Judul: Formula Optimization of Meat Analog Derived from Pleurotus Flabellatus Mycelium by Response Surface Methodology
Abstrak: Mushroom was known as food with high protein content. It has been widely consumed in Indonesia for example is oyster mushroom or Pleurotus spp. Pleurotus flabellatus (pink oyster mushroom) mycelium was potential ingredient of meat substitute for people who avoid meat consumption. The objective of this research was to determine the optimum formula of meat analog derived from P. flabellatus mycelium by response surface methodology (RSM). Meat analog was produced by steaming method. Other ingredient such as soybean flour, tapioca starch, and sweet potato flour was added in meat analog formulation. The product of meat analog was selected based on similar textural properties to those found in meat. This research resulted that the product consist of 40% mycelium, 30% soybean flour, 20% tapioca starch, and 10% sweet potato flour. It contains 50.14% carbohydrate, 19.30% protein, 27.50% fat, 3.06% ash, 10.50% dietary fiber, 14.67 mgGAE/ g total phenolic capacity, DPPH (6.27 mg AEAC/g product) and FRAP (13.47 mg FeSO4/ g product), glycemic index (20.06) and glycemic load (10.06). It also contains nine essential amino acid and high of unsaturated fatty acid.
Keyword: meat analog, Pleurotus flabellatus, mycelium, formula optimization, response surface methodology (RSM)

Judul: Studies on Functional Properties of Mycoprotein from Mycelium and Fruit Body of Edible Mushrooms and Their Application for Meat Analog Development
Abstrak: Meat analog product can be used as one of alternative foods that suitable for vegetarians and people who avoid meat for health reason. Mushroom derived protein called mycoprotein can be used as a raw material for meat analog development because it contains essential amino acids for humans, dietary fiber, low fat, antioxidants, and it obtains from mushrooms that commonly cultivate in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the mycoprotein functional properties for development of meat analog. This study used pink oyster mushroom (Pleurotus flabellatus) mycelium and fruit body, white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) fruit body, and paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella volvacea) mycelium. This study was divided into two main stages i.e. the production of mycoprotein and its utilization for the development of meat analog. Protein content analysis was done to obtain fruit body with optimal and consistency protein content. Based on the protein content and consistency, 8-day old mycelium and 6-8 cm diameter of fruit bodies were selected for further functional properties analysis of protein. The parameters measures were water holding capacity (WHC), oil absorption capacity (OAC), emulsion stability, gel strength, and water drip. Based on functional properties of protein analysis, mycoprotein derived from P. flabellatus mycelium was used as a raw material for meat analog formulation. Addition of other materials such as binders, filler, oil, and water were performed on formulation. Albumen and corn starch were used as a binder and filler, respectively. The additional ingredients were intended to help the formation of compact and smooth texture of the product. The number of water and oil were added according to functional properties of the protein such as water and oil holding capacity. The addition of water and oil in the formula with P. flabellatus mycelium as a raw material was 10.38 g water/100 g mycelium and 0.52 ml oil/g mycelium, respectively. The selected formula was obtained by texture profile analysis (TPA). Based on TPA, formula consisting of 50% mycoprotein, 25% binder, and 25% filler material resulted in highest elasticity value and it was, therefore, used as a selected formula. The result of proximate, antioxidant, and fatty acid composition analyses showed that the selected formula had characteristics of 27.15% moisture content, 4% protein, 15.73% fat, 12.25% ash, 52.86% carbohydrate, 8.32% dietary fiber, 15.71% DPPH antioxidant capacity, total phenols 19.41 mg GAE/g based on dry basis (db), and the selected formula had high composition of palmitic and oleic acid.
Keyword: Meat analog, edible mushrooms, functional properties, mycoprotein, mycelium, fruit body

Judul: Gerak intertropical convergence zone di wilayah Indonesia
Abstrak: Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) merupakan salalı satu faktor yang mempengaruhi intensitas dan distribusi curah hujan di Indonesia. Pada umumnya daerah yang dilalui ITCZ memiliki curah hujan yang tinggi. Oleh sebab itu perlu diketahui posisi ITCZ setiap bulan. Dalam penelitian ini dikaji metode penentuan posisi ITCZ berdasarkan data Geostationery Meteorological Satellite serta pola gerak ITCZ tiap bulan. Penentuan posisi gerak ITCZ dilakukan dengan menggunakan persamaan regresi linear sederhana dan persamaan polinom orde dua/tiga. Dengan persamaan regresi linear sederhana dan polinom orde dua/tiga posisi ITCZ dapat ditentukan dengan ketepatan yang cukup baik. Posisi rata-rata ITCZ pada bulan Januari berada di belahan bumi selatan, sedangkan bulan April, Juli dan Oktober berada di belahan bumi utara. Dengan persamaan polinom orde dua/tiga pada bulan April, Juli dan Oktober posisi rata-rata ITCZ berada 2º lintang lebih ke utara dan pada bulan Januari berada 3º lintang lebih ke selatan dibandingkan dengan persamaan regresi linear sederhana. Untuk bulan Januari, April dan Juli penentuan posisi rata-rata ITCZ dengan persamaan polinom orde dua/tiga relatif lebih tepat, sedangkan dengan persamaan regresi linear sederhana terjadi penyimpangan yang cukup besar. Sebaliknya untuk bulan Oktober dengan persamaan regresi linear sederhana relatif lebih tepat. Secara umum pola gerak ITCZ tiap bulan (1994-1997) mengikuti gerak matahari. Pada bulan Desember-Februari ITCZ bergerak ke selatan ekuator, bulan Maret-Mei bergerak ke utara menuju ekuator, bulan Juni-Agustus bergerak lebih jauh ke utara dan bulan September-November kembali bergerak ke selatan. Posisi rata-rata ITCZ paling selatan pada 3° LS (bulan Maret), sedangkan posisi rata-rata ITCZ paling utara pada 14° LU (bulan Agustus). Penyimpangan posisi ITCZ dapat terjadi karena pengelompokan jenis awan yang kurang spesifik, juga dapat disebabkan oleh penyimpangan sirkulasi Walker dari keadaan normal. Luas zone ITCZ pada bulan Januari, April, Juli dan Oktober berubah-ubah baik dalam tahun yang sama maupun antar tahun (1994-1997).
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