Judul: Study on erosion rate, c-sequestration and water holding capacity of various land
Abstrak: The objective of this research were to assess the level of run off and erosion, carbon sequestration, and water holding capacity in various types of land use in the Upper Jenneberang Sub Watershed. Transformation of natural ecosystems into agricultural ecosystems generally increase soil erosion. Soil carbon or organic matter is an important component of soil constitute as a function of soil quality. Soil carbon can enhance and improve the quality of the soil physical properties; it can increase infiltration rate, aggregate stability, soil structure, water-holding capacity, and in turn decrease run off and erosion. This study was carried out from December 2006 through March 2007 at the Upper Jenneberang watershed, Saluttoa Village, Tinggimoncong Sub District, Gowa District, South Sulawesi Province. Based on the preliminary study there were found four types of land used and were treated as observation units: 1) Natural forest, 2) Agroforestry dominated by gamal tree (Gliricidia sepium) (AF1), 3) Agroforestry dominated by coffee tree (AF2), 4) Maize monoculture. To meet the purpose of this research all experiment at units were arranged in Randomized Block Design. Data collected in this experiment includes soil physical characteristics (bulk density, permeability, aggregate stability, water holding capacity), as well as the rate of infiltration, run off and erosion, the amount of rain fall, total biomass, C-biomass content and watershed water holding capacity. Results of this study indicated that the rate of infiltration and the permiability were significantly higher on natural forest compared with other land utilizations due to its higher porosity and organic matter content. When convertion of the natural forest takes place, the agroforestry systems and maize monoculture significantly increased the run off and consequently soil erosion. The magnitude of run off were increased three times when the land use were converted into agroforesty dominated by coffee tree and increased seven times when it was converted into maize monoculture. The magnitude of erosion were increased seven times when the land use were converted into agroforesty dominated by coffee tree and increased eleven times when it was converted into maize monoculture. The biomass and C-biomass in natural forest were significantly higher than that in the agroforestry systems (AF1 and AF2). The total biomass and C-biomass of each type of land utilization were in line with the the total C-organic in the soil. The concentration of C-organic on maize plot was significantly lower. The activity of soil microorganism in the natural forest was significantly higher than that in agroforestry systems and maize monoculture. The magnitude of water-holding capacity of soil were decreased 21% when the land use were converted into agroforesty dominated by coffee tree and decreased 39% when it was converted into maize monoculture. Simulation analysis showed that the total water-holding capacity of the Upper Jenneberang Sub Watershed was as much as 795.4 mm or equal to 39% of total precipitation.
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Judul: Land use planning based on soil conservation: case study at the subwatershed of upper ciasem in the subang district
Abstrak: Subwatershed of Upper Ciasem is one of the important subwatershed in the Subang District due to its strategic role for rice field irrigation. The objectives of this research were to (1) evaluate existing land use based on land capability classification, (2) predict soil erosion using USLE formula and (3) set sustainable land use planning. The materials and equipments that were applied are existing land use map, soil map, slope class map, GPS, GIS, Clinometer, and Compass. The land characteristics data of this research are rainfall, soil physical characteristics, degree and length of slope, and land cover that were collected from each representative land unit. The research shows that dominant land use in the upper Ciasem subwatershed are rice field (33.95%), estate plantation (21.29%), mix garden (14.25%) and forest (13.35%), it indicates priority of economic scale. Land capability classification of recent land use, especially in dry land, mix garden and shrub in 15%-40% of slope are classified in class III and IV with slope as the limitation factor. Based on criteria of land capability classification, those land uses are suitable with its land capability, however, since slope as the limitation factor, soil conservation measures must be applied, such as strip cropping, contour cropping, contour ridges and furrows, and terrace. Soil erosion prediction on existing cropping pattern and land cover shows that generally soil erosion (A) is higher than tolerable soil loss (Atol) due to mainly slope factor and erosivity index (R). Thus, there should be an improvement of land use management by applying cropping pattern and agrotechnology properly. Farmers income from actual cropping pattern is not adequate to fulfil basic living requirement which is Rp 8.000.000 per household per annum, due to quite small farm size land without applying agrotechnology. In order to increase the farmers income, it is needed to improve cropping pattern and agrotechnology, aside from off farm income. In Regional and Arrangement Spatial Planning (RTRW), economic aspect has been still being the main consideration in the land use planning. In the long term of land use utilization, it is better to convert dry land and shrub into forest or mix garden. The direction of regional planning of upper Ciasem subwatershed is better to be oriented in developing of tourism, especially agrotourism and ecotourism.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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