Judul: Kajian Pengaruh Suhu terhadap Densitas dan Sifat Reologi Minyak Sawit Kasar (Crude Palm Oil)
Abstrak: Indonesia is the largest CPO producer in the world. Production of CPO in Indonesia increases in each year. Increasing of CPO production must be balanced with the development of its transportation systems. One of the efficient transportation system of CPO is pipeline transportation. On this pipeline transportation, density and rheology is a crucial parameter for pipeline design calculation and simulation of its momentum transfer process and system. The aim of this research was to get data of the density and rheological properties of CPO on different temperature. The samples used in this research were obtained from four different factories of palm oil in Indonesia. The density was measured by AOCS 1997 method and the rheological properties of CPO was measured by Haake Rotoviscometer RV20 (Karlsruhe, Germany).The results showed that the temperature influenced on density and rheological properties of CPO. Density decreased with increasing of temperature. The flow behavior index (n) increased with increasing temperature but the consistency index (K) and apparent viscosity of CPO decreased with increasing of temperature. Generally, CPO exhibited a pseudoplastic behavior at temperature of 25-40oC and a Newtonian behavior at temperature of 45-55oC.
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Judul: Karakteristik Minyak Sawit Kasar Selama Penyimpanan dan Pengaliran
Abstrak: Crude palm oil (CPO) is one of Indonesia's main commodity. Nowadays, Indonesia is the largest CPO producer in the world. To increase the competitiveness of CPO in Indonesia, handling, storage, and transportation of CPO should be managed efficiently. The objective of this research was to obtain the basic data about the quality characteristics and rheological properties of CPO during storage and pipe flow transportation. The quality parameters of CPO that observed in this study were free fatty acids (FFA), iodine value, carotenoid content, and the deterioration of bleachability index (DOBI). The observed parameters of the rheological properties were flow behavior index (n) and consistency index (K). CPO that used in this research had 3.44% of FFA, 52.64 of iodine value, 816 ppm of carotenoid content, and 3.21 of DOBI. CPO was stored at the storage temperature of 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 oC over 4 weeks. The results showed that during storage, FFA levels increased, while the carotenoid content and DOBI decreased. The higher storage temperature resulted in higher rate of decline in CPO quality. At each storage temperature, the longer storage resulted in decreased quality of CPO. Based on this research, the best storage temperature to maintain the quality of CPO was at 20 oC. At the room temperature, CPO was pseudoplastic (0<n<1 and K>0), but at the higher storage temperature, CPO had rheological properties that closer to Newtonian (n=1 and K>0). The analysis of rheological properties during storage showed that storage time had no effect on the rheological properties of CPO. Study on CPO flow by using circulated pipeline in isothermal conditions showed that melting temperature was the critical temperature for maintaining low viscosity to assure the flow of CPO. Flow of CPO in high temperature caused decreasing in quality of CPO significantly.
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Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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