Judul: Valuasi Ekonomi Ekosistem Terumbu Karang di Kawasan Perairan Kota Bontang
Abstrak: Perairan Kota Bontang merupakan daerah yang memiliki ekosistem terumbu karang yang cukup luas, yaitu sekitar 8.744 ha. Ekosistem terumbu karang tersebar hampir di seluruh bagian pesisir dan pulau-pulau Kota Bontang. Lokasi ekosistem terumbu karang di Perairan Bontang terdapat di daerah Tanjung Sengkubur, Selangan, Melahing, Pulau Agar-agar, Tebok Batang, Kedindingan, Beras Basah, Manuk-Manukan, Karang Segajah, Karang Kiampau, dan Tihiktihik. Berdasarkan hasil survey yang telah dilakukan oleh Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Kota Bontang, telah ditemukan jenis-jenis karang diantaranya adalah karang keras (hard coral) dan karang lunak (soft coral). Hard coral lebih dominan ditemukan daripada soft coral. Beberapa jenis hard coral yang ditemukan yaitu Acropora, Montiphora, Euphylia, Plerogyra, Fungia, Heliofungia, Caulastrea., Pectinia, Goniopora, Millepora. Menurut Dinas Perikanan dan Kelautan Kota Bontang (2009), tingkat kerusakan terumbu karang di Kota Bontang mencapai 50 persen. Mayoritas penyebab kerusakan terumbu karang disebabkan oleh aktivitas penangkapan ikan yang merusak seperti penggunaan bom dan bius, kerusakan juga disebabkan sedimentasi, penggunaan jangkar dan kondisi alam. Pemboman di daerah terumbu karang untuk menangkap ikan, ikut menghancurkan terumbu karang yang notabene habitat berbagai macam jenis biota laut. Pembiusan menggunakan cyanida merusak terumbu karang karena membunuh Zooxhantella, hewan dan tumbuhan yang hidup di batu karang. Dengan matinya Zooxhantella, siklus kehidupan di ekosistem di terumbu karang akan terputus. Penelitian penilaian ekonomi terhadap ekosistem terumbu karang perlu dilakukan dalam hal penilaian manfaat penggunaan baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, dan non-penggunanaan. Dengan diketahuinya nilai ekonomi dari ekosistem terumbu karang diharapkan dapat menjadi informasi yang penting untuk proses pengambilan keputusan dalam pengelolaan ekosistem terumbu karang yang optimal......dst
Keyword: Coral Reef Ecosystem, Total Economic Value, Management Scenario

Judul: Condition of Coral Reefs and Benthic Community Cover in Bontang City
Abstrak: ABSTRAK WAFIQ SALMAN ARROSADI. Kondisi Terumbu Karang dan Tutupan Komunitas Bentik di Kota Bontang. Dibimbing oleh BEGINER SUBHAN dan FERY KURNIAWAN. Indonesia merupakan negara dengan keanekaragaman hayati laut yang melimpah, memiliki sekitar 18% dari total luas terumbu karang di dunia dan dikenal sebagai salah satu titik pusat keanekaragaman hayati laut global. Terumbu karang, sebagai komponen penting dari ekosistem pesisir dan laut, sangat rentan terhadap gangguan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kondisi terumbu karang dan kualitas perairan di Perairan Kota Bontang, Kalimantan Timur. Data tutupan terumbu karang dianalisis dari sembilan stasiun pengamatan, sementara parameter kualitas air meliputi suhu, salinitas, pH, dan oksigen terlarut. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan (PKSPL) IPB dan PT. Pupuk Kaltim. Data sekunder diperoleh dari sembilan stasiun pengamatan Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terumbu karang di kawasan ini umumnya mengalami degradasi, terutama ditandai dengan dominasi tutupan Rubble dan Dead Coral with Algae. Stasiun dengan tutupan karang hidup tertinggi adalah Stasiun 5 (22,67%), sedangkan Stasiun 4 menunjukkan tutupan terendah (0%). Lifeform karang keras yang dominan adalah Acropora tabulate dan Coral Mushroom. Meskipun demikian, kualitas air secara umum masih berada dalam batas toleransi, walaupun terdapat beberapa parameter yang tidak memenuhi baku mutu yang disarankan. Penelitian ini memberikan gambaran yang penting untuk memahami kondisi ekologis terumbu karang di Kota Bontang dan pentingnya upaya konservasi untuk memulihkan ekosistem ini di masa depan. Kata kunci: terumbu karang, kualitas air, Bontang, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia., ABSTRACT WAFIQ SALMAN ARROSADI. Condition of Coral Reefs and Benthic Community Cover in Bontang City. Supervised by BEGINER SUBHAN and FERY KURNIAWAN. Indonesia is a country with abundant marine biodiversity, containing approximately 18% of the world's coral reefs and known as one of the global centers of marine biodiversity. Coral reefs, as a vital component of coastal and marine ecosystems, are highly vulnerable to disturbances. This study aims to evaluate the condition of coral reefs and water quality in the waters of Bontang City, East Kalimantan. Coral reef cover data were analyzed from nine observation stations, while water quality parameters included temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen. The data used in this study were secondary data obtained from the Center for Coastal and Marine Resources Studies (PKSPL) at IPB University and PT. Pupuk Kaltim. Secondary data were collected from nine observation stations. The results indicate that the coral reefs in this area generally experience degradation, primarily marked by the dominance of Rubble and Dead Coral with Algae covers. Station 5 showed the highest live coral cover (22.67%), whereas Station 4 exhibited the lowest (0%). The dominant hard coral lifeforms were Acropora tabulate and Coral Mushroom. However, overall water quality remains within tolerance limits, although some parameters did not meet recommended standards. This research provides crucial insights into the ecological condition of coral reefs in Bontang City and underscores the importance of conservation efforts to restore this ecosystem in the future. Keywords: coral reefs, water quality, Bontang, East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Keyword: terumbu karang, bentik, kota bontang

Judul: Algorithm construction of HLI hash function
Abstrak: Cryptography is a study of mathematical techniques related to aspects of information security regarding on confidentiality, data integrity, entity authentication, and data origin authentication. Data integrity is a service, which is associated with the conversion of data carried out by unauthorized parties. To maintain data integrity, one can use hash functions. An hash function is a computationally efficient function to map an arbitrary length bitstring to a fixed length bitstring called as hash value. The use of hash function in maintaining the information integrity and authentication is in digital signatures, virus protection, and software distribution. Illustration of the hash function in the integrity and authentication of information that is emailed as follow. The sender sends the information and hash value to the recipient. If the hash value of the information is equal to the hash value that is sent by the sender, then information has not been changed. Otherwise the information has been changed. An hash function has two properties, one way and collision resistance. An hash function is called one way if it is computationally infeasible to find any input such that when given any hash value . Meanwhile an hash function is called collision resistant if it is computationally infeasible to find any two inputs where such that . The purpose of this study is to construct a HLI hash function algorithm, to analyze the speed and security of the hash functions as a results of construction. Furthermore, it is to compare it with SWIFFT. Hash function is constructed based on the result of algebraic operations on modular polynomial ringwith . Modular polynomial ring noted as is a set of all polynomials of degree at most with coefficients in . can be represented as a set of integer vector of modulo in dimension . So, it is simple to implement in a computer. In vector operations, is lattice . Furthermore, alattice that is defined from certain polynomial ring is called ideal lattice. HLI hash function is consists of addition and multiplication algorithm in the ring. Addition algorithm consists of sumation operations of modulo and multiplication consists of multiplication operations of modulo . Generally, algorithm of HLI hash function consists of multiplication operations of modulo and addition operations of modulo . However, if the input is binary number then multiplication algorithm only consists of multiplication operation of modulo , so algorithm of HLI hash function consists of multiplication operations of modulo and addtion operations of modulo . An hash function is secured if it has two properties, i.e., one way and collision resistance. HLI hash function hash is one way, it is following the proof of Micciancio. It is has collision resistant because of polynomial is irreducible over and monic. Moreover, it is proved that for every unit vector , the vector is small vector. If the input of hash function is a binary number then HLI hash function only involves addition operations of modulo . So the time that used almost same with SWIFFT. The excellence of HLI hash function is the key size smaller than SWIFFT. This effect on
Keyword: hash function, modular polynomial ring, lattice