Judul: Pola Pergerakan Cangkang Kijing Taiwan Sebagai Bioindikator Pencemaran Kadmium Padaair Tawar
Abstrak: Pada penelitian ini dipelajari pola pergerakan eangkang kijing taiwan sebagai bioindikator peneemaran Cd di air tawar, terhadap enam perlakuan konsentrasi Cd, yaitu : 0.0; 0.2; 0.4; 0.6; 0.8; dan 1.0 ppm. Pergerakan buka-tutup eangkang kijing direkam oleh sensor LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) seeara kontinyu, setiap menit selama 12 jam. Pengaruh penambahan zat peneemar Cd pada berbagai konsentrasi memberikan pola pergerakan eangkang kijing yang berbeda-beda. Pada kontrol (Cd 0.0 ppm) kijing membukakan eangkangnya tinggi-tinggi pada posisi ±14.00 mm. Penambahan konsentrasi Cd yang semakin tinggi memberilan pola aktivitas buka-tutup eangkang yang semakin berkurang. Adanya polutan Cd yang tinggi menyebabkan kijing mengatupkan eangkangnya pada posisi 5,44-6,00 mm. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa kijing taiwan dapat digunakan sebagai bioindikator peneemaran kadmium pada air tawar, terlihat dari pola pergerakan cangkang yang berbeda-beda pada setiap konsentrasi kadmium.
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Judul: Pola Aktivitas Cangkang Kijing Taiwan sebagai Alat Pemantau Pencemaran Perairan Oleh Dua Logam Berat
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari kijing Anodonta woodiana sebagai pemantau biologis pencemaran perairan pada beberapa konsentrasi logam berat. Pengamatan pola aktivitas cangkangnya akan dicatat secara otomatis dengan komputer. Kijing taiwan yang digunakan berasal dari Danau Cikaret-Cibinong, Bogor dan dipelihara dalam bak-bak plastik. Logam berat yang digunakan terdiri dari FeCI,.2H,O dan PbCI, dalam lima konsentrasi yang berbeda. Perlakuan kontrol sebagai pembanding dibuat tanpa penambahan logam berat ke dalam media air. Respon perilaku yang diamati adalah Aktivitas buka-tutup cangkang dengan menggunakan alat sensor Linier Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT). Alat ini dihubungkan dengan komputer. Pencatatan dilakukan setiap satu menit sekali selama 12 jam.
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm