Judul: Requirement Analysis of Agricultural Equipment and Machinery on Estimation Productivity of Human Energy in the Rice Cultivation in Demak Regency
Abstrak: Produktivitas energi manusia dalam kegiatan budidaya padi perlu diperhatikan. Faktor penting yang memperngaruhi produktivitas energi manusia adalah beban kerja yang diterima dan pemanfaatan mekanisasi.
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Judul: Requirement Analysis of Agricultural Machinery on Rice Cultivation Based on Physical Workload in Wonogiri Regency
Abstrak: Aktivitas budidaya padi mengharuskan petani sebagai sumber tenaga utama menerima beban kerja. Oleh karena itu, perlu ada peran alsintan untuk meringankan beban kerja petani. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kebutuhan alsintan serta produktivitas energi dari kegiatan budidaya padi. Secara umum, tahapan dalam penelitian ini adalah pengumpulan data, perhitungan data, dan analisis data dengan metode deskriptif. Kebutuhan alsintan pada kondisi ketersediaan petani maksimum adalah sebesar 303 unit transplanter untuk penanaman, 865 unit power weeder untuk penyiangan, dan 41 unit combine harvester untuk pemanenan. Sementara itu untuk kondisi ketersediaan minimum, kebutuhan alsintannya sebesar 481 unit transplanter untuk penanaman, 1.257 unit power weeder untuk penyiangan, 61 unit knapsack power duster untuk pemupukan, dan 164 unit combine harvester untuk pemanenan. Produktivitas energi petani pada ketiga kondisi tersebut masing-masing adalah 0,04 kgGKP/kkal untuk kondisi aktual, 0,05 kgGKP/kkal pada kondisi petani maksimum, dan 0,13 kgGKP/kkal untuk kondisi ketersediaan petani minimum., Rice cultivation activities require farmers as the main source of labor to receive workload. Therefore, there needs to be a role of agricultural machinery to ease the workload of farmers. This research aims to determine the needs of agricultural machinery and energy productivity of rice cultivation activities. In general, the stages in this study are data collection, data calculation, and data analysis with descriptive methods. Agricultural machinery needs in maximum farmer availability conditions are 303 units of transplanter for planting, 865 units of power weeder for weeding, and 41 units of combine harvester for harvesting. Meanwhile, for minimum availability conditions, the needs of agricultural machinery are 481 units of transplanter for planting, 1.257 units of power weeder for weeding, 61 units of knapsack power duster for fertilization, and 164 units of combine harvester for harvesting. Farmers' energy productivity in these three conditions is 0,04 kgGKP/kcal for actual conditions, 0,05 kgGKP/kcal in maximum farmer conditions, and 0,13 kgGKP/kcal for minimum farmer availability conditions.
Keyword: agricultural machinery, the productivity of energy, rice, workload

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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