Judul: Metode Generalized Minimal Residual (GMRES) Dalam Menyelesaikan Sistem Persamaan Linear
Abstrak: Metode GMRES (Generalized Minimal Residual) adalah salah satu metode proyeksi subruang Krylov K", =span{ro,Aro,······,A"'-'ro} untuk menyelesaikan sistem persamaan linear tak·simetrik. Metode ini diperkenalkan oteh Saad dan Schultz tahun 1986. Cara kerja metode GMRES tampak pada algoritma GMRES. Pada algoritma GMRES terdapat 2 tahap dalam menyelesaikan masalah sistem persamaan linear yaitu tahap penentuan basis dan tahap penentuan salusi. Perbedaan yang nyata antara metode GMRES dengan metode yang lain (baik yang menggunakan bantuan subruang Krylov maupun yang tidak menggunakan subruang Krylov) adalah dalam mendapatkan salusi. Pada setiap iterasi algoritma GMRES, selain diperoleh basis subruang Krylov, dapat diperoleh pula estimasi besarnya residu tanpa menghitung solusi aproksimasi pada iterasi tersebut
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Judul: Metode Kaczmarz untuk menyelesaikan sistem persamaan linear
Abstrak: A system of linear equations is often involved in science and engineering problems. There are many methods available for solving system of linear equations, both analytically and numerically. Kaczmarz method is one of iterative methods for solving such system. Orthogonal projections are used in this method. The sequence of approximate solutions generated by algorithm for this method is convergent for an arbitrary initial solution. A proof of the convergence is given. If the system of linear equations is consistent, then the sequence of approximate solutions converges to the exact solution. This shows that Kaczmarz method is a good method. Implementation of this method is done using MATLAB R2008b. Some systems of linear equations are generated, and then solved numerically using the program. The results show that the more iteration used in the solution approximation, the smaller norm of residual obtained.
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Judul: Amfibi sebagai satwa peliharaan: Ekspor, Impor dan Perdagangan Domestik
Abstrak: Indonesia has exported amphibian as frozen frog legs (listed since 1969 under fishery product) for consumption and live amphibian (listed since 1983 under reptilian class in forestry product) for pets. There are also live amphibian trading in local level i.e in markets and malls. This research aims to identify amphibian species exported and imported by investigating document from related administration and to identify amphibian species traded in domestic market by observation at Jakarta. Research is primarily conducted by processing quota data taken from Department of Forestry Republic of Indonesia database in Jakarta. Market observation was carried out in 18 locations (3 markets and 15 malls) in Jakarta. I carried out interview with trader and export business, which related to net trading live amphibians for pets. Respondent was choosen using snowball sampling manner. Name of species is written according to Iskandar & Coljin (2000). If there is no such record in the checklist (for example species are from outside Indonesia), then the species name is written according to Frost (2004). There are 56 species from eight families of wild amphibians that have pets quota between 1998-2008. Nineteen species was traded since 1983. The highest export quota is Litoria caerulea (21,37%). Allocation of highest catching quota is for BKSDA Jayapura (20,40%) and BKSDA Papua Barat (18,96%). Four species are included in IUCN Red List categories as vulnerable, among others are Limnonectes macrodon, Meristogenys jerboa, Nyctixalus margaritifer and Rhacophorus margaritifer. The number of amphibians that have export realization are 39 species. Two species of amphibian, Leptobrachium hasseltii and Rhacophorus margaritifer are amphibian species whose been known infected by chytrid fungus in the wild. The biggest species exported is Litoria caerulea (54,34%). Between 1983-1991, the biggest import amphibian for pets from Indonesia (66,13%) is Netherlands. Number of quota was relative stable in the last eight years, where as the number of export realization is more fluctuates. Amphibian species imported and re-exported between 1983-2008 come from Africa, South Asia, Malaysian, Archipelago Oceania, North America, Central America and South America. The number of pet amphibian species traded at domestic market is less than exported. Data showed that Indonesia imports 15 amphibian species between 1983-2008, However I found different species in the market that was unrecorded in the Ministry of Forestry data, which is the Fire Belly Salamander.
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