Judul: Sintesa Mentol Dari Sitronelal Dalam Proses Satu Tahap Dengan Katalis Dwifungsi
Abstrak: Menthol is one of volatile compound which gives cooling effect if it is consumed. Since long time ago, menthol has used in medical field as a medicines treating sore throats and mouth irritations. It has also used in treatments for analgesics and decongestants. In the 1920 and 1930, menthol has used as flavoring and reducing for irritation, especially to the throat (Cotton, 2007). Menthol is obtained by separation of natural sources (natural menthol) and by organic synthesis. Natural menthol is obtained by extraction from mint plants such as Mentha piperita and Mentha arvensis. One of organic synthesis of menthol is obtained from citronellal. Citronellal is one of compound citronella oil which is obtained by fractionation. Generally, the synthesis of menthol from citronellal has carried out through two-step process; there have cyclization and hydrogenation. The aim of this research is to synthesize menthol from citronellal oil fractionate product through one-step process over catalyst, which can be performed to isomerate citronellal to the cylic alcohol (isopulegol) and to hydrogenate isopulegol into menthol (bifunctional catalyst). The parameters that has used in this research are the temperature of cyclization, time process, hydrogenation’s temperature, pressure, dan the kind of catalyst. This research has used the variation for temperature of cyclization at 100 °C and 150 °C. The variation for time process has used 20 hours (10 hours for cylization and 10 hours for hydrogenation) and 6 hours (3 hours for cylization and 6 hours for hydrogenation). The variation for hydrogenation’s temperature has used 70 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C. The variation for pressure has used 5 bar, 10 bar, and 15 bar. The condition process has determinated over Ni/Sulfated-Bentonite 5 % has used to determinate the condition process. The best condition process will has used at Ni/Sulfated-Bentonite, Ni/Sulfated-Bentonite with ball mill preparation, and Ni/Sulfated-Titanium. Based on Gas Chromatography can be known that the best conditions process for synthesis of menthol are cyclization’s temperature at 100 °C, 6 hours for the time process, hydrogenation’s temperature at 100 °C, 5 bar for the pressure. The catalyst of Ni/Sulfated-Bentonite has produced menthol 0.85 percent. Ni/Sulfated- Bentonite has produced menthol 2.38 percent. In this research, Ni/Sulfated-Titanium Dioxide has produced menthol that has the highest percentage about 3.12 percent.
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Judul: Pemisahan Sitronelal dari Fraksi Kaya Sitronelol dan Geraniol Minyak Sereh Wangi menggunakan Distilasi Molekuler
Abstrak: The aim of this research is to determine the suitable condition of Short Path Distillation (SPD) which can increase the purity of citronellol and geraniol rich fraction by separating the citronellal component and to know the potential yield of SPD. The input material for the process was the citronellol and geraniol rich fraction of Java citronella oil obtained by vacuum distillation. The equipment used was Short Path Distillation KDL 1 unit type falling film evaporator. Distillation process conducted by stepwise increasing of distillation temperature. Operation condition of SPD is managed by fix condition including range of distillation temperature from 58ºC to 62ºC, pressure 10-3 mbar, condenser temperature 10ºC, flow rate 1-2 drop per second, rotor speed 200 rpm. Process parameter was distillation temperature increase of 1ºC and 2ºC in every run as treatment. Citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol content was analyzed using Gas Cromatography and evaluated according to physicochemical properties such as : density, refractive index, and color. The experiments result in an increase of purity level of citronellol and geraniol rich fraction from 41,44% to 60%. The process yield was 54.97%, achieved by stepwise increasing of distillation temperature of 2ºC. It physicochemical properties as follow : density 0.890, refractive index 1.469, and amber wich is according to SNI-06-3953. Meanwhile, by product was obtained has citronellal content 25,87% and it yield was 35.11%.
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan