Judul: The association of the single nucleotide polymorphism of Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase (SCD|HinfI) gene with meat quality and production  traits in Bali cattle
Abstrak: Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) is Indonesian native cattle which is the result of domestication of banteng. The Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase gene contributes to the regulation of fatty acids and is associated with carcass quality in Bali cattle. The SCD gene in cattle has a sequence length of 17.088 bp and is located on chromosome 26 consisting of six exons and five introns. This study was aimed to obtain the genetic diversity of the SCD|HinfI gene in beef cattle and its association with meat quality and production traits. A total of 133 blood samples were used in this study. Blood samples of 52 bali cattle were obtained from BPTU Bali Cattle Denpasar, Bali Province. In comparison, other beef cattle were used in this study i.e. Belgian-blue (n=30 cattle) and Limousin (n=14 cattle) from BPTU-HPT Padang Mangatas, Peranakan Ongole (PO) (n=30 cattle) from Village Breeding Center (VBC) Kebumen, and Wagyu (n=7 cattle) from BET Cipelang, respectively. The polymorphism of the SCD|HinfI gene was analyzed using PCR-RFLP technique. The meat characteristics in Bali cattle were analysed using ultrasonography imaging. Genotypic and allelic frequencies, heterozygosity, and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were analyzed using PopGen 1.32 program. The association between SCD gene SNP and meat quality and production traits was analyzed using a t-test. The SNP g.10428C>T was successfully amplified at 51 oC annealing temperature for 15 seconds with a PCR product length of 569 bp. There was homozygous genotype (CC and TT) and heterozygous genotype (CT) of SCD|HinfI gene was found in Bali cattle population with allele frequencies of 0,26 and 0,74, for C and T, respectively. In comparison, in other beef cattle (Belgian Belgian-blue, Limousin, PO, and Wagyu) only CC genotype was found with the C allele frequency of 1,00. The heterozygosity values of expectations (Ho) and observations (He) were 0,44 and 0,39, respectively. The allele frequency SCD|HinfI of Bali cattle was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The SCD gene was associated with backfat thickness marbling score,and percentage of intramuscular fat, but was not associated with growth traits. Thus the SNP g.10428C>T gen SCD could be considered as marker candidate for improving meat quality of Bali cattle.
Keyword: Bali cattle, meat quality, PCR-RFLP, SCD gene, SNP

Judul: Analysis of Meat Quality Determinants Genes as Markers of Premium Meat  Producing  in  Bali  Cattle
Abstrak: Bali cattle are native Indonesian livestock genetic resources (AnGR) that have been domesticated from Banteng. Bali cattle should be maintained and preserved for future use because they have the potential to become premium quality beef cattle. Bali cattle's potential can be increased through selection based on genetic markers or marker-assisted selection (MAS), which produces more accurate, effective, and efficient results. The process can be applied to candidate genes related to meat quality. Calpain1 (CAPN1), fatty acid banding protein-4 (FABP4), sterol regulating element binding protein-1 (SREBF1), and scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SCARB1). The purpose of this study is to analize candidate genes that determine beef quality through analysis of gene diversity using DNA sequencing methods and to associate gene diversity with quality characteristics of Bali beef from Kupang, as well as to analyze CAPN1 gene expression. In this study, 95 Bali cattle were used. Meat samples were used for physical analysis and fatty acid composition, and blood samples were used to identify the diversity of the CAPN1, FABP4, SREBF1, and SCARB1 genes using the direct-sequencing method. Analysis of CAPN1 gene expression in Bali cattle liver and blood tissue. Six novel SNPs were discovered for the CAPN1 gene, four for the FABP4 and SREBF1 genes, and five for the SCARB1 gene in Bali cattle as a result of the analysis of gene diversity. The marbling score, intramuscular fat, pH, meat color, tenderness (WBSF), and fatty acid composition were associated with the CAPN1 gene (g.5327C>T, g.5869T>C, and g.5959C>T), according to the results of the association analysis. The FABP4 gene (g.5002C>T) was significantly associated with carcass characteristics including longissimus dorsi thickness (TLD). SREBF1 gene (g.12629T>C, g.12731T>C, g.12881A>G, and g.12986C>T) had an association with fatty acid composition. The SCARB1 gene (g.72219C>T, g.72380C>A, g.72400A>G, g.72517G>A and g.72607C>T) were significantly associated with fatty acid composition. The results of gene expression analysis showed that the low tenderness value (WBSF) was characterized by a higher CAPN1 gene expression level. The results of this study can be concluded that the CAPN1, FABP4, SREBF1, and SCARB1 genes are potential candidate genes to be used as genetic markers for selection of meat quality traits in Bali cattle., Sapi Bali merupakan sumber daya genetik ternak (SDGT) asli indonesia yang telah mengalami proses domestikasi dari Banteng. Sapi Bali berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai sapi pedaging kualitas premium, oleh karena itu perlu dipertahankan dan dilestarikan untuk dimanfaatkan secara berkelanjutan. Potensi sapi Bali dapat ditingkatkan melalui seleksi berdasarkan marka genetik atau marker assisted selection (MAS) yang hasilnya lebih akurat, efektif dan efisien. Proses seleksi dapat dilakukan pada kandidat gen-gen yang berkaitan dengan kualitas daging. Beberapa gen yang potensial untuk diseleksi antara lain: gen calpain1 (CAPN1), gen fatty acid banding protein-4 (FABP4), gen sterol regulating element binding protein-1 (SREBF1), dan scavenger reseptor class B member 1 (SCARB1). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis karakteristik karkas dan daging berdasarkan teknik ultrasonografi, sifat fisik, dan profil asam lemak daging sapi Bali, mengkarakterisasi kandidat gen penentu kualitas daging sapi melalui analisis keragaman gen dengan metode sekuensing DNA dan mengasosiasikan keragaman gen dengan sifat kualitas daging sapi Bali dari Kupang, serta menganalisis ekspresi gen
Keyword: bali cattle, gene expression, meat quality, ultrasound

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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