Judul: Keanekaragaman Jenis Burung di Hutan Mangrove Krueng Bayeun, Kabupaten Aceh Timur Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Abstrak: Mangrove forest is one of the important ecosystems that support the lives of many wildlife species including birds. Birds use mangrove forests as the place for searching food, mating and resting. Nowadays, the condition of mangrove forest in East Aceh is threatened by human activities, such as logging and clearing of land to be used as fishponds, and this consequently makes habitats for birds are getting smaller. On the other side, mangrove forest in East Aceh was estimated to have high diversity of birds, including several protected species. This research was important to provide data on habitat potentials and the diversity of birds in East Aceh. The aims of the study were to measure bird diversity and to identify mangrove potentials as a habitat for bird. It is also expected that the results of this study can be used as a consideration for an ecologically-sound development in the area. The study was conducted in four zones (3 mangroves and 1 fish pond) for 1 months (from June to July 2008). Vegetation analysis using transects was conducted to assess the habitat condition, whilst MacKinnon species list and Point Count methods were applied to collect data on bird diversity and abundance. Twenty-three species of mangroves were identified in the study area. MacKinnon Species List recorded 43 bird species consisted of 23 families. Using point count, 23 birds species were recorded (consisted of 17 families). The highest diversity was found in zone III (H’=2.60), whilst the the lowest was found in zone I (H’=1.44). It was suggested that the high bird diversity in zone III was influenced by the more diverse habitat components available in that zone compare to those in other zones. . The most abundant species in the entire study area was olive-backed sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis). This was caused by the availability of many mangrove flowers in the zone. Most birds used vegetation at the heights of around 3-5 meters above the ground The types of disturbance on birds in the area could be categorized into direct and indirect disturbance. Direct disturbance included egg poaching and hunting while indirect disturbance included mangrove clearing for fish pond and wood harvesting.
Keyword: 

Judul: Bird Community in Three Different Habitat Types in Muara Gembong and Their Contributing Factors
Abstrak: Rawa air asin dan mangrove merupakan salah satu habitat yang terancam di Indonesia, karena pembangunan dan konversi besar-besaran di daerah pesisir. Muara Gembong merupakan salah satu lahan basah pesisir yang tersisa di Jawa dan menjadi salah satu suaka bagi burung-burung rawa dan mangrove. Meskipun sudah banyak penelitian tentang komunitas burung di lahan basah, masih sedikit penelitian komunitas burung di lahan basah Indonesia. Komunitas burung diobservasi di 31 plot di tiga tipe habitat. Sebanyak sebelas variabel biotik dan abiotik juga diukur dalam penelitian ini untuk menentukan faktor yang paling memengaruhi komunitas burung, yaitu jumlah jenis tumbuhan (pohon, semak, herba, dan keseluruhan), persentase tutupan pohon, semak, dan herba, nilai pH air, kekeruhan air, kedalaman air, serta kadar garam pada air. Metode point count digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk mengamati komunitas burung. Data komunitas burung kemudian dianalisis dengan analisis keanekaragaman, analisis kemerataan, dan estimasi kelimpahan. Faktor-faktor habitat dianalisis dengan redundancy analysis dan principal component analysis (PCA) untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi komunitas burung. Komunitas burung di Muara Gembong merupakan campuran dari jenis-jenis burung spesialis dan generalis. Komunitas burung paling beragam dapat dijumpai di habitat mangrove (H’ = 3,306). Mangrove (42 jenis) juga menjadi habitat dengan jumlah jenis burung terbanyak, diikuti oleh habitat rawa berumput (39 jenis) dan tambak ikan (34 jenis). Berdasarkan estimasi kelimpahan, diperkirakan terdapat 55 jenis burung di habitat mangrove, 39 jenis di rawa berumput dan 42 jenis di tambak ikan. Berdasarkan analisis guild, burung yang paling banyak dijumpai merupakan burung insektivora, diikuti dengan burung omnivora dan piscivora. Jumlah jenis tumbuhan (pohon, semak, tumbuhan bawah, dan keseluruhan) menjadi faktor yang paling memengaruhi komunitas burung. Jumlah total tumbuhan juga menjadi vektor terpanjang yang dapat menjelaskan keanekaragaman jenis burung paling signifikan. Analisis PCA terpisah pada tiap tipe habitat menunjukkan faktor abiotik lain dapat berpengaruh dengan keanekaragaman burung. Komposisi jenis tumbuhan mangrove (43,33% variasi) menjadi komponen paling berpengaruh di habitat mangrove. Karakteristik vegetasi rawa berumput (36,67% variasi) dan faktor-faktor abiotik lain (18,6% variasi) menjadi komponen paling berpengaruh di habitat rawa berumput. Tumbuhan air di tambak ikan (34,27% variasi) dan tutupan area bersemak (20,45% variasi) menjadi komponen paling berpengaruh di habitat tambak ikan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa komunitas burung di lahan basah masih sangat bergantung pada vegetasi sebagai tempat mencari makan dan beristirahat., Marshlands and backswamps are among threatened habitat in Indonesia along with mangroves, particularly in Java due to area development and land conversion. Muara Gembong is one of the remaining wetlands in Java and serve as one of the last refuges for bird community in wetlands, particularly mangrove and marsh-associated bird. Although there are plenty of bird community study in terrestrial wetlands, there are still less studies about wetland bird community conducted in Indonesia. The bird community were observed in 31 plots in three habitats. There are also eleven habitat variables collected in three habitats, i.e. mangrove, marsh, and fishpond, to see which variable affects bird abundance and diversity most. The variables are the number of plant species (trees, shrubs, herbs, and overall), cover percentage (trees, shrubs, and herbs), water pH, water turbidity, water salinity, and water body depth. The bird community were observed with
Keyword: vegetation, mangrove, marshland, bird community analysis

Judul: Formulasi TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem) menggunakan ILP (Integer Linear Programming)
Abstrak: TSP is a journey of salesman f?om his origin town (place) to visit n-cities (places) only at once, then return to his origin town (place) with a minimum total distance. Its purpose is to minimize the operating expense that is released by the company. Vehicle route at TSP in the form of a Hamiltonian cycle, that is closed path containing all nodes at the graph which representing a network walk. Its problem is to determine a journey route which is feasible (possibly can be passed by) in such a way the vehicle travelled distance passed the route is minimum.
Keyword: