Judul: The Sustainability of External Debt Indonesia
Abstrak: Selama enam belas tahun terakhir, rasio utang luar negeri terhadap ekspor Indonesia meningkat signifikan, sehingga mengindikasikan bahwa kemampuan Indonesia dalam membayar kembali utang luar negeri melalui penerimaan dari ekspor semakin rendah. Penelitian ini meneliti keberlanjutan utang luar negeri di Indonesia menggunakan dua model yaitu Intertemporal Budget Constraint dan External Budget Sustainability Carneiro Model. Menggunakan data dari tahun 2004 hingga 2020 secara kuartalan dan diestimasi dengan melakukan pendekatan ekonometrika time series, kajian menunjukan bahwa berdasarkan model Intertemporal Budget Constraint dan External Budget Sustainability Carneiro Model utang luar negeri di Indonesia tidak berkelanjutan pada periode yang diuji., Over past sixteen years, external debt to export ratio in Indonesia has significantly increased and indicates that ability to external debt repayments through export earnings is declined. This study examines the sustainability of external debt in Indonesia mainly using two models, Intertemporal Budget Constraint and External Budget Sustainability Carneiro Model. Using data from 2004 to 2020 on a quarter basis and estimated by using econometric approach time series, the study shows that based on the theory, Intertemporal Budget Constraint and External Budget Sustainability Carneiro Model external debt in Indonesia was not sustainable in the period under tested.
Keyword: External debt, Intertemporal Budget Constraint, sustainability analysis

Judul: Analisis Keberlanjutan Utang Luar Negeri Pemerintah dan Kebijakan Nilai Tukar Pada Empat Negara ASEAN
Abstrak: The behavior of government external debt and exchange rate policies in ASEAN countries has recently became critical in determining future economy and avoiding debt crisis. As we know recently in ASEAN, there is sizeable motion of government external debt as an impact of the current account fluctuation. This study presents thorough empirical analysis of the sustainability of government external debt, together with exchange rate and other macroeconomic variables using time series econometric models based on government inter-temporal budget constraint. The empirical results point to the same outcome, in case for four ASEAN countries, those are Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand. The results show that government external debt is not sustainable and the exchange rate policies is sustainable. Furthermore, whole four countries has successfully transformed into managed floating exchange rate policies. This policies will make the potential negative spillover effects on the unsustainability of government external debt appears be insignificant.
Keyword: sustainability, government external debt, exchange rate policies, ASEAN

Judul: Penentuan Jenis Kelamin pada Kelas Aves Menggunakan Metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Abstrak: Many avian species are sexually monomorphic. In this case, molecular approach is an efficient method for sex determination. The sexes of monomorphic avians can be determined by PCR amplification of the CHD genes. CHD genes are preserved within avian Z and W sex chromosomes. The objective of this research was to determine sex of chickens, quails, ducks, pigeons, hill myna, salmon-crested cockatoos, and yellow-crested cockatoos based on CHD gene using primer 2550F and 2718R. PCR products were screened by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis with Ethidium Bromide. According to the results 10 males and 11 females were determined from 21 specimens of avians. Individuals showed double (ZW) and single (ZZ) bands were identified as females and males, respectively in chickens, quails, hill myna, salmon-crested cockatoos and yellow-crested cockatoos. Males and females in ducks and pigeons showed single band in different length of basepairs.
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