Judul: Pengembangan Makanan Enteral Bebas Laktosa Berbasis Susu bagi Pasien Stroke
Abstrak: Gejala disabilitas, disfagia, hingga penurunan kemampuan bicara yang ditimbulkan stroke mengakibatkan penderita stroke kesulitan untuk mengonsumsi makanan dan menyebabkan malnutrisi. Pemberian makanan enteral menjadi alternatif untuk mencegah malnutrisi pada pasien stroke. Harga makanan enteral rumah sakit (home enteral nutrition) biasanya lebih ekonomis dibandingkan makanan enteral komersial sehingga lebih mudah dijangkau oleh setiap kalangan masyarakat. Salah satu makanan enteral rumah sakit yang dapat diberikan untuk pasien stroke dengan intoleransi laktosa dan gangguan motilitas usus adalah makanan enteral bebas laktosa dengan bahan utama susu bebas laktosa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan makanan enteral bebas laktosa berbasis susu bagi pasien stroke. Metode yang digunakan yaitu analisis osmolalitas dan proksimat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai osmolalitas ketiga formula makanan enteral lebih rendah dari makanan enteral komersial dan semakin meningkat sejalan dengan peningkatan perlakuan. Formula terpilih adalah F3 dengan taraf pemberian susu bebas laktosa sebesar 50 gram. Harga pembuatan F3 lebih murah dibandingkan dengan makanan enteral komersial. Protein dan karbohidrat F3 lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan makanan enteral komersial dan lemak F3 lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan makanan enteral komersial. Persentase kandungan gizi terhadap total kalori F3 masih memenuhi standar yang telah ditetapkan. Dengan demikian, F3 dapat dijadikan sebagai alternatif pengganti makanan enteral komersial bebas laktosa.
Keyword: bebas laktosa, makanan enteral, osmolalitas, susu, stroke

Judul: Aplikasi Enzim Laktase Terimobilisasi dengan  Alginate Beads untuk Penurunan Kadar Laktosa pada Susu
Abstrak: Susu mengandung jenis gula yang spesifik yaitu laktosa. Terdapat beberapa kalangan yang tidak dapat mengonsumsi susu dan produk turunannya karena mengidap intoleransi laktosa. Salah satu cara untuk menurunkan kandungan laktosa dalam susu adalah memecah laktosa menjadi glukosa dan galaktosa dengan bantuan enzim laktase. Metode penurunan kadar laktosa yang digunakan pada skala industri adalah metode enzim terlarut yang dinilai tidak efisien karena memerlukan enzim laktase baru di setiap batch produksi. Metode imobilisasi enzim menjadi salah satu metode yang dapat diterapkan untuk mengefisienkan penggunaan enzim laktase. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji penggunaan metode imobilisasi enzim laktase dengan manik alginat pada proses penurunan kadar laktosa dalam susu, mengkaji pengaruh perlakuan terhadap aktivitas dan stabilitas enzim serta karakteristik sensori susu. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial (RALF) dengan 2 faktor yaitu konsentrasi enzim (0,1% dan 0,2%) dan waktu inkubasi (24 jam dan 38 jam). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap kombinasi faktor perlakuan menghasilkan kadar laktosa yang berbeda mulai dari 2,79%-3,35%. Aktivitas enzim laktase terimobil juga mengalami penurunan setelah pemakaian berulang karena terdapat enzim laktase yang terlepas dari matriks Ca-alginat. Hasil uji sensori menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan yang dilakukan selama proses penurunan kadar laktosa dengan metode imobilisasi enzim berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap atribut rasa, tekstur, dan keseluruhan susu., Milk contain specific type of sugar which is lactose. There are some people who cannot consume milk and its derivative products because they suffer from lactose intolerance. One way to lower the lactose content in milk is to break down lactose into glucose and galactose with the help of the lactase enzyme. Method of reducing lactose content that usually use in industrial scale is dissolved enzyme method which considered inefficient because it requires a new enzyme in each batch of production. The enzyme immobilization is one method that can be applied to efficiently the use of lactase enzyme. This study aimed to simulate the application of lactase enzyme immobilization with alginate beads in the process of reducing lactose content in milk, assessing the effect of treatment on enzyme activity and stability as well as sensory characteristic of milk. The study was conducted using Factorial Complete Randomized Design (RALF) with 2 factors, namely enzyme concentration (0.1% and 0.2%) and incubation time (24 hours and 38 hours). The results showed that each combination of treatments produced different lactose levels ranging from 2.79%-3.35%. Repeated use of immobilized lactase enzyme can decrease its activity because there is a lactase enzyme released from the Ca-alginate matrix. The results of sensory tests show that the treatment carried out during the process of reducing lactose content with the enzyme immobilization method has a significant effect on the taste, texture, and overall attributes of milk.
Keyword: enzim laktase, imobilisasi enzim, laktosa, manik alginat, susu, alginate beads, enzyme immobilization, lactase enzyme, lactose, milk

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite