Judul: Hubungan Tipe Dasar Perairan terhadap Distribusi Ikan Demersal di Perairan Pangkajene Sulawesi Selatan 2011
Abstrak: Ikan demersal atau ikan dasar merupakan ikan yang sebagian atau seluruh hidupnya mendiami suatu perairan dimana habitatnya menempel atau 5 meter di dekat dasar perairan. Tipe dasar perairan atau substrat dasar berpengaruh terhadap sebaran jenis ikan demersal. Substrat dasar berperan penting untuk tempat tinggal, mencari makan, dan reproduksi ikan demersal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menunjukkan hubungan tipe dasar perairan terhadap distribusi ikan demersal dengan menggunakan data survei akustik dan hasil tangkapan ikan demersal nelayan setempat sebagai verifikasi jenis ikan (species). Penelitian ini menggunakan data hasil survei Balai Penelitian Perikanan Laut (BPPL) Kementrian Kelautan dan Perikanan (KKP). Pengambilan data dilakukan pada tanggal 8-12 Oktober 2011 di Perairan Pangkajene Sulawesi Selatan. Pengolahan dan analisis data dilakukan mulai bulan April sampai September 2012 di Laboratorium Balai Penelitian Perikanan Laut (BPPL) dan Laboratorium Akustik Keluatan, Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan IPB. Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat BioSonics dengan tipe tranduser split beam frekuensi operasi 201 kHz. Pengolahan data dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak echoview 4.0 untuk menghasilkan nilai backscattering volume dasar perairan (E1 dan E2) dan ikan demersal. Analisis data dengan menggunakan analisis regresi linear sederhana dan analisis komponen utama (AKU), dan selang kelas kedalaman. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh di Perairan Pangkajene memiliki kedalaman yang dangkal berkisar 5,73 m sampai 58,40 m. Nilai E1 berkisar - 19,71 dB sampai -33,24 dB, memiliki tipe substrat pasir, pasir berlumpur, lumpur berpasir, dan lumpur dimana substrat yang dominan adalah pasir berlumpur. Semakin dalam perairan, nilai E1 akan semakin rendah menunjukkan substrat semakin halus. Nilai E2 berkisar -55,75 dB sampai -63,63 dB, bertambahnya kedalaman substrat dasar akan semakin lunak. Substrat pasir dan pasir berlumpur berada dekat dengan pantai, semakin menjauh dari pantai substrat semakin lunak yakni lumpur berpasir dan lumpur. Backscattering volume ikan demersal berkisar -55,00 dB sampai -76,31 dB. Distribusi ikan demersal terbesar berada pada kedalaman 10,45 m sampai 15,25 m ditunjukkan dengan nilai backscattering volume ikan demersal tertinggi dimana lebih menyukai tipe substrat pasir berlumpur, jenis ikan pada wilayah tersebut adalah ikan kakap dan jenaha (Lutjanidae). Hasil tangkapan nelayan setempat pada lokasi penangkapan di Perairan Pangkajene menunjukkan bahwa ikan kakap dan jenaha (Lutjanidae) yang paling banyak tertangkap yaitu sebesar 69,24%. Berdasarkan hasil analisis komponen utama (AKU) bahwa kedalaman perairan (depth) lebih berpengaruh terhadap distribusi ikan demersal dibandingkan dengan substrat dasar perairan (E1) ditunjukkan dengan nilai korelasi antara depth dan ikan demersal (0,31) lebih besar dibandingkan dengan korelasi antara E1 dan ikan demersal (0,26).
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Judul: Pendekatan metode hidroakustik untuk analisis keterkaitan antara tipe substrat dasar perairan dengan komunitas ikan demersal, The hydroacoustic method approach for interrelatedness analysis of sea bottom substrate type with demersal fish community
Abstrak: The sea bottom substrate has an important role for biota life in sea bottom area. Sea bottom is habitat for benthic, demersal fishes and other marine biota. Therefore, the accuracy and precision to classify the sea bottom substrate become essential. However, data and information on sea bottom substrate type and its relation to biota, particularly demersal fishes, are scanty. This condition is caused by the used method, in general, is limited to grab method which is only covered and mapped a very limited area based on sea bottom sampling station. Nowadays, the new method to obtain sea bottom substrate information has been developed very well, that is hydroacoustic method. Sea bottom substrate, sediments, benthic and vegetations can be accessed by using echosounder and processed digitally. The difference of sea bottom substrate types can be distinguished through the coarseness of topography and hardness of sea bottom substrate which consisted of coral, stone, sand, mud, and clay. The research objective is to analyze the interrelatedness of sea bottom substrate type with demersal fish community by hydroacoustic method approach. Therefore, the obtained data consisted of sea bottom substrate, demersal fish, oceanographic data, and other related data. Those data were obtained from several locations, i.e. Belitung Island in the years of 2002 and 2005, Java Sea (2002 and 2005), East Borneo (2004), and around Pari Island of Seribu Islands (2007). Data processing was done by using several echo data post processing programs, namely Simrad EP-500, Echoview version 3.5 and Simrad BI-60. The hydroacoustic data of sea bottom substrates and grab sampling results were classified based on Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis. The relation between the abiotic factors and demersal fish community was overlaid descriptively over horizontal distribution map of sea bottom substrate and demersal fish species by using surfer program. The result of bottom sounding shows that the harder the sea bottom substrate, the stronger the backscattering value. On the opposite, the softer the sea bottom substrate, the weaker the backscattering value. Based on PCA and cluster analysis, it is known that strongest backscattering strength value of sea bottom substrate is from coral substrate, followed by backscattering values from sand, muddy sand, sandy mud, and mud, which is weaker respectively. The obtained sea bottom substrate backscattering values can be applied to assess and distinguish sea bottom substrate type in other sea bottom area. The hydroacoustic detection of demersal fishes and swept area by trawl give information of fish density higher at shallow water (<36,5 m) and have small value of fish target strength. These small fish was identified as Leiognathus splenden (“ikan pepetek”). The relation between abiotic factors and demersal fish community in Java Sea shows that: 1) Fish species of Leiognathus splenden does not live in all sea bottom with muddy substrate. This fish was found in the muddy area in a shallow water near coastal zone. 2) Fish species of Upeneus sulphureus has high appearance frequency at all trawl swept area stations. This fish was encountered in a muddy substrate and the total weight of fish (swept by trawl) is gradually higher
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Judul: Sintesis Flavonol melalui 2’-Hidroksikalkon
Abstrak: Flavonol is a class of flavonoids commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Flavonol is very useful, especially in food sector and health. In this study, flavonol unsubstituted was successfully synthesized from an intermediate material 2’-hydroxychalcone. The 2’-hydroxychalcone was synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation method between o-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde using 4 different catalysts, namely KOH 60%, solid pellet of KOH-grinding technique, BF3-Et2O, and NaH in DMF. The KOH 60% was the best catalyst, giving the highest yield (57%). Afterward, the flavonol was synthesized in 1-stage oxidation cyclization of o-hydroxyacetophenone using Algar-Flynn-Oyamada (AFO) reaction, giving 76%. The flavonol total yield from 2’-hydroxychalcone was 43%. All synthesized products were characterized by their melting points and their spectra. The success of the synthesis flavonol opens the way to synthesis of useful flavonol derivatives such as quercetin and kaempferol.
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