Judul: Proses Adsorpsi dan Ultrafiltrasi untuk Pemurnian Ekstrak Gula Cair Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni).
Abstrak: Proses pemurnian ekstrak guka cair stevia perlu dilakukan karena adanya zat pengotor yang menyebabkan kekeruhan seperti tanin. Ekstrak gula stevia yang masih memiliki kemurnian rendah perlu dilakukan pemurnian. Peningkatan mutu ekstrak gula cair stevia dapat dilakukan dengan proses pemurnian secara adsorpsi dan ultrafiltrasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kemurnian dengan menggunakan adsorben dan ultrafiltrasi dalam proses pemurnian. Variabel proses dalam penelitian antara lain zeolit sebagai adsorben dengan perbandingan 1:1 (b/v) dengan waktu 1, 2, dan 3 jam. Serta kinerja proses ultrafiltrasi pada tekanan (1.45, 1.65, dan 1.85 bar), kecepatan alir (27, 30, dan 35 ml/dt), dan konsentrasi (33.554, 28.654, dan 23.857 g/l) terhadap fluksi. Pada konsentrasi 23.857 g/l dengan kecepatan alir 27 ml/dt dan tekanan 1.65 bar memiliki peningkatan persen kejernihan sebesar 56%. Proses ultrafiltrasi dapat menurunkan steviosida sebesar 17%. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai proses adsorpsi dan ultrafiltrasi menggunakan berbagai jenis asorben dan membran.
Keyword: adsorpsi, ultrafiltrasi, kejernihan, steviosida

Judul: Aplikasi Proses Adsorpsi untuk Pemurnian Ekstrak Cair Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana)
Abstrak: Pemanis stevia merupakan alternatif pemanis alami rendah kalori yang dihasilkan dari proses ekstraksi daun kering tanaman stevia menggunakan air. Ekstraksi daun stevia menghasilkan larutan yang berwarna kecoklatan dan sedikit rasa pahit atau getir. Proses pemurnian diperlukan untuk memperoleh ekstrak dengan kualitas yang sesuai untuk kegiatan komersil. Proses pemurnian ekstrak cair stevia bertujuan untuk mengurangi konsentrasi pengotor dalam ekstrak, yaitu klorofil dan tanin. Metode pemurnian yang digunakan adalah adsorpsi menggunakan bentonit Na teraktivasi asam. Variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah rasio adsorben bentonit Na dan ekstrak cair stevia (1%, 5%, dan 10% b/v), waktu pemurnian (15, 30, 45, dan 60 menit), dan suhu pemurnian (30 dan 50°C). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perlakuan pemurnian pada rasio adsorben – ekstrak 10% (b/v), suhu pemurnian 30°C, dan waktu pemurnian 15 menit. Kondisi perlakuan ini menghasilkan peningkatan kejernihan sebesar 69,74%, penurunan konsentrasi tanin sebesar 51,79%, penurunan konsentrasi klorofil sebesar 45,58%, dan penurunan konsentrasi steviosida sebesar 46,54%. Bentonit Na dapat digunakan sebagai adsorben dalam pemurnian stevia namun tidak selektif terhadap komponen tertentu dalam ekstrak stevia., Stevia can be used as one of low-calories natural sweetener by extract dried-leaf stevia plant using water as a solvent. Crude extract of stevia is sweet with bitter testing and dark brown color. Purification is essential process needed by crude extract stevia before use in commercial industry. Purification aimed to remove all impurities in stevia extract, such as tannin and chlorophyll. The process variable used in this research is ratio bentonite Na and crude extract (1%, 5%, and 10% b/v), time (15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes), and temperature (30 and 50 °C). The final result in this research was purification using temperature at 30°C for 15 minutes in ratio bentonite Na and crude extract 10% (b/v) could increase clarity 69.74%. This result followed by decreasing 51.79% tannin, 45.58% chlorophyll, and also decreasing 46.54% steviosides. Na-bentonite could be used as adsorbent but didn’t selective in certain component of stevia extract.
Keyword: adsorption, Na-Bentonite, stevia extract

Judul: Morphofunctional Characteristic of the Shoulder and Upper Arm Muscles of The Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Abstrak: Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities., Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities.
Keyword: arboreal, Bornean orangutans, shoulders and upper-arm muscles, terrestrial