Judul: Analisis Morfometrik Kepala Pada Beberapa Subspesies Burung Dara Laut (Laridae)
Abstrak: This experiment was conducted to determine the size and body shape score of terns using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The measurement taken were bill length, bill width, bill depth, head width and head length. A total of 168 specimen of terns consisted of 79 specimen males and 89 specimen females were measured. There were differences in linear bill and head measurements among subspecies of terns (P<0.01). The discriminator of head size for all subspecies terns being examined was bill length. The Eigen vectors of the discriminator of head size in subspecies Anous minutus worcesteri was 0,975; Anous stolidus pileatus was 0,917; Chlidonias hybrida javanica was 0,746; Sterna albifrons sinensis was 0,931; Sterna anaethetus anaethetus was 0,983; Sterna bergii cristatus was 0,879; Sterna fuscata nubilosa was 0,875; and Sterna sumatrana sumatrana was 0,985. The discriminator of head shape of subspecies A. s. pileatus, C. h. javanica and S. a. anaethetus were head width, while the subspecies A. m.s worcesteri, S. a. sinensis, S. b. cristatus, S. f. nubilosa and S. s. sumatrana were head length. The Eigen vectors of the discriminator of head shape in subspecies A. s. pileatus, C. h. javanica and S. a. anaethetus were 0,882; 0,714 and 0,975 respectively. The Eigen vectors of the discriminator of head shape in subspecies A. m. worcesteri, S. a. sinensis, S. b. cristatus, S. f. nubilosa and S. s. sumatrana were 0,956; 0,742; 0,757; 0,922 and 0,728 respectively. Descriminator of size is influenced by the environment. Bill length as descriminator of shape indicates that the bill length is affected by habitat. Head width and head length are influenced by genetics. The Minimum D Mahalonobis distance showed the classification of terns into two group at the branching point of 3.6004, group A and B. Group A consisted of A. s. pileatus, C. h. javanica, S. a. anaethetus, S. f. nubilosa and S. b. cristatus. Group B consisted of S. a. sinensis, A. m. worcesteri and S. s. sumatrana.
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Judul: Karakteristik Ukuran dan Bentuk Kepala Burung Bayan-Bayanan (Psittacidae) di Indonesia
Abstrak: Burung bayan-bayanan yang tergabung dalam famili Psittacidae memiliki variasi morfologi yang cukup tinggi yang eksistensinya perlu dipertimbangkan karena telah memberikan kontribusi dalam keanekaragaman hayati di Indonesia. Burung bayan-bayanan yang tergabung dalam famili Psittacidae memiliki variasi morfologi yang cukup tinggi. Upaya penangkaran yang belum optimal dan perburuan liar pada burung bayan-bayanan untuk diperdagangkan dalam jumlah yang cukup tinggi; mengakibatkan penurunan populasi secara drastis. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai ketidakserupaan morfometrik berdasarkan ukuran-ukuran linear kepala diantara 13 spesies burung bayan-bayanan yang diamati. Ketidakserupaan morfometrik tersebut disajikan dalam bentuk dendogram melalui pendekatan jarak minimum D2 Mahalanobis. Ukuran dan bentuk kepala diantara 13 spesies burung bayan-bayanan yang diamati diperbandingkan satu sama lain dalam bentuk diagram kerumunan melalui pendekatan Analisis Komponen Utama. Data sekunder diperoleh dari laboratorium ornithologi Widyasatwaloka, LIPI-Biologi Cibinong yang meliputi tinggi kepala, lebar kepala, panjang paruh, tinggi paruh dan tebal paruh. Data tersebut meliputi spesimen burung bayan-bayanan berjumlah 234 spesimen. yang terdiri atas 128 spesimen jantan dan 106 spesimen betina. Jumlah tersebut menyebar pada 11 spesimen Loriculus stigmatus (tujuh ekor jantan dan empat ekor betina), 17 spesimen Loriculus galgulus (12 ekor jantan dan lima ekor betina), 22 spesimen Charmosyna placentis intensior (tujuh ekor jantan dan 15 ekor betina), 11 spesimen Cacatua alba (delapan ekor jantan dan tiga ekor betina), 12 spesimen Cacatua sulphurea occidentalis (enam ekor jantan dan enam ekor betina), 20 spesimen Eclectus roratus roratus (13 ekor jantan dan tujuh ekor betina), 13 spesimen Alisterus amboinensis buruensis (tujuh ekor jantan dan enam ekor betina), 13 spesimen Psittacula alexandri alexandri (dua ekor jantan dan 11 ekor betina), 13 spesimen Psittacula alexandri dammermani (enam ekor jantan dan tujuh ekor betina), 16 spesimen Psittacula longicauda longicauda (10 ekor jantan dan enam ekor betina), 24 Trichoglossus haematodus haematodus (15 ekor jantan dan sembilan ekor betina), 20 Trichoglossus ornatus (11 ekor jantan dan sembilan ekor betina), 27 spesimen Eos bornea cyanonothus (17 ekor jantan dan 10 ekor betina) dan 15 spesimen Eos squamata obiensis (tujuh ekor jantan dan delapan ekor betina).
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Judul: Detoxification of Cassava’s Acid Hydrolyzate by Activated Carbon Method for Bioethanol Production
Abstrak: Cassava is one of natural resources for carbohydrate that also available for bioethanol production. Starch and fibers hydrolysis maybe conducted on acid condition. The restriction in acid hydrolysis is 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and furfural formation, which inhibit yeast fermentation. This study applied two stages of detoxification, which are overliming and activated carbon adsorption methods for lowering HMF and furfural concentrations. In order to obtain tolerable amount in sugar solution, detoxification by activated carbon adsorption was done by concentration of 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% and duration of contact are 30 45 and 60 minutes. The results showed that overliming method decreased HMF and furfural concentrations 34.38% and 60.81%, respectively. Overliming followed by 5% activated carbon adsorption for 30 minutes produced the best sugar solution which has a lower HMF and furfural concentrations by 72.03% and 89.11%, respectively. Adsorption constants of HMF and furfural by 5% activated carbon were 0.044 g/min and 3,7 x 10-5 g/min, respectively. The concentration of ethanol produced was 5.00% (b/v) or 63.22% higher than obtained from detoxification by neutralization (NH4OH) which produced ethanol only 3.06%.
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