Judul: Analysis of policy making process and implementation of decentralized management of protected forest policy
Abstrak: Base on Regulation 38/2007, the management of protected forests decentralized to regency government. Even though decentralization policy of forest management on protected forests has been enforced, deforestation still continues to occur. This indicates that the policy is not effective. The ineffectiveness of the policy can be caused by the policy itself or failures in its implementation. Content of a policy is closely related to the process of policy making itself. Currently, political framework of the decentralization policy formulation in the management of natural resources and environment (including protected forest management) is based on administrative approach rather than ecosystem approach. This research aims to: i) identify the policy making process of decentralized management of protected forest, ii) analyze the gap between decentralization policy and its implementation, iii) analyze the performance of regency government in managing protected forests, and iv) analyze the appropriate form of decentralized management of protected forests in accordance with Forest Management Unit (FMU/KPH) concept. The research was conducted in three regencies within Batanghari watershed area, namely East Tanjung Jabung regency (downstream), Sarolangun regency (middle stream), and South Solok regency (upstream). Qualitative methods were used to analyze policy making process, discourse analysis, assumption analysis, and qualitative descriptive. Besides quantitative method was used to conduct scoring, in the assesment of regency government performance, economic and ecological benefits, and social capital of communities around the forest areas. In order to support the assesment of regency government performance, analysis of forest cover changes was carried out including forest cover in year 1990, 2000 and 2009. The research showed that there are three discourses in policy making process on authority division, namely i) the democratic discourse, ii) the economic discourse and iii) the economic and democratic discourses. It is difficult to implement externality narative in the process of authority division policy making. Redefinition of externalities and interdependencies can be used as narratives of new policies to improve the policy division of authority among government levels. There still exists some gaps between decentralized policy and its implementation, where each stakeholder has not play its role appropriately yet. The average score of performance of three regencies governments in the management of protected forest is relatively low, which is showed by the high deforestation rate. Theoritically, there are four options of FMU institution, namely: the the central government FMU through delegation to regency goverment, the provincial FMU, the regency FMU, and the national/regionally owned enterprises (BUMN/BUMD). Policy of asymmetric decentralization is an option in decentralised management of protected forest, because forestry is an option matter.
Keyword: Decentralized Management, forest management, protected forest

Judul: Formulation of Problem and Policy of Private Forest Management serves as Protection Area in Kuningan District, West Java Province.
Abstrak: Salah satu penyebab banyaknya kegagalan pengelolaan sumberdaya alam, termasuk kawasan lindung, adalah fenomena open access yaitu situasi dimana tidak ada seorangpun memiliki hak legal untuk mengeluarkan pihak lain dari pemanfaatan sumberdaya. Sementara itu hutan rakyat yang berada pada lahan milik, karena sifat hak kepemilikan privatnya dapat mencegah terjadinya open access, sehingga jika pengelolaannya dapat dilakukan secara lestari maka dapat memberikan fungsi lindung dalam jangka panjang. Kebijakan pemerintah daerah Propinsi Jawa Barat (Perda Nomor 2/2006) menetapkan adanya kawasan berfungsi lindung di luar hutan lindung. Selama ini hutan lindung ditetapkan di dalam kawasan hutan negara. Dengan demikian Perda tersebut di atas dapat menjadi pintu masuk untuk mendorong pengelolaan hutan rakyat berkelanjutan agar dapat memberikan manfaat fungsi lindungnya bagi masyarakat luas selain manfaat ekonomi bagi pemiliknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis masalah dan kebijakan pengelolaan hutan rakyat berkelanjutan dalam rangka meningkatkan fungsi hutan hak dalam memberikan fungsi lindung di luar kawasan lindung pada kawasan hutan negara. Penelitian dilakukan di 16 desa di Kabupaten Kuningan Propinsi Jawa Barat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan meliputi analisis perubahan tutupan lahan hutan rakyat, analisis faktor-faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap perubahan tutupan lahan, analisis kinerja pengelolaan hutan rakyat dalam perspektif pengelolaan secara kolektif dan individual, analisis implementasi kebijakan dan analisis kemungkinan perubahan kelembagaan serta kemungkinan tindakan insentif bagi kasus di lokasi penelitian., An open access condition has been recognized as one of underlying causes of many failures in natural resource management including in protected areas. This failure leads to inability of protected area to provide environmental benefit for the community. In the other hand a private forest, due to its private ownership rights that can prevent an open access, potentially managed sustainably and provide not only economic benefit for the owner but also environmental and social benefit as well for the community. This research is aimed to analize problems and policies on sustainble private forest management in order to enhance its protection function outside protected areas in the state owned forest. The research was conducted in 16 villages in Kuningan District, West Java Province. The methods applied including analysis of forest cover change in private forestland, analysis on factors contributes to that forest cover changes, analysis of performance of private forest management at the perspective of collective and individual, policy implementation, possibility of institutional change and relevant incentive measures for the situation at the research location. The result suggest that economic motivation of community, existence of informal institution, impact of PHBM program, government aid, land area owned and occupation as a farmer were contributes to the improvement of private forest cover. The existing private forest management indicates sufficient performance for individual household management level but did not fit with forest management standard at collective perspective. Problems of private forest to be sustainably managed and provide protection function for public are weak capability on technical forest management, weak institutional aspect and insufficient incentives. Policies of private forest were not being implemented optimally, and formulated policy and implemented programs lead by government on private forest management are not compatible with problems perceived by the community. Current institutions of private forest management along with good
Keyword: Privat Forest, Protected Area, Sustainable forest management, policy implementation, institution, incentives

Judul: Trichomonas Gallinae Penyebab Trichomonosis Pada Unggas
Abstrak: Trichomonas gallinae adalah protozoa yang bergerak aktof dengan keempat flagella yang mempunyai layar dan pada salah satu sisinya terdapat membran seperti sirip ikan yang berombak. Spesies dari genus Trichomonas ini mempunyai arti penting pada unggas, karena dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada alat pencernaan bagian atas.
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