Judul: Dinamika Distribusi Spasial Primata: Perubahan Iklim dan Implikasinya terhadap Pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi
Abstrak: Primata merupakan satwaliar yang sangat esensial bagi kehidupan manusia dan ekosistem di dalamnya. Primata memberikan pengetahuan lebih untuk para peneliti terkait dengan evolusi manusia, biologi, maupun epidemiologi penyakit. Berbagai jenis primata mayoritas tersebar di daerah tropis termasuk Indonesia. Indonesia memiliki kekayaan primata tertinggi di Asia. Namun, ancaman terhadap kepunahan primata sedang dihadapi oleh primata Indonesia – khususnya dari perubahan iklim serta kegiatan antropogenik yang menyebabkan kehilangan habitat primata. Hal ini menjadikan perencanaan konservasi primata sangatlah penting bagi Indonesia. Tiga famili primata yang memiliki keterancaman tinggi, yaitu Cercopithecidae, Hominidae, dan Hylobatidae dipilih sebagai objek penelitian. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini diantaranya: 1) Menentukan model distribusi spasial primata terbaik; 2) Menduga distribusi spasial dari primata untuk kondisi saat ini (baseline) dan masa depan (tahun 2030); serta 3) Mengidentifikasi wilayah prioritas nasional untuk konservasi primata. Analisis spasial dilakukan menggunakan Google Earth Engine untuk membangun model distribusi primata untuk baseline dan masa depan dengan skenario iklim RCP8.5. Titik sebaran primata yang bersumber dari Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Direktorat Jenderal Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (Dirjen KKH-KLHK), serta studi literatur digunakan sebagai peubah respon. Model MIROC5 dan WorldClim v2.0 digunakan sebagai peubah iklim, data hutan dari CCI-ESA yang dielaborasi dengan informasi tutupan tajuk digunakan sebagai peubah habitat, serta SRTM digunakan sebagai peubah geofisik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan algoritma Random Forest merupakan algoritma terbaik dengan nilai statistik akurasi rata-rata (overall accuracy, true skill statistics, Kappa, dan area under the curve) sebesar 0.70. Luasan wilayah yang sesuai untuk habitat primata meningkat dari 4,096,200 ha pada tahun 2000 menjadi 5,516,050 ha pada tahun 2030. Peningkatan secara agregat terjadi pada habitat primata sebesar 1.4 juta ha sehingga menjadi prospeksi yang baik untuk konservasi primata di Indonesia. Namun, perlu ditinjau bahwa ditemukan pula beberapa kehilangan habitat yang dapat mengancam keberadaan primata saat ini di wilayah tersebut. Rincian luasan kehilangan habitat (loss), peningkatan habitat (gain), serta habitat persisten primata pada masa depan di Indonesia berturut-turut sebesar 1,985,700 ha, 3,405,550 ha, dan 2,110,500 ha. Kawasan konservasi yang memiliki kehilangan habitat relatif tinggi memiliki prioritas restorasi habitat. Ekosistem Gunung Leuser menjadi kawasan konservasi prioritas pertama untuk primata berdasarkan hasil analisis dengan luas kehilangan habitat sebesar 60,350 ha. Upaya restorasi kawasan serta perencanaan refugium perlu dilaksanakan sehingga dapat menekan terjadinya kontraksi populasi primata.
Keyword: Cercopithecidae, Hominidae, Hylobatidae, model distribusi spesies, Random Forest, RCP8.5

Judul: Multidimensional of Climate Change on the Distributions of Sumatran Orangutan in the Leuser Ecosystem for Conservation Planning
Abstrak: Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is one of the three orangutan species (Pongo spp. – Tapanuli: P. tapanuliensis; Borneo: P. pygmaeus) from the great ape family group (Hominidae) that lives in Indonesia. Sumatran orangutan current population in 2015 reached 14,613 individual species based on field survey. Currently, Sumatran orangutans suffered a population declining over the past year due to altered habitat. Climate change also would be expected to increase the extinction risk of the species – thus, many biodiversity, particularly primates will redistribute their habitat. Most Sumatran orangutans (82.5%) are only found in the Leuser Ecosystem, Aceh Province. Due to the range contraction and many threats towards Sumatran orangutans, the species have been considered critically endangered (CR) species based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list. Species distribution modelling has been already used for various applications, such as conservation management towards non-human primate species within the protected areas – e.g., the Sumatran orangutan. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of research and information that elaborates climatic shifting effects and habitat degradation towards Sumatran orangutan distribution. The Leuser Ecosystem is the essential habitat for Sumatran orangutans; thus, understanding the climate effects for this species within the area is crucial. In general, the objectives of this research were a) to estimate Sumatran orangutan distribution within the Leuser Ecosystem using species distribution model, b) to identify and quantify exposure of Sumatran orangutan towards climate change and altered habitat, and c) to design conservation strategies for the species. The novelties of this research were: a) Research approach: species distribution modelling approach for Sumatran orangutan within the Leuser Ecosystem using ensemble-method of machine learning (e.g., RF, SVM, MaxEnt, and GLM) based on shared socio-economics pathway with the spatial resolution 100-m; and b) Problem solving: evaluation of Sumatran orangutan vulnerability under climatic pressures, altered habitat, and deforestation using bioclimatic velocity. Furthermore, conservation planning – e.g., habitat restoration and creating the wildlife corridor using least-cost path analysis. In addition, we also provide a new method to estimate the extinction rate of Sumatran orangutans using a macro-ecological approach to assess species adaptivity. This research revealed that the ensemble model from several algorithms (i.e., GAM, GLM, Maxent, Random Forest, and SVM) had outperformed the other algorithms based on discrimination metrics (i.e., AUC, TSS, Kappa, Jaccard, Sørensen). The bioclimatic factor was the essential variable to capture the fundamental distribution of Sumatran orangutan. Orangutan distribution within the Leuser Ecosystem was strongly correlated with the precipitation in the driest quartal and temperature range, affecting food abundance, activity budget, and habitat quality. This result shows that the current Sumatran orangutan distribution covered 37% of the landscape (9915.63 km2). Furthermore, this study also used species distribution model output to estimate population density and metapopulation within the habitat patches. The density model of Sumatran orangutan has a relatively similar pattern to the previous study. Climate and habitat changes jeopardized tropical biodiversity, including Sumatran orangutan within the Leuser Ecosystem. This landscape will suffer a tremendous climatic anomaly (i.e., precipitation and temperature) in the northwest, southeast, and montane areas of the Leuser Ecosystem. Besides, high-temperature anomalies
Keyword: Leuser, makroekologi, model distribusi spesies, orangutan sumatera, perubahan iklim

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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