Judul: Factors Influencing Indonesian Cocoa Export to the European Union
Abstrak: One of plantation commodity which is potentially developed in Indonesia is cocoa. Indonesia is the third largest exporter of cocoa bean after Ivory Coast and Ghana. Even though Indonesia is one of the biggest cocoa producer countries but only 1.07 percent of cocoa bean and 7.79 percent of cocoa butter and oil can enter European Union Market as the biggest cocoa consumer in the world. Based on that problem this paper will analyze what factors which can influence cocoa export of Indonesia to European Union and what policy implication can be conducted regarding to this condition. Data processing was conducted by using stata which used panel data analysis with gravity model panel data. There are three models which can be estimated in panel data. This study deals with the flows of trade between Indonesia and Countries in European Union. Therefore the Fixed Effects will be a more appropriate model than random specification. The eleven importer countries are selected for the period 1996 - 2011. Based on econometric results there are four significant variables that influence trade flows of cocoa code 1801 from Indonesia to European Union. Those are GDP of exporting country, population of exporting country, exchange rate and export tax. There is no significant variable which can explain trade flows of cocoa, code 1804 from Indonesia to European Union. It would be concluded that in this case gravity model is not the best model. The next research should consider the other variable which can explain the trade flows well.
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Judul: Comparative Advantage and Trade Flow of Indonesian Cocoa in International Market
Abstrak: Indonesia is the third largest cocoa beans producer in the world after Ivory Coast and Ghana, since total production of cocoa beans in Indonesia around 11.81 percent of the total world production. Cocoa export is driven from the demand side, showed by the growth of world consumption around 3 percent per year. Although the quantity of cocoa exports showed an increase, however, started in 2011 there is a change in the composition of Indonesian cocoa exports, exports of processed cocoa increased, while cocoa beans decreased. This happens due to the impact of taxation cocoa exports that began in 2010. With the increasing trend of Indonesian cocoa exports and an increase in world cocoa consumption, indicating the potential cocoa market is still high in the international market. The volume of cocoa export in the international market is determined by its competitiveness and other factors. Thus, the purposes of this study are: (1) to analyze the competitiveness and the level of competition of Indonesian cocoa beans and processed cocoa in the international market and (2) to analyze the factors that affect the flow Indonesian cocoa beans and processed cocoa trade and the potential trade in the international market. Secondary data were used in the form of panel data, combination between the time series and cross section data. The analysis methods used in this study are: (1) descriptive analysis, (2) Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), (3) Spearman rank correlation analysis, (4) analysis of panel data with gravity models, and (5) ratio of trade potential. The results of this study indicate that the Indonesian cocoa trade in the international market has the highest comparative advantage for cocoa beans (average value RCA 12.53) and the lowest for the cocoa butter (average value RCA 7.35), even though the value of the RCA of all cocoa products shows Indonesia has comparative advantage. Based on the competitiveness analysis, Indonesia has a positive correlation with Ghana in cocoa beans market, but has no correlation with other exporting countries in the markets of cocoa butter and cocoa powder. The variables that significantly influence the volume of Indonesian cocoa exports are real GDP per capita of the destination country, exchange rate, and the cocoa beans export tax. All of these variables have coefficient sign that consistent with the hypothesis. In the cocoa butter model, all variables significantly affect Indonesia's export. All of these variables have coefficient sign that consistent with the hypothesis. Meanwhile, in the cocoa powder model, the variables that significantly influence the volume of exports is Indonesia's per capita real GDP, real GDP per capita of the destination country, and the economic distance between Indonesia and destination countries. The countries that still under trade in cocoa beans model and potentially increased in the future are USA, China, and Brazil. While in cocoa butter trade are China, the Netherlands, and Japan, and in cocoa powder trade are Estonia, Russia, and the United States. This is indicated by the ratio of trade potential is greater than one, which means Indonesia's trade with trading partners has not exceeded the existing trade potential. The increasing potential
Keyword: competitiveness, export, gravity model, cocoa

Judul: Sintesis dan Pencirian Komposit Hidroksiapatit-MgOKitosan sebagai Implan Antibakteri
Abstrak: Hidroksiapatit dapat digunakan menjadi bahan implan untuk bidang ortopedi dan aplikasi medis gigi. Infeksi pascaoperasi dapat diatasi dengan pengembangan implan antibakteri. Komposit hidroksiapatit-MgO-kitosan (HAp-MgO-CTS) disintesis untuk mendapatkan implan antibakteri yang baik. Metode yang digunakan pada sintesis hidroksiapatit dari cangkang tutut ialah presipitasi basah. Jenis komposit yang dibuat dengan 3 ragam tambahan kitosan, yaitu 1%, 2%, 3% dengan metode pencampuran sederhana. Aktivitas antibakteri diuji dengan metode cawan agar pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Nisbah Ca/P yang diperoleh dari sintesis komposit ini 1.66 dan hasil spektrum transformasi Fourier inframerah menunjukkan adanya gugus O-H, C-O, -PO4 3-, C-H, dan MgO. Kristalinitas yang terbentuk yaitu 71.34% dengan puncak difraksi tertinggi pada sudut 2θ 31ο, 32ο dan 33ο. Aktivitas antibakteri hanya diperoleh pada komposit HAp-MgO-CTS 3% dengan zona hambat 2 mm terhadap Staphlyococcus aureus.
Keyword: antibakteri, hidroksiapatit (HAp), komposit HAp-MgO-CTS