Judul: Characterization of lactic acid bacteria from fermented fish product (Bekasam)
Abstrak: Bekasam is an Indonesian fermented fish product that has sour taste and mostly contain lactic acid bacteria (LAB). This study aimed to obtain and characterize LAB isolates from bekasam and to study their potency in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, i.e. Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. LAB were isolated from bekasam using MRSA media supplemented with CaCO3 0.5%. Incubation was done at 37°C for 48 hours. The pure cultures were verified as LAB based on morphological and biochemical characteristics. LAB were obtained, then they were selected for their antimicrobial activity and further the determination of their antimicrobial compounds. Identification for the selected isolates was based on 16S rDNA sequences, followed by production of organic acids. From eight bekasam samples, total of LAB was 1.4 x108-9.0x108 CFU/g. Seventy four isolates were successfully isolated. It was found that 62 isolates (84%) belonged to LAB. Twenty three isolates could inhibit the growth of the five pathogenic bacteria in vitro. The highest inhibition zone was on S. aureus. However, neutralized supernatant of the LAB culture did not inhibit the growth of the pathogenic bacteria. While, cell free supernatant at pH 5 and 6 from 11 isolates did inhibit the growth of the pathogenic bacteria. BI(3), BP(3), BP(20) and SK(5) isolates growed in MRSB medium in vitro, They produced H2O2 concentrations are much smaller than the production of organic acids. The highest of antimicrobial activity was SK(5) isolates. Pellet of protein precipated from fourth isolates showed inhibitory zone against pathogenic bacteria, this inhibition is thought to have come from the bacteriocin, but will need more detailed testing. BI (3), BP (3) and BP (20) isolates showed antimicrobial activity of precipitated protein against E. coli, L. monocytogenes, and S. typhimurium, respectively, with concentration of ammonium sulfate at 40%, 10% and 70-80%, respectively. While SK (5) isolates showed antimicrobial activity only against S. typhimurium with concentration of ammonium sulfat at 40%, 60% and 70%. Molecular identification based on 16S rDNA sequence revealed that BI(3), BP(3), and BP(20) isolates were Pediococcus pentosaceusi IE 3 with similarity of 98%, 97%, and 98%, respectively. While SK(5) isolates showed 93% similarity to Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum NC 8. Productivity of organic acids from BI(3) isolates was the best than the other three isolates. The dominant organic acid content of BP (3) and SK (5) isolates were lactic acid while the BI (3) and BP (20) isolates were acetic acid. Thus BI (3), BP (3), BP (20) and SK (5) showed antimicrobial activity which could be useful in food preservation.
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Judul: Seleksi Dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Asam Laktat Asal Bekasam Sebagai Probiotik
Abstrak: Bekasam merupakan salah satu produk fermentasi ikan Indonesia. Produk fermentasi mengandung bakteri asam laktat (BAL) dan beberapa diantaranya berpotensi sebagai probiotik. Bekasam terbuat dari ikan air tawar, misalnya ikan sepat dan nila, memiliki bentuk seperti ikan segar namun daging ikan lebih kenyal, rasa asam, asin dan aroma yang khas. Penelitian produk fermentasi ikan di Indonesia masih sangat kurang khususnya bekasam. Bakteri asam laktat telah diisolasi dari bekasam dan menghasilkan 62 isolat BAL, tiga isolat diantaranya telah diteliti potensinya sebagai probiotik, namun baru sebagai kandidat dan masih terdapat 59 jenis isolat yang belum diketahui potensinya sebagai probiotik. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka perlu diteliti lebih lanjut mengenai BAL probiotik pada bekasam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menseleksi isolat BAL asal bekasam, menentukan karakteristik BAL yang berpotensi sebagai probiotik, dan identifikasi isolat BAL probiotik. Penelitian dibagi menjadi dua tahap. Tahap pertama yaitu seleksi BAL sebagai probiotik. Lima isolat BAL asal bekasam yaitu BP(25), NS(5), SS(3), BP(8) dan NS(6) diseleksi berdasarkan pH lambung (pH 2.0), pH usus (pH 7.2), garam empedu (0.5% oxgal), aktivitas antibakteri, kemampuan penempelan pada usus tikus (ileum) secara in vitro. Tahap kedua yaitu karakterisasi BAL probiotik meliputi pewarnaan Gram dan spora, pengamatan sifat fisiologis meliputi motilitas, katalase, uji tipe fermentasi, amilolitik, lipolitik, serta pengamatan pertumbuhan pada suhu, pH dan kadar NaCl yang berbeda, dan identifikasi menggunakan API 50 CHL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolat NS(5), SS(3) dan BP(8) dapat bertahan pada pH 2.0, 7.2 dan garam empedu (oxgal), memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 dan Escherichia coli, memiliki kapasitas penempelan pada permukaan usus (ileum) 10.43–15.40%. Pembuktian penempelan dengan pembuatan preparat histopat menunjukkan ketiga bakteri dapat melekat pada sel epitel usus. Ketiga isolat memiliki karakteristik bakteri Gram-positif, berbentuk batang (NS(5) dan SS(3)) dan bulat (BP(8)), non-endospora, katalase negatif, homofermentatif, non motil, memiliki aktivitas amilolitik dan lipolitik, dapat tumbuh pada 30oC–37oC, kadar NaCl 2%-7% dan pH 4.4–9.6. Isolat NS(5) adalah Lactobacillus plantarum 1 (99.9% ID), SS(3) adalah L. pentosus (99.9% ID), dan BP(8) adalah Pediococcus pentosaceus 1 (99.9% ID). Isolat BP(25) dan NS(6) tidak termasuk probiotik karena tidak dapat bertahan pada kondisi pH lambung, pH usus dan garam empedu (oxgal).
Keyword: bekasam, bakteri asam laktat (BAL), probiotik

Judul: Penentuan Harga Opsi Put Amerika dengan Simulasi Monte Carlo
Abstrak: An American option is an option that can be exercised at the strike price anytime before or on the date of expiration. In this thesis, Monte Carlo simulation for valuation of American option is presented. Monte Carlo simulation is one of the numerical methods used to determine the price of American options. The simulation provides several examples of initial stock price , rate of interest , exercise time , volatility , and strike price K. The simulation study shows the cost of the option c decreases when S increases, c decreases when r increases, c increases when T increases, c increases when  increases, and c increases when K increases.
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