Judul: α-Glucosidase inhibitory effect of flavonoid extracts from crown of god fruit.
Abstrak: Crown of God fruit (Phaleria macrocarpa) empirically can treat diabetes mellitus, a disease with high concentration of blood glucose. The purpose of this study is to obtain flavonoid compound from the fruit that can reduce blood glucose through in vitro inhibition activity of α-glucosidase. The fruit were obtained from the Department of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecotourism, Faculty of Foresty, Bogor Agriculture University. Three maturity stages were used based on the fruit color, very red, greenish red, and reddish green and its enzyme activity compared to acarbose as positive control. The result indicated that flavonoid extracts with 1% w/v were highest (40.26%) in the very red fruit compared to the other two, but lower compared to acarbose (96.80%). Further extraction for flavonoid compound was performed on the fruit which has highest inhibition to obtain flavonol and flavon compound. Flavonol extract showed higher α-glucosidase inhibition, 41.97%, compared to flavon, 8.81%. Flavonol which has highest inhibition among flavonoid compound, was fractionated using column chromatography. Chloroform, acetic acid, and water used as eluent with ratio of 67.5:45:6. The result of chromatography gave 7 fractions and the most active fraction was fraction 2 with enzyme inhibition of 80.80%. Maximum absorption for fraction 2 was at 257 nm, which confirmed flavonoid compound. The result of infrared spectrum contained functional groups of -OH, C=O (keton), heteroaromatic ring, and benzene o-subsitution, also confirmed the presence of flavonoid compound.
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Judul: Senyawa Golongan Alkaloid Ekstrak Buah Mahkota Dewa sebagai Inhibitor α-Glukosidase
Abstrak: The crown of God Fruit is believed to cure diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study is to investigate the highest inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase from alkaloid extract of the fruit by in vitro method. Three levels of ripeness used in this study i.e. dark red, red-greenish, and green-reddish. The result showed that alkaloid from red-greenish crown of god fruit extract had the highest inhibition activity of 36.80%, but was lower than acarbose which has 97.73%. Fractionation of alkaloid extract obtained 5 fractions from red-greenish crown of god fruit was done by column cromatography with the eluent of chloroform:ethanol (17:3). Inhibiton activity of each fractions to α-glucosidase was examined and it was obtained that the most active fraction was fraction 5 with inhibition activity value of 87.29%. Further identification of fraction 5 with infrared spectrophotometrer showed the presence of possible functional groups; there were –OH stretching at 3408.87 cm-1 of wave-number, C=C aromatic stretching at 1616.91 cm-1 and C-N amine aromatic stetching at 1279.88 cm-1, which was strengthened by overtone band at 617.21 cm-1. Based on those result, it could be predicted that the alkaloid compound was alkaloid with nitrogen atom in the aromatic ring.
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Judul: Rekonstruksi Persamaan Pauli dan Representasi Kuantum Entanglement Berdasarkan Interpretasi Kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich.
Abstrak: Mekanika kuantum merupakan teori fundamental yang telah memberikan kontribusi besar dalam perkembangan sains dan teknologi hingga saat ini. Namun masih banyak masalah fundamental terkait realita fisis postulat-postulat dan perumusan mekanika kuantum yang menimbulkan pertanyaan. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan banyak perdebatan dan interpretasi yang berbeda mengenai fundamental teori mekanika kuantum. Salah satu interpretasi mekanika kuantum yang menggunakan dasar mekanika statistik klasik adalah interpretasi Budiyono-Rohrlich (BR). Interpretasi kuantum BR merupakan interpretasi mekanika statistik klasik yang menggunakan aksioma ontic extension dan epistemic restriction serta memuat tiga teorema untuk menjelaskan kuantum entanglement, prinsip ketidakpastian Heisenberg dan merekonstruksi persamaan Schrodinger. Namun, interpretasi kuantum BR belum melibatkan spin dalam perumusannya. Persamaan Schrodinger yang melibatkan interaksi elektromagnetik dan keadaan spin disebut sebagai persamaan Schrodinger-Pauli atau persamaan Pauli. Asumsi pemisahan distribusi probabilitas untuk keadaan spin-up dan spin-down dapat digunakan untuk merekonstruksi persamaan Pauli. Proses formulasi persamaan menggunakan aksioma ontic extension dan epistemic restriction dalam interpretasi kuantum BR serta menggunakan prinsip konservasi, yaitu konservasi energi rata-rata dan kontinuitas probabilitas. Formulasi ini juga dapat digunakan untuk mendapatkan persamaan dinamika dan representasi kuantum entanglement dua partikel, namun menggunakan asumsi pemisahan distribusi probabilitas yang berbeda, yaitu untuk masing-masing keadaan yang mungkin dari dua partikel tersebut. Dalam formulasi ini, spin sebagai intrinsik momentum sudut tidak dapat dinyatakan dalam epistemic restriction, melainkan menggunakan definisi operator.
Keyword: Budiyono-Rohrlich, entanglement, epistemic, ontic, Pauli, spin