Judul: Analisis Cabang Usahatani dan Saluran Pemasaran Pisang Lampung (Kasus di Desa Rabak, Kecamatan Rumpin, Kabupaten Bogor)
Abstrak: Bananas are a commodity with the highest production in West Java and Bogor Regency of Indonesia. Rabak Village in the Rumpin District of the Bogor Regency has the potential to produce bananas of especially the lampung variety. But the village not doing cultivation well that can minimize the risk to get the maximum results, and thus the farmers marketing their bananas are faced with low bargaining power. This research analyzes current banana farming and lampung banana marketing using the R/C ratio so it can determine income and profit earned by lampung banana farmers, while the marketing channel is analyzed with the Li/Ci ratio so it can determine the benefit of marketing undertaken by the marketing institution involved in lampung banana marketing. The result of the ratio R/C in this research shows a value of 1.36, meaning that each rupiah spent will receive income of 1.36, while the Li/Ci ratio in this research have not been equal to each marketing institution involved, so the avowed the marketing channel is yet efficient
Keyword: marketing channel, branch of farming, banana

Judul: Analysis of Cassava Farming Income in Central Lampung Regency
Abstrak: Petani ubi kayu di Terusan Nunyai memiliki dua pilihan saluran pemasaran ubi kayu, yaitu langsung ke pabrik tapioca atau melalui pedagang pengumpul. Kedua saluran ini berbeda dalam harga, rafaksi, dan layanan, yang menyebabkan variasi pendapatan dan margin pemasaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perbedaan pendapatan dan menghitung margin pemasaran pada kedua saluran. Sampel terdiri dari 52 responden: 4 pedagang pengumpul, 28 petani di saluran satu, dan 20 petani di saluran dua. Data primer dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif, analisis biaya dan pendapatan, R/C ratio, uji t independen, dan margin pemasaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan pada pendapatan bersih, penghasilan bersih, R/C biaya tunai, dan R/C biaya total antara kedua saluran. Namun, ada perbedaan signifikan pada penerimaan dan biaya total. Tidak terdapat margin pemasaran pada saluran satu, sedangkan margin pada saluran dua sebesar Rp218,60 per kg., In Terusan Nunyai, cassava farmers can sell their harvest directly to tapioca factories or through intermediary traders. These two channels differ in prices, rafaction, and services, leading to variations in income and marketing margins. This study aims to analyze differences in income and to calculate marketing margins of the two channels. The sample consisted of 52 respondents: 4 intermediary traders, 28 farmers in first channel, and 20 farmers in second channel. Primary data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative methods, cost and income analysis, R/C ratio, independent t-test, and marketing margin. The results showed no significant differences in net revenue, net income, R/C of cash costs, and R/C of total costs between the two channels. However, there were significant differences in revenue and total costs. There is no marketing margin in channel one, while the margin in channel two is IDR 218.60 per kg.
Keyword: cassava, channels, income, margin, marketing

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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