Judul: Penambahan Hidroksipropil Metilselulosa pada Komposit Hidroksiapatit-Kitosan sebagai Material Pengganti Tulang yang Disuntikkan
Abstrak: Komposit hidroksiapatit-kitosan (HAp-kitosan) dapat disintesis menjadi material pengganti tulang yang disuntikkan dengan menambahkan hidroksipropil metilselulosa (HPMC) sebagai agen pensuspensi. Material ini dapat mengisi rongga-rongga kosong akibat osteoporosis. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menyintesis, mencirikan, dan mengukur viskositas, sudut kontak, serta toksisitas komposit HAp-kitosan sebagai material pengganti tulang yang disuntikkan dengan menambahkan HPMC. Komposit HAp-kitosan dengan nisbah HPMC sebesar 3 memiliki rerata viskositas dan sudut kontak paling besar (99 dPa.s dan 158º) dibandingkan dengan nisbah HPMC sebesar 1 dan 2 (4 dan 46 dPa.s) dan (55 dan 111º). Spektrum inframerah, difraktogram sinar X, morfologi sampel dengan mikroskop payaran elektron menghasilkan data yang baik secara garis besar. Nisbah Ca/P yang dihasilkan sebesar 1.72. Uji toksisitas ketiga sampel menggunakan metode sperma toksisitas menunjukkan persentase viabilitas di atas 50%. Secara keseluruhan, komposit HAp-kitosan dapat digunakan sebagai material pengganti tulang yang disuntikkan, walaupun kemampuan untuk mengeras masih kurang baik dan viabilitas yang belum mencapai 90%.
Keyword: HPMC, komposit HAp-kitosan, sudut kontak, toksisitas, viskositas

Judul: Penambahan Surfaktan Natrium Dodesil Sulfat pada Komposit Hidroksiapatit-Kitosan sebagai Material Implan Tulang.
Abstrak: Komposit hidroksiapatit-kitosan (HAp-kitosan) sebagai material implan tulang dengan distribusi ukuran partikel yang seragam diperlukan untuk mempercepat proses perbaikan tulang. Distribusi ukuran partikel yang seragam dapat dimodifikasi, salah satu-nya dengan menambahkan surfaktan natrium dodesil sulfat (NDS) pada saat sintesis HAp. Konsentrasi NDS yang digunakan sebesar 4.2% dan 12.5% dari konsentrasi misel kritis (KMK). Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan pengaruh tambahan NDS pada HAp dan pada komposit HAp-kitosan. Berdasarkan penganalisis ukuran partikel, distribusi ukuran partikel HAp-NDS 4.2% KMK tampak seragam dengan sebaran distribusi ukuran 291 nm, 327 nm, dan 380 nm. Spektrum inframerah dari HAp-NDS 4.2% KMK-kitosan menyerupai gugus fungsi pada HAp tanpa NDS. Difraksi sinar-X menunjukkan telah terbentuk fase HAp. Berdasarkan hasil foto mikroskop payaran elektron (SEM), ukuran partikel komposit HAp-NDS 4.2% KMK-kitosan lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan komposit HAp-kitosan. Tambahan surfaktan NDS pada HAp terbukti memengaruhi distribusi ukuran partikel dan tambahan pada komposit HAp-kitosan hanya memengaruhi ciri foto SEM.
Keyword: distribusi ukuran partikel, implan tulang, komposit HAp-kitosan, natrium dodesil sulfat

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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