Judul: Effectiveness of Garlic Skin (Allium sativum L.) Infusion as Antidiarrheal in Mice (Mus musculus).
Abstrak: Tanaman bawang putih telah banyak digunakan sebagai obat herbal dalam mengatasi penyakit, akan tetapi belum ada penelitian mengenai aktivitas antidiare pada tanaman ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi kandungan senyawa aktif metabolit sekunder kulit bawang putih menggunakan uji fitokimia, serta mengetahui aktivitas antidiare dari infusa kulit bawang putih dengan metode proteksi intestinal. Penelitian ini menggunakan 25 ekor mencit jantan yang dibagi menjadi lima kelompok perlakuan: kelompok kontrol positif (Loperamide HCl), kelompok kontrol negatif (Tween-80 [1%]), dan tiga kelompok perlakuan infusa kulit bawang putih dengan konsentrasi 25%, 50%, dan 100%. Parameter yang diamati pada metode proteksi intestinal yaitu frekuensi defekasi, konsistensi feses, waktu terjadinya diare, durasi diare, dan waktu penyembuhan. Berdasarkan hasil uji fitokimia, infusa kulit bawang putih mengandung senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan infusa kulit bawang putih dengan konsentrasi 25%, 50%, dan 100% memiliki aktivitas antidiare. Infusa kulit bawang putih konsentrasi 25% merupakan dosis terbaik dalam mengobati diare. / Garlic plants have been widely used as herbal medicine in overcoming diseases, but there has been no research on the antidiarrheal activity of this plant. This study aims to identification several active compounds of garlic skin with phytochemical test, and determine the antidiarrheal activity of garlic skin infusion with intestinal protection method. This study used 25 male mice which were divided into five treatment groups: the positive control group (Loperamide HCl), the negative control group (Tween-80 1%), and three treatment groups of garlic skin infusion with concentrations 25%, 50%, and 100%. The parameters observed for intestinal protection method were defecation frequency, stool consistency, onset of diarrhea, duration of diarrhea, and diarrhea recovery time. Garlic skin infusion contains alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and tanin. Based on both methods, garlic skin infusion with concentrations of 25%, 50%, and 100% had antidiarrheal activity. Garlic skin infusion with concentration 25% is the best dose for treating diarrheal.
Keyword: antidiare, bawang putih, infusa, proteksi intestinal, uji fitokimia. / antidiarrheal, garlic, infusion, intestinal protection, phytochemical test.

Judul: Effectiveness of Onion Peel (Allium cepa L.) Infusion as Antidiarrheals  in Mice (Mus musculus).
Abstrak: Penggunaan obat tradisional telah mengalami perkembangan dan pembaharuan secara intensif, salah satunya dalam penanganan diare. Hal ini tercermin dari sebagian besar komposisi bahan baku obat tradisonal antidiare terdiri dari ekstrak tanaman yang mengandung metabolit sekunder seperti flavonoid dan alkaloid. Kulit bawang bombay merupakan salah satu tanaman yang mengandung metabolit sekunder berpotensi sebagai antidiare. Penelitian ini bertujuan menetapkan efek antidiare infusa kulit bawang bombay, menetapkan konsentrasi infusa yang memberikan efek antidiare terbaik, serta melakukan penapisan metabolit sekunder dalam sediaan secara kualitatif menggunakan uji fitokimia. Efek antidiare diteliti pada 25 ekor mencit yang dikelompokkan menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan yakni kelompok kontrol positif yang diberi suspensi loperamide HCl, kelompok kontrol negatif yang diberi tween-80 (1%), dan tiga kelompok perlakuan yang diberi infusa konsentrasi 25%, 50%, dan 100%. Pengujian efek antidiare dilakukan menggunakan metode proteksi intestinal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan infusa kulit bawang bombay dapat memperbaiki konsistensi feses dan memperkecil durasi diare. Pada konsentrasi 50% konsistensi feces lebih baik dan dan durasi diare paling pendek dari konsentrasi lainnya. Hasil pemeriksaan fitokimia kulit bawang bombay mengidentifikasi adanya kandungan alkaloid, flavonoid, dan tanin. Dengan demikian sediaan infusa kulit bawang bombay memiliki aktivitas antidiare dan efek optimal sebagai antidiare terdapat pada konsentrasi 50%. Senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, dan tanin diduga berperan penting dalam menimbulkan efek antidiare infusa kulit bawang bombay., The use of traditional medicine has experienced intensive development and renewal, one of which is in the handling of diarrhea. This is reflected in the fact that most of the raw material composition of antidiarrheal traditional medicine consists of plant extracts containing secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and alkaloids. Onion skin is one of the plants that contain secondary metabolites with potential as antidiarrheal. This study aims to determine the antidiarrheal effect of onion skin infusa, determine the concentration of infusa that gives the best antidiarrheal effect, and qualitatively screen secondary metabolites in the preparation using phytochemical tests. The antidiarrheal effect was studied on 25 mice grouped into 5 treatment groups, namely the positive control group given loperamide HCl suspension, the negative control group given tween-80 (1%), and three treatment groups given 25%, 50%, and 100% concentration infusions. Testing the antidiarrheal effect was carried out using the intestinal protection method. The results showed that onion skin infusion can improve stool consistency and reduce the duration of diarrhea. At 50% concentration, the consistency of feces was better and the duration of diarrhea was shorter than other concentrations. The results of the phytochemical examination of onion skin identified the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. Thus, onion skin infusa preparation has antidiarrheal activity and the optimal effect as antidiarrheal is found at 50% concentration. Alkaloid, flavonoid, and tannin compounds are thought to play an important role in causing the antidiarrheal effect of onion skin infusa.
Keyword: diarrhea, onion peel, antidiarrheal, phytochemical, intestinal protection

Judul: Bifurkasi Hopf pada Model Siklus Bisnis Kaldor Kalecki tanpa dan dengan Waktu Tunda
Abstrak: Business cycle model is one of dynamical system models in economic. One of the business cycles model is Kaldor-Kalecki model. Kaldor-Kalecki business cycle model that is written in delayed defferential equations, is a business cycle model that involves gross product and capital stock of a company. In this paper Kaldor-Kalecki business cycle model is analyzed using both nondelay and delay in time of capital stock. By Taylor expansion for the time delayed model, an analysis of stability around the fixed points has been done. Furthermore, by using Hopf bifurcation theorem, it can be shown that there exists periodic orbits and limit cycle. In the nondelayed model, changing the parameter of goods market could lead to the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and the existence of limit cycle. Similarly, for the delayed model, it has been shown that changing the time delay parameter may result in the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and limit cycle.
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