Judul: Biodiversity of Superfamily Papilionoidea Butterflies (Lepidoptera) at Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park, Maros Regency, South Sulawesi
Abstrak: Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park is one of national parks in Indonesia which has high diversity of butterflies. Increasing number of tourists and local butterfly collectors have caused changes of the butterfly habitat and may decrease butterfly population in the park. Aim of the research was to study the diversity of the papilionoid butterflies in Bantimurung-Bulusaraung National Park based on different habitats. The observations were done by scan sampling method in the morning and afternoon at three locations i.e., Pattunuang Nature Reserve, Leang-leang Nature Reserve, and Bantimurung National Park. Results showed that 144 spesies and 6.802 individual of butterflies were found at the areas within 7 weeks of observation. At Leang-leang Nature Reserve, Pattunuang Nature Reserve and Bantimurung National Park were found 113 spesies (2.024 individu), 101 spesies (1.828 individu) and 98 spesies (2.950 individu) of butterflies, respectively. The diversity of butterflies was higher in the national parks (H’ > 3). Pattunuang Nature Reserve has higher value (H’ = 4,06) than Bantimurung National Park (H’ = 3,97) and Leang-leang Nature Reserve (H’ = 3,87). Sorensen similarity index (CN) showed that three research locations were different community structures because there were several different dominant species at each location. Statistically, wind speed gave more significant effect on the number of individuals butterfly than other climate parameters.
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Judul: Community of Superfamily Papilionoidea Butterflies at Nature Educational Conservation Centre Bodogol, Sukabumi, West Java
Abstrak: Changes of habitats which functioned as butterfly habitat have implicated to butterfly abundance. Aim of this research was to study Papilionoidea butterfly diversity based on habitat types i.e heterogenous, coniferous forest, and agricultural land. Observations of butterflies were conducted from July to December 2010 by scan sampling method. `Data were analyzed by using Shannon diversity index, equitability, Sorensen similarity, relative density, and frequency of occurance. Data were also shown in biplot using Principle Component Analysis and Correspondence Analysis. Result showed that as many as 132 species from 3864 individuals of butterflies the species were recorded into 4 families i.e Lycaenidae (21 species), Nymphalidae (80 species), Papilionidae (15 species), and Pieridae (17 species) were recorded. Diversity of butterflies at heterogeneous forest was highest, followed by agricultural land and coniferous forest. Similarity of butterflies between heterogenous and coniferous forest was 74%, between heterogenous forest and the agricultural land was 64%, and between coniferous forest and agricultural land was 70%. Family Nymphalidae has a higher density in heterogenous and coniferous forest. Whereas Papilionidae, Lycaenidae, and Pieridae were dominant in agricultural land. Heterogenous and coniferous forest were characterized by high humidity and lower temperature, light intensity and wind speed. Agricultural land was characterized by lower humidity and higher temperature, light intensity, and wind speed.
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Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4