Judul: Pembuatan dan Pencirian Solvent Impregnated ResinMengandung Ditizon Terimpregnasi pada Amberlite XAD-16
Abstrak: Solvent Impregnated Resin (SIR) has been formed by impregnating Amberlite XAD-16 with dithizone as the extractant and chloroform as the solvent by a wet impregnation technique. SIR has been prepared in three different concentrations, 0,1250; 0,2500; 0,5000 g dithizone/g Amberlite XAD-16. SIR characterization included weight determination of impregnated dithizone in SIR with gravimetric method, determination of total nitrogen by Kjeldahl method, functional group analysis with Fourier Transform Infra Red, and Thermogravimetric Analysis. SIRs were evaluated by pH influence on Pb2+ extraction and Pb2+ extraction with different SIR concentrations. Result from dithizone content determination by gravimetric method showed 3,52, 6,88, and 12,11%, respectively while by Kjeldahl method showed 2,64, 2,74, and 4,84%, respectively. Functional group analysis showed that dithizone was adhered in SIR indicated by C=S vibration at 1213,60 cm-1, 1171,94 cm-1, and 1143,33 cm-1. SIR which had best stability thermal was SIR 0,5000 g/2,5 g Amberlite XAD-16 compared with SIR 0,1250 and 0,2500 g/2,5 g Amberlite XAD-16. SIR 0,5000 g/2,5 g Amberlite XAD-16 showed better Pb2+ extraction performance than SIR 0,1250 and 0,2500 g/2,5 g Amberlite XAD-16. Extraction capacity of SIR 0,5000 g/2,5 g Amberlite XAD-16 to Pb2+ ion as 92,1906 ppm/g.
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Judul: Elektrode Pasta Karbon Zeolit Alam Termodifikasi Heksadesiltrimetilamonium Bromida untuk Deteksi Kromium(VI)
Abstrak: The extensive use of chromium in metallurgic, leather tanning, electroplating, lumber, electricity generating and other industries have promoted enormous ecological impact in numerous sites that are being contaminated by chromium. Chromium has two dominant species, namely Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Among them, attention concerning the possible hazards arising from the use of Cr(VI) than Cr(III) because hexavalent chromium is around 1000 times more toxic than trivalent one. Therefore, methods for differentiation and quantification of these species are very important in water analysis. Research on chemical modified carbon paste electrode have been carried out starting from 1990 especially in electroanalysis field caused by better improvement than conventional electrode. Continuous research on chemical modified carbon paste electrode has been increasing use of inorganic materials as a modifiers of electrode material. Among inorganic materials, zeolites have been widely used as an ion exchanger due to size, shape, and unique charge selectivity, high capacity ion exchangers, high thermal stability, low cost resistance to extreme conditions. Zeolites have a permanent negative charge on its crystal structure making it suitable as a cation exchanger. This negative charge is also possible to do modifications on the zeolite surface using cationic surfactant of hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) ions. Cation exchange capacity value of zeolite origin from Cikembar (23.7 meq/100 g), Cikalong (47.6 meq/100 g), Bayah (39.7 meq/100 g), and Lampung (42.4 meq/100 g). After activation with NaOH, all cation exchange capacity values showed increasing were Cikembar (60.4 meq/100 g), Cikalong (60.4 meq/100 g), Bayah (42.5 meq/100 g), and Lampung (107.5 meq/100 g). Therefore, Lampung zeolite was selected to do modification with surfactant and was obtained highest adsorption amount of 200 mM HDTMABr as 3.9923 mmol/g zeolit. Cr(VI) adsorption test using diphenylcarbazide (DPC) method toward Lampung zeolite, 100 mM and 200 mM HDTMABr modified NaOH activated Lampung zeolite showed increasing adsorption capacity (Q). Cr(VI) adsorption capacity (Q) at steady state were obtained toward Lampung zeolite, 100 mM and 200 mM zeolite-NaOH-HDTMABr as 58.0457, 134.0522, 148.5602 mg Cr(VI)/g zeolite, respectively. This showed an increase of Cr(VI) amount bound on the zeolite surface. XRD characterization showed 3 significant peaks were obtained on Lampung zeolite, Lampung zeolite activated NaOH, and HDTMABr modified zeolite-NaOH. This showed no structural change on natural and modified zeolite. The degree of crystallinity decreased with the order of natural zeolite, zeolite-NaOH, and HDTMABr modified zeolite-NaOH showed partial loss of impurities contained in natural zeolite and adsorption of HDTMABr molecules on zeolite surface. Zeolite-NaOH-HDTMABr showed incorporation of absorption peaks originating from bending δH-O-H (1637.65 cm-1), vibration vT-O (T= Si,Al) symmetric (1055.56 cm-1), vT-O asymmetric (793.17 cm-1), δSi-O-Al (608.86 cm-1 and 525.67 cm-1), and δO-T-O (468.41 cm-1) also peak absorption originating from HDTMABr were stretching vC-H methylene asymmetric (2920.05 cm-1) and bending δC-H methylene (2851.01 cm-1, 1489.21 cm-1). Characterization by thermal analysis (TG-DTA) showed percentage of loss mass was quite large aat 15.1% in temperature range of 200-300 oC. This result indicates surfactant double layer formed by hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction of nonpolar groups on the surface of HDTMABr modified Lampung zeolite. The existence of electrostatic interactions between HDTMABr molecules on zeolite surface forming s single layer
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Judul: Anatomi otot daerah manus monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis)
Abstrak: Macaca fascicularis dinamakan monyet ekor panjang karena ukuran ekornya panjang, kira-kira sama dengan panjang bagian kepala dan badannya (Napier dan Napier, 1967), selain itu M. fascicularis disebut juga "crab-eating monkey" karena kepiting merupakan salah satu jenis pakan yang paling disukai oleh monyet ini. Satwa primata merupakan hewan yang cocok sebagai hewan model untuk manusia karena kedekatan hubungan filogenetis serta kemiripan anatomis, fisiologis, biokimiawi dan respon farmakologisnya dengan manusia dibandingkan hewan percobaan lainnya (Sajuthi, 1984). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui susunan otot daerah manus beserta origo dan insersionya guna melengkapi data dasar anatomi otot pada M. fascicularis. Penelitian ini menggunakan enam kaki depan kiri dan tiga kaki depan kanan M. fascicularis yang telah diawetkan dalam formalin 10%. Pengamatan yang dilakukan meliputi morfologi dan susunan masing-masing kelompok otot lengkap dengan origo dan însersionya, kemudian membandingkan dengan literatur mengenai morfologi dan susunan otot daerah manus tangan manusia. Hasil pengamatan morfologi luar sebeluın dilakukan penguakan kulit terlihat bagian dorsal kaki depan monyet ekor panjang ditutupi oleh rambut yang berwarna coklat kehitam-hitaman. Sedangkan bagian distal tidak ditumbuhi rambut, berkulit tebal, mempunyai bungkul-bungkul yang terbagi dengan jelas dan mempunyai gambaran sidik telapak dan jari. Otot-otot mamus M. fascicularis terdiri atas tiga kelompok otot yaitu kelompok thenar, hypothenar dan palmar. Kelompok otot thenar terdiri atas empat otot yaitu m. abductor pollicis brevis, m. opponens pollicis, m. flexor pollicis brevis dan m. adductor pollicis. Keempat otot pada kelompok thenar ini berbeda origonya dengan manusia. Musculus abductor pollicis brevis pada M. fascicularis berorigo di os navicularis dan os sesamoideum. Pada manusia kedua tulang ini tidak ada. Pada manusia otot ini berorigo pada retinaculum flexorum, bungkul os scaphoideum, os trapezium dan berkas tendo dari m. abductor pollicis longus. Musculus opponens pollicis pada M. fascicularis berorigo di ligamentum carpi transversum dan tendo dari m. abductor pollicis longus. Pada manusia otot ini berorigo pada retinaculum flexorum dan bungkul os trapezium, Musculus flexor pollicis brevis pada M. fascicularis dan manusia terbagi menjadi dua caput yaitu caput superficial dan caput profundal. Kedua caput pada M. fascicularis memiliki origo yang berbeda dengan manusia. Caput superficial pada M. fascicularis berorigo di ligamentum carpi transversum, sedangkan caput profundal berorigo di proksimal os metacarpal II sisi radial dan os trapezoideum sisi ulnar. Pada manusia, caput superficial berorigo pada retinaculum flexorum dan os trapezium, sedangkan caput profundal pada os trapezoideum dan os capitatum. Musculus adductor pollicis pada M. fascicularis dan manusia terbagi menjadi dua caput yaitu caput obliquus dan caput transversum. Kedua caput pada M. fascicularis memiliki origo yang berbeda dengan manusia. Pada M. fascicularis, caput obliquus berorigo pada os trapezoideum sedangkan caput transversum berorigo pada proksimal os metacarpal II dan III. Pada manusia, caput obliquus berorigo pada os capitatum dan proksimal os metacarpal II dan III, sedangkan caput transversum berorigo pada os metacarpal III dan beberapa serabutnya akan bersatu dengan m. adductor pollicis caput obliquus dan m. interossea palmaris 1…dst
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