Judul: Perilaku Disolusi Ketoprofen Tersalut Gel Kitosan-Gom Guar
Abstrak: Kemampuan kitosan untuk membentuk gel telah banyak dimodifikasi, salah satunya dengan penambahan hidrokoloid alami. Gel kitosan-gom guar berpotensi sebagai penyalut untuk digunakan dalam sistem pengantaran obat. Dalam penelitian ini, gel kitosan-gom guar digunakan untuk mempelajari perilaku disolusi ketoprofen. Mikrokapsul ketoprofen tersalut gel kitosan-gom guar dibuat dengan metode pengeringan semprot. Sebanyak 228.60 ml larutan kitosan 1.75% (b/v) dicampurkan dengan 38.10 ml larutan gom guar dengan ragam konsentrasi 0.35, 0.55, dan 0.75% (b/v), 7.62 ml glutaraldehida dengan ragam konsentrasi 3.0, 3.5, dan 4.0% (v/v), 2 g ketoprofen yang dilarutkan di dalam etanol 96%. Campuran homogen yang diperoleh kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam alat pengering semprot dan dihasilkan butiran/granul sebagai produk. Mikrokapsul yang optimum ditentukan dengan metode respons permukaan dalam peranti lunak Minitab Release 14 dan kemudian dikaji perilaku disolusinya. Uji disolusi dilakukan pada suhu (37 ± 0.5) °C dengan laju pemutaran 150 rpm selama 90 menit dalam medium disolusi bufer klorida pH 1.2 (cairan lambung) dan bufer fosfat pH 7.4 (cairan usus). Aliquot diambil setelah disolusi berlangsung 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, dan 90 menit. Serapan ketoprofen dalam alikuot diukur pada panjang gelombang 258 nm (untuk cairan lambung) dan 260 (untuk cairan usus). Mikrokapsul optimum diperoleh saat konsentrasi gom guar dan glutaraldehida berturut-turut 0.35% (b/v) dan 3.75% (v/v) untuk konsentrasi kitosan 1.75%. Kondisi ini dapat digunakan untuk menyalut ketoprofen sebanyak 146.5086 mg. Hasil uji disolusi ketoprofen menunjukkan kinetika reaksi orde ke-3 dengan nilai tetapan laju pelepasan ketoprofen, k dan waktu paruh, t1/2 rerata berturut-turut 1×10-5 l2mol-2menit-1 dan 15 menit.
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Judul: Perilaku Disolusi Mikrokapsul Ketoprofen Tersalut Gel Kitosan-Alginat Berdasarkan Ragam Konsentrasi Tween 80
Abstrak: Chitosan ability to form gel has been extensively studied and modified; natural hydrocoloid addition is just an example. Chitosan-alginate gel has a promising potential to be applied as a good coating material in drugs delivery system. In this study, chitosanalginate gel coated ketoprofen microcapsules were made using spray drying method. Tween 80 solution concentration used in the process was varied (1, 2, and 3% (v/v)). The resulting microcapsules particle sizes were ranging from 150 nm to 6 μm. The dissolution test results showed that the Tween 80 solution concentrations were affecting ketoprofen releasing rate for the microcapsule. Maximum ketoprofen release rates either in acidic or basic medium were observed at 2% Tween 80 concentration. The maximum released ketoprofen amounts in acidic and basic medium were 35.19 and 287.92 ppm, respectively. The releasing mechanism was determined by evaluating the releasing kinetic models. The ketoprofen releasing kinetic model, both in acidic and basic medium, was following the Hixson-Crowell kinetic model.
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Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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