Judul: Biotransformasi Piroka Tekol Menggunakan Kultur Suspensi Sel Solanum Mammosum L.
Abstrak: Tanaman merupakan sumber utama senymva-senyawa kimia yang digunakan terutama untuk industri farmasi. Sclain itu sel tanaman merupakan sumber enzim yang dapat digunakan untuk proses biotransformasi dalam mensintesis senyawa organik tertentu, antara lain senyawa glukosida. Pirokatekol merupakan salah satu senyawa turunan polifenol yang umumnya terdapat dalam buah-buahan dan sayuran telah lama dikenal memiliki aktivitas sebagai antibakteri, antioksidan, antimelanogenesis, antimutagen, dan antihipertensi, akan tetapi senyawa polifenol bukanlah senyawa yang stabil terhadap pengaruh oksidasi, cahaya, dan perubahan kimia. Oleh sebab itu, untuk meningkatkan kestabilan dan kelamlan senyawa polifenol, dapat dilakukan dcngan cara mengubah senyawa tersebut menjadi senyawa dalmn bentuk glikosida, melalui reaksi transglikosilasi dengan metode sintesis kimia, enzimatik, maupun menggunakan metode kultur sel tanaman.
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Judul: Selenometionin dalam suspensi fermentasi herba vulkanis
Abstrak: Indonesia mempunyai sumber daya hayati yang beraneka ragam, salah satunya ialah herba. Herba berkhasiat sebagai obat karena kandungan senyawa aktif di dalamnya, salah satunya adalah selenometionin. Penelitian ini dilakukan atas hasil seleksi tiga tanaman herba vulkanis yang mempunyai kadar selen total yang tinggi. Selenometionin sendiri tidak dapat dihasilkan oleh mahkluk tingkat tinggi seperti mamalia dan manusia, tetapi dapat dihasilkan oleh proses asimilasi pada tanaman, khamir, dan beberapa bakteri seperti Escherichia coli. Selenometionin terdapat pada empat tapak aktif glutation peroksidase sebagai sistem antioksidan untuk melindungi sel dari oksidator seperti piroksinitrit. Selenometionin ditentukan dengan metode kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi dengan pereaksi o-ftaldialdehida dan selen total sebagai indikasi awal ditentukan dengan metode spektroskopi serapan atom. Kadar selenometionin yang didapat pada ekstrak bawang putih dengan menggunakan sistem konsorsium fermentasi Acetobacter- Saccharomyces adalah 4.33 μg/mL dan yang tanpa sistem konsorsium fermentasi 14.89 μg/mL, sedangkan untuk ekstrak ciplukan dan damuh-damuh selenometionin tidak terdeteksi. Penambahan konsorsium menyebabkan berkurangnya kadar selenometionin pada suspensi fermentasi setelah inkubasi 12 hari.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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