Judul: Penggunaan ZnCl2 sebagai Aktivator Karbon Aktif dari Limbah Padat Agar dan Aplikasinya sebagai Adsorben pada Limbah Cair Industri Tahu
Abstrak: Agar solid waste is a material that has the potential as a raw material for activated carbon. This waste contains high value of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The study aims to determine the best concentration of ZnCl2 and best activation time on activation step and to determine the effectiveness of the using of activated carbon as adsorbent for tofu wastewater treatment. The activation step was carried out with ZnCl2 concentration of 10; 20; 30% and activation time of 15; 20; 25 hours. The best activation treatment was obtained from the treatment of 10% ZnCl2 concentration and 25 hours of activation time with activated carbon’s yield 96.24%, moisture content 1.12%, ash 85.68%, volatile matter 10.16%, carbon yield 4.25% and absorption of iodine 579.12 mg/g. Activated carbon from the best treatment applied to tofu wastewater treatment with activated carbon levels of 0; 1; 2; 3% and contact period of 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2 hours. Application treatment with activated carbon level of 3% and 1 hour contact period decreased the value of BOD, TSS and pH from 3485.77 mg/L, 4249.38 mg/L, 681.33 mg/L and 4.68 to 1269.82 mg/L, 72 mg/L dan 4.09 significantly, however it did not affect the COD value.
Keyword: ZnCl2, agar solid waste, tofu wastewater, activated carbon, adsorbent

Judul: Effectivity of activated charcoal as adsorbent for wastewater treatment
Abstrak: The main purpose of this research was to study the optimum condition for production activated charcoal in a retort with 100 kg capacity and to apply the best activated charcoal as adsorbent for wastewater treatment. The raw materials used in this research were wood sawdust, mangium wood (Acacia mangium) and coconut shell. The charcoal was activated using the condition : activating temperature at 700 ºC continued by steaming with H2O for 1, 2, 3 hours and without steaming as a control. In Order to improve the qualities of the activated charcoal, further activation was conducted using H3PO4 solution at 5 % concentration. The possible changes in structure were evaluated using Infrared Spectrophotometry, X-ray Difraction and Scanning Electron Microscope. The results showed that the best quality of activated charcoal was achieved by Acacia mangium by soaking in H3PO4 5 % solution without steaming. The yield of activated charcoal was 40,54 %; moisture content 5,25 %; ash content 2,31 %; volatile matter 7,01 %; fixed carbon 90,69 %. Adsorptive capacity of iodine was 657,20 mg/g; metanol 7,13 %; CCl4 8,39 %; CHCl3 13,24 %; formaldehida 6,57 % and benzene 7,13 %. Degree of crystalinity 58,23 %; height of aromatic layers (Lc) 4,02 nm; width of aromatic layers (La) 4,22 nm; number of aromatic layers (N) 10,84 and distance of aromatic layers (d) 0,21 nm with pore diameter of 0,14 – 0,35 μm. The best concentration of activated charcoal as adsorbent for domestic wastewater treatment was 1 % concentration. It decreased Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 98,03 %; Total Suspended Solid 97,66 %; oil and grease 76,92 % and pH value increased 6,15 %. For hospital wastewater treatment, the best condition was achieved using activated charcoal at 2 % concentration. It could decreased pH value 17,50 %; Total Suspended Solid 93,06 %; ammonia 76,09 %, phosphat 33,06 % and coliform bacteri 90 %. BOD and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) increased 330,79 % and 135,91 %. The best concentration of activated charcoal as adsorbent for nicel coated industry wastewater treatment was 1 % concentration. It decrease Total Suspended Solid 84,72 %; Cr 39,50 %; Cu 66,67 %; Zn 91,50 %; Ni 73,75 % and Cd 71,43 %. pH value increase 242,84 %, but Pb value was not changed.
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Judul: Karakteristik Ukuran dan Bentuk Kepala Burung Bayan-Bayanan (Psittacidae) di Indonesia
Abstrak: Burung bayan-bayanan yang tergabung dalam famili Psittacidae memiliki variasi morfologi yang cukup tinggi yang eksistensinya perlu dipertimbangkan karena telah memberikan kontribusi dalam keanekaragaman hayati di Indonesia. Burung bayan-bayanan yang tergabung dalam famili Psittacidae memiliki variasi morfologi yang cukup tinggi. Upaya penangkaran yang belum optimal dan perburuan liar pada burung bayan-bayanan untuk diperdagangkan dalam jumlah yang cukup tinggi; mengakibatkan penurunan populasi secara drastis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai ketidakserupaan morfometrik berdasarkan ukuran-ukuran linear kepala diantara 13 spesies burung bayan-bayanan yang diamati. Ketidakserupaan morfometrik tersebut disajikan dalam bentuk dendogram melalui pendekatan jarak minimum D2 Mahalanobis. Ukuran dan bentuk kepala diantara 13 spesies burung bayan-bayanan yang diamati diperbandingkan satu sama lain dalam bentuk diagram kerumunan melalui pendekatan Analisis Komponen Utama. Data sekunder diperoleh dari laboratorium ornithologi Widyasatwaloka, LIPI-Biologi Cibinong yang meliputi tinggi kepala, lebar kepala, panjang paruh, tinggi paruh dan tebal paruh. Data tersebut meliputi spesimen burung bayan-bayanan berjumlah 234 spesimen. yang terdiri atas 128 spesimen jantan dan 106 spesimen betina. Jumlah tersebut menyebar pada 11 spesimen Loriculus stigmatus (tujuh ekor jantan dan empat ekor betina), 17 spesimen Loriculus galgulus (12 ekor jantan dan lima ekor betina), 22 spesimen Charmosyna placentis intensior (tujuh ekor jantan dan 15 ekor betina), 11 spesimen Cacatua alba (delapan ekor jantan dan tiga ekor betina), 12 spesimen Cacatua sulphurea occidentalis (enam ekor jantan dan enam ekor betina), 20 spesimen Eclectus roratus roratus (13 ekor jantan dan tujuh ekor betina), 13 spesimen Alisterus amboinensis buruensis (tujuh ekor jantan dan enam ekor betina), 13 spesimen Psittacula alexandri alexandri (dua ekor jantan dan 11 ekor betina), 13 spesimen Psittacula alexandri dammermani (enam ekor jantan dan tujuh ekor betina), 16 spesimen Psittacula longicauda longicauda (10 ekor jantan dan enam ekor betina), 24 Trichoglossus haematodus haematodus (15 ekor jantan dan sembilan ekor betina), 20 Trichoglossus ornatus (11 ekor jantan dan sembilan ekor betina), 27 spesimen Eos bornea cyanonothus (17 ekor jantan dan 10 ekor betina) dan 15 spesimen Eos squamata obiensis (tujuh ekor jantan dan delapan ekor betina).
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