Judul: The Role of Cocoa Sector in The Indonesian Economy: An Input-Output Analysis
Abstrak: Agriculture is a potential sector in supporting economy and national income. This is because Indonesia has a comparative advantage. The agricultural land is still widespread and most people still rely on agriculture for their livelihood, and agriculture is a renewable business. So that this sector can stand for an indefinite period. This agriculture is including livestock farming, forestry, fisheries, and tree crop. One of Indonesia's agricultural commodities are cocoa. Cocoa is one of tree crop commodity sector that have a vital role to the national economy. Cocoa is one of Indonesia's main export commodities in producing national wealth. The existence of Indonesia as a major of cocoa producer in the world shows that Indonesian cocoa is feasible to count and have a chance to dominate the global market. The research objectives are to analyze the role of the cocoa sector in the Indonesian Economy (intermediate demand and final demand), gross value added, and the structure of exports and imports; analyze forward linkage and backward linkages; analyze coefficient of dispersion and sensitivity of dispersion; and analyze output multiplier and income multiplier effect seen from the cocoa sector in the national economy. The data used in this research is a secondary data. The data used were derived from the Input - Output Table of Indonesia domestic transactions on the basis of producer prices in 2005, 175 sector classification from Statistics Indonesia which is then aggregated into 22 sectors. Several other secondary data obtained from government agencies and other relevant agencies. The use of Input - Output Table of Indonesia in 2005 is due to a new table for this study took place. Data is processed by utilizing Input-Output Analysis for Practitioners (IOAP) Complementary Version 1.0.1. and Microsoft Excel. The results shows that the cocoa sector has a positive contribution to the establishment of Indonesia's GDP. Cocoa sector has a backward linkage higher than the forward linkage. This suggests that the cocoa sector has a greater ability to output to be used as inputs in other sectors than the output of the cocoa sector to be used as input for other sectors. Cocoa sector has a coefficient value higher than the sensitivity dispersion. This suggests that the cocoa sector increase its upstream sector highly than the downstream sector. Based on the analysis of output and income multipliers can be concluded that the cocoa sector has a considerable multiplier effect on economic output and incomes in all sectors of the economy in Indonesia. Cocoa sector is ranked the 20th priority sector. While the first priority sector is other tree crops sector.
Keyword: Cocoa, Indonesian Economy, Input-Output Analysis

Judul: Comparative Advantage and Trade Flow of Indonesian Cocoa in International Market
Abstrak: Indonesia is the third largest cocoa beans producer in the world after Ivory Coast and Ghana, since total production of cocoa beans in Indonesia around 11.81 percent of the total world production. Cocoa export is driven from the demand side, showed by the growth of world consumption around 3 percent per year. Although the quantity of cocoa exports showed an increase, however, started in 2011 there is a change in the composition of Indonesian cocoa exports, exports of processed cocoa increased, while cocoa beans decreased. This happens due to the impact of taxation cocoa exports that began in 2010. With the increasing trend of Indonesian cocoa exports and an increase in world cocoa consumption, indicating the potential cocoa market is still high in the international market. The volume of cocoa export in the international market is determined by its competitiveness and other factors. Thus, the purposes of this study are: (1) to analyze the competitiveness and the level of competition of Indonesian cocoa beans and processed cocoa in the international market and (2) to analyze the factors that affect the flow Indonesian cocoa beans and processed cocoa trade and the potential trade in the international market. Secondary data were used in the form of panel data, combination between the time series and cross section data. The analysis methods used in this study are: (1) descriptive analysis, (2) Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), (3) Spearman rank correlation analysis, (4) analysis of panel data with gravity models, and (5) ratio of trade potential. The results of this study indicate that the Indonesian cocoa trade in the international market has the highest comparative advantage for cocoa beans (average value RCA 12.53) and the lowest for the cocoa butter (average value RCA 7.35), even though the value of the RCA of all cocoa products shows Indonesia has comparative advantage. Based on the competitiveness analysis, Indonesia has a positive correlation with Ghana in cocoa beans market, but has no correlation with other exporting countries in the markets of cocoa butter and cocoa powder. The variables that significantly influence the volume of Indonesian cocoa exports are real GDP per capita of the destination country, exchange rate, and the cocoa beans export tax. All of these variables have coefficient sign that consistent with the hypothesis. In the cocoa butter model, all variables significantly affect Indonesia's export. All of these variables have coefficient sign that consistent with the hypothesis. Meanwhile, in the cocoa powder model, the variables that significantly influence the volume of exports is Indonesia's per capita real GDP, real GDP per capita of the destination country, and the economic distance between Indonesia and destination countries. The countries that still under trade in cocoa beans model and potentially increased in the future are USA, China, and Brazil. While in cocoa butter trade are China, the Netherlands, and Japan, and in cocoa powder trade are Estonia, Russia, and the United States. This is indicated by the ratio of trade potential is greater than one, which means Indonesia's trade with trading partners has not exceeded the existing trade potential. The increasing potential
Keyword: competitiveness, export, gravity model, cocoa

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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