Judul: Pola Pergerakan Harian Katak Pohon Jawa (Rhacophorus margaritifer) Dengan Menggunakan Metode Radio Tracking di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango
Abstrak: One of the method to obtain information about animal movement is by using radio tracking. Radio tracking method for research on frog movement never been done in Indonesia although there wereprevious research about pattern of daily movement of amphibian in Indonesia using non-radio tracking method.The objectives of the research are 1) to describe the pattern of daily movement of Javan tree frog Rhacophorus margaritifer using radio tracking method in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, 2) to assess the impact of radio transmitter installation on mass and behaviour of frog, and 3) to describe spatial use of Javan tree frog Rhacophorus margaritifer in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park. The research was carried out in Mei – September 2011 along the track of Panyangcangan post to Curug Tiga Cibereum (± 0,6 Km), Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park that lies in 1500 – 1650 m above sea level. Data on movement of each frog were collected for every 12 hours for 8 days (192 hours). Number of R.margaritifer observed was 11 frogs, consisted of 8 males and 3 females. Each frogs was installed with a transmitter weighed approximately 10% from total mass of male frog and 5% from mass of female frog. Frogs were observed for each activities in each location and analysis descriptively. Quantitative analysis of individual movement of R. margaritifer are measured by calculated of the length of movement and straightness index value. All R. margaritifer observed, moved horizontally and vertically. The farthest vertical movement from the ground is 7,93 m and the farthest horizontal movement is 15,71 m. The highest score of both vertical and horizontal movements is obtained by females. The result of chi quadrat analysis for straightness index showed that male and female individuals tend to move away from observation starting point . There is no significant difference of horizontal movement from water body between male and female frog, even though male frogs tend to move away from water body much farther than female frogs. The highest vertical movement from water body is 9,3 m and horizontal movement is 13,92 m. The farthest horizontal position is 13,92 m and vertical position is 9,30 m from water body. There is no significant difference between male and female frogs in position from water body. Most male frog has a higer lenght of horizontal movement compared to female. Male and female frogs tend move jhorizontally in random. Frogs move along river body dominated by tepus (Etlingera solaris) plant. The average movement of female frog is 25,34 m and 34,35 m for male frog. The longest distance was done by female frog number 1 (49,83 m) and the shortest male frog number 6 (8,35 m). The use of radio transmitter in frog tends to reduce frog weight with average of 9,75% weight loss for each individual of R margaritifer. Weight loss occured in female individual of R. Margartifer 1 and 2, and also male 3,4,5,6,7 and 8. And the other side, weight gain occured in male frog 1 and 2 which gained weight 11% and 4,8%. The highest score in weight loss is 1.5
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Judul: Pola Pergerakan Harian dan Penggunaan Habitat Mikro Katak Pohon Jawa (Rhacophorus margaritifer) di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Jawa Barat.
Abstrak: Studies on amphibian movement have been reported abroad, including selection of appropriate method. However, there is only one study on amphibian movement reported in Indonesia (Sholihat 2007). The purposes of this study are to 1) find suitable material for spool track that well suited with body weight of R. margaritifer, 2) map the daily movement patterns of R. margaritifer using spool track method; and 3) describe the micro habitat used by R. margaritifer in Gede Pangrango National Park. This study was conducted at Ciwalen and Cibereum. Three kinds of spool were tried to test-frogs and the frog movements were observed every three hours for 72 hours. Data from observations were then analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. Eight frogs (4 males, 4 females) were observed for 72 hours, each using a spool weight under less than 10% of body mass. Additionally, three male frogs were successfully observed using a spool weight more of 10% of their body mass. Result showed that suitable spool equipment materials differ for males and females according to their body mass. The best materials for the male frog are made by plastic straws and mica, while for female frog it is made from plastic and mica pallets. Kruskal Wallis test on 11 individual frogs indicated that there was a significant differences between day and night movement, both in male (H = 0.026) and female frogs (H = 0.03) (P value < 0.05). However, there was no significant differences in both male’s and female’s movement during the day (H = 0.888) and night (H = 0.685) (P value > 0.05). Chi square test for straightness index values for eight frogs observed in 72 hours showed that all frogs moved not far from the initial location of observation. Observations on micro habitats used showed that most frogs used location with low level of light exposure, i.e. between leaves, litter, and branches sheltered from the sun, while at night most activities were carried out on the leaves. R. margaritifer mostly in contact with plants, whereas contact with the other frogs is rare. Therefore it is estimated that the possibility of disease transmission by contact among frog is low. Since frog movements are associated with the existence of plants, there should be more efforts to keep the existence of the plants, especially plants that grow around water sources.
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Judul: Formulasi dan Peningkatan Sifat Kelarutan Minuman Serbuk Cokelat dengan Proses Pencampuran Kering.
Abstrak: Minuman serbuk cokelat terdiri dari bahan utama bubuk cokelat, gula dan susu bubuk. Kombinasi ketiga bahan ini penting bagi penerimaan konsumen. Pada umumnya, jenis minuman ini memiliki masalah pada sifat kelarutannya (terutama wettability) yang secara alami disebabkan adanya minyak cocoa (cocoa butter) yang bersifat hidrofobik pada cocoa powder. Wettability menentukan kecepatan pelarutan bubuk dan menjadi persepsi kualitas kritis oleh konsumen. Lesitinisasi sering digunakan untuk meningkatkan wettability, tetapi pada proses pencampuran kering (dry blending) terbatas secara teknis dibandingkan dengan proses pengeringan semprot (spray drying). Proses pengeringan semprot merupakan proses yang lebih kompleks dan membutuhkan investasi juga biaya operasi yang lebih besar dibandingkan proses pencampuran kering. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memformulasikan minuman serbuk cokelat yang disukai oleh konsumen dan meningkatkan wettability-nya menggunakan lesitin kedelai bubuk bebas minyak (de-oiled) dan lesitin kedelai cair dengan kandungan fosfolipid minimum berturut-turut 97 dan 30% . Diujikan dua metode aplikasi penambahan lesitin, yaitu dengan membuat premiks bersama bubuk cokelat dan dengan menambahkan langsung pada formula akhir. Jumlah sediaan lesitin bervariasi dari 0.5 hingga 4% (b/b) untuk lesitin bubuk dan dari 0.5 hingga 3% (b/b) untuk lesitin cair. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, formula dengan overall liking tertinggi (6.74) memiliki komposisi 40% susu bubuk lemak utuh instan, 40% gula castor, 10% alkalized cocoa powder, 9.7% maltodekstrin, dan 0.3% garam. Lesitin cair lebih efektif dibandingkan lesitin bubuk, dan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan hasil wettability antara perlakuan penambahan lesitin premiks maupun langsung. Secara operasional, metode premiks kurang efisien karena diperlukan dua tahap pencampuran. Jumlah sediaan lesitin cair yang diperlukan untuk mencapai target wettability di bawah 30 detik untuk formula terpilih adalah 2.5%. Atribut lain yang signifikan terpengaruh adalah hilangnya partikel mengambang, ukuran partikel yang lebih besar, densitas kamba yang lebih rendah, dan warna lebih gelap yang memberikan persepsi kandungan cokelat yang lebih tinggi dengan rasa yang tidak berbeda signifikan.
Keyword: minuman serbuk cokelat, pencampuran kering, formulasi, lesitin kedelai, kelarutan