Judul: Subchronic Toxicity Test of Extract Mold Endophytic of Soursoup Leaf (Annona muricata L.) on Liver Function of Rats
Abstrak: Ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak memiliki peluang sebagai alternatif cisplatin. Kemampuan ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak dalam melawan bebagai macam sel kanker payudara sudah dibuktikan. Penelitian uji toksisitas subkronis bertujuan untuk melihat ada tidaknya efek samping ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak terhadap fungsi ginjal tikus Sprague Dawley. Metode yang digunakan adalah mengukur berat badan, mengukur konsumsi pakan, mengukur kadar Blood Urea Nitrogen, dan mengukur kadar kreatinin. 30 ekor tikus dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok secara acak yaitu kelompok ekstrak kapang endofit dosis 240 mg/kg Berat Badan, satelit standar, dan satelit ekstrak kapang endofit dosis 240 mg/kg BB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan berat badan rata-rata 142.33 g - 152.67 g, konsumsi pakan rata-rata 11.67 g - 16.1 g, kadar BUN rata-rata 56,51 mg/dl - 80.37 mg/dl, dan kadar rata-rata kreatinin 0.16 mg/dl - 0.29 mg/dl. Kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik dari penelitian adalah konsumsi ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak dosis 240 mg/kg BB tidak mempengaruhi bobot badan, nafsu makan, dan kreatinin darah. Namun meningkatkan kadar BUN dan mungkin berpeluang merusak fungsi ginjal., Extract mold endophytic of soursoup leaf have a chance to become another alternate cisplatin. Extract mold endophytic of soursoup leaf ability’s on countering breast cancer has been many knowledge of. The research of subchronic toxicity test is intended to observe whether there is negative side of consuming extract mold endophytic of soursoup leaf for Sprague Dawley’s liver. Method that were used are measuring body weight, measuring food consumption, measuring Blood Urea Nitrogen, and measuring creatinine. 30 rats divided into three groups by random into extract mold dosage 240 mg/kg Body Weight, satellite standard, and satellite extract mold dosage 240 mg/kg BW. This research shows body weight rate 142.33 g - 152.67 g, food consumption rate 11.67 g - 16.1 g, BUN rate 56,51 mg/dl - 80.37, and creatinine rate 0.16 mg/dl - 0.29 mg/dl. Conclusion that can be gained from this study is the consumption of extract mold endophytic of soursoup leaf dosage 240 mg/kg BW did not show any negative effect on body weight, food intake, and creatinine. But increasing BUN and might be chance to harm liver.
Keyword: BUN, Kreatinin, Ginjal, Tikus Sprague Dawley

Judul: Effect of Soursop Leaf Endophytic Mold Extract on Rat Liver Condition in Subchronic Toxicity Test
Abstrak: Ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas antikanker payudara. Tahapan uji toksisitas subkronis perlu dilakukan agar ekstrak tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai obat. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis perubahan atau efek toksik akibat pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak selama 30 hari terhadap kondisi hati tikus berdasarkan pengukuran bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, kadar aspartat aminotransferase (AST), dan kadar alanin aminotransferase (ALT) tikus. Sebanyak 40 ekor tikus betina dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok yang terbagi atas kelompok kontrol (tidak diberi ekstrak), kelompok yang diberi ekstrak secara peroral dengan dosis 20 mg/kg BB, dosis 80 mg/kg BB, dan dosis 240 mg/kg BB. Pemberian ekstrak dilakukan setiap hari selama 30 hari. Pemberian ketiga dosis uji tidak berefek toksik terhadap hati yang ditunjukkan dengan tidak adanya pengaruh signifikan pemberian ekstrak terhadap bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, kadar AST, dan kadar ALT tikus., Ethyl acetate extract of endophytic mold from soursop leaf has been shown to have anti-breast cancer activity. Subchronic toxicity testing needs to be done so that the extract can be used as medicine. This study aimed to analyze the changes or toxic effects due to administration of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic mold of soursop leaves for 30 days on the liver condition of rats based on measurements of body weight, feed consumption, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels of rats. A total of 40 female rats were grouped into four groups which were divided into a control group (not given the extract), a group given the extract orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW, a dose of 80 mg/kg BW, and a dose of 240 mg/kg BW. The extract was administered every day for 30 days. The administration of the three test doses had no toxic effect on the liver as indicated by the absence of a significant effect of the extract on body weight, feed consumption, AST levels, and ALT levels of rats.
Keyword: aminotransferase, daun sirsak, ekstrak, kapang endofit, toksisitas subkronis

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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