Judul: Detection of Beta Lactam Antibiotic Resistance Gene in Escherichia coli from Effluent of Pig Slaughterhouse in Tangerang City
Abstrak: Pesatnya perkembangan industri peternakan babi menyebabkan penggunaan antibiotik sebagai obat dan bahan tambahan pakan semakin meningkat. Penyalahgunaan antibiotik hewan menyebabkan munculnya gen resistansi antibiotik secara cepat pada hewan yang selanjutnya mempercepat perkembangan resistansi bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam pada Escherichia coli (E. coli) yang diisolasi dari efluen tempat pemotongan babi di Kota Tangerang. Keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam dideteksi dengan menggunakan quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 80% isolat memiliki setidaknya satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam. Gen blaTEM, blaCTX-M, dan blaCMY-2 dideteksi pada isolat dengan prevalensi secara berurutan sebesar 60%, 50%, dan 30%. Sebanyak 40% isolat mengandung lebih dari satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam. Tingginya prevalensi gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam berpotensi menjadi sumber penyebaran resistansi antibiotik ke lingkungan yang dapat berdampak pada kesehatan masyarakat., The rapid development of the pig farming industry has led to the increasing use of antibiotics as medicine and feed additives. Misuse of animal antibiotics causes the emergence of antibiotic resistance genes rapidly in animals which in turn accelerates the development of bacterial resistance. This study aimed to detect the presence of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from pig slaughterhouse effluent in Tangerang City. The presence of beta lactam antibiotic resistance genes was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results showed that 80% of the isolates had at least one beta-lactam antibiotic resistance gene. The blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaCMY-2 genes were detected in isolates with a prevalence of 60%, 50%, and 30%, respectively. As many as 40% of the isolates contained more than one beta lactam antibiotic resistance gene. The high prevalence of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes has the potential to become a source of spread of antibiotic resistance to the environment which can have an impact on public health.
Keyword: antibiotik, babi, beta laktam, E. coli, efluen

Judul: Detection of Beta Lactam Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli from Pig Slaughterhouse Floors in Tanggerang City
Abstrak: Kejadian resistansi antibiotik di Indonesia menjadi masalah yang serius tetapi tingkat resistansi dan gen penyandi resistansinya belum banyak dilaporkan, termasuk yang bersumber dari tempat pemotongan babi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam pada Escherichia coli yang diisolasi dari lantai tempat pemotongan babi di Kota Tangerang. Keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam dideteksi menggunakan real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 80% isolat memiliki setidaknya satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam. Sebanyak 40% isolat mengandung lebih dari satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam. Gen blaTEM, blaCTX-M, dan blaCMY2 dideteksi pada isolat dengan prevalensi secara berurut sebesar 60%, 40%, dan 30%. Tingginya prevalensi gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam pada E. coli dari lantai berpeluang menjadi sumber penyebaran resistansi antibiotik melalui lingkungan yang tercemar.
Keyword: antibiotik, Escherichia coli, resistansi, beta laktam

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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