Judul: Efisiensi produksi dan perilaku petani terhadap risiko produktivitas cabai merah di Provinsi Jawa Tengah
Abstrak: Red chili is considered to have high economic-value. Some of main problems in red chili farm business in the Central Java Province are the decrease of harvested area, low yield, fluctuating production, and unstable selling price. This study aims to analyze technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies, and farmers’ behavior that deals with the risks of yield and selling price. The model that used to estimate productitvity, productivity risk, and inefficiency function of the translog production functions frontier model with error heroscedastic. Average value of technical efficiency (TE) of large cayenne pepper and red chilli pepper are 0.84 and 0.93, respectively. The estimation results of allocative efficiency (AE) of farm large cayenne pepper and red chilli pepper are 0.61 and 0.61, respectively. The estimation results of economic efficiency (EE) of large cayenne pepper and red chilli pepper 0.51 and 0.57, respectively. Several socio-economic factors that affect the decrease of technical inefficiency of red chili are : (1) ratio of farm size of large red chili farming to total land area, (2) ratio of income from red chili farming to the total income of the households, (3) total household income, (4) formal education of household head, and (5) experience of household head in red chilli pepper farming. The large cayenne pepper farmers’ behavior on yield is risk neutral, while their behavior on selling price was risk averse. The farmers behavior of red chili pepper on the risk of yield was risk neutral, but the farmers’ behavior on selling price was risk takers. Policy implications to improve the efficiency of production and encourage farmers to become risk takers as the following : (1) at the available technology, the efforts focused on increasing TE which target farmer groups with low to moderate TE, (2) optimizing the use of production inputs, (3) agricultural extension especially red chili commodity must be truly innovative and specific-location, (4) the transformation of factor-driven to investment-driven, and then to farm innovation-driven, and (5) institutional strengthening of farmer groups, build institutional partnerships business, and develop agricultural insurance.
Keyword: Central Java

Judul: Technical Efficiency Analysis of Red Chili Farming in Kecamatan Tanjung Raya, Kabupaten Agam, West Sumatra
Abstrak: Cabai merah merupakan salah satu komoditas hortikultura penting di Indonesia. Salah satu provinsi penghasil cabai merah terbesar di Indonesia adalah Sumatera Barat dengan Kabupaten Agam sebagai kabupaten sentra produksinya. Kecamatan Tanjung Raya merupakan kecamatan di Kabupaten Agam yang mengalami penurunan produktivitas pada tahun 2021. Hal tersebut diduga karena petani cabai merah belum efisien secara teknis dalam mengusahakan usahataninya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tingkat efisiensi teknis serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi efisiensi teknis usahatani cabai merah di Kecamatan Tanjung Raya. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel sebanyak 56 petani responden. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah Stochastik Frontier Cobb-Douglas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa petani cabai merah di Kecamatan Tanjung Raya rata-rata sudah efisien secara teknis dengan rata-rata tingkat efisiensi sebesar 0,921. Faktor yang berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap produksi cabai merah di Kecamatan Tanjung Raya adalah luas lahan, kapur dolomit, pupuk kandang, tenaga kerja dalam keluarga dan tenaga kerja luar keluarga. Faktor sosial ekonomi yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi teknis pada usahatani cabai merah adalah pengalaman berusahatani., West Sumatera is the fourth largest production of red chilli, one of a important horticultural commodity in Indonesia. The productivity of chilli production center in West Sumatera, Kecamatan Tanjung Raya, Kabupaten Agam, decreased in 2021. Lead to a concern that the red chilli farmers in Kecamatan Tanjung Raya are not technically efficient. Therefore this study aimed to analyze the level of technical efficiency and the factors that influence the technical efficiency and the factors that influence the technically efficiency of red chilli farming in Kecamatan Tanjung Raya. Occupied a sample of 56 respondent farmers. The Stochastic Frontier Cobb-Douglas analysis reveals that it is a false conjecture. The red chilli farmers in Kecamatan Tanjung Raya were technically efficient with an average efficiency level of 0,921. Factors that significantly have a positive effect on red chilli production in Kecamatan Tanjung are land, dolomite lime, manure and number of family labor and labor. Farming experience is a socio-economic factor that have a significant positive effect on technical efficiency red chilli farming.
Keyword: Cabai Merah, efisiensi teknis, stochastic frontier

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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