Judul: Employment Creation and Poverty Reduction through Agricultural and Rural Development A Political Economic Analysis of Fiscal Policy
Abstrak: The problems of poverty and unemployment are more severe in rural than in wban areas. These problems are difficult to solve if development strategy lacking emphasis on agricultural and rural sector. The government, via fiscal policy, can directly or indirectly affect the development of agricultural and rural sector, which in turns reduces poverty and unemployment. This study aims at analyzing the impacts of government expenditures on poverty and unemployment within a political-economy framework. To reach this objective, a simultaneous equations model containing 22 structural equations and 9 identity equations, is constructed and estimated using the 2SLS method. Simulations of a set of policy scenarios are undertaken based on estimated parameters of the model. Estimated parameters of the model suggest that government regime affects significantly GDP and poverty. Political economy of the Post New- Order regime tends to bring about decreases in agricultwal and nonagricultural GDP, resulting in increases in mral and wban poverty. Results of the simulation analysis indicate that an increase in government expenditure on infrastructure can improve the growth and labor absorption, which then reduce unemployment. A policy mix between government expenditure on agricultural development and wage policy is potential to decrease the number of poor people in rural areas.
Keyword: kebijakan fiskal

Judul: Dampak Kebijakan Pembangunan Pertanian Terhadap Pengentasan Kemiskinan di Indonesia
Abstrak: Government policy applied in agricultural sectors, giving opportunity for welfare improvement and poverty reduction of all perpetrator in concerned agricultural sector directly and also indirectly. Impact of agriculture development policy on poverty reduction during the time it is important to know and evaluated, so that necessary action can be taken a strategic agriculture development policy and able to become solution about height problem of poverty level. This study aims at analyzing the impact of agricultural development policy on poverty reduction in Indonesia. To reach this objective, a simultaneous equations model is constructed and estimated using the 2SLS method. Simulations of a set of policy scenarios are undertaken based on estimeted parameters of the model. The result of this research show that urban poverty can to reduced by improvement policy of real wage rate, improvement of economic growth, goverment expenditure in service sector and improvement of nasional food stock. Furthermore, rural poverty can be depressed by improvement of real wage rate, economic growth, goverment expenditure on agriculture, price of agriculture commodity and improvement of agricultural production. While for the economic crisis and inflation give positive influence to poorness number improvement in rural. Policy combination to increase of areal agriculture and credit improvement each 10 percent, and also degrade rate of interest equal to 2 percent representing policy combination giving biggest influence to poverty reduction, that is equal to 4.30 percent. This Policy combination bring influence for poverty reduction in rural, that is equal to 4.66 percent. This policy combination also able to push production of equal to 5.01 percent and repair of agriculture commodity price equal to 1.97 percent.
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Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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