Judul: Process design of biodiesel production from alexandrian laurel seed oil (Calhyllum inophyllum L.)
Abstrak: Biodiesel that can be used directly or mixed with diesel oil is a promising alternative diesel fuel obtained from vegetable oils, animal fats, or waste oils by transesterifying the oil or fat with an alcohol such as methanol. The aim of this research was to design a process of biodiesel production by esterification and transesterification of Alexandrian laurel seed oil. Results show that the best esterification process is obtained at the temperature of 58.1° C, stirring speed of 300 rpm, HCl catalyst of 5.9% from FFA content, and the methanol-FFA molar ratio of 22.2:1.
Keyword: Surface Respon Methode, Esterification, Transesterification, Reaksi kinetik

Judul: Study Production Process of Biodiesel from Alexandrian Laurel Seed Oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L.).
Abstrak: National fossil fuel consumption is increasing. In 2004, solar consumption rise to 26,9 billion liters, at 2010 is predicted to rise to 34,71 billion liters. The consumption of fossil inbalance with its production, this performance need to overcome by looking for an alternative energy resources. Palm oil, jatropha and calophyllum were some of agriculture abundant available in Indonesia. The jatropha used was constrained by a low oil production, average oil production is 1.892 liters/ha/year. Whereas palm oil is 5.950 liters/ha/year, however it compete with food needs and other oleochemical product. The use of calophyllum give an advantage as its production of 100 kg (220 lb) nuts/tree/year or 4.585 kg oil/ha/year. Although the oil has a high acid value and takes longer time that is 7 or 8 years before fruit production. The research was done by combining the process that is esterification, transesterification and netralization to produce oil to meet the SNI standard (number 04-7182-2006). The purpose of this research was to determine the molar ratio of methanol in esterification, and esterification time to obtain oil with low acid value. The esterification conditions than combine with transesterification and netralization in order to produce biodiesel that meet the standard requirement. The best oil produced from esterification was obtained by applying molar ratio methanol of 20:1 in 60 minute, the acid value of oil was 2,97 mg KOH/g feed. The best process combination to produce biodiesel obtained by esterificationnetralization- transesterification (E1NT) applying molar ratio methanol of 20:1 in 60 minute. Its gave acid value 0,71 mg KOH/g feed, kinematic viskosity 2,59 cSt, density 0,89 g/ml, water content 0,05% and yield 47,76%.
Keyword: 

Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan