Judul: Karakteristik Mikrobiologis Kultur Starter Yogurt dengan Sinbiotik Terenkapsulasi dalam Bentuk Granul
dan Aplikasinya.
Abstrak: Teknologi fermentasi merupakan salah satu teknologi tepat guna dengan memanfaatkan aktivitas mikroba khususnya bakteri asam laktat sebagai kultur starter. Yogurt merupakan salah satu produk susu fermentasi yang melibatkan aktivitas kultur starter Streptococcus thermophilus dan Lactobacillus bulgaricus. Keterbatasan dalam penyediaan kultur starter menjadi salah satu kendala dalam pembuatan yogurt. Salah satu upaya untuk mengurangi keterbatasan kultur starter yogurt adalah dengan pembuatan kultur starter yogurt dengan sinbiotik terenkapsulasi dalam bentuk granul sehingga mempermudah dalam aplikasinya. Sinbiotik adalah istilah bagi suatu produk yang mengandung probiotik dan prebiotik. Sinbiotik dienkapsulasi dengan tujuan agar bakteri probiotik tidak beraktivitas dalam produk yogurt dan dapat mencapai saluran pencernaan dengan jumlah tinggi (> 106 cfu/g) dan tersedia substrat prebiotik yang bermanfaat untuk bakteri probiotik.
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Judul: Karakteristik Mikrobiologis Kultur Starter Kering Kefir dengan Sinbiotik Terenkapsulasi dalam Bentuk Granul.
Abstrak: Kefir merupakan salah satu jenis minuman susu fermentasi yang memiliki rasa khas, yaitu asam dan berkarbonat. Saat ini tingkat konsumsi kefir di Indonesia masih dapat dikatakan lebih rendah bila dibandingkan dengan susu fermentasi lain seperti yogurt ataupun dadih. Rendahnya tingkat konsumsi ini disebabkan karena kefir belum terlalu dikenal oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Ditambah lagi kultur starter kefir, berupa biji kefir atau bulk kultur starter kefir, yang masih sulit didapatkan di pasaran.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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