Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: Air adalah komponen ekologis yang mutlak diperlukan bagi kehidupan makhluk hidup. Penurunan kuditas air dapat disebabkan oleh adanya pencemaran bahan organik. Tingkat pencemaran bahan organik dapat diduga melalui pengukuran BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand). Sampai saat ini standar pengukuran BOD masih didasarkan pada standar pengukuran yang berlaku di perairan daerah sub-tropis. Untuk daerah tropis, penggunaan suhu inkubasi 20°C selama 5 hari adalah kurang sesuai, mengingat kecepatan reaksi biokimia di pengaruhi oleh suhu.
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Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: Pelestarian fungsi lingkungan perkotaan atau upaya memelihara kelangsungan daya dukung dan daya tampung lingkungan perkotaan sangat berpengaruh terhadap kualitas kehidupan dan penghidupan penduduk. Pelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup di daerah perkotaan, mencerminkan kinerja pengelolaan lingkungan perkotaan. Namun, melakukan pengawasan dan pengendalian lingkungan hidup melalui penilaian kinerja program pengelolaan lingkungan perkotaan di Indonesia adalah tugas yang tidak mudah karena belum ada ukuran baku yang dapat dipakai untuk melakukan evaluasi. Sementara itu, pengelolaan air limbah rumah tangga yang merupakan bagian penting dari pelestarian fungsi lingkungan perkotaan di Indonesia sejak pembangunan lima tahun ketiga, belum memperoleh hasil yang optimal. Prasarana dan sarana sanitasi yang dibangun belum berfungsi sesuai harapan, pencemaran air oleh limbah rumah tangga masih relatif tinggi, sumber air minum penduduk masih tercemar lumpur tinja, kasus penyakit diare dan kematian bayi yang diakibatkan sanitasi buruk masih terjadi.
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm