Judul: Planned greenery of Boyolali Interchange Area on the Semarang-Solo Toll Road in Boyolali
Abstrak: Tingginya mobilitas manusia dengan transportasi menjadikan jalan tol sebagai alternatif untuk memecah kemacetan dan mempersingkat jarak tempuh menuju suatu tempat. Dengan dibangunnya jalan tol yang dilintasi banyak kendaraan bermotor menyebabkan pencemaran udara karena adanya aktivitas lalu lintas kendaraan. Untuk mengurangi dampak pencemaran udara, dibutuhkan ruang terbuka hijau yang dapat menyerap emisi gas buang oleh kendaraan bermotor. Dalam penelitian ini, emisi gas buang kendaraan bermotor berfokus pada gas NO2. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis besar emisi polutan gas NO2 dari kendaraan bermotor, kapasitas serap NO2 oleh vegetasi, dan merencanakan ruang terbuka hijau yang dapat meningkatkan kualitas lanskap, serta mengurangi sebaran polutan ke lingkungan sekitar simpang susun. Penelitian berlokasi di simpang susun Boyolali. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif-kuantitatif berdasarkan potensi dan kendala pada tapak, serta analisis emisi dan vegetasi yang dapat menyerap polutan gas NO2. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, dalam pengembangan lanskap ruang tidak terbangun digunakan untuk ruang dengan fungsi vegetasi yang meliputi clear zone, cushion planting, estetika, identitas, konservasi, pengarah dan penyangga dengan menggunakan jenis tanaman yang meliputi pohon, perdu/semak, dan ground cover. Luas lahan yang berpotensi dapat dikembangkan menjadi ruang terbuka hijau seluas 43.394,3 m2. Volume kendaraan sebanyak 66.637 per hari dengan emisi gas NO2 yang dihasilkan sebesar 57.845 g. Setelah perencanaan, emisi yang dapat diserap tanaman sebesar 49.450,83 g. Tata hijau yang direncanakan pada simpang susun Boyolali ini dapat mengurangi sebesar 85,49% emisi gas NO2 yang dihasilkan oleh kendaraan bermotor., The high mobility of people with transportation makes toll roads an alternative to break up congestion and shorten the distance to a place. With the construction of toll roads that are crossed by many motorized vehicles, it causes air pollution. To reduce the impact of air pollution, green open space is needed that can absorb exhaust emissions of motorized vehicles. In this study, motor vehicle exhaust emissions focus on NO2 gas. The purpose of this study was to analyze the emission of NO2 gas pollutants from motor vehicles, the absorption capacity of NO2 by vegetation, and to plan green open spaces that can improve the quality of the interchange landscape.The research is located at the Boyolali interchange. The research method used is descriptive-quantitative based on the potential and constraints on the site, as well as analysis of emissions and vegetation that can absorb NO2 gas pollutants. Based on the results of the analysis, for landscape development space is devided based on the function of vegetation which includes clear zone, cushion planting, aesthetics, identity, conservation, guides and supported with categories of trees, shrubs/shrubs, and ground cover. The area of land that has the potential to be developed into green open space is 43.394,3 m2. The volume of vehicles is 66,637 per day with the resulting NO2 gas emission of 57.845 g. After planning, the emission that can be absorbed by plants is 49.450,5 g. Planned greenery of Boyolali interchange can reduce 85,49% of NO2 gas emissions produced by motorized vehicles.
Keyword: emissions, interchange, planting plan, toll road, vegetations

Judul: Distribution of NO2 Pollutant from Transportation  Activities in Environment Near Elevated Road
Abstrak: Meningkatnya aktivitas manusia secara tidak langsung berdampak kepada kebutuhan transportasi yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya kemacetan . Jumlah kendaraan akan meningkat sehingga emisi yang dihasilkan kendaraan juga akan meningkat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisa sebaran polutan gas NO2; menganalisa faktor iklim yang memengaruhi konsentrasi gas NO2 di sekitar jalan layang; serta memberikan rekomendasi perencanaan tata hijau untuk mengurangi polutan gas NO2. Pengukuran dilakukan pada jarak 0, 10, dan 30 meter dari bahu jalan. Sampling udara dilakukan dengan menggunakan alat impinger air sampler, dan dilanjutkan analisis menggunakan metode Griess – Saltzman untuk mendapatkan angka konsentrasi NO2. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pada jarak 0 meter terjadi perbedaan rata-rata konsentrasi dengan konsentrasi plot vegetasi sebesar 47,70 µg/Nm3 dan plot terbuka 50,52 µg/m3 . Jarak 10 meter perbedaan rata rata konsentrasi lebih kecil dengan konsentrasi plot vegetasi sebesar 46,17 µg/Nm3 dan plot terbuka 46,57 µg/m3 . Jarak 30 meter perbedaan rata-rata konsentrasi berubah kembali dengan konsentrasi plot vegetasi sebesar 44,53 µg/Nm3 dan plot terbuka 45,17 µg/m3 . Hasil t test menunjukan rata-rata konsentrasi plot vegetasi dengan plot terbuka tidak memiliki perbedaan yang nyata. Jarak memiliki hubungan semakin kecil jarak atau semakin dekat dengan jalan maka semakin besar nilai konsentrasi NO2. Kecepatan angin plot terbuka memiliki hubungan sangat kuat dengan konsentrasi NO2, sedangkan kecepatan angin plot vegetasi memiliki hubungan kuat dengan konsentrasi NO2. Hubungan kecepatan angin kedua plot dengan konsentrasi sama yaitu semakin tinggi kecepatan angin maka semakin besar nilai konsentrasi NO2. Rekomendasi penanaman jalur hijau terditi dari kelompok tanaman penutup tanah selebar 4,5 meter dan sisa rumija (minimum 30 meter) ditanam tanaman kelompok strata pohon, perdu/ semak. Jenis tanaman yang digunakan yaitu asam jawa (Tamarindus indica (L.)), akalipa merah (Acalypha wilkesiana (Muell. Arg.)), (dan rumput manila (Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr.)., Increased human activity indirectly affects the need for transportation which can cause congestion. The number of vehicles will increase so that the emissions produced by vehicles will also increase. The purpose of this research is to analyze the distribution of NO2 gas pollutant; analyze the climate factors that affect the concentration of NO2 gas around the overpass; as well as providing recommendations for effective roadside green planning to reduce NO2 gas pollutants. NO2 gas measured at a distance 0, 10, and 30 meters from the road on roads with and without green lanes. Air sampling was carried out using an impinger air sampler, and continued with analysis using the Griess – Saltzman method to obtain NO2 concentration figures. The results showed that at a distance of 0 meters there was an average difference in concentration with a vegetation plot concentration of 47,70 µg/m3 and an open plot of 50,52 µg/m3 . A distance of 10 meters means the difference in average concentration is smaller with a concentration of 46,17 µg/m3 in vegetation plots and 46,57 µg/m3 in open plots. At a distance of 30 meters, the average concentration difference changed again with a vegetation plot concentration of 44,53 µg/m3 and an open plot of 45,17 µg/m3 . The results of the t test showed that the average concentration of vegetation plots and control plots had no significant
Keyword: Griess Saltzman, Jalan Layang, Jalur Hijau Jalan, NO2, Sebaran Polutan

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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