Judul: Pemeliharaan Kesuburan Tanaman Cengkeh di PT Jasa Dharma Utama Kebun Pasirmadang Kecamatan Jasinga Kabupaten Bogor
Abstrak: Tanaman cengkeh (Eugenia caryophyllus), Sprengel, Bullock et Harrison, termasuk kedalam famili Myrtaceae. Pohonnya dapat mencapai ketinggian 20-30 m dan umurnya dapat melebihi 100 tahun. Tanaman ini mempunyai tajuk seperti kerucut, sehingga memberikan kesan indah. Disamping itu tanaman cengkeh mempunyai nilai ekonomi yang tertinggi dari segala jenis pohon. Cengkeh merupakan tanaman yang menyerbuk sendiri meskipun penyerbukan silang dapat juga terjadi melalui bantuan serangga. Pada dasarnya tanaman cengkeh terdiri dari tiga tipe utama yaitu: Bungalawangkiri, Sikotok dan Siputih. Tipe bungalawang kiri mempunyai ciri-ciri sebagai berikut: pucuk merah, daun hijau tua kehitaman, berukuran kecil dan mengkilat, pohon sangat rindang, jumlah bunga tandan lebih dari 15 dan bunganya berwarna merah. Tipe siputih mempunyai ciri-ciri: pucuk kuning, gagang daun dan cabang muda berwarna kuning/ hijau, daun hijau muda, berukuran besar hampir tidak mengkilat, jumlah bunga/tandan kurang dari 15, bunga berukuran besar dan berwarna kuning. Jenis Sikotok merupakan peralihan dari bentuk Bungalawangkiri dan Siputih. Sekarang agak sulit untuk menemukan ketiga jenis diatas dalam bentuk asal yang murni. Jenis yang ada sekarang sebenarnya merupakan hasil persilangan alami dari ketiga tipe tersebut diatas.
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Judul: Pengelolaan tanaman Cengkeh Di Perkebunan Cengkeh Selokaton, kabupaten Kedal
Abstrak: Cengkeh, atau nama latinnya yang sesuai adalah Eugenia caryophyllus (Sprengel) Bullock et Harisson (Sudjasaputra dan Mansjur, 1973) termasuk famili Myrtaceae dari genus Eugenia. Pohonnya dapat mencapai umur lebih dari seratus tahun dan dapat mencapai tinggi 20 -30m (Hadiwidjaja, 1980). Dari tumbuhan ini yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan manusia adalah bunganya. Bunga cengkeh telah lama dikenal dan dimanfaatkan oleh manusia, untuk berbagai tujuan, misalnya lebih dari 2 000 ta- hun yang lalu cengkeh digunakan dalam upacara keagamaan di India, upacara pernikahan di Iran, dan pemeliharaan gigi di Indonesia. Saat ini selain digunakan untuk rempah-rempah, dipakai juga untuk ramuan rokok kretek, bahan industri par- fum dan obat-obatan, dan di bidang mikroskopi digunakan un- tuk membeningkan preparat (Hadiwidjaja, 1980).
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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