Judul: Efektivitas berbagai kombinasi campuran sambiloto (Andrographis Paculata), daun sirih (piper betle), dan daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava) melalui pakan untuk pencegahan penyakit mas pada ikan lele dumbo (clarias sp)
Abstrak: Ikan lele dumbo adalah ikan air tawar yang telah dibudidayakan secara intensif, tetapi sering kali ikan ini terserang penyakit MAS (motile aeromonad septicaemia) yang disebabkan oleh bakteri A. hydrophila, bakteri ini berukuran 0,8-0,9 µm x 1,5 µm, berflagela tunggal dan bersifat patogen oportunistik, Bakteri ini juga dapat menginfeksi hewan bertulang belakang seperti, katak, kura-kura, aligator dan manusia. Penanggulangan terhadap penyakit MAS biasa dilakukan dengan menggunakan antibiotik, seperti chloramphenicol, oxytetracyclin, erythromycin, oxolinic acid, streptomycin dan potentiated sulphonamide, yang sering dipakai dalam budidaya ikan. Di Indonesia didapatkan bahwa bakteri Aeromonas sp juga resisten terhadap antibiotik erythromycin, chloramphenicol, potentiated sulphonamide. Untuk me-ngurangi penggunaan antibiotik, maka dicari alternatif untuk mencegah ikan budidaya terjangkit penyakit MAS, salah satu alternatifnya adalah dengan memanfaatkan bahan alami yaitu daun sirih, sambiloto dan daun jambu biji.
Keyword: lele dumbo, daun sirih, sambiloto

Judul: Efektifitas Rebusan Campuran Sambiloto (Andrograp/zis paniculata (Burm.f.), Daun Jambu Biji (Psfrlium guajava L.) dan Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.) untuk Pencegahan Penyakit MAS (Motile Aeromonad Septicaemia) Pada lkan Lele Dumbo (Clarias sp)
Abstrak: Keberhasilan budidaya ikan lele dumbo (Clarias sp.) dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, salah satunya adalah faktor penyakit. Penyakit MAS (Motile Aeromonad Septicaemia) merupakan salah satu penyakit yang sering menyerang ikan lele durnbo (Clarias sp.). Upaya penanggulangan penyakit ini antara lain pengobatan dengan antibiotik dan pencegahan. Pengobatan dengan menggunakan antibiotik cenderung kurang aman dan mahal. Pencegahan dengan menggunakan tanaman obat diharapkan lebih am.an dan murah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari dosis tanaman obat yang efektif dari rebusan campuran sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees., daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.) dan daun sirih (Piper betle L.) untuk pencegahan penyakit MAS (Motile Aeromonad Septicaemia). Hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan tanaman obat sambiloto ((Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees), daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.) dan daun sirih (Piper betle L.) yang dicampurkan dalam pakan terbukti efektif untuk pencegahan penyakit MAS (Motile Aeromonad Septicaemia), dapat menekan angka kematian ikan dan meningkatkan bobot tubuh ikan lele dumbo (Clarias sp). Perlakuan yang paling efektif untuk pencegahan penyakit MAS adalah PI dengan komposisi tanaman obat yang dicampurkan dalam pakan sebesar 1,0 gram sambiloto, 0,75 gram jambu biji dan 0,25 gram daun sirih setiap 100 gram pakan.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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