Judul: Rancangan industri susu kental manis tanpa proses penguapan
Abstrak: Tujuan dari perancangan ini adalah untuk memberikan pedoman bagi industri dalam membangun industri susu kental manis di daerah Bogor. Industri yang akan didirikan terletak di desa Cicadas, Kecamatan Gunung Putri, Kabupaten Bogor. Untuk pembangunan industri ini dibutuhkan tanah seluas 5 000 m² dengan luas bangunan 1 770 m². Bahan baku utama dan formulasi yang digunakan dalam pembuatan susu kental manis adalah susu segar, susu bubuk skim, gula pasir dan lemak mentega dengan perbandingan masing-masing 282 180: 468: 70. Untuk kapasitas produksi 20 000 kg susu kental manis atau 50 000 kaleng per hari yang ditetapkan diperlukan susu segar sebanyak 5 640 kg, susu bubuk skim 3 600 kg, gula pasir 9 360 kg dan lemak mentega 1 400 kg. Dengan formulasi tersebut produk susu kental manis yang dihasilkan setelah dianalisa memberikan komposisi sebagai berikut, kadar lemak 8,67 persen, kadar protein 7,91 persen, kadar air 25,05 persen, kadar sukrosa 46, 58 persen, total padatan terlarut 72,85 persen, berat jenis 1,29 dan viskositas pada suhu 27,5 °C sebesar 28,45 poise.
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Judul: Optimalisasi produksi susu kental manis
Abstrak: Susu merupakan sumber gisi yang lengkap dan tinggi kandungannya. Konsumsi masyarakat akan susu masih rendah, hanya sekitar 4 liter (setara susu segar) per kapita per tahun. Distribusi konsumsi susu diantara penduduk tidak merata, lebih 78% masyarakat tidak minum susu sama sekali dan konsumen susu sebagian besar (90%) adalah masyarakat kota dengan tingkat pendapatan menengah keatas. Kecenderungan konsumsi susu masyarakat sebagian besar dalam bentuk olahan (susu kental manis dan susu bubuk) yaitu sebanyak 80%, konsumsi susu segar 5%, dan 15% konsumsi dalam bentuk olahan lain seperti mentega dan keju. PT. Australia Indonesian Milk Industries (Indomilk) sebagai perusahaan pengolahan susu menghadapi persaingan dalam pengadaan bahan baku dan pemasaran. Dalam pengadaan bahan baku untuk industri pengolahan susu yaitu susu segar, produksinya di dalam negeri masih rendah. Dalam hal pemasaran, saat ini terdapat cukup banyak perusahaan yang mempunyai produk sejenis dengan PT. Indomilk. Menghadapi keadaan tersebut perusahaan perlu membuat perencanaan secara menyeluruh, meliputi pengadaan bahan baku dan penggunaan mesin secara optimal sesuai keadaan pasar. ..
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Judul: Mixed effect models for high –dimensional longitudinal data with latent variables
Abstrak: A set of data that consist of repeated measurements on a large number of outcomes and covariates are known as high-dimensional longitudinal data. The high-dimensional longitudinal data may consist of several effects of interest that cannot be directly measured, known as latent factors or latent variables. During the last decade, the multivariate responses or high-dimensional in longitudinal data have been a big issue. The analysis of high-dimensional longitudinal data is complicated due to its complex correlation structures between outcomes. To understand changes over time of outcome variables, having correlations in individuals with explanatory variables is not enough. Hence, complex correlation structures between outcomes need to be considered. One approach that is commonly used to overcome high-dimensional longitudinal data is simultaneous equation modeling. A well-known simultaneous equation modeling method is the structural equation model (SEM). This approach has several appealing modeling abilities and can be used for high-dimensional longitudinal data. Under the SEM framework, the continuous time SEM is developed to avoid some issues associated with autoregressive and cross-lagged problems in SEM. Another simultaneous equation modeling method is by combining factor analysis and multivariate analysis methods to overcome high dimensional longitudinal data, namely latent factor linear mixed model (LFLMM). The factor analysis is used to reduce the high-dimensional outcomes, and the multivariate linear mixed model is used to study the longitudinal trends of several latent factors. One example of high-dimensional longitudinal data is the General Election Study. This study is carried out repeatedly to observe tendencies towards political attitudes and behavior over time in Belgium. The data contain political information, knowledge, perceptions, and preferences of a political party and the level of participation in politics. One of the most interesting things to study from the data is to analyze the change of political attitudes and behavior of respondents over time. Also, the relationship of changes in these outcomes is important to analyze. The General Election Study in Belgium was designed to include a representative sample of the target population under the Belgian electorate, so accurate estimates about the population could be made. This sampling design was created by the Institute for Social and Political Opinion (ISPO) and the Inter-university Center for Political Opinion Research (PIOP). The Belgian data set contained three subsamples, the Flemish (Dutch-speaking), the Walloon (French-speaking), and the Brussels Capital Region (Dutch and French-speaking). Several studies conducted on the Belgium data are carried out to understand the relationships between the latent variables Individualism (I), Ethnocentrism (E), and Authoritarianism (A) in Flanders. Cross-sectional or a longitudinal studies have also been carried out. In such cases, it is critical to capture the trend of the latent variables over time and, more importantly, whether there is any association or relationships between the development of nationalism (N), ethnocentrism (E), individualism (I), and authoritarianism (A) in Belgium. An empirical analysis of CT-SEM has been done to present the interdependencies among the four latent variables mentioned above on the basis of the General Election Studies for Belgium in 1991, 1995, and 1999 (Interuniversitair steunpunt politieke-opinieonderzoek, 1991, 1995, 1999). Although the four variables have been the subject of
Keyword: Belgium, CT-SEM, high-dimensional longitudinal data, LFLMM, Supplemented EM Algorithm