Judul: Effect of MS Media Strength, BAP Concentration and Tomato Extract Concentration on Growth of Putative Mutant Nepenthes ampullaria Jack In Vitro
Abstrak: Nepenthes ampullaria mutan putatif merupakan tanaman hasil dari iradiasi sinar gamma yang memiliki gen termutasi. Namun, pertumbuhannya belum stabil sehingga diperlukan modifikasi beberapa faktor, seperti media tanam. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari pengaruh kekuatan media MS, konsentrasi BAP serta penambahan ekstrak tomat terhadap pertumbuhan mutan tersebut. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan 3 Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian, IPB University pada rentang waktu November 2022 sampai Agustus 2023. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua percobaan. Percobaan pertama menggunakan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak dua faktor, yaitu kekuatan media MS (1MS, 1/2MS dan 1/4MS) dan zat pengatur tumbuh BAP (0; 2,22; 4,44; 6,66 dan 8,88 μM). Terdapat 15 kombinasi perlakuan dengan 6 ulangan sehingga didapatkan 90 satuan percobaan. Percobaan kedua menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan faktor konsentrasi ekstrak tomat (0; 100; 200 dan 300 ml L-1). Terdapat 4 perlakuan dengan 6 ulangan sehingga didapatkan 24 satuan percobaan. Kombinasi media 1/4MS dan 2,22 μM BAP efektif menghasilkan pertumbuhan optimal pada peubah jumlah tunas, jumlah daun dan jumlah kantong. Media 1/4MS menjadi media optimal dengan hasil terbaik yang mampu mendukung pertumbuhan mutan putatif Nepenthes ampullaria. BAP secara tunggal tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah tunas dan jumlah daun. Media dengan penambahan ekstrak tomat tidak dapat menghasilkan pertumbuhan apapun pada eksplan., Putative mutant of Nepenthes ampullaria is resulting from gamma ray irradiation that has mutated genes. However, the growth is not stable so it requires modification in several factors, such as the planting medium. This research aims to study the effect of MS media strength, BAP concentration, as well as tomato extract addition on growth of this mutant. The research was conducted at Tissue Culture Laboratory 3, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University from November 2022 to August 2023. This research consists of two experiments. The first experiment used a Completely Randomized Block Design with two factors, namely MS media strength (1MS, 1/2MS and 1/4MS) and plant growth regulator BAP (0; 2,22; 4,44; 6,66 and 8,88 μM). There were 15 combinations of treatments with 6 replications, resulting in 90 experimental units. The second experiment used Randomized Complete Group Design with tomato extract concentration (0; 100; 200 and 300 ml L-1) as factor. There were 4 treatments with 6 replications, resulting in 24 experimental units. The combination between 1/4MS medium and 2,22 μM BAP effective in producing optimal growth for the variables, namely number of shoots, number of leaves and number of pitcher. The 1/4MS medium has become the optimal media, providing the best results to support the growth of putative mutant of Nepenthes ampullaria. The single treatment of BAP did not have a significant effect on the number of shoots and the number of leaves. Media with tomato extract addition could not promote growth.
Keyword: cytokinins, growth, monkey pitcher, organic matter, planting medium

Judul: In vitro Shoot Proliferation Induction and Pitcher Formation of Nepenthes mirabilis in Three Basal Medium Compositions and Benzyl Adenine (BA) Concentration
Abstrak: Nepenthes mirabilis merupakan tumbuhan langka yang termasuk kedalam kelompok Appendix II pada CITES. Perbanyakan Nepenthes dengan biji sulit dilakukan karena daya kecambah yang rendah, sehingga perlu dilakukan perbanyakan secara in vitro untuk mempersingkat waktu, meningkatkan persentase keberhasilan perbanyakan, dan memperoleh bibit kualitas terbaik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari daya proliferasi tunas, pembentukan kantong, dan planlet N. mirabilis pada tiga komposisi media dasar dan empat taraf konsentrasi BA secara in vitro. Percobaan ini disusun menggunakan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) faktorial 2 faktor dengan bahan tanam berupa buku tunas aksilar N. mirabilis in vitro. Faktor pertama adalah komposisi media: Murashige and Skong (MS), Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH), dan Knudson C (KC) dengan setengah konsentrasi hara makro dan mikro. Faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi BA (Benzyl Adenin): 0, 1, 2, 3 mgL-1. Seluruh media perlakuan ditambahkan 0,2 mgL-1 NAA dan 2,0 mgL-1 CaP. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa interaksi komposisi media dengan konsentrasi BA tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap daya regenerasi dan proliferasi tunas, pembentukan kantong, serta pembentukan planlet N. mirabilis selama 8 MSK. Perlakuan tunggal komposisi media juga tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap ketiga variabel tersebut. Perlakuan tunggal konsentrasi BA berpengaruh nyata terhadap rata-rata jumlah planlet pada minggu ke 8 yaitu pada sitokinin BA 1 mgL-1. Komposisi media yang optimum untuk menginduksi pembentukan planlet N. mirabilis adalah media ½ MS + 1 mgL-1 BA dengan total jumlah 22 planlet selama 8 MSK., Nepenthes mirabilis is a rare plants that include in the Appendix II lists species from CITES. Propagation of Nepenthes by seed is difficult to do because of the low percentage of germination, so in vitro propagation is carry out to shortened the propagation time, increase the percentage of successful propagation, and produce Nepenthes planlets with good quality. The aims of this research was to study the shoot proliferation ability of N. mirabilis in three basal medium compositions and four levels of BA concentration in vitro. This experiment was designed using a Factorial Randomized Complete Blok Design with two factors. The first factor is the medium composition: Murashige and Skoong (MS), Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH), and Knudson C (KC) with a half of macro and micronutrients concentration. The second factor is the concentration of BA: 0, 1, 2, 3 mgL-1. All of the treatment media were added by 0,2 mgL-1 NAA and 2,0 mgL-1 CaP. The experimental result showed that the interaction of medium composition and BA concentration doesn’t give a significantly effect in shoot proliferation, pitcher, and plantlets formation until 8 weeks after cultivation. The single treatment of medium composition also doesn’t give the significantly effect on that three variables. The single factor of BA concentration give the significantly effect on average number of plantlets in week 8 using BA 1 mgL-1. The optimum media composition to induce the in vitro planlet formation of Nepenthes mirabilis is ½ MS + 1 mgL-1 BA media that produced 22 planlets in 8 weeks.
Keyword: pitcher plant, Murashige and Skoog, Schenk and Hildebrandt, Knudson C, cytokinin

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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