Judul: Penggunaan Metode Homotopi untuk Menyelesaikan Masalah Nilai Eigen pada Suatu Model Getaran
Abstrak: Most mathematical models of natural phenomena are nonlinear model. One of the nonlinear problems is a problem of vibration which can be considered as an eigen value problem. Here, the nonlinear factor appeared due to the external forces applied to the system. The vibration problem in this study, was solved using the homotopy method. The homotopy method is analytical approach in the nonlinear problems within the series form. The terms of the series were obtained based on a recursive formula in a high deformation. A convergent solution of the series dependent on both the homotopy parameter and the coefficient of nonlinear factors appeared in the model.
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Judul: Penggunaan Metode Homotopi untuk Menyelesaikan Masalah Getaran Taklinear
Abstrak: Nonlinear problem is a problem that contains nonlinear mathematical equation. One example of nonlinear problem is oscillation. Nonlinear problem is difficult to solve directly, so it needs an analytical approach. Homotopy method is one of the known analytical approaches. In this paper, nonlinear oscillation problem is solved using the homotopy method. The use of homotopy method is done by defining a homotopy function that requires auxiliary parameters to control the convergence region of the solution. The solutionis a recursive formula with given initial conditions. A case study using MAPLE shows that oscillation frequency and the equilibrium position converge to some certain values. This convergence of solution depends on the selection of auxiliary parameters in the homotopy function.
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Judul: Amfibi sebagai satwa peliharaan: Ekspor, Impor dan Perdagangan Domestik
Abstrak: Indonesia has exported amphibian as frozen frog legs (listed since 1969 under fishery product) for consumption and live amphibian (listed since 1983 under reptilian class in forestry product) for pets. There are also live amphibian trading in local level i.e in markets and malls. This research aims to identify amphibian species exported and imported by investigating document from related administration and to identify amphibian species traded in domestic market by observation at Jakarta. Research is primarily conducted by processing quota data taken from Department of Forestry Republic of Indonesia database in Jakarta. Market observation was carried out in 18 locations (3 markets and 15 malls) in Jakarta. I carried out interview with trader and export business, which related to net trading live amphibians for pets. Respondent was choosen using snowball sampling manner. Name of species is written according to Iskandar & Coljin (2000). If there is no such record in the checklist (for example species are from outside Indonesia), then the species name is written according to Frost (2004). There are 56 species from eight families of wild amphibians that have pets quota between 1998-2008. Nineteen species was traded since 1983. The highest export quota is Litoria caerulea (21,37%). Allocation of highest catching quota is for BKSDA Jayapura (20,40%) and BKSDA Papua Barat (18,96%). Four species are included in IUCN Red List categories as vulnerable, among others are Limnonectes macrodon, Meristogenys jerboa, Nyctixalus margaritifer and Rhacophorus margaritifer. The number of amphibians that have export realization are 39 species. Two species of amphibian, Leptobrachium hasseltii and Rhacophorus margaritifer are amphibian species whose been known infected by chytrid fungus in the wild. The biggest species exported is Litoria caerulea (54,34%). Between 1983-1991, the biggest import amphibian for pets from Indonesia (66,13%) is Netherlands. Number of quota was relative stable in the last eight years, where as the number of export realization is more fluctuates. Amphibian species imported and re-exported between 1983-2008 come from Africa, South Asia, Malaysian, Archipelago Oceania, North America, Central America and South America. The number of pet amphibian species traded at domestic market is less than exported. Data showed that Indonesia imports 15 amphibian species between 1983-2008, However I found different species in the market that was unrecorded in the Ministry of Forestry data, which is the Fire Belly Salamander.
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