Judul: Comparison of Long-term Care Insurance Premiums from Several Multiple State Models
Abstrak: Indonesia memasuki struktur penduduk tua dengan 10,48% populasi terdiri atas penduduk lanjut usia. Lansia dianggap rentan karena penurunan produktivitas ekonomi, peningkatan risiko kesehatan, dan kebutuhan pendampingan. Asuransi long-term care (LTC) dapat menjadi solusi perlindungan finansial di masa tua. Pada penelitian ini, premi tahunan bersih asuransi LTC untuk tiga model multiple state dihitung dengan prinsip kesetaraan menggunakan data hipotetik. Nilai premi tahunan bersih asuransi LTC dipengaruhi oleh model multiple state dan peluang transisi antar-state yang digunakan. Polis asuransi LTC dengan manfaat pensiun memiliki nilai premi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan polis tanpa manfaat pensiun. Model asuransi LTC yang memungkinkan transisi dua arah antara dua state memiliki nilai premi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan model dengan transisi satu arah. Penghitungan cash flow dari penjualan produk asuransi LTC dilakukan dengan menyimulasikan life table berdasarkan tabel peluang transisi masing-masing model. Dari 500 kali simulasi, rata-rata saldo perusahaan tertinggi dan terendah berturut-turut dimiliki oleh model asuransi LTC dengan transisi satu arah dan model asuransi LTC dengan transisi dua arah., Indonesia is entering an ageing population, with 10,48% of the population being elderly. The elderly are considered vulnerable due to decreased economic productivity, increased health risks, and need for assistance. Long-term care (LTC) insurance can provide financial protection in old age. In this study, net annual LTC insurance premiums for three multiple state models are calculated using hypothetical data with the equality principle. LTC insurance net annual premiums are influenced by the multiple state model and the inter-state transition probabilities. LTC insurance policy with pension benefits has a higher premium value than those without pension benefits. The LTC insurance model that allows a two-way transition between two states has a lower premium than a model with a one-way transition. Cash flow calculation from sales of LTC insurance products is carried out by simulating a life table based on the transition probabilities table for each model. From 500 simulations, the highest and lowest average company balances belonged to the LTC insurance model with a one-way transition and the LTC insurance model with a two-way transition.
Keyword: long-term care insurance, elderly people, multiple state model, net annual premium, transition probability

Judul: Determination of Net Premiums for Long-term Care  Insurance in Dickson and Haberman-Pitacco Models
Abstrak: Seiring bertambahnya usia, kebutuhan akan perawatan dan pengawasan intensif menjadi semakin mendesak. Perawatan jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan beban finansial yang signifikan. Asuransi long-term care (LTC) dapat menjadi solusi dengan menanggung biaya perawatan jangka panjang, sehingga meringankan beban finansial keluarga tertanggung. Pada karya ilmiah ini, dilakukan penghitungan premi tunggal bersih dan premi tahunan bersih untuk asuransi LTC menggunakan model tiga multiple state, yaitu model Dickson dengan asumsi tidak ada peluang kesembuhan/one way, model Dickson dengan asumsi ada peluang kesembuhan/reverse, serta model Haberman-Pitacco. Premi dihitung menggunakan prinsip kesetaraan dengan data hipotetik yang melibatkan data sekunder. Hasil penghitungan menunjukkan bahwa nilai premi bersih untuk asuransi LTC dipengaruhi oleh model multiple state dan peluang transisi antar state yang digunakan. Nilai premi bersih untuk polis asuransi LTC model Dickson (one way) mencapai 19% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan model Dickson (reverse), sedangkan nilai premi bersih pada model Haberman-Pitacco jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan premi bersih pada kedua model Dickson., As individuals age, the need for intensive care and supervision becomes increasingly urgent. Long-term care (LTC) can impose a significant financial burden. LTC insurance can provide a solution by covering long-term care costs, alleviating the financial strain on the insured's family. This study calculates the net single premium and net annual premium for LTC insurance using three multiple state models: the Dickson model with the assumption of no recovery/one way, the Dickson model with the assumption of recovery/reverse, and the Haberman-Pitacco model. Premiums are calculated using the equivalence principle with hypothetical data involving secondary data. The results show that the net premium value for LTC insurance is influenced by the multiple state model and the transition probabilities between states used. The net premium value for the Dickson model (one way) is 19% higher than for the Dickson model (reverse), while the net premium value for the Haberman-Pitacco model is significantly lower than the net premium values for both Dickson models.
Keyword: long-term care insurance, multiple state models, multiple state models, net premium

Judul: Heterologous Expression Of Endo-Β-Xylanase From Bacillus Pumilus Strain Bcrs-01 In Escherichia Coli.
Abstrak: Xylanases are glycoside hydrolase family 11 which depolymerise xylan in the plant cell wall, the most excessive form of hemicellulose. Endo-β-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are most important to breakdown β-1,4-glicoside bond of xylan to produce disaccaride xyloolygosaccaride (XOs) and xylose (monomer). Bovine rumen fluids have potential to obtain endo-β-xylanase produced of bacteria. The objectives of this study were to obtain xylanase producing bacteria and to express xynA gene encoding endo-β-xylanase from bacterium in Escherichia coli. Twenty nine isolate bacteria have been succesfully isolated from bovine rumen fluid in agar medium containing birchwood xylan. Isolate BCRS-01 bacterium was previously screened for the high production of xylanase. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, BCRS-01 showed high similarity (99%) to Bacillus pumilus (accession number NR043241). The crude xylanase had optimal activity at 55oC, pH 7.0. Furthermore, the crude xylanase exhibited broad pH stability from 4.0 to 10.0 and remained more than 60% and 40% of its activity after incubation at pH 4.0 until 10.0, respectively for 60 min. It also showed a stability at temperature 25-50oC since it retained 80% and 50% of its activity when incubated at 50oC or 30 and 60 min, respectively. The xylanase activity was strongly inhibited by Ca2+ and Cu2+ at concentration 10 mM, and as little as 1 mM for Mn2+. Therefore, this xylanase has potentially used as additive feeds in animal feed industry. The DNA sequence xynA gene encoded endo-β-xylanase was amplified and cloned into the expression vector pET-15by under the control of T7 promoter. The recombinant protein had succesfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. A protein recombinant of approximately, 26.7 kDa was observed on the SDS-PAGE analysis. Crude extract of recombinant endo-β-xylanase demonstrated activity of enzyme at 56 U mL-1 using birchwood xylan as a substrate at 55oC for 10 min.
Keyword: Bacillus pumilus, bovine rumen fluid, endo-β-xylanase, heterologous expression.