Judul: Isolasi dan karakterisasi protease dari bakteri isolat nato
Abstrak: Isolasi dan pencirian protease dari bakteri isolat nato merupakan salah satu upaya untuk mendapatkan sumber protease dari pangan fermentasi. Jumlah isolat yang dapat diisolasi dari nato sebanyak 4 isolat yang terdiri dari NA1, NA2, NA3 dan NA4. Aktivitas protease tertinggi dihasilkan oleh isolat NA4 (0.2263 U/ml). Ekstrak enzim dimurnikan dengan presipitasi amonium sulfat 75 persen, dan di dialsisis menggunakan kantung dialisis (cut off 10 kD). Kondisi optimum kerja enzim protease dicapai pada suhu 50ºC, dan pH 4. Aktivitas protease meningkat dengan adanya penambahan ion logam K+ dan Zn2+. Inhibitor yang menghambat aktivitas enzim, yaitu fenil metil sulfonil fluorida dan soybean tripsin inhibitor sehingga termasuk dalam kelompok protease serin serupa tripsin. Hasil analisis SDS-PAGE 15 persen memperlihatkan enzim memiliki tiga buah pita proteolitik dengan bobot molekul 14.64, 17.74, dan 42.88 kD untuk ekstrak enzim kasar, sedangkan dialisat memiliki bobot molekul 14.64, 19.90, dan 30.36 kD. Uji zimogram 15 persen menunjukkan bahwa enzim protease nato mempunyai aktivitas kaseinolitik dan fibrinolitik yang potensial.
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Judul: Isolasi Bakteri Penghasil Protease Alkalin dan Karakterisasi Enzim
Abstrak: Protease adalah enzim yang dapat mendegradasi protein. Protease tennasuk ke dalam keJompok enzim hidrolase karena dalam reaksinya melibatkan air pada ikatan substrat spesifik. Berdasarkan tara hidrolisisnya, protease dibedakan menjadi proteinase dan peptidase. Proteinase menghidrolisis moJekul protein menjadi polipeptida. sedangkan peptidase menghidrolisis fragmen polipeptida menjadi asam amino (Rao et aJ 1998). Klasifikasi protease berdasarkan mekanisme kerjanya terdiri atas: (a) protease serina yang memiliki residu serina pada sisi aktifnya dan dihambat oleh diisopropil fluorofosfat (DFP) dan fenilmetilsulfoniltluorida (PMSF), (b) protease sisteina yang memiliki gugos tiol (·SH) pada sisi aktifnya dan hanya akan aktif jika ada senyawa percduksi seperti HCN &tau sisteina, (e) metaloprotease yang aktivitasnya tergantung dari kation divalen dan dihambat olch senyawa pengkelat EDTA (etilenadiaminatetraasetat), (d) protease asam aspartat yang memiliki residu asam aspartat pada situs aktifnya dan dihambat oleh DAN (diazoasetil-DL-norleosin metil ester) (Rao et 01 1998). Protease serina dan beberapa protease logam yang memiliki aktivitas optimum pada pH basa termasuk ke dalam protease alkalin (puvanakrishnan 1988).
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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