Judul: Dampak  Kebijakan  Tarif dan  Kuota  Impor terhadap Penawaran dan  Permintaan Gandum dan  Tepung Terigu di Indonesia
Abstrak: The development of wheat flour industry in Indonesia faces a dilemma. Wheat flour industry plays an important role in the development of local industry, employment absorption and creates tax revenue the government, but the industry very significantly uses large amount of foreign exchange to import those products. To meet the domestic needs of wheat flour, Indonesia imports not only wheat but also wheat flour. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the supply and demand for wheat and wheat flour, and evaluate the impact of tariff and import quota on supply and demand for wheat and wheat flour as well as the welfare of economic agents, and formulate the best policies on tariff and import quota of wheat and wheat flour in term of welfare measures. The supply and demand models of wheat and wheat flour constructed in this study is a system of simultaneous equations comprising 44 equations, consisting of 36 structural and 8 identity equations. Based on the "order condition" criteria, it is concluded that each structural equation that exists in the model is over identified. Furthermore, the model estimation method used is 2SLS. In this study there were 15 simulated policies of import tariffs and quota that were analyzed. The results show that the tariff policy is more effective to be applied than that of quota. This is because the tariff policy would generate the government revenue from import tariffs, thus encouraging increasing the net welfare. Policy simulation of imposing an import tariff of 5 percent could increase the largest of welfare. Although this policy leads to a decrease of surplus from wheat downstream industry, this policy increases the largest of surplus from wheat flour industry and the greatest revenue from import tariffs. Thus it result in the overall largest increase in the welfare. Whereas the simulation of policies that could increase the largest surplus of wheat in downstream industry is the increase of wheat import quota by 10 percent.
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Judul: Dampak kebijakan tarif dan kuota impor terhadap kinerja industri tepung terigu Indonesia
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk (1) mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku impor, permintaan dan harga biji gandum, serta impor, produksi, permintaan, ekspor dan harga tepung terigu Indonesia, (2) menganalisis dampak kebijakan tarif dan kuota terhadap impor, permintaan dan harga biji gandum terutama perubahan-perubahan kesejahteraan yang terjadi pada produsen penggilingan biji gandum, konsumen, dan penerimaan pemerintah, (3) menganalisis dampak kebijakan tarif dan kuota terhadap impor, produksi, permintaan, dan harga tepung terigu terutama perubahan-perubahan kesejahteraan yang terjadi pada produsen penggilingan biji gandum, konsumen, dan penerimaan pemerintah, dan (4) menentukan alternatif kebijakan dengan mempertimbangkan kepentingan produsen tepung terigu, konsumen tepung terigu dan penerimaan pemerintah dalam rangka meningkatkan kinerja industri tepung terigu. Alternatif kebijakan disimulasi dengan menggunakan model ekonometrika dalam bentuk persamaan simultan yang terdiri dari 55 persamaan struktural, 1 persamaan teknis produksi dan 9 persamaan identitas. Metode Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) digunakan untuk menduga parameter persamaan struktural.
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Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship