Judul: Inhibitory activity of bacteria isolated from digestive track of chicken broiler against Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. at several growth media, aeration, pH, and temperature
Abstrak: This research aim to study the Inhibition activity of bacteria isolated from digestive track chicken broiler against Echerichia coli and Salmonella sp. at several growth media, aeration, pH and temperature. Isolation of digestive track broiler bacteria was conducted by using Nutrient Agar (NA) media at pH 7.0 and pH 4.5. The isolates were assayed against Echerichia coli and Salmonella sp. The isolates which showed inhibition capability were selected, microscopically identified, Gram stained and used for further assay The inhibitory activity of selected isolates was examined using De Man Ragosa (MRS ) and Tripton Glucosa Yeast Extract (TGY) media, with and without agitation. The selected media wasthen modified with molasses and soybean meal assource of carbon and nitrogen, respectively. The stability of inhibitory activity was examined at five levels of temperature (25 degrees celcius, 30 degrees celcius, 37 degrees celcius, 40 degrees celcius, 50 degrees celcius), and seven pH levels (3.0,4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0). The selected isolates were also enzimatically assayed for amylase, protease, lipase, and cellulose activity. The results showed that 7n isolate produced the highest inhibition activity against E. coli and Salmonella enteric. For E coli strong inhibition showed by 7n isolate at MRS modified media, pH 6.0-8.0, and temperature at 370 C, and similar condition applied also for EPEC K1-1, except the highest inhibition occured at 500 C. For Salmonella enteric growth inhibition by 7n isolate was obtained using MRS modified media, pH 5, and temperature at 300 C. For other Salmonella subsp.2 small inhibition by 34n occurred at both MRS and TGY modified at pH 4.0-5.0 and temperature at 37 degrees celcius. Both 7n and 34 isolates showed amylase, protease, lipase and cellulose activity. The results indicate that both isolates have their potency to be developed as probiotics, served as feed additive. The isolates are expected can function as growth promoter through their antibacterial and degrading enzymes activities. Keywords: chicken broiler bacteria, antibacterial activity, E. coli, Salmonella sp., MRS modified media, pH, temperature, degrading enzyme
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Judul: Isolation and Selection of Bacillus spp. as Probiotic Candidates for Broiler Chickens.
Abstrak: Upaya peningkatan laju pertumbuhan ayam dapat dilakukan melalui aplikasi probiotik sebagai pengganti antibiotik. Probiotik dari Bacillus spp. memiliki spora yang stabil dalam jangka waktu lama pada produk komersial. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan menyeleksi Bacillus spp. asal tanah Jasinga sebagai kandidat probiotik pada ayam. Isolasi dilakukan dengan perlakuan panas sampel tanah pada suhu 80 oC selama 20 menit dan dilakukan pengamatan secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Metode selanjutnya meliputi uji hemolisis, aktivitas enzim protease, amilase, selulase, ketahanan garam empedu, uji antagonistik, sensitivitas antibiotik dan hidrofobisitas permukaan sel. Sebanyak 15 isolat berhasil diisolasi dari tanah asal Jasinga, dan 12 isolat berdasarkan pengamatan mikroskopik merupakan Bacillus spp. Sebanyak 6 isolat memiliki aktivitas gamma hemolisis dan memiliki kemampuan menghidrolis protein, pati, dan selulosa yang beragam. Isolat BTJ1.1, BTJ1.2, BTJ1.4, dan BTJ2.3 mengalami peningkatan jumlah log sel isolat pada lingkungan yang mengandung garam empedu 0,3%. Isolat BTJ1.1, BTJ1.2, dan BTJ2.3 mengindikasikan adanya aktivitas antimikroba, dan memiliki sifat yang sensitiv terhadap amoxicillin, tetracycline, rifampicin, namun ke empat isolat memiliki sifat yang resisten terhadap chloramphenicol. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa BTJ1.1 dan BTJ2.3 merupakan isolat terbaik yang berpotensi sebagai kandidat probiotik., Efforts to improve the growth rate of chickens can be achieved through the application of probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics. Probiotics derived from Bacillus spp. have spores that remain stable for extended periods in commercial products. This study aims to isolate and select Bacillus spp. from Jasinga soil as probiotic candidates for chickens. Isolation was carried out by subjecting the soil samples to heat treatment at 80 °C for 20 minutes, followed by macroscopic and microscopic observations. The next methode included hemolysis tests, protease, amylase, and cellulase enzyme activities, bile salt tolerance, antagonistic assays, antibiotic sensitivity, and cell surface hydrophobicity. A total of 15 isolates were successfully isolated from Jasinga soil, and based on microscopic observations, 12 isolates were identified as Bacillus spp. Six isolates exhibited gamma hemolysis activity and displayed diverse abilities to hydrolyze proteins, starch, and cellulose. Isolates BTJ1.1, BTJ1.2, BTJ1.4, and BTJ2.3 showed increased cell numbers an environment containing 0,3% bile salt. Isolates BTJ1.1, BTJ1.2, and BTJ2.3 indicated antimicrobial activity and were found to be sensitive to amoxicillin, tetracycline, and rifampicin, while all four isolates were resistant to Chloramphenicol. The conclusion of this research that BTJ1.1 and BTJ2.3 are the best isolate as potential probiotic candidate.
Keyword: antibiotics, bile salt, hydrolytic index, resistance, soil

Judul: Pelabelan Total Even Vertex Magic pada Graf Matahari dan Disjoint Union dari Graf Cycles
Abstrak: simpul adalah pelabelan total vertex magic dengan memasangkan himpunan simpul ke himpunan bilangan bulat genap {2,4,6, … , 2���������}. Karya ilmiah ini menunjukkan syarat cukup dari graf matahari ���������������������������( ���������) memiliki pelabelan total even vertex magic adalah ��������� ≥ 3, dan menunjukkan syarat cukup dan syarat perlu pada disjoint union dari graf cycles ��������������������������� memiliki pelabelan total even vertex magic adalah ��������� dan ��������� bilangan bulat ganjil.
Keyword: disjoint union dari graf cycles, even vertex magic, graf matahari, graf matahari, pelabelan total