Judul: Estimation of Potential Ghost Gear in Gillnet Fisheries and its Prevention Efforts at Karangsong Fish Landing Base, Indramayu
Abstrak: Ghost gear merupakan salah satu bagian dari marine debris yang diakibatkan oleh alat tangkap yang hilang, dibuang, dan ditinggalkan di perairan. Alat tangkap yang berpotensi besar menyebabkan ghost gear adalah jaring insang. Sebanyak 87,6% alat tangkap yang beroperasi di Karangsong adalah jaring insang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan perikanan jaring insang di PPI Karangsong, mengestimasi jumlah ghost gear, mengidentifikasi faktor penyebabnya dan merumuskan upaya penanggulangan untuk mengurangi terjadinya ghost gear di PPI Karangsong. Penelitian ini dilakukan di PPI Karangsong, menggunakan metode survei. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis statistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mayoritas kapal yang digunakan di PPI Karangsong adalah <5 GT, dengan nelayan yang merupakan nelayan penuh. Jumlah ghost gear yang terjadi dalam satu tahun terakhir sebanyak 2.464 piece atau 123.214 m dan kerugian mencapai Rp10.338.204.580. Penyebab terjadinya ghost gear disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor yaitu tersangkut karang, konflik, dan cuaca yang buruk. Beberapa cara yang direkomendasikan untuk mengurangi ghost gear yaitu sosialisasi ghost gear, standarisasi gear marking, implementasi pelaporan ghost gear, dan penerapan teknologi modern., Ghost gear is part of marine debris caused by abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear in the waters. Fishing gear that has the most significant potential to cause ghost gear is gillnet. Fishers operate this fishing gear as dominant as 87,6% in Karangsong. The research aims are to describe the fishery gillnet in PPI Karangsong, estimate the number of ghost gear, identify the causes, and formulate efforts to reduce the number of ghost gear in Karangsong. The research was conducted at PPI Karangsong, based on survey methods. A descriptive analysis dan statistical analysis was applied in this study. The result showed the majority of vessels used in PPI Karangsong were <5 GT, with a fisher who is a full-time job. The number of ghost gears in the past year was 2,464 pieces or 123,214 m, and losses reached 10,338,204,580 IDR. Ghost gear is caused by snagging, conflict, and bad weather. The recommended efforts to minimize ghost gear are socialization, gear marking standardization, implementation of ghost gear reporting, and application of modern technology.
Keyword: Fishing gear, Ghost gear, Gillnet, Marine debris, PPI Karangsong

Judul: Estimating Ghost Gear in Gillnet Fisheries and Coping Strategies at the Cilacap Fishing Port, Central Java
Abstrak: Ghost gear merupakan alat tangkap yang hilang, ditinggalkan, atau dibuang di lingkungan laut dan dapat menjerat ikan meski tidak dioperasikan. Penyumbang utama ghost gear adalah jaring insang dan sebanyak 44% jaring insang dioperasikan di Pelabuhan Perikanan Samudera (PPS) Cilacap sehingga potensi ghost gear di PPS Cilacap cukup tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi jumlah ghost gear, mengetahui faktor penyebab terjadinya ghost gear, serta merekomendasikan upaya penanggulangan ghost gear pada perikanan jaring insang di PPS Cilacap. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan metode survei, pengambilan data dengan teknik wawancara dan pengamatan langsung pada kapal berukuran <5 GT. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis statistik dan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 94% nelayan jaring insang di PPS Cilacap pernah mengalami ghost gear. Diestimasikan jumlah ghost gear yang terjadi dalam satu tahun terakhir adalah 1.626 pieces dengan total kerugian mencapai Rp310.972.500,00. Faktor penyebab ghost gear dikategorikan menjadi aspek alam, sosial, dan teknis. Upaya penanggulangan yang dapat dilakukan adalah sosialisasi terkait ghost gear, standarisasi gear marking, mewajibkan nelayan melapor, penyediaan fasilitas penampungan sampah alat tangkap dan pemberian insentif, serta penggunaan teknologi modern. kata kunci: alat tangkap, ghost gear, jaring insang, sampah laut, Ghost gear refers to fishing gear lost, abandoned, or discarded in the marine environment, which can still entangle fish even when not used. Gillnets are the primary contributor to ghost gear, with up to 44% of gillnets operated at the Cilacap fishing port (PPS). Consequently, the potential for ghost gear at PPS Cilacap is relatively high. This study aims to estimate the amount of ghost gear, identify the factors causing it, and recommend countermeasures for gillnet fisheries at PPS Cilacap. The research was conducted by survey methods, collecting data through interviews and direct observations on boats under 5GT. Both statistical and descriptive analyses were used. Results indicated that 94% of gillnet fishermen had encountered ghost gear. An estimated 1,626 pieces of ghost gear were lost in the past year, amounting to a total loss of Rp310,972,500. Factors contributing to ghost gear include natural, social, and technical aspects. Suggested countermeasures involve raising awareness about ghost gear, standardizing gear marking, mandating reporting by fishermen, providing disposal facilities and incentives, and implementing modern technology. Keywords: fishing gear, ghost gear, gillnet, marine debris
Keyword: fishing gear, ghost gear, gillnet, marine debris

Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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