Judul: Development model the dryer method a vacuum to drying of wood kumea batu.
Abstrak: Currently, exporters of wood crafts have suffered many losses due to the rejection of their products by the importers. The reason is that many of their crafting goods are cracked after arriving in the countries of destination. The problem is caused by the difference in equilibrium moisture content. The extreme changes of humidity and temperature in the destination countries, which are mostly of temperate regions with equilibrium moisture content of around 10 percent, cause the occurrence of adaptation in moisture content. Consequently, shrinkage or expansion of wood might occur resulting in cracks. Problem in wood drying in Indonesia is particularly experienced by small scale or home industries where small and appropriate dryers are not available. So far, they usually use conventional dryers with bigger or over capacity (>25 m3) and longer drying time. More efficient and appropriate dryer is needed to overcome the problem. A new method by means of vacuum drying might be suitable for that purpose. However, characteristics of such vacuum drying have not been known specifically. Also, this kind of dryer has not been available in the domestic market. Therefore, an experiment was conducted by developing a vacuum dryer model designated for drying of kumea wood. The objectives of this research were: (a) to design and construct a model of vacuum dryer for wood, (b) to know the performance of the vacuum dryer, (c) to study the drying mechanism of kumea wood, and (d) to design small scale vacuum dryer for home industry. The vacuum dryer model was successfully made with a capacity of 0.017 m3 using convective heating. The performance of this machine was shown by its ability to dry materials at a pressure of below 1 Atm with controllable temperature. The change in wood moisture content in this vacuum drying was indicated by its decrease of around 67% at pressure condition of 64 cmHg and temperature of 45oC. Variables used in the process of vacuum drying affecting the wood moisture content were temperature, drying time and vacuum pressure. With combination of treatments of pressure and temperature of 34 cmHg, 49 cmHg, 64 cmHg and 45oC, 55oC, 75 oC, respectively, the drying rate constant (k) was around 0.015/minute or equivalent to a moisture content decrease of 0.9/h. At constant temperature, the lower the pressure of the drying chamber the higher the drying rate was; and at constant pressure, the lower the temperature of the drying chamber the lower the drying rate was. At observed and predicted temperatures that were not far different, a mathematical model was developed showing the relationship of the pressure and temperature of the drying chamber towards the value of the drying rate constant (k), i.e., 𝐤 𝐏,𝐓 =𝟎.𝟐𝟏𝟑𝐓𝟎.𝟒𝟓𝟏 𝟏𝐏 𝟎.𝟏𝟒𝟓.This mathematical model could be applied to study the heat and mass transfers in the thin layer wood vacuum drying with convective heating. This research finally resulted in small scale vacuum dryer using hot vapor flown into a heat exchanger mounted inside the drying chamber with a volume capacity of 10.5 m3.
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Judul: The effects of vibration and heat energy on cabinet type ghe solar dryer
Abstrak: Increasing heat and vapor transfer between air and product to be dried is an important issue in drying of agricultural products. Generally, manual mixing is used in order to increase the contact area between air and product to be dried. However in most types of dryer including GHE solar dryer this method will result in significant heat loss and inconvenient operation. In order to overcome the problem, a GHE solar dryer prototype equipped with vibrating method on drying cabinet was designed in this study. The objective of this study is to perform analysis and simulation about vibration and heat transfer process in cashew nut drying by using cabinet type GHE solar dryer. The designed prototype had dimensions namely length, width, and height respectively of 1 m, and drying capacity of 30 kg of cashew nuts. The heat source was solar energy and coal fuels. The vibration components were placed just below the drying rack serves to smooth the flow of hot air into the cashews which was put on the drying trays. The vibration component consist of motor, shaft and unbalance mass mounted to the shaft. Based on the experimental result, the effective motion of the samples being dried occured at rotational speed near its natural frequency for total mass of 20 kg as well as of 40 kg. The final moisture content of vibrated samples was lower (i.e. 3.5%) than the samples without vibration (i.e. 4.2%). The results of testing of cabinet type GHE solar dryer is obtained that the utilization of solar energy just as energy sources drying will result dryer air temperature below 60 ° C. Therefore, additional heat energy required from coal-burning fuels that can raise the temperature of air in the drying chamber. Increased air temperature in the drying chamber requires heat energy and heat exchanger out of qAPK = 23.3 kJ / s, and the results obtained through experiments showed that the average air temperature in the drying chamber can be reached, Trg = 59.6 °C. This heat exchanger has a length of 40 cm, width 60 cm, 30 cm high and made of aluminum material with a thickness of each plate of 1 mm. Furnace fuel placed under the heat exchanger and is equipped with manual equipment that can raise and lower positions of fuel so that the temperature varies in the drying chamber during the experiment can be minimized.
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Judul: Trichomonas Gallinae Penyebab Trichomonosis Pada Unggas
Abstrak: Trichomonas gallinae adalah protozoa yang bergerak aktof dengan keempat flagella yang mempunyai layar dan pada salah satu sisinya terdapat membran seperti sirip ikan yang berombak. Spesies dari genus Trichomonas ini mempunyai arti penting pada unggas, karena dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada alat pencernaan bagian atas.
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