Judul: Studi Waktu dan Optimasi Tata Laksana Kerja Pemanenan Kelapa Sawit di Perkebunan Waru Kaltim Plantation (WKP), Kalimantan Timur
Abstrak: Harvesting is the most important and burdensome work in the oil-palm plantation and production process. The optimization of the labor productivity is required to hire people as needed in order to efficiently labor productivity and minimize the cost of harvesting. The purpose of this study is to determine the standard time, comparing the standard harvesting time with other study location, determine the potential crop capacity, and determine the governance ideal harvesting work. Standard time for moving without 'angkong' (wheelbarrow) and moving with 'angkong' almost the same with a very small margin of 0.06 seconds. Potential harvesting capacities 'dodos' (shovel like cutting tool) was larger than the capacity of potential harvest 'egrek' (sickle like cutting tool). Results of the time analysis and working procedure optimization analysis shows that most efficient optimization in saving time harvesting is the fourth optimization where using the tool tomasun to eliminate the remaining stalk, integrating elements of work that may be done simultaneously, and eliminate avoidable delay. The harvesting work element that needs maximum period of a work element is picking up the scattering loose fruits 'brondolan'.
Keyword: harvest, capacity, optimization, palm oil

Judul: Studi Waktu pada Aktivitas Pemanenan Kelapa Sawit di Perkebunan Sari Lembah Subur, Riau
Abstrak: Optimization of work productivity is needed by company. Optimum products will increase the company's profit. Productivity can be improved by method of working, time study, and salary. Working methods need to be studied in order to reduce fatigue of work so the time needed to produce a product becoming decreased. The aim of the research is to determine elements of work on oil palm harvesting activities based on patterns of working time, determination time standard on elements of the work in activity of oil palm harvesting. Research stage in oil palm harvesting activities were introduction, data collecting, data processing, and improvement. Standar time for verify the maturity of fruit (Ve) on terrace topography (T)- dry land (K)-the height of trees 0-3 m (H1) is 3.21 second, Ve on T-K- the height of trees 3-6 m (H2) is 2.39 second, Ve on flat topography (F)-K-H1 is 3.45 second, Ve on F-K-H2 is 4.59 second, Ve on F-wet land (B)-H1 is 4.27 second. Standar time for prepare harvesting tool (Pr) is 6.45 second. Standar time of cutting the fruit and stem of (Cu) on the T-K-D is 29.86 second, Cu on T-K-E1 is 38.47 second, Cu on T-K-E2 is 57.91 second, Cu on F-K-D is 14.19 second, Cu on F-K-E1 is 25.88 second, Cu on F-K-E2 is 21.06 second, Cu on F-B-D is 21.13 second. Standar time for moving the stem (Ba) is 9.53 second. Standar time for cutting the stalks (Ck) is 1.74 second. Standar time picking up the fallen fruits “brondolan” (Br) on T-K-H1 is 51.48 second, Br on T-K-H2 is 20.32 second, Br on F-K-H1 is 37.03 second, Br on F-K-H2 is 51.75 second, Br on F-B-H1 is 29.67 second. Standar time for loading fruit (Lo) is 3.75 second. Standar time for moving by carrying empty “angkong” (UDA) of 9.39 second, moving by carrying fruit (MoT) is 8.68 second, moving by carrying fruits and “angkong” (MoAT) is 13.52 second, moving (UDK) is 15.07 second. Standart time for unloading (Un) is 6.56 second. Standar time for avoidable delay is 10.83 second.
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Judul: Tinjauan immunoglobulin dan peranannya dalam saluran gastrointestinal terutama terhadap serangan cacing
Abstrak: Immunoglobulin merupakan suatu glikoprotein yang terdapat dalam serum dan cairan jaringan. Immunoglobulin ini diproduksi bila sistem limfoid berkontak dengan anti gen. Immunoglobulin ini berperan dalam melindungi tubuh dari infeksi. Didalam tubuh immunoglobulin terdiri dari lima klas yang masing-masing klas mempunyai karakteris- tik dan fungsi yang spesifik yaitu Ig G, Ig A, Ig M, Ig E dan Ig D.. Diantara klas immunoglobulin, Ig G adalah yang pa- ling melimpah dalam serum darah dan strukturnya dapat di pakai sebagai model bagi immunoglobulin yang lain. Dalam saluran gastrointestinal, immunoglobulin da- pat berperan dalam sistem kekebalan lokal. Diantara ke- lima klas immunoglobulin, Ig A merupakan immunoglobulin terbesar yang terdapat dalam sekresi saluran gastrointes tinal. Hal ini disebabkan karena Ig A mampu bertahan terhadap enzim proteolitik yang terdapat dalam saluran gastrointestinal dibanding klas immunoglobulin lainnya. Agar dapat bertahan terhadap enzim tersebut Ig A dilin- dungi oleh komponen sekretori. Oleh karena itu struktur Ig A yang berada dalam serum berbeda dengan Ig A yang terdapat dalam sekresi saluran gastrointestinal. Ig A sekresi ini mempunyai kemampuan mencegah perlekatan bakteri pada permukaan mukosa saluran gastrointestinal dan dapat mengontrol koloni mikroorganisma yang secara normal terdapat dalam saluran gastrointestinal seperti Escherichia coli agar tidak membahayakan tubuh. Dalam resistensi terhadap virus, Ig A dapat mencegah replikasi virus pada mukosa yang merupakan tempat masuknya. Ig A memiliki dua subklas yang dapat dibedakan oleh asam amino pada rantai alpha () dan pada pengikat disulfida…dst
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