Judul: The Efficiency of Triethylenediamine-Impregnated Activated Carbon as Iodine Radioisotope Adsorbent
Abstrak: Karbon aktif banyak digunakan sebagai adsorben karena kemampuannya mengadsorspsi. Salah satu pemanfaatan karbon aktif ialah sebagai pembersih udara pada sistem tata udara reaktor nuklir untuk mengadsorpsi radioaktif I-131. Radioaktif ini berbahaya bagi makhluk hidup dan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efisiensi adsorpsi karbon aktif terimpregnasi trietilenadiamina (TEDA) terhadap I-131. Karbon aktif disintesis menggunakan metode aktivasi kimia dan fisika. Aktivator yang digunakan ialah H3PO4 3 M dan Na2CO3 5% b/v. Aktivasi fisika menggunakan suhu tinggi 700, 800, dan 900 °C. TEDA diimpregnasi ke dalam karbon aktif dengan cara perendaman dan pemanasan pada suhu 170 °C selama 3 jam. Karbon aktif terbaik ialah hasil karbonisasi 400 °C, aktivator kimia H3PO4 3 M dan pemanasan suhu tinggi 900 °C. Kadar air karbon aktif terbaik ialah 0,43%, bilangan iodin 137,47 mg/g, dan luas permukaan 378,24 m2 /g. Karbon aktif ini kemudian diimpregnasi menggunakan TEDA 5% b/b dan 8% b/b. Hasil adsorpsi terhadap I-131 karbon aktif tanpa impregnasi, impregnasi 5% TEDA dan 8% TEDA berturut-turut ialah 40,78; 35,89; dan 32,00 %., Activated carbon is widely used as an adsorbent due to its adsorbent ability. One of the uses of activated carbon is as an air purifier in the air system of a nuclear reactor to adsorb radioactive I-131. This radioactive is harmful to living things and the environment. This study aims to test the adsorption efficiency of triethylenediamine (TEDA) impregnated activated carbon against I-131. Activated carbon is synthesized using chemical and physical activation methods. The activators used are H3PO4 3 M and Na2CO3 5% w/v. Physics activation uses high temperatures of 700, 800, and 900 °C. TEDA is impregnated into activated carbon by immersion and heating at 170 °C for 3 hours. The best activated carbon is the result of carbonization of 400 °C, chemical activator H3PO4 3 M and high temperature heating of 900 °C. The best activated carbon water content is 0,43%, iodine number is 137,47 mg/g, and surface area is 378,24 m2 /g. This activated carbon is then impregnated using a TEDA of 5% w/w and 8% w/w. The adsorption result of I-131 activated carbon without impregnation, impregnation of 5% TEDA and 8% TEDA respectively was 40,78; 35,89; and 32,00%.
Keyword: activated carbon, activation, adsorption, I-131, triethylenediamine

Judul: Effectivity of activated charcoal as adsorbent for wastewater treatment
Abstrak: The main purpose of this research was to study the optimum condition for production activated charcoal in a retort with 100 kg capacity and to apply the best activated charcoal as adsorbent for wastewater treatment. The raw materials used in this research were wood sawdust, mangium wood (Acacia mangium) and coconut shell. The charcoal was activated using the condition : activating temperature at 700 ºC continued by steaming with H2O for 1, 2, 3 hours and without steaming as a control. In Order to improve the qualities of the activated charcoal, further activation was conducted using H3PO4 solution at 5 % concentration. The possible changes in structure were evaluated using Infrared Spectrophotometry, X-ray Difraction and Scanning Electron Microscope. The results showed that the best quality of activated charcoal was achieved by Acacia mangium by soaking in H3PO4 5 % solution without steaming. The yield of activated charcoal was 40,54 %; moisture content 5,25 %; ash content 2,31 %; volatile matter 7,01 %; fixed carbon 90,69 %. Adsorptive capacity of iodine was 657,20 mg/g; metanol 7,13 %; CCl4 8,39 %; CHCl3 13,24 %; formaldehida 6,57 % and benzene 7,13 %. Degree of crystalinity 58,23 %; height of aromatic layers (Lc) 4,02 nm; width of aromatic layers (La) 4,22 nm; number of aromatic layers (N) 10,84 and distance of aromatic layers (d) 0,21 nm with pore diameter of 0,14 – 0,35 μm. The best concentration of activated charcoal as adsorbent for domestic wastewater treatment was 1 % concentration. It decreased Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 98,03 %; Total Suspended Solid 97,66 %; oil and grease 76,92 % and pH value increased 6,15 %. For hospital wastewater treatment, the best condition was achieved using activated charcoal at 2 % concentration. It could decreased pH value 17,50 %; Total Suspended Solid 93,06 %; ammonia 76,09 %, phosphat 33,06 % and coliform bacteri 90 %. BOD and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) increased 330,79 % and 135,91 %. The best concentration of activated charcoal as adsorbent for nicel coated industry wastewater treatment was 1 % concentration. It decrease Total Suspended Solid 84,72 %; Cr 39,50 %; Cu 66,67 %; Zn 91,50 %; Ni 73,75 % and Cd 71,43 %. pH value increase 242,84 %, but Pb value was not changed.
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Judul: Revision of Rhynchoglossum (Gesneriaceae) in Malesia
Abstrak: Revision on Rhynchoglossum in Malesia has been done. This research conducted based on morphological characters of 233 sheets of Herbarium specimen and Herbarium specimen photographs from Herbarium Bogoriense (BO), Singapore Botanic Gardens (SING), National Herbarium Netherlands (L), Royal Botanic Garden Kew (K), Natural History Museum London (BM), Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (E), New York Botanical Gardens (NY), Smithsonian Institute (US), and Harvard University (A). The result shows that six species are recognized in Malesia and five are endemic. Five species are known previously namely R. borneense, R. klugioides, R. medusothrix, R. obliquum, and R. spumosum; one species is proposed as a new and newly described namely R. celebicum. Rhynchoglossum borneense and R. medusothrix endemic to Borneo, R. celebicum endemic to Sulawesi, while R. spumosum endemic to Philippine Islands. Rhynchoglossum klugioides and R. obliquum distributed wider in Malesia. Rhynchoglossum papuae and R. merrilliae are placed under synonym of R. obliquum and R. spumosum. A phylogenetic analysis using PAUP version 4.0 program based on 60 morphological characters with Stauranthera coerulea and Loxonia hirsuta as an outgroup was undertaken. The analysis resulted a parsimonious tree which shown that Rhynchoglossum in Malesia can be divided in two groups. First clade consist R. obliquum, R. spumosum and R. celebicum while the second clade consist R. klugioides, R. borneense and R. medusothrix. Taxonomic treatment was giving with a identification key to the species, description, nomenclature, distribution, and notes each species.
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