Judul: Pengaruh waktu dan titik pengukuran terhadap emisi Karbondioksida dan Metan di lahan gambut kebun Kelapa Sawit PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV, Labuhan Batu, Sumatera Utara
Abstrak: The conversion of forest to estate plantation takes into account by the world because of the high potential of greenhouse gases emission such as CO2 and CH4. This is due to the opening of oil palm plantation widely and the developed of plant forest which is planned by the Indonesian Government in both mineral soil and peatland. The objectives of this research were to (1) measure and examine the flux and emission of green house gases (CO2 and CH4) at the certain ages of the oil palm (TBM, TM 6, TM 12, and TM 18), (2) examine the effect of the distance from drainage and time measurement on greenhouse emission in oil palm plantation at the certain ages (TBM, TM 6, TM 12, and TM 18). This research was conducted at the peatland of oil palm plantation in Panai Jaya and Meranti Paham, PT Perkebunan Nusantara IV, Labuhan Batu, North Sumatera in 2008-2009. The measurement was conducted in the morning and afternoon which was begun by choosing the location based on the distance of 50 m, 100 m, and 150 m from drainage ditch. The gases were sampled under the auspices of the plant, the and of the plant canopy, and the sidelines between plant by using the closed chamber and analyzed by using Micro GC CP 4900 for each plot. Randomized complete block design was applied to identify the effect on emissions. The highest emission of CO2 occured in TM 18 (45.45 tons/ha/year) and then TM 12 (43 tons/ha/year), TBM (41.79 tons/ha/year) and the lowest was in TM 6 (38.52 tons/ha/year). The emission of CH4 decreased with increament of the depth of water table. The highest emission of CH4 was 7.70 tons/ha/year (TM 12) and followed 5.72 tons/ha/year (TBM), 5.59 tons/ha/year (TM 6) and lowest was 5.50 tons/ha/year (TM 18). In general, emission of CO2 increased with further distance from drainage ditch, but there was found that CO2 emission was not affected by the distance of drainage ditch. In line with the effect of time, emission of CO2 in the afternoon is higher than in the morning because of the increasing of temperature, but it was found the opposite which CO2 was not affected by temperature. Analysis of variance showed that CO2 emission was not significantly affected by the distance from drainage ditch and time measurement.
Keyword: 

Judul: CO2 Emissions of Palm Oil in Potted Peat Planting
Abstrak: Pemanfaatan lahan gambut untuk perkebunan kelapa sawit telah mendapat perhatian internasional terkait peningkatan gas rumah kaca (GRK), terutama CO2. Perlu diperhatikan bahwa peran tumbuhan tidak hanya untuk melakukan respirasi tetapi juga untuk menyerap CO2. Aliran karbon dari atmosfer ke vegetasi merupakan aliran yang bersifat dua arah, yaitu pengikatan CO2 ke dalam biomassa melalui fotosintesis dan pelepasan CO2 ke atmosfer melalui proses respirasi autotrof. Adanya tanaman yang disertakan dalam pengukuran emisi akan menghasilkan emisi CO2 dari total keseluruhan, baik yang direspirasi ataupun diserap oleh tanaman (C-sequestration) sehingga menghasilkan emisi CO2 netto. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji dinamika total emisi (fluks CO2 bersih) yang dihasilkan oleh tanaman kelapa sawit berbagai umur pada media gambut dalam pot. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan faktor umur tanaman dari umur 9 bulan (9), 12 bulan (12), 15 bulan (15), 18 bulan (18), 21 bulan (21) dan 24 bulan (24). Pengukuran fluks CO2 dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode sungkup transparan (clear chamber) dengan alat infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) Li-COR 380. Fluks CO2 yang dihasilkan bervariasi disetiap umur tanaman kelapa sawit dan waktu pengukuran. Pengukuran dilakukan pada 3 waktu yaitu pagi hari (08.00-11.00 WIB), siang (11.00-14.00 WIB) dan malam hari (19.00-22.00 WIB). Pengamatan laian adalah karakteristik tanah berupa suhu tanah, karakteristik lingkungan berupa suhu dan kelembapan udara dan faktor tanaman berupa bobot kering. Data yang diperoleh dari pengukuran fluks CO2 di analisis ragam dan diuji lanjut dengan uji Duncan (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test, DMRT) pada taraf kepercayaan 95%. Selanjutnya hasil pengukuran fluks CO2 pada kelapa sawit beda umur dianalisis korelasi dengan data hasil analisis tanah, lingkungan dan tanaman. Penelitian ini menghasilkan emisi CO2 dari respirasi heterotrofik yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan net fluks CO2 pada pagi hari, tidak jauh berbeda siang hari, dan lebih rendah pada malam hari. Net fluks CO2 dihasilkan pada pagi < siang < malam. Sekuestrasi C yang optimal terjadi pada pagi hari pada 3,86 mol m-2 s-1 berdasarkan rata-rata produksi primer bersih Net Primary Production (NPP) semua umur. Hasil persamaan regresi pada pengukuran pagi, siang, malam dan rata-rata pagi, siang dan malam hari (PSM) menunjukkan hanya pengukuran pagi hari dengan pertambahan umur akan menurunkan fluks CO2. Hal tersebut menandakan hanya pada pagi hari penyerapan CO2 lebih tinggi dari respirasi CO2. Faktor tanaman berkorelasi dengan fluks CO2 pada semua waktu pengukuran dan nyata (P < 0,05) berkorelasi negatif terhadap fluks CO2 hanya pada waktu pagi hari. Dinamika fluks CO2 bersih ditentukan oleh kombinasi dinamika respirasi gambut (heterotrofik), respirasi akar (autotrofik), dan fotosintesis.
Keyword: fluks CO2 netto, fotosintesis, perkebunan kelapa sawit, respirasi heterotrof, sekuestrasi karbon

Judul: Antibodi anti-idiotipe sebagai kandidat vaksin rabies, Anti-idiotype andibody as a rabies vaccine candidate
Abstrak: Anti rabies serum (ARS) called antibody 1 (Ab1) was used as the antigen to immunize laying chickens. Anti-Ab1 chicken immunoglobulins (IgY), the antiidiotype antibodies against rabies (Ab2) was isolated from chicken blood every week for ten weeks. The highest titer of Ab2 was found at the third week after the last immunization. Immunoglobulin Y was separated by means of ammonium sulfate precipitation, then dialyzed using PBS pH 8.0 for 24 hours at 2 – 8 oC and purified using affinity chromatography column for IgY lead the proteins molecules with 185,000; 95,000 and 49,000 dalton in weigth. Purified IgY was used to immunize New Zealand White rabbit and the antibody response (Ab3) was detected using Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT). The Ab3 showed specific reaction with Ab2 as well as rabies virus. Interestingly, Ab2 and rabies virus express partial identity reaction. This lead the insight, that not all parts of Ab2 are internal image of rabies virus. The efficacy of Ab3 was detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indicated that the level of Ab3 titer is protective according to WHO standard (more than 0.5 IU/ml). The conclusion of this study is the anti-idiotype antibody can induce protective immune response against rabies virus and can be used as an alternative for rabies anti-idiotype vaccine. Key words : anti-idiotype vaccine, antibody, rabies
Keyword: