Judul: Analisis Sistem Bagi Hasil untuk Pembiayaan Negara Tanpa Pengalihan Dana dan Default Politik
Abstrak: State financing comes from two resources, domestic capital and foreign debt. Foreign debt is an investment from foreign investor. In fact, interest bearing debt is very high, and uses a system of high interest rates resulting in greater debt. This is due to the use of a conventional economic system. This paper gives an alternative solution for the state financing system using a profit-loss sharing system. The objective of this paper is to reconstruct the equation of profit-loss sharing model for external state financing taken from the paper of Bendjilali (1994) and ratio for optimal search result for financiers in cases of no diversion of funds and political default. The result of there construction process an optimal ratio obtained by maximizing the expected profit for foreign investor and the utility function for the state.
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Judul: Analisis Hubungan Pinjaman Luar Negeri dan Kebijakan Fiskal di Indonesia
Abstrak: Indonesia is one of many developing countries that use foreign debt in its development. Foreign debt is one of aspects in fiscal policy. Accumulation of foreign debt every year has a relation with fiscal policy instruments such as government expenditure and tax revenue. Foreign debt also affected by economic growth and international interest rate. This research will discuss the analysis of the relation of foreign debt and fiscal policy in Indonesia. Analysis tools that used in this research are Granger causality method, Vector Auto Regression (VAR), Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), Impulse Response Function (IRF), and Forecast Error Variance Decomposition (FEVD). VECM estimation model result shows that in the short term equation, foreign debt is positively and significantly affecting the debt itself, while in the long term equation, all variables significantly affecting foreign debt which are Gross Domestic Product, government expenditure, tax revenue, and international interest rate. Gross Domestic Product positively affecting foreign debt. Government expenditure, tax revenue, and international interest rate is negatively affecting foreign debt. Result of IRF shows the same result with VECM estimation model for the effect of shocks from Gross Domestic Product, tax revenue, and international interest rate toward foreign debt. However, result of IRF for government expenditure shocks shows positively affecting foreign debt. Foreign debt shocks is affected by the debt itself that contribute with higher proportion in short term. While for long term, foreign debt is affected by the debt itself and other macroeconomic variables such as Gross Domestic Product, government expenditure, tax revenue, and international interest rate, but the effect of Gross Domestic Product toward foreign debt is higher than other variables.
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan