Judul: Potensi antibakteri propolis Trigona spp. Bukittinggi sebagai pemacu pertumbuhan pada tikus putih (Sprague Dawley):
Abstrak: Bakteri merupakan organisme yang sangat adaptif karena regenerasinya memerlukan waktu yang singkat dan mempunyai kecenderungan melakukan pertukaran informasi genetika. Bakteri yang resistensi akibat penggunaan antibiotika menimbulkan masalah yang baru, karena bakteri ini tahan terhadap antibiotika yang telah dipakai tersebut. Resistensi bakteri ini sulit untuk ditangani Sejumlah upaya telah dilakukan untuk mengembangkan alternatif yang sesuai untuk mengatasi dampak yang merugikan dengan pelarangan penggunaan antibiotik pemacu pertumbuhan. Substansi lain, dikenal dengan natural growth promoter, telah diidentifikasikan mempunyai khasiat dan aman untuk menggantikan fungsi antibiotik pemacu pertumbuhan ternak Propolis merupakan bahan alamiah yang dihasilkan oleh lebah dan telah dibuktikan mempunyai banyak manfaat terutama dalam bidang kesehatan dan saat ini digunakan secara luas sebagai obat berbagai penyakit. Propolis merupakan getah yang dikumpulkan oleh lebah dari berbagai pucuk tanaman dan dari tanaman yang patah dimana getah tanaman tersebut kemudian dicampur dengan enzim yang terdapat dalam kelenjar ludah lebah dan digunakan untuk melindungi sarang dari berbagai bakteri, virus dan jamur.
Keyword: propolis Trigona spp., Bukittinggi, pemacu pertumbuhan, tikus putih, Sprague Dawley

Judul: Potensi Nanopropolis Trigona spp Asal Bukittinggi sebagai Pemacu Pertumbuhan pada Tikus Putih (Sprague-Dawley)
Abstrak: Some materials which can be used as Growth Promoter in cattle include antibiotic, hormone, probiotic, prebiotic, and imunomodulator. The use of antibiotics as growth promoter in cattle causes some problems related to microbial resistance and antibiotic residue. The alternative solution is the use of natural antibacteria such as propolis. The aim of this study is to determine potency of nanopropolis of Trigona spp from Bukittinggi as growth promoter using in vivo assays on male rats Sprague-Dawley. Encapsulated propolis nanoparticle was prepared by high speed homogenization technique followed by encapsulation using maltodekstrin with solvent evaporation technique. The size of nanopropolis was measured with SEM. Observation propolis effects in vivo was carried out by measuring body weight of rat and the propolis antibacterial activity in feces and intestine was determinated by plate count method. The results of SEM show that size of nanopropolis is 100 nm. The growth promoter potency was determined by measuring the percentage of body weight gain of the rats. The highest percentage reached by nanopropolis 2%, with effectivity of 109% againts compared to positive control. Percentage of growth nanopropolis 2% 100 mg/KgBB, positive control (ampisilin 250 mg/KgBB), nanopropolis 1% 100 mg/KgBB, raw propolis 100 mg/KgBB, dan standard is 34,62%, 23,39%, 12,5%, 10,92%, dan 2,24%. The most stable count of E.coli on fecal is in nanopropolis 2%.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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