Judul: Average daily gain, physiological status, body component, and methane mitigation with complete rumen modifier (Cassapon)
Abstrak: Methane emission plays an important role in global warming, destruction of ozone layer and energy losses could lead to decrease average daily gain from the sheep. Global livestock methane emission is around 12% and 1.2% from national emission sources. Whether it was relatively few for Indonesia, it was advantage to be obedient world greenhouse gases rule and improve feeding biotechnology for sciences reason. Complete rumen modifier (CRM) is the feed additives which consist of: (1) Saponin compounds from Sapindus rarak, Albizia falcutaria and Sesbania grandiflora; (2) Asetogenic bacteria from Asetoanaerobium notrae; and (3) Microbial growth factor. Sheep that we used in this experiment were 32 ewes post-weaning (4-5 months) in factorial randomize block design with two factors. The first factor was feeding trial with four levels i.e.: (A) Pennisetum purpureum and roughage as a control, (B) Pennisetum purpureum and 5% cassava waste (onggok) in roughage, (C) Pennisetum purpureum and 2% CRM in roughage, (D) Pennisetum purpureum and 5% cassapon in roughage. The second factor was ewe breeds type with two levels i.e.: Sumatera Composite (SC) and Barbados Cross (BC). Methane emission from VFA calculation had been decreased in CRM (15.09%) and cassapon (20.28%) supplementation (P<0.05). Protozoa population had been decreased by CRM and cassapon effect (P<0.05).The CRM and cassapon treatments as feed additive were effective in inhibiting methane production. Body component (water, fat and protein) in the post-weaning growing phase was almost the same in all treatments (P>0.05). Sheep were in thermoneutral zone with normal physiology responses with 70.52-77.50 THI (P>0.05). Physiological parameters observed include: respiration rate, heartbeat, rectal temperature, skin temperature, N-blood urea and ammonia.The results show that sheep post weaning in this study were adapted well to the ambient temperature and feeding trial from the result of physiology and body component. Average daily gain was not significantly different among the CRM and cassapon treatments (P>0.05). In conclusion, CRM and cassapon could be aplicated as a feed additive to decrease enteric methane emission with normal effects in physiology response and body component to growth.
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Judul: Respon Fisiologis Domba Ekor Tipis Jantan yang Diberi Pakan Rumput Brachiaria humidicola dan Kulit Singkong pada Level yang Berbeda
Abstrak: The body condition of livestock is affected by physiological process which is stimulated by environmental changes such as weather, nutrition and management factors. The main objective of this research is to observe physiological response of male indigenous local sheep given different level of Brachiaria humidicola grass and cassava hull. Twelve yearling male indigenous local sheep with initial average body weight 19,06 ± 1,46 kg were used in this research. Dietary treatments consisted of R0: 100% Brachiaria humidicola + 0% cassava hull, R1 : 80% Brachiaria humidicola + 20% cassava hull, R2: 60% Brachiaria humidicola + 40% cassava hull, R3: 40% Brachiaria humidicola + 60% cassava hull. The parameters observed were rectal temperature, frequency of respiration, and heartbeat. Both indoor and outdoor microclimate had been measured (temperature and humidity). Randomized Complete Design with three repetition was used to analyze the data, and any significant differences were further tested by using Duncan’s test. The experimental showed that result were not significant (P>0,05) to rectal temperature, frequency of respiration and heartbeat. It is concluded that the use of cassava hull in feed must be more carefully because of HCN as limited factor and its possible negative effect on sheep physiology response. Keywords : local sheep, Brachiaria humidicola, cassava hull, and physiological responses
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Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf