan varietas unggul baru Marigold berdasarkan ciri morfologi unggul dan preferensi warna pada bunga.
Keyword: mahkota bunga, piringan floret, tipe bunga, ukuran bunga, warna bunga

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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