Judul: Analysis of Competitiveness and Export Market Potential of Indonesian Palm Kernel Shell
Abstrak: Palm kernel shell merupakan biomassa dari limbah industri minyak kelapa sawit yang diperdagangkan di pasar internasional. Indonesia merupakan eksportir palm kernel shell terbesar di dunia, tetapi lebih dari 80% ekspor terkonsentrasi ke negara-negara tujuan ekspor utama. Perlu dilakukan pengembangan pasar ekspor yang memerhatikan kinerja ekspor sebelumnya serta mempertimbangkan negara yang memiliki potensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis daya saing palm kernel shell Indonesia dan pasar yang potensial sebagai negara tujuan ekspornya. Daya saing dianalisis dengan revealed comparative advantage (RCA) serta export product dynamic (EPD). Potensi pasar ekspor dianalisis dengan x-model potential export products (X-Model). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa prioritas pasar tujuan ekspor berada di pasar Thailand, Selandia Baru, Pakistan, China, Afrika Selatan, Vietnam, Jepang, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Korea Selatan, India, Singapura, Jerman, Australia, Inggris, dan Belgia. Sedangkan Perancis dan Amerika Serikat merupakan pasar yang kurang potensial. Pemerintah perlu menyepakati perjanjian perdagangan bebas dengan Afrika Selatan dan Pakistan agar dapat mengurangi hambatan ekspor bagi komoditas palm kernel shell Indonesia., Palm kernel shell is biomass from palm oil industrial waste, which is traded in the international market. Indonesia is the largest palm kernel shell exporter globally, but more than 80% of exports are concentrated in the main export destination countries. It is necessary to expand the export market considering the previous export performance and considering countries that have potential. This study aims to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesia's palm kernel shell and its potential market as an export destination. Competitiveness is analyzed with revealed comparative advantage (RCA) and export product dynamic (EPD). The export market potential is analyzed by using the x-model of potential export products (X-Model). The results of the analysis show that the priority markets for Indonesia's palm kernel shell export are in the markets of Thailand, New Zealand, Pakistan, China, South Africa, Vietnam, Japan, Malaysia, Hong Kong, South Korea, India, Singapore, Germany, Australia, England, and Belgium. Meanwhile, France and the United States are fewer potential markets. The government needs to make diplomatic efforts to the countries of South Africa and Pakistan so that a free trade agreement can be reached to reduce export barriers for Indonesia's palm kernel shell.
Keyword: EPD, export development, palm kernel shell, RCA, X-Model

Judul: Competitiveness and Export Development Analysis of Indonesian Coconut Derivative Products in International Market
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil kelapa terbesar di dunia, namun produktivitas dan luas area lahannya cenderung menurun dengan ekspor yang sebagian besar berupa produk mentah. Alternatif ekspor ke produk dengan nilai lebih tinggi diperlukan untuk mempertahankan nilai ekspor Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan 1) menganalisis daya saing dan pengembangan ekspor produk turunan kelapa Indonesia di pasar internasional menggunakan metode Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), dan X-model potential export product; 2) menganalisis daya saing serta dekomposisi pertumbuhan ekspor produk turunan kelapa Indonesia jika dibandingkan dengan pesaingnya di pasar internasional menggunakan metode Constant Market Share Analysis (CMSA); 3) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai ekspor produk turunan kelapa Indonesia di pasar internasional menggunakan metode Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Hasil analisis daya saing berupa keunggulan komparatif dan keunggulan kompetitif, serta klasterisasi pengembangan ekspor menunjukkan bahwa desiccated coconut (DC) dan activated carbon (AC) Indonesia memiliki pengembangan pasar ekspor yang optimis di Cina, sedangkan brown sugar (BS) Indonesia memiliki pengembangan pasar ekspor yang optimis di Amerika Serikat. Pertumbuhan ekspor DC Indonesia, DC Filipina, AC Indonesia, dan AC India lebih disebabkan oleh efek daya saing. Pertumbuhan ekspor BS Indonesia lebih disebabkan oleh efek distribusi pasar, sedangkan BS Thailand oleh efek komposisi komoditas. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa variabel Gross Domestic Product (GDP) negara tujuan ekspor secara positif signifikan mempengaruhi nilai ekspor produk turunan kelapa Indonesia, sedangkan populasi negara tujuan, dan real effective exchange rate (REER) tidak signifikan mempengaruhi nilai ekspor produk turunan kelapa Indonesia., Indonesia is the largest coconut producer in the world, but its productivity and land area tended to decrease with export mostly in primary product. Alternatives exports of products with higher value are needed to maintain the value of Indonesian exports. The study aims to 1) analyze the competitiveness and export development of Indonesian coconut derivative products in international market using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), and X-model potential export product; 2) analyze the competitiveness and decomposition of the export growth of Indonesian coconut derivative products compared to its competitors in international market using Constant Market Share Analysis (CMSA); 3) analyze the factors that affect the export value of Indonesian derivative products using ordinary least squres (OLS). The competitiveness analysis in the form of comparative advantage and competitive advantage as well as the export development clusterization analysis showed that Indonesian desiccated coconut (DC) and activated carbon (AC) has an optimistic export market development in China while Indonesian brown sugar (BS) has an optimistic export market development in United State of America. The growth of export of Indonesian DC, Philippines DC, Indonesian AC, and Philippines AC is more due to competitiveness effect. Indonesia’s BS export growth is due more to market distribution effect while Thailand’s BS is due to commodity composition effect. The estimation showed that Gross Domestic Product (GDP) importing country significantly positive affects the export value of Indonesian coconut derivative products while population importing country and real effective exchange rate (REER) unsignificantly affect it.
Keyword: Clusterization, Comparative Advantage, Competitive Advantage, Export Value, X-model potential export product

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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