Judul: Kandungan Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antikanker Tanaman Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) Secara In Vitro terhadap Sel Lestari MCF-7
Abstrak: Alternatif pengobatan kanker dengan tanaman obat telah banyak dilaporkan dari ekstrak mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia). Telaah pustaka ini bertujuan mengkaji kandungan fitokimia dan aktivitas antikanker M. citrifolia yang diuji secara in vitro pada kultur sel kanker payudara (MCF-7) serta menduga mekanisme kerjanya. Telaah pustaka dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan literatur dari internet, jurnal, tesis, skripsi, buku, publikasi ilmiah, dan media lainya dengan rentang waktu dari tahun 2010-2021. Nilai IC50 dijadikan sebagai parameter dalam menentukan tingkat sitotoksisitas ekstrak terhadap kultur sel. Ekstrak buah, daun, dan akar M. citrifolia bersifat sitotoksik terhadap sel MCF-7. Ekstrak akar mengkudu menunjukkan sitotoksisitas tertinggi terhadap sel. Senyawa utama yang ditemukan pada bagian akar mengkudu adalah senyawa flavonoid dan antrakuinon. Kedua senyawa ini dapat menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker melalui apoptosis dan anti-angiogenesis. Alternative cancer treatment with medicinal plants has been widely reported from noni (Morinda citrifolia) extract. This literature review aims to study the phytochemical content and anticancer activity of M. citrifolia tested in vitro on breast cancer cell culture (MCF-7) and to predict its mechanism. The literature was gathered by internet, journals, theses, theses, books, scientific publications, and other media in the time range between 2010-2021. The IC50 value is a parameter in determining the level of cytotoxicityof the extract to cell culture. Fruit, leaf, and root extracts from the M. citrifolia were cytotoxic to MCF-7 cells. The noni root extract showed the highest cytotoxicity to cells. The main compounds found in the noni root are flavonoids and anthraquinone compounds. Both of these compounds can inhibit the growth of cancer cells through apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis.
Keyword: anticancer, phytochemical, IC50, noni, MCF-7

Judul: Pencirian Senyawa Aktif Dan Aktivitas Sitotoksik Ekstrak Buah Sosis (Kigelia Africana) Terhadap Sel Kanker Payudara Mcf-7
Abstrak: Pohon sosis (Kigelia africana) merupakan genus tumbuhan berbunga dari famili Bignoniaceae. Di Indonesia buah K. africana tidak dimanfaatkan dan hanya dijadikan tanaman hias karena buahnya yang unik. Pada umumnya tanaman dari famili Bignoneacea di gunakan untuk obat-obatan karena mengandung metabolit sekunder yang memiliki aktivitas antioksidan, sitotoksik, antibakteri, dan antikanker. Identifikasi senyawa aktif yang berpotensi sebagai antikanker dalam buah K. africana belum dilakukan di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dilakukan isolasi senyawa aktif ekstrak metanol buah K. africana dengan menggunakan metode ekstraksi dan kromatografi kolom gravitasi (KKG). Selanjutnya, terhadap ekstrak dan fraksi hasil kromatografi yang diperoleh dilakukan uji sitotoksisitas dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) dan uji antikanker terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 dengan metode 3-(4,5- dimetiltiazol-2-il)2,5-difenil tetrazolium bromida) (MTT). Hasil KKG fraksi etil asetat diperoleh empat fraksi yaitu fraksi A, fraksi B1, fraksi B2, dan fraksi C dengan nilai LC50 berturut-turut sebesar 102.31 μg/mL, 636.50 μg/mL, 158.34 μg/mL, dan 105.78 μg/mL. Dua fraksi telah berhasil diidentifikasi senyawanya dengan LC-MS yaitu fraksi B1 dan fraksi B2. Fraksi B1 teridentifikasi dua senyawa, dengan dugaan struktur yaitu D-Leukil-D-fenilalanil- D-fenilalanil-D-valil-N-isopropil-D-leusinamida, dan 2-(3,4-dihidroksifenil)-5,7- dihidroksi-3-kromeniumil hekopiranosida. Fraksi B2 teridentifikasi empat senyawa dengan dugaan struktur yaitu 5,7-dimetoksi-4-metil kumarin, 3',6-dimetil flavon, 3-Hidrosi-beta-lapakon, dan 7H,8H–dipenalen-9,2-b:2,1-difuran-7,8-dion. Hasil uji antikanker terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 fraksi C dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 3,2 x 10-7 μg/mL menunjukkan aktivitas penghambatan yang paling tinggi dibandingkan fraksi A, B2, EtOAc dan kontrol positif obat kanker komersial doksorubin. Nilai IC50 fraksi A, B2, EtOAc, dan doxorubisin berturutturut adalah 1.89 μg/mL, 1 x 10-2 μg/mL, 2.52 μg/mL, dan 1 x 10-2 μg/mL.
Keyword: Antikanker, Kigelia africana, senyawa aktif, toksisitas

Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm