Judul: A disguised resistence of farmer organization: Understanding farmer social movement
Abstrak: The establishment of farmer organization usually represents farmer’s response to the economic, social and politic al condition they faced. It is known that the government regime’s development paradigm, in fact, contributes to set a structural barrier in organizing the farmers at a community level. However, sometimes there are farmer organizations that still exist amidst the structural pressures. The response to that problem is developed through organizing, by applying a unique organization character that conforms to socio-economic and political context of the state. In order to understand such character as well as the strategy of farmer organization, a research question is needed. The research question is directed to; first how, why and in what condition that the farmer organization is established; second farmer organization character; and third farmer resistance character. The aim of th is study is to understand the development of people movement that is articulated trough the formation of organization. Social movement context is clearly emphasized in this research. From such description, it can be understood farmer dynamics in their community when they are faced supra local interest or even global interest. An understanding toward farmer organization character serves as a basis in analy zing the character of farmer’s resistance in response to the situation/problems. The social reality is analyzed using critical theory in the interpretativecritical domain. In the critical paradigm, this choice is a methodological choice. With this theoretical support, social reality is concluded within an effort to understand the meaning behind the social reality or social phenomenon itself. Data is analyzed using three-way activity, i.e.: data reduction, presentation, and conclusion or data verification. Farmer as a social entity is faced to a structural pressure that obstructs the social transformation movement. Farmer oppression in the socio economic and politic al condition gives an opportunity to form an organization. The complexity of farmers’ problems –at a certain level- is reaching a stage where farmer organizing is needed. In that case, socio economic and political context hindered the organizing effort in one side, but on the other side it also dominated the reason of the farmer’s organization formation. The important aspect of the organization formation is the effort to strengthen farmers’ position and status. Referring to the problems, it is only natural that the farmers’ response is manifested in the choice of organization’s character. Therefore, it is no wonder that the farmer is approaching with a community development (CD) strategy. Farmer problem that mostly is economic one, demand a form of organization that is able to accommodate such need. A respond to exploitative relation is loaded with a compromise to practical needs. The character of production organization that is directed to the production center orientation is a response to the real problems. The above strategy is chosen, basically, to prevent a resistance from the government. Production oriented development have become the development ideology for the last 30 years. A critique toward this paradigm is community development (CD) approach. Unfortunately, CD creates dependency to the elite structure and program, elite domination and effort to integrate farmer to high capitalistic condition. Besides that problem,
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Judul: Involution of agrarian movement and the fate of peasants: a study of peasant movement dynamics in Lampung Province
Abstrak: One of the elements of Lampung community which suffer political, economic and cultural injustice is peasant. In the New Order era, peasant were not able to fight for a fair and equal right and need of agrarian (land) resource due to state oppression. At the era of democratization, the structure of political opportunity is widely opened and peasants have their chance to continue their assertion. In the early reformation era, collective actions have been organized up to provincial level. Up to this moment their condition tend to weaken. The researh question was: “How peasant movement which occur and grow during the already opened democratic era cannot strengthen itself and make substantial change for peasants’ life ?” The purpose of this research was: (1) to clarify the conditions of agrarian relations which become the main trigger of peasant movement; (2) to explain interrelationship between the elements that support the collective actions of peasant movement; (3) and to explain the course of the peasant movement development (which is represented by peasant movement organizations) in making structural agrarian changes in democratic era. This research was intentionally conducted in Lampung Province due to some criteria, made use of constructivism paradigm, with a case study design on the provincial level peasant movement organization (Dewan Tani Lampung, Ikatan Petani Lampung, Serikat Petani Lampung and Mirak Nadai). As the consequence, used qualitative method. Data was obtained through in-depth interviews, documentations, observations and secondary data. The data source was NGO, peasant movement activists, enterprises, government agencies, researh agencies, and peasants. Data were processed and analyzed using qualitative methode. The results of this research indicate, first, strained agrarian structural situation was the main precondition of the emergence of peasant movement. This condition was triggered by development policy that was not responsive to peasant interests. Second, no matter how exclusive the political opportunity was, there were always spaces for peasants to struggle. Third, integrative resource structure of peasants and non-peasants was the main characteristic of provincial scale peasant movement. Fourth, the strengthening speed of resource mobilization structure of the peasant movement and positive response of peasants to political opportunity (national political structure deconstruction as a momentum) were due to potential availability of resource mobilization which grown within sub-cultural peasant opposition. Fifth, the stagnation of peasant movement occured because the strengthening process of resource mobilization structure was depraved by behavioural disorientation of elite actors which cause unpredictable and uncontrolable consequences. Sixth, the agrarian movement involution toak place when resource mobilization structure weaken (deformed, decoupled, and stagnant) and structural properties of movement organization adhered to proper agrarian system, while the movement program has not been institutionalized by it self.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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