Judul: Endoskopi Laring, Esofagus, dan Lambung Proksimal pada Kucing Lokal (Felis catus)
Abstrak: Endoscopy is a sensitive diagnostic technique to detect mucosal disorders in various organs of the body. The aim of this study was to determine the normal appearance of the larynx, esophagus, and proximal stomach of an Indonesian Domestic House Cat and its characteristic by using endoscopic examination. Acclimatization and physical examination was performed before endoscopic examination. The larynx had a pale, smooth, and glistening mucosa with a unique anatomical structure. It moved symmetric billaterally. The cervical esophagus was characterized by the appearance of tracheal impression and few of blood vessels on mucosa wall whereas the thoracal esophagus is characterized by impression of the aorta, herringbone structure, and many of blood vessels on mucosa wall. The abdominal esophagus could be found the beneath esophageal spinchter. The gastric mucosa was pink, smooth, glistening, and had many of longitudinal and tranversal folds. Result showed that the larynx, esophagus, and stomach were observed at the scope depth of 8 ± 0.7 cm, 9 ± 0.7 cm, and 27.2 ± 1.4 cm respectively. Mucosal surface characteristics of the larynx, esophagus, and proximal stomach can be observed by using endoscopy. Each organ is different from colour and anatomical structure.
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Judul: Endoskop Fleksibel Untuk Pencitraan Permukaan Mukosa Laring, Esofagus, dan Lambung Anjing Lokal (Canis lupus)
Abstrak: Endoscopy is a diagnostic technique that is sensitive to mucosal disease in various organs, especially the digestive tracts. The aim of this study is describe the mucosa characteristics of normal larynx, esophagus, and stomach, using endoscopy combined with radiography. Acclimatization and physical examination were perfomed to ensure the dog is healthy condition for endoscopic evaluation. The results showed that, larynx, esophagus, and stomach can be observed at the scope depth of 9 cm, 13 cm, and 39.5 cm respectively. The larynx has a brownish color and the mucosal surface was pale. Cervical esophagus has spinchter with mucosa appeareance of pale yellowish brown and shiny. Thoracalis esophagus has many blood vessels vascularization in the submucosal layer, the mucosa wavy shape, and there is the impression of trachea and aorta of the heart. The spinchter abdominal esophagus has the ellipse wrinkles shape and a flat mucosa form. The stomach has a thick mucous folds, pink, shiny, and there was amount of mixed and foam mucosa. The charateristics of laryngeal mucosa, esophagus, and stomach vare well observed by endoscopy, furthermore combination of endoscopy and radiography ease in measuring distances scope.
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Judul: Real Option Valuation Using Binomial Decision Trees.
Abstrak: A firm that decides to invest has a choice to invest in real assets. A method which is usually used in valuation of the project is discounted cash flow (DCF) method. But, this method can’t be used in projects that account for value of managerial flexibility, such as decision to suspend operations temporarily. Therefore, this kind of project needs to be assessed using real option. Real option valuation can be done in some ways, including the use of path-dependent simulation, as well as closed-form models like Black-Scholes model, partial differential equation, and binomial or multinomial approaches. In this paper, real option valuation using binomial decisions id discussed. Determination of the project value can be done in three steps. First, calculate the expected present value of the project. Next, calculate volatility of the project using Monte Carlo simulation. Last, construct a binomial tree to model the dynamics of the project value using the parameters of the stochastic process, and then add some decision nodes to model the project’s real options.
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