Judul: Pasar Tenaga Kerja Suatu Tinjauan Matematis
Abstrak: Tenaga kerja dalam hal ini manusia merupakan salah satil faktor produksi yang digunakan perusahaan dalam memproduksi output. Penawaran berasal dari tenaga kerja dan permintaan berasal dari perusahaan. Di satu sisi tenaga kerja pada umumnya selalu ingin memaksimumkan utilitasnya yang tergantung pada konsumsi dan istirahat yang berarti pekerja menginginkan tingkat upah dan jumlah waktu istirahat yang tinggi. Di sisi lain perusahaan m.enginginkan tingkat upah yang rendah agar biaya produksinya rendah dan pada akhimya keuntungan menjadi maksimum. Fungsi penawaran tenaga kerja diperoleh dengan menyelesaikan masalah maksimumkan utilitas yang tergantung pada konsumsi dan istirahat terhadap kendala pendapatan. Sedangkan fungsi permintaan tenaga kerja diperoleh dengan menyelesaikan maksimalisasi keuntungan.
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Judul: Mempelajari tenaga manusia dalam memikul dan mendorong karungan beras pada beberapa kapasitas gudang
Abstrak: Di negara berkembang, sebagian besar pekerjaan pertanian masih menggunakan tenaga manusia dengan cara fisik tertentu untuk melakukan kerja mekanis. Cara kerja perlu mendapat perhatian yang layak, karena cara kerja dapat menjadi sebab dari sakit atau cacat. Memikul dengan gaya ke punggung adalah salah satu sebab dari hernia akibat kerja. Proses bongkar muat beras dari dan ke dalam gudang masih dilakukan dengan tenaga manusia, oleh karena itu penelitian terhadap penggunaan tenaga manusia yang tepat, efisien dan aman dalam proses penyimpanan dan penggudangan beras serta pengaruh kebutuhan tenaga manusia pada rancangan suatu gudang tertentu perlu dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kebutuhan tenaga manusia dalam pekerjaan memikul, mendorong dan menumpuk karungan beras dengan kondisi yang berbeda. Selain itu dihitung pula kebutuhan tenaga manusia yang efisien dihubungkan dengan volume gudang, kapasitas gudang, tenaga kerja dan jam kerja yang diperkenankan.
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Judul: Pengembangan Kultur sel dan Vaksin Inaktif untuk Pencegahan Infeksi Megalocytivirus pada Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus goramy).
Abstrak: Megalocytivirus of family Iridoviridae is a known pathogen that caused fatal systemic infection lead to massive death and significant economic losses of numerous fish species in marine, fresh water and ornamental fish industries. In Indonesia, since 2011 megalocytivirus had been found as main pathogen in some cases of giant gourami outbreak especially in West Java, Central Java and Bali. Rapid expansion and intensification in aquaculture has led to many cases of disease outbreaks. Mortality rates of fish due to viral infections is high and up to now there’s no effective treatment methods to overcome the problem. Prevention is a better choice than treatment although efforts to prevent and control diseases caused by viral infections are still difficult to do. The aim of this study was to develop a primary cell culture and an inactivated vaccine for megalocytivirus infection in giant gourami. The first stage of this study was conducted to identify and characterized megalocytivirus in cultured giant gourami. The virus was identified using universal and spesific primers for megalocytivirus and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). Sequencing and BLAST analysis were used to develop phylogenetic tree. The result showed that phylogenetic analysis of major capsid protein (MCP) gene unveiled a new megalocytivirus strain, designated as giant gourami iridovirus (GGIV). GGIV formed cluster belonged to ISKNV and has 100% homology to ISKNV complete genome. Artificial infection by intraperitoneally injection with supernatant homogenate from spleen and kidney of naturally infected fish were showed 93% mortality in 12 days. Fish showed clinical sign of infection as lethargic, loss of appetite, pale or darken body color and haemorrhages. Internal organ on death fish showed swollen spleen and kidney and also pale liver. Quantitative PCR analysis on internal organs showed spleen had the highest viral DNA copy number followed by kidney, gill and liver. Histopathological analysis showed hemorrage in these organs and many abnormally hypertrophied cells which is typical histopathological characteristic of megalocytivirus infection. On the second stage of this study was to develop primary cell cultures from its spleen as target organ for propagating megalocytivirus in vitro. We developed primary cell from spleen by enzimatic dissociation. The result showed that primary cell (GPs cell) can grow well at 27 oC and 10% serum in L-15 medium was sufficient for cells growth. GPs cells were infected with giant gourami iridovirus (GGIV) showed enlargement and rounding cells. Virus propagated in GPs cells was highly virulent when injected to giant gourami in artificial infection. Intraperitoneal injection experiments of diluted virus supernatant showed 100% mortality within 7-11 dpi and 97% mortality in 21 days by cohabitation with abnormalities were observed in spleen and kidney. GPs cell was successfully subcultured for more than 30 passages and was found to be susceptible to GGIV as a pathogen of ISKNV infection in cultured-giant gourami. GGIV was propagated in GPs cells for megalocytivirus vaccine development for giant gourami. On the third stage of this study was to develop an effective vaccine and measure its efficacy using relative percent survival (RPS), serological parameters (antibody titers), and molecular (relative expression of gouramy immune genes). The
Keyword: inactivated-vaccine, megalocytivirus, primary cell culture, Osphronemus goramy