Judul: Multi-state Model Application in Determining Annual Premiums and Policy Values of Stand-alone Long-term Care Insurance
Abstrak: Risiko finansial akibat disabilitas merupakan salah satu masalah yang dihadapi di Indonesia, terutama bagi kalangan pekerja perempuan. Asuransi long-term care (LTC) stand-alone merupakan salah satu solusi yang dapat digunakan. Dalam karya ilmiah ini, produk asuransi LTC dimodelkan menggunakan model multi-state berbasis tingkat disabilitas yang dialami peserta asuransi yang diukur dengan kemampuan dalam melakukan kegiatan sehari-hari. Premi tahunan dibayarkan peserta asuransi dengan syarat terindikasi sehat selama belum mencapai usia 59 tahun. Nilai polis digunakan sebagai acuan pembuatan cadangan manfaat jika terjadi transisi kondisi peserta asuransi menjadi terindikasi mengalami disabilitas untuk setiap state yang kemudian diboboti. Penghitungan premi tahunan menggunakan prinsip kesetaraan menunjukkan tren bahwa semakin tua peserta asuransi saat membeli polis asuransi, semakin besar premi tahunan yang perlu dibayarkan. Penghitungan nilai polis menggunakan metode prospektif menunjukkan terjadinya peningkatan nilai polis dalam periode awal pertanggungan polis lalu turun seiring meningkatnya usia peserta asuransi dalam periode pertanggungan., Financial risk from disability is one of the problems in Indonesia, especially for female workers. Stand-alone long-term care (LTC) insurance is one solution that can be used. In this academic work, LTC insurance products are modeled using a multi-state model based on the level of disability experienced by policyholders, measured by their ability to perform daily activities. Annual premiums are paid by policyholders under the condition of being healthy until they reach the age of 59. The policy value is used as a reference for benefit reserve if there is a transition in the policyholder's condition indicating disability for each state, which is then weighted. The calculation of annual premiums using the principle of equivalence shows a trend that the older the policyholder is when purchasing the insurance policy, the larger the annual premium that needs to be paid. The calculation of the policy value using the prospective method shows an increase in the policy value in the early policy period, followed by a decrease as the policyholder's age increases during the coverage period.
Keyword: premium, long-term care, multi-state model, policy value, stand-alone

Judul: Determination of Net Premiums for Long-term Care  Insurance in Dickson and Haberman-Pitacco Models
Abstrak: Seiring bertambahnya usia, kebutuhan akan perawatan dan pengawasan intensif menjadi semakin mendesak. Perawatan jangka panjang dapat menimbulkan beban finansial yang signifikan. Asuransi long-term care (LTC) dapat menjadi solusi dengan menanggung biaya perawatan jangka panjang, sehingga meringankan beban finansial keluarga tertanggung. Pada karya ilmiah ini, dilakukan penghitungan premi tunggal bersih dan premi tahunan bersih untuk asuransi LTC menggunakan model tiga multiple state, yaitu model Dickson dengan asumsi tidak ada peluang kesembuhan/one way, model Dickson dengan asumsi ada peluang kesembuhan/reverse, serta model Haberman-Pitacco. Premi dihitung menggunakan prinsip kesetaraan dengan data hipotetik yang melibatkan data sekunder. Hasil penghitungan menunjukkan bahwa nilai premi bersih untuk asuransi LTC dipengaruhi oleh model multiple state dan peluang transisi antar state yang digunakan. Nilai premi bersih untuk polis asuransi LTC model Dickson (one way) mencapai 19% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan model Dickson (reverse), sedangkan nilai premi bersih pada model Haberman-Pitacco jauh lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan premi bersih pada kedua model Dickson., As individuals age, the need for intensive care and supervision becomes increasingly urgent. Long-term care (LTC) can impose a significant financial burden. LTC insurance can provide a solution by covering long-term care costs, alleviating the financial strain on the insured's family. This study calculates the net single premium and net annual premium for LTC insurance using three multiple state models: the Dickson model with the assumption of no recovery/one way, the Dickson model with the assumption of recovery/reverse, and the Haberman-Pitacco model. Premiums are calculated using the equivalence principle with hypothetical data involving secondary data. The results show that the net premium value for LTC insurance is influenced by the multiple state model and the transition probabilities between states used. The net premium value for the Dickson model (one way) is 19% higher than for the Dickson model (reverse), while the net premium value for the Haberman-Pitacco model is significantly lower than the net premium values for both Dickson models.
Keyword: long-term care insurance, multiple state models, multiple state models, net premium

Judul: Heterologous Expression Of Endo-Β-Xylanase From Bacillus Pumilus Strain Bcrs-01 In Escherichia Coli.
Abstrak: Xylanases are glycoside hydrolase family 11 which depolymerise xylan in the plant cell wall, the most excessive form of hemicellulose. Endo-β-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are most important to breakdown β-1,4-glicoside bond of xylan to produce disaccaride xyloolygosaccaride (XOs) and xylose (monomer). Bovine rumen fluids have potential to obtain endo-β-xylanase produced of bacteria. The objectives of this study were to obtain xylanase producing bacteria and to express xynA gene encoding endo-β-xylanase from bacterium in Escherichia coli. Twenty nine isolate bacteria have been succesfully isolated from bovine rumen fluid in agar medium containing birchwood xylan. Isolate BCRS-01 bacterium was previously screened for the high production of xylanase. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, BCRS-01 showed high similarity (99%) to Bacillus pumilus (accession number NR043241). The crude xylanase had optimal activity at 55oC, pH 7.0. Furthermore, the crude xylanase exhibited broad pH stability from 4.0 to 10.0 and remained more than 60% and 40% of its activity after incubation at pH 4.0 until 10.0, respectively for 60 min. It also showed a stability at temperature 25-50oC since it retained 80% and 50% of its activity when incubated at 50oC or 30 and 60 min, respectively. The xylanase activity was strongly inhibited by Ca2+ and Cu2+ at concentration 10 mM, and as little as 1 mM for Mn2+. Therefore, this xylanase has potentially used as additive feeds in animal feed industry. The DNA sequence xynA gene encoded endo-β-xylanase was amplified and cloned into the expression vector pET-15by under the control of T7 promoter. The recombinant protein had succesfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. A protein recombinant of approximately, 26.7 kDa was observed on the SDS-PAGE analysis. Crude extract of recombinant endo-β-xylanase demonstrated activity of enzyme at 56 U mL-1 using birchwood xylan as a substrate at 55oC for 10 min.
Keyword: Bacillus pumilus, bovine rumen fluid, endo-β-xylanase, heterologous expression.