Judul: Produksi Poektinase oleh Aspergillus sp. melalui Fermentasi Media Padat Kulit Buah Kakao dan Srudi Awal Aplikasinya pada Proses Fermentasi Biji Kakao
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memproduksi enzin pektinase dari Aspergillus sp. melalui fermentasi media padat kulit buah kakao, serta mempelajari penerapannya pada proses fermentasi biji kakao dalam skala kecil. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap. Pada Tahap I dilakukan produksi enzim pektinase dengan melihat pengaruh jenis kapang, penambahan mineral dan sumber nitrogen terhadap aktivitas enzim pektinase yang dihasilkan dan waktu fermentasi optimum. Kapang yang digunakan adalah Aspergillus oryzae L45 dan Aspergillus niger L51. Mineral-mineral yang ditambahkan adalah mineral I dan mineral 11. Mineral I terdiri dari NaH2P04, KCL, CaC12 dan MgCL2 dengan konsentrasi masing-masing 4,7 % , 0,l i, 0,02 % dan 0,02 %. Mineral I1 terdiri dari ZnS04.7H20, FeS04.7H20, CuS04 dengan konsentrasi masing-masiny 0,0067 %, 0,0067 % dan 0,00067 %. Sumber nitrogen yang ditambahkan adalah urea dengan taraf 1,5 , 3 , O W a n 4,5 %, amonium nitrat dengan taraf 1,5 %, 3,0 % dan 4,5 ' k , dan dedak padi dengan taraf 1 %, 2 % dan 3 %. Pada Tahap I1 dilakukan penerapan pektinase mikroba pada proses fermentasi biji kakao dan membandingkannya dengan proses fermentasi yang dilakukan secara alami, dengan penambahan laru tape dan dengan penambahan enzim pektinase komersil Ultrazym-100. Pektinase mikroba yang digunakan, diproduksi dari perlakuan yang memberikan aktivitas tertinggi dan dengan waktu fermentasi optimumnya, serta diterapkan dengan taraf 50,l Unit dan 4,5 Unit. Parameter yang diamati adalah suhu tumpukan biji kakao, pH pulp, pH kotiledon biji kakao kering, kadar gula pereduksi, kadar asan amino bebas, kadar total polifenol dan kadar biji ungu.
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Judul: Kajian Kemampuan Produksi Pektinase (Poligalakturonase) oleh Aspergilus niger Hasil Isolasi dari perkebunan Kakao
Abstrak: Pektinase merupakan enzim ekstraseluler yang mampu mendegradasi senyawa pektin. Enzim ini terutama dimanfaatkan dalam industri jus buah-buahan dan sayuran, industri kembang gula serta dalam penqawetan kayu-kayu komersial . Pektinase dihasilkan secara alami oleh tanaman dan mikroorganisme. Produksi pektinase komersial umumnya mengqunakan Aspergillus niger karena jenis kapang ini termasuk golongan GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe). Hasil beberapa penelitian menunjukkan bahwa A. niger merupakan penghasil pektinase yang potensial.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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