Judul: Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pengeluaran Pemerintah Indonesia (
Abstrak: Indonesia is one of the ASEAN countries are experiencing economic growth every year. In 2008 when the current world financial crisis GDP growth in Indonesia has decreased at least compared to other ASEAN countries. This is because the amount of consumption of Indonesia has a major influence on the economy of Indonesia. Economic growth in Indonesia is directly proportional to the Indonesian government spending. Indonesia government spending has increased every year. Increased government spending each year Indonesia Indonesia's economy even cause the budget deficit. Where government spending is greater than government revenues. Government revenue derived from the tax could not afford the amount of government spending. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between economic growth in Indonesia by the Indonesian government expenditure and also analyzes the factors that influence the increase in government spending in Indonesia. The method of analysis used in this study is a method of VAR and VECM. The variables used in this study is variable spending (G), economic growth (GW), exchange rate (ER), inflation (INF), investment (INV), net exports (NE), and tax revenue (TR). The time period used in this study was the period/year 1984 to 2011. Based on this research, in the short term tax revenue, exchange rate, inflation has a positive, but not significant. While variable net exports and GDP growth has a positive and significant. In the long term variable rate (ER), net exports (NE) and GDP growth (GW) and a significant negative effect on government spending. While the inflation variable has a positive and significant impact on government spending. IRF outcome variables that describe the response of macroeconomic variables such as inflation, exchange rates, investment, GDP growth, net exports or the balance of trade, tax revenue to government spending shocks. The results show that a variant FEVD government spending predominantly explained by the variable itself from the beginning of the period until the end of the period. FEVD results also showed that the variables that contributed greatly to shocks in government spending is the exchange rate, inflation and GDP growth in the country of Indonesia.
Keyword: 

Judul: Dampak Pengeluaran Pemerintah Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia
Abstrak: Dalam pendekatan pengeluaran, salah satu unsur yang dapat meningkatkan pendapatan nasional adalah pengeluaran pemerintah (government expenditure). Pengeluaran pemerintah untuk pembangunan fisik maupun modal manusia sangat diperlukan dalam mendukung perekonomian Indonesia. Kebijakan fiskal harus terus ditingkatkan melalui anggaran pembangunan. Pengeluaran pemerintah untuk pembangunan relatif kecil setiap tahunnya dibandingkan dengan pengeluaran lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi komponen utama (Principal Component Regression). Hasil dari penelitian ini, tahun 1979 sampai 2013 menunjukan variabel pengeluaran pemerintah untuk pendidikan, kesehatan, transportasi, pertanian, irigasi, telekomunikasi, permukiman, pertahanan, energi dan lingkungan hidup berpengaruh positif secara signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Pemerintah sebaiknya terus meningkatkan anggaran untuk pembangunan, terutama untuk energi, pertanian dan transportasi yang memiliki pengaruh paling besar terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia.
Keyword: Economic growth, Fiscal policy, Government spending, Principal component regression, Gross domestic product, Principal component regressia, Consumption, Investment, Governemt Expenditure, Government

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
Keyword: