Judul: Biological Value Evaluation and Index Glycemic of Dry Corn Noodle and Instant Corn Noodle Substitution
Abstrak: Corn flour is potentially used as a raw material in noodle formulation. The previous study showed that 30% of corn flour was used as a substitute of wheat flour in dried and instant noodle. The corn flour substituted noodle applied drying or frying process at a high temperature, which may affect the nutritional content and biological value of the noodle. For this reason the effect of heating process (drying or frying) during noodle processing on chemical composition and biological value of corn flour substituted noodle was studied. The wet noodle was dried in oven at 60oC for 70 minutes to produce dried noodle and fried in cooking oil at 160oC for 4 minutes to produce instant noodle. The noodles were evaluated in terms of chemical composition and glycemic index. Commercial instant noodles were also analyzed as a comparison. The amylose content of dried noodle substituted with 30% corn flour was 30.99% which was higher than that of instant noodle substituted with 30% corn flour (28.85%). The content of resistant starch of corn flour substitued dried and instant noodle corn was 14.80% and 17.25% respectively. Starch and soluble fiber digestibility of dried corn noodle was significantly different from these of instant corn noodle, which were 30.93% and 0.49%, and 25.33% and 0.68% respectively, whereas protein digestibility was relatively the same. The glycemic index of dried and instant corn noodle substitution and commercial noodle was categorized as a low glycemic index (54.18%; 51.33 and 48.65%), whereas the glycemic load of them was 26.12; 22.18 and 18.63 respectively and was categorized as a high and middle glycemic load. Drying or frying process did not significantly affect the glycemic index of both dried and instant corn noodle substituted.
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Judul: Rheological characteristic of corn noodles made with extrusion process
Abstrak: This research generally aimed to prepare corn-based noodles which have good elasticity and low cooking loss by using extrusion process. In detail, this research has the objective to: (1) study the effects of particle sizes, amounts of corn flour and corn starch in water, concentration of salt in corn flour and corn starch on gelatinization profile; (2) to optimize corn noodle extrusion using RSM, and (3) to study the effect of salt addition and number of passing in extruder on corn noodle characteristics. The gelatinization profile of corn flour and corn starch were characterized by Brabender Visco Amylograph type D-4100 Duisburg. Corn noodles were prepared by Scientific Laboratory Single Screw Extruder type LE25-30/C from Labtech Engineering Co. Ltd., Thailand. Process optimization was conducted by using response surface methodology (RSM) with four parameters, i.e., 1) firmness; 2) stickiness, 3) elongation and 4) cooking loss. Firmness and stickness was set in range, elongation was set in maximum, and cooking loss was set in minimum. It was found that the initial temperature and maximum temperature of gelatinization increased and peak viscosity decreased with the increase of particle sizes. Increasing concentration of corn flour and corn starch in water tended to decrease maximum temperature of gelatinization and increase peak viscosity, but it had no significant effect on initial temperature. The addition of sodium chloride Process optimization showed that the optimum condition, with a desirability of 0.835, was achieved by the combination of 70% (dry basis) dough’s moisture content with the extruder temperature is 90in corn flour increased significantly initial gelatinization temperature, maximum temperature of gelatinization, peak viscosity and cold viscosity. In the case of corn starch, the addition of sodium chloride 1% increased initial temperature and peak viscosity, but the addition more than 1% of concentration had no significant effect. The addition of sodium carbonate in corn flour and corn starch increased the initial temperature and peak viscosity, but decreased maximum temperature of gelatinization and cold viscosity. o In general, this research showed that firmness of corn noodle decreased by the increased of salt addition and by number of passing in extruder. In sodium carbonate addition, the optimum condition was obtained at moisture content of 80% (dry basis), salt concentration of 0.11 or 0.12%, and number of passing in extruder for 3 times (desirability 0.836). Under this optimum condition, predicted by RSM, corn noodles has firmness of 2242.29 gf, stickiness of -58.83 gf, elongation of 418.81%, and cooking loss of 3.66%. In sodium chloride addition, the optimum condition was achieved at moisture content of 80% (dry basis), salt concentration 2%, and number of passing for 3 times (desirability 0.877). Under this condition, predicted by RSM, corn noodles has firmness of 1855.23 gf, stickiness of -35.86 gf, elongation of 576.38%, and cooking loss of 2.62%.
Keyword: Corn starch, Wheat salt noodle

Judul: Upaya Penyelamatan Satwa Liar Indonesia Melalui Konservasi Harimau Sumatera (Panthera tigris sumatrae)
Abstrak: Dalam tiga dasawarsa terakhir ini, harimau telah banyak menarik perhatian dunia internasional. Keberadaan hewan mengagumkan ini di alam sudah mencapai tingkat yang paling kritis. Tiga dari 8 sUb-spesies yang pernah ada telah dilaporkan punah dari permukaan bumi. Ketiga subspesies tersebut adalah sub spesies harimau Kaspia (Panthera tigris virgata), harimau Jawa (Panthera tigris sondaica) dan harimau Bali (Panthera tigris balica). Kemusnahan sub-spesies harimau ini disebabkan oleh perbuatan manusia seperti perburuan, perusakan habitat asli serta perdagangan harimau untuk berbagai kepentingan. Lima sub-spesies harimau terakhir yang ada saat ini juga akan mengalami nasib yang sama apabila tidak dilakukan upaya konservasi. Kondisi tersebut mencapai titik kulminasi pada tahun 1975 ketika CITES (Convention on International Trade In Endangered Species) memasukkan hewan ini kedalam daftar Appendix I yaitu kategori hewan yang sangat dilarang untuk diperdagangkan baik pada tingkat nasional maupun internasional. Badan internasional lain yang merupakan badan dibawah pengawasan PBB yaitu IUCN (International Union/or Conservation o/Nature and Natural Resources) juga memasukkan hewan ini kedalam daftar merah yang memuat hewan-hewan yang terancam kepunahan. Atas dasar di atas kemudian muncul berbagai respon dari pihak yang peduli pada upaya pelestarian dan mencegah kepunahan satwa langka tersebut. Sebagai contoh adalah keluarnya perundang-undangan dalam kerangka strategi konservasi yang melarang pemusnahan harimau di setiap negara yang memiliki habitat asli spesies harimau dan hal tersebut berlaku bagi Indonesia. Di Indonesia respon yang dilakukan terhadap pelestarian spesies harimau dilakukan setelah dua sub spesies dari tiga sub spesies yang pernah ada di Indonesia dinyatakan punah. Indonesia pernah memiliki tiga sub spesies dari delapan sub spesies harimau dunia. Sub spesies harimau Bali (Panthera tigris balica) telah dinyatakan punah sekitar tahun 1940-an dan harimau Jawa (Panthera tigris sondaica) diperkirakan punah pada akhir tahun I 970-an. Sedangkan sub spesies terakhir yang dimiliki Indonesia adalah harimau Sumatera (Panthera tigris sumatrae). Dalanl rangka mendukung program konservasi satwa harimau sumatera, kemudian dibentuk strategi konservasi Harimau Sumatera. Sasaran utama dari strategi ini adalah untuk mengembangkan dan menjamin kelangsungan hidup dari harimau Sumatera liar dalam jangka waktu yang panjang di Indonesia. Strategi ini memiliki dua komponen yang berbeda yaitu : komponen in situ dan komponen ex situ. Komponen in situ mengutamakan tanggung jawab atas perlindungan populasi harimau Sumatera liar (di alam lepas) dan kelangsungan hidupnya serta ditambah pula dengan pengembangan strategi dalam memelihara populasinya. Komponen ex situ mengutamakan tanggung jawab dalam pengembangan populasi dari harimau Sumatera yang ada di dalam kebun binatang (penangkaran) serta mengatur populasi, penyakit dan kemurnian genetik dalarn mengembalikan keutuhan dari populasi liar. Konservasi harimau Sumatera yang telah dilakukan memberikan titik terang dalam upaya menyelamatkan keberadaan harimau Sumatera yang ada. Peningkatan populasi harimau Sumatera didapat apabila dilakukan upaya yang cukup maksimal, dan keberhasilan dalam menyelamatkan satwa ini akan dicapai. Namun hal yang masih perlu ditingkatkan dalam upaya konservasi harimau Sumatera adalah memeasyarakatkan program konservasi kepada seluruh lapisan masyarakat guna menumbuhkan kesadaran dalam menjaga kelestarian harimau Sumatera.
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