Judul: The bacterial inactivation pattern and antibacterial  mechanism by ethyl acetate extract of atung seed (Parinarium glaberimum Hassk).
Abstrak: Recently, people avoid synthetic material for food preservation because of health reasons. Atung (Parinarium glaberimum Hask) is forest plant species. In Maluku, atung seed is traditional used as food preservatives. Many researches demonstrated that atung seed can be used for fish and fish products preservation. The ethyl acetate extract of atung seed could inhibit a wide range of bacteria effectively. Information about bacterial in activation pattern of ethyl acetate extract of atung seed and its mechanism are important for efficient and save use of the atung seed extract.
Keyword: Struktur ssel bakteri, Senyawa antimikroba, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Konsentrasi minimum penghambatan (MIC)

Judul: Isolation And Characterization Of Antibacterial Components Of Atung Seeds (Parinarium glaberrimum Hassk).
Abstrak: Atung (Parinarium glaberrimum Hassk) merupakan salah satu tanaman tropis yang banyak tumbuh di Daerah Maluku dan sekitarnya. Biji atung telah lama dikenal dan digunakan sebagai bahan pengawet pangan termasuk sebagai obat tradisional khususnya untuk mengobati diare oleh sebagian masyarakat di Maluku. Selanjutnya sejak 1991, beberapa peneliti pendahulu telah melakukan penelitian terhadap biji atung terutama peranannya sebagai pengawet pangan seperti pada udang/ikan dan telah melakukan kajian ekstraksi mengenai pengaruh umur buah, penyimpanan, pelarut-pelarut organik dan metode ekstraksi terhadap aktivitas antibakteri (patogen dan pembusuk) ekstrak biji atung yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan identifikasi komponen volatil terhadap biji atung, teridentifikasi 17 golongan komponen volatil, terutama: aldehida (34%), alkana (17%), alkena (11 %), alkohol (7%), dan keton (6%). Namun, sebagian besar senyawa volatil dari golongan aldehida, diduga hasil dekomposisi lipid yang terkandung dalam biji atung selama penyimpanan buah atung (4 bulan, -20°C) dan ekstraksi biji atung menggunakan alat Likens Nickerson ( 1 oo0c, 90 men it). Ekstraksi terhadap serbuk biji atung kering menggunakan petroleum eter (PE) 40-60°C (Soxhlet, 8 jam) dan residunya diekstraksi lagi dengan heksana (Soxhlet, 3x8 jam) menghasilkan residu biji atung yang relatif bebas lemak. Selanjutnya residu tersebut diekstraksi dengan metanol (refluks 60°C, 3x3 jam), menghasilkan 11.56% (b.b) ekstrak metanol (EM- 3; coklat tua kehitaman), dan residunya diekstrak lagi dengan etil asetat (refluks 65°C, 3x3 jam}, menghasilkan 1.59% (b.b) ekstrak etil asetat (EE-3; oranye dan bersifat seperti minyak/oi/y), masing-masing dengan diameter zona hambat terhadap S aureus, d'= 99.20 dan 24.23 mm/g biji atung. Ekstraksi pelarut-pelarut terhadap ekstrak EM-3, berturut-turut menggunakan petroleum eter 40-60°C (PE), dan residunya diekstrak dengan PE:etil asetat ( 4: 1, v/v), menghasilkan ekstrak EM-3.6 dan residu biji atung. Kemudian residu tersebut diekstraksi dengan diklorometana, menghasilkan ekstrak EM-3.9 dan rersidunya diekstraksi lagi dengan kloroform, menghasilkan ekstrak EM-3.12. Ketiga ekstrak antibakteri tersebut digabung menjadi ekstrak MT (3.17%, b.b) yang memiliki nilai d' = 391 mm/g ekstrak MT. Ekstrak MT memiliki nilai MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) dan MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) terhadap S. aureus, B. cereus, P. fluorescens dan E.coli, masing-masing adalah 1.75/4.99, 2.36/4.63, 3.95/6.49, dan 3.35/5.68 mg/ml. Fraksinasi ekstrak MT dengan kromatografi lapis tipis silika gel 60 F254 menggunakan dua pengembang yang terdiri dari, diklorometana:heksana (90.3:9.7, v/v), kloroform:heksana (68.3:31.7, v/v), dietil eter, masing-masing dengan perbandingan 3:3:4 (v/v/v, Pengembang N) dan 6:3:1 (v/v/v, Pengembang 0), menghasilkan 12 isolat komponen antibakteri biji atung, dengan kemumian komponen tertinggi pada isolat komponen 9 (94% pada 280 nm). Rata-rata aktivitas antibakteri ( S. aureus; metode difusi agar) 12 isolat terse but masih di bawah aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak asal isolat (ekstrak MT). Dari hasil pengujian daya antibakteri pada gabungan fraksi-fraksi antibakteri, diketahui bahwa sebagian besar fraksi antibakteri dalam biji atung bersifat sinergis (saling memperkuat) daya antibakterinya satu sama lain., Atung (Parinarium g/aberrimum Hassk) is one of tropical trees which grows at Maluku Islands. Atung seeds have been used as a traditional food preservative and for traditional medicines, such as antidiarhea, by many people in Maluku. Based on tentative identification of volatile components from atung seeds, 17-chemical classes of components were identified where the largest component were aldehydes (34%), alkanes (17%), alkenes (11%), alcohols (7%), and ketones (6%). Most aldehydes are most
Keyword: Parinarium glaberriumum, Seed extraction

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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