Judul: Pengembangan model simulasi proses pengomposan sampah organik perkotaan dalam bioreaktor, Simulation model for composting of organic munificial solid waste in bioreactor
Abstrak: Municipal solid waste or MSW has a potency to be decomposed by microorganisms and transformed into compost. The waste contains 60%-75% of organic materials. The objective of this research was to optimize the composting F;ocess of MSW based on a simulation model. The specific objective were to developing the simulation model, validifying the model, analyzing the sensitivity of the model, and analyzing the quality of the compost. The growth of microorganisms, the rate of 0 2 consumption, the rate of C02 and H20 production, the rate of ratio carbon nitrogen or CM, and temperature were the variables tested in this research. Validation was carried out by comparing the result of simulation model with the experimental data of composting process. The sensitivity test was analyzed by comparing the changes of the dependent variables with the changes of independent variables.
Keyword: Municipal Solid Waste, Simulation model, Composting, Organic material, Bioreactor

Judul: Rancangan Proses Pengelolaan Sampah Organik dengan Menggunakan Mikroba.
Abstrak: Law No.18/2008 on Waste Management is a basis of the importance of waste management. Lately to manage waste, microorganisms as decomposer of organic matter is often. So that the objective of this research is to produce a design process organic waste management that can be implemented simply in the community and give economic benefits. This research method starts from the breeding of bacteria, treatment of bacteria that can be used to decompose organic waste,and making a simple design. The best treatment that is chosen is the treatment giving the bacteria at 2nd week ( POC2 ) with bacterial composition was increased to 20% so that the assumed rate of decomposition can achieve 0.43%/day. Design created a simple unit with a length of 3 m, wide 2 m, and high and 0.75 m and can accommodate 100 people waste for 14 days, after 14 days from the addition of bacteria and on day 28 the processed organic waste in the form of liquid fertilizer can be used. C/N ratio is obtained at the end of the 17.115 still acceptable in SNI 19-7030-2004. Windrow pile design is also created as a temporary storage area before entering the processing unit.
Keyword: waste management, organic waste, C/N ratio, bacteri

Judul: Identifikasi Molekuler Kompleks Spesies Himantura uarnak (Batoidea: Dasyatidae) di Indonesia.
Abstrak: Stingrays are one of the cartilaginous fish, apart of sharks and skates, and one of Indonesia's fishery resources. Almost of elasmobranch fishes are economically important fish. The refined products and live specimens of this fish are a lot of traded. Himantura uarnak, H. undulata and H. leoparda are stingray species in Himantura and Dasyatidae family, which are the most popular stingrays in Indonesia waters. The stingrays are major target species were used as a consumable product and trading products. Levels of species diversity of cartilaginous fish in Indonesia are very high, and also Indonesia is listed as one of the countries that use elasmobranch resources the highest in the world. Generally, this study aims to identify each species of H. uarnak species complex through molecular approaches. While specifically, this study aims to estimate the evolutionary process of species divergence and to determine the relationship between species. The methods were used in this study included field sampling, sample collection, and specimen identification, collection of genetic samples, analysis of genetic samples and data analysis . Size polymorphism nuclear DNA markers (intron EPIC) were used. Polymorphism alleles translated into genotypes and alleles frequency of five introns loci. The results of Bayesian analysis and Correspondence Analysis (CA) produced informative diagram of the population structure showed 4 different clusters. Cluster 1 and 4 were H. leoparda, Cluster 2 indicated as H. undulata and the Cluster 3 was H. uarnak. Cluster 1 was a variant of Cluster 4, in this time called as H. leoparda var.1. Separation of four clusters according to nuclear DNA need to be proved by mitochondria DNA maker by cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (cyt b). Molecular approaches were using mitochondrial DNA gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b produced 4 main groups (Group I, II, III and IV). Both of these molecular approaches showed each individual of groups were in consistent clade and the main group. Hence the H. uarnak species complex in Indonesian waters were divided into 4 main groups, and each was a particular species. The Group I and IV were the two group species that have been released as H. leoparda and Group I was H. leoparda var. 1 identified as cryptic species. Group II was one individual who grouped as H. undulata. Group III was one of other group that identified as H. uarnak and in accordance with the morphological characteristic through spotting pettern. Morphological approach to identified the stingrays of Himantura uarnak species complex clearly less accurate than the molecular approaches. Morphological approach should not be used to identify a species complex in stingrays without helped by other approaches.
Keyword: Himantura uarnak species complex, intron EPIC, cyt b, COI, spotting pattern