Judul: Determination Planting Calendar of Upland Rice based Water Balance of the Dry Land (Case Study: South Konawe, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi)
Abstrak: Dry-land agriculture is agriculture carried out on the land without the use of irrigation and water needs as a whole depends on rainfall. Source of water for dry land agriculture generally comes from rainfall and high rainfall distribution also determine the period of the cropping pattern in a year. Determination of the planting period can help increase the production of upland rice as dry land agricultural commodities and to minimize crop failure due to climate variability (El-Nino and La-Nina). Planting period is arranged as a calendar based on soil water content (KL and TLP) obtained from analysis of the water balance of the land. The region of South Konawe have different soil moisture content for each region. In normal years, the planting period ranging between 7-8 months. El-Nino phenomenon causes a shift in the early growing season and planting time periods experienced a reduction. Time of planting ranged from 6-8 months at the time of El-Nino. La-Nina phenomenon also causes a shift in the early growing season (more advanced than the normal year). Planting period ranged between 8-12 months when the La-Nina. In South Konawe region, there are some areas of stations that can not be used as a regional development and production of upland rice. This is because soil moisture content under field capacity.
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Judul: Delineation of Potential and Actual Rice Planting Scheduling in Lampung and West Kalimantan
Abstrak: Rice is the staple food for 95% Indonesian. As the population growth, the demand for rice is expected to increase at a rate of 2.5% per year (BPS, 2006). To meet this increasing demand, Government of Indonesian has planned and conducted intensification and extensification programs. However, inter annual variability of rice production is relatively high due the occurrence of extreme climate events. One approach to minimize the impact of extreme climate events is to determine appropriate cropping pattern and planting time as well as total area planting under different extreme climate condition. This study assessed appropriate cropping pattern, planting time, and optimal planting area for rainfed rice under dry, normal and wet years. The study was conducted in two main rice growing area of Indonesia, i.e. Lampung and West Kalimantan. The two districts contribute to about 3.9% and 2% of national rice production, respectively. Cropping system in lampung and west kalimantan depend on water availability, mainly is rice - rice – fallow. Based on 25 years of rainfall record, these two districts are sensitive to ENSO. The extreme climate events such as drought and flood are commonly associated with ENSO. This study classified the climate condition under three conditions, dry, normal, and wet years. Based on 30 years average rainfall data, wet year is a year when the rainfall is higher than 115% of the average. Normal year is a year when the rainfall is between 85% and 115% of the average, and dry year is a year when the rainfall is below 85% of the average. The classification is shown as isohyet, potential first planting , and cropping index maps. The isohyet map is used to determine the potential paddy plantation period during one year, the potential first planting map is used to determine the first time of paddy planting, and cropping index map is used to determine the crop rotation potential during one year. The first planting of paddy is based on water availability, when the rainfall during three decad is more than 150 mm. The three maps are then overlaid with land use map. The result is a database of potential planting scheduling of wet year, normal year, and dry year. This database is compared by the actual condition based on field research. Based on the potential and actual planting scheduling analysis in Lampung, it is concluded that the planting area in normal and wet years have not met its optimum area. Meanwhile, in dry years it has exceeded its optimum area. The actual annual cropped land is 64023 Ha, in wet years it increases to 130440 Ha, in normal years it 122133 Ha, and dry years is 56377 Ha. Lampung and West Kalimantan’s rainfall are sensitive to climate anomaly. It is concluded from the changing in first planting period and cropped land area potency during wet, normal, or dry years. The planting scheduling can increase agricultural production yield by giving information for first planting period, cropped land width potency, and crop rotation.
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Judul: Studi Histopatologi Organ Hati Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) yang Diinfeksi Coxiella burnetii
Abstrak: Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is a bacterial like organism that causes Query fever. The aim of this study was to describe the liver histopathology of hamsters after infected by C. burnetii intraperitoneally. Hamster were divided into two groups. All hamster liver were collected for histopathological examination using hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) and immunohistochemical staining (IHC). HE staining results in hamsters group I which were injected with C. burnetii’s antigen showed 3 out of 4 has granuloma which are typical of C. burnetii infection. All hamsters group II which were injected with hamsters group I’s spleen extracts showed granuloma in microscopic observation. IHC staining revealed all hamsters liver has positive result. Beside granuloma lesion, all hamster’s liver show acute hepatitis symptoms. The microscopic lesion of acute hepatitis showed the inflammatory cell accumulated in liver perifer, degeneration of hepatocytes cells, activation of lymphoid follicles, as well as congestion in small and large blood vessels.
Keyword: C. burnetii, granuloma, hamster, HE, histopathology, IHC