Judul: Ekspresi Gen Protease Bacillus pumilus Y1 dalam Escherichia coli DH5alfa : Orientasi Gen dan Pengaruh Penambahan IPTG (Isopropilthiogalaktosida)
Abstrak: Bacillus pumilus Y1 yang diisolasi dari limbah cair tahu di Indonesia diketahui menghasilkan protease s e ~ p asu btilisin (Likumahwa, 1993; Ristiarini, 1996). Gen penghasil protease serupa subtilisin berukuran 3 kilo pasangbasa (kb) telah dicoba diklon dari B. pwnilus Y1 ke &lam Escherichia coli DH5a (Naibaho, 1997). Gen baukwan 3 kb tersebut dipotong dengan enzim restriksi EcoRI, diligasikan pada vektor pUC19, dan ditransformasikan ke &lam E. coli DH5a. Plasmid rekombinan yang dihasiikan disebut pBN1. Ekspresi protease dari pBNl temyata tidak sebaik protease asalnya. Untuk itu, dilakukan penelitian untuk mempelajari orientasi gen dan pengaruh penambahan IPTG (isopropilthiogalaktosida) terhadap ekspresi gen tersebut, dengan harap akan memperbaiki ekspresi dan meningkatkan produksi enzimnya.
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Judul: engklonan Gen Protease Serupa Subtilisin dari Bacillus pumilus YI ke dalam Escherichia coli DH5a,
Abstrak: Studi pelacakan dengan menggunakan gen kimotripsin dari fragmen BamHl plasmid pJB, diperoleh hasil bahwa tidak satupun Bacillus sp. yang diisolasi dari Indonesia, termasuk Bacillus pumilus YI, memiliki gen penyandi serupa kimotripsin. Ristiarini (1996) telah melokalisir gen penyandi enzim protease serupa subtilisin pada Bacillus pumilus YI dengan menggunakan metode hibridisasi southern. Gen serupa subtilisin tersebut terdapat pada fragmen DNA genom hasil digesti EcoRI yang berukuran 3 kb. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengklonan gen penyandi enzim serupa subtilisin ke dalam Escherichia coli DH5a dengan menggunakan vektor pUC 19. Dari hasil pengklonan diperoleh beberapa koloni putih., yang setelah direplika pada media yang mengandung skim (skim milk agar ) diperoleh empat koloni putih yang menghasilkan halo yang tipis setelah diinkubasi selama 4 hari pada suhu 37°C. Hasil verifikasi plasmid diperoleh adanya beberapa DNA sisipan (insert) dengan ukuran yang berbeda, yaitu 0.3 kb, 0,9 kb, 1,5 kb, 2.4 kb, 2,6 kb, 2, 7 kb, dan 3,0 kb. Plasmid-plasmid rekombinan ini dilµbridisasi dengan menggunakan pelacak gen subtilisin dari fragmen .&oRI plasmid pPT30. Dua dari plasmid rekombinan ini menghasilkan signal positif dengan ukuran 2.4 kb, 2.6 kb, dan dua plasmid rekombinan lainnya berukuran hampir sama yaitu 3 kb. Dengan demikian gen penyandi enzim protease serupa subtilisin dari Bacillus pumi/us YI telah terklon dan plasmid rekombinannya berturut-turut disebut : pBNI, pBN2, pBN3, dan pBN4. Selama pertumbuhan pada Luria broth pada suhu 37°C, E. coli rekombinan rnenghasilkan aktivitas protease tertinggi yaitu 0.2307 U/ml setelah 15 jam fermentasi, dan secara umum protease yang dihasilkan bersifat sensitif terhadap PMSF.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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