Judul: Literature Study of Carbohydrase and Phytase Enzymes as Antibiotic Growth Promoter Substitutions in Broiler Chickens
Abstrak: Penggunaan Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) pada pakan cenderung memberikan dampak negatif bagi kesehatan masyarakat. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, beberapa enzim sudah diteliti sebagai pengganti AGP untuk memberikan efek yang sama tanpa memberikan efek negatif. Studi ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas enzim karbohidrase dan fitase yang dapat dijadikan substitusi AGP pada ayam broiler. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian menggunakan situs pencarian karya ilmiah seperti “Google Scholar” dan “ScienceDirect”. Data yang diperoleh dari metode penelusuran tersebut, masing-masing sebanyak tujuh enzim karbohidrase dan fitase. Berdasarkan studi pustaka yang dilakukan, efek yang diberikan enzim karbohidrase diantaranya meningkatkan performa dan menurunkan viskositas pencernaan serta memperbaiki penampilan ayam broiler berumur muda. Selain itu, enzim fitase menimbulkan adanya peningkatan performa dengan pemanfaatan fosfor yang baik pada ayam broiler., The use of Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) in feed tends to have a negative impact on public health. Based on this, several enzymes have been studied as substitutes for AGP to give the same effect without having negative effects. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of carbohydrase and phytase enzymes which can be used as AGP substitution in broiler chickens. The method used in this research is using scientific paper search sites such as "Google Scholar" and "ScienceDirect". The data obtained from the tracing method consisted of seven carbohydrase and phytase enzymes respectively. Based on the literature study conducted, the effects of carbohydrase enzymes include increasing performance and reducing digestive viscosity as well as improving the appearance of young broilers. In addition, phytase enzymes lead to an increase in performance with good phosphorus utilization in broiler chickens.
Keyword: AGP, ayam broiler, fitase, karbohidrase, performa, AGP, broiler chickens, carbohydrase, performance, phytase

Judul: Literature Study of Adding Alternative of Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Broiler Chicken Productivity
Abstrak: Ayam broiler merupakan salah satu produk pangan yang umum dikonsumsi masyarakat Indonesia. Salah satu hal yang dilakukan untuk menjaga tingginya produktivitas ayam broiler adalah dengan menggunakan bahan imbuhan pakan Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP), namun penggunaannya telah dilarang oleh pemerintah Indonesia karena dapat menyebabkan penyebaran bakteri patogen yang kebal obat dari ternak ke manusia. Banyak Kajian telah dilakukan untuk mencari alternatif AGP, dalam studi ini yang akan dikaji adalah sinbiotik, kunyit, temu ireng, jahe merah, Chitosan oligosaccharide dan L-Arginine. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah literature review, dengan tujuan menyampaikan hasil bahan-bahan pengganti AGP tersebut terhadap pertambahan bobot badan dan rasio konversi ransum ayam broiler dengan menyampaikan kembali serta menginterpretasikan hasil kajian-kajian terkait. Bahan-bahan yang telah dikaji menunjukkan bahwa beberapa bahan pengganti AGP yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol, bahkan perlakuan kontrol positif-nya.
Keyword: Antibiotic growth promotor, ayam broiler, rasio konversi ransum, pertambahan bobot badan, Antibiotic growth promotor, body weight gain, broiler chicken, feed conversion ratio

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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