Judul: Effect of Shade on Growth and Production of  Several Genotypes of Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
Abstrak: This experiment was conducted to examine the effect of shade, genotype and the interaction between genotypes and shade on the growth and production of several cayenne pepper genotypes, in addition to reconfirming the shade tolerance level of several cayenne pepper genotypes. This experiment was carried out at the Leuwikopo Experimental Garden, Dramaga, Bogor, West Java, from November 2021 to March 2022. The experiment used a completely randomized group design (RKLT) in a nested pattern, with the main plot of shade and subplots consisting of 3 genotypes of cayenne pepper. The results showed that 55% paranet shade increased plant height, dichotomous height, canopy width, leaf width and leaf length. The 55% paranet shading also caused a decrease in fruit weight per plant, productivity, fruitsset, number of flowers and number of fruits in the observed cayenne pepper plants. Genotypes G4 (F8.145291-14-9-3-12-1) and G7 (Genie) had higher fruit weight per plant, productivity, flowering age, fruitsset, plant height, dichotomous height and leaf size compared to genotype G3. (F10.160291-3-12-5- 51-1-1-2-2-2-1). The interaction between genotype and shade level was found in the characters of fruit length, fruit diameter and leaf length. Cayenne pepper genotypes G4 and G7 are moderate shade-tolerant chili genotypes, while G3 cayenne pepper genotypes are shade sensitive chili genotypes based on their relative production. Genotypes G4 and G7 have the same consistency as previous studies, where the G4 genotype has a higher tolerance level to shade than genotypes G3 and G7 remains a moderate shade-tolerant genotype., Percobaan ini dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh naungan, genotipe dan interaksi antara genotipe dengan naungan terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi beberapa genotipe cabai rawit, selain itu untuk mengkonfirmasi kembali tingkat toleransi naungan dari beberapa genotipe cabai rawit. Percobaan ini dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Leuwikopo, Dramaga, Bogor, Jawa Barat pada bulan November 2021 sampai bulan Maret 2022. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak (RKLT) pola tersarang, dengan petak utama naungan dan anak petak berupa 3 genotipe cabai rawit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa naungan paranet 55% menyebabkan peningkatan tinggi tanaman, tinggi dikotomus, lebar tajuk, lebar daun dan panjang daun. Naungan paranet 55% juga menyebabkan penurunan bobot buah per tanaman, produktivitas, fruitset, jumlah bunga dan jumlah buah pada tanaman cabai rawit yang diamati. Genotipe G4 (F8.145291-14- 9-3-12-1) dan G7 (Genie) memiliki bobot buah per tanaman, produktivitas, umur berbunga, fruitset, tinggi tanaman, tinggi dikotomus dan ukuran daun yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan genotipe G3 (F10.160291-3-12-5-51-1-1- 2-2-1). Interaksi antara genotipe dan tingkat naungan terdapat pada karakter panjang buah, diameter buah dan panjang daun. Genotipe cabai rawit G4 dan G7 termasuk genotipe cabai rawit yang moderat toleran naungan, sedangkan genotipe cabai rawit G3 termasuk genotipe cabai yang peka naungan berdasarkan produksi relatifnya. Genotipe G4 dan G7 memiliki konsistensi yang sama dengan penelitian sebelumnya, dimana genotipe G4 memiliki tingkat toleransi yang lebih tinggi terhadap naungan dibandingkan dengan genotipe G3 dan G7 tetap menjadi genotipe yang moderat toleran naungan.
Keyword: Low light intensity, fruitset, productivity

Judul: The Effect of Giving Intensity of Shade at Several Stages on Yield of Cayenne Pepper (Capcisum frutescens L.)
Abstrak: Permasalahan dalam budidaya cabai pada saat panen raya adalah produksi cabai yang melimpah sementara harga yang rendah. Pemberian naungan adalah salah satu cara untuk menunda waktu panen dengan memanipulasi lingkungan tumbuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh naungan dan waktu pengaplikasiannya serta interaksi keduanya yang optimal untuk hasil dan penundaan waktu panen tanaman cabai rawit. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah split plot dengan rancangan lingkungan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) 2 Faktor. Faktor pertama terdiri dari tujuh taraf naungan, yaitu tanpa naungan, naungan 25%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 90%, dan 100%. Faktor kedua terdiri dari empat waktu pengaplikasian naungan, yaitu pada saat tanaman berbunga, terbentuk bakal buah, buah hijau, buah merah. Percobaan dilakukan sebanyak 3 ulangan, sehingga terdapat 84 satuan percobaan. Setiap satuan percobaan terdiri dari 20 tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan terbaik untuk hasil tanaman cabai rawit ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan naungan 25% dan waktu aplikasi pada saat buah merah. Perlakuan naungan 60% dengan waktu pengaplikasian pada saat tanaman berbunga memberikan umur panen tertinggi., The problem in chili cultivation at the time of harvest is the abundance of chili production while the price is low. Shading is one way to delay harvest time by manipulating the growing environment. This study aims to determine the effect of shade and time of application as well as the optimal interaction between the two for yield and delay in harvesting cayenne pepper. The experimental design used was a split plot with a 2-factor Complete Randomized Group Design (RKLT) environmental design. The first factor consists of seven levels of shade, namely no shade, 25% shade, 30%, 50%, 60%, 90%, and 100%. The second factor consisted of four times when the shade was applied, namely when the plants were flowering, ovule was formed, green fruit, and red fruit. The experiment was carried out in 3 replications, so there were 84 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of 20 plants. The results showed that the best treatment for the yield of cayenne pepper was indicated by a 25% shade treatment and application time when the fruit was red. The 60% shade treatment with application time at the time of flowering plants gave the highest harvest age.
Keyword: growing environment, growth, harvest, harvest age, productivity

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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