Judul: Eco-biological analysis as basis of blood cockle (Anadara granosa) resource management at Lada Bay Sunda Strait
Abstrak: Blood cockle is one of the potential resources which plays an important role both ecologically and economically. This research was carried out at Lada Bay Sunda Strait for 6 months from July to December 2011. The purposes of this research are to investigate eco-biological status, to scrutinize aspects of utilization and to determine appropriate and best-use strategies of safe and sustainable blood cockle (Anadara granosa) resources at Lada bay Sunda strait. The research method used is ex post facto. Samples were taken by swept area method, employing fishing gear "garok" in 5 zones and each zone consists of 3 observation stations. Results showed that the catch of blood cockle (Anadara granosa) was not evenly distributed in each zone with the highest density found in zone V (Suladengan) while the lowest in zone II (Tegal Papak). Total Suspended Solids (TSS), turbidity, NH3, Hg, Pb and Cd have exceeded the recommended quality standards. Correlational analysis of length-weight on male and female cockle, and combination between male and female cockle has negative allometric growth pattern with each correlational equation W = 0.043H1.578, W = 0.029H1.734 and W=0.003 H1.678, with b rate < 3, indicating that the wide growth of the cockle is faster than its tissue weight growth. Condition factor on male cockle started rising in September while on female, it started rising in August and both reached their peak in October. It seemed to indicate that female cockle spawned faster with longer spawning time than male cockle. Condition index showed rate < 2.5 thus all the cockles caught were categorized to be thin(skinny). Infinity width on both male and female cockle are 34,14 and 43,59 mm, however the size of male cockle, in average, is smaller than female cockle. Growth coefficient (K) of males and females were 0.990 and 0,53 respectively, indicated that the growth rate of male cockle is relatively faster than female cockle. Total mortality rate (Z) of male is bigger than female, while in which caught mortality rate (F) is bigger than natural mortality rate (M). The rapid rate of exploitation is >0.5 which means that the fishing of cockle at the Lada Bay is categorised as overfishing. Sex ratio is balance namely 1:1. The highest Gonad Maturity Stages (GMS) percentage is shown by GMS I (50%), followed consecutively by GMS II (29%), GMS III (24%) and GMS IV (1%). The first stage of gonad maturity on male cockle is on the size 28.30 mm and on female cockle is on 27.31 mm. Strategies in managing blood cockle (A. granosa) resources taking into account the ecological and biological dimensions as a management priority at Lada Bay Sunda Strait can be executed by the basic concept of management cockle, consist of 4 (four) cockle resource management strategies, namely: (a) Regulating the disposal of industrial waste (b) The planting and regeneration of mangroves vegetation, (c) Regulating the activity of sand mining and (d) Regulating of fishing activities , including time, area (fishing ground) and fishing gear.
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Judul: Phenotypic plasticity on blood cockle anadara granosa l. as a response to environmental pollution: a case study in coastal waters of Banten
Abstrak: Blood cockle Anadara granosa is a commercial bivalve inhabiting intertidal ecosystem. Coastal waters of Banten such Banten Bay, Bojonegara and Lada Bay, Panimbang are potential areas for blood cockle grow out. Banten Bay is a semi-closed waters facing North Coast of Java. Such industries as coal stockpile, fibre boat manufacturer, chemical industry, steel industry, and many others have been long existed there. Lada Bay geographically is located at the west coast of Banten Province and exposed to Sunda Strait. Anthrophogenic activity is signified by coal fueled power plant, operated in 2009. Anthrophogenic sewages become a problem and lead to environmental pollution. Mercury is one of the pollution source. Inspite of being exposed to polluted habitat, therein blood cockle withstands and reproduce annually. Resistancy to such harmful environmental condition does not take for granted, there must be mechanism controlling the ballance between stress and resistancy. Without controlling factor, blood cockle in both areas is certainly extinct. The factor should be universal for individuals and able to recognize type of stress to be responded briefly. Continuous stress directs the controlling factor to acquintedly recognize and respond it; consequently, the blood cockle may adapt with the condition. The controlling factor, however, gives divergent response to stress, depending on type and level of stress. The factor comprises celluler stress response expressing stress protein and being controlled by one or more gene family. The gene family usually expressed during stress is heat shock protein (Hsp) as cytoprotector. Overexpression of a member of such Hsp gene family as Hsp70 indicates ability of the gene to protect tissue and cell, therefore they withstand to stress. Subsquently, more complex organs are protected from stress. Overexpression of Hsp70 gene is a result of individual habituation to stress. Lack of expression indicates inability of the gene to protect cell, therefore, organism’s resistancy declined. The resistancy defines threshold onto stress-stimulating environmental parameter and provides choice of phenotypic changes as an adaptation strategy. Heterogenous environmental condition in Bojonegara and Panimbang waters may result in various stress responses in blood cockle. Bojonegara blood cockle has long been acquinted with heavy metal-contaminated waters, while Panimbang blood cockle is just exposed to environmental changes. Responses resulted from heterogenous environment are biochemical, physiological, and phenotypic responses. Biochemical and physiological responses appear in the short period of time and become a bottom line for phenotypic plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity occur for longer period of time and those characters are fixed. To support the notion that blood cockle in Bojonegara and Panimbang encounter harmful environment, yet they still survive therein, this research was, thus, aimed at analyzing the ability of the blood cockle to develop phenotypic plasticity through Hsp70 gene expression, and spatial phenotypic variations. Additionally, tolerance limit of the cockle on mercury contamination through histological approach has been also studied. Prior to investigate the existence and characterization of Hsp70 gene, quantitative and qualitative standarization of mRNA materials should be conducted. Standarization comprises application of housekeeping gene as an internal control. The success of this step would facilitate target gene detection. β- actin gene has been used as the housekeeping gene.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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