Judul: Evaluasi Triterpenoid sebagai Kandidat Antikanker Hati Melalui Penurunan Ekspresi miR-494 dan TNF-α dengan Pendekatan In Silico.
Abstrak: Karsinoma hepatoselular (HCC) menyumbang hingga 90% dari semua kanker hati primer di seluruh dunia. Sinobufagin diketahui menghambat miR-494 sebagai target HCC. Peningkatan ekspresi TNF-α menghasilkan respons yang buruk terhadap obat antikanker hati. Model dalam penelitian ini adalah sinobufagin, sikloartenol, dan fraksi etil asetat Ganoderma lucidum, yaitu 3–6. Target penambatan pada penelitian ini adalah Akt, ERK1, ERK2, PI3K, TNF-α, TNFR1, dan TNFR2. Sikloartenol dan fraksi 5 memenuhi aturan Veber, aturan 5 Lipinski, dan memiliki toksisitas sedang. Akt menjadi target potensial penambatan karena menghasilkan afinitas ikatan dari 3–6 yang memiliki kesesuaian dengan IC50 pada literatur. Hasil penelitian ini sejalan dengan penelitian secara in vitro. Akt memiliki inhibitor, yaitu AZD5363 (7). Sikloartenol kurang mampu menghambat Akt. Sebaliknya, fraksi 5 mampu menghambat Akt lebih baik dibandingkan sikloartenol, walaupun tidak sebaik sinobufagin dan fraksi 7, sehingga fraksi 5 berpotensi menjadi kandidat antikanker hati. Triterpenoid dengan kerangka dasar lanostana berpotensi menjadi kandidat antikanker hati.
Keyword: Akt, Ganoderma lucidum, karsinoma hepatoseluler, sikloartenol, triterpenoid

Judul: Evaluasi Sikloartenol sebagai Kandidat Antikanker Hati Melalui Penghambatan ERK2 dengan Pendekatan in Silico.
Abstrak: Senyawa yang mirip sikloartenol dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas antikanker dengan menghambat proliferasi lini sel kanker hati Hep G2. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi aktivitas penghambatan sikloartenol pada sel kanker hati melalui penurunan ekspresi miR-494 dengan pendekatan komputasi. Penambatan sikloartenol pada protein yang telah diketahui dapat menurunkan ekspresi miR-494 didapati memiliki afinitas ikatan terbaik pada ERK2. Sifat farmakodinamik menggunakan penambatan menunjukkan bahwa sikloartenol kurang baik dalam menghambat ERK2 dibandingkan SCH772984. Dari penambatan lentur P-loop diidentifikasi bahwa sikloartenol mungkin dapat mengadopsi inhibitor kinase tipe I tetapi memerlukan modifikasi struktur pada rantai sampingnya. Mendukung hasil penambatan yang kurang memuaskan, simulasi dinamika molekul menunjukkan bahwa sikloartenol masih kurang mampu mempertahankan konformasi kompleks. Tinjauan sifat farmakokinetik menunjukkan sikloartenol sebenarnya memiliki sifat absorpsi, permeabilitas, dan toksisitas yang cukup baik tetapi parameter koefisien partisi sikloartenol memperlihatkan lipofilisitas yang sangat tinggi sehingga mungkin dapat mengurangi potensi molekul menjadi kandidat obat.
Keyword: antikanker hati, ERK2, in silico, RNA-mikro 494, sikloartenol

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite