Judul: Pengembangan Institusi Pemulihan Fungsi Hutan Lindung Pulau Tarakan Sebagai Penyangga Ekosistem Pulau Keci
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kerusakan sumberdaya Hutan Lindung Pulau Tarakan (HLPT) yang merupakan sumberdaya bersama milik negara yang berada pada sebuah pulau kecil dan memiliki fungsi penting sebagai sistem penyangga kehidupan. Tujuan utama penelitian ini adalah untuk merumuskan pengembangan institusi pemulihan fungsi HLPT sebagai penyangga ekosistem pulau kecil. Tujuan utama dicapai melalui tujuan antara sebagai berikut: (1) mengetahui kapasitas organisasi dan menemukan wilayah prioritas perbaikan kapasitas organisasi pengelola HLPT; (2) menemukan penyebab kegagalan koordinasi antar lembaga pemerintah dalam pengelolaan HLPT; (3) menemukan penyebab ketidakselarasan perilaku masyarakat pemanfaat dengan tujuan pengelolaan sumberdaya HLPT berdasarkan persepsi dan motivasinya; dan (4) menemukan kejelasan batas spasial pemulihan fungsi HLPT, stakeholders pemulihan fungsi HLPT, otoritas (hak dan kewajiban) stakeholders pemulihan fungsi HLPT dan kepastian struktur insentif pemulihan fungsi HLPT. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi teknik observasi berpartisipasi, wawancara terstruktur, wawancara mendalam dan studi dokumentasi. Data yang digunakan terdiri atas data primer dan sekunder, dengan sumber data responden, informan kunci dan dokumen. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang diterapkan dalam penelitian terdiri atas teknik pengambilan sampel secara sengaja (purposive sampling), pengambilan sampel bola salju (snowball sampling) dan pengambilan sampel quota (quota sampling). Sedangkan variabel yang ditelaah meliputi: kapasitas organisasi pengelola, koordinasi antar lembaga pemerintah, persepsi dan motivasi masyarakat pemanfaat, substansi peraturan perundangan tentang koordinasi, tutupan lahan, stakeholders, kepentingan dan pengaruh stakeholders, hak dan kewajiban stakeholders, transaksi jasa lingkungan, keinginan membayar dan bentuk insentif. Metode analisis kapasitas organisasi digunakan untuk menganalisis data yang berkenaan dengan kapasitas organisasi pengelola HLPT. Guna menemukan penyebab kegagalan koordinasi antar organisasi pemerintah dalam pengelolaan HLPT digunakan teknik analisis koordinasi antar lembaga (sektor), sedangkan untuk menemukan sumber penyebab kegagalan koordinasi berdasarkan peraturan perundangan digunakan teknik analisis isi kualitatif. Teknik deskriptif persepsi dan motivasi digunakan untuk menemukan penyebab ketidakselarasan perilaku masyarakat pemanfaat sumberdaya HLPT dengan tujuan pengelolaan HLPT. Analisis tutupan lahan digunakan untuk mengetahui kelas tutupan pada HLPT. Analisis stakeholders digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi stakeholders pemulihan fungsi HLPT, stakeholders berdasarkan tingkat kepentingan dan pengaruhnya dalam pemulihan fungsi HLPT, sedangkan untuk mengetahui hak dan kewajiban stakeholders dalam pemulihan fungsi HLPT digunakan teknik analisis taksonomik dan komponensial. selanjutnya analisis pembayaran jasa lingkungan digunakan untuk mengetahui struktur insentif pemulihan fungsi HLPT. v Akhirnya, sintesis dilakukan menggunakan teknik analisis tema (discovering cultural themes).Berdasarkan kajian yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkan hal-hal sebagai berikut: 1) Kapasitas UPT-KPHL Model Tarakan sebagai organisasi pengelola HLPT tingkat tapak adalah rendah (nil-moderate) dengan kelemahan-kelemahan organisasi sebagai berikut: (1) kerjasama dengan organisasi pemerintah dan non pemerintah; (2) perencanaan strategis bidang keuangan dan diversifikasi sumber pendanaan organisasi; (3) pendelegasian wewenang pengambilan keputusan; (4) kepatuhan terhadap kebijakan dan prosedur (standar operasional); (5) proses rekruitmen, orientasi dan pengembangan staf, supervisi dan evaluasi; dan (6) penilaian pencapaian misi organisasi dan penilaian dampak serta relevansi program. Hal ini berarti UPT-KPHL Model Tarakan memiliki kemampuan yang rendah untuk mencapai tujuan pengelolaan HLPT. 2) Kapasitas koordinasi antar lembaga pemerintah dalam pengelolaan HLPT rendah yang disebabkan oleh permasalahan ambigu kewenangan, kekurangan informasi dan kurang dalam hal konsultasi. Di sisi lain, kebijakan koordinasi cenderung menggunakan pendekatan mekanisme koordinasi vertikal yang dicirikan oleh pengkoordinasian yang dilakukan oleh level pimpinan organisasi pemerintah (menteri, gubenur, bupati/walikota, sekretaris daerah). Akibatnya
Keyword: Institution, Organization, Coordination, Perception

Judul: Institutional development of the function recovery of tarakan protection forest as the ecosystem buffer of small islands
Abstrak: The Background that prompted this research was the damages of Tarakan Protection Forest (in Indonesian, Hutan Lindung Pulau Tarakan or HLPT), which is a common pool resource of state property. The main purpose of this research was to formulate recovery-functioned institutional development of HLPT as a buffering ecosystem for small islands. The main objectives were achieved through the following sub-objectives: (1) to understand the capacity organization and to find priority areas in improving management organization capacity, (2) to find the main cause for the failure of intergovernment agency coordination in the management of HLPT, (3) to find causes of disharmony the users community behavior with the purposes of HLPT management based on the perceptions and motivations, (4) to find the well-defined spatial boundaries, stakeholders, authority (rights and responsibilities) and incentive structure on function recovery of HLPT. The analysis was conducted using organizational capacity analysis technique, inter-government agency coordination analysis, qualitative analysis of content, descriptive analysis of perception and motivation, land cover analysis, stakeholder analysis, taxonomic and componential analysis and analysis of payments for environmental services, while the synthesis was carried out using the technique of discovering cultural themes. Based on the study conducted, the results were as follows: (1) The capacity of Technical Implementation Unit of Protection Forest Management as a site organizer was low (nil-moderate), suggesting low ability of the unit to achieve the objectives of HLPT management; (2) The coordination capacity of inter-government agency within the management of HLPT was considerably low since of the ambiguous regarding jurisdiction, lack of information and consultation. On the other hand, coordination tended to use the vertical coordination mechanism which was characterized by the coordination undertaken by the highest leadership levels of government organizations (ministers, governors, regents/mayors, district secretary). The consequences are coordination status failure among government agencies in the management of HLPT due to the inabililty to eliminite redundancies, incoherencies and untackled urgent issues. This suggest minimum coodination to field-spatial based programs and coordination system among government agencies that hasn’t embodied yet; (3) The low level of users’ community perception of functional and optional benefits, low levels of economic and environment motivation, and the high social motivation of the users’ community in utilization Protection Forest Resource of Tarakan Island had become the primary causes of disharmony among behavior of users’ community and the management objectives of HLPT. This refers to perception and motivation that didn’t support the main purpose of HLPT management; (4) In general, HLPT ecosystem consists of forest and non-forest ecosystems, which, if the HLPT function recovery efforts were to be done, would involve 13 key stakeholders. Furthermore, it was identified that the water users community were the beneficiaries who had the willingness to pay Rp 300 m-3 which is a potential source of funding of forest and land rehabilitation.
Keyword: Forest protection, Common pool resources, Environmental resources

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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