Judul: Combination of Moringa oleifera L. Extract and Effective Microorganisms-4 in Drinking Water on the Physical Quality of Coturnix coturnix japonica Eggs
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak Moringa oleifera L. dan Effective microorganisms-4 dalam air minum terhadap kualitas fisik telur puyuh. Penelitian ini menggunakan 150 ekor puyuh betina berumur 5 minggu yang ditempatkan di kandang koloni dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) terdiri dari 3 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. P1: 65 ml air minum tanpa kombinasi ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 ekor-1 hari-1; P2: 63 ml air minum dengan 2 ml kombinasi ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 ekor-1 hari-1; P3: 61 ml air minum dengan 4 ml kombinasi ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 ekor-1 hari-1. Peubah yang diamati adalah kualitas eksterior telur (bobot dan indeks telur) dan kualitas interior telur (bobot dan presentase putih, kuning dan kerabang telur, tebal kerabang, skor warna kuning telur, dan haugh unit). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian 2 ml dan 4 ml kombinasi ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 dalam air minum berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) meningkatkan bobot utuh, bobot putih, bobot kuning, bobot kerabang, dan skor warna kuning telur tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) pada indeks telur, persentase putih, persentase kuning, persentase kerabang, tebal kerabang dan haugh unit. Pemberian 2 ml dan 4 ml kombinasi ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 dalam air minum dapat meningkatkan bobot utuh, bobot putih, bobot kuning, bobot kerabang, dan skor warna kuning telur tetapi tidak berdampak pada indeks telur, persentase putih, persentase kuning, persentase kerabang, tebal kerabang dan haugh unit telur puyuh, namun masih dalam kisaran normal., This study aimed to analyse the effect of giving a combination of Moringa oleifera L. extract and Effective microorganisms-4 in drinking water on the physical quality of quail eggs. This study used 150 female quails aged 5 weeks placed in colony cages with a complete randomized design (CRD) consisting of 3 treatments and 5 replicates. P0: 65 ml of drinking water without a combination of moringa extract and EM-4 bird-1 day-1, P1: 63 ml of drinking water with 2 ml of moringa extract and EM-4 bird -1 day-1, P2: 61 ml of drinking water with 4 ml of moringa extract and EM-4 bird -1 day-1. The observed variables were exterior egg quality (egg weight and egg index) and interior egg quality (weight and percentage of albumen, yolk and shell, shell thickness, yolk colour score, and haugh unit). The results of this study showed that the administration of 2 ml and 4 ml of a combination of moringa leaf extract and EM-4 in drinking water had a significant effect (P<0.05) on increasing whole egg weight, albumen weight, yolk weight, shell weight, and yolk colour score but had no significant effect (P>0.05) on egg index, albumen percentage, yolk percentage, shell percentage, shell thickness and haugh unit. Giving 2 ml and 4 ml of a combination of moringa leaf extract and EM-4 in drinking water can increase whole weight, white weight, yellow weight, shell weight, and yolk colour score but has no impact on egg index, white percentage, yellow percentage, shell percentage, shell thickness and haugh unit of quail eggs, but still within the normal range.
Keyword: EM-4, moringa leaf extract, physical quality of eggs, quail

Judul: Application of Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract and EM-4 in Drinking Water on the Reduction of Ammonia Levels in Laying Quail Excreta
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efek pemberian ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 terhadap penurunan kadar amonia ekskreta puyuh petelur serta hubungan antar peubah yang diamati. Sebanyak 150 ekor puyuh betina dipelihara dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari P0 = Tanpa ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 dalam air minum ekor-1 hari-1 (kontrol), P1 = Penambahan 2 ml ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 ekor-1 hari-1, P2 = Penambahan 4 ml ekstrak daun kelor dan EM-4 ekor-1 hari-1. Peubah yang diukur meliputi kadar amonia (NH3), protein kasar, nitrogen, kadar air, dan pH ekskreta. Data dianalisis dengan uji ragam (ANOVA) dan uji Duncan bila hasil ANOVA signifikan, serta analisis korelasi Pearson untuk hubungan antar peubah. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi ekstrak dan EM-4 tidak berpengaruh signifikan (P>0,05) terhadap kadar amonia (NH3), kadar air, dan pH ekskreta. Kombinasi ini secara signifikan menurunkan (P<0,05) kadar protein kasar dan nitrogen ekskreta pada perlakuan P1. Amonia ekskreta berkorelasi sangat kuat dengan kadar air dan pH ekskreta (r = 0,87 dan r = 0,92). Kadar protein kasar berkorelasi sempurna dengan kadar nitrogen ekskreta (r = 1,00), dan kadar air ekskreta berkorelasi sangat kuat dengan pH ekskreta (r = 0,96)., This study aimed to analyze the effects of providing Moringa leaf extract and EM-4 on the reduction of ammonia levels in layer quail excreta and the relationship between the observed variables. A total of 150 female quails were raised in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 5 replicates. The treatments were: P0 = Moringa leaf extract and EM-4 in drinking water bird-1 day-1 (control), P1 = Addition of 2 ml of Moringa leaf extract and EM-4 in drinking water bird-1 day-1, and P2 = Addition of 4 ml of Moringa leaf extract and EM-4 in drinking water bird-1 day-1. Variables measured included ammonia (NH3) content, crude protein, nitrogen, water content, and excreta pH. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test if ANOVA results were significant, and Pearson correlation analysis for the relationship between variables. Results showed the combination of extract and EM-4 didn’t significantly affect (P>0.05) ammonia (NH3) content, water content, and excreta pH. This combination significantly decreased (P<0.05) crude protein and nitrogen content of excreta in treatment P1. Excreta ammonia was strongly correlated with water content and excreta pH (r = 0.87 and r = 0.92). Crude protein content was perfectly correlated with nitrogen content of excreta (r = 1.00), and water content of excreta was strongly correlated with excreta pH (r = 0.96).
Keyword: moringa leaf extract, Ammonia excreta, EM-4, layer quail

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh.
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. ,,,
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular.