Judul: Identification of PCNA Gene Expression as the Marker of Alzheimer Disease in Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Abstrak: Diagnosis dini dari penyakit Alzheimer hingga kini masih sulit untuk dilakukan, sehingga penting dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk menemukan biomarker yang dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi penyakit ini secara dini. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) dikenal sebagai marka proliferasi, yang berpotensi mendeteksi neurogenesis di otak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi ekspresi gen PCNA di otak sebagai marka penyakit Alzheimer pada Macaca fascicularis. Macaca fascicularis digunakan karena kemiripannya dengan manusia dalam kompleksitas perilaku, kemampuan kognitif yang tinggi dan pembentukan karakteristik patologis penyakit Alzheimer di otak. Penelitian ini menggunakan otak regio hipokampus dan korteks dari 7 ekor monyet. Monyet sebelumnya telah dibagi menjadi kelompok usia tua dan dewasa. Deteksi ekspresi gen PCNA dilakukan dengan metode RT-qPCR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekspresi gen cenderung lebih tinggi pada monyet kelompok dewasa dan di regio hippocampus, meskipun berdasarkan analisis statistik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan., Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's is still difficult to do, thus it is important to carry out further research to find biomarkers that can be used to detect early Alzheimer's disease. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is known as a proliferation marker, which has the potential to detect neurogenesis in the brain. This study aimed to identify PCNA gene expression in the brain as a marker of Alzheimer’s disease in Macaca fascicularis. Macaca fascicularis was used in this study because of their similarities with humans in terms of their behavioral complexity, as well as high cognitive abilities and the formation of a pathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in the brain. This study used the brains of 7 monkeys in the hippocampus and cortical regions. Monkeys previously have been divided into old and adult age groups. The detection of PCNA gene expression was done using RT-qPCR method. The results showed the gene expression tended to be higher in the adult group and the hippocampus region, although based on statistical analysis showed no significant differences.
Keyword: Alzheimer's disease, Macaca fascicularis, Neurogenesis, PCNA, RT-qPCR

Judul: Quantification of APH1A Gene Expression as Alzheimer Molecular Marker in Long-Tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Abstrak: Penyakit Alzheimer merupakan penyakit neurodegeneratif progresif yang ditandai akumulasi protein amyloid-β (Aβ) pada otak. Anterior pharynx defective-1 homolog A (APH1A) merupakan salah satu gen yang berperan dalam pembentukan Aβ. Untuk mengetahui patogenesis Alzheimer, monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) telah digunakan sebagai hewan model karena memiliki kesamaan karakteristik dengan manusia penderita Alzheimer, yaitu pembentukan plak Aβ pada otak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat ekspresi gen APH1A sebagai marka molekuler Alzheimer pada otak M. fascicularis. Teknik reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) digunakan untuk kuantifikasi mRNA spesifik. Sampel yang digunakan berupa potongan hipokampus dan korteks yang berasal dari 8 ekor monyet yang dikelompokkan berdasarkan usia, yaitu muda dan tua. Data dianalisis berdasarkan kelompok usia, regio otak, dan regio otak pada kelompok usia. Secara keseluruhan, hasil tidak menunjukkan perbedaan nyata dalam ekspresi gen APH1A pada kelompok usia maupun di regio otak, meskipun jumlah transkripnya cenderung lebih tinggi pada usia muda dan korteks. Perbedaan yang menarik terlihat ketika membandingkan kelompok usia di wilayah hipokampus, dimana ekspresi gen APH1A signifikan lebih tinggi ditemukan pada kelompok usia muda. Studi ini menegaskan potensi M. fascicularis sebagai model untuk pemahaman molekuler penyakit Alzheimer dengan data penting ekspresi gen APH1A di otak, yang dapat membantu pengembangan terapi bertarget., Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain. Anterior pharynx defective-1 homolog A (APH1A) gene plays role in Aβ formation. To study the disease's pathogenesis, long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) was used as animal models due to their Aβ plaque formation similarity to humans with Alzheimer's. The study aimed to measure APH1A gene expression as an Alzheimer's molecular marker in the M. fascicularis brain. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used for specific mRNA quantification. Samples from the hippocampus and cortex of eight monkeys, grouped by age (young and old), were analyzed by age group, brain region, and brain region by age group. Overall, no significant differences in APH1A gene expression were observed in age groups or brain regions, though there was a tendency for higher transcripts in the young and cortex. However, an intriguing finding emerged when comparing age groups in the hippocampal region, where significantly higher APH1A gene expression was detected in the young monkeys. This study highlights the potential of M. fascicularis as a model for understanding Alzheimer's molecular aspects and provides crucial data on APH1A gene expression in the brain, which may contribute to the development of targeted therapies.
Keyword: Alzheimer's disease, APH1A, Long-tailed macaque

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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