Judul: Monitoring Jenis dan Kelimpahan Fitoplankton di Tambak Budidaya Intensif selama Wabah Penyakit White Feces Disease (WFD).
Abstrak: Intensifikasi memiliki dampak terhadap munculnya berbagai macam penyakit, salah satunya yaitu white feces disease (WFD). Faktor penyebab penyakit WFD masih belum diketahui hingga saat ini. Salah satu faktor yang dikaitkan dengan munculnya penyakit ini yaitu fitoplankton. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis jenis dan kelimpahan fitoplankton pada saat kejadian white feces disease (WFD). Metode pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara composite sampling. Sampel air diambil sebanyak 50 L, lalu disaring dengan menggunakan plankton net. Air tersaring disimpan ke dalam botol sampel dan diawetkan dengan penambahan larutan lugol sebanyak 8–10 tetes. Fitoplankton diidentifikasi dengan panduan buku identifikasi fitoplankton. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 4 kelas fitoplakton yaitu Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, dan Dinophyceae. Populasi fitoplankton mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan pada petak yang terindikasi WFD. Dominasi fitoplankton pada petak WFD yaitu kelas Cyanophyceae dengan kelimpahan tertinggi yaitu genus Trichodesmium sp.
Keyword: Fitoplankton, Kelimpahan, Litopenaus vannamei, WFD

Judul: Kelimpahan Bakteri pada Media Budidaya dan Saluran Pencernaan di Tambak Budidaya Udang Intensif selama Wabah White Feces Disease.
Abstrak: Penyakit white feces disease (WFD) merupakan penyakit yang sering dijumpai pada kegiatan budidaya udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) skala intensif di Indonesia termasuk di Tambak Pinang Gading, Lampung Selatan, Provinsi Lampung. Namun, penyebab utama penyakit WFD belum ditemukan hingga saat ini. Penelitian untuk mencari penyebab utama penyakit WFD sudah dilakukan dan beberapa diantaranya menyebutkan bahwa penyakit ini disebabkan oleh bakteri dari genus Vibrio sp. Informasi dasar mengenai perbedaan kelimpahan bakteri pada media budidaya dan saluran pencernaan antara udang normal dan udang yang terinfeksi WFD serta gambaran histopatologi usus dan hepatopankreas udang normal dan yang terinfeksi WFD penting untuk diketahui supaya dapat dilakukan tindakan tepat guna baik preventif maupun kuratif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis perbedaan kelimpahan bakteri pada media budidaya dan saluran pencernaan udang serta gambaran histopatologi usus dan hepatopankreas selama kejadian WFD. Pengukuran kelimpahan bakteri (total bakteri, total bakteri Vibrio sp., dan total bakteri Vibrio koloni hijau) pada media budidaya dan saluran pencernaan dilakukan setiap minggunya dimulai dari DOC (day of culture) ke-35 hingga DOC ke-84 dengan pengenceran berseri metode cawan sebar untuk dihitung total koloninya. Pembuatan preparat histopatologi usus dan hepatopankreas menggunakan pewarna hematoksilin & eosin (HE). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa WFD terjadi pada DOC ke-49 ditandai dengan adanya feces putih di permukaan air dan anco pakan. Rata-rata kelimpahan bakteri saat mulai terjadi WFD lebih tinggi dibanding rata-rata kelimpahan bakteri normal. Kisaran kelimpahan bakteri pada media budidaya dan saluran pencernaan udang yang terinfeksi WFD lebih tinggi dibanding kisaran kelimpahan bakteri pada media budidaya dan saluran pencernaan udang normal. Usus udang terinfeksi WFD mengalami kerusakan struktur, detachment sel epitel pada lapisan basal lamina dan memiliki dinding sel yang lebih tipis. Hepatopankreas udang terinfeksi WFD mengalami kerusakan tubulus, atrofi sel, dan kehilangan connective tissue.
Keyword: kelimpahan bakteri, Litopenaeus vannamei, media budidaya, saluran pencernaan, white feces disease

Judul: The construction of a rule to combine sentence graphs
Abstrak: Nowadays, people prefer to read an electronic article or text and it requires a short time to understand the content or substance of the text. This is due to time constraints and other activities are more important than reading. However, reading remains an important thing to do. This can be solved by making a summary of the text. Summary text is done by using the Knowledge Graph and carried through two stages, namely representation and simplification or simplification results representation. Representation of a text is carried out in stages because the text has several elements, ie words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs. Representation of text elements that have been researched are words, phrases, and clauses. The representation can be used to generate a representation of the sentence. Representation of sentences requires a rule so that everyone produces the same representation. Therefore, the authors conducts a study on a representation of the meaning of the sentence. This research aims are to create a rule to construct a sentence graph and a rule to combine sentence graphs. The benefit of this research is to provide the rules for constructing a sentence graph thus eliminating the ambiguity of the sentence. Knowledge Graph method is a way to describe or represent of human language that is more centered on the semantic aspects of the syntactic aspect. The Knowledge Graph consists of two components, namely concept and relationship. Concept consists of three elements, namely token, type, and name. Token is a concept that is understood by a person according to their perspectives; this affects token to be subjective. Type is a concept that has been agreed and it is considered as general information so that affect type to be objective. Name is an individualized concept and unique. Relationship consists of several types of relations, namely ALI, CAU, SUB, DIS, ORD, PAR, EQU, and SKO. ALI relation is used to connecting the token with the type. CAU relation is used to connecting the two concepts that have a causal relationship. SUB relation expresses a concept as a part of another concept. DIS relation is used to presenting two concepts are not the same. ORD relation is stated that two things have a certain order to each other. PAR relation is stated that a thing is an attributes (properties) of the other things. EQU relation is used to connecting the two equal or similar concept. SKO relation expresses dependency relationship between two concepts. This study uses a sentence that has a type based on the basic structure of the sentence, which is the structure of subject-predicate sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-object sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-adverb sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-complement sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-object-adverb sentence, and the structure of subject-predicate-object-complement sentence. Chronology of the research is as follows, (1) studying literature which is about the types of sentences, the Knowledge Graph methods, the application of the Knowledge graph methods, and the standard procedures for Indonesian language. (2) creating rules to construct a sentence graph, with the following steps, (2a) construct a sentence graph, (2b) test rules to
Keyword: a rule to combine sentence graphs, a rule to construct a sentence graph, Knowledge Graph, Sentence Graph