Judul: Studi Pustaka Karakteristik dan Aplikasi Enzim Protease dari Berbagai Tanaman Sebagai Pengempuk Daging
Abstrak: Daging merupakan salah satu komoditi peternakan yang dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan zat gizi. Kualitas fisik daging merupakan acuan konsumen dalam membeli daging, salah satunya adalah keempukan. Salah satu cara untuk meningkatkan keempukan daging adalah dengan enzim. Ketersediaan enzim protease masih terbatas, sementara pemakaian enzim protease bagi industri terus meningkat, oleh karena itu perlu dicari sumber-sumber enzim protease baru dari tanaman pangan maupun tanaman nonpangan, seperti tanaman biduri (Calotropis gigantea), tanaman kolon susu (Calotropis procera), tanaman buah kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa), dan tanaman buah tin (Ficus carica L.). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis jenis, aktivitas, dan potensi enzim protease dari tanaman tersebut. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan studi literatur dari jurnal nasional, internasional, dan buku yang berkaitan dalam rentang waktu 10 tahun terakhir. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan enzim protease dari tanaman-tanaman tersebut berpotensi sebagai pengempuk daging. Enzim protease fisin dari tanaman buah tin (Ficus carica L.) aman digunakan karena telah diakui aman oleh FDA (Food and Drug Administration). Enzim protease dari tanaman biduri (Calotropis gigantea) dan tanaman kolon susu (Calotropis procera) lebih efisien ditinjau dari ketersediaan bahan baku dan biaya.
Keyword: Actinidia, Calotropis, daging, enzim protease, Ficus

Judul: Potensi protease bacillus subtilis natto sebagai pengempuk daging
Abstrak: Kualitas daging yang akan dikonsumsi dapat ditingkatkan dengan pemberian enzim protease. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengemupkan daging sapi dengan menggunakan enzim protease dari B subtilis natto (B.natto). Tahap tahap penelitiannya adalah isolasi B. natto kemudian produksi protease dan dilanjutkan pengukuran keempukan daging. Pemberian protease pada daging dilakukan secara postmortem dengan menyuntikkan sebanyak 0.5 ml protease pada daging dengan berat 25 g. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi dan waktu inkubasi dalam pengempukkan daging dilakukan serangkaian percobaan, variasi konsentrasi enzim adalah 1/3 konsentrasi enzim semula, 2/3 konsentrasi enzim semula, enzim dengan konsentrasi utuh dan enzim yang terdenaturasi; waktu inkubasi yang dilihat adalah 0, 20, 40, 60 menit. Keempukkan daging diukur menggunakan penetrometer modifikasi Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa B. natto yang ditumbuhkan dalam limbah cair tahu menghasilkan enzim protease ekstraseluler dengan aktivitas proteolitik sebesar 0.1567 unit. Keempukan daging sapi dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi dan waktu inkubasi. Nilai keempukkan terbaik didapatkan pada perlakuan enzim dengan konsentrasi utuh setelah diinkubasi selama 60 menit yaitu sebesar 8 mm/0.2 J. Aktivitas proteolitik enzim protease dari B natto memiliki kemampuan mengempukkan daging tidak berbeda nyata dengan papain komersial 2.5% yait u sebesar 7.25 mm/0.2 J dan 7.00 mm/0.2 J
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite