Judul: Distribusi Spasial dan Variabilitas Koefisien Total Hamburan di Permukaan Perairan Berbagai Musim
Abstrak: The optical properties of the waters are affected by the intensity and angle of incidence light and material contained in the water column. The optical properties are divided into two categories i.e., apparent optical properties (AOP) influenced by the intensity and angle of incident light and the amount of material in the water, and the inherent optical properties (IOP) affected only by the content of the material in the column water such as phytoplankton, suspended solid materials, organic matter, and colored dissolved organic matter (colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM). Scattering is the process of radiation deflection by the water column and the material contained in the water column. Scattering is divided into two categories i.e., backscattering and forward scattering. Total scattering is a combination of backscattering and forward scattering. The Northeastern Gulf of Mexico waters (NEGOM) contains type-1 waters (offshore) and type-2 (coastal waters). The NEGOM waters are also influenced by the Loop Current, upwelling, wind, and freshwater discharge of several rivers. Currently, few studies were conducted related variability and spatial distribution of the total scattering in NEGOM waters especially in tropical waters. Standard facilities and bio-optical equipment are also minimal to none in Indonesia. Therefore, this research is very important to be conducted. The purpose of this study was to determine the variability of the spatial and temporal distribution of the total scattering coefficient (scattering) in 9 wavelength (λ) in different seasons in the NEGOM. The result was expected to obtain information about the value, variability, and the spatial distribution of the total scattering coefficient (scattering) which will be utilized in the development of bio-optical algorithms satellite ocean color. The results showed that the total scattering coefficient in 1999 (average of 0.26(±0.05)-0.37(± 0.07) m-1), was generally higher in the summer than that in spring and winter (average of 0.09(±0.002)-0.23(±0.04) m-1). Except in the Mississippi region, the total scattering coefficient in spring 1999 (average of 1.54(±0.94)-2.01(±1.03) m-1) was higher than that in summer and winter. In 2000, total scattering coefficient values were also generally higher in summer (average of 0.21(±0.02)-0.32(±0.02) m-1) than that in spring and winter (average of 0.03(±0.003)-0.21(±0.01) m-1. These results showed that particles and suspended matter in summer were generally higher than that in spring and winter. In general, total scattering coefficients were relatively high especially in the coastal waters near the reiver mouth and relatively low in offshore waters in every season except during the summer the total scattering coefficients were relatively high in offshore waters. The relatively high total scattering coefficients found in offshore during summer was caused by the intrusion of the Mississippi river flow toward offshore containing high nutrients that can enhance the growth of phytoplankton in the waters offshore, increase suspended matter, and reduce salinity. The average value of total scattering coefficients at each local coastal and offshore waters in the NEGOM each season were also showed significantly different results.
Keyword: spatial distribution, variability, total scattering coefficient, various seasons

Judul: Variabilitas Kesuburan Perairan dan Hubungannya Dengan Kondisi Oseanografi di Selat Lombok.
Abstrak: This study tried to understand the relationship between the variability of marine productivity and oceanographic condition in the Lombok Strait. We utilized Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-a data during July 2002 – December 2009 taken from remote sensing satellite of Aqua MODIS NASA, wind data during January 2002 – December 2009 from IFREMER Cersat, and Nutrient data during January 2002 – December 2005 from NOAA and WOD-NODC. The study areas divided by 4 (four) locations representing Flores sea (station 1), Northern part of Lombok strait (Station 2), Southern part of Lombok Strait (Station 3), and Indian Ocean side (Station 4). The result study showed spatial distribution of SST are about 26 – 31 oC and Chlorophyll-a are about 0.1 – 0.95 mg/m³. The temporal distribution of SST showed that during west monsoon have a warm temperature then during east monsoon the water have a cold temperature and also the temporal distribution of Chlorophyll-a have a high concentration during east monsoon and low concentration during west monsoon.We carried out the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and wavelet spectrum analysis to account for the main modes of the variability. The total variance of EOF mode 1 and 2 of SST explains 78 % for mode 1 and 8,4 % for mode 2 while Chlorophyll-a explains 32,4 % for mode 1 and 20,4 % for mode 2 of total variance. Spatial distribution at station 1 show sea surface temperature and chlorophyll is strongly influenced phenomenon semiannual influences, station 4 is influenced by the dominant influence of the phenomenon annual, while station 2 and 3 tend to be influenced phenomenon mixture of annual and semiannual. While the temporal distribution of show on the East season chlorophyll concentration tend to be hingh in the waters south of the Lombok Straits and West season chlorophyll relatively small concentrations, but relatively high chlorophyll concentrations appear only near the southeast coast island of Bali and western Lombok island. The index of marine productivity in this study has been established and found that at station 4 have high productivity rather then the others station occurred during months of June – September (dry season).
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Judul: Kiat sukses usaha industri jamu dan minuman PD. Budi Lestari Jakarta
Abstrak: PD. Budi Lestari merupakan industri kecil minuman yang dikelola secara sederhana dengan bermodalkan Rp. 15.000.000,-. pada tahun 1996, keberadaan usaha ini dikelola oleh Bapak Amir Utama yang memiliki pengalaman 11 tahun pada industri sejenis.
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