Judul: Efek Konsumsi Campuran Karagenan dan FOS Terhadap Proliferas i Limfosit dan Jumlah Bakteri Asam Laktat Usus Tikus
Abstrak: Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and carragennan are indigestable carbohydrates preferentially fermented by lactic acid bacteria (bifidobacteria and lactobacilli) and selectively stimulates their growth. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are able to stimulate both nonspesific and spesific immune responses and by so have a potential to improve host health. The aim of this research is to study the effect of supplementation of a mixture of carragennan and FOS to stimulate growth of lactic acid bacteria and thereby allow immune modulation. Ten Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups; the first group (A), served as the control group were feed the unsupplemented pelet for 21 days. The second group (B) were feed the same unsupplemented pelet for 7 days and got supplemented pelet with FOS 4.08% and carragennan 0.92%, for another 14 days. At the end of the feeding, rats were sacrificed and the spleen were removed asceptically and cultivated for lymphocyte cell isolation. After that, digesta in colon were removed and used for lactic acid bacteria enumeration The result of the analysis showed that stimulation index value of all lymphocyte cell and B-lymphocyte cell was significantly increase (P<0.05) in group B (1.010) than group A (0.845) but lactic acid bacteria growth in group B was not significantly increased (P>0.05) than group A. This result show that fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and carragennan are potential to improve host health.
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Judul: The Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus BD2 on the microbota of digestive tract of rats fed high Cholesterol Diet
Abstrak: Probiotik, oleh FAO/WHO (2002) didefinisikan sebagai mikroorganisme hidup yang jika diberikan dalam jumlah yang cukup dapat memberikan manfaat kesehatan pada inangnya. Bakteri harus memenuhi beberapa persyaratan untuk dapat dikategorikan sebagai probiotik . salah satu sifat fungsional probiotik yang penting adalah kemampuannya dalam memodulasi mikrobiota usus ketika terjadi gangguan karena diet. Keseimbangan mikrobiota alami di usus dikenal dengan istilah eubiosis, yaitu suatu kondisi di dalam usus yang dapat memberikan keuntungan bagi inangnya. Keseimbangan ini dapat terganggu karena adanya perubahan komposisi mikrobiota usus ke arah disbiosis, yaitu kondisi usus yang didominasi mikroba patogen. Modulasi mikrobiota usus dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor, salah satu yang paling berpengaruh adalah diet, atau makanan yang dikonsumsi. Pola diet masyarakat saat ini cenderung terdiri dari makanan berlemak yang menjadi potensi meningkatnya kadar kolesterol serum dan perubahan komposisi mikrobiota usus. Penurunan kualitas kesehatan manusia yang disebabkan gaya diet yang tidak sehat ini menjadi tolok ukur untuk menemukan strategi pencegahan yang mampu meminimalkan dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan. Saat ini banyak penelitian yang mengkaji manfaat probiotik potensial dalam memodulasi mikrobiota usus ketika terjadi gangguan karena diet, selain itu, probiotik juga dapat merestorasi mikrobiota usus yang mengalami disbiosis. Jenis bakteri yang umum digunakan sebagai probiotik adalah bakteri asam laktat (BAL) dari genus Lactobacillus dan Bifidobacterium. Pada penelitian ini digunakan BAL Lactobacillus rhamnosus BD2 yang diperoleh dari granula kefir Indonesia, yang teah diketahui secara in vitro mampu bertahan pada pH rendah, dan garam empedu serta merupakan salah satu kandidat probiotik yang memiliki aktivitas penurunan kolesterol yang tinggi. Kemampuan L. rhamnosus BD2 untuk bertahan pada saluran pencernaan perlu dibuktikan dengan pengujian menggunakan tikus percobaan sebagai salah satu persyaratan dalam pengujian kandidat probiotik. Oleh karena itu, kemampuan L. rhamnosus BD2 untuk bertahan pada saluran pencernaan hewan uji dan kemampuannya untuk meningkatkan jumlah Lactobacillus dievaluasi. Selain itu juga dievaluasi kemampuan L. rhamnosus BD2 untuk memperbaiki jumlah Lactobacillus pada tikus yang diberi diet tinggi kolesterol, serta dilakukan identifikasi isolat L. rhamnosus BD2 pada feses, usus, sekum, dan kolon tikus percobaan secara molekuler. Penelitian ini diawali dengan melakukan konfirmasi ketahanan asam dan ketahanan garam empedu isolat L. rhamnosus BD2. Untuk pengujian menggunakan tikus percobaan, kultur L. rhamnosus BD2 disiapkan setiap hari dengan cara dipanen sel menggunakan sentrifugasi dan diresuspensikan dalam larutan garam fisiologis steril hingga mencapai 109 cfu/ml. Ransum tikus percobaan disiapkan berdasarkan the American Institute of Nutrition AIN 93G dengan sumber kolesterol murni sebanyak 2% dan asam kolat 0.25%. Jenis tikus percobaan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tikus putih albino (Rattus novergicus) jantan dengan galur Sprague-Dawley umur 7 minggu. Sebelum perlakuan diberikan, tikus dikondisikan dalam masa adaptasi selama 7 hari dan diberikan diet standar. Setelah masa adaptasi, tikus dibagi ke dalam 6 kelompok perlakuan, berdasarkan berat badan tikus yaitu 120 hingga 140 gram, dan masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 6 tikus percobaan. Kelompok perlakuan meliputi : (1) kelompok diet normal sebagai kontrol negatif yang diberikan salin (DN) (2) kelompok diet tinggi kolesterol sebagai kontrol positif (DK) (3) kelompok diet normal yang diberi L. rhamnosus BD2 (DN+BD2) (4) kelompok yang diberi diet tinggi kolesterol dan L. rhamnosus BD2 (DK + BD2) (5) kelompok yang diberi diet tinggi kolesterol, L. rhamnosus
Keyword: mikroflora usus, disbiosis, eubiosis, L. rhamnosus BD2, Lactobacillus, mikroflora usus, disbiosis, eubiosis, L. rhamnosus BD2, Lactobacillus

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite