Judul: Intercalation Xilanol Orange on the Natural Zeolit and Their Application as the Zeolite Modified Electrode for Cd Measurement
Abstrak: Zeolite is a mineral inorganic micropores of alumina silicate hydrate compounds with alkali metals and alkaline that has a skeleton-shaped cavity. Zeolite mineral have a distinctive trait that matters, namely is high cation exchange capacity so the zeolite is not only used as nutrient sinks, but can be used to bind heavy metals ions. Zeolite is divided into natural zeolites and zeolite synthesis, generally adsorption capacity of natural zeolite is lower than the zeolite synthesis, so to enhance the capacity of the adsorption, the character of natural zeolite surfaces need to be modified with surface modification process through a variety of methods, one of the method is intercalation. Intercalation is the insertion of the guest species (ion, atom, or molecules ) between layer compound. The purpose of this research is intercalated color substances is xilenol orange into natural zeolite Lampung and applying it as a selective electrode for the determination of the concntration of ions Cd. Through the process of intercalation is expected to improve the usefulness and added value of the zeolite. Modified zeolite is expected to have a specific surface properties of cadmium ions so that the adsorption can be used as a tools in the set up of selective ion electrode. Electrode is made by mixing powder carbon, zeolite intercalated, mineral oil on a comparison of 6: 1: 3 so that a homogeneous paste is obtained. Paste is then packed in glass tubes with a diameter of 3 mm in copper wire as the tools which has give electrical contact. Zeolite intercalated xilenol orange prepared by mixing the two grams of zeolite (who had previously been activated) with 100 mL of orange xilenol in the range pH 5–10. Activation of the zeolite is carried out by means of washing away 60 mesh size zeolite with 1 M HCl and heating on temperatures 130o C. Results show, that xilenol orange can be intercalated into a zeolite, this is seen from the spectrum FTIR which had absorption at num waves 1383 cm-1. That exhibits absorption of' S=O symmetric and asymmetrical in a –SO3H group is suspected because XO having a SO3 group so as to cause the presence of an attack HSO3 of XO on protons of a zeolite. Binding of xilenol orange also can be detected of a decrease in cristalinty on difractogram X rays. The measurement of the concentration of ions Cd2+ best occurring at pH 9. It can be seen with a peak of pH on that point, reach a maximum with the percentage of 46 %. The measurement of working electrodes using a paste of carbon which is modified of the zeolite intercalated xilenol orange indicated the result that better than the measurements of an electrode paste carbon without modification of the zeolite. Repeatabilty measurement by ZMCPE which made against ion Cd 10-6 M is good enough. That shown by the results obtained from the current average of 91.82 A with standard deviation of 0,342. XRD results show that the zeolite used in this research is a clinoptilolite type. Because it has a main peak at 22.5
Keyword: Lampung natural zeolite, xylanol orange, intercalation, zeolite modified electrode, cadmium, potensiostat

Judul: Elektrode Pasta Karbon Zeolit Alam Termodifikasi Heksadesiltrimetilamonium Bromida untuk Deteksi Kromium(VI)
Abstrak: The extensive use of chromium in metallurgic, leather tanning, electroplating, lumber, electricity generating and other industries have promoted enormous ecological impact in numerous sites that are being contaminated by chromium. Chromium has two dominant species, namely Cr(III) and Cr(VI). Among them, attention concerning the possible hazards arising from the use of Cr(VI) than Cr(III) because hexavalent chromium is around 1000 times more toxic than trivalent one. Therefore, methods for differentiation and quantification of these species are very important in water analysis. Research on chemical modified carbon paste electrode have been carried out starting from 1990 especially in electroanalysis field caused by better improvement than conventional electrode. Continuous research on chemical modified carbon paste electrode has been increasing use of inorganic materials as a modifiers of electrode material. Among inorganic materials, zeolites have been widely used as an ion exchanger due to size, shape, and unique charge selectivity, high capacity ion exchangers, high thermal stability, low cost resistance to extreme conditions. Zeolites have a permanent negative charge on its crystal structure making it suitable as a cation exchanger. This negative charge is also possible to do modifications on the zeolite surface using cationic surfactant of hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) ions. Cation exchange capacity value of zeolite origin from Cikembar (23.7 meq/100 g), Cikalong (47.6 meq/100 g), Bayah (39.7 meq/100 g), and Lampung (42.4 meq/100 g). After activation with NaOH, all cation exchange capacity values showed increasing were Cikembar (60.4 meq/100 g), Cikalong (60.4 meq/100 g), Bayah (42.5 meq/100 g), and Lampung (107.5 meq/100 g). Therefore, Lampung zeolite was selected to do modification with surfactant and was obtained highest adsorption amount of 200 mM HDTMABr as 3.9923 mmol/g zeolit. Cr(VI) adsorption test using diphenylcarbazide (DPC) method toward Lampung zeolite, 100 mM and 200 mM HDTMABr modified NaOH activated Lampung zeolite showed increasing adsorption capacity (Q). Cr(VI) adsorption capacity (Q) at steady state were obtained toward Lampung zeolite, 100 mM and 200 mM zeolite-NaOH-HDTMABr as 58.0457, 134.0522, 148.5602 mg Cr(VI)/g zeolite, respectively. This showed an increase of Cr(VI) amount bound on the zeolite surface. XRD characterization showed 3 significant peaks were obtained on Lampung zeolite, Lampung zeolite activated NaOH, and HDTMABr modified zeolite-NaOH. This showed no structural change on natural and modified zeolite. The degree of crystallinity decreased with the order of natural zeolite, zeolite-NaOH, and HDTMABr modified zeolite-NaOH showed partial loss of impurities contained in natural zeolite and adsorption of HDTMABr molecules on zeolite surface. Zeolite-NaOH-HDTMABr showed incorporation of absorption peaks originating from bending δH-O-H (1637.65 cm-1), vibration vT-O (T= Si,Al) symmetric (1055.56 cm-1), vT-O asymmetric (793.17 cm-1), δSi-O-Al (608.86 cm-1 and 525.67 cm-1), and δO-T-O (468.41 cm-1) also peak absorption originating from HDTMABr were stretching vC-H methylene asymmetric (2920.05 cm-1) and bending δC-H methylene (2851.01 cm-1, 1489.21 cm-1). Characterization by thermal analysis (TG-DTA) showed percentage of loss mass was quite large aat 15.1% in temperature range of 200-300 oC. This result indicates surfactant double layer formed by hydrophobic-hydrophobic interaction of nonpolar groups on the surface of HDTMABr modified Lampung zeolite. The existence of electrostatic interactions between HDTMABr molecules on zeolite surface forming s single layer
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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