Judul: Interaksi protein permukaan bakteri gram positif dengan Fe Ign dan FcY menggunakan teknik soft agar(SA) dan serum soft agar(SSA)
Abstrak: Protein permukaan seperti protein A pada Staphylococcus aureus dan protein G pada Streptococcus sp. dapat mengikat imunoglobulin G (IgG). Protein ini merupakan faktor virulensi dari bakteri tersebut (faktor antifagositosis). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menentukan keberadaan protein permukaan pada S. aureus, S. agalactiae, dan S. equi subsp. zooepidemicus dengan metode Soft Agar (SA) dan Serum Soft Agar (SSA). Interaksi dari serum (IgG) dengan protein permukaan pada beberapa bakteri tersebut ditunjukkan dengan perubahan bentuk koloni bakteri dari difus menjadi kompak. Dari 26 isolat S. aureus yang digunakan dalam penelitian, 19 isolat menunjukkan perubahan bentuk koloni setelah penambahan serum kelinci dan 7 diantaranya tidak menunjukkan perubahan bentuk koloni. Tidak ada perubahan yang nyata dari hasil yang ditunjukkan oleh penambahan serum ayam (IgY), semua isolat menunjukkan pertumbuhan koloni difus. Empat isolat Streptococcus grup B (SGB) dan 4 isolat Streptococcus grup C (SGC) yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini tumbuh sebagai koloni difus di Soft Agar dan Serum Soft Agar.
Keyword: Surface proteins, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp.

Judul: Modifikasi Enrichment BHI untuk Optimasi Pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus Protein A pada Metode Serum Soft Agar.
Abstrak: Metode Serum Soft Agar merupakan salah satu teknik sederhana yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi keberadaan protein A pada bakteri S. aureus. Protein A adalah produk spesifik dari bakteri S. aureus dan sekitar 99% dari strain bakteri S. aureus mengandung protein tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pertumbuhan koloni bakteri S. aureus pada waktu inkubasi BHI 90 menit (modifikasi) dan 24 jam (kontrol) menggunakan metode serum soft agar. S. aureus yang tumbuh terlihat dari ekspresi protein A berkoloni kompak di serum kelinci tetapi difus di serum ayam. Berdasarkan hasil uji SSA, hanya 13 isolat dari 15 isolat yang digunakan mampu mengekspresikan hasil yang sama dengan kontrol (metode 24 jam) sehingga inkubasi BHI 24 jam masih menjadi metode yang paling baik saat ini untuk pertumbuhan S. aureus.
Keyword: Protein A, SSA, Staphylococcus aureus

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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