Judul: Analysis of policy making process and implementation of decentralized management of protected forest policy
Abstrak: Base on Regulation 38/2007, the management of protected forests decentralized to regency government. Even though decentralization policy of forest management on protected forests has been enforced, deforestation still continues to occur. This indicates that the policy is not effective. The ineffectiveness of the policy can be caused by the policy itself or failures in its implementation. Content of a policy is closely related to the process of policy making itself. Currently, political framework of the decentralization policy formulation in the management of natural resources and environment (including protected forest management) is based on administrative approach rather than ecosystem approach. This research aims to: i) identify the policy making process of decentralized management of protected forest, ii) analyze the gap between decentralization policy and its implementation, iii) analyze the performance of regency government in managing protected forests, and iv) analyze the appropriate form of decentralized management of protected forests in accordance with Forest Management Unit (FMU/KPH) concept. The research was conducted in three regencies within Batanghari watershed area, namely East Tanjung Jabung regency (downstream), Sarolangun regency (middle stream), and South Solok regency (upstream). Qualitative methods were used to analyze policy making process, discourse analysis, assumption analysis, and qualitative descriptive. Besides quantitative method was used to conduct scoring, in the assesment of regency government performance, economic and ecological benefits, and social capital of communities around the forest areas. In order to support the assesment of regency government performance, analysis of forest cover changes was carried out including forest cover in year 1990, 2000 and 2009. The research showed that there are three discourses in policy making process on authority division, namely i) the democratic discourse, ii) the economic discourse and iii) the economic and democratic discourses. It is difficult to implement externality narative in the process of authority division policy making. Redefinition of externalities and interdependencies can be used as narratives of new policies to improve the policy division of authority among government levels. There still exists some gaps between decentralized policy and its implementation, where each stakeholder has not play its role appropriately yet. The average score of performance of three regencies governments in the management of protected forest is relatively low, which is showed by the high deforestation rate. Theoritically, there are four options of FMU institution, namely: the the central government FMU through delegation to regency goverment, the provincial FMU, the regency FMU, and the national/regionally owned enterprises (BUMN/BUMD). Policy of asymmetric decentralization is an option in decentralised management of protected forest, because forestry is an option matter.
Keyword: Decentralized Management, forest management, protected forest

Judul: Model of environmental conflict management in protection forest area (a case study In Register 45b Bukit Rigis Protection Forest Area, Lampung Province)
Abstrak: Environment conflict of forest management is the relationship between two or more parties that having and/or who feel having disagreement of goals in forest management because of differences in social relationships/ communication, interests, data and information, values, and structural, which occurs within a space, so that the environmental functions of forests to be disturbed. Environmental conflicts in protection forest mostly caused by issues of scarcity, negative externalities, structural unbalance, and different viewpoint of people on value of forests. In many cases, forest governance creates overlapping policies regarding with these issues that may generate conflict escalation; this occurs in Register 45B of Protection Forest Zone in Lampung Province. This research aimed to study: (1) policies of forestry, environmental management, agrarian, spatial, and regional autonomy for the handling of environmental conflicts in forest management of the region, especially in the area of Protection Forest Bukit Rigis - Register 45b, (2) factors those affecting (escalation of) conflict, (3)conflict management styles manifested by parties/disputants, and polarization of parties refer to the conflict roots they face and,to (4) develop a model of environmental conflict management cognitively refer to lesson that learned by the parties. Research implementation and analysis carried out by using Descriptive Policy Analysis, Pathway Analysis, Pairwise Comparison Analysis – Scheffe Test, the technique of CAP (Collaborative Analytical, Problem-solving Process or Approach) and, SSA (Social System Analysis). The research found that: (1) based on policy analysis, Environmental Management and Controlling Act developed consistently a mechanism for dispute settlement and the Basic Act of Agrarian Law is merely developing mediation procedures, while the Ombudsman Act, Arbitration Act have not been consistently equipped with the regulations below it, (2) conflict escalation was mainly caused by decision to convert forest land use, (3) conflict management styles are collaborative and compromise, polarizations of parties refer to similarities on interests, (4) ccognitively the parties in resolving environmental conflicts forest areas, particularly the conflict status of the land, agreed to take efforts to release forest area under forestry regulations, and (5) by integrating the entire analysis can be constructed a model of institutional grievance mechanisms of conflict resolution following with tools of assessment.
Keyword: Lampung Province, Environment conflict, Community based forest management

Judul: Trichomonas Gallinae Penyebab Trichomonosis Pada Unggas
Abstrak: Trichomonas gallinae adalah protozoa yang bergerak aktof dengan keempat flagella yang mempunyai layar dan pada salah satu sisinya terdapat membran seperti sirip ikan yang berombak. Spesies dari genus Trichomonas ini mempunyai arti penting pada unggas, karena dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada alat pencernaan bagian atas.
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