Judul: Milk Screening Againts Mycobacterium bovis and Its Transmission Potential in Central and Eastern Regions of Java Island, Indonesia
Abstrak: Tuberkulosis (TB) merupakan penyakit yang menyebar luas, menular, dan terus menjadi penyebab utama kematian. Penyakit ini masih tersebar luas dan sering diabaikan di sebagian besar negara berkembang. Indonesia adalah negara dengan jumlah kasus tuberkulosis terbesar kedua di dunia. Mycobacterium tuberculosis adalah penyebab paling umum dari TB manusia dan Mycobacterium bovis adalah penyebab TB pada sapi (bovine tuberculosis). Bovine tuberculosis pada sapi perah diduga berperan dalam menyebabkan kasus tuberkulosis pada manusia. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) merupakan penyakit kronis yang menyerang manusia dan hewan dengan potensi zoonosis yang tinggi. Manusia dapat tertular tuberkulosis sapi karena menghirup udara yang terkontaminasi, meminum susu yang tidak dipasteurisasi, dan memakan daging yang tidak dimasak dengan benar. Penyakit ini menjadi beban kesehatan masyarakat dan menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi yang besar karena mengganggu kesehatan hewan, menurunkan produksi, meningkatkan biaya program pemberantasan, dan pembatasan perdagangan. Ancaman BTB terhadap kesehatan masyarakat terutama terkait dengan konsumsi produk susu yang tidak dipasteurisasi yang mengandung M. bovis. M. bovis telah diisolasi dari susu sapi mentah dalam banyak penelitian yang dilakukan di beberapa negara seperti Tanzania, Turki, Zambia, Tunisia, dan Brazil. Susu dan produk susu harus dipastikan bebas dari M. bovis untuk meminimalisasi masalah kesehatan pada masyarakat. Wilayah tengah dan timur Pulau Jawa merupakan sentra peternakan sapi perah di Indonesia yang masih melaporkan tingginya kasus tuberkulosis pada manusia. Provinsi Jawa Timur, Jawa Tengah, dan DI Yogyakarta merupakan provinsi penyumbang susu sapi terbesar di Indonesia dan dengan kasus kejadian tuberkulosis pada manusia tertinggi (Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur). Informasi mengenai keberadaan bakteri M. bovis pada susu yang dihasilkan dan potensi penularan BTB di wilayah tersebut belum pernah dilaporkan. Potensi penularan kasus penyakit dapat diperkirakan berdasarkan praktik manajemen pemeliharaan, manajemen kesehatan, higiene sanitasi, dan biosekuriti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kejadian penyakit melalui skrining susu terhadap keberadaan M. bovis dan memperkirakan potensi penularan bovine tuberculosis antar sapi perah dan ke manusia. Bovine tuberculosis pada sapi perah diduga turut berperan dalam meningkatkan kasus tuberkulosis di Indonesia. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data yang didapatkan dari kuesioner (karakteristik) dan data dari hasil uji laboratorium (kasus kejadian BTB). Data karakteristik diambil melalui wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur. Jumlah responden yang diwawancarai adalah 92 peternak. Data uji laboratorium didapat dari pengujian sampel susu yang dikoleksi dari sampel individu pada peternakan sapi perah di wilayah tengah dan timur Pulau Jawa dengan besaran 163 sampel. Besaran sampel ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan pertimbangan wilayah yang diambil adalah wilayah dengan produksi susu sapi paling banyak dan wilayah dengan tingkat kejadian tuberkulosis paling tinggi di manusia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan skrining dengan uji polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tidak ditemukan bakteri M. bovis pada sampel susu yang diuji. Hasil uji PCR juga menunjukkan tidak ditemukan bakteri M. tuberculosis. Hasil skrining menunjukkan bahwa tidak ditemukan adanya kasus kejadian bovine tuberculosis di wilayah tengah dan timur Pulau Jawa. Penghitungan potensi penularan menggunakan metode multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) didapatkan hasil skor indeks penularan antar sapi perah sebesar 0,44 dan skor indeks penularan ke manusia sebesar 0,40. Skor indeks ini menunjukkan potensi berada pada kategori sedang sehingga potensi kejadian bovine tuberculosis dan penularannya antar sapi perah dan ke
Keyword: bovine tuberculosis, M. bovis, penularan, susu, zoonosis

Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most wide-spread infectious disease all over the world, commonly caused by infection of organism which is a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). MTBC is a group of pathogens that exacts devastating tolls on human morbidity and mortality, and inflicts damaging economic losses on world agriculture. Zoonotic tuberculosis could be a major threat for public health, but there is no prior information of zoonotic TB incidence in cattle and the risk factors in cattle in Indonesia. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB); to identify factors associated with BTB infection; to measure the strength of association between the risk factors and BTB infection; to detect Mycobacterium bovis as a causal of TB in dairy cattle by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method; to develop and evaluate the ability of culture media modified Ogawa agar (MOA) for M. bovis cultivation, in comparison with available culture media, i.e. Löwenstein Jensen (LJ) and modified Ogawa (MO). This research was a cross-sectional study, conducted by sampling the cattle in Kawasan Usaha Peternakan/KUNAK (dairy farm region center), in Bogor District, and in Kebon Pedes (Bogor City). The single intradermal tuberculin test was conducted in all sampling cattle using Bovituber®PPD. The risk factors associated with BTB infection were identified by using a questionnaire through interview with the cattle owners/farmers. Considering proportion of cattle population, the number of sampling cattle in KUNAK was 166 cattle (50 farms) and 36 cattle (10 farms) in Kebon Pedes. The overall cattle prevalence of BTB was 21.78% (CI 95% 16.09-27.47%). Risk factors statistically significant in this study were altitude <340 m above sea level/masl (OR 3.721, CI 95% 1.642-8.433), air temperature >28 °C (OR 2.573, CI 95% 1.077-6.145), and light intensity <15 W m-2 (OR 2.749, CI 95% 1.204- 6.275). Current method, such as multiplex PCR, could be the best alternative strategy to differentiate M. bovis from M. tuberculosis. From 202 dairy cattle tested with single intradermal tuberculin test, 44 dairy cattle were positive. From 44 dairy cattle which were positive against tuberculin test, 44 faeces samples, 44 nasal swab samples, 43 milk samples were obtained. Sputum samples of 24 farmers were also obtained, from farms where the tuberculin test was positive in dairy cattle. Mycobacterium bovis were found in 8 faeces samples, 4 nasal swab samples, 9 milk samples. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was found in one farmer’s sputum sample. Three dairy cattle were positive of M. bovis in two kind of samples, i.e. faeces and milk samples. The farmer who was positive of M. tuberculosis, came from farm where the cattle was found positive of M. bovis in faeces sample. Examination by mycobacterial culture provides the only definitive diagnosis of TB, nevertheless commercially ready-to-use culture media for M. bovis are rarely available. Suspension of 105 cfu/ml M. bovis and M. phlei in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was inoculated to media LJ, MO and MOA, 0.1 ml each. Five tubes each media. Mycobacterium phlei grew in every medium since day 4. Mycobacterium bovis grew in media LJ and MO since day
Keyword: Mycobacterium bovis, prevalence, bovine tuberculosis, risk factors, PCR, culture media

Judul: Hybrid solar cells of ZnO nanoparticles/chlorophyll was modified metal ions (Zn2+ and Cu2+ )
Abstrak: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a n-type semiconductor with a wide the energy band (Band Gap) is 3.37 eV at room temperature and 3.34 eV at low temperature with a large exiton binding energy is 60 meV. ZnO has been synthesized by hydrothermal method, resulting in a decrease in particle size over the duration of the hydrothermal changes. Crystallographic structure of ZnO were characterized using XRD, has shown the characteristic pattern of a hexagonal wurtzite structure, the crystallite size increases to changes in particle size. Changes in particle size has also led to a change in the absorption peak of ZnO as has been demonstrated posted under test using the optical properties of UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Changes of this uptake has also led to changes in the energy band gap, which increases its band gap energy of the particle size. In electronic applications, especially in solar cells. Chlorophyll is considered less effective, because of their very nature are easily degraded as a result of several reactions which are acid, lighting and temperature. The results of the stability test using a halogen lamp 34 W/m2 for 5 hours, that the substitution of chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form more stable than natural chlorophyll. The characterization of the optical properties, the combination of ZnO / chlorophyll in the form of hybrid films has led to a shift in the absorption region of ZnO becomes more widely from the UV to Visible. ZnO/chlorophyll has absorption range of 350-515 nm, ZnO / Zn-feofitin 332-401 nm and 332-632 nm for Cu-feofitin. The combination of ZnO/chlorophyll and CuSCN as a solid electrolite in hybrid solar cell, a modified chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form a more stable I-V curve. It is characterized by its fill factor value greater than natural chlorophyll. Nevertheless, solar cells with natural chlorophyll has been able to produce higher efficiency values of chlorophyll were substituted.
Keyword: Hydrothermal, ZnO/Chlorophyll modified, Hybrid Solar Cell