Judul: Economic Analysis of Smallholder Rubber Agroforestry System Efficiency in Jambi Indonesia
Abstrak: The objectives of this research were; (1) to analyze production efficiency and profitability of smallholder rubber monoculture and smallholder rubber agroforestry systems, and (2) to find out the effects of policy distortions towards rubber production under smallholder monoculture and smallholder agroforestry. Smallholders are not only judged by yield per hectare; economic efficiency is not only a matter of returns to land and returns to labor but smallholders can adopt low input strategy, continue making profits at prices that would be economically viable. Such flexibility offers the possibility of efficient resource allocation in response to diversification of economic opportunities. The Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) with the Domestic Resource Cost (DRC) results under the baseline scenario indicated that the use of domestic resources in production of rubber was efficient and socially profitable under the two systems but more desirable under monoculture system given the current prices for physical inputs, outputs, technologies and policy transfer. However, even with sensitivity analysis of 10% increase in the price of rubber holding other factors constant does not make rubber agroforestry system more efficient than its counterpart and a 20% fall in price of rubber made rubber production under agroforestry system less efficient and undesirable. All measures are compared to the alternative policy indicators currently used. Therefore, recommendations made from this study relate to the need for diversification into better practices that can sustain efficient rubber production under the agroforestry system, encouraging private sector participation and reducing disincentives to rubber production.
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Judul: The marketing system of rubber smallholders in Jambi Province with Structure, Conduct, Performance (SCP) Approachment
Abstrak: Rubber is the main commodity from Jambi Province. Most (80%) of rubber plantation is smallholders plantation. Most (95%) of rubber production is exported to the world market. In the rubber market, increased price at exporters level is not followed by farmers level. However, the high price of rubber at the world level has not been transmitted by the rubber farmers in Jambi Province. It is shown from the volatility of rubber prices during the year 2008 to the year 2013, the increase in the price level of crumb rubber factory (exporters) are large enough not followed by an increase in the price of farm level. The fundamental problem for majority of rubber farmers in Jambi Province is weak bargaining position of farmers in the pricing process. Market condition will affect the behavior of a marketing agency and the determination of price. However, how to respond and how fast the price changes which are responded by marketing agencies will be identified through analysis of market performance. Based on these problems, it is necessary to smallholder rubber marketing system analysis approach to structure, conduct, performace (SCP). The aims of this study are to 1) analyze the market structure of rubber smallholders in Jambi Province, 2) describe the market conduct of rubber smallholders in Jambi Province, 3) analyze the market performance of rubber smallholders in Jambi Province. The analysis used are the descriptive and quantitative analysis of SCP approachment. Quantitative data processing use software Microsoft Excel 2007 and Eviews 6. The analysis showed that the market structure that faced by rubber farmers in Jambi Province is oligopsonistic. This is caused the market condition at the exporters level was concentrated with a small level of competition (CR4 = 75.70 %). The amount of market power possessed crumb rubber plant will affect the behavior of a marketing agency in the lower level shown in the behavior of the market (market conduct). Institution and practices of marketing function involved are farmers, village collectors, subdistrict collectors, province trader, rubber auction market and crumb rubber factory (exporters). The marketing function is exchange function, physical function and facilities function. Rubber marketing channel in Jambi Province consist of 5 channels. The first channel is farmer-rubber auction market-crumb rubber factory (exporters). The second is farmer-village collectorrubber auction market-crumb rubber factory (exporters). The third is farmervillage collector-province trader-crumb rubber factory (exporters). The fourth is farmer-sub district collector-province trader-crumb rubber factory (exporters) and the fifth channel is farmer-crumb rubber factory (exporters). Dependence of farmers on the collector due to the limmitations of the farmer in gainning access to market information and financial source. This causes weak bargaining position of farmers in the pricing process. Conditions of oligopsony market structure is faced by farmers and the weak bargaining position of farmers in pricing process will affect the performance of the market. It it proved by the share price of rubber received by farmer still low (< 60%) with relatively high margin. This condition is caused by dependence of farmers to collector and limited facilities and infrastructure owned by farmers with the result that all of farmers
Keyword: marketing system, rubber smallholders, market structure, market conduct, market performance, the price

Judul: Studi Kasus Liver Neoplasia pada Anjing Shih Tzu
Abstrak: Liver neoplasia is the excessive and uncontrolled replication of hepatocytes that forms nodules visible in ultrasonography. The purpose of this study is to study and discuss the characteristic, diagnosis and treatment of liver neoplasm through the interpretation of ultrasonography and hematology in a Shih Tzu dog. Ultrasonography is conducted with a Chison Q8 ultrasound machine with a 5 to 7 MHz frequency convex probe on lateral recumbency. The blood cells, liver enzymes and nodules sizes were the main parameters in this study. The results in the period of three years from 2021 to 2023 were interpreted and supported with secondary data sources. The Shih Tzu dog is 14 years old in the year 2023 with a body weight of 5.21kg. No obvious clinical signs were observed during previous examinations. However, lethargy, vomiting and anorexia were recorded in its latest examination. Thrombocytosis, granulocytosis, high liver enzymes and hypoglycemia, which are some of the neoplastic clinical manifestations were also presented by this patient. Besides, liver neoplasm, spleen neoplasm and biliary sludge were the sonogram findings of this patient. The liver and spleen neoplasm was observed stable, while the biliary sludge volume fluctuated. The treatment strategy recorded is Ondansetron, Samylin®, Ornipural and Ursodeoxycholic acid.
Keyword: Blood biochemistry profile, Hematology, Liver Neoplasia, Shih Tzu, Ultrasonography