Judul: Potensi Antihipertensi Tanaman Obat Indonesia Keluarga Apocynaceae Melalui Kajian Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dan Aktivitas Antihipertensi
Abstrak: Hipertensi ditandai dengan peningkatan tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik yang spesifik. Secara farmakologis, hipertensi dapat dikurangi dengan penggunaan obat-obatan antihipertensi seperti kaptopril, lisinopril, enalpril, dan ramipril. Obat-obatan ini bekerja pada berbagai macam mekanisme antihipertensi khususnya inhibisi ACE. Pule pandak (Rauvolfia serpentina), tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus), dan pulai (Alstonia scholaris) merupakan tanaman dari keluarga Apocynaceae yang berpotensi sebagai alternatif pengobatan hipertensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan membandingkan kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder serta aktivitas antihipertensi dari ketiga tanaman dengan melakukan kajian pustaka dari berbagai literatur. Berdasarkan kajian literatur, uji fitokimia dilakukan menggunakan ekstrak ketiga tanaman untuk mengidentifikasi adanya kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berbeda-beda, antara lain alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, steroid, fenol, terpenoid, dan tanin. Alkaloid indol seperti reserpina, ajmalisin, dan resinamina diketahui berperan sebagai agen antihipertensi. Ketiga tanaman ini memiliki kemampuan hipotensif baik secara tradisional, in vitro, in vivo, dan uji klinis sehingga berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai obat antihipertensi. Kata kunci: Alstonia scholaris, antihipertensi, Catharanthus roseus, metabolit sekunder, Rauvolfia serpentina, Hypertension is characterized by increased in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Pharmacologically, hypertension can be reduced with antihypertensive drugs such as captopril, lisinopril, enalpril, and ramipril. Antihypertensive drugs can act on various mechanisms, especially ACE inhibition. Pule pandak (Rauvolfia serpentina), tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus), and pulai (Alstonia scholaris) belongs to the Apocynaceae family which are known as an alternative hypertension medication. This study aims to analyze and compare secondary metabolites and antihypertensive activity of the three plants by conducting a review from various literature. Based on literature review, phytochemical tests were carried out using these plants extracts to identify the presence of different secondary metabolite compounds, such as alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, steroid, phenol, terpenoid, and tannin. Indole alkaloids such as reserpine, ajmalicine, and rescinnamine are known to be an antihypertensive agents. These plants have a hypotensive ability by traditionally, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trial resulting in potential antihypertensive drugs. Keywords: Alstonia scholaris, antihypertension, Catharanthus roseus, Rauvolfia serpentina, secondary metabolite
Keyword: Alstonia scholaris, antihypertension, Catharanthus roseus, Rauvolfia serpentina, secondary metabolite

Judul: In Silico Screening of Active Compounds of Sembung  Leaves (Blumea balsamifera DC) as Antihypertensives
Abstrak: Hipertensi adalah perubahan struktural atau fungsional pada pembuluh darah arteri dan/atau organ yang disuplai, yang disebabkan oleh peningkatan tekanan darah. Hal ini terjadi karena angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) dapat meningkatkan tekanan darah dengan cara mengubah angiotensin I yang tidak aktif menjadi angiotensin II yang aktif. Kaptopril merupakan obat hipertensi yang dapat menghambat aktivitas ACE. Salah satu tanaman obat, yaitu daun sembung (Blumea balsamifera DC) merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi memiliki aktivitas sebagai antihipertensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi potensi senyawa aktif daun sembung dalam menghambat ACE melalui uji in silico berdasarkan parameter farmakodinamika dan farmakokinetika dengan menggunakan dua software penambatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Luteolin adalah ligan uji terbaik karena selain memiliki ΔG dan Ki yang rendah dari ligan kontrol, serta Kd yang lebih tinggi dari ligan kontrol. Luteolin teridentifikasi memiliki interaksi dengan Zn dan memiliki interaksi ikatan hidrogen pada sisi aktif, serta memenuhi kriteria dalam analisis Lipinski, ADME dan toksisitas. Oleh karena itu, senyawa ini relatif aman digunakan sebagai kandidat obat untuk pengobatan penyakit hipertensi., Hypertension is a structural or functional change in the arterial blood vessels and/or supplied organs caused by increased blood pressure. The change happens because angiotensin angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) can increase blood pressure by converting inactive angiotensin I to active angiotensin II. Captopril is a commercial hypertension drug that can inhibit ACE activity. One of the medicinal plants, namely sembung leaves (Blumea balsamifera DC) is a plant that can potentially have antihypertensive activity. This study aims to identify the potential of active compounds of sembung leaves in inhibiting ACE through an in silico test based on pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic parameters using two docking software. The results showed that Luteolin was the best test ligand because besides having lower ΔG and Ki than control ligands, and higher Kd than control ligands. Luteolin was identified to have interactions with Zn and hydrogen bond interactions at the active site, and met the criteria in the Lipinski, ADME, and toxicity analysis. Therefore, this compound is relatively safe to be used as a drug candidate for the treatment of hypertension.
Keyword: ACE, captopril, docking, hypertension, sembung leaves

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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