Judul: Evaluation Process Technology of Palm Oil Extraction with Conventional and Enzymatic Methods
Abstrak: Kelapa sawit merupakan tanaman perkebunan penghasil minyak pangan, minyak industri, dan minyak bahan bakar nabati. Metode konvensional dan enzimatik dapat mengekstraksi minyak kelapa sawit. Metode enzimatik pada penelitian ini menggunakan enzim selulase, pektinase, dan tanase. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi teknologi proses ekstraksi minyak kelapa sawit dengan metode konvensional dan enzimatik. Tujuan khusus dari penelitian ini yaitu menentukan teknologi proses ekstraksi minyak kelapa sawit terbaik dengan analisis perbandingan teknologi, neraca massa, biaya produksi, dan nilai tambah dari Crude Palm Oil (CPO) dan Industrial Palm Oil (IPO). Metode penelitian ini terdiri dari beberapa tahapan yang meliputi pengumpulan data dan pengolahan data. Teknologi proses terbaik untuk menghasilkan minyak kelapa sawit diperoleh dengan metode enzimatik menggunakan enzim selulase karena mempunyai rendemen tinggi dengan kualitas yang baik, proses efisien, dan kompatibel dioperasikan pada skala industri. Tahapan proses terdiri atas persiapan bahan baku tanpa proses sterilisasi, ekstraksi menggunakan enzim, dan pemurnian. Teknologi proses terpilih menunjukkan rendemen minyak kelapa sawit (IPO) yang dihasilkan sebesar 62.23% dan limbah cair 57.77%. Analisis biaya produksi diperoleh harga biaya produksi sebesar Rp 6 163.94. Hasil analisis nilai tambah sebesar Rp 1 681/kg dengan rasio nilai tambah 0.19% dan keuntungan Rp 1 614/kg dengan tingkat keuntungan 0.25%. Kata kunci : enzimatik, konvensional, pektinase, selulase, tanase, Palm oil is a plantation plant producing food oil, industrial oil, and vegetable oil fuel. Conventional and enzymatic methods can do palm oil extraction. The enzymatic method of this research used cellulase, pectinase, and tannase enzymes. This study aimed to evaluate the technology of the palm oil extraction process with conventional and enzymatic methods. The specific objective of this research was to determine the best technology of the palm oil extraction process with the analysis of technology comparison, mass balance, production costs, and added value of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Industrial Palm Oil (IPO). The method of this research consisted of several stages that included data collecting and data processing. The best process technology to produce palm oil was obtained by the enzymatic method using cellulase enzyme. It had high yields with good quality, efficient process, and compatible to be operated on an industrial scale. The process stage consisted of preparing raw material without a sterilization process, extraction using enzymes, and purification. The selected process technology showed that palm oil (IPO) yield produced 62.23% and liquid waste of 57.77%. The production cost analysis obtained a production cost price of Rp 6 163.94. The results of an added value analysis of Rp 1 681/kg with a value ratio of 0.19% and profit of Rp 1 614/kg with a rate of profit of 0.25%. Keywords: enzymatic, conventional, pectinase, cellulase, tannase
Keyword: enzymatic, conventional, pectinase, cellulase, tannase, enzymatic, conventional, pectinase, cellulase, tannase

Judul: Evaluasi Teknologi Proses Produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO) dan Red Palm Oil (RPO) Skala Miniplant
Abstrak: Evaluasi Teknologi Proses Produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO) dan Red Palm Oil (RPO) Skala Miniplant. Dibimbing oleh Farah Fahma. Pengolahan tandan buah segar (TBS) kelapa sawit menjadi minyak sawit dan produk turunannya biasanya dilakukan pada pabrik kelapa sawit (PKS). PKS umumnya dibangun jauh dari perkebunan sehingga banyak TBS yang rusak akibat proses pengangkutan.Tujuan penelitian adalah mengevaluasi teknologi proses produksi minyak sawit untuk produksi skala miniplant. Metode penelitian menggunakan kombinasi bentuk kualitatif sebagai data primer yang diperoleh dari hasil observasi dan wawancara dan bentuk kuantitatif sebagai data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi literatur. Hasil yang diperoleh berupa pemberian solusi pendirian miniplant sawit dengan kapasitas 1 ton/jam yang beroperasi selama 10 jam/hari dengan memproduksi Crude palm oil (CPO), Red Palm Oil (RPO) dan Palm Kernel (PK). Proses pengolahan CPO dilakukan dengan sterilisasi menggunakan sterilizer vertikal, threshing dengan metode bantingan, digesting dengan penggerusan, ekstraksi menggunakan screw press, klarifikasi menggunakan vibrating screen, vertical clarifier tank (VCT), dan vacuum dryer serta penyimpanan menggunakan sistem pemanasan dan pengadukan. Pengolahan RPO menggunakan proses degumming dengan acid degumming, netralisasi dengan deasidifikasi, dan deodorisasi menggunakan stripping agent. Neraca massa pengolahan kelapa sawit skala miniplant menghasilkan CPO sebanyak 2191 Kg, RPO sebanyak 418,36 Kg, dan PK sebanyak 486,62 Kg. Kata kunci : miniplant sawit, palm oil, teknologi proses, Evaluation of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Red Palm Oil (RPO) Production Process Technology On Miniplant Scale. Supervised by Farah Fahma. Processing of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) of oil palm into palm oil and its derivative products is usually carried out at palm oil mills (PKS). PKS are generally built far from the plantations so that a lot of FFB is damaged due to the transportation process. The aim of this research is to evaluate the technology of palm oil production process for miniplant scale production. The research method used a combination of qualitative forms as primary data obtained from observations and interviews and quantitative forms as secondary data obtained through literature studies. The results obtained were in the form of providing a solution for establishing a palm oil miniplant with a capacity of 1 ton/hour which operates for 10 hours/day that produces Crude Palm Oil (CPO), Red Palm Oil (RPO) and Palm Kernel (PK). The CPO processing process was carried out by sterilization using a sterilizer vertical, threshing with the slamming method, digesting by grinding, extraction using a screw press, clarification using a vibrating screen, vertical clarifier tank (VCT), and vacuum dryer and storage using a heating and stirring system. RPO processing used degumming with acid degumming, neutralization by deacidification, and deodorization using stripping agent. The mass balance of miniplant-scale palm oil processing resulted in 2191 Kg of CPO, 418.36 Kg of RPO, and 486.62 Kg of PK. Keywords: palm miniplant, palm oil, process technology
Keyword: miniplant sawit, palm oil, teknologi proses

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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