Judul: Pemodelan Desain Proses Sintesis Bio Propilen Glikol dari Gliserol Sawit
Abstrak: Kebutuhan propilen glikol di Indonesia kian meningkat karena banyak digunakan dalam berbagai industri khususnya industri personal care, kosmetik, dan farmasi. Propilen glikol komersial yang umum diproduksi hingga kini masih menggunakan bahan baku petrokimia yang tidak ramah lingkungan dan di Indonesia kebutuhan propilen glikol masih mengandalkan impor. Disisi lain, Indonesia merupakan salah satu produsen biodiesel terbesar di dunia sehingga dapat menghasilkan produk samping berupa gliserol. PT Ratu Bio Indonesia tergerak untuk melakukan riset dan pengembangan untuk memanfaatkan gliserol sebagai bahan baku untuk memproduksi propilen glikol berbasis bio. Perancangan desain proses dilakukan dengan pemodelan simulasi menggunakan software Aspen Hysys dengan basis bahan baku 10 kg. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa propilen glikol dapat disintesis dari gliserol dengan metode hidrogenolisis melalui acetol pathway dibantu oleh katalis Cu-ZnO/Al2O3 pada P=30 bar dan T=151,6oC. Rendemen crude bio propilen glikol yang dihasilkan sebesar 81,81% dengan kandungan komponen bio propilen glikol sebesar 70,05%. Hasil uji coba sintesis secara langsung masih belum optimal karena alat yang digunakan belum sesuai sehingga dilakukan perancangan perbaikan alat menggunakan sistem bubble column dengan penambahan komponen sparger, flow meter, dan thermocouple tipe K. Hasil validasi model menunjukkan persentase error kurang dari 5% sehingga model tersebut dinyatakan valid., The demand for propylene glycol in Indonesia is increasing as it is widely used in various industries, particularly in personal care, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Commercial propylene glycol is commonly produced using petrochemical raw materials, which are not environmentally friendly, and in Indonesia, the demand for propylene glycol still relies on imports. On the other hand, Indonesia is one of the largest biodiesel producers in the world, thus generating glycerol as a by-product. PT Ratu Bio Indonesia is motivated to conduct research and development to utilize glycerol as a raw material to produce bio-based propylene glycol. The process design was carried out through simulation modeling using Aspen Hysys software with a raw material basis of 10 kg. The simulation results show that propylene glycol can be synthesized from glycerol using the hydrogenolysis method via the acetol pathway with the aid of a Cu-ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst at P=30 bar and T=151.6°C. The yield of crude bio propylene glycol obtained was 81.81% with a bio propylene glycol component content of 70.05%. The results of the direct synthesis trials are still not optimal because the equipment used is not suitable. Therefore, an improvement of the equipment design was carried out using a bubble column system with the addition of components such as a sparger, flow meter, and K-type thermocouple. The model validation results showed an error percentage of less than 5%, making the model valid.
Keyword: bio propylene glycol, Simulation, Synthesis, Acetol pathway, hydrogenolysis

Judul: Modeling of Bio Propylene Glycol Refinery Process Design Made from Palm Glycerol at PT Ratu Bio Indonesia
Abstrak: Impor propilen glikol semakin tinggi di Indonesia. Gliserol yang melimpah memotivasi para peneliti untuk memberi nilai tambah pada gliserol dengan mengolahnya menjadi bio propilen glikol. Bio propilen glikol dapat disintesis dari gliserol menggunakan proses hidrogenolisis. Bio propilen glikol yang tersintesis masih mengandung komponen sisa air yang mengurangi kemurniannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memodelkan desain proses pemurnian bio propilen glikol berbahan dasar gliserol sawit menggunakan Aspen Hysys, mengidentifikasi impurities, dan mengetahui kemurnian dan rendemen yang dihasilkan. Metode penelitiannya mencakup lima fase: eksplorasi, identifikasi masalah, ideasi, pengembangan prototipe, dan validasi. Perancangan desain proses dilakukan dengan pemodelan proses pemurnian sebanyak dua iterasi untuk mendapatkan kondisi proses yang efektif dengan kemurnian dan rendemen yang tinggi. Model iterasi 2 optimal untuk menghasilkan kemurnian 99,83% dengan rendemen 74,33% atau 7,433 kg yaitu kolom distilasi dengan T = 193°C, P = 1,2 atm, dan rasio refluks = 2. Selain itu, model ini membutuhkan total energi yang lebih hemat. Hasil uji coba pemurnian skala laboratorium belum optimal, karena dengan alat tersebut belum terjadi pemisahan produk dan masih lengket pada dinding labu. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan perbaikan dengan menambahkan refluks, thermocouple, dan lapisan PTFE pada dinding unit distilasi. Model ini dinyatakan valid karena menghasilkan bio propilen glikol yang memenuhi CoA., Imports of propylene glycol are increasing in Indonesia. The abundance of glycerol motivates researchers to add value to glycerol by processing it into bio propylene glycol. Bio propylene glycol can be synthesized from glycerol using the hydrogenolysis process. The synthesized bio propylene glycol still contains residual water components which reduce its purity. This research aims to model the design of a bio-refining process for propylene glycol made from palm glycerol using Aspen Hysys, identify impurities, and determine the resulting purity and yield. The research method includes five phases: exploration, problem identification, ideation, prototype development, and validation. The process design was carried out by modeling the purification process in two iterations to obtain effective process conditions with high purity and yield. The 2nd iteration model is optimal to produce a purity of 99.83% with a yield of 74.33% or 7.433 kg, namely a distillation column with T = 193°C, P = 1.2 atm, and reflux ratio = 2. In addition, this model requires a total more energy efficient. The results of laboratory scale purification trials were not optimal, because with this tool the product had not yet been separated and it was still sticky to the walls of the flask. Therefore, improvements need to be made by adding a reflux, thermocouple, and PTFE layer to the walls of the distillation unit. This model is valid which can produces bio propylene glycol which meets the CoA.
Keyword: bio propylene glycol, refinery, modeling, distillation, reflux ratio

Judul: Etno-ornitologi Burung Kancilan Flores (Pachycephala nudigula nudigula Hartert 1897) pada Masyarakat Lio di Taman Nasional Kelimutu
Abstrak: Bare-throathed whistler is one of several wild birds in Kelimutu National Park (TNKL) that is believed to have correlation with Lio Community‟s belief. The estimation of Bare-throated whistler‟s population in Kelimutu National Park was about 186.41-1668.07 individual by the density about 0.0389-0.3481 ind/ha with the sex ratio 6.2:1 that spreaded on area with height of 1100 – 1600 masl. The characteristic of Bare-throated whistler‟s habitat is a natural forest with various canopy level, high plant species diversity and high density. The habitat characteristics related to the availability of food in the form of insects, cover, safety and a nesting site. Generally the most of Lio community knew the existence of Bare-throated whistler directly or from their parents‟ stories. The perceptions of Lio Community to the Bare-throated whistler‟s existence is generally support the conservation efforts. The perceptions construct the Lio Community‟s atitude that tend to be conservative to the existence of Bare-throated whistler. The attitude shown by their behavior that not cathing the Bare-throated whistler from the TNKL‟s area or the outside. The attitude have an important role to the existence of Bare-throated whistler in Kelimutu National Park‟s area.
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