Judul: Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Made of Eggshells Through A Hydrothermal Method
Abstrak: Biphasic Calcium Phosphate mixed of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate. A hydrothermal method of synthesizing by mixing CaO as calcium source and (NH4)2HPO4 as phosphate source with distilled water. CaO got from calcination process made of eggshells. All samples were synthesized using hydrothermal reactor then followed by sintering process. The molar ratio of Ca and P for all samples was 0.5 M : 0.3 M. Hydrothermal temperature and sintering temperature were variated they are 250 ºC, 300 ºC for hydrothermal and 800 ºC, 900 ºC, 1000 ºC for sintering, higher treatment temperature, tricalcium phosphate appears. Final results of synthesis were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared. X-ray Diffraction patterns was ecompared with database Join Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards and found tricalcium phosphate and hydoxyapatite.
Keyword: biphasic calcium phosphate, hydrothermal, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate

Judul: Kajian Struktur dan Morfologi Hidroksiapatit yang Disintesis Menggunakan Metode Hidrotermal
Abstrak: Hydroxyapatite is a material that can be bonded to the building blocks of bone. In this study has been carried out the synthesis of hydroxyapatite using hydrothermal method. Precursor calcium is derived from leghorn chicken eggshell as well as to the source of phosphate using (NH4)2HPO4. In the hydrothermal method to various temperatures of 150 oC, 200 oC, 250 oC, and 300 oC at 3 hours and variations in time of 1 hour and 5 hours at a temperature of 150 oC. Phase and crystal structure of hydroxyapatite were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer (XRD). While the morphology of hydroxyapatite imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The samples were synthesized using hydrothermal method has formed hydroxyapatite phase. Hydroxyapatite synthesized by hydrothermal method have a value close to the lattice parameter of data JCPDS. XRD characterization results on the various temperatures and hydrothermal time of the 6 samples such as 150 oC, 200 oC, 250 oC, 300 oC for 3 hours and 150 oC at 1 hour, 3 hours, and 5 hours showed that the optimum phase HAp formed it a sample temperature of 150 oC time 3 hours is equal to 98.6% which an efficiency is 45.6%, 78.028 nm crystal size, and degree of crystallinity of 83.4%. Test result by SEM showed that formation of space between microsized HAp particles were clearly visible on the sample. Space of this size is about 2.1 μm.
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Judul: Budget deficits, government debt and fiscal sustainability: application of vector error correction model
Abstrak: Buruknya kinerja deficit anggaran dan utang perintah sejak krisis ekonomi telah membuat kondisi fiscal menjadi unsustainab;e. Indikatornya, pemerintah tidak mampu membayar angsuran pokok utang dari sumber dananya sendiri melainkan dari penarikan pinjaman baru. Pemerintah cenderung membiarkan saja defisit terjadi dan membiayainya melalui pinjaman baru. Hal ini membuat ketergantungan deficit utang menjadi sangat tinggi. Sehingga untuk mengatasinya, pada saat yang sama harus mengatasi utang dan sebaliknya. Seandainya tingkat ketergantungan kedua variable tersebut tidak setinggi kenyataannya, upaya mengatasi kedua masalah tersebut akan jauh lebih mudah.
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