Judul: Efisiensi Energi Dan Kinerja Prototipe Alat Penyulingan Minyak Pala Berbahan Bakar Kayu
Abstrak: Indonesia is a richest country that has big enough nutmeg oil production in the world. Indonesian nutmeg oil contain high quality essential oil and its export quantities has dominated world market of Nutmeg oil. The increasing of fossil fuel price and its alternative have implicated to their availability, especially kerosene that usually used by Nutmeg oil distillators, as the primary fuel. Transformation of energy to energies with enough cheap price and available is need to minimize production cost. Two examples of them is wood and coals. In this recent time, the cheapest price is wood. The average of wood price is about Rp 500 / kg with the average of water contain is about 30%. Prototype of Nutmeg oil distillation equipments that examined is made to give a solution to distillation processor. Series of this prototype is divided to boiler, distillating cattle accomplying with material cattle and material fraction, spiral condensor with water container and oil separator. This prototype is examined by factors that suitable with recommended standardation and the former research that result as the best factors. From the refferences, the process is done by 12 hours to be efficient process, compare with the conventional time scale of process is about 30–48 hours. From this examining, the output that will be resulted are efficiency of heat energy, performance and the lacking of performance of the prototype. Input factor that used on this prototype is loading material into the cattle as much 300 kg of Nutmeg that have been crushed to the small pieces. The other factor is maintaining pressure in the cattle 1 atm gauge, and flow of condensate as 0.6 liter/hour.kg of material or same with 50 ml of distillate/second, and fluidizing of cooling water after the first hour distillation. Analysis of the average efficiency of energy of boiler results efficiency as 31,59%, the cattle as 91,79%, condenser as 90,87% for recovery efficiency and 99% for transfer efficiency. Beside that, efficiency of conducting pipes between boiler and cattle as 97,27%, and conducting pipes between to condenser cattle as 99,49%, and so the total of efficiency of energy on the distillatory is 25,54%. The distillate or oil from this distillation process has characteristic oil that suitable with SNI 06-2388-2006 about Nutmeg oil characteristics. Responses of combination values of density is about 0,904, refractive index is 1,478, its solution in ethanol 90% at temperature 20°C is 1:1, optical rotary is (+)16,8º, and vapor remain is 0,7%. Standardize from SNI of the density is about between 0,880-0,910, refractive index between 1,470-1,497, solution in ethanol 90% at temperature 20°C is 1:3 and then clarity, optical rotary between (+)8º-(+)25º, and vapor remain is 0,7%. After the examination and analysis of Nutmeg oil, the time of distillation process is determined by 14 hours. The comparation of distillation process with distillation held by common people, on one cycles of distillation process with material about 300 kg can get economical benefit from cost of fuel consumption and operators. Fuel consumption can be reduced to 1.5 million rupiah from changing 1 liter kerosene with price Rp 7.100,- to wooden
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Judul: Analisis kinerja dan efisiensi energi prototipe alat penyulingan untuk industri kecil minyak nilam
Abstrak: Patchouli oil is high value essential oil of Indonesia that is produced by the steam distillation process from patchouli plants (Pogostemon cablin benth). As an export commodity, patchouli oil is quite substantial to fulfill the world demand in perfumery, cosmetic and pharmacy industries. Patchouli oil has always been possessed an increasing world market in spite of facing hard competition and nontariff barrier in the world trade. Therefore it needs to increase continuously the productivity and efficiency of essential-oil agroindustries. Distillation process for patchouli oil in small scale in general still represent simple technology process with equipments which are made from corrosive material. The most common method of essential oil production is water and steam distillation and conducted only based on experience so that the efficiency is usually low. Therefore this research evaluate aimed to the efficiency both kohobasi system and non kohobasi system. The objective of this research were to study and examine the performance of distillation equipment, analyze energy efficiency of distillation system prototype and analyze the quality of patchouli oil. The distillation method of 37,5 kg of patchouli plants was water and steam distillation with kohobasi system and non kohobasi system for 8 hours period. The distillation equipment to produced patchouli oil were retort with furnace, condenser and separator. This research used biomass energy such as fire woods as fuel. Furnace performance analysis based on several parameters which were surface area of heat transfer, woods burning process and the usage of fuels. The wide surface of heat transfer on retort is 1,70 m2. Distillation process with kohobasi system used dry fire woods of 143,32 kg and non kohobasi system used 138,2 kg of dry firewoods. The energy from firewoods used for boiling dan vaporize water in retort. According to the result, in kohobasi system the energy is needed to boiling and vaporize the water into steam is 644,51 MJ and the energy from firewoods is 2.579,85 MJ. The retort efficiency at that condition is 25 %. In non kohobasi system the energy is needed to boiling and vaporize the water into steam is 572,24 MJ and the energy from the fuel is 2487,6 MJ. The retort efficiency at that condition is 22,99 %. Retort performance bases on several parameters like bulk density, distillation rate and steam penetration. Bulk density for kohobasi system was 0,09 kg/l and 0,096 for non kohobasi system. Distillation rate for kohobasi system was 0,74 l/hour and 0,63 for non kohobasi system. Condenser efficiency for kohobasi system is 79 % and 99,26 % for non kohobasi sytem. The difference efficiency between kohobasi sytem and non kohobasi system is influenced by cold water flows. Cold water flows continuously in non kohobasi system result in higher efficiency than in kohobasi system. Average distillate temperature for kohobasi system was 31,56 °C and 30,35 °C for non kohobasi system. The yield of patchouli oil for kohobasi system was 2,29 % (dry basis) and 2,2 % (dry basis) for non kohobai system. The quality of patchouli oil produced by kohobasi system and non kohobasi system is quite comparable, the oil has specific
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Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh.
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. ,,,
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular.