Judul: Conservation Genetics of Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii)
Abstrak: Sumatran orangutan orangutans (Pongo abelii ) are one of the 25 critically endangered species in the world, endemic to Indonesia. As opposed to orangutanorangutans in Borneo, studies about population and conservation genetics of orangut an species in Sumatra are still rare, although this species need needs more urgent attention due to its small er population size and drastic habitat loss. This study was designdesigned to establish the Sumatran orangutan orangutans’ population genetics database database, using sample co llections from almost all currently existing ha bitats. The study also combine combines the genetic information with its demographic historyhistory, to acknowledge their unique population s, le leading to the species species’ taxonomic classification and conservation units. This st udy was dividedivided into three topics topics, using three genetic markers (autosomal loci, hypervariable region I mitochondrial DNA and Y Y-chromosomechromosome), with different sample size sizes and methods approach. The genetic samples were collected from nine sampling locations in Aceh and North Sumatra. In the first studystudy, a combined analysis of the autosomal loci, evolutionary paternal and maternal lineages with the genetic diversity pattern over populations is clarify ing the Sumatran orangutan population genetics, defining the f our present population habitathabitats in the wild. In the second study, private alleles of specific location habitathabitats were observe observed using 28 autosomal loci to look up the allelic variation within and between populations. In the last study, 52 diagnostic of singl single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were spe cified from 20 haplotypes using the evolutionary matrilineal genetic marker as Sumatran orangutan populations “DNA fingerprinting”fingerprinting”. In general, t his study aims to help establish ing the Sumatran orangutan conservat ion units. A new taxonomic classification is recommendedrecommended, splitting population s from the north and south of Lake Toba into two evolutionary significant units (ESUs) or two subspecies , as well as specify ing three distinct population segments (DPSs; one in t he south and two in the north area of Lake Toba , the northern area of Lake Toba is divided by the large Alas River riverine barrierbarrier). In addition, it is aiming to provide important information on specific population s, to identify the origin of their indivi duals and to simplify the decision making on the re re-introduction program s. It also addresses the requirements by the “Strategi dan Rencana Aksi Konservasi Orangutan Indonesia periode 2007 2007-2017” (Conservation Strategy and Action Plan of Indonesian Orangutan, period 2007 – 2017)
Keyword: Key words: Sumatran orangutan, population genetic, conservation unit, private alleles, diagnostic SNPs SNPs.

Judul: Captive Breeding Management and Animal Welfare Level of Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) in Taman Safari Indonesia Bogor
Abstrak: Orangutan sumatera (Pongo abelii) merupakan salah satu satwa dilindungi dan dikategorikan sebagai satwa yang terancam punah (Critically endangered). Keberadaan orangutan Sumatera terus terancam seiring bertambahnya konversi habitat, perburuan, dan perdagangan. Taman Safari Indonesia merupakan salah satu Lembaga yang melakukan konservasi dan pemanfaatan orangutan sumatera secara ex situ. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan teknik pemeliharaan, pemanfaatan orangutan sumatera, dan mengukur tingkat kesejahteraan orangutan sumatera. Penelitian dilaksanakan dengan metode observasi lapang dan wawancara. Perhitungan tingkat kesejahteraan satwa dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pembobotan nilai pada lima aspek kesejahteraan satwa. Teknik pemeliharaan pada aspek perkandangan, pakan, kesehatan, reproduksi, dan sumber daya manusia dilaksanakan dengan baik. Pemanfaatan orangutan sumatera yaitu sebagai objek wisata. Tingkat kesejahteraan orangutan sumatera di Taman Safari Indonesia Bogor termasuk kedalam kategori sangat baik, dengan nilai kesejahteraan sebesar 94,49 menurut pengelola dan sebesar 90,78 menurut peneliti., Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is a protected primate and categorized as a Critically Endangered species. The existence of the sumatran orangutan is seriously threatened due to habitat conversion, hunting, and trading. Taman Safari Indonesia is one of the institutions that carries out ex situ conservation and utilization of Sumatran orangutans. This research aims to describe the captive breeding management techniques, utilization of Sumatran orangutan, and measure the animal welfare of sumatran orangutans. The methods used were direct observation and interview methods. The animal welfare scores were calculated by the value of the five domains of animal welfare. Captive breeding management in the aspects of housing, feed, health, reproduction and human resources are implemented well. The use of Sumatran orangutans is as a tourist attraction. The level of sumatran orangutans welfare in Taman Safari Indonesia Bogor is classified as a very good category, with a welfare score of 94,49 according to the management and a welfare score of 90,78 according to the researcher.
Keyword: Orangutan Sumatera, Teknik Pemeliharaan, Tingkat Kesejahteraan Satwa

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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