Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: Cakung Dalam river has received pollutants discharged by industries, including heavy metals. Hg, Cd, and Pb are heavy metals which very toxic in the world and their impact from generation to generation. The research was aimed : to determine the distribution level of heavy metals (Hg, Cd, and Pb); to developed distribution model of heavy metals; to calculate water economic value ; and to developed evolution model of water economic value . The distribution level of heavy metals were compared with standard values; the water economic value was determined by total economic valuation; the distribution model of Hg, Cd, and Pb, and the evolution model of water economic value were developed using Powersim 2.5c, MS. Exce l, SPSS 10.05, and Minitab. Validation of the models carried out by implementing theoritical test, structure stability test, consistency test, AME test, AVE test, Kalman filter test, U-Thelil’s test, and DW test. In 2003, the distribution level of heavy metals in river water, ground water, paddy, rice, and fishes are sign that Hg of river water was above standard value of group-C water (PP RI No. 82, 2001). It is not suitable to support fisheries and poultry. The distribution model of heavy metals showed increasing trend in the second half year in river water and ground water, and every half year in paddy, rice, and fishes. Over a 50 year period, the Hg, Cd, and Pb are predicted to increase by 0,012 ppm, 0,0029 ppm, and 0,0013 ppm in river water respectively; 0,01808 ppm, 0,08771 ppm, and 0,19150 ppm in ground water respectively; 0,0072 ppm, 0,0041 ppm, and 0,0069 ppm in paddy respectively; 0,0041 ppm, 0,0042 ppm, and 0,0084 ppm in rice respectively; and 0,0079 ppm, 0,0097 ppm, and 0,0056 ppm in fishes respectively. The water economic value in 2003 without heavy metals input was Rp 1.094.961.301,52. The evolution model of water economic value is predicted to decrease gradually : for 2003-2010, due to toxicity crustacea by Hg on river water; in 2010, due to Cd on ground water was above standard value of cleaning water; in 2028, due to Hg on river water was above standard value on agricultural water; and since 2032, due to river sedimentation. The water economic value by 2050 (January) is predicted Rp 337.336.753,73.
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Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: The focus of this study is the devetopment of a sustainable water resource utilization model through proper water priCing regime in the DKI Jakarta region, in accordance With cost of treatment at the firm (pAM Jaya) and conservation of water resources at the up-stream catchment areas. The objectives of this study are: (1) to buill and test the behavior of water supply and demand over time, (2) to conduct the optimizatiOn model the time variable, and (3) to formulate alternative of scenarios water resource management policy v.flich will give an optimum benefit and win con5efVe the water resource. Two methods are used in this research: First, the econometric analysis was applied to construct the water suppty and demand dynamicalfy. Second, the dynamic optimization was carried out to analysis the total benefi1s accrued to stakehokiers given the constraints on water supply and water pricing mechanism. Results of the study show that demand for water in urban area is greater than its supply and water supply has experienced a decreasing retum to scale. The water price is specified by ftat price which does not capture the nature of water scardty, because it is not related to economic consideration, especially, related to adjustment between investment. operation, and maintenance cost.. to contrast, marginal price has shown the scarcity of water resource and by intemaIizing the cost of externality in .the up-stream and water fee in the fonn of provision value of water (NPA). Another resuH suggests that the benefit of an optimum utilization of ground and surface water resource at baseline modeJ. reached about Rp. 141.128 billion for the last period, with demand growth at 4.7 percent The gromdwater stock. Of aquifefS inDKI Jakarta witl decrease by half in 2008, afterwards the treatment of surface water will become Vert intensive, and very costly, so that the price of potable water witl be expensjve, Finally. the study shows that the market based scenarios generates more benefit and a longer time path of planning to meet the growth of demand and the available stock d water resources will be decreased in 2039.
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Judul: Anatomi otot-otot ekspresi wajah monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis)
Abstrak: Hewan primata banyak digunakan untuk penelitian biomedis karena memiliki kemiripan anatomi dengan manusia. Evolusi dari otot wajah mamalia yang berhubungan dengan ekspresi wajah dan komunikasi visual terutama pada hewan pimata dalam hal ini otot-otot daerah kelopak mata serta mulut memegang peranan penting (Bennet et al., 1995). Monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) adalah slah satu jenis hewan primata di antara 5 hewan primata yang paling banyak digunakan untuk penelitian biomedis (Anonimus, 2000; Anonimus, 2002). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari morfologi otot-otot ekspresi wajah beserta origo dan insersionya untuk melengkapi data dasar anatomi otot pada M. fascicularis. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga ekor preparat monyet ekor panjang yang telah diawetkan dalam larutan formalin 10% dan sebuah tengkorak kepala beserta tulang rahang bawah monyet ekor panjang. Pengamatan yang dilakukan meliputi morfologi otot beserta origo dan insersionya, dan hubungannya dengan variasi ekspresi wajah yang mampu dilakukan monyet ekor panjang, kemudian membandingkannya dengan literatur anatomi manusia, beberapa hewan primata lain, hewan herbivora dan karnivora. Dari hasil pengamatan, pada susunan otot ekspresi wajah monyet ekor panjang ditemukan lima kelompok otot: 1). Kelompok otot kulit kepala yaitu: m. occipitofrontalis (gabungan m. frontalis dan m. occipitalis). 2). Kelompok otot hidung yaitu: m. nasolabialis. 3). Kelompok otot mulut yaitu: m. nasolabialis, m. zygomaticus major, m. zygomaticus minor, m. levator anguli oris, m. depressor anguli oris, m depressor labii inferioris, m. mentalis, m. buccinatorius, m. orbicularis oris dan m. platysma. 4). Kelompok otot telinga yaitu: m auricularis posterior, m. auricularis superior dan m. auricularis anterior. 5). Kelompok otot kelopak mata yaitu: m. orbicularis oculi, m. corrugator supercilii dan mlevator palpebrae superioris. Setiap kelompok otot memiliki berbagai karakteristik baik morfologi maupun origo dan insersio yang berbeda dengan primata. lain, kuda, sapi dan anjing. Hal tersebut menghasilkan variasi fungsi otot yang berbeda sesuai dengan perilaku dan pola hidup.
Keyword: Macaca fascicularis, long-tailed macaque, monkey