Judul: Effectiveness of soil and water conservation measures to reduce runoff and soil erosion on cacao plantation
Abstrak: Cacao plant is one of the major commodity of plantation in South East Sulawesi, especially in Konawe regency. Land management practices which is implemented by the local farmers on cultivating cacao, in many cases are not according to soil and water conservation principles. The research was aimed to study the effectiveness of several soil and water conservation practices on reducing runoff and soil erosion on cacao plantation with different land slopes and canopy coverages. The research was conducted in Amosilu village, Besulutu district, Konawe regency, the province of South East Sulawesi, from December 2006 to September 2007. The Experimental method in the field study was split plot design consisting three factors. The first factor was slope consisting two levels (10 – 15% and 40 – 45%) and the second factor was age of the cacao plant consisting two levels (5 to 7 month and 25 to 27 month) were used as main plots (P1 = 5 to 7 month and 10 – 15%; P2 = 25 to 27 month and 10 – 15%; P3 = 5 to 7 month and 40 – 45%; and P4 = 25 to 27 month and 40 – 45%), while the third factor, the vegetative conservation treatment was used as sub plots consisting three levels, i.e T1 = cacao with ground cover, T2 = upland rice and soybean rotation within cacao plant, T3 = upland rice and soybean rotation within cacao plant + Arachis pintoi as strip cropping. There was not interaction effect both cacao plant and slope treatment with vegetative conservation treatment on runoff and soil erosion with soil properties, exception on aggregate stability index. The result showed that vegetative conservation treatment (T3) with upland rice and soybean rotation within cacao plant with A. pintoi as strip cropping was best alternatif because it has been produced the lower rate of erosion (21,76 ton ha-1 year-1) compared tolerable soil loss value (22,44 ton ha-1 year-1) and improved of soil properties and has given a good benefit to famers from both upland rice and soybean.
Keyword: Arachis Pintoi, Strip cropping, Upland rice

Judul: Sustainable Farming System Planning Based On Cocoa In Way Semah Sub Watershed Lampung Province
Abstrak: Cocoa is a leading commodity in Lampung Province after coffee, because the cocoa plantations are widespread in almost district. One of the center of cocoa is Way Semah Sub Watershed which is including Pesawaran District administratively. However, cocoa productivity is still low because there is no arrangement of sustainable farming system based on cocoa. Thus have implication for lower average farmer’s income. Moreover, there is no soil conservation actions in actual farming systerm This study aimed to identify land use characteristics and to analyze the agrotechnologies and to compose sustainable farming system planning based on cocoa in Way Semah Sub Watershed. The rcommended agrotechnologies were meet sustainable farming system citeria : (1) the farming system which haspredicted erosion was lower than tolerable soil loss (ETol); (2) the farmer’s income was higher than a decent income; and (3) the agrotechnologies must be applicable and replicable by farmers. In this study, Land capability was evaluated using Klingebiel and Montgomery method, erosion was predicted using USLE (the Universal Soil Loss Equation ) equation developed by Wischmeier and Smith, and farming system was analyzed using cash flos analysis method. There is 4 (four) farming system type in intensive study site : cocoa monoculture (UT1), cocoa-coconuts (UT2), cocoa-coconuts-tangkil (UT3), and cocoa-trees-fruit plants. Result of this study showed that predicted erosion in actual agrotechnologies and cropping patterns was higher than ETol. It ranged from 89.90 to 425.80 tons hectare-1year-1 while ETol ranged from 18.42 to 32.30 tons hectare-1 year-1. Total farmer’s income were lower (Rp15 995 000 to Rp22 880 000 householder-1year-1) than a decent income (Rp.30.000.000 householder-1year-1). To increase farmer’s income, the source of income such as livestock was introduced into the existing farming system. Result of agrotechnologies simulation showed that conservation techniques of split pitch decrease predicted erosion ranged from 7.55 to 24.53 tons hectare-1year-1 and planting a shade plants result1.31 to 4.26 tons hectare-1year-1 lower than ETol. Fertilizer and livestock increase cocoa productivity and farmer’s income (Rp23 775 000 to Rp33 675 000 householder-1year-1) higher than a decent living.
Keyword: watershed, erosion, cocoa

Judul: Infectious laryngo tracheitis pada unggas
Abstrak: Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis merupakan penyakit pada unggas yang disebabkan oleh virus yang mempunyai sasaran saluran pernapasan bagian atas Penyebab penyakit Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis Univers (ILT) adalah virus yang termasuk kelompok virus Herpes sering disebut Tarpeia avium. Virus tersebut tersusun dari inti asam deoksi ribonukleat yang dilengkapi dengan pembung- kus yang merupakan derivat dari lemak serta mempunyai garis tengah antara 195-250 nano meter. Pada temperatur kamar virus tersebut dapat bertahan selama 15 hari dalam keadaan tanpa pengawetan. Virus penyebab Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis mempunyai kepekaan terhadap zat kimia golongan pelarut lemak seperti: phenol dan kresol. Induk semang definitip penyakit Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis adalah ayam, tetapi burung merak, itik dan kalkun pernah dilaporkan dapat terinfeksi. Mammalia dan golongan rodensia merupakan hewan yang tahan terhadap infeksi penyakit ini. Pada manusia penyakit Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis diduga mempunyai hubungan dengan timbulnya gangguan neuralgia yang bersifat sub-akut akibat infeksi virus Herpes jenis lain yang disebut virus Sub-acute Myelo Optico Neuropathi (virus SMON).
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