Judul: Analysis of Upwelling Event in Western Maluku Sea in 2015
Abstrak: Maluku Sea is a secondary entry portal Indonesian Through flow (ITF) with less intensive study. It is connected with Tomini Gulf and Seram-Banda Sea. In the western MS, previous study reported surface features of seasonal upwelling from satellite data. This study aims to further analyze generating force of upwelling and to fully describe oceanic-atmospheric changes before-during-after upwelling event in 2015. The INDESO model output and satellite imagery were used in this study. It is shown that seasonal upwelling in MS is characterized by increased meridional wind stress and northward transport volume, increased sensible heat flux, decreased infrared heat flux, SST cooling, and surface chlorophyll-a blooming. Here, upwelling is generated by southerly monsoon winds, which are fully developed during the Southeast Monsoon period. Since the study area is closed to the equator, the effect of Coriolis may be neglected. In addition, the region between Banggai and Taliabu is relatively opened to Banda Sea. Thus, the strong southerly winds directly drag surface water masses northward and then upwelled colder water occurs in southern region. Upwelling area then evolves towards northeast due to island boundary and is enhanced by recirculation of Maluku ITF. Evolution of mixed layer depth due to upwelling appears in the upper 60 m, which transports water mass northward from June to its peak in September, and decays in October.
Keyword: coastal upwelling, INDESO model output, Indonesian Through Flow, satellite imagery, Maluku Sea

Judul: Karakteristik Upwelling Pantai dan Tren Parameter Oseanografi di Selatan Selat Makassar
Abstrak: Selat Makassar merupakan lintasan utama sirkulasi massa air dari Samudra Pasifik menuju Samudra Hindia, yang dikenal sebagai Arus Lintas Indonesia (Arlindo). Wilayah perairan ini termasuk bagian dari Wilayah Pengelolaan Perikanan Republik Indonesia (WPP-RI) 713 dan dikenal memiliki potensi perikanan pelagis kecil yang melimpah serta berkaitan dengan kejadian upwelling pantai. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan karakteristik upwelling pantai dari dataset oseanografi (suhu, salinitas, TPL, MLD, arus, volume transpor, kecepatan vertikal, indeks upwelling), serta kecenderungan (trend) parameter oseanografi di wilayah upwelling Selatan Selat Makassar dari dataset deret-waktu keluaran model INDESO selama 11 tahun (2008-2018). Metode penelitian menerapkan analisis data deret-waktu, diagram Taylor, estimasi transpor Ekman, indeks upwelling dan tren parameter selama 11 tahun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan periode upwelling terjadi pada bulan Mei sampai September dengan puncak upwelling terjadi pada muson tenggara, dimana transport Ekman 0,18 Sv yang mengalir ke arah barat daya sehingga menjadikan defisit massa air di dekat pantai yang kemudian diisi oleh massa air dari lapisan sub-permukaan menuju permukaan. Periode upwelling dicirikan dengan suhu permukaan laut minimum (25,5˚C), tinggi muka laut minimum (0,55 m), tetapi klorofil-a maksimum (4,73 mg/m3). Ciri lain tersingkapnya isotherm 25˚C dan isohaline 34 PSU di permukaan pada muson tenggara. Indeks upwelling berdasarkan suhu adalah 1,22˚C. Tren parameter oseanografi per tahun di wilayah upwelling dicirikan dengan SPL meningkat 0,0098 ˚C, kedalaman isotherm 25˚C menurun -1,96605 m, salinitas menurun -0.01588 PSU, dan TPL menurun -0,01468 m., Makassar Strait is a passage of water mass circulation from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean, known as the Indonesian Through Flow (ITF). This water area is part of the Fisheries Management Area of the Republic of Indonesia (WPP-RI) 713 and is known to have the abundant potential for small pelagic fisheries and is related to coastal upwelling events. This study aims to describe the characteristics of coastal upwelling in the south of the Makassar Strait, by analyzing temperature, salinity, current, transport volume, vertical speed, upwelling intensity, and the trend of oceanographic parameters in the upwelling area from the Indeso model output series dataset for 11 years (2008-2018). The research method applies time-series data analysis, Taylor diagrams, Ekman transport estimation, upwelling index, and parameter trends over 11 years. The results show that the upwelling period from May to September had the upwelling peak in the eastern season with 0.18 Sv the Ekman transport towards the southwest, wich reduced the water mass near the coast and then filled by the sub-surface layer. This upwelling is characterized by minimum sea surface temperature (25.5°C), minimum sea level height (0.55 m), and maximum chlorophyll-a (4.73 mg/m3). Another feature is the exposure of 25˚C isotherm and 34 PSU isohaline on the surface in the southeast monsoon. The upwelling index based on temperature is 1.22˚C. For ten years trend, SPL increases by 0.0098 °C, isotherm depth of 25 °C decreases by -1.96605 m, salinity decreases by -0.01588 PSU, and TPL decreases by -0.01468 m per year.
Keyword: Upwelling, INDESO Model, ITF, Ekman Transport, South of Makassar Strait

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular