Judul: Kinetika Transesterifikasi Minyak Kelapa Sawit menjadi Biodiesel Menggunakan Reaktor Sirkulasi
Abstrak: Kinetics of transesterification using circulation reactor is studied in this research. This research is committed by reacting palm oil and methanol with ratio 1:6 at temperature 50, 60, and 70 °C using KOH as catalyst with concentration 1% of oil weights. Kinetics of transesterification is observed by measuring amount of combined glycerol that is available in methyl esters. The reduction of combined glycerol amount per unit of time is reflection how much triglyceride is converted as methyl ester. The result showed that circulation reactor can produce suitable biodiesel with quality standard in fast time. Optimum condition is acquired at temperature 60 oC on 20th minute that followed pseudo first order reaction with constanta of reaction rate as big as 0,0068 minute -1, activation energy (Ea) as big as 0,0104 kJ mol -1 , and praeksponensial factor (A) as big as 0,2254 minute-1 .
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Judul: Analysis of Kinetic Transesterification Reaction in Catalytic Biodiesel Production with Static Mixing Reactor
Abstrak: Catalytic process of biodiesel production requires rigorous mixing and a certain amount of catalyst itself in order to obtain the proper result of the process. Hipotetically, a good mixing can reduce the amount of required catalyst for a certain results. In this study, a static mixing reactor with KOH as catalyst was used to produce biodiesel. The objective of the study were (1) to evaluate the affect of decreassing the amount of KOH required as catalyst for the biodiesel production in the static mixing reactor (2) to study the kinetics of the reaction. The result showed that the percentage of catalyst greatly affected the reaction conversion, yield and kinetics of the transesterification reaction at the beginning of the reaction and declined afterward, because its ability nearly reached its maximum capacity. The model of reaction order that most appropriate to describe the condition of transesterification in this study was a pseudo third-order model. The activation energy was 71.83 kJ mol-1, and the influence of static mixers in the reactor was indicated by the value of the collision frequency factor (1.95 x 108 min-1). In other words, the presence of static mixer has a significant influence in accelerating the reaction.
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan