Judul: Analysis of clean water required and head loss at water distrisbution in IPB Darmaga Campus Bogor
Abstrak: The objectives of this study were to find clean water needs for campus IPB Darmaga, to know the peak time water consumption in IPB Darmaga, to calculate the amount of head loss and leakage that occurred in the distribution network as well as the general condition of the water supply in IPB Darmaga. Water requirement was calculated by monitoring actual water usage on the main supply meter, in order to get the daily usage and peak time usage. Furthermore, the head loss was calculated using Darcy-Weisbach and Bernoulli equations. The prediction results showed that the academic community of IPB needs clean water 2,670.84 m3/day, while the actual use of clean water could reach 3,566.62 m3/day. This signifies the use of water in the IPB is very large when compared to standard needs. The total production capacity of clean water in IPB was 4,471.75 m3/day consisting of 903.60 m3/day from Water Treatment Plant (WTP) 1 Ciapus, 1,319 m3/day from WTP 2 Ciapus, and 2,249.15 m3/day from WTP Cihideung. Peak time of water use in IPB occurred at 09.00 until 10.00 am with the highest consumption could reach 137 m3/hour. Water leaks that occur in distribution channels Fahutan tower was 88-90 liters/hour or 64.80 m3/day. While the magnitude of head loss that occurred in the pipeline transmission from WTP Cihideung toward the Fahutan tower was 14 m and elevation difference between the two places was 41 m. Pump head that occurred was 55 m.
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Judul: Analisis Penyediaan Dan Distribusi Air Bersih Untuk Kampus Dramaga Institut Pertanian Bogor
Abstrak: The purpose of this study is to determine the amount of water required in each unit within the scope of IPB Dramaga campus, to find out the amount of water that can be produced IPB water treatment plant and to create water supply system. This research was conducted from June to October 2010. The result shows that WTP Cihideung-IPB is capable to produce treated water about 137.175 m3/hr, WTP Ciapus-IPB (old) can produce treated water around 44.1 m3/hr, while WTP Ciapus-IPB (new) serving residential lines is capable to produce treated water of 65.95 m3/hr. In this research note also that the amount of water used on average per day during holidays amounted is about 1806.2 m3 (993.4 m3 in Fahutan's tower and the Fapet's tower 812.8 m3) and the amount of water used per day in full activity day amounted is about 1959.77 m3 (1070.93 m3 in the Fahutan's tower and 888.83 m3 in the Fapet's tower). Also note that during holiday peak load amounted is about 137.2 m3 in the Fahutan's tower (09.00 - 10.00) and 98.8 m3 in Fapet's tower (at 7:00 a.m. to 8:00), while at full activities peak load is 132 m3 in the Fahutan's tower (at 8:00 a.m. to 9:00) and 121 m3 in the Fapet's tower (11.00 - 12.00). In the dormitory known path needs per day amounted is about 667.890 m3. From these values it can be concluded that the quantity of treated water production on campus IPB Dramaga is sufficient. However, the problems at the level of a water distribution to the consumer level often lack even absent. In terms of quality, treated water from the installation on campus IPB Dramaga have values that fall into water quality standards
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Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship