Judul: Pengaruh Glukosa. Fruktosa. Sukrosa, Sorbitol Dan Aspartam Terhadap Pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans Dan Produksi Dekstran
Abstrak: Makanan diperlukan tubuh untuk pertukaran zat, pertumbuhan dan pemeliharaan dari semua fungsi anggota tubuh.. Makanan zaman sekarang sebagian sudah mengalami proses hidrolisis, sehingga lebih menguJrtungkan bakteri dalam mulut. Pengaruh bahan gula terhadap karies gigi dan kelainan periodontal sangat ditentukan oleh kondisi mulut. Polisakarida ekstraseluler akan membentuk. plak gigi bila terdapat mikroorganisme dalam mulut. Pembentukan plak dan pembentukan asam berlangsung setiap kali mengkonsumsi gula dan selama gula tersebut berada daIam mulut. Resiko pembentukan plak: dan pembentukan asam ditentukan oleh frekuensi konsumsi gula bukan oleh banyaknya gula yang dimakan. Streptococcus mulans ditumbuhkan pada media streptococcal selektif broth yang ditambahkan glukosa, fruktosa, sukrosa, sorbito~ dan aspartam. Konsentrasi pemanis ini disamakan tingkat kemanisannya dengan sukrosa 5%. Pertumbuhan Streptococcus mulans, anaIisis dek.stran dan dekstransukrase diukur setiap 4 jam sekaJi sampai 64 jam kemudian dilakukan karakterisasi aktivitas dekstransukrase pada waktu optimum terhadap pH, suhu. dan larutan guam logam. Pertumbuhan Streptococcus mu/ems tinggi pada media fermentasi yang mengandung fruktosa sedangkan produksi dekstran dan dekstransukrase dihasilkan paling baik pada media fermentasi yang mengandung sukrosa. Dekstransukrase optimum pada pH 5,0 - 6,4 pada suhu 35 0c. Logam CaCh, NaCl, MgS04, CoCh, FeCh, dan AgNO) dapat meningkatkan aktivitas dekstransukrase sedangkan Na2CO), CUS04, dan HgCh menurunkan aktivitas dek:stransukrase
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Judul: Potensi Antibakteri Campuran Propolis Trigona spp dan Garam  Kelapa Terhadap Streptococcus mutans
Abstrak: Karies gigi merupakan masalah kesehatan yang umum terjadi di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia. Faktor yang paling banyak menyebabkan karies gigi adalah plak gigi. Bakteri yang dominan dalam plak gigi adalah Streptococcus mutans. Salah satu bahan antibakteri kariogenik yang biasa dipakai dalam pasta gigi saat ini adalah fluor. Penggunaan pasta gigi berfluor dapat menimbulkan fluorosis yaitu pelemahan email gigi bila dipakai dalam konsentrasi yang berlebihan. Propolis dan garam kelapa merupakan bahan alami yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri pengganti fluor. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri dari campuran propolis dan garam kelapa dan membandingkan keefektifannya dengan antibakteri NaF yang terdapat dalam pasta gigi komersial. Uji aktivitas antibakteri S. mutans dilakukan dengan metode hitungan cawan yaitu penghitungan jumlah bakteri yang tumbuh di media sampel dalam cawan petri. Propolis kasar diekstrak dengan alkohol 70% dan didapatkan rendemen sebesar 8.52%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa campuran propolis 6.25% dan garam kelapa 1 M mempunyai kemampuan paling besar sebagai antibakteri dan dapat menghambat S. mutans lebih baik daripada NaF 0.3%. Keefektifan campuran tersebut terhadap NaF 0.3% sebesar 203.88%.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite