Judul: Geometric morphometrics analysis of the pitcher shapes variation among the species of Nepenthes L. (Nepenthaceae)
Abstrak: Nepenthes pitcher shapes are diverse and important for identifying the species. However, species dentification often found difficulties in understanding the lexical description of this pitcher characteristic. Modern morphometrics encompasses an array of mathematical approaches that turn shapes into quantitative variables. This study aims to analyze quantitatively the variation of pitcher shapes among Nepenthes species, the similarity between hybrids with its parents, and the comparison between the images from herbarium materials with the images from living plants using geometric morphometrics. And to development of an automated identification system using machine learning algorithms. Geometric morphometrics analysis was conducted in three main steps: feature extraction using elliptical Fourier (EF) analysis for obtaining the quantitative data from the outline images, statistical analysis for evaluating the variation of pitcher shapes among seven Nepenthes species, the similarity of hybrids with its parents, the differences between herbarium materials and fresh materials, and building an automated identification system using machine learning algorithms (linear discriminant analysis (LDA) with leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV). A total of 252 images of living pitchers, taken from three different perspectives, top view, front view, and side view were used in this study. We used five species (N. gracilis, N. mirabilis, N. reinwardtiana, N. bicalcarata, and N. rafflesiana) and two hybrids (N. mirabilis x N. rafflesiana and N. x hookeriana) from Central and West Kalimantan. This study shows that geometric morphometrics, with an outline analysis using Elliptical Fourier Transform, capable of distinguishing Nepenthes species and offer a powerful approach to provide an objective description of pitcher shape. The scatter plot of the PCA shows that the shapes are separated and grouped based on species, even there is still little overlap among species. Analysis Multivariate of variance (MANOVA) shows that all of the pitcher shapes among species on the side and front view are distinct with a value of MANOVA (p <0.05), except N. mirabilis x N. rafflesiana and N. reindwardtiana on the side view (p> 0.05). At the same time, the lid (top view) of some species is not different (p> 0.05). The hybrids analysis shows that N. mirabilis x N. rafflesiana has an intermediate pitcher shape between its parents (N. mirabilis and N. rafflesiana). Meanwhile, the images from herbarium materials are entirely different from the images from living plants. An automated identification system using LDA with LOOCV achieves an accuracy of identification as high as 84.5% (side view), 90.5% (front view), and 85.7% (top view). The current analysis shows that the front view is the best character that can be us as a taxonomical feature. The system developed in this study is able to classify the Nepenthes species according to pitcher shape with acceptable accuracy.
Keyword: Automated identification system, linear discriminant analysis, machine learning, Nepenthes, outline analysis, pitcher shapes

Judul: Induksi Kantong dengan Perlakuan Berbagai Konsentrasi Media Murashige & Skoog pada Beberapa Ukuran Eksplan Kantong Semar (Nepenthes gracilis Korth.) secara In Vitro
Abstrak: Nepenthes is a plant species which is classified as a unique ornamental plant that has the capability of adaptation to environments with poor nutrients by forming pitcher (Mansur 2007). Nepenthes gracilis is an example of Nepenthes species with high capability of adaptation. Nepenthes have benefits as medicinal and unique ornamental plant. This uniqueness lies in the pitcher which is a modification of the center part of the leaf. Pitcher as the most widely used part is a form of adaptation by Nepenthes, and it is not yet known for certain how the induction of the formation of a pitcher. Therefore, the research to know the response of pitcher formation in various concentrations of Murashige & Skoog medium on multiple size of N. gracilis Korth explants is needed. The aim of this research is to study the response of pitcher formation on various concentration of Murashige & Skoog medium on multiple size of N. gracilis Korth explants. This research was conducted on June until December 2012 at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Center for Plant Conservation, Bogor Botanical Garden. The treatment in this study is the concentration of MS basic medium and explant size. The concentration of MS basic medium which is used are 1/2MS, 1/4MS, 1/8MS, 1/16MS and 1/32MS. The explant size of N. gracilis are < 2 cm, 2-4 cm and > 4 cm. Routine observations was done for 12 MSP and visual observations was done until December 2012. Parameter measurement which is observed every week are plant height, number of leaves and number of pitcher. Parameter measurement which is observed at the end of observation are the color of the leaf, the color of the pitcher, and the percentage of living and pitched planlet. The result shows that the concentration of MS basic medium and explant size influenced the number of leaves, explant height, and the number of pitcher. The concentration of 1/2MS and 1/4MS with the explant size < 2 cm, and 1/8MS with explant size 2-4 cm are treatments that gave the best influence on the formation of pitchers. Those treatments shows the average of the highest pitcher formation which is 3,00 to 3,50 pitchers.
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Judul: 1995
Abstrak: Pesatnya pembangunan di atas segala bidang dan semakin meningkatnya pula tingkat populasiitu di daerah ibukota ini. Pembuangan limbah-limbah ke sungai oleh industri maupun oleh rumah tangga semakin tidak terkendali.
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