Judul: Penentuan Waktu Reaksi dan Konsentrasi Katalis untuk Sintesis Mono-Diasilgliserol
Abstrak: Mono-diacylglycerol is an emulsifier that containing monoglycerides and diglycerides, which is made by reacting glycerol and fatty acids with the help of a chemical catalyst. This research was aimed to produce mono-diacylglycerol from glycerol, by-product of biodiesel production and palm fatty acid distillate, by-product of frying oil production, and to know the best reaction time and concentration of catalyst to produce mono-diacylglycerol through esterification process. The steps consisted of glycerol purification, characterization of purified glycerol and palm fatty acid distillate. This was followed by determinating the reaction time (60, 75, and 90 minute) and concentration of catalysts (1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) for production of mono-diacylglyserol, and characterization of mono-diacylglycerol which has been producted. In this research was used a methyl ester sulphonic acid as the catalyst. The best products was mono-diacylglycerol with catalyst concentration of 1.5% and reaction time 75 minutes. This condition producted M-DAG with yield 30.20%, the percentage fraction of monoacylglycerol 16.21%, diacylglycerol 31.00%, melting point of 57 oC, pH 4, emulsion stability 85.94%, acid value 23.18 mg KOH/g sample, texture rather dense, quite dry, and whitey-brown color.
Keyword: esterification, mono-diacylglycerol, emulsifiers, fatty acids, glycerol

Judul: Penentuan Suhu Reaksi dan Rasio Volume Gliserol dan Palm Fatty Acid Distillate untuk Sintesis Mono-Diasilgliserol
Abstrak: Mono-diacylglycerol (M-DAG) is one of emulsifiers which can be obtained by esterification of glycerol and free fatty acids. Glycerol are used is glycerol byproduct of biodiesel production, while the free fatty acids that are used is Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD). The main objective of this research is to determine the volume ratio of glycerol and PFAD, also the best temperature for the synthesis of M-DAG. The research began with the purification of crude glycerol that produced glycerol which had 73-81% glycerol content, 1.14% ash content, and pH 5. Glycerol and PFAD were reacted using 2% of methyl ester sulfonic acid catalyst for 60 minutes then the result’s characteristic was analyzed. The best temperature and volume ratio is at 160 °C with ratio between 1:3 and 1:4. This condition resulting M-DAG with yield 32.60% and 27.20%, amount of M-DAG was 61.99% (24.68% MAG, 37.31% DAG) and 49.92% (20.27% MAG, 29.66% DAG), 70.97% and 71.19% emulsion stability, 55 °C and 56 °C melting point, pH 3, 40.01% dan 39.01% acid value, and also dry and whitey-brown physical characteristic
Keyword: M-DAG, mono-diacylglycerol, emulsifier, PFAD, glycerol

Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan