Judul: Efficacy of Gum Arabic Infusion as an Antidiarrheal in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Gum arab digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia untuk mengobati beberapa penyakit. Beberapa senyawa aktif antidiare seperti saponin, tanin, dan flavonoid terkandung dalam gum arab. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efikasi antidiare infusa gum arab menggunakan metode proteksi intestinal dan transit intestinal serta menentukan konsentrasi yang paling efektif pada mencit. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga puluh ekor mencit jantan yang dibagi menjadi enam kelompok yang terdiri dari kelompok kontrol negatif (tween 80 [1%]), kontrol positif (loperamide HCI), dan empat kelompok perlakuan infusa gum arab dengan konsentrasi bertingkat (12,5 %, 25%, 50%, dan 100%). Hasil metode proteksi intestinal menunjukkan bahwa semua kelompok konsentrasi infusa gum arab memiliki efek antidiare. Hasil metode transit intestinal menunjukkan hanya 12,5% kelompok konsentrasi yang memiliki aktivitas antidiare, sehingga disimpulkan konsentrasi 12,5% memiliki efek antidiare terbaik, Gum arabic is used by Indonesians to treat several diseases. Several active antidiarrheal compounds such as saponins, tannins, and flavonoids are present in gum arabic. This study aimed to determine the antidiarrheal efficacy of gum arabic infusion using intestinal protection and intestinal transit methods and determine the most effective concentrations in mice. This study used thirty male mice, which were divided into six groups consisting of a negative control (tween 80 [1%]), a positive control (loperamide HCI), and four treatment groups of gum arabic infusion with graded concentrations (12,5%, 25%, 50%, 100%). The intestinal protection methods result showed that all gum arabic infusion concentration groups had antidiarrheal effects. The intestinal transit methods showed that only 12,5% concentration group had antidiarrheal activity, it was concluded that concentration of 12,5% had the best antidiarrheal effect.
Keyword: antidiarrheal, gum arabic, infusion, intestinal protection, intestinal transit

Judul: Effectiveness of Combination Arabic  Gum and Keji Beling Leaf Infusion as Antidiarrheal in Mice
Abstrak: Gum arab dan daun keji beling merupakan dua herbal yang telah banyak dimanfaatkan dalam pengobatan tradisional dan diketahui memiliki kandungan fitonutrien yang berpotensi sebagai antidiare. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas kombinasi infusa gum arab dan daun keji beling (Strobilanthes crispa Bl.) sebagai antidiare, menentukan konsentrasi yang paling efektif dalam memberikan efek antidiare, serta menguji aktivitas antidiarenya pada mencit. Pengujian efektivitas antidiare dilakukan dengan metode proteksi intestinal dan transit intestinal untuk mengetahui kemampuan sediaan dalam menghambat frekuensi defekasi, memperbaiki konsistensi feses, dan mengurangi motilitas usus. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kombinasi infusa gum arab dan infusa daun keji beling dengan konsentrasi 50% efektif dalam menghambat diare pada mencit. Namun, konsentrasi 100%, 25%, dan 12,5% tidak menunjukkan adanya efek antidiare. Aktivitas antidiare kombinasi infusa gum arab dan daun keji beling ditunjukan oleh penurunan frekuensi defekasi, perbaikan konsistensi feses, dan penghambatan motilitas usus., Arabic gum and keji beling leaves are two herbs widely used in traditional medicine and are known to contain phytonutrients that have the potential as an antidiarrheal. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a combination of gum arabic and keji beling (Strobilanthes crispa Bl.) leaf infusion as an antidiarrheal, to find the most effective concentration for giving antidiarrheal effects and to test its antidiarrheal activity on mice. The effectiveness of the antidiarrheal was evaluated using the intestinal protection and intestinal transit methods to determine the preparation's capacity to reduce defecation frequency, improve stool consistency, and reduce intestinal motility. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that a mixture of 50% gum arabic infusion and keji beling leaf infusion could effectively prevent diarrhea in mice. However, 100%, 25%, and 12.5% concentrations had no such effect. The antidiarrheal activity of the combination of gum arabic and keji beling leaf infusion was indicated by a decrease in the frequency of defecation, improvement in stool consistency, and inhibition of intestinal motility.
Keyword: antidiarrheal, arabic gum, keji beling

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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