Judul: Optimization of the Process of Making FeedWafers Containing Groundnut Waste Materials at Different Heating Temperatures
Abstrak: Pakan ternak ruminansia umumnya berasal dari hijauan, namun ketersediaannya semakin terbatas dan sangat bergantung pada musim. Limbah kacang tanah merupakan salah satu limbah agroindustri yang berpotensi sebagai bahan pakan alternatif. Namun, limbah ini memiliki kendala seperti bersifat voluminous dan bulky. Salah satu solusi untuk mengatasi masalah ini adalah dengan memproduksi pakan dalam bentuk wafer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan proses pembuatan wafer dengan penggunaan limbah kacang tanah pada suhu pemanasan berbeda. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial dengan Faktor A sebagai formulasi pakan dengan 5 taraf limbah kacang tanah (0, 7,5, 15, 22,5, 30) % dan Faktor B sebagai suhu pemanasan dengan 3 taraf (110, 120, 125), Ruminant feed generally comes from forage, but its availability is increasingly limited and highly dependent on the season. Groundnut waste is one of the agro-industrial wastes that has potential as an alternative feed ingredient. However, this waste has obstacles such as being voluminous and bulky. One solution to overcome this problem is to produce feed in the form of wafers. This study aims to optimize the process of making wafers by using groundnut waste at different heating temperatures. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) factorial pattern with Factor A as feed formulation with 5 levels of groundnut waste (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30) % and Factor B as heating temperature with 3 levels (110, 120, 125) °C. The observed variables included organoleptic properties, moisture content, water activity, impact resistance, specific gravity, water absorption, Wafer Durability Index (WDI), nutrient content, and wafer acceptability. The results showed that there was an interaction between ration formula and heating temperature (P<0.05) on moisture content, water activity, specific gravity, water absorption, and WDI. Wafers with 15% groundnut waste content and 125°C heating temperature provided optimal conditions.
Keyword: Limbah kacang tanah, nutrisi domba, optimalisasi, proses produksi, wafer pakan

Judul: Physical Quality and Production Efficiency of Black Cumin Waste Wafer at Different Heating Time and Thickness
Abstrak: Limbah Habbatusauda merupakan salah satu limbah industri hasil olahan pertanian yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan alternatif untuk hewan ternak. Pembuatan pakan dalam bentuk wafer merupakan salah satu cara pengawetan yang dapat dilakukan. Pencetakan wafer biasanya dilakukan mengunakan suhu 95-130℃ selama 10 hingga 15 menit. Rancangan percobaan untuk lama pemanasan dan ketebalan wafer menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan 2 faktor, yaitu faktor A dan faktor B. Faktor A adalah lama pemanasan dengan 6 taraf (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14) menit dan faktor B adalah ketebalan wafer dengan 2 taraf (2 dan 4) cm. Peubah yang diamati adalah kualitas fisik, efisiensi mesin, dan biaya produksi. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan taraf lama pemanasan dan ketebalan wafer tidak berbeda nyata(P<0,05) terhadap kadar air, aktivitas air, berat jenis, dandurabilitas wafer. Lama pemanasan mempengaruhi sifat fisik wafer pada kadar airdan wafer durability indeks, sedangkan ketebalan tidak mempengaruhi sifat fisikwafer. Wafer dengan lama pemanasan 6 menit memberikan kondisi yang terbaik pada kualitas sifat fisik wafer serta wafer dengan ketebalan 4 cm memerlukan biaya produksi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan ketebalan wafer 2 cm., Black cumin seed waste has a very good potential to be used as alternative feed for livestock. Wafer production was conducted by heating and forming with temperature of 120-130 ℃ for 10 to 15 minutes. This heating process had a good impact to increase palatability. The aim of research was to examine the effect of heating time and wafer thickness in the production of black cumin waste wafer on its physical quality and the efficiency. The Experimental design used was a completely randomized factorial design of two factors. Factor A was heating time with 6 levels (4, 6, 8, 10, 12,14) minutes, and factor B was wafer thickness (2 and 4) cm. The variables observed were physical quality, machine efficiency, and production costs. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). results showed the heating time and wafer thickness had no significant different (P<0,05) on physical quality. Heating time had an affect on moisture content and waferr durability indeks, while wafer thickness had no impact on physica quality of wafer. The 6 minutes wafer heating time provide the best condition for the physical quality and 4 cm wafer thickness required low production compared to 2 cm wafer thickness.
Keyword: Black cumin waste, Feed wafer, Heating time, physical quality, production efficiency

Judul: Penentuan Nilai Eigen dan Vektor Eigen dari Matriks Tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz dengan Pendekatan Polinomial Chebyshev
Abstrak: The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix can be determined by finding its characteristic polynomials. The characteristic polynomials of a tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz matrix is shown to be closely connected to polynomials which satisfy the Chebyshev recurrence relationship. If the order of the matrix is odd, then the eigenvalues are found explicitly in terms of the Chebyshev zeros and the eigenvectors are found in terms of the polynomials satisfying the recurrence relationship. For even ordered matrices, the situation is more complicated. The problem in these cases is that although the Chebyshev recurrence formula is still applied, its initial values are not generating Chebyshev polynomials
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