Judul: Identifikasi Molekuler Trichoderma spp. dan Aktivitas Antagonisnya terhadap Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cubense
Abstrak: Trichoderma is a cosmopolitan fungus that widespread in the soil and rotten wood. Various species of Trichoderma have been used, as a producer of enzymes and other metabolites or as a biocontrol agent. Therefore, identification of Trichoderma strains become important. Until now, many identity culture Trichoderma in Indonesia have doubtful validity. Trichoderma concept changed from time to time. Significant efforts in formulating the concept of Trichoderma was first performed by Rifai in 1969 based approach to morphological characters. Trichoderma species are divided into 9 aggregates, namely T. piluliferum, T. polysporum, T. hamatum, T. koningii, T. aureoviride, T. harzianum, T. longibrachiatum, T. pseudokoningii, and T. viride. This concept was later revised by Bissett in 1991 with the introduction of section 5 (section) is section Trichoderma, section Longibrachiatum, section Saturnisporum, section Pachybasium, and section Hypocreanum. Along with the development of methods of DNA extraction and phylogenetic analysis of the fungus, identification of Trichoderma species have been changed from morfohology in to combination of morphology and phylogenetic analysis. The first, phylogenetic analysis approach of Trichoderma by Kindermann in 1998 using DNA sequence analysis of the ITS region to 85 strains of Trichoderma. Then, when the approach of a single gene can not be relied upon to distinguish some species that are morphologically similar, multigene analysis was able to distinguish the species. At this time locus used in phylogenetic analysis and species identification in Trichoderma has been established that, ITS, tef α-1, RPB2, and Endokitinase. Trichoderma research in Indonesia have been carried out, but only a few research that include diversity and taxonomic studies. Trichoderma diversity and taxonomic studies from Indonesia is important because it can serve as a model for other fungal diversity studies. Therefore, this study aims to identify the 27 accession numbers Trichoderma collection of LIPIMC and IPBCC derived from litter and soil in Indonesia through a variety of phylogenetic approaches two genes (ITS and tef α-1). In addition, this research also aimed to characterize the antagonistic activity of Trichoderma spp. against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc), causes Fusarium wilt disease in bananas, because of the demands of the community to develop a biocontrol Foc agent. Identification of Trichoderma started early stages by performing morphological characterization. Colonies character observed in 5 days that were incubated at room conditions. After that, the microscopic preparations were made by using the method of Riddle and preparations were observed under a microscope Olympus BX53. Colony characters and microscopic characters are recorded as a material for morphological identification. Molecular phylogenetic analysis was started by growing Trichoderma isolates on media Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) and incubated at 27˚C for 3-5 days. DNA extraction using PhythopureTM DNA Extraction Kit (GE Healthcare, UK), and then proceed with the ITS region amplification primer pair ITS4 (5'-TC CTCCGCTTATATATGC-3') and ITS5 (5'-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAA GG-3'), and α tef -1 (translation elongation factor-1 α) with primer tef1-fw (5'-GT GAGCGTGGTATCACCATCG-3 ') and tef1-rev (5'-GCCATCCTTGGAGACC AGC-3'). DNA sequencing is done by sending the product to FirstBASE (Malaysia). DNA sequences were analyzed by PCR using the MEGA program (Molecular Evolution and Genetic Analysis) version 5.05. On this analysis, kinship was
Keyword: biocontrol, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp cubense, phylogenetics, taxonomy, Trichoderma

Judul: Identifikasi Trichoderma sp. Melalui Sekuen Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) dan Uji Inhibisinya terhadap Colletotrichum sp. dan Rhizoctonia sp.
Abstrak: Rhizoctonia sp. dan Colletotrichum sp. merupakan patogen yang banyak menyerang tanaman. Penggunaan agen biokontrol dalam melawan patogen tanaman menjadi salah satu alternatif terhadap penggunaan pestisida sintetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi Trichoderma sp. secara morfologi dan molekuler serta menyeleksi isolat Trichoderma sp. yang memiliki penghambatan terbesar terhadap patogen secara in vitro. Metode identifikasi dilakukan dengan mikroskop cahaya dan amplifikasi daerah Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sedangkan seleksi dilakukan dengan metode uji berganda secara bertahap. Secara umum, Trichoderma sp. memiliki permukaan rata, tepian regular, berwarna kuning sampai hijau, serta konidiofor bercabang. DNA hasil amplifikasi menggunakan primer ITS1 dan ITS4 berukuran 600-700 bp. Hasil identifikasi dari 17 isolat didapatkan sebanyak 13 isolat merupakan Trichoderma asperellum, 1 isolat Trichoderma gamsii, 1 isolat Trichoderma koningiopsis, dan 2 sisanya Trichoderma harzianum. Nilai penghambatan > 80% yang lebih banyak menunjukkan isolat Trichoderma sp. lebih berpotensi menghambat Rhizoctonia sp. dibandingkan Colletotrichum sp.
Keyword: antagonis, Colletotrichum sp., ITS, Rhizoctonia sp., Trichoderma sp.

Judul: Penetapan Harga Jaminan Polis Asuransi Jiwa dengan Premi  Tahunan dan Opsi Surrender
Abstrak: Asuransi jiwa memberikan perlindungan pada tertanggung (pemegang polis) jika mengalami risiko finansial, dengan suatu perjanjian tertanggung harus membayar premi. Premi yang sudah terkumpul pada perusahaan asuransi dapat diinvestasikan, yang salah satu tempatnya adalah di pasar bursa. Perusahaan asuransi menawarkan suatu kontrak kepada pemegang polis yang disebut dengan kontrak partisipasi. Pada kontrak partisipasi risiko finansial dan keuntungan dibagi dengan pemegang polis dan biasanya keuntungan tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam cadangan polis pada tiap akhir tahun kontrak. Hal ini berarti secara tidak langsung perusahaan asuransi menyatakan penambahan pertanggungan, sehingga mengakibatkan perubahan benefit yang diterima oleh pemegang polis. Pada kontrak partisipasi ini, pemegang polis diberikan hak untuk mengakhiri kontrak (opsi surrender). Pada kontrak partisipasi asuransi jiwa endowmen terdapat opsi bonus (bonus option) yang penghitungan besar preminya dengan pendekatan tipe Eropa dan opsi surrender (surrender option) dengan tipe Amerika.
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