Judul: Identification of PCNA Gene Expression as the Marker of Alzheimer Disease in Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis)
Abstrak: Diagnosis dini dari penyakit Alzheimer hingga kini masih sulit untuk dilakukan, sehingga penting dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk menemukan biomarker yang dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi penyakit ini secara dini. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) dikenal sebagai marka proliferasi, yang berpotensi mendeteksi neurogenesis di otak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi ekspresi gen PCNA di otak sebagai marka penyakit Alzheimer pada Macaca fascicularis. Macaca fascicularis digunakan karena kemiripannya dengan manusia dalam kompleksitas perilaku, kemampuan kognitif yang tinggi dan pembentukan karakteristik patologis penyakit Alzheimer di otak. Penelitian ini menggunakan otak regio hipokampus dan korteks dari 7 ekor monyet. Monyet sebelumnya telah dibagi menjadi kelompok usia tua dan dewasa. Deteksi ekspresi gen PCNA dilakukan dengan metode RT-qPCR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ekspresi gen cenderung lebih tinggi pada monyet kelompok dewasa dan di regio hippocampus, meskipun berdasarkan analisis statistik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan., Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's is still difficult to do, thus it is important to carry out further research to find biomarkers that can be used to detect early Alzheimer's disease. Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen (PCNA) is known as a proliferation marker, which has the potential to detect neurogenesis in the brain. This study aimed to identify PCNA gene expression in the brain as a marker of Alzheimer’s disease in Macaca fascicularis. Macaca fascicularis was used in this study because of their similarities with humans in terms of their behavioral complexity, as well as high cognitive abilities and the formation of a pathological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in the brain. This study used the brains of 7 monkeys in the hippocampus and cortical regions. Monkeys previously have been divided into old and adult age groups. The detection of PCNA gene expression was done using RT-qPCR method. The results showed the gene expression tended to be higher in the adult group and the hippocampus region, although based on statistical analysis showed no significant differences.
Keyword: Alzheimer's disease, Macaca fascicularis, Neurogenesis, PCNA, RT-qPCR

Judul: Study of the BACE1 Gene Expression as Molecular Marker for Alzheimer's Disease in Long-tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis) Brain
Abstrak: Penyakit Alzheimer adalah gangguan neurodegenerative yang menyebabkan penurunan daya ingat dan fungsi kognitif pada penderitanya. Penggunaan monyet ekor panjang dilakukan karena secara anatomis maupun fisiologis memiliki kemiripan dengan manusia dibandingkan hewan coba lainnya. Penelitian ini menganalisis ekspresi gen Β-site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) di otak sebagai marka molekuler penyakit Alzheimer. Sampel diekstraksi dan diolah menggunakan Reverse Transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) berdasarkan regio otak hipokampus dan korteks prefrontal pada 6 monyet ekor panjang betina dengan kelompok usia dewasa dan tua. Level ekspresi mRNA gen BACE1 dibandingkan dengan gen housekeeping yaitu beta-actin (ACTB). Hasil analisis data statistik menunjukan tidak adanya perbedaan nyata antara ekspresi mRNA gen BACE1 pada perbedaan kelompok usia maupun regio otak. Namun, hasil perhitungan menunjukan kecenderungan lebih tinggi pada regio hipokampus dan kelompok usia dewasa dibandingkan korteks dan kelompok usia tua pada monyet ekor panjang., Alzheimer’s disease is is a neurodegenerative disorder that cause decline in memory, and cognitive function in the patient’s. The use long-tailed macaques is conducted due to their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans compared to other experimental animals. This study analyzed the expression of the Β-site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) gene in the brain as molecular marker of Alzheimer's disease. Samples were extracted and processed using Reverse Transcription quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) from the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex regions of six female long-tailed macaques with adult and old age groups. The mRNA expression levels of the BACE1 gene were compared to the beta-actin (ACTB) as housekeeping gene. The data analysis showed no significant differences in the mRNA expression of the BACE1 gene between different age groups or brain regions. However, there was a tendency that mRNA expression levels in the hippocampus region and the adult age group higher than the cortex region and the old age group in the long-tailed macaques.
Keyword: BACE1, monyet ekor panjang, otak, penyakit Alzheimer, RT-qPCR, Alzheimer’s disease, BACE1, brain, long-tailed macaques, RT-qPCR

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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