Judul: Karakteristik pengeringan kopi dalam bangunan tembus cahaya
Abstrak: Kebanyakan (75%) produksi kopi Indonesia dihasilkan oleh rakyat dengan mutu yang masih rendah Salah satu penyebab rendahnya mutu tersebut adalah cara pengeringan yang kurang benar. Umumnya kopi rakyat dikeringan secara penjemuran sebab pengeringan mekanis memerlukan investasi yang mahal. Oleh karena itu perlu dikembangkan pengering mekanis yang murah dan mudah dalam pengoperasian, antara lain dengan aplikasi pengering berenergi surya model bangunan tembus cahaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kinerja sistem pengering berenergi surya model bangunan tembus cahaya dan mempelajari karakteristik pengeringan kopi Robusta dengan model tersebut. Proses pengeringan dilakukan dengan bantuan blower 0.5 hp pada ketebalan lapisan kopi 20 cm, 30 cm dan 40 cm (kapasitas penuh). Sebagai kontrol adalah pengeringan buah kopi dengan cara penjemuran. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa suhu udara pengering, suhu udara di bahan dan suhu udara keluar bahan berfluktuasi tergantung beda intensitas radiasi surya, kondisi suhu lingkungan, dan laju aliran udara pengering. Pada intensitas radiasi global rata-rata 602.6-662.3 W/m², suhu lingkungan 30.6-31.2°C, dan laju aliran udara pengering 2041.2-2449 4 m³/jam, dihasilkan suhu udara pengering 41.7-42.8°C, suhu udara di bahan 32.5-33.7°C, dan suhu udara keluar bahan 30.6-33.5°C. Peningkatan suhu udara pengering terbaik pada ketebalan lapisan kopi 40 cm karena kenaikan suhu udara pengering I°C membutuhkan energi panas paling sedikit yaitu 2248.6 kJ/jam. "C. ...
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Judul: Analisis pengeringan kopi pada alat pengenng kopi (Coffea Sp.) efek rumah kaca berenergi surya
Abstrak: Perdagangan kopi Indonesia mempunyai prospek cerah dalam tahun-tahun yang akan datang. Salah satu upaya untuk mempertahankan mutu kopi ekspor adalah melalui proses pengeringan yang efisien. Pengeringan tradisional yang umumnya dilakukan petani rakyat, sering mengalami kesulitan, terutama dalam pengontrolan suhu dan RH. Pengeringan buatan merupakan salah satu altematif pemecahan masalah, namun masalah lain yang timbul adalah biaya investasi alat besar. Pengering efek rumah kaca, berupa bangunan transparan dengan bak/rak pengering di dalamnya, diperkenalkan Kamaruddin (1993), menggunakan energi surya yang gratis, seperti halnya penjemuran yang biasa dilakukan petani. Dengan alat pengering efek rumah kaca, suhu dan RH dapat dikontrol, tidak membutuhkan lahan yang luas dan pengeringan masih dapat berlangsung meskipun hari hujan dengan sumber energi biomassa melalui pembakaran dengan tungku, disamping itu investasi alat tidak mahal. Komoditi yang telah diteliti menggunakan alat tersebut adalah gabah, lada, kakao, manisan pepaya, vanili, benih ketimun, benih cabe, benih tomat, kayu bayur, chip rumput laut dan kopi (Kamaruddin 1994, Kamaruddin 1995, Mursalim 1995, Mawan 1996, Suhdi 1996, dan Sukarmanto 1996). dst ...
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Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua