Judul: Analysis of Competitiveness and Export Market Potential of Indonesian Palm Kernel Shell
Abstrak: Palm kernel shell merupakan biomassa dari limbah industri minyak kelapa sawit yang diperdagangkan di pasar internasional. Indonesia merupakan eksportir palm kernel shell terbesar di dunia, tetapi lebih dari 80% ekspor terkonsentrasi ke negara-negara tujuan ekspor utama. Perlu dilakukan pengembangan pasar ekspor yang memerhatikan kinerja ekspor sebelumnya serta mempertimbangkan negara yang memiliki potensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis daya saing palm kernel shell Indonesia dan pasar yang potensial sebagai negara tujuan ekspornya. Daya saing dianalisis dengan revealed comparative advantage (RCA) serta export product dynamic (EPD). Potensi pasar ekspor dianalisis dengan x-model potential export products (X-Model). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa prioritas pasar tujuan ekspor berada di pasar Thailand, Selandia Baru, Pakistan, China, Afrika Selatan, Vietnam, Jepang, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Korea Selatan, India, Singapura, Jerman, Australia, Inggris, dan Belgia. Sedangkan Perancis dan Amerika Serikat merupakan pasar yang kurang potensial. Pemerintah perlu menyepakati perjanjian perdagangan bebas dengan Afrika Selatan dan Pakistan agar dapat mengurangi hambatan ekspor bagi komoditas palm kernel shell Indonesia., Palm kernel shell is biomass from palm oil industrial waste, which is traded in the international market. Indonesia is the largest palm kernel shell exporter globally, but more than 80% of exports are concentrated in the main export destination countries. It is necessary to expand the export market considering the previous export performance and considering countries that have potential. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesia's palm kernel shell and its potential market as an export destination. Competitiveness is analyzed with revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and export product dynamic (EPD). The export market potential is analyzed by using the x-model of potential export products (X-Model). The results of the analysis show that the priority markets for Indonesia's palm kernel shell export are in the markets of Thailand, New Zealand, Pakistan, China, South Africa, Vietnam, Japan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, South Korea, India, Singapore, Germany, Australia, England, and Belgium. Meanwhile, France and the United States are fewer potential markets. The government needs to make diplomatic efforts to the countries of South Africa and Pakistan so that a free trade agreement can be reached to reduce export barriers for Indonesia's palm kernel shell.
Keyword: EPD, export development, palm kernel shell, RCA, X-Model

Judul: Analisis Daya Saing dan Perdagangan Produk Ekspor Kelapa Sawit Indonesia di Pasar Internasional
Abstrak: Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil products in the world, with a production of about 44.46 percent of the total world production. Exports of palm oil products driven from the demand side, namely the growth in world consumption is equal to 3 percent per year. Although the quantity of export of palm oil products showed an increase, but starting in 2011, a change in the composition of exports of Indonesian palm oil products, namely the export of processed products or Refinery Palm Oil (RPO) increased, whereas Crude Palm Oil (CPO) decreased. This happens due to the impact of the progressive establishment of export duty on palm oil products, which began in 2007. The trend of increasing exports of Indonesian palm oil products and increased consumption of palm oil world, demonstrates the potential exports of palm oil products market is still high in the international market. The volume of exports of palm oil products in the international market is determined by the competitiveness of export products of palm oil and other determinants. To that end, the purpose of this study are: (1) analyze the competitiveness and the level of competition Indonesian palm oil export products in the international market and (2) analyze the factors that affect the flow of trade in products of Indonesian palm oil exports as well as the potential for trade in the international market. Secondary data were used in the form of panel data is a merger between the data time series and cross section. The analysis method used in this study were: (1) descriptive analysis, (2) analysis of the competitiveness of the method of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), (3) Spearman rank correlation analysis, (4) analysis of panel data with gravity models, and ( 5) analysis of the ratio of trade potential. Research results indicate that the export product trade Indonesian palm oil in the international market has the highest comparative advantage for CPO (average value of 64.72 RCA) and the lowest for the RPO (average value of 32.37 RCA), although seen from the RCA all products Indonesian palm oil exports show has a comparative advantage. Based on the analysis of competitiveness, Indonesia has a negative correlation with Malaysia's CPO and RPO market. The variables that significantly influence the volume of Indonesian CPO exports include Indonesia's real GDP per capita, real GDP per capita of the country of destination, within the Indonesian economy with the country of destination and the exchange rate against the local currency unit (LCU). While the variables that are not significant to the CPO export volume is a progressive export tax on palm oil products. RPO model, the variables that significantly affect Indonesia's per capita real GDP, real GDP per capita of the country of destination, the rupiah against the LCU, and a progressive export tax. While the variables that are not significant to the export volume RPO is the distance of the Indonesian economy with the country of destination. Indonesian CPO trade potential ratio shows that the trade is still under trade and potentially increase in the future is the China, Netherland,
Keyword: competitiveness, exports, gravity models, palm oil

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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