Judul: Analysis of Predator-Prey Model of Holling  Type II with the Fear Factor and Allee Effect on Prey
Abstrak: Dalam tulisan ini dianalisis model Holling tipe II dengan adanya faktor ketakutan dan efek Allee pada mangsa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh faktor ketakutan serta efek Allee pada mangsa terhadap dinamika populasi model. Langkah yang dilakukan adalah dengan merekonstruksi model, menganalisis kestabilan titik tetap, mencari keberadaan bifurkasi Hopf serta melakukan simulasi numerik untuk menunjukkan kesesuaian analisis dengan solusi numeriknya. Model ini memiliki lima titik tetap yang stabilitasnya bergantung pada pemilihan nilai parameter. Simulasi numerik dilakukan dengan bantuan software Wolfram Mathematica 12.1 dengan melakukan perubahan terhadap nilai parameter efek Allee dan faktor ketakutan. Semakin kecil nilai parameter efek Allee mengakibatkan baik populasi mangsa maupun pemangsa dapat hidup berdampingan sehingga terhindar dari kepunahan. Semakin kecil nilai parameter faktor ketakutan mengakibatkan peningkatan pada populasi pemangsa, walaupun tidak berakibat pada kepunahan mangsa. Bifurkasi Hopf terjadi pada salah satu titik tetap, di mana terjadi perubahan kestabilan dari spiral stabil menjadi spiral tak stabil dan ditandai dengan munculnya limit cycle., This manuscript analyzes the Holling type II model in the presence of fear factor and the Allee effect on prey. This study aims to analyze the influence of the fear factor and the Allee effect on prey on the population dynamics of the model. The steps taken are to reconstruct themodel, to analyze the stability of the fixed point, to look for the existence of Hopf bifurcation and to perform numerical simulations to show the suitability of the analysiswith the numerical solution. The model has five fixed points whose stability depends on the selection of parameter values. Numerical simulations were carried out with the help of Wolfram Mathematica 12.1 software by changing the parameter values of the Alle effect and fear factor. The smaller the value of the Allee effect parameter results in both prey and predator populations being able to coexist so as to avoid extinction. The smaller the value of the fear factor parameter results an increase in the predator population, although it does not result in the extinction of the prey. Hopf bifurcation occurs at one of the fixed points, where there is a change in stability from a stable spiral to an unstable spiral and is characterized by the appearance of a limit cycle.
Keyword: Allee effect, fear factor, Holling type II, hopf bifurcation, predator-prey

Judul: Analysis of predator-prey model of holling-tanner type II with prey refuge and the harvesting population
Abstrak: Dalam tulisan ini dipelajari model mangsa-pemangsa Holling-Tanner tipe II dengan menambahkan spesies mangsa yang terlindung dan pemanenan spesies mangsa dan pemangsa yang dikembangkan oleh Das et al. (2013). Dari model ini, diperoleh tiga titik tetap. Kestabilan titik tetap pertama dapat bersifat sadel atau simpul takstabil, sedangkan titik tetap kedua bersifat sadel. Titik tetap ketiga dapat bersifat spiral takstabil, spiral stabil, atau simpul stabil bergantung nilai parameter mangsa yang terlindung dan pemanenan populasi. Bifurkasi Hopf terjadi pada titik tetap ketiga. Semakin kecil mangsa yang terlindungi mengakibatkan populasi pemangsa meningkat tidak stabil dengan solusinya limit cycle. Sebaliknya, semakin tinggi mangsa yang terlindungi mengakibatkan populasi mangsa dan pemangsa menuju stabil dengan pemangsa cukup kecil. Hal ini terjadi pula pada dinamika populasi akibat usaha pemanenan mangsa. Sedangkan pada usaha pemanenan pemangsa, semakin kecil pemanenan pemangsa mengakibatkan populasi pemangsa meningkat tidak stabil dengan solusinya limit cycle. Semakin tinggi pemanenan pemangsa mengakibatkan populasi pemangsa menuju kepunahan dan populasi mangsa meningkat stabil., This paper studied a mathematical predator-prey model of Holling-Tanner type II incorporating prey refuge and harvesting to both prey and predator species that was previously investigated by Das et al. (2013). This model provides three fixed points, where depending on the parameters values, stability of the first fixed point can be a saddle or unstable node, that of the second always be a saddle, and the third fixed point could be an unstable spiral, stable spiral or node depending on two parameters of protected prey and harvesting populations. Hopf bifurcation occurs on the third fixed point, where a decrease on the size of protected prey can affect the predator populations to be unstable and its solution approaching a limit cycle. Otherwise, an increase on the size of protected prey can affect the prey and predator populations to be stable with a fairly small predators. The same situation occurs also in the population dynamics when a harvesting effort is incurred on prey population. Whereas a decrease on the harvested predator population can result to an unstable growth of predator population with the existence of a limit cycle. In the opposite direction, the predator will be extinct and the prey grows steadily. Keywords: Hopf bifurcation, Holling-Tanner type II, prey refuge, harvesting populations, predator-prey
Keyword: bifurkasi Hopf, Holling-Tanner tipe II, mangsa yang terlindung, pemanenan populasi, mangsa-pemangsa

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4