Judul: Improvement of corn quality using physical mechanism and fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus and its utilization in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) feed
Abstrak: Growth performance of fish is highly influenced by the quality of feed, which is determined dominantly by the quality of feedstuff. The research was conducted to evaluate both physical mechanism and fermentation with Rhizopus oligosporus on corn quality and utilization of fermented corn meal by R. oligosporus in feed on the growth of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The research containing three steps. First step was using physical mechanism there were soaked, boiled, steamed, and control. The best result from the first step was used in second step, fermented with R. oligosporus. The result was used in third step for biological test. Ten tilapia with 5.0±0.14 g/fish initial body weight were used and stocked in each of fifteen aquaria. The aquaria were equipped with water heater and recirculation system. This research used a complete randomized design with five treatments (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of fermented corn meal) and three replications. The parameters were specific growth rate, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention, fat retention, phosphorus and calcium retention, hepatosomatic index, survival rate, the digestibility of total feed, protein, phosphorus, and calcium. The result showed at first step that steaming gave the best result to reducing phytic acid and increasing digestibility, second step showed fermentation could increasing phosphorus and calcium, protein content, reducing phytic acid and crude fiber fraction also increasing corn digestibility. The third step result showed that 10-15% fermented corn meal in feed gave the best specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention, and protein digestibility (P<0.05). Fat retention, hepatosomatic index, and survival rate were not significantly different (P>0.05) among treatments. The feed up to 15% fermented corn meal level gave the best growth for tilapia fingerling.
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Judul: Evaluasi Kecernaan Jagung yang Diolah Secara Kimia dan Fermentasi Sebagai Bahan Pakan Ikan Nila Oreochromis sp.
Abstrak: This aims of this experiment were to find the best ways of processing corn to increase digestibility values of the feed for tilapia. Material used for chemicaltreatment was NaOH solution, and for fermentation were Tricoderma viride, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Bacillus megaterium. This study use Complete Randomized Design (CRD), consists of four treatments and three replicates. The treatments are : non-treated corn as control (feed A), chemical-treated corn soaked in NaOH (feed B), fermented corn with fungi Tricoderma viride and Phanerochaete chrysosporium (feed C), and fermented corn with bacteria Bacillus megaterium (feed D). The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0, ANOVA with 95% confidence level and Duncan's test to determine the effect of different treatment in each variable. Parameters observed were protein digestibility, energy digestibility, raw material digestibility, and total digesbility. Based on the parameters of energy digestibility, ingredient digestibility, and total digestibility feed D shown to have the highest value of those parameters (72,98%, 77,95%, and 67,16%, respectively) and significantly different (P <0.05) compared to control feed (feed A). The results of this study shows that the best way of processing corn to increase its values in tilapia feed is by fermentation using bacteria Bacillus megaterium.
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Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf