Judul: Kontestasi sains dengan pengetahuan lokal petani dalam pengelolaan lahan rawa pasang surut Kalimantan Selatan
Abstrak: Tidal swampland is a marginal land that has two main constraints if reclaimed as agricultural land. These constraints are the high level of acidity and deep flooding. Local farmers with their local knowledge has been successfully manage tidal swamp land to provide their food needs. Science and technology in agriculture through the green revolution has been developed with the aim to fulfill the government's food needs. The program is implemented through increasing agricultural production and business efficiency. Introduction of agricultural science and technology at the tidal swampland has also an extensive social impact, especially with regard to the existence of local knowledge of farmers in tidal swamp land management. Contestation process between science with local knowledge on tidal swampland affected by the tidal swampland system of biophysical and social systems. This study was aimed to analyze the existence of local knowledge in the management of tidal swampland when contestation with science that became basic of recent modern agriculture system. This research is a case study on tidal swampland types A, B, C, and D. Data was collected by triangulation methods through in-depth interviews, life history and secondary data obtained from reports and historical records. The results showed that the forms of owned farmers’ local knowledge on the tidal swampland include: 1) knowledge on rice cultivation; 2) knowledge on land management; 3) knowledge about the maintenance and land conservation; and 4) knowledge on farming equipment. Local knowledge is always a process of change and evolve depending on outside forces that exist. Local knowledge that evolution was mainly driven by contestation with the science that introduced in the farming systems in tidal swampland. In the contestation proces, just a few science in type A tidal swampland can be applied especially in high yielding variety. Local knowledge society about the local rice farming systems still exist, but social institutions have been dominated by the presence of farmers' groups (‘kelompok tani’) that the government introduced as a supporting institution in modern agricultural systems. In the tidal swampland types B, C and D occurred science dominance in the application of agricultural technology such as the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and lime for agriculture (‘dolomit’). So was the case with local institutions of farmers (‘handil’) has been replaced by institutional role of farmer groups. Form of hybridization that occured between science and local knowledge in the form of high yielding variety-local rice farming systems called 'sawit dupa' numerous in the tidal swampland type B. Social system response may take the form of receipt of science in their agricultural systems through of adjustment process in fitting together (coadaptation) or otherwise suffered rejection because of not correspond with the biophysical environments and social systems
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Judul: Pengetahuan Lokal dalam Pengelolaan Hutan (Kasus di Desa Cijagang dan Desa Sukamulya Kabupaten Cianjur Provinsi Jawa Barat)
Abstrak: Villager, living around the forest, are depending their life on natural resources. This community exploit natural resources based on their local knowledge. Local knowledge is dinamically change over time, this issue makes this subject interesting for research that potentially enrich the local knowledge of the community. This reasearch is focused on farm forest management. It would concern issues about changes in local knowledge over time and also the role of local knowedge in economic life, environment sustainability, and social interaction among the community. Local knowledge have an important role for the community in their economy, ecology, and social life. Economically, local knowledge is important to help the community in making appropriate decision in investing an economically best valued plant and deciding the right farming technology to be used. Ecologically, local knowledge is important to guide the community to sustain the environment. Socially, local knowledge is important to help the community having a healthy social life by helping each other. Therefore the existance of local knowledge among the community have an important role in fulfilling the prosperity without ignoring the sustainable environment and social relationship among the community. This reaseach was held in March to April 2008 at Cijagang and Sukamulya villages, Sub district of Cikalongkulon. It took 60 respondents, 30 of them came from Cijagang and the other 30 came from Sukamulya. The data were collected by interviewing responden, observation and study of literature. The Data processed and analyzed by method of reduction, data presentation, and taking conclusion. Local knowledge in a form of cultural theme can be elaborated in many actions and ideas. Cultural theme in a farm forest management can be realized as land preparation, seed preparation, planting, cultivation and maintenance, and harvesting. This reasearch found some changes in local knowledge at Cijagang and Sukamulya community. In a land preparation, at ancient time people used to think that ritual is a must, but nowadays ritual is not abseloutely had to be done. In a seed preparation, at ancient time seed was collected from nature and prepared using traditional tools, but nowadays seed can be found in the nursery and prepared using modern tools . In a planting, at ancient time planting season begin by the traditional forecasting (direct stars observation by the farmer), but nowadays planting season begin by the modern weather forecasting. In a maintanance, at ancient time there are some custom rule that control the dislodgement of wild animal, but nowadays the rules are often ignored. In a harvesting, at ancient time incisions were done in a certain time with a certain consideration, but nowadays it does not have to through certain consideration. Local knowledge that exist among the Cijagang and Sukamulya community have important role in economy, ecology, and social life. 6 Economically, local knowledge in a land opening (observation of the direction and velocity of the wind during the land burning) has sustain the fertility of the land and increased harvest. Ecologically, local knowledge that encourage farmer to use natural substance instead of chemical substance help the community to sustain their environment. Socially, local knowledge help
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Judul: Approximation of the Median of Poisson Distribution Using the Relation of Poisson-Gamma Distribution
Abstrak: A major drawback of median is that median cannot usually be defined in closed form, even in the cases where their distribution functions are known. This study gives an approximation of the closed form for the median of the Poisson distribution by using the relation of Poisson-Gamma distribution. The approximation uses elementary techniques based on the monotonicity of certain sequences involving tail probabilities of the Poisson distribution and the Central Limit Theorem. Furthermore, a closed form expression for the mean absolute deviation 􀜧|􀜰􀰒 􀵆 􀜯􀝁􀝀􁈺􀜰􀰒􁈻| is also studied. The median is relevant because of the fact that it minimizes the mean absolute deviation of a Poisson random variable (􀜰􀰒􁈻 by considering median as central tendency.
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