Judul: Identification of Antibiotic Resistance and Genotypic Analysis of Salmonella spp. Originated From Chicken Carcass
Abstrak: Daging unggas merupakan daging terbanyak yang dikonsumsi di dunia. Angka infeksi Salmonella yang tinggi menyebabkan peningkatan penggunaan antibiotik. Penggunaan antibiotik secara berlebihan dapat menyebabkan bakteri mengembangkan sifat resistensi terhadap antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data resistensi antibiotik dan data gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik pada Salmonella asal karkas ayam. Tujuh belas isolat digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 4 tahapan, yaitu uji sensitivitas, ekstraksi DNA, analisis kemurnian hasil ekstraksi DNA, dan deteksi gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik. Uji sensitivitas Salmonella terhadap antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer. Deteksi gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) konvensional. Uji sensitivitas antibiotik menunjukan 15 (88,2%) isolat resisten terhadap asam nalidiksat, 12 (70,6%) resisten terhadap eritromisin, 11 (64,7%) resisten terhadap ampisilin dan gentamisin, 3 (17,6%) resisten terhadap oksitetrasiklin, 2 (11,8%) resisten terhadap tetrasiklin dan siprofloksasin, dan seluruh isolat sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol. Hasil deteksi gen penyandi resistensi menunjukan 17 (100%) isolat memiliki gen tetA(G) dan gyrA, 16 (94,1%) memiliki gen blaTEM, 15 (88,2%) memiliki gen aadB, dan tidak ada isolat yang memiliki gen ermB. Hasil penilitian menunjukan bahwa sifat fenotip dan genotip resistensi antibiotik tidak selalu berhubungan.
Keyword: Antibiotik, Karkas ayam, Kirby-Bauer, PCR, Salmonella

Judul: Identifikasi Sifat Resistensi Antibiotik dan Deteksi Gen Penyandinya pada Salmonella spp. Asal Karkas Ayam Kampung
Abstrak: Daging ayam kampung sudah banyak dikonsumsi di Indonesia seperti halnya ayam ras. Namun, pemeliharaan secara ekstensif memungkinkan paparan bakteri yang bersifat multidrug-resistant (MDR) pada ayam kampung, termasuk melalui transfer gen horizontal. Penelitian ini bertujuan menghubungkan sifat resisten dengan keberadaan gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik pada Salmonella spp. yang diisolasi dari karkas ayam kampung. Identifikasi sifat resisten dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer dan deteksi gen resistensi antibiotik pada tujuh belas isolat Salmonella spp. dilakukan dengan PCR. Semua (17 dari 17) isolat Salmonella sensitif terhadap ampisilin dan kloramfenikol. Salmonella spp. paling resisten terhadap eritromisin (82,4%; 14 dari 17), sementara penurunan sensitivitas (sifat intermediet) banyak terjadi pada oksitetrasiklin (82,4%; 14 dari 17) dan siprofloksasin (53,0%; 9 dari 17). Salmonella Typhimurium menunjukkan pola resistensi terhadap lebih banyak golongan antibiotik dibandingkan dengan S. Weltevreden dan S. Newport. Gen blaTEM, tetG, cmlA, dan gyrA terdeteksi pada semua (17 dari 17) isolat Salmonella spp. Sifat resisten dan keberadaan gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik tidak selalu berhubungan satu sama lain. Penelitian ini dapat memberikan informasi yang bermanfaat mengenai penyebaran fenotipe dan genotipe resistensi antibiotik pada Salmonella spp. dari ayam kampung., Kampung chicken meats have been widely consumed in Indonesia as well as broiler chicken. However, the extensive rearing allowed exposure of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria to kampung chicken, including through horizontal gene transfer. This study aimed to correlate resistance phenotype with the presence of genes-encoding antibiotics resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from kampung chicken carcasses. Identification of resistance phenotype was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, while detection of antibiotics resistance genes in seventeen isolates of Salmonella spp. was carried out by PCR. All (17 of 17) isolates of Salmonella were susceptible to ampicillin and chloramphenicol. Salmonella spp. was most resistant to erythromycin (82.4%; 14 of 17), while the decreased susceptibility (intermediate category) most occurred in oxytetracycline (82.4%; 14 of 17) and ciprofloxacin (53.0%; 9 of 17). Salmonella Typhimurium showed a resistance pattern to more antibiotic groups than S. Weltevreden and S. Newport. The blaTEM, tetG, cmlA, and gyrA genes were present in all (17 of 17) isolates of Salmonella spp. Resistance phenotype and the presence of genes-encoding antibiotics resistance were not always related to each other. This study could provide beneficial information regarding the distribution of antibiotics resistance phenotype and genotype in Salmonella spp. from kampung chicken.
Keyword: antibiotic, kampung chicken, multidrug-resistant, PCR, Salmonella

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
Keyword: