Judul: Potensi Ekstrak Bioaktif Bakteri Simbion Spons Spirastrella Sp Dan Plakinastrella Sp Sebagai Antelmintika Terhadap Cacing Trichostrongylidae Parasit Domba.
Abstrak: Pemanfaatan senyawa bioaktif yang dihasilkan oleh spons laut telah dibuktikan dapat digunakan sebagai obat-obatan. Salah satu pemanfaatan bioaktif yang dihasilkan oleh spons adalah sebagai antelmintka. Infeksi yang disebabkan oleh cacing Trichostrongylidae (nematoda) menyebabkan kerugian terhadap domba. Telah diketahui terdapat resistensi pada Trichostrongylidae terhadap antelmintika. Dengan demikian dibutuhkan antelmintika alternatif alami yang dapat mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Spons memiliki simbion mikroorganisme seperti bakteri yang terdapat di dalam tubuhnya. Telah diketahui bahwa bakteri simbion dapat menghasilkan senyawa bioaktif yang serupa dengan inangnya. Hal ini efektif digunakan sehingga dapat menghindari eksploitasi terhadap spons di dalam. Pemanfaatan bakteri simbion spons diduga memiliki potensi bioaktif sebagai antelmintika terhadap cacing Trichostrongylidae (Nematoda). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukkan aktivitas ekstrak bakteri simbion spons laut sebagai antelmintika terhadap larva nematoda parasit domba. Isolat bakteri simbion spons terbaik dapat ditentukan sebagai antelmintika larva nematoda parasit pada domba. Metode dalam penelitian ini yaitu dimulai dengan karakterisasi morfologi koloni bakteri, pengamatan kurva pertumbuhan bakteri, ekstraksi bakteri, uji kandungan fitokimia, uji toksisitas Brain Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), uji hambatan migrasi larva nematoda. Bakteri simbion spons yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu S1 dan S2 yang merupakan bakteri yang berasosiasi dengan spons Spirastrella sp. dan Plakinastrella sp. Isolat S1 dan S2 merupakan golongan bakteri Gram positif dengan fase stasioner pertumbuhan pada jam ke 42 untuk S1 dan jam ke-48 untuk S2. Ekstraksi bahan bioaktif yang berasal dari bakteri diekstrak menggunakan pelarut metanol. Rendemen ekstrak metanol yang berasal dari bakteri menghasilkan jumlah rendemen 0.015% dan 0.02%. Ekstrak S1 dan S2 memiliki golongan senyawa triterpenoid. Golongan senyawa flavonoid hanya teridentifikasi pada ekstrak S1. Ekstrak S1 dan S2 memiliki kandungan toksisitas dengan nilai LC50 69.38 μg.ml-1 dan 58.48 μg.m-1. Uji hambatan migrasi terhadap larva nematoda memiliki potensi dengan nilai LC50 165.63 μg.ml-1 dan 374.91 μg.ml-1. Kedua isolat dapat dibuktikan memiliki toksisitas terhadap larva A. salina dan larva nematoda Trichostrongylidae walaupun perlakuan kontrol positif dengan menggunakan albendazol memiliki nilai hambat yang tertinggi dibandingkan kedua esktrak isolat bakteri simbion.
Keyword: spons, Spirastrella sp, Plakinastrela sp, bakteri simbion, antelmintika, larva Trichostrongylidae

Judul: Potensi Senyawa Antiparasit dari Bakteri Simbion Spons Spirastrella hartmani di Pulau Pramuka Kepulauan Seribu Jakarta
Abstrak: Spons dan simbion bakteri di dalam tubuhnya memiliki senyawa bioaktif yang banyak dan bermanfaat untuk farmakologi, seperti sitotoksik, anti-HIV, antitumor, antikanker, antivirus, antibakteri, antijamur, dan antiparasit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya potensi antiparasit yang terdapat pada isolat bakteri simbion spons Spirastrella hartmani. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan yaitu rancangan acak faktorial, 5 isolat terbaik (S121a, S121b, S122a, S122b dan S122c) dipilih dari 44 isolat bakteri simbion Spirastrella hartmani di Pulau Pramuka. Uji antiparasit dilakukan secara in vitro terhadap Ascaridia galli, konsentrasi yang digunakan pada masing-masing ekstrak isolat adalah 0.7 gram/ml, kemudian pirantel pamoat® dan etanol digunakan sebagai kontrol positif dan kontrol negatif. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan ANOVA dan uji Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing isolat memiliki aktivitas antiparasit yang berbeda nyata, dan ekstrak S122c menunjukkan aktivitas antiparasit yang lebih baik dibandingkan yang lainnya., Sponges and their bacterial symbionts have many bioactive compounds fuctional to pharmacological purposes, such as cytotoxic, anti-HIV, antitumor, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic. The objective of this study was to investigate the potency of antiparasite compounds isolated from bacterial symbiont of Spirastrella hartmani sponges. Utilizing randomized factorial design 5 isolates were selected, that is S121a, S121b, S122a, S122b and S122c, from 44 bacterial isolates Spirastrella hartmani in Pramuka Island. In vitro antiparasitic assay was applied against Ascaridia galli, using extracted antiparasitic compound with concentration of 0.7 gram/ml, while pyrantel pamoat® and ethanol were applied as positive and negative control. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Duncan’s test. Results of this study showed that each antiparasitic compound has different antiparasitic activity, and antiparasitic compound S122c was the most effective compare to others.
Keyword: antiparasit, bakteri simbion, Spirastrella hartmani, spons

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite