Judul: Study on Distillation of Nutmeg  (Myristica fragrans Houtt) to Increase Yield and Quality of Nutmeg Oil
Abstrak: Minyak pala dihasilkan dari hasil penyulingan pala, baik berupa buah pala muda, biji pala, fuli ataupun daunnya. Umur panen pala berpengaruh terhadap mutu dan rendemen minyak biji pala. Metode penyulingan yang dapat digunakan adalah metode air (direbus, water distillation), air-uap (dikukus, water-steam distillation) dan uap langsung (steam distillation). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh tingkat ketuaan biji pala terhadap rendemen dan kualitas minyak biji pala dan menguji kinerja alat penyulingan metode air-uap. Bahan yang digunakan adalah biji pala yang diperoleh dari petani di Leuwiliang, Bogor pada berbagai umur panen, yaitu muda (3-4 bulan mulai dari pembungaan), sedang (4-5 bulan mulai dari pembungaan) dan tua (5-6 bulan mulai dari pembungaan). Biji pala pada berbagai umur panen dibersihkan dan ditimbang masing-masing sebanyak 2 kg dan dimasukkan pada tangki penyulingan dengan volume air 17,91 liter. Sumber panas yang digunakan adalah kompor gas dan pendingin pada kondensor adalah air dengan laju 68,56 liter/jam. Penyulingan berlangsung selama 12 jam sejak air mendidih. Destilat yang dihasilkan ditampung pada wadah gelas dan kemudian dilakukan pemisahan minyak pala dengan air destilat. Respon yang diamati adalah rendemen dan mutu minyak (bobot jenis, indeks bias, warna dan kelarutan dalam alkohol 90%). Kinerja alat penyuling yang dianalisis meliputi efisiensi penguapan minyak pala, efisiensi ketel penyulingan, efisiensi kondensor dan efisiensi total penyulingan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa umur panen biji pala berpengaruh terhadap rendemen minyak pala. Biji pala muda menghasilkan rendemen paling tinggi yaitu 0,05 persen dengan bobot jenis, indeks bias, warna dan kelarutan dalam alkohol berturut-turut 0,899; 1,4801; berwarna kuning pucat dan 1:3 jernih. Kinerja alat penyulingan cukup baik dengan efisiensi penguapan minyak, efisiensi ketel penyulingan, efisiensi kondensor dan efisiensi total penyulingan berturut-turut 20,54%; 62,27%; 87,27%; dan 11,20%. Kata kunci: Biji pala, efisiensi, minyak pala, mutu, penyulingan., Nutmeg oil is produced from the distillation of nutmeg, either in the form of young nutmeg, nutmeg seeds, mace, or leaves. The age of the nutmeg harvest affects the quality and yield of nutmeg seed oil. Distillation methods that can be used are water (boiled, water distillation), water-steam (steamed, water-steam distillation), and direct steam (steam distillation) methods. This study aims to examine the effect of the level of aging of nutmeg seeds on the yield and quality of nutmeg seed oil and test the performance of the water-steam method distillation tool. The material used is nutmeg seeds obtained from farmers in Leuwiliang, Bogor at various harvest ages, namely young (3-4 months starting from flowering), medium (4-5 months starting from flowering), and old (5-6 months starting from flowering). Nutmeg seeds at various harvest ages are cleaned and weighed as much as 2 kg each and put in a distillation tank with a water volume of 17,91 liters. The heat source used is a gas stove, and the condenser’s cooler is water at a rate of 68,56 liters/hour. Distillation lasts for 12 hours from the moment the water boils. The resulting distillate is accommodated in a glass container and then separation of nutmeg oil with distillate water is carried out. The responses observed were yield and oil quality (specific weight, refractive index, color, and solubility in alcohol 90%). The
Keyword: Biji Pala, Efisiensi, Minyak Pala, Mutu, Penyulingan

Judul: Kajian Pengaruh Proses Perendaman dan Lama Penyimpanan Biji Pala (Myristica fragrans HOUTT) Terhadap Rendemen dan Kualitas Minyak Pala
Abstrak: Nutmeg oil is one of export comodities that highly contribute to national income. Because of that, it is understandable that the industry competition level is high. Different products made from nutmeg require different postharvest processes. This study aims to determine the yield and quality of nutmeg oil, and also the loss of weights obtained during storage at several soaking treatment and storage period of seed nutmeg. The method of the post-harvest handling of nutmeg involves to three types of treatment, which are: (1) without soaking, (2) soaking in fresh water, and (3) soaking in salt salution. After that, nutmegs were given three types of treatment of storage period, which were 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks. The highest yield of nutmeg oil obtained from the treatment that was without soaking, with an average of 13 %, followed by treatment of soaking in fresh water an average 12.94 %, and then from the treatment of soaking in salt salution an average 11.05 %. Optimal storage period’s nutmeg seed was 1 week because the nutmeg did not loss their weight. Nutmeg oil produced in accordance with national standards of the average value of specific weight ranged from 0.89 to 0.92. The value of refractive index ranged from 1.47 to 1.48, while its value of optical rotation ranged from (+) 6.18o to (+) 25.62o, and the solubility in alcohol 90% was found 1.00 - 1.34.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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