Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: Tuberkulosis (TB) merupakan penyakit infeksius yang tersebar luas di seluruh dunia yang disebabkan oleh infeksi organisme yang merupakan anggota Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Bakteri MTBC adalah kelompok patogen yang menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas yang tinggi pada manusia, serta mengakibatkan kerugian ekonomi pada pertanian di dunia. Tuberkulosis zoonotik dapat menjadi ancaman utama bagi kesehatan masyarakat, tetapi belum ada informasi mengenai kejadian penyakit TB zoonotik dan faktor risikonya pada hewan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur prevalensi kejadian penyakit TB pada sapi perah (bovine tuberculosis/BTB), mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi kejadian penyakit TB pada sapi perah, mengukur asosiasi kejadian penyakit TB pada sapi perah dengan faktor-faktor risiko yang mempengaruhinya, mendeteksi Mycobacterium bovis sebagai penyebab kejadian penyakit TB pada sapi perah dengan metode multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), serta mengembangkan dan menilai kemampuan media modifikasi Ogawa agar (MOA) untuk menumbuhkan M. bovis, dibandingkan dengan media yang digunakan saat ini, yaitu Löwenstein Jensen (LJ) dan modifikasi Ogawa (MO). Penelitian ini merupakan kajian lintas seksional, dilaksanakan di lokasi sentra peternakan sapi perah di wilayah Kabupaten dan Kota Bogor. Seluruh ternak sampel dituberkulinasi dengan Bovituber®PPD. Faktor risiko kejadian penyakit TB pada sapi perah diidentifikasi menggunakan kuesioner yang dibagikan kepada peternak. Dengan menggunakan pertimbangan proporsionalitas populasi ternak, maka jumlah ternak yang dijadikan sampel di Kawasan Usaha Peternakan (KUNAK), Kabupaten Bogor, adalah 166 ekor (50 peternakan), dan di Kebon Pedes, Kota Bogor, 36 ekor (10 peternakan). Prevalensi TB kajian lintas seksional kejadian penyakit TB pada sapi perah di wilayah Bogor adalah 21.78% (SK 95% 16.09-27.47%). Faktor risiko yang signifikan dalam penelitian ini adalah ketinggian tempat <340 mdpl (OR 3.721, SK 95% 1.642-8.433), suhu tempat >28 °C (OR 2.573, SK 95% 1.077-6.145), dan intensitas cahaya di kandang <15 W m-2 (OR 2.749, SK 95% 1.204-6.275). Metode multiplex PCR dapat menjadi alternatif terbaik untuk membedakan M. bovis dan M. tuberculosis. Dari 202 ternak yang telah diuji dengan uji tuberkulin, 44 ekor ternak memberikan hasil yang positif. Dari 44 ternak yang positif terhadap uji tuberkulin, diambil 44 sampel feses dan swab hidung, 43 sampel susu. Peternak yang diambil dahaknya sebagai sampel berjumlah 24 sampel, berasal dari peternakan yang ternaknya positif terhadap uji tuberkulin. Ditemukan M. bovis pada 8 sampel feses ternak, 4 sampel swab hidung ternak, 9 sampel susu ternak. Ditemukan M. tuberculosis pada satu sampel dahak peternak. Tiga ekor sapi memberikan hasil positif M. bovis pada dua jenis sampel, yaitu sampel feses dan susu. Peternak yang positif M. tuberculosis berasal dari peternakan yang ternaknya memberikan hasil positif M. bovis pada sampel fesesnya. Pemeriksaan kultur mikobakteri merupakan diagnosis definitif terhadap TB, tetapi media kultur komersial untuk Mycobacterium bovis masih jarang tersedia. Suspensi bakteri M. bovis dan M. phlei dalam phosphate buffer saline (PBS) dengan konsentrasi 105 cfu/ml masing-masing diinokulasikan 0.1 ml pada media LJ, MO dan MOA, masing-masing lima tabung untuk tiap media. Bakteri M. phlei tumbuh pada semua media mulai hari ke-4. Bakteri M. bovis tumbuh pada media LJ dan MO mulai hari ke-17, tetapi tidak berhasil tumbuh pada media MOA. Perbandingan jumlah koloni M. phlei yang tumbuh pada media LJ dan MOA berbeda nyata secara statistik. Kemampuan media MOA untuk menumbuhkan
Keyword: Mycobacterium bovis, prevalensi, bovine tuberculosis, faktor risiko, PCR, media kultur

Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most wide-spread infectious disease all over the world, commonly caused by infection of organism which is a member of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). MTBC is a group of pathogens that exacts devastating tolls on human morbidity and mortality, and inflicts damaging economic losses on world agriculture. Zoonotic tuberculosis could be a major threat for public health, but there is no prior information of zoonotic TB incidence in cattle and the risk factors in cattle in Indonesia. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (BTB); to identify factors associated with BTB infection; to measure the strength of association between the risk factors and BTB infection; to detect Mycobacterium bovis as a causal of TB in dairy cattle by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method; to develop and evaluate the ability of culture media modified Ogawa agar (MOA) for M. bovis cultivation, in comparison with available culture media, i.e. Löwenstein Jensen (LJ) and modified Ogawa (MO). This research was a cross-sectional study, conducted by sampling the cattle in Kawasan Usaha Peternakan/KUNAK (dairy farm region center), in Bogor District, and in Kebon Pedes (Bogor City). The single intradermal tuberculin test was conducted in all sampling cattle using Bovituber®PPD. The risk factors associated with BTB infection were identified by using a questionnaire through interview with the cattle owners/farmers. Considering proportion of cattle population, the number of sampling cattle in KUNAK was 166 cattle (50 farms) and 36 cattle (10 farms) in Kebon Pedes. The overall cattle prevalence of BTB was 21.78% (CI 95% 16.09-27.47%). Risk factors statistically significant in this study were altitude <340 m above sea level/masl (OR 3.721, CI 95% 1.642-8.433), air temperature >28 °C (OR 2.573, CI 95% 1.077-6.145), and light intensity <15 W m-2 (OR 2.749, CI 95% 1.204- 6.275). Current method, such as multiplex PCR, could be the best alternative strategy to differentiate M. bovis from M. tuberculosis. From 202 dairy cattle tested with single intradermal tuberculin test, 44 dairy cattle were positive. From 44 dairy cattle which were positive against tuberculin test, 44 faeces samples, 44 nasal swab samples, 43 milk samples were obtained. Sputum samples of 24 farmers were also obtained, from farms where the tuberculin test was positive in dairy cattle. Mycobacterium bovis were found in 8 faeces samples, 4 nasal swab samples, 9 milk samples. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was found in one farmer’s sputum sample. Three dairy cattle were positive of M. bovis in two kind of samples, i.e. faeces and milk samples. The farmer who was positive of M. tuberculosis, came from farm where the cattle was found positive of M. bovis in faeces sample. Examination by mycobacterial culture provides the only definitive diagnosis of TB, nevertheless commercially ready-to-use culture media for M. bovis are rarely available. Suspension of 105 cfu/ml M. bovis and M. phlei in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) was inoculated to media LJ, MO and MOA, 0.1 ml each. Five tubes each media. Mycobacterium phlei grew in every medium since day 4. Mycobacterium bovis grew in media LJ and MO since day
Keyword: Mycobacterium bovis, prevalence, bovine tuberculosis, risk factors, PCR, culture media

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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