Judul: Verifikasi Flushing pada Sistem Transportasi Curd Yogurt dari Tangki Storage ke Mesin Filler
Abstrak: Flushing is an urging process to help water or material transportation in pipe. Flushing consisted of initial flushing and end flushing. Verification is a method of flushing efficiency. Industry never verified flushing before, so the aims of this internship were to verify flushing from storage tank to filler machine, to know initial flushing reduction in a month production and saving material at end flushing. Parameter used for verification is total solid. Industry used 90 liters from T500 and 95 liters from T501 for initial flushing, and 32 liter for end flushing without distinguished tank. After verification, for initial flushing from T500 needs 88 liters and from T501 needs 84 liters, otherwise for end filling can only save 28 liters. Therefore, material reductions for initial flushing are 2 liters from T500 and 11 liters from T501, but at end flushing can not save more material because of product quality. Assumed that stirred yogurt production 5 times in a month, then the amount of material reduction for flushing at least 10 liters/month.
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Judul: Validasi dan verifikasi proses pengemasan susu kental manis sachet dengan mesin filling piltz
Abstrak: The objectives of the reseach were to obtain the optimum processing parameters regarding package integrity, and to validate and verify the processes according to food safety management system of ISO 22000. The results of this reseach were used as a basis for commercial running of new installed piltz filling machine for sweetened condensed milk ( SCM) product packed in sachet size. Package integrity of SCM product packed in sachet size is a compromise of temperature, pressure, and contact time in sealing process. From the food safety point of view, sealing quality is a critical parameter to prevent recontamination during shelf life of the product. The reseach was conducted in four steps. The first step was to calibrate the measuring equipment related with temperature and pressure parameter. The second step was to determine the optimum combination of temperature and pressure parameter in sealing operation which the speed of filling was applied in a constant rate at 67 sachets/minute or 0,9 seconds/sachet for sealing contact time. Five combinations of temperature and pressure were tried. The third step was to validate the optimum parameter obtained from the second step. The validation was conducted by operating the parameter by minimum 3 times for 3 hours running in each. In this step, the success criteria based on military standard 105E (special inspection level (S2) single sampling normal with AQL 0,1% ) was no leaking sachet found for all samples taken in pressure test evaluation. The fourth step was to verify the consistency of machine performance by operating the machine for 7 days, and the product was manually sorted 100% to find the leaking sachet, and the success criteria was no more than 1% product rejected caused by leaking. Based on those steps, the optimum parameter obtained for vertical sealing temperature was 165 oC, horizontal sealing temperature was 163 oC and the pressure was 60 bar. Total rejection product obtained from verification was 0,045%, which only 0,018% from filling machine and this was still lower than specified standard.
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Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship