Judul: Biometric of Cynomolgus Macaque Lower Face  as Automated Temperament Recognition’s Database
Abstrak: Penggunaan monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) sebagai hewan laboratorium tidak dapat terlepas dari prinsip 3R (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) sebagai implementasi prinsip kesejahteraan hewan. Pengembangan sistem Automated Face Recognition (AFR) atau pengenalan wajah terotomatisasi hadir sebagai bentuk pendekatan salah satu aspek prinsip 3R yaitu refinement, yakni untuk mengidentifikasi rasa sakit, nyeri dan stres melalui perubahan wajah yang mengindikasikan temperamen tiap individu monyet ekor panjang. Pengembangan sistem tersebut memerlukan basis data yang didapat dari studi biometrik wajah monyet ekor panjang. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi data biometrik wajah bagian bawah (lower face) monyet ekor panjang pada berbagai temperamen. Pengukuran biometrik dilakukan pada titik orientasi yang berkaitan dengan otot penggerak wajah dan disebut dengan Action Unit (AU). Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap nilai AU9+10 (nose wrinkle/upper lip raiser), AU12 (lip corner puller), AU16 (lower lip depressor) dan AU 18i+18ii (true pucker/outer pucker) pada ekspresi wajah hewan pada temperamen agresif, netral, afiliatif dan fearful. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa AU9+10 dan/atau AU12 dapat digunakan sebagai indikator temperamen fearful melalui ekspresi fear grimace. AU16 dan AU18i+18ii tidak dapat dijadikan indikator pembeda temperamen karena tidak menunjukkan perbedaan kuantitatif pada ekspresi wajah yang berbeda, meskipun dapat dikenali secara visual., The use of laboratory cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in captivity cannot be separated from the 3R principle (Replacement, Reduction, Refinement) as the implementation of animal welfare principles. The development of an Automated Face Recognition (AFR) system may serve as an approach to implement one aspect of the 3R principle, namely refinement, by automated identification of pain and stress through facial expression changes that indicate the temperament of individual cynomolgus macaque. The development of the computational system requires a database obtained from facial biometrics. The aim of this study was to evaluate biometrics of the lower face of cynomolgus macaque in various temperaments. Biometric measurements were made at the point of orientation associated with the movement of muscles that regulate facial expression, which is called Action Unit (AU). Evaluations were performed to obtain the values of AU9+10 (nose wrinkle/upper lip raiser), AU12 (lip corner puller), AU16 (lower lip depressor), and AU 18i+18ii (true pucker/outer pucker) in animals of aggressive, neutral, affiliative and fearful temperaments. The results showed that AU9+10 and/or AU12 biometrics can be used as an indicator of fearful temperament through the expression of fear grimace. AU16 and AU18i+18ii cannot be used as differentiating indicators of temperament because they did not show quantitative differences in different facial expressions, although they can be visually recognized.
Keyword: biometrik, kesejahteraan hewan, refinement, satwa primata, temperamen

Judul: Biometric Study of Cynomolgus Macaque's Upper Face as the Basis for Development of Automated Temperament  Recognition System
Abstrak: Penerapan prinsip refinement untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan monyet ekor panjang (MEP) sebagai salah satu hewan coba dapat dilakukan dengan melihat kestabilan koloni melalui penilaian temperamen individu serta mengamati keadaan klinis melalui ekspresi wajah. Perangkat Automated Face Recognition (AFR) dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi ekspresi satwa sebagai indikator penentu temperamen. Dibutuhkan basis data berupa hasil evaluasi biometrik wajah bagian atas untuk mengoperasikan perangkat tersebut. Hasil evaluasi akan menunjukkan unit aksi wajah bagian atas yang dapat menjadi parameter penentu ekspresi, termasuk yang berkorelasi dengan pain recognition. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi pengukuran regio Action Unit (AU) secara numerik pada beberapa foto. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa evaluasi numerik terhadap AU1+2 (Brow raiser) yang diidentifikasi dengan mengukur luas daerah underbrow dapat dijadikan parameter ekspresi aggressive pada MEP. Nilai AU1+2 relatif tidak berbeda pada ekspresi lainnya sehingga diperlukan biometrik wajah bagian bawah sebagai data komplementer. Evaluasi AU6 (Cheek raiser) yang diidentifikasi melalui luas segitiga infraorbital, serta AU41 (Glabella lowerer) yang diidentifikasi melalui jarak antara medial alis ke medial mata tidak memberikan hasil numerik yang nyata untuk mengidentifikasi ekspresi sehingga tidak dapat dijadikan parameter penentu. Identifikasi ekspresi melalui evaluasi AU6 dan AU41 harus dilakukan bersamaan dengan evaluasi biometrik wajah bagian bawah agar dapat mengidentifikasi suatu ekspresi., The implementation of refinement principles to increase laboratory cynomolgus macaque’s welfare can be done by observing social stability based on the temperament of each individual and observing clinical conditions through facial expressions. The development of Automated Face Recognition (AFR) device for nonhuman primates is currently underway with the aim to refine the identification of various facial expressions as indicator of temperament and welfare. The aim of this study was to evaluate biometrics of the upper face to identify the facial action unit that numerically changes with different expression, specifically those that correlate with pain recognition and stress condition. The study was conducted by quantifying the facial Action Unit (AU) of the upper face regions utilizing digital images obtained through observation of cynomolgus macaques that exhibited aggressive, neutral, affiliative, and fearful expressions. The results showed that measurement of AU1+2 (Brow raiser), which was identified by measuring the underbrow area, can be used as a parameter to identify aggressive expression. The evaluation of AU6 (Cheek raiser), which was identified through the area of the infraorbital triangle, and AU41 (Glabella lowerer) which was identified through the distance between the medial eyebrows to the medial eye, did not differ between different expressions which suggest that these AUs may not be useful as determinant parameter for temperamen recognition when used as a single unit. Expression identification by evaluation of AU6 and AU41 should be performed alongside evaluation of lower facial biometric.
Keyword: Automated Face Recognition, animal welfare, refinement, facial expression, nonhuman primates

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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