Judul: Uji Resistensi Isolat Salmonella spp. Asal Feses Sapi Impor dari Australia terhadap Beberapa Antibiotika
Abstrak: Penggunaan antibiotika pada ternak dengan dosis yang tidak sesuai memicu terjadinya resistensi antibiotika. Salah satu bakteri yang telah mengalami resisten terhadap beberapa jenis antibiotika adalah Salmonella spp. bakteri ini dikaitkan sebagai agen yang menyebabkan salmonellosis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji resistensi isolat Salmonella spp. asal feses sapi impor dari Australia terhadap antibiotika asam nalidiksat, siprofloksasin, norfloksasin, sefpodoksim, fosfomisin, nitrofurantoin, dan tetrasiklin. Resistensi antibiotika diuji berdasarkan metode Kirby Bauer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Salmonella spp. telah mengalami resisten terhadap antibiotika asam nalidiksat dengan persentase sebesar 60%, nitrofurantoin dan tetrasiklin dengan persentase 40%. Salmonella spp. bersifat intermediet terhadap antibiotika siprofloksasin dan fosfomisin dengan persentase masing-masing 20%. Selain itu, Salmonella spp. juga bersifat sensitif terhadap antibiotika sefpodoksim dan norfloksasin dengan persentase sebesar 100%, siprofloksasin dan fosfomisin dengan persentase sebesar 80%, asam nalidiksat, nitrofurantoin, dan tetrasiklin dengan persentase sebesar 40%.
Keyword: antibiotika, resisten, Salmonella spp

Judul: Potensi Penghambatan Beberapa Antibiotika terhadap Isolat Salmonella spp. Asal Feses Sapi Bakalan Australia
Abstrak: Salmonella sp. merupakan bakteri patogen yang menyebabkan penyakit salmonellosis. Frekuensi penggunaan antibiotika yang tidak terkendali di peternakan asal sapi bakalan impor dari Australia menjadikan sejumlah bakteri Salmonella sp. resisten terhadap terapi antibiotika tertentu. Penting untuk diketahui potensi penghambatan beberapa antibiotika terhadap bakteri Salmonella sp. sebagai bahan pertimbangan pengobatan antibiotika yang efektif di lapang. Uji sensitivitas dilakukan dengan metode Kirby Bauer yaitu melihat difusi zona hambat yang terbentuk dari sebuah agar inokulum Salmonella spp. asal isolat feses sapi bakalan Australia yang diberi antibiotika sefotaksim, seftazidim, seftizoksim, aztreonam, gentamisin, doksisiklin, dan kloramfenikol. Terdapat 5 isolat Salmonella spp. yang berhasil di identifikasi dari isolat asal feses sapi bakalan Australia. Pengulangan uji terhadap antibiotika dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali pada setiap isolat. Kemudian data diolah menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa Salmonella spp. bersifat resisten terhadap antibiotika doksisiklin (60%). Salmonella spp. bersifat intermediet terhadap antibiotika sefotaksim dengan persentase 20%. Tidak ditemukan resistensi Salmonella spp. terhadap antibiotika seftazidim, seftizoksim, aztreonam, gentamisin, dan kloramfenikol.
Keyword: antibiotika, resistensi, Salmonella spp., sensitivitas

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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