Judul: Analisis in vitro toleransi isolat bakteri asam laktat asal daging sapi terhadap pH lambung, pH usus dan garam empedu sebagai kandidat probiotik
Abstrak: Lactic acid bacteria have been reported to be useful as a health adjunct and are commonly added to food as delivery mechanism. As candidate for probiotic, lactic acid bacteria should have the ability to survive in the digestion process such as resistance towards gastrointestinal tract pH and bile salt concentrations. Lactic acid bacteria utilised in this research were isolated from meat. Twenty eight isolates of lactic acid bacteria selected for their resistancy towards gastric juice pH (pH 2,0) and small intestines pH (pH 7,2) with 0,3% bile salt under in vitro conditions. The result showed that all strains well grown in small intestines pH (pH 7,2), but only 10 isolates had good resistance to gastric juice pH. There were significant difference among theme (P<0,05). Bile salt 0,3% with pH 7,2 influenced significantly the growth of lactic acid bacteria selected at gastric juice condition showed that only three strains (1A5, 2B4, and 1B1) showed tolerance (P<0,05) could be used as probiotics candidate in further applications.
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Judul: Analisis in vitro Toleransi Isolat Bakteri Asam Laktat asal Daging Sapi terhadap pH Lambung, pH Usus dan Garam Empedu sebagai Kandidat Probiotik.
Abstrak: Bakteri asam laktat merupakan mikroflora normal daging sehingga lebih sesuai bila dijadikan kultur starter untuk pengolahan produk fermentasi yang berasal dari daging. Syarat utama suatu isolat berpotensi sebagai probiotik adalah memiliki toleransi yang tinggi terhadap asam lambung dan garam empedu dalam saluran pencernaan. Kondisi kritikal yang harus dihadapi bakteri probiotik dalam saluran pencernaan manusia dimulai dari lambung, yaitu bakteri harus mampu bertahan terhadap pH yang sangat rendah (pH 2,0) selama minimal 90 menit. Bakteri probiotik selanjutnya memasuki saluran usus bagian atas (pH 7,2) yang merupakan tempat disekresikan garam empedu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan seleksi bakteri asam laktat hasil isolasi dari daging sapi dari pasar tradisional di kabupaten Bogor (Arief et al., 2006) untuk mendapatkan kandidat isolat probiotik yang mempunyai karakteristik pertumbuhan terbaik dalam kondisi lingkungan asam kuat HCl sesuai dalam lambung dan adanya garam empedu (0,3%) sesuai usus halus.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite