Judul: Environmental insurance development to support sustainable gold mining in Tanggamus District Province of Lampung
Abstrak: Environmental risks of gold mining can be occurred by tort, dereliction and negligence at uncertain time and has potential damages to the environment and community health. The estimate value of environmental risk at the reseacrh area during exploitation time (13 years) are Rp. 12.562.859.750,- which be equial to the total expectation loss with the pure premium value was Rp. 676.461.679 per year. If the asurance management cost was 30% of the pure premium value, then the premium value must be payed per year was Rp. 966.373.827,- Because of the value of premium is under the earned production value (Rp35.496.329.077.- per year), so the environmental insurance was feasible economically. By the environmenral insurance, the corporate will earn bigger benefits during it’s exploitation, because the liabiilty fund was provided by the third party namely the insurance company. In Indonesia, The Act which regulate the environmental protection and management, and the act of minerals and coal mining was good enough as law base in developing the environmental insurance. In addition, the environmental insurance as environmental economic instrument is expected to be more effective than the command and control policy instrument in supporting sustainable gold mining.
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Judul: Valuasi Ekonomi Kegiatan Pertambangan Emas dan Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Dampak Sosial di Kecamatan Huta Bargot, Sumatera Utara
Abstrak: Mandailing Natal is one of the regencies in North Sumatra which is rich in natural resources. The natural resource which has been managed is gold mining. Huta Bargot is one of the sub-districts in the regency where there is Illegal Gold Mining (PETI). The existence of this illegal gold mining has socio-economic impact on the people involved in the mining activities either directly or indirectly, which can be positive or negative. This study aimed to analyze the economic impact through economic valuation with cost-benefit analysis, people’s perceptions of social changes due to the gold mining, and the form of community wisdom on the utilization of natural resources. This study used secondary data and primary data. The secondary data was obtained from written documents either in the form of scientific papers or official documents from the relevant authorities. The primary data was obtained from direct observation at the study site and through interviews (in-depth and structured). The determination of the respondents in the study used purposive sampling method, which was based on the research need appropriate to the research objectives. The respondents included 30 miners and 30 non-miners, with 9 key persons consisting of 3 religious leaders, 3 adat leaders and 3 village heads. The data analysis of economic valuation used Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) with a period of 20 years and an interest rate of 8%. The data analysis of the people’s perceptions used perception index. The data analysis of local wisdom was conducted descriptively. The cost analysis obtained from mining costs due to the forest degradation (as producer firewood, animals, medicinal plants, erosion-flood control) amounted to Rp. 1 966 086 740 per year. The cost of water resource reduction (water availability and fish production) was Rp 275,676,000 per year. The cost of ladang production decline was Rp. 530 596 800 per year. The cost of people’s health deterioration amounted to Rp. 19 936 000 per year. The benefit value derived from the increase in revenues was Rp. 128 679 996 per year. Based on the costbenefit analysis, the NPV obtained was Rp. -21 606 438 873 and the BCR was 0.055. The NPV indicated that the land conversion—from the forest land to the mine land—resulted in a loss of Rp. -21 606 438 873, so that the people’s gold mining was not feasible to continue. The BCR showed that every Rp 1 000 spent by the people only brought benefit to a group of people from mining activities amounting to Rp 55. Social changes had occurred in the form of increased crime, social jealousy and an increasingly consumptive community.There was a perception gap between miners and non-miners on the social impacts in terms of increased crime, social jealousy, an increasingly consumptive community, and those who should rehabilitate the post-mining land. The people were concerned about the impacts which would continue to increase due to the absence of land rehabilitation. According to the local wisdom in Bargot Huta, people should utilize the natural resources wisely and they must have the awareness of maintaining the quantity and quality
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Judul: Karakteristik Carboxymethyl Chitosan Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi NaOH
Abstrak: Carboxymethyl chitosan is chitosan derivative product obtained from chemical modification. CMCh were made by alkalization process and carboxymethylation process. Factors that affect CMCh characteristics were excess sodium hydroxide in alkalization process, ratio between chitosan and monochloroacetic acid, and carboxymethylation temperature. The objectives of this research were to study the NaOH effect to CMCh characteristics, to learn process of making CMCh, to set the proper concentration of NaOH, and to analyze CMCh characteristics. CMCh yields were 110.72%-114.22%. CMCh pH value were 3.74-4.31. The optimum NaOH concentration to obtain the best CHCh was 10 M. Percentage of CMCh moisture content was 10.70%-11.42%. Ash content and nitrogen content of CMCh were 0.49%-0.50% and 4.52%-4.81%. CMCh viscousity was 8.25 cps. Percentage of CMCh solubility was 61.61%-91.50%. The different functional groups from chitosan which observed in CMCh were C=O group, CH group from alkene functional group, C−O group, and C−O−C group.
Keyword: solubility., functional group, CMCh characteristics, chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan