Judul: Aplikasi Surfaktan Methyl Ester Sulfonate Acid (MESA) Off Grade Sebagai Agen Pembersih Untuk Kotoran Berminyak Pada Pipa Industri
Abstrak: Cleaning products that are frequently used for industry is a surfactant which manufactured by using petroleum. Petroleum surfactant is not sustainable, environmental unfriendly material and unrenewable resources. Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES), a kind of anionic surfactants produced from palm olein,is a renewable resource and friendly for the environment. Compared to petroleum surfactant, MES at similar concentration, has a higher detergent power and cheaper. Beside that, MES doesn’t coagulate on high level salinity and can retain at high level of water hardness. MES produced from olein through the stages of sulfonation, aging and neutralization. Methyl Ester Sulfonat Acid (MESA) off grade is the byproducts producted from MES at sulfonation process. MESA off grade has high IFT value ( >10-4), so it can’t be used as EOR. MESA which has black colored, make it can not be used as a household cleaning products. The pH of MESA off grade is acidic, it cause MESA off grade need neutralization process before applied as a cleaning agent. In this research, neutralization MESA off grade is done by using NaOH solution. The purpose of this research is to provide added value and obtain proper concentration of NaOH solution for neutralization process to make MESA off grade as cleaning agent for oily dirt contained at industrial pipeline. The NaOH solution with concentration 40%, 45%, 50%, and 55% were used to achieve pH 7-8. The neutralization process was done by using the automatic stirrer hotplate with temperature range of 60-80oC for 15 minutes. Physico chemical measurements of MESA off grade that observed in this research were density and viscosity. Emulsion stability, surface tension, foaming, foam stability, and detergent power were measured as MESA off grade performance. The physco chemical measurement is required to measure the resistance of cleaning agent storage. The measurement of MES off grade performence is necessary for measure the ability of MES off grade to removed dirt. Based on research, the best MES off grade was produced by MESA off grade which neutralized with 45 % NaOH concentration.
Keyword: 

Judul: Pengaruh Penambahan H2O2 sebagai Bahan Pemucat pada Proses Pemurnian Surfaktan MESA (Methyl Ester Sulfonates Acid) dari Jarak Pagar terhadap Sifat Fisiko Kimia Surfaktan yang Dihasilkan.
Abstrak: Surfactant is a surface active agent that capable to reduce surface and inter- facial tension. One of them that can be developed prospectively is a MES surfactant that can be applied largely as a cleaning agent. This condition based on the oil contain C18 of MES by the jatropha curcas has a detergency nature that can be used as a cleaning agent. Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES) is the anionic surfactant made from vegetable oil that is now being developed. MES has the similar, or even better than Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates that is now the most produced anionic surfactant synthesized from petroleum. Jatropha curcas is potential to be developed as MES feedstock because of oil contain and the C18 as a dominant of fatty acid composition. Methyl Ester Sulfonates synthesis can be done by a chemical process of metyl ester as a raw material with SO3 reactant. In this research, preparation of the sample carried out by the reaction of the methyl ester with SO3 at a certain temperature condition with level 100oC and sampling sample in the 3rd period (after 3 hours). The sulfonation process in this research using single tube falling film reactor. Methyl ester input flow rate into the reactor is 100 ml/minute. For the perfect sulfonation, process will be continued by aging process with 80 oC temperature condition and 45 minutes duration. MESA produced in black color which is the main problem in its aplication as a cleaning agent so that the purification process such as bleaching and neutralization process required. The reason of usage the hydrogen peroxide as a bleaching agent because of its nature as a stronger oxidizer and versatile oxidant which is both safe and effective. Afterwards, the proportion of H2O2 consentration to get the best purification process will be undertaken, because of H2O2 addition in the certain concentration will be given the effect to the physic and chemical characteristic of product, so that the best purification condition can be achieved. This research purpose to learn the effect of the H2O2 addition as a bleaching agent in MESA purificaton process of Methyl Ester Sulfonates Acid from Jatropha curcas L applicable to the physic and chemical characteristic of the produced surfactant. Research was begun with the Jatropha seeds pressing until the purification and analysis process. This research using single factorial completely randomized design with two replications. The treatments used are bleaching with 2, 4 dan 6% variation of H2O2 consentration followed by neutralization process so that the neutral surfactant can be produced. From the physic and chemical analysis process of MESA, the neutralized MESA, bleached MESA and bleached-neutralized MESA has an active matter value from 18,94 to 23,47 percent, iodine value from 29,75 to 32,82 mg Iod/g MES, absorbency color percent from 0,27 to 0,52 percent, and pH from 1,11 to 7,15. Performance test shows that the bleaching and the bleaching-neutralization process in 2, 4 and 6% variation of H2O2 consentration have no significant effect in the iodine value, acid number, pH, color and active matter of MESA. The best condition of MES purification process reached at
Keyword: 

Judul: Sistem Dinamik Penyebaran Penyakit Flu Burung dengan Vaksinasi.
Abstrak: Avian influenza mengacu pada penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus avian (burung) influenza (flu) Tipe A. Virus ini terjadi secara alami di antara burung air liar di seluruh dunia dan dapat menginfeksi unggas domestik dan spesies burung serta hewan lainnya. Terdapat dua kategori virus influenza tipe A yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada burung, yaitu patogen avian influenza rendah (LPAI) dan patogen avian influenza tinggi (HPAI). Burung liar biasanya menyebarkan virus LPAI ke burung domestik dan dalam kondisi tertentu, LPAI mengalami mutasi dan berevolusi menjadi HPAI. HPAI menyebabkan kegagalan organ dalam dan mengakibatkan tingkat kematian sebesar 90-100 persen di antara burung domestik dalam waktu 48 jam. Virus influenza tipe A menjadi penyakit yang ditakuti oleh masyarakat, karena virus ini tidak hanya menyerang unggas namun juga dapat menyebar dari unggas yang terinfeksi ke manusia. Sementara itu, pada tahun 1997 di Hong Kong, terdapat pasien yang dirawat di Rumah Sakit karena virus flu burung, yang kemudian tertular pada anggota keluarga pasien dan perawat kesehatan. Diketahui dari dua perawat yang terpapar, salah satunya melaporkan penyakit pernapasan setelah dua hari berinteraksi dengan pasien tersebut. Data ini menunjukkan bahwa penularan dari manusia ke manusia telah terjadi. Manusia yang terinfeksi oleh gejala flu burung menunjukkan gejala seperti demam, batuk, sakit tenggorokan, nyeri otot, dan pada kasus yang parah dapat mengalami kesulitan bernapas, pneumonia, gangguan pernapasan akut, dan kegagalan pernapasan. Subtipe flu burung H5N1 telah mewabah di Asia dan beberapa tempat lain, dengan 860 infeksi manusia yang dikonfirmasi oleh laboratorium selama tahun 2003-2018, 454 atau 52,8 persen diantaranya telah berakibat fatal. Saat ini, penyebaran virus H5N1 diketahui terkendali, tetapi infeksi bisa muncul kembali kapan saja di masa depan. H5N1 dapat bermutasi menjadi strain yang mampu menularkan penyakit dari manusia ke manusia secara efisien. Jika situasi berlanjut tanpa kontrol yang efektif, pandemi flu burung dapat terjadi di antara manusia dengan tingkat kematian yang berpotensi tinggi. Sehingga, diperlukan tindakan pengendalian untuk mencegah pandemik flu burung di antara manusia, salah satunya adalah vaksinasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membangun kerangka pemodelan yang mengacu pada model Chong et al. (2014) dan Modnak dan Wang (2018). Model matematika penyebaran penyakit flu burung akan dimodifikasi dengan memperhatikan pengaruh vaksinasi serta penambahan kompartemen lain, yaitu individu yang terpapar. Hasil analisis yang dilakukan pada model hasil modifikasi diperoleh dua titik tetap, yaitu titik tetap tanpa penyakit dan titik tetap endemik. Titik tetap tanpa penyakit stabil asimtotik lokal pada kondisi ℛ0<1, sedangkan titik tetap endemik stabil asimtotik lokal pada kondisi ℛ0>1. Hasil simulasi numerik dinamika populasi menunjukkan hasil yang sesuai dengan kestabilan titik tetap tanpa penyakit dan titik tetap endemik. Analisis sensitivitas menghasilkan parameter laju alamiah kelahiran manusia dan tingkat vaksinasi pada populasi manusia rentan memiliki nilai mutlak indeks sensitivitas yang paling besar. Kemudian dilakukan simulasi numerik pada parameter laju alamiah kelahiran manusia dan tingkat vaksinasi pada populasi manusia rentan. Semakin besar laju alamiah kelahiran manusia maka jumlah populasi manusia rentan, populasi manusia terpapar, populasi manusia terinfeksi dengan strain avian, populasi manusia terinfeksi dengan strain mutan dan populasi manusia sembuh akan semakin menurun. Sedangkan populasi burung rentan dan populasi burung terinfeksi akan tetap. Tingkat vaksinasi tidak berpengaruh terhadap jumlah populasi
Keyword: analisis sensitivitas, bilangan reproduksi dasar, flu burung, vaksinasi