Judul: Peptides Hydrolysate Derived from Collagen of Snakehead Murrel (Channa striata) Skin Demonstrate Anti-oxidant and Anti-cholesterol Activities.
Abstrak: Anti-cholesterol and anti-oxidant play crucial role to combat cardiovascular disease (CVD) related to formation of arterial plagues from oxidation of cholesterol. In the past decades, research on bioactive peptides demonstrating anti-cholesterol and anti-oxidant activities have been reported as the alternative drugs. In this study, acid soluble collagen was extracted from the skin of snakehead murrel and employed to induce production of collagenase by Bacillus licheniformis F11.4. The collagenases secreted were in turn purified through AKTA Purifier (ion exchange, DEAE column) and used to produce peptides hydrolysate. The purified enzymes were grouped in two distinct collagenase fractions, designated as fraction D and F. Peptides hydrolysate produced by the fraction D was found to demonstrate HMG-CoA inhibitor activity comparable to pravastatin and limited anti-oxidant activity. Meanwhile, peptides hydrolysate generated using the fraction F demonstrated anti-oxidant activity comparable to BHT (2mM), vitamin C (2mM) and vitamin E (2mM), but limited HMG-CoA activity. Combination of the fraction D and F resulted in substantial HMG-CoA inhibition and anti-oxidant activities.
Keyword: Anti-cholesterol, anti-oxidant, bioactive peptide, collagen, collagenase, snakehead murrel

Judul: Collagenase of Bacillus licheniformis F11 from Palembang and application to produce bioactive collagen peptide
Abstrak: Collagenase is endopeptidase which can cleave helical collagen into small peptide fragments. The objective of the study was to select Bacillus licheniformis F11 which produced the best collagenase, purify collagenase dan characterize the crude and purified collagenase and apply collagenase from Indonesian Bacillus licheniformis in the production of bioactive collagen peptides which act as antioxidant, inhibitor of ACE (angiotensin I-converting enzyme) and anti cancer. The Bacillus licheniformis F11.1 and F11.4 were deleted gen from B. licheniformis F11, respectively. Collagenase from B. licheniformis was selected for application to hydrolyze fish skin collagen to produce collagen peptides. B. licheniformis 11.1 produced higher protease activity as compared to B. licheniformis F11.4 when grown in LB media. The optimum production time was 15 h for B. licheniiformis F11.1 with protease activity of 0.028 U/ml or 0.909 U/mg protein. For B. licheniformis F11.4 it was between 20-35 hours of fermentation, with enzyme activity of 0.005 U/ml or 0.157 U/mg protein. When collagen was added to the Modified LB media different responses were obtained. The activity of protease from B. licheniformis F11.1 decreased from 0.028 U/ml or 0.909 U/mg protein to 0.005 U/ml or 0.172 U/mg protein while that of B. licheniformis F11.4 increased from 0.005 U/ml or 0.157 U/mg protein to 0.017 U/ml or 0.546 U/mg protein. Based on result from extracellular collagenase production and spesificities towards substrate and finger print substrate, B. licheniformis F11.4 was selected for further study. Enzyme purification was done with ammonium sulphate 50% (w/v) precipitation, followed by DEAE Sephadex A-50 column chromatography. Precipitation with ammonium sulphate resulted in 5-fold purification with a yield of 10.1%. After purification with DEAE Sephadex A-50 column, the enzyme was purified 26.3-fold with a yield of 2.6%. The relative molecular weight was estimated to be 124 and 26 kDa. The optimum activity of both crude and purified collagenase (without and with Ca2+) were observed at 500C. The crude enzyme had pH optimum at 9.0, while the purified enzyme at 7.0. The crude collagenase activity was inhibited by FeCl2 (1mM) and CoCl2 (1 mM) while CuCl2 increased its activity. The purified collagenase activity was inhibited by CuCl2 (1 mM), FeCl2 (1 mM), MgCl2 (1 mM) and CoCl2 (1 mM). However, CaCl2 (10 mM), ZnCl2 (5 and 10 mM) and CuCl2 (5 and 10 mM) increased its activity. The radical scavenging activity (as measured by DPPH) of the collagen peptide hydrolysed with purified collagenase was higher (30.28%) than that of these hydrolysed with crude collagenase (23.50%). However, ferric ion reduction activity of the collagen peptide hydrolysed with crude collagenase (2.12) was higher than that of the collagen peptide hydrolysed with purified collagenase (0.78) and these were also higher than the 2.0 mM BHT antioxidant used as control. The ACE (Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme) inhibitor activity of the collagen peptide hydrolysed with crude was higher (83%) as compared to that hydrolysed with purified collagenase (74%). The antiproliferation activity towards HeLa cervix cancer cells of the collagen peptide hydrolysed with purified collagenase (39.2%) was higher than that of the collagen peptide hydrolysed with crude (23.5%). The antiproliferation activity towards HCT-116 colon cancer
Keyword: 

Judul: Heisenberg Uncertainty of Double SlitSystem Based on Budiyono-Rohrlich Quantum Statistics Model
Abstrak: Interpretasi kuantum dikembangkan untuk memaknai secara fisis dengan jelas bagaimana suatu dinamika pada sistem mikroskopis yang dijelaskan dengan teori-teori kuantum, seperti interpretasi Copenhagen yang mendeskripsikan sistem kuantum sebagai suatu keadaan yang dideskripsikan dengan fungsi gelombang yang berisikan bagaimana peluang keadaan suatu sistem. Interpretasi kuantum juga bisa dibawa dari suatu sistem klasik seperti pada model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich yang menjelaskan bagaimana dinamika kuantum berhubungan dengan sistem klasik dengan penerapan statistika pada model Hamiltonian sistem. Fungsi distribusi dapat mendeskripsikan bagaimana suatu sistem terdistribusi pada suatu ruang pada pandangan klasik namun untuk sistem kuantum fungsi distribusi adalah peluang dari sistem tersebut. Sistem klasik dan kuantum juga dipisahkan berdasarkan pada ketidakpastian Heisenberg tentang suatu pengukuran yang tidak bisa secara sekaligus dilakukan bersamaan. Model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich membawa suatu sistem klasik menjadi sistem kuantum dengan dua aksioma yaitu hukum kekekalan energi rata rata dan konservasi rapat probabilitas. Sistem klasik yang didefinisikan akan diatur dengan menambahkan dua variable matematis berupa ontic extensions dan epistemic restrictions dimana kedua variabel ini yang akan menghubungkan bagaimana sistem klasik bisa diubah menjadi sebuah sistem kuantum. Dua variabel matematis tadi membuat sebuah sistem bisa diperlihatkan ketidakpastiannya lewat perhitungan simpangan rata-rata dan hasilnya akan selalu memenuhi ketidakpastian Heisenberg
Keyword: fungsi distribusi, model Budiyono-Rohrlich, ontic extension, epistemic restriction, ketidakpastian Heisenberg