Judul: Kontribusi Sektor Kehutanan terhadap Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Ciamis
Abstrak: Forest is a countless gift to human kind. The forest potency gives magnificent advantages, both tangible and intangible. Thus far, forest management has caused conflicts between local government, local community, and the state government. Participation of local government and community is essential in arrangement of Forest management policy. But in fact, it did not ensue that has caused conflicts as mentioned above. Law No. 32 year of 2004 which has replaced Law No. 22 year of 1999 about Local government has bring new view and spirit in the local government organization, because the new law disclose the right and obligation of the local governments. UU No. 32 year of 2004 admits rights on aspirations management, society claims and needs, thus, it will influence resources growth for the whole society wealth. The goals of this research were to find out the local regulation entailed to local or district revenue, particularly at forestry sector; to find out forest product, especially wood, at Ciamis District and envisage the forestry sector contribution development to local district revenue. This research will be beneficial to local government of Ciamis district, BKSDA Ciamis and KPH Ciamis Perum Perhutani Unit III west Java and Banten in providing policies and strategies of Ciamis District development, especially at forestry sector. The research was conducted at Ciamis District local government, BKSDA Ciamis and KPH Ciamis Perum Perhutani Unit III, West Java and Banten, from June to July 2008. The data required for this research were collected through literatures study, survey with interview technique, and secondary data. Data analysis was initiated by selecting Ciamis district revenues that included in forestry sector, and then it was grouped into Original District Revenue (PAD) and Equilibrium Funds. Finally, data analysis was accomplished by evaluating each contribution to the Ciamis District revenue. The contribution of forestry sector at Ciamis District mainly classified into 5 sub sectors. The 5 sub sectors are wood forest product which concludes retribution of private forest product organization services and legalese of organization services permission for private forest product; non wood forest products which concludes taxes of swallow nest business, tourism services that are exhibition/enjoyment of natural scenery from BKSDA and Perum Perhutani; disturb ing permission that are retribution of disturbing permission of forest product industries and swallow nest business; and fines for activities delay at forestry sector. Meanwhile, forestry sector contribution at regional and national level were grouped into 2 sub sector, that are regional profit share of forest products flow, and national profit share of non-taxes/natural resources of provision forest resources. Forestry sector contributed 0,08-0,20% only to the Ciamis District revenue. This very low contribution was due to not all forest value is calculated. Forest values were counted at Ciamis District only wood forest product, non-wood forest product (swallow nest), and tourism services (economic value). Meanwhile, non-economics such as ecology value and social value were excluded. Local regulations of forestry sector at Ciamis district are Local Regulation of Ciamis District No. 19 year of 2004 about production and flow of private/community wood, Local regulation of Ciamis District No. 23 year of 2005
Keyword: District revenue, Local regulation, Forest sector

Judul: Kontribusi Sektor Kehutanan Terhadap Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Garut
Abstrak: Forest function change in Garut District will inflict the district revenue, either direct or indirect. Latest regulation in forestry, such as the change in region regulation (Perda) about rural forest retribution also had a significant effect on Garut District revenue. It is essential to further analyze the contribution of forestry sector to the district revenue along with forestry problems of the district. This research is aimed at investigating contribution of forestry sector to Garut District revenue, both pre and post forest function change from production forest to protection forest. The research was carried out in June – August 2008 at KPH Garut, BKSDA of Garut District and Garut District Government Official. The research employed secondary data collected through information or references scouring such as research report or text book. Data analysis initiated by selecting Garut district revenues and classifying them into the region origin incomes and equilibrium fund, then their contribution to the total district revenue were computed. This research also performed content analysis to Region regulation of Garut District that concerning to forestry sector, in order to discover the mechanism of region retribution and taxes of forestry sector at Garut District. The calculation showed that forestry sector contributed only 0,009 – 0,119 % to Garut District revenue. Some factors contribute to this small forestry sector contribution, there are many of forest values that were unexploited yet (low price of ticketing to tourism object); also there are many of the forest value that flows to other sector (such as water value); and most of forest value such as environment services were unable to put into region origin incomes. In year of 2002, forestry sector contribution value was boosted up 495,73 %. This increasing was due to region autonomy enforcement (decentralization), particularly in forestry sector such as PP No.104 year of 2000 pasal 9 point 3, that mentioned the 32 % of region part from nation revenue PSDH was shared in the same portion to all other district/city in the particular province. This regulation has caused the big enough share of PSDH profit to Garut District that was assembled from other district/city in west Java Province. Meanwhile, the severely decreasing of forestry contribution was taken place in year of 2006 which is 67,86 %. The declining was due to forest area function change that production forest area was decreased and affected to wood production as the main forest revenue thus far. In related to, there was region regulation change about the forest private business organization that was uncollected the retribution of private wood business organization of forest products, thus impinge on the diminishing of forestry sector incomes. Although there was forest function change, PSDH accepted by the Garut District gave the biggest contribution to total district revenue than other forestry sector. It followed by the retribution of private wood business organization of forest products, tax of swallow nest, and the smallest contribution was presented by tourism forest retribution. Garut District nature tourism potential should be considered though it contribute the smallest to district incomes, because through seriously endeavor it will give the better
Keyword: 

Judul: Desain Instrumen Pengontrol Otomatis Pasteurisasi Susu
Abstrak: Pasteurisasi merupakan salah satu cara pengawetan ter- hadap susu segar sebelum disimpan pada suhu rendah atau langsung dikonsumsi. Caranya adalah dengan memanaskan sam- pai mencapai suhu minimal 62.8 atau 71.7 °C yang diperta- hankan tetap selama 1800 atau 15 detik. Kombinasi suhu dan waktu dapat dipilih sesuai dengan kemampuan alat. Makin tinggi suhu yang dipilih makin pendek waktunya. Melalui proses pasteurisasi, rasa dan aroma susu tidak berubah dan seluruh bakteri penyebab penyakit (bakteri pa- togen) musnah. Berdasarkan kombinasi suhu-waktu, pasterisasi susu di- bedakan atas tiga metoda, yaitu metoda waktu lama (long hold), temperatur tinggi waktu pendek (HTST) dan temperatur tinggi (UHT). Suhu pasteurisasi dengan metoda waktu lama minimal 62.8 °C yang dipertahankan tetap selama paling se- dikit 1800 detik. Sedang HTST suhu minimalnya adalah 71.7 °C dengan waktu 15 detik atau lebih lama. Pada UHT waktu yang diperlukan adalah dua detik atau lebih singkat dengan suhu 87.8 - 132.2 °C. Pemakaian kombinasi suhu-waktu yang melebih dari ke- tentuan minimalnya akan mempengaruhi rasa, aroma, komposisi ...
Keyword: