Judul: Impacts of Domestic Policies and External Factors on the Crude Palm Oil Producers’s and Consumer’s Welfare in Indonesia
Abstrak: Besides its promising prospect in the world market, crude palm oil (CPO) in Indonesia plays an important role to fulfill the need of domestic downstream industries (such as palm cooking oil, oleo chemical, margarine, soap, and biodiesel) for their input procurements. Broad changes in the structure of regional and global economy will affect production, consumption, and trade of CPO and palm cooking oil in Indonesian. The objectives of this study are to analyze the affecting factors of supply and demand for CPO in domestic and world markets and to evaluate (2003-2007) and to forecast (2012-2016) the impact of domestic policies and external factors on the performance of CPO industry in Indonesia. This study was conducted by formulating an econometric model of CPO industry. The model specification was dynamic simultaneous equations and consist of 27 behavioral equations and 12 identities. Model identification was performed by using the order condition criteria, while model was estimated by using 2SLS method. The result show that domestic price of CPO is more responsive to changes in domestic demand quantity of CPO than export demand of CPO. Moreover, the developing of domestic downstream industries of CPO will increase the quantity of demand for CPO, hence it can increase the prices that is received by CPO producers. Domestic policy in the form of restrictions on exports of CPO with determination of the export tax rate of 20 percents can improve the net welfare that is more than the policy of domestic quota (increased domestic supply of CPO) and the policy of export quota. Increasing domestic supply of CPO gives a negative impact on net welfare. This is because the increasing in domestic supply of CPO has not been supported by the development of downstream industry of CPO (besides palm cooking oil industry), thus increasing the domestic supply of CPO will decrease the domestic price of CPO and domestic price of palm cooking oil. In the long run, after the downstream industries of CPO developed rapidly, the government should focus on policy of domestic market obligation (DMO) for CPO companies, hence they will commit to supply CPO domestic. Finally, the DMO policy will fulfill the needs of downstream industry.
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Judul: The Impact of Export Tax Policy on Indonesian Palm Oil Export Performance and National Palm Oil Downstream
Abstrak: Minyak kelapa sawit saat ini menduduki posisi pertama sebagai minyak nabati yang paling banyak diperdagangkan dan dikonsumsi dunia. Sebagai produsen dan eksportir terbesar minyak sawit dunia, Indonesia memproduksi 59,3% total minyak sawit dunia. Indonesia sebagai produsen terbesar minyak sawit dunia berperan untuk menjaga rantai pasok minyak nabati di pasar internasional. Sebagian besar produksi minyak sawit Indonesia dalam bentuk Crude Palm Oil (CPO) masih dialokasikan untuk kebutuhan ekspor. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah menerapkan kebijakan pajak eskpor yang bertujuan menekan laju volume ekspor CPO untuk menjaga ketersediaan CPO domestik dan mendorong pertumbuhan industri hilir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kebijakan pajak ekspor terhadap kinerja ekspor minyak kelapa sawit di pasar internasional dan pengaruh penawaran ekspor CPO terhadap penawaran domestik CPO serta pengaruhnya terhadap harga CPO di pasar domestik. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga menganalisis pengaruh kebijakan pajak ekspor minyak kelapa sawit terhadap industri hilir CPO dan hilirisasi sawit nasional. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) dengan menggunakan data deret waktu tahunan selama periode 1999-2022. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa penerapan kebijakan pajak ekspor berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap penawaran ekspor CPO Indonesia. Penawaran eskpor CPO Indonesia berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap penawaran domestik CPO Indonesia. Produksi CPO berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap penawaran domestik CPO. Sementara itu, penawaran domestik CPO Indonesia tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap harga domestik CPO. Kombinasi pajak eskpor berupa bea keluar dan pungutan ekspor yang diterapkan secara progresif merupakan bentuk instrumen kebijakan yang tepat untuk mendukung hilirisasi sawit nasional. Hal ini dapat dilihat perubahan struktur ekspor minyak sawit Indonesia dari didominasi barang mentah di tahun 2010 menjadi produk olahan di tahun 2022. Strategi hilirisasi sawit domestik dengan tiga jalur (oleofood complex, oleochemical complex dan biofuel complex) dan kebijakan mandatori biodiesel yang intensif juga berimplikasi pada peningkatan devisa ekspor produk sawit hingga mencapai 39,07 miliar US$ di tahun 2022 dan berhasil membawa Indonesia menjadi salah satu produsen biodiesel terbesar dunia., Palm oil is the world's most traded and consumed vegetable oil. As the world's largest palm oil producer and exporter, Indonesia produces 59,3% of the world's total palm oil. Indonesia has an important role in maintaining the vegetable oil supply chain in the international market. The majority of Indonesia's Crude Palm Oil (CPO) output is exported. Therefore, the Indonesian government implements an export tax policy to secure the availability of CPO in the domestic market and encourage the growth of the CPO downstream industry. This research aims to analyze the impact of export tax policy on the performance of palm oil exports in the international market and the impact of CPO export supply on CPO domestic supply and their impact on CPO prices in the domestic market. This research also analyzes the impact of palm oil export tax policy on the CPO downstream industry and national palm oil downstream. The analytical method used in this research is Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) using annual time series data 1999-2022. The estimation results show that the implementation of export tax policy has a significant negative effect on the volume of Indonesian CPO exports. Indonesian CPO export volume has a significant
Keyword: downstream, export performance, export tax, palm oil

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh.
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. ,,,
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular.