Judul: Komposisi Media Produksi Pseudomonas stutzeri IRNAE dan Bacillus sp. L TS 40 dan .Formulasinya untuk Probiotik pada Tambak Udang.
Abstrak: Shrimp production in Indonesia has been decreased since 1990. Factors that influences decreasing of shrimp production are decreasing of water quality and ~reasing of diseases. One imfortant bacterial shrimp disease is vibriosis ~ases. One alternative way to solve this disease problem is by application of bfcterial probiotics. Bacterial probiotics used in this research were Pseudomonas s~tzeri IRNAE and Bacillus sp. LTS 40. Molase was used as a carbon source 'IDereas soybean meal and urea were used as nitrogen source for media ti:>duction of the probiotics. The media were enriched with TSP. The results s~owed that the best media composition for growth of Pseudomonas stutzeri IB:NAE was combination of molase, soybean meal, urea 0,1% and TSP 0,5%, ~ile the best media composition for growth of Bacillus sp. L TS 40 was ~bination of molase, soybean meal, TSP 0,1%. Application of the isolates in ~imp culture showed that ideal formulation of the probiotics was Pseudomonas s'fj;tzeri IRNAE and Bacillus sp. with rasio of 2: 1 (v/v). And the survival rate (SR) of the shrimp was 51 % .
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Judul: Aplikasi Sinbiotik pada Udang Vaname Litopenaeus vanammei: Resistensi terhadap Infectious Myonecrosis Virus dan Performa Pertumbuhan
Abstrak: Outbreaks of Infectious Myonecrosis (IMN) attack white shrimp farming in Indonesia and caused death up to 70%. Many studies have shown efficacy of probiotics in improving the resistance of shrimp or fish against disease by suppressing pathogens, while enhancing immunity and or improving water quality. Application prebiotics also has shown a variety of benefits to the aquatic animal. However, the combination of probiotics with prebiotics (synbiotics) showed better results than when it is applied separately. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of synbiotics from SKT-b bacteria and oligosaccharides-extracted from sweet potatoes, in increasing both white shrimp resistance to IMN and their growth performance. The experiment was conducted in Mei-September 2012, held at the Fish Health Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences and the Diploma Programme, Bogor Agricultural University. This study includes the preparation of a prebiotic (sweet potato-extrac preparation and analyzes of oligosaccharides), preparation of probiotic bacteria (SKT-b bacteria growth), in vitro and in vivo tests. In vitro study tested the combination of prebiotics dose 0, 1, 2 and 3% and probiotics 107, 108, 109, 1010 cfu ml-1, that result the best growth of probiotic bacteria. In in vivo test, the white shrimp was given a feed in which probiotics (1010 cfu g feed-1) with various doses of prebiotics (0, 1, 2, and 3%) added, for 30 days. Measurement parameters to test the growth performance is conducted at the end of treatment, including specific growth rate, feed efficiency, retention of nutrients (protein and lipid) and the activity of digestive enzymes (protease and amylase). On challenge their resistance to IMN, shrimp was infected with IMN virus (IMNV) through injection and was observed for 10 days. Parameters observation includes survival, clinical symptoms, and immune parameters (total hemocyte [THC] and phenoloxidase [PO] activities). The ethanol extract of sweet potato used in this study contains three types of oligosaccharide-which are maltoheptaosa, sucrose, and raffinose-with the total concentration of oligosaccharides that reached 64,86%. SKT-b bacteria reached its optimal growth after 16 hours which was 5,9 x1010 cfu ml-1. The results of in vitro assays showed that the addition of prebiotic in culture medium can increase the growth of SKT-b bacteria which was positively correlated with the escalation of the dose of prebiotics and the concentrations of inoculants. The most optimal combination of prebiotics and probiotics was obtained from the addition of 3% of prebiotics and 1010 cfu ml-1 of SKT-b bacteria inoculant. In in vivo tests, the synbiotic feeding treatment (Pro+Pre) for 30 days increased shrimp survival and lowered its infection rates to IMNV, along with the increasing doses of prebiotics. This is because the increased of shrimp’s immunity after the synbiotics treatment was given. Pro+Pre 2% and Pro+Pre 3% treatment can increase THC of white shrimp to two times greater than THC of the shrimp control in the beginning of the observation. The decrease the amount of THC in both treatments after infection IMNV indicates a rapid reaction to the infection. IMNV infection caused the increase of PO activities in the shrimp in all treatments until the end of the observation. The highest PO
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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