Judul: Analysis of the Contribution of SO2 and NOx as Precursors to PM2.5 Concentrations in Puncak and Baranangsiang
Abstrak: Pencemar partikulat halus berupa PM2.5 di atmosfer dikelompokkan menjadi partikel primer dan partikel sekunder. Pembentukan PM2.5 sekunder berasal dari reaksi kimia di atmosfer akibat adanya prekursor seperti SO2, NOx, dan VOC. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kontribusi SO2 dan NOx sebagai prekursor terhadap konsentrasi PM2.5 di wilayah Puncak dan Baranangsiang, Bogor. Wilayah Puncak dapat dianggap mewakili daerah rural, sedangkan Baranangsiang mewakili karakteristik sub-urban. Data yang digunakan adalah data konsentrasi PM2.5, NOx, NO, NO2, SO2, dan data curah hujan wilayah Puncak Bogor dan Baranangsiang. Data diolah menggunakan package openair pada perangkat lunak RStudio dan dianalisis menggunakan korelasi dan regresi linier. Hasil regresi linear berganda tahunan menunjukkan prekursor yang memiliki kontribusi lebih besar terhadap pembentukan PM2.5 di wilayah Puncak adalah NOx (R2 = 43,4%) sedangkan di Baranangsiang adalah SO2 (R2 = 8,6%). Pengaruh musim menunjukkan pada periode bulan kering konsentrasi PM2.5 beserta prekursornya lebih tinggi dibanding pada periode bulan basah. Berdasarkan nilai koefisien determinasi, kontribusi NOx terhadap pembentukan PM2.5 di wilayah Puncak lebih besar daripada SO2, sedangkan di wilayah Baranangsiang kontribusi SO2 lebih besar dibandingkan dengan NOx. Pengaruh prekursor baik SO2 dan NOx terhadap konsentrasi PM2.5 lebih terlihat di wilayah Puncak Bogor dibandingkan dengan wilayah Baranangsiang. Fluktuasi konsentrasi PM2.5 di wilayah Puncak dan Baranangsiang dipengaruhi oleh sumber emisi primer dan keberadaan prekursor. Perbedaan prekursor di Puncak Bogor dan Baranangsiang dapat disebabkan karena perbedaan kondisi wilayah dan lingkungan, sumber pencemar, serta faktor meteorologi yang berperan penting dalam proses pembentukan PM2.5 dari prekursor., Fine particulate pollutants in the form of PM2.5 in the atmosphere are grouped into primary particles and secondary particles. The formation of secondary PM2.5 comes from chemical reactions in the atmosphere due to the presence of precursors such as SO2, NOx, and VOC. This study aims to analyze the contribution of SO2 and NOx as precursors to PM2.5 concentrations in the Puncak and Baranangsiang areas, Bogor. Puncak area can be considered to represent rural areas, while Baranangsiang represents sub-urban characteristics. The data used are data on concentrations of PM2.5, NOx, NO, NO2, SO2, and rainfall data for the Puncak Bogor and Baranangsiang areas. Data were processed using the openair package on RStudio software and analyzed using correlation and linear regression. The annual multiple linear regression results show that the precursor that has a greater contribution to the formation of PM2.5 in the Puncak area is NOx (R2 = 43.4%) while in Baranangsiang it is SO2 (R2 = 8.6%). The influence of the season shows that in the dry months the concentration of PM2.5 and its precursors is higher than in the wet months. Based on the value of the coefficient of determination, the contribution of NOx to the formation of PM2.5 in the Puncak area is greater than that of SO2, while in the Baranangsiang area the contribution of SO2 is greater than that of NOx. The effect of both SO2 and NOx precursors on PM2.5 concentrations was more visible in the Puncak Bogor area compared to the Baranangsiang area. Fluctuations in PM2.5 concentrations in the Puncak and Baranangsiang areas are influenced by primary emission sources and the presence of precursors. Differences in
Keyword: meteorological factor, NOx, PM2.5, precursors, SO2

Judul: The Analysis if Rainfall Effect on Carbon Monoxide (CO) and
Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) Concentrations in the Puncak Bogor Area
Abstrak: Karbon monoksida (CO) dan Nitrogen Oksida (NOx) merupakan polutan yang sangat berbahaya bagi kesehatan manusia. Fluktuasi konsentrasi CO dan NOx tidak hanya dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas antropogenik tetapi faktor meteorologi seperti curah hujan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh curah hujan terhadap konsentrasi CO dan NOx, dengan studi kasus Puncak Bogor tahun 2019. Data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder curah hujan dan konsentrasi CO dan NOx diperoleh dari BMKG Citeko bekerjasama dengan NIES Jepang. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis data bulanan, harian, dan per menit. Hasil analisis data bulanan, curah hujan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penurunan konsentrasi CO (r = -0,725; p-value, Carbon monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) were pollutants that were very dangerous for human health. Fluctuations in CO and NOx concentrations are not only influenced by anthropogenic activities but meteorological factors such as rainfall. This research aims to analyze the effect of rainfall on CO and NOx concentrations, with a case study in Puncak Bogor in 2019. The data used in this study were rainfall, and CO and NOx concentrations secondary data obtained from BMKG Citeko in collaboration with NIES Japan. The data were analyzed in different time interval such as monthly, daily and minute. The results of monthly data analysis showed that rainfall has a significant effect on reducing CO concentrations (r = -0.725; p-value < 0.05), in contrast there was no significant effect on NOx concentrations (r = -0.531; p-value > 0.05). The results of daily data analysis showed that rainfall has an effect on reducing CO and NOx concentrations with a low level of correlation (r CO = -0.16 and r NOx = -0.17). The results of analysis of data per minute in certain periods of the wet month and dry season showed that rainfall has a significant effect on reducing CO and NOx concentrations, especially in the wet season. On the other hand, in the dry season, rainfall had a less significant effect on reducing CO and NOx concentrations. Based on analysis over the same time period, the average concentrations of CO and NOx were smaller when rain occurred than there were no rain occured. This showed that rainfall has an effect on reducing the concentration of CO and NOx pollutants in the Puncak Bogor area.
Keyword: curah hujan, Kualitas Udara, karbon monoksida, nitrogen oksida

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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