Judul: Review: The Potential of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) against  Disease-causing Microorganisms in Animal
Abstrak: Jahe (Zingiber officinale) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman yang secara turun-temurun digunakan untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit misalnya, nyeri tenggorokan, batuk kering, masuk angin, gatal-gatal, muntah, dan diare. Jahe juga memiliki manfaat untuk mengobati penyakit yang diakibatkan oleh mikroorgaisme patogen penyebab timbulnya kerugian dalam kehidupan manusia. Secara ilmiah, pengujian khasiat jahe terhadap mikroorganisme patogen pada manusia khususnya secara in vitro dan in vivo telah banyak dilakukan. Beberapa mikroorganisme patogen pada manusia juga dapat menginfeksi hewan sehingga jahe memiliki potensi untuk mengobati penyakit infeksi pada hewan. Namun, sejauh ini belum dikompilasi jenis-jenis mikroorganisme patogen pada hewan yang dapat dihambat pertumbuhannya menggunakan jahe. Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh informasi mengenai jenis-jenis mikroorganisme pada hewan yang dapat dihambat pertumbuhannya menggunakan jahe melalui studi pustaka jurnal ilmiah. Metode dimulai dengan mengumpulkan data dari jurnal ilmiah yang diperoleh melalui Pubmed, ScienceDirect, dan Google Scholar yang berkisar dari tahun 2010 hingga tahun 2020 yang memuat informasi ilmiah mengenai potensi jahe sebagai antibakteri, antiparasit, antijamur, dan antivirus. Hasil penelusuran menunjukkan bahwa kandungan senyawa fenol pada rimpang jahe dapat menyebabkan kematian pada bakteri dan melisiskan dinding sel jamur. Jahe dapat mengurangi parasitemia dan menghambat replikasi virus. Mikroorganisme yang dapat dihambat pertumbuhannya adalah Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Edwardsiella tarda, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum, Toxoplasma gondii, dan Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Jahe juga dapat menghambat replikasi virus Avian Influenza dan Feline Calici Virus (FCV)., Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a type of plant that has been used for generations to treat various diseases, for example, sore throat, dry cough, colds, itching, vomiting, and diarrhea. Ginger also has benefits for treating diseases caused by pathogenic that cause losses in human life. Scientifically, testing the efficacy of ginger against pathogenic microorganisms in humans, especially in vitro and in vivo, has been widely carried out. Several pathogenic microorganisms in humans can also infect animals so that ginger has the potential to treat infectious diseases in animals. But so far, the types of pathogenic microorganisms in animals that can be inhibited by ginger have not been compiled through literature studies in scientific journals. Therefore, this study aims to obtain information about the types of microorganisms in animals that can be inhibited using ginger through a literature study of scientific journals. This study method begins by collecting data from scientific journals obtained through Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, from 2010 to 2020 which contain scientific information about the potential of ginger as an antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, and antiviral. The result showed that the content of phenolic compounds in ginger rhizome is bactericidal and can lyse fungal cell walls. Ginger can reduce parasitemia and inhibit viral replication. The microorganisms that can be inhibited with ginger are Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Edwardsiella tarda, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum, Toxoplasma gondii, and Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Ginger can also inhibit replication of the Avian Influenza Virus and Feline Calici Virus (FCV).
Keyword: review, ginger, Zingiber officinale, anti-microbial, animal disease

Judul: Aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak jahe (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) terhadap beberapa bakteri patogen
Abstrak: hazards to the human health. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is commonly used as traditional medicine. It has a potential as antimicrobial agent by inhibit or kill microbes in dose dependent manner. The principle compounds of ginger are essential oils and non volatile compounds which maximum have antimicrobial activity. The objectives of this research are: (1) to study the yield of ginger extracts by multistage maceration with different polarity solvents, (2) to study antimicrobial activity of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of ginger against foodborne pathogen such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Ginger extracts were prepared by multistage maceration method using solvent hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The ginger extracts were assayed for antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method with Diameter Inhibition Zone (DIZ) and dillution broth method. The yield of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol ginger extracts from multistage maceration were respectively 3,57; 3,17; 3,02 g/100 g dry ginger. The DIZ value for Staphylococcus aureus were 5,0; 5,7; 1,3 mm with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol ginger extracts respectively 6,1; 6,6; 6,0 mm for Bacillus cereus and Salmonella Typhimurium were show no inhibitory zone. This results showed that the ginger extracts from multistage maceration have a weak antimicrobial activity (1,3 – 6,6 mm) against Gram-positive bacterial. The inhibition activity was determined for ethyl acetate ginger extract that showed the relatively highest inhibition zone. The minimum inhibition concentration did not reach in a range concentration between 5 – 20 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, therefore ginger extracts from multistage maceration with rotavapor temperature 50 o C and freeze dry process were not efficient to developed as natural antimicrobial.
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Judul: Konstruksi Kode Linear Biner Optimal Kuat Berjarak Minimum 13 Dan 15
Abstrak: A linear binary code of length n over is defined as subspace of . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d]-code. The main problem in algebra coding theory is optimizing one of parameters n, k and d. Given two that others were known. Based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d]-code is exist and the code can not be expanded, we call it strongly optimal code. In this thesis, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance of 13 and 15. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound, then we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 9 for d = 13 and d = 15.
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