Judul: Isolation and Characterization of Cellulolytic  Bacteria from Banana Peel Ecoenzymes
Abstrak: Selulosa merupakan komponen biomassa tumbuhan yang paling melimpah namun tidak mudah larut dalam air karena strukturnya yang kompleks. Penggunaan enzim selulase mampu menjadi kunci dalam degradasi bahan selulosa secara efisien dan efektif. Pemanfaatan ekoenzim dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi jumlah limbah rumah tangga yang biasanya didominasi oleh limbah organik. Ekoenzim merupakan cairan organik kompleks yang dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi bahan limbah buah segar, gula, dan air dengan perbandingan 3:1:10 setelah tiga bulan masa fermentasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan melakukan karakterisasi bakteri selulolitik yang berasal dari ekoenzim hasil fermentasi kulit buah pisang. Sembilan bakteri selulolitik berhasil diisolasi dan ditumbuhkan pada media CMC (Carboxymethyl Cellulose) 1 % dari ekoenzim kulit buah pisang. Isolat CKM2 dan PS03 menjadi isolat terpilih karena didasarkan pada nilai indeks aktivitas selulolitik dan penapisan aktivitas enzim terbesar yang tidak menunjukkan hasil uji positif hemolisis. Isolat CKM2 memiliki aktivitas enzim spesifik tertinggi sebesar 0.908 U/mg pada jam ke-48 dengan aktivitas enzim optimum pada suhu 30 οC dan pH 7. Isolat PS03 memiliki aktivitas enzim spesifik tertinggi sebesar 1.184 U/mg pada jam ke-30 dengan aktivitas enzim optimum pada suhu 40 οC dan pH 5., Cellulose is the most abundant component of plant biomass, which is insoluble in water because of its complex structure. The use of cellulase enzymes can be the key to the efficient and effective degradation of cellulose materials. Utilization of ecoenzymes can reduce the amount of household waste which is usually dominated by organic waste. Ecoenzymes are complex organic liquids produced from the fermentation process of fresh fruit waste, sugar, and water in a ratio of 3:1:10 after three months of fermentation. This study aims to isolate and characterize cellulolytic bacteria derived from ecoenzymes fermented by banana peels. Nine cellulolytic bacteria were isolated and grown on 1 % selective CMC (Carboxymethyl Cellulose) medium from banana peel ecoenzyme. CKM2 and PS03 isolates were the selected isolates based on the cellulolytic activity index value and the largest enzyme activity screening which did not show a positive hemolysis test result. CKM2 isolate had the highest specific enzyme activity of 0.908 U/mg at the 48th hours with optimum enzyme activity at 30 οC and pH 7. Isolate PS03 had the highest specific enzyme activity of 1.184 U/mg at the 30th hours with optimum enzyme activity at 40 οC and pH 5.
Keyword: Banana peel, cellulose, cellulolytic index, fermentation, fruit waste

Judul: Isolation and Characterization of Proteolytic Bacteria  from Banana Peel Ecoenzymes
Abstrak: Limbah buah segar hasil fermentasi atau ekoenzim merupakan suatu cairan fermentasi yang dihasilkan dari limbah organik yang dapat dimanfaatkan di bidang pertanian, pangan, dan rumah tangga. Ekoenzim mengandung enzim protease, amilase, dan lipase yang dihasilkan oleh mikroorganisme yang terlibat dalam proses fermentasinya. Bakteri proteolitik merupakan bakteri penghasil enzim protease yang bermanfaat meningkatkan fungsi detergen dalam membersihkan noda, penambah cita rasa, dan menguraikan limbah organik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan melakukan karakterisasi bakteri proteolitik dari limbah buah pisang. Sebanyak 12 bakteri proteolitik berhasil diisolasi dari ekoenzim pada media Nutrient Agar yang ditambahkan susu skim 1%. Seluruh isolat diketahui memiliki kemampuan proteolitik yang ditunjukkan dengan pembentukan zona bening di sekitar koloni. Isolat EP03 dan EP07 merupakan bakteri proteolitik terpilih, karena memiliki indeks proteolitik tertinggi sebesar 3,00 dan 3,40. Produksi protease tertinggi isolat EP03 sebesar 0,114 U/mg pada jam ke-21 inkubasi pada suhu ±27 °C dan pH 7. Produksi protease isolat EP07 sedikit lebih rendah dibandingkan EP03 yaitu 0,099 U/mg pada jam ke-18 pada suhu ±27 °C dan pH 7. Isolat EP03 dan EP07 memiliki aktivitas optimum enzim masing-masing pada pH 7 dan suhu 30 oC., Fermented fresh fruit waste or ecoenzyme is a fermented liquid produced from organic waste that can be used in agriculture, food, and households. Ecoenzymes contains protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes produced by microorganisms involved in the fermentation process. Proteolytic bacteria are bacteria that produce protease enzymes that are useful in increasing the function of detergents in cleaning stains, enhancing flavors and decompose organic waste. This study aims to isolate and characterize proteolytic bacteria from fermented banana waste products. A total of 12 proteolytic bacteria were isolated from the ecoenzymes on nutrient agar media with 1% skim milk added. All isolates were known to have proteolytic ability as indicated by the formation of a clear zone around the colony. Isolates EP03 and EP07 were the selected proteolytic bacteria, because they had the highest proteolytic index of 3,00 and 3,40, respectively. The highest protease production of EP03 isolate was 0.114 U/mg at the 21st hour of incubation at a temperature of ±27 °C and pH 7. The protease production of EP07 isolate was slightly lower than that of EP03, which was 0.099 U/mg at the 18th hour at ±27 °C and pH 7. Isolates EP03 and EP07 had optimum enzyme activity at pH 7 and 30 °C, respectively.
Keyword: coenzyme, organic waste, protease, proteolytic index, specific activity

Judul: Implementation of Spatio-Temporal Change Query in Relational Database.
Abstrak: Geographic object changes in various views. Object changes are recorded using a model of static storage. No historical connection between old version data and new version data has been built. For that, a storage model of spatio-temporal queries that can analyze spatio-temporal changes has been developed. The object changes the geometry are grouped according to the taxonomy of Spatio-Temporal Pattern Change. This research has been able to apply the query patterns change including born, expand, merge, contract, split, normal and die. This query based on geometric (area) changes. The implementation of spatio-temporal change queries represents an object changes continuously with easy, change detection is done by comparing two versions of data. Keyword: spatio-temporal change query, spatio-temporal change pattern.
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