Judul: Interaksi antar jantan dewasa monyet ekor panjang(Macaca fascicularis) di makam saka tunggal cakakak, Banyumas
Abstrak: Interaksi antar jantan dewasa merupakan interaksi yang didasarkan pada hubungan dominansi. Hubungan antar jantan dewasa dalam kelompok dapat berubah dari hubungan persahabatan menjadi hubungan permusuhan. Pada penelitian ini dipelajari bentuk dan frekuensi interaksi antar jantan dewasa Macaca fascicularis di Makam Saka Tunggal Cikakak Banyumas. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode pengambilan contoh ad libitum, scan animal, dan focal animal. Interaksi yang diamati mencakup replacement, submissive, non-copulatory mounting, grooming, dan koalisi. Frekuensi interaksi antar jantan dewasa dipengaruhi oleh kedudukan jantan dewasa dalam hirarki. Jantan peringkat atas sering melakukan replacement sedangkan jantan peringkat bawah sering melakukan submissive, grooming dan non-copulatory mounting. Jantan dewasa peripheral sering menjadi sasaran koalisi jantan dewasa dalam kelompok.
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Judul: Interaksi Antara Jantan Dengan Infant Monyet Ekor Panjang (Macacafascicularis) Di Makam Kalijaga Cirebon
Abstrak: Penelitian penlaku sosial antara jantan dengan infant mooye! ckor panjang (Afacnco !ascicu!aris) di Makam Kalijaga-Circbon dilaksanakan dan bulan Januan sampai Mei 2002. Pengumpulan data menggunakan metode focal animal sampling. scan sampling. dan ad lihitum sampling. &an sampling menggunakan intelVal waktu satu menit. MODye! CkOT panjang hidup dalam kelompok yang Icrdirj dari ban~'akjailian dan belina. Pacla genus Macaca, intcraksi antarajantan muda dan dewasa dcngan infant jarang tcrjadi. Intcraksi lersebut melipuli perilaku bennain yang banyak dimulai oleh infant. perilaku monitoring (memperhalikan infant dari jarak cukup dekat. yaitu sekitar 1-2 meter) dan tolerance (membiarkan infant bennain-main di dekatnya). Jantan juga melakukan pcnolakan (reject) terhadap ajakan bermain infant. Selain ilu. jantan juga memanfaatkan infant untuk keuntungannya sendiri selama interaksi sosiai. di anlaranya yailu agonistic buffering (menahan perilaku pennusuhan dari monycllain) dan scbagaipassport (untuk mendekati atau diterima monyet lain).
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Judul: Exergy Analysis of Membrane Utilization for Solution Separation in LiBr-H2O Absorbtion Refrigeration System
Abstrak: Absorbtion refrigeration system provides prominent advantages in tems of environmental impact and energy consumption. Absorbtion refrigeration system uses natural refrigerant, such as water, which gives no harm to the environment. In terms of energy consumption, it requires heat to regenerate refrigerant from its absorber and provide the refrigeration effect. This form of energy is preferred since heat can be supplied from various sources, including waste heat and renewable energy, and thermodynamically categorized as low quality energy. However, effectiveness of refrigerant regeneration could only be obtained if the temperature is high enough. In this study, the heat utilization in the regeneration process will be eliminated by introducing membranes for separating the refrigerant from the absorber. Specifically, the objectives of this research are to :1) to study the absorbtion mechanism of water vapor by LiBr-H2O solution in a controlled condition, 2) to study the regeneration process of LiBr-H2O using reverse osmosis (RO) membrane and vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) when applied in LiBr-H2O absorbtion refrigeration system, 3) to perform the energy and exergy analysis in LiBr-H2O absorbtion refrigeration system using RO membrane. The membrane was used as a tool to separate the refrigerant from absorbent which performs as regeneration process in conventional absorbtion system. As separation component, RO membrane employs pressure to oppose the osmotic pressure and pass certain component through the pores. While, VMD employs vacuum pressure and thermal, so that the substance to be transported through the membrane is in form of vapor. The result shows that absorbtion rate of water vapor by LiBr-H2O solution was influenced by solution concentration, temperature, humidity and pressure. The highest absorbtion rate was 0.031 g/minute which was occurred at temperature 40°C, RH 70% and solution concentration 60%. Prediction model was developed to calculate the absorbtion parameter inspite of P-T-X diagram.The highest water vapor absorbtion in absorber using spiral wound module-based RO membrane occurred at initial concentration of 30%, wich is the highest concentration used in the experiment. Increasing of operation pressure during separation process will increase permeation flux but decrease rejection factor.Unexpectedly, permeate of the RO membrane still contain LiBr at concentration 7w/w %-9w/w%, which affect the achievable cooling temperature and cooling capacity. Optimization of regeneration using VMD was conducted with response surface methodology (RSM) and the result show that highest permeate flux (0.93 kg.m-2.s-1) can be achived at initial concentration of 47.5%, temperature of 80°C and flow rate of 1.9 L.min-1.COP obtained in absorbtion refrigeration system using RO membran with initial concentration 20% was in the range of 1.147-1.171. Exergy analysis shows that increasing pressure of RO membrane at concentration 20% increased the irreversibity.On the other hand, exergy analysis on VMD shows that higher concentration and temperature will increased irreversibility.
Keyword: refrigeration, absorbtion, reverse osmosis, vacuum membrane distillation, energy, exergy