Judul: Macam-Macam Antiseptika dan Mekanisme Kerjanya
Abstrak: Antiseptika adalah suatu substansi yang digunakan pada hewan dan manusia untuk membunuh atau mencegah pertumbuhan mikroorganisme (menghambat reproduksi dan metabolismenya ) dan penggunaannya biasanya pada jaringan hidup (pada kulit, permukaan selaput lendir dan luka luka infeksi). Antiseptika dibagi berdasarkan sifat fisik dan kimia. Secara fisik antiseptika digolongkan dalam bentuk cair dan sinar. Sedangkan berdasarkan sifat kimia, antiseptika digolongkan kedalam Golongan asam, basa, alcohol surface active agent, derivat coal tar, derivat wood tar, aldehid, halogen, agen pengoksidasi, golongan logam berat dan garamnya, derivat furan serta zat warna. Selain itu juga terdapat obat-obat yang tergolong dalam antiseptika saluran kemih, antara lain: Methenamin, asam nalidix dan nitrofurantoin. Secara umum antiseptika mempunyai daya kerja sebagai bakteriostatik, bakterisidal, fungisidal atau kadang-kadang sebagai virusidal. Mekanisme kerja antiseptika antara lain : inaktivasi enzim tertentu, denaturasi protein, perubahan permeabilitas membran sel mikroba, menghambat sintesa asam nukleat sel mikroba dan membentuk lapisan tipis yang mematikan disekeliling sel mikroba. ...
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Judul: Aktivitas Antimikrob Minyak Atsiri dan Potensinya sebagai Antiseptik
Abstrak: Infeksi bakteri patogen menjadi penyebab kematian terbesar di dunia. Salah satu upaya dalam mencegah infeksi patogen adalah melalui aplikasi antiseptik. Salah satu sumber bahan antiseptik adalah minyak atsiri. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis aktivitas antimikrob dari minyak atsiri dan potensinya sebagai antiseptik. Minyak atsiri yang digunakan adalah minyak cengkeh, minyak nilam, minyak serai, minyak jahe, dan minyak pala. Hasil uji antimikrob menggunakan metode agar difusi menunjukkan bahwa seluruh minyak tersebut memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang beragam dengan zona hambat berkisar antara 0,3 cm – 1,2 cm terhadap Escherichia coli [ATCC 8739], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [ATCC 15442], dan Staphylococcus aureus [ATCC 6538]. Minyak pala memiliki zona hambat terbesar terhadap ketiga jenis bakteri target. Berdasarkan uji viabilitas sel, minyak pala pada konsentrasi 500 ppm dan 1000 ppm berturut-turut dapat menghambat pertumbuhan S.aureus [ATCC 6538] hingga 62% dan 100% setelah 24 jam inkubasi. Analisis antiseptik terstandar berbasis SNI: EN 1040:2005 membuktikan bahwa minyak pala memenuhi persyaratan sebagai antiseptik karena mampu mereduksi densitas bakteri lebih dari 5log10 konsentrasi S. aureus [ATCC 6538] setelah kontak selama 1 menit. Data penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa minyak pala berpotensi digunakan sebagai agen antimikrob dan bahan aktif penyusun produk antiseptik., Pathogenic bacterial infection is one of the leading causes of mortality worlwide. Essential oil-based antiseptic is needed to prevent pathogenic infection. This study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial activity of essential oils and their antiseptic potential. The essential oils used were clove oil, patchouli oil, citronella oil, ginger oil, and nutmeg oil. These oils had various antibacterial activities with inhibition zones ranging from 0.3 cm – 1.2 cm against Escherichia coli [ATCC 8739], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [ATCC 15442], and Staphylococcus aureus [ATCC 6538], as tested by agar diffusion method. Nutmeg oil had the largest inhibition zone against of three targeted bacteria. Supporting this result, cell viability test showed nutmeg oil in concentraion of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm could inhibit the growth S. aureus [ATCC 6538] up to 62% and 100%, respectively. Analysis of standardized antiseptic based on SNI: EN 1040:2005 proved that nutmeg oil can be used as antiseptic candidate because it was able to reduce the S. aureus [ATCC 6538] more than 5log10 after contact for 1 minute. Our data indicate nutmeg oil can potentially to be applied as an antimicrobial agent and an ingredient of antiseptic products.
Keyword: antimicrobial, antiseptics, essential oil, pathogenic bacteria

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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