Judul: The Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease of Tidal Rice Fields in North Kayong Regency, West Kalimantan
Abstrak: Tanaman padi (Oryza sativa L) merupakan tanaman pangan yang dikonsumsi oleh sebagian dari penduduk di dunia. Di Indonesia hampir seluruh penduduknya memenuhi kebutuhan pangan dengan beras yang berasal dari tanaman padi. Kabupaten Kayong Utara (KKU) merupakan kabupaten yang berada di provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Komoditas tanaman pangan, khusunya padi merupakan komoditas utama di Kabupaten Kayong Utara yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai produk pertanian yang menghasilkan nilai jual. Letaknya yang berada di sekitar garis khatulistiwa membuat pertanaman di daerah ini rentan terserang organisme pengganggu tanaman. Masalah dalam budidaya padi menjadi kendala yang harus diatasi untuk meningkatkan produksi padi. Hawar daun bakteri (HDB) merupakan salah satu penyakit penting utama padi. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh bakteri patogen yaitu Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. Munculnya penyakit ini dapat disebabkan oleh kurangnya sistem budidaya yang tepat dan diperburuk oleh adanya cekaman lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengukur tingkat keparahan dan insidensi penyakit hawar daun bakteri pada tanaman padi yang ditanam dalam sistem tanam padi pasang surut. Data dikumpulkan langsung melalui pengamatan di lapangan dan wawancara dengan petani. Data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis menggunakan Microsoft Excel. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan dan wawancara dengan petani, intensitas penyakit hawar daun bakteri telah meningkat secara linier. Pebedaan cekaman lingkungan pada kedua jenis lahan tersebut menghasilkan intesitas penyakit yang berbeda karena sangat berpengaruh pada perkembangan patogen. Pada sawah tadah hujan, intensitas penyakit HDB terhitung 0% sedangkan pada sawah pasang surut keparahan penyakit HDB mencapai 52,91%., Rice plants (Oryza sativa L) are food crops consumed by almost as many people as the world's population. In Indonesia almost the entire population meets food needs with rice derived from rice plants. North Kayong Regency (KKU) is one of the districts in West Kalimantan province. Agricultural commodities of food crops, especially rice is the main commodity in North Kayong Regency which has the potential to be developed as agricultural products that produce selling value. The location of North Kayong Regency which is around the equator makes land in this area vulnerable to plant pest organisms. The blame-problem in rice cultivation is an obstacle that must be overcome to increase rice production. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) is one of the main important diseases of rice. This disease is caused by pathogenic bacteria namely Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. The appearance of the disease can be caused by the lack of precise cultivation system and aggravated by the existence of environmental checks. This study was conducted to measure the severity and incidence of bacterial leaf blight disease of rice growing in tidal rice planting systems. Data were collected directly by observations in the field and interviews with farmers. Collected data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Based on the results of observations and interviews with farmers, the intensity of bacterial leaf blight has increased linearly. The availability of environmental checks on both types of land produces different disease intensities because it greatly affects the development of pathogens. In rain-fed rice fields, the intensity of BLB disease is calculated at 0% while in tidal rice fields the severity of BLB disease reaches 52.91%.
Keyword: disease   severity, disease   incidence, the   “kresek”   disease, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

Judul: National Rice Production and Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease in District of Indramayu, West Java
Abstrak: Padi (Oryza sativa) merupakan tanaman pangan penting di berbagai negara di dunia termasuk Indonesia. Produksi padi Indonesia mengalami fluktuasi yang dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor seperti alih fungsi lahan, agro-klimat, dan organisme pengganggu tanaman. Salah satu penyakit penting padi adalah hawar daun bakteri (HDB) oleh Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Upaya pengendalian penyakit tersebut antara lain penggunaan varietas tahan, kultur teknis, hayati dan kimiawi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggambarkan produksi padi secara nasional dan intensitas penyakit HDB pada tanaman padi di Kabupaten Indramayu, Jawa Barat. Data produksi padi tingkat nasional, provinsi dan kabupaten diakses secara daring dari website Badan Pusat Statistik, kegiatan lapangan meliputi pengumpulan data usaha tani dan produksi padi melalui wawancara dengan petani, pengamatan gejala dan intensitas penyakit di petak sawah contoh milik petani. Produksi padi nasional pada periode tahun 2011-2021 menunjukkan peningkatan selama tujuh tahun pertama, kemudian menurun dalam tiga tahun terakhir secara nyata. Pada periode waktu yang sama Provinsi Jawa Barat sebagai produsen padi nasional terbesar ketiga juga menunjukkan penurunan produksi. Indramayu merupakan kabupaten penghasil padi utama di Jawa Barat juga memiliki produksi yang berfluktuasi yang dipengaruhi produksi tahunan di kecamatan-kecamatan utama. Penyakit HDB di lahan pengamatan contoh Kabupaten Indramayu menunjukkan intensitas beragam antar varietas padi. Insidensi penyakit pada padi varietas Ciherang adalah 79,4% yang lebih rendah daripada Mekongga (83%) dan varietas Kebo Putih (92%). Sementara itu, severitas penyakit dari yang terendah adalah varietas Ciherang, local dan Mekongga berturut-turut 24,07, 35,11 dan 83%. Varietas Ciherang memiliki tingkat ketahanan terhadap HDB lebih baik daripada dua varietas lainnya., Rice (Oryza sativa) is an important food crop in various countries in the world, including Indonesia. Indonesian rice production fluctuates, which is influenced by various factors such as land conversion, agro-climate, and plant pest organisms. One of the important diseases of rice is bacterial leaf blight (BLB) by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Efforts to manage the disease include the use of resistant varieties, technical, biological and chemical control techniques. This study aims to describe the national rice production and the intensity of HDB disease in rice plants in Indramayu Regency, West Java. Data on rice production at the national, provincial and district levels is accessed online from the website of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), field activities include collecting data on farming and rice production through interviews with farmers, observing symptoms and intensity of disease in sample rice fields belonging to farmers. National rice production in the 2011-2021 period showed an increase for the first seven years, then decreased significantly in the last three years. In the same period of time, West Java Province as the third largest national rice producer also showed a decline in production. Indramayu is the main rice producing district in West Java and also has fluctuating production which is influenced by annual production in the main sub-districts. BLB disease in the sample observation area of Indramayu District showed varying intensity between rice varieties. The incidence of disease in Ciherang rice varieties was 79.4% which was lower than Mekongga (83%) and Kebo Putih varieties (92%). Meanwhile, the disease severity from the lowest was ‘Ciherang’, ‘local’ and Mekongga varieties, respectively 24.07, 35.11
Keyword: Disease incidence, disease severity, production fluctuation, variety resistence, Xanthomonas oryzae pv, oryzae

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4