Judul: Analysis of Surface Runoff in Citarum Watershed
Abstrak: Beberapa DAS di Indonesia telah mengalami kerusakan, salah satunya adalah DAS Citarum. Kerusakan yang terjadi pada DAS menunjukkan masih lemahnya sistem pengelolaan yang ada. Sistem pengelolaan DAS yang lemah terjadi karena kurang terdeteksinya kerusakan DAS secara dini dan periodik. Kerusakan DAS dapat diidentifikasi menggunakan pemodelan hidrologi, antara lain dengan analisis aliran permukaan (surface run off) menggunakan metode Soil Conservation Service berbasis curve number (SCS-CN). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dan memetakan nilai CN dan aliran permukaan di DAS Citarum. Nilai aliran permukaan diprediksi dengan model SCS berdasarkan nilai CN setiap unit lahan. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu data tekstur tanah, curah hujan dan jenis tutupan lahan untuk menentukan nilai CN. Nilai CN diolah untuk menentukan nilai aliran permukaan. Nilai CN yang tinggi berpotensi menghasilkan aliran permukaan yang tinggi. Selanjutnya, nilai aliran permukaan dipetakan pada seluruh wilayah DAS Citarum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai CN tertinggi terdapat pada satuan lahan terbangun dan terendah terdapat pada satuan lahan bervegetasi. Nilai aliran permukaan tertinggi terdapat pada subDAS Cigundul sebesar 731 mm/tahun dan terendah di subDAS Citarum Hulu sebesar 356,22 mm/tahun. Curah hujan yang menjadi aliran permukaan tertinggi sebesar 34% terjadi di subDAS Citarum Hilir dan terendah sebesar 20% terjadi di subDAS Citarum Hulu., Several watersheds in Indonesia have been degraded, one of which is the Citarum watershed. The degradation of the watershed indicates that the existing management system is still weak. Poor watershed management system occurs due to lack of early and regular detection of watersheds degradation. Watershed degradation can be identified using hydrological modeling, including the analysis of surface runoff using the curve number-based on Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) method. This study aims to determine and mapping the value of CN and surface runoff in the Citarum watershed. The surface runoff value was predicted using the SCS model based on the CN value of each land unit. The data used in this study are data on soil texture, rainfall, and land cover types to determine the CN value. The CN value is processed to determine the surface runoff value. High CN values have the potential to produce high surface runoff. Furthermore, the surface runoff value was mapped over the entire Citarum watershed area. The results show that the highest CN value is found in the built- up area and the lowest is in the vegetated area. The highest surface runoff value are found in the Cigundul sub-watershed at 731 mm/year while the lowest in the Citarum Hulu sub-watershed at 356.22 mm/year. The highest percentage of rainfall that became surface runoff was occured in the Citarum Hilir sub- watershed (34%) and the lowest is in the Citarum Hulu sub-watershed (20%).
Keyword: curve number, runoff mapping, SCS-CN

Judul: Discharge Hydrograph Analysis using HEC-HMS Model (Case study:Upper Citarum Watershed).
Abstrak: memiliki fungsi sebagai daerah utama resapan air, pemasok air waduk Cirata dan Jatiluhur, irigasi wilayah pertanian, pembangkit listrik dan kebutuhan air wilayah Jawa Barat maupun Jakarta. DAS Citarum Hulu dominan akan genangan banjir, sampah, limbah industri dan berkurangnya kawasan hutan menjadi non-hutan. Pemukiman semakin meningkat tanpa perencanaan yang baik, erosi, dan pola pertanian yang tidak sesuai dengan kaidah konservasi menyebabkan areal genangan banjir semakin meluas, tingkat erosi yang semakin tinggi, dan menurunkan kualitas air sungai Citarum. Salah satu nilai penting dari sistem DAS adalah mentransformasi curah hujan menjadi debit aliran, untuk kondisi curah hujan saat ini (baseline) maupun curah hujan berdasarkan skenario menggunakan model MAGICC/SCENGEN. Dalam penelitian ini bentuk transformasi tersebut berupa kurva hidrograf aliran pengamatan dan hasil model hidrologi HEC-HMS. Keunggulan dari model ini yaitu dapat mensimulasikan proses curah hujan menjadi limpasan pada DAS yang memiliki luasan cukup besar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menyusun hidrograf aliran dan mengetahui besarnya perubahan nilai hidrograf aliran akibat skenario perubahan curah hujan. Wilayah kajian adalah DAS Citarum Hulu yang memiliki luas lebih dari 2700 km2. Debit puncak sesaat dari DAS Citarum Hulu sekitar 100 m3/detik dan volume aliran kurang dari 23 juta m3. Hasil skenario menunjukkan bahwa DAS Citarum Hulu cenderung mengalami penurunan curah hujan yaitu 7,5%; 11%; 16% dan 24% berturut-turut untuk tahun 2015, 2025, 2035 dan 2050. Penurunan curah hujan menyebabkan penurunan nilai hidrograf aliran, debit puncak dan volume aliran hasil model HEC-HMS. Hal ini menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan kondisi air suatu DAS, dimana pada saat kemarau akan mengalami defisit air.
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Judul: Kloning dan Ekspresi Human Interferon-alfa2a pada Yeast Metilotropik Pichia pastoris
Abstrak: Interferon (IFN) is a group of proteins that are secreted by body cells as a result of exposure to biological vertebrates such as: viruses, bacteria, protozoa and other compounds. There are three types of interferon, namely: alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) IFN. Interferon-α2a belongs to the type I interferon. This protein has a molecular weight of 21.550 kDa and consists of 188 amino acids (23 amino acid of signal peptide and 166 amino acids of mature protein). Interferon-α2a is also known to be used for the treatment of hepatitis C and as anti-tumor and antivirus agents. Regulator gene for IFN production under normal conditions, is in the off position to IFN is not produced. But when there are external stimuli, both viral and bacterial infections, a regulator gene switches on, and IFN production system running. At the time of an attack from a variety of disease agents actually the body will produce IFN, but generally the amount produced is not sufficient to fight the disease agents that multiply very quickly. Therefore IFN intake from outside is needed. This is the beginning of the use of IFN as a drug. Genetic engineering is an activity to manipulate the genes to get new products by creating recombinant DNA through gene insertion. Recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce IFN. Yeast such as Pichia pastoris can be an alternative as the host (system) to express human interferon genes and as a producer of IFN protein. Expression system P. pastoris offers several advantages for the production of recombinant proteins, such as: the high level expression of recombinant proteins, ease of scaling-up fermenter, low cost and ease of transformation techniques and selection of transformed cells such as bacteria . The existence of inducible AOX1 promoter is very strong, easily control the expression of recombinant proteins by induction. AOX1 is a promoter that controls gene expression of alcohol oxidase to metabolize methanol as carbon source of P. pastoris. Therefore,this study aimed to clone human interefron-α2a (hifnα2a) gene in E. coli and express it in metylotrophic yeast P. pastoris. Vector used in this study is pPICZαB (Invitrogen). Ligation process between insert (hifn-α2a gene) and vector (pPICZαB) performed by using T4 DNA ligase, which functions synthesize the formation of phosphodiester bonds linking the nucleotides with nucleotide insert plasmid vectors to produce recombinant (pPICZαB-hifnα2a). This recombinant plasmid transformed into XL1 blue cells (E. coli) by Heat shock method. The results of sequencing analysis (clone 6) using 5'AOX and 3'AOX primers indicate that DNA base sequence of human IFN-α2a genes has been subclone into pPICZαB vector (in frame). Recombinant plasmid (clone 6) linearized using BstX1 enzyme before transformed into X33 yeast cell. Transformation into cell was done by Electroporation. The X33 cell P. pastoris strain was used to express human interferon-α2a. X33 is strains with the phenotype Mut+ (methanol utilization plus) and can be used for positive transformants selection using zeocin. Phase protein production work using Mut+ strain occurred in two phases. The first phase is the use of glycerol to obtain a certain amount of biomass (high cell
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