Judul: Identification of polymorphism of follicle-stimulating hormone sub-beta unit gene, follicle-stimulating hormone receptor and growth hormon gene for sperm abnormalities marker in bali cattle
Abstrak: The use of markers linked to genes of interest in breeding programmes is more intensive, thus shiffing from phenotype based towards genotype-based selection, have been obvious for many decades. However, realization of this potential has been limited by the lack of markers. With the advent of DNA-based genetic markers in the late 1970s, the situation changed and researchers could, for the first time, begin to identify large numbers of markers dispersed throughout the genetic materials of any species of interest and use the markers to detect associations with traits of interest, thus allowing marker assited selection (MAS) finally to become a reality. The study was conducted to identify polymorphism of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Sub-beta Unit Gene (FSH beta-sub unit), Follicle- Stimulating Hormone Receptor (FSH receptor) and Growth Hormon (GH) gene had been explored for Sperm Abnormalities Marker in Bali Cattle. A total of 195 samples for association studied from several AI centre of Indonesia and 301 samples for population studied from cattle development area were collected. The objective of this study was to found genetic marker sperm abnormalities in Bali Cattle using DNA polymorphism tools. This study devided in four parts, the first part was study using PCR-RFLP to identify the polymorphism FSH beta-sub unit, the second study using PCR-SSCP, the third study using PCR-RFLP to identify the polymorphism FSH receptor gene, and the fourth study using the PCR-RFLP to identify GH gene. The result in show that Bali cattle was monomorphic that different from other breeds (FH, Brahman, Simmental and Limousin) that were polymorphic. The highest observed heterozygosity was found in Limousin (0.318) and the highest expected heterozygosity was found in Simmental (0.420). Chisquare value was significantly in FH, Brahman and Simmental. The highest incidence of sperm abnormalities were found in Simmental, Limousin and Brahman, while the lowest was found in FH and Bali. In the secondly study, amplification FSH beta-sub unit gene using PCR-SSCP produced allele A and B, also AA, AB and BB genotypes, but in Bali cattle only allele B and BB genotype were found. The highest of observed and expected herezygosity were found in Simmental (0.372), (0.420) respectively. Chi-square values were significant in Brahman, FH and Limousin. The amplification of FSH receptor in the thirdly study using PCR-RFLP with restriction enzym AluI found polymorphism for all breeds. The highest observed heterozygosity was found in Brahman (0.356) and highest expected heterozygosity was found in Simmental (0.420). The chi-square values were significant in all breeds. PCR RFLP with restriction enzym MspI were used to amplify GH gene in fourth study. Results in gene GH|MspI analysis show that only B allele and BB genotype were found in Bali cattle, these indicate that the gene is monomorphic. The diversity of allele frequencies and genotype GH gene indicate that the frequency of allele A was the highest in Simmental (0.750) and lowest in Bali cattle (0.000), allele B was the highest in Bali cattle ii (1,000) and lowest in Simmental (0.250). The highest observed heterozygosity value was found in Simmental (0.500) and the lowest in Bali cattle (0.000), Chisquare value was significant only
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Judul: Identification of Growth Hormone Gene Variation in the Exon Region of Indonesian Local Cattle Based on PCR-SSCP Method
Abstrak: The aim of this study was to identify the polymorphisms of the growth hormone gene (GH) of Indonesian local cattle breeds as well as two exotic breed as the out grouped using polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). 20 DNA samples of each Indonesian local cattle in consists of Bali, Pesisir, Madura and Katingan and 10 DNA samples of Simmental and Limousine cattle were used. The results show that the polymorphism of the GH gene was found in the three exon regions which are exon 1, 2 and 5 at Indonesian local cattle except for the Bali and Madura cattle that showed polymorphism only at exon 2. This two cattle showed monomorphism at their exon 3 and 4. On the other hand, the exotic breed showed the polymorphism in all exon regions, except for exon 2 in Simmental cattle which was found to be monomorphic. Bos javanicus was monomorphic in the fifth exon except at exon 2 that is polymorphic, while Bos taurus and Bos indicus were polymorphic in the fifth exon. The degree of heterozygosity in the Bos javanicus was a lower when compared to the value of Bos taurus and Bos indicus, so that it can be stated that the high diversity found in the Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle.
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Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf