Judul: Analysis of the Vertical Structure of Equatorial  Kelvin Waves in the Upper-Troposphere and Lower-Stratosphere Based on GPS  RO Data
Abstrak: Gelombang kelvin merupakan salah-satu gelombang atmosfer paling dominan di lapisan troposfer-atas dan stratosfer-bawah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik gelombang kelvin dalam struktur vertikal pada lapisan troposfer-atas dan stratosfer-bawah menggunakan data GPS RO. Metode STSA digunakan untuk menganalisis aktivitas gelombang kelvin tiap lapisan dan musiman. Gelombang kelvin dalam struktur vertikal menunjukan arah propagasi miring ke arah timur terhadap ketinggian dan merambat ke bawah terhadap waktu. Karakteristik gelombang kelvin pada lapisan troposfer-atas dan stratosfer-bawah berbeda. Pada lapisan troposfer-atas, gelombang kelvin dominan dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas konvektif yang memperlambat perambatan gelombang sehingga laju fasanya lebih rendah dibandingkan pada stratosfer-bawah. Panjang gelombang vertikal yang ditemukan berkisar pada 2.8-4.9 km pada troposfer-atas, 2.8-7 km pada tropopause, dan 4.9-12.1 km pada stratosfer-bawah. Periode gelombang kelvin yang teramati berkisar antara 4-17 hari dengan bilangan gelombang 1 hingga 4.Analisis musiman pada lapisan troposfer-atas, tropopause, dan stratosfer-bawah menunjukan bahwa gelombang kelvin kuat pada musim JJA dan SON., Kelvin waves are one of the most dominant atmospheric waves in the upper troposphere and lower-stratosphere layers. This study aims to analyze kelvin waves in vertical structures in the upper-troposphere and lower-stratosphere using GPS RO data. STSA method is used to analyze the kelvin wave activity of each layer and its seasonality. Kelvin waves in a vertical structure revealed of propagation tilted eastward for the altitude and propagates downward with time. The characteristics of kelvin waves in the upper-troposphere and lower-stratosphere are different. In the upper-troposphere, kelvin waves are dominantly influenced by convective activity which slows the wave propagation so that the phase speed is lower than in the lower-stratosphere. The vertical wavelengths are 2.8-4.9 km in the upper-troposphere, 2.8-7 km in the tropopause, and 4.9-12.1 km in the lower stratosphere. The kelvin wave period observed ranged from 4-17 days with wave numbers 1 to 4. Seasonal analysis of the upper-troposphere, tropopause, and lower stratosphere shows that the kelvin wave is strong in the JJA and SON seasons.
Keyword: GPS RO, kelvin wave, lower-stratosphere, upper-troposphere

Judul: Karakteristik Horizontal Gelombang Kelvin Dan Rossby-Gravity Di Lapisan Stratosfer-Bawah Ekuatorial Pada Fase Baratan Dan Timuran Qbo
Abstrak: Data ERA-Interim dengan periode 35 tahun (Januari 1979 – Desember 2013) keluaran ECMWF (European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasts) digunakan untuk menganalisis karakteristik gelombang Kelvin dan gelombang Rossby-Gravity pada fase baratan dan timuran QBO menggunakan metode Space-Time Spectral Analysis (STSA). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas gelombang Kelvin menguat pada fase timuran QBO dan gelombang Rossby-Gravity menguat pada fase baratan QBO di lapisan stratosfer-bawah. Variasi musiman menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas kedua geombang tersebut menguat pada musim JJA dan SON akibat profil aliran dasar yang berada di lapisan stratosfer dan diperkuat dengan proses konveksi di wilayah Pasifik tropis. Identifikasi gelombang Kelvin dan Rossby-Gravity juga dilakukan di lapisan troposfer untuk membandingkan karakteristik kedua gelombang tersebut di lapisan yang berbeda. Gelombang Kelvin dan gelombang Rossby- Gravity memiliki kecepatan fasa yang lebih rendah di lapisan troposfer akibat terkopel dengan konveksi. Variasi gelombang Kelvin dan gelombang Rossby- Gravity di lapisan troposfer tidak dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh perbedaan fase QBO. Hasil ini konsisten dengan teori bahwa variasi gelombang ekuator di lapisan troposfer dikendalikan oleh proses konveksi.
Keyword: Gelombang Kelvin, Gelombang Rossby-Gravity, QBO, STSA

Judul: Buprenorphine and Fischer-344 Rats Post-operative Stress Levels: Impact on Serum Corticosterone Levels.
Abstrak: The use of laboratory animals in experiment often requires surgical operations. Post-operative condition often associated with pain and stress. Preemptive analgesia and post operative treatment with buprenorphine can reduce post operative pain and stress and prevent prolonged pain. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that pre operative treatment of buprenorphine reduces stress and suppresses the pre-operative serum corticosterone levels in Fischer 344 rats. A total of 14 adult male Fischer 344 (F344/Sca) rats permanently catheterized in artery carotis communis were used. During 94 hour post-operatively the blood sample was collected at specific time point using Accusampler®, an automated blood sampling. Corticosterone levels were quantified with ELISA method using sheep polyclonal antibody to corticosterone. Buprenorphine is effective as pre-emptive analgesia in F344 strain. However the dose is higher than what has been reported in Sprague Dawley strain. Buprenorphine 1.0 mg/kg significantly suppressed serum corticosterone levels immediately after rats regain consciousness. Rats in buprenorphine 1.0 mg/kg group were protected from post operative body weight loss and reduced water intake compare to control, nutella, and buprenorphine 0.4 mg/kg group. Quantification of fecal corticosteroid metabolites failed to detect stress in present study.
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