Judul: Studi Ergonomika untuk Perancangan Alokasi Kebutuhan Tenaga Kerja Optimal pada Proses Budidaya Kubis di Dataran Tinggi
Abstrak: Karakteristik kerja pada proses budidaya kubis di dataran tinggi dapat mempengaruhi lamanya waktu pengerjaan dan beban kerja petani. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya kesesuaian antara karakteristik kerja dengan karakteristik pekerja dalam mencapai produktivitas yang optimal melalui pendekatan ergonomika. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendefinisikan alur dan elemen kerja budidaya kubis di dataran tinggi, menentukan waktu baku, tingkat beban kerja dan kebutuhan energi, kemudian merancang jumlah dan kebutuhan tenaga kerja optimal berdasarkan analisis studi waktu dan beban kerja. Elemen kerja pada budidaya kubis di dataran tinggi meliputi pengolahan tanah (Pt), pemasangan mulsa (Pm), penanaman (Pn), penyemprotan (Ps), dan pemanenan (Pa). Total kebutuhan waktu baku sebesar 263.60 detik/m2 dan kebutuhan energi sebesar 12.33 kkal/m2 untuk satu siklus budidaya kubis. Tingkat beban kerja setiap elemen kerja budidaya kubis mulai dari sedang hingga luar biasa berat. Jumlah tenaga kerja ideal yang dibutuhkan untuk melakukan satu siklus budidaya kubis di dataran tinggi sebanyak 219 orang.hari/ha. Apabila target produksi kubis sebesar 40 ton setiap hektare maka untuk mencapai target tersebut dibutuhkan jumlah tenaga kerja sebanyak 261 orang.hari/ha.
Keyword: beban kerja, budidaya kubis, dataran tinggi, studi waktu, tenaga kerja

Judul: Ergonomics Study on Handling Vegetable Crops in the Highlands with a Time and Workload Study Approach
Abstrak: Lahan pertanian di Indonesia tergolong luas dan sebagian penduduknya bermata pencaharian sebagai petani. Salah satu komoditasnya yaitu sayur-sayuran. Dalam proses budidayanya, terdapat beberapa permasalahan yang menyebabkan produktivitas tenaga kerjanya rendah, salah satunya pada proses penanganan hasil panen. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menghitung dan menentukan waktu baku, tingkat beban kerja, laju konsumsi energi, serta jumlah dan distribusi tenaga kerja ideal yang dibutuhkan pada proses penanganan hasil panen sayur di dataran tinggi. Untuk mencapai tujuan digunakan studi ergonomika melalui pendekatan studi waktu dan beban kerja. Elemen kerja terdiri dari pemungutan panen, pengumpulan panen, pemuatan karung, pengikatan karung, serta pemindahan karung. Total waktu baku satu siklus penanganan hasil panen sayur 51,04 menit/kwintal. Tingkat beban kerja tergolong pekerjaan sedang, berat, hingga sangat berat. Nilai laju konsumsi energi berkisar antara 2,18 hingga 3,04 kkal/menit. Berdasarkan analisis ergonomika jumlah tenaga kerja ideal untuk menyelesaikan satu siklus penanganan hasil panen sayur ekuivalen dengan 93 orang dengan asumsi target produksi 400 kwintal per ha dan waktu kerja efektif 4,5 jam/hari. Untuk pendistribusian pada masing-masing elemen kerja yaitu untuk elemen kerja pemungutan panen dan pengikatan karung masing-masing sebanyak 10 orang, pengumpulan panen sebanyak 25 orang, pemuatan karung sebanyak 19 orang, serta pemindahan karung sebanyak 29 orang., Agricultural land in Indonesia is relatively large and some of the population makes a living as farmers. One of the commodities is vegetables. In the cultivation process, there are several problems that cause low labor productivity, one of which is the process of handling crops. The purpose of this study is to calculate and determine the standard time, workload level, energy consumption rate, as well as the ideal amount and distribution of labor needed in the process of handling vegetable crops in the highlands. To achieve the goal of ergonomics studies are used through the approach of time and workload studies. The working elements consist of harvesting, harvesting collection, sack loading, sack fastening, as well as sack removal. The total raw time of one cycle of handling vegetable crops is 51.04 minutes / quintal. The level of workload is classified as medium, heavy, to very heavy work. The value of the energy consumption rate ranges from 2.18 to 3.04 kcal/min. Based on ergonomic analysis, the ideal amount of labor to complete one cycle of handling vegetable crops is equivalent to 93 people assuming a production target of 400 quintals per ha and an effective working time of 4.5 hours / day. For distribution on each work element, namely for the work element of harvesting and binding sacks of 10 people each, harvesting collection of 25 people, loading of sacks as many as 19 people, and moving sacks as many as 29 people.
Keyword: crop handling, ergonomics, time study, vegetable, workload

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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