Judul: Fortification of Calcium and Tocopherol to Improve Nutritional Quality of Beef Emulsion Product
Abstrak: Way to increase the consumption of beef is by improving the quality of beef products, especially in terms of nutrition. Beef can be developed into processed beef products that can provide one or more physiological effects beyond its function as a protein source (Murwani 2011). This can be done by adding functional ingredients, that is through the fortification of essential nutrients in processed beef products (Toldra and Reig 2011). The low calcium and tocopherol content in beef and its processed products motivate to conduct on calcium and tocopherol fortification in processed beef products. The study was conducted in two stages. The first stage was the basic formulation of processed beef product (PEDSNF) and formulation of fortified processed beef product (PEDSF). Determination the best PEDSF was done by hedonic test. The analysis which was conducted were physical properties (color and hardness) and chemical composition (moisture, fat, protein, carbohydrates, calcium, total tocopherol content). The second stage was in vivo test to analyze the protein biological value, calcium absorption and retention and liver MDA levels. The results of hedonic test showed that the addition of calcium and tocopherol did not affect the sensory quality of the product. Panelists still liked fortified processed beef product. The best PEDSF was beef emulsion product with the addition of 3250 ppm of Calcium citrate and 300 ppm of dl-α-Tocopheryl acetate. The results of color analysis indicated that PEDSF have L value (brightness) and a value (redness) higher than PEDSNF. Results of the texture analysis showed that the hardness of PEDSF was lower than PEDSNF. The level of calcium in beef emulsion product after adding calcium was increased by 70% and the level of total tocopherol of beef emulsion product after adding tocopherol was increased by 36%. The results of proximate analysis showed that the water, fat, protein contents of PEDSF were lower than PEDSNF while the carbohydrate level of PEDSF was higher than PEDSNF. The results of in vivo test showed that True Digestibility (TD) and Net Protein Utilization (NPU) of PEDSF were 93.0% and 87.2% respectively. This indicated that the high protein biological value of PEDSF. The results of analysis of calcium absorption and retention showed that intake of PEDSF enhanced calcium absorption (66.8%) and retention (66.6%). MDA level of mice group of PEDSF (67056.6 mmol / L) was higher than control group (19164.1 mmol / L). This meant that the tocopherol intake from diet PEDSF did not sufficient to reduce body oxidative stress.
Keyword: ortification, calcium, tocopherol,, beef emulsion product

Judul: The productivity and characteristics of meat from buffalo fed ration containing protected fatty acid
Abstrak: Buffalo meat sold in traditional market generally comes from aged draft animals. The meat is usually characterised by tough, dark in color and strong odor, and therefore less preferred by consumers. The quality of buffalo meat may be improved through fattening program. In the fattening program, buffalo may exhibit a considerable increase in the growth rate, also it produces better qualities of carcass and meat. Buffalo feed comes from forage and concentrate in which feed supplements can be added. One of the feed supplement is fish oil since it is rich in unsaturated fatty acids i.e. omega-3 fatty acids such as EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid, C20:5(n-3)) and DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid, C22:6(5-3)). EPA and DHA have a specific function and play an important role in growth, prevent various diseases such as heart disease, cancer and inflammation, and positively affect the body metabolism including the brain and retina development. In rumen digestion, both saturated and unsaturated fats undergo a process of fermentation and hydrogenation by rumen microbes which change them into saturated fatty acids. This can results in a high saturated fatty acid content of the ruminant meat. The high unsaturated fatty acids of the fish oil could be protected from rumen digestion through a chemical process known as saponification to form a dry carboxylate salt mixture (DCM). This allows the proctected unsaturated fatty acids of the feed to be stored in the meat. This research aimed to examine the productivity and characteristics of the carcass and meat of buffalo and cattle fattened on concentrate based ration containing protected Lemuru fish oil in the form of dry carboxylate salt mixture (DCM), which was rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The study was divided into three activities : 1) The in vitro study with the aim of examining the fermentation products from rumen fluid from buffalo and PO cattle given three different rations, which were K0 (forage+concentrate), K1 (K0+DCM) and K2 (K0+ fish oil). 2) The buffalo and cattle fattening study with the aims of examining the effects of swamp buffalo and PO cattle given rations withaout DCM supplementation (forage+concentrate) and DCM supplementation (forage+concentrate+DCM) on feed consumption, feed and nutrient digestibilities, growth performance, feed conversion, rumen digestion and rumen microbial profiles. 3) The characterization of carcass and meat studies with the aims of examining the carcass productivity and meat properties of swamp buffalo and PO cattle fattened on rations with and withaout DCM supplementation. The in vitro results showed that the supplementation of protected Lemuru fish oil in the form of DCM could protect the fatty acids from biohydrogenation in the rumen, although it could not increase the activity of rumen fermentation. The supplementation of protected Lemuru fish oil in to the ration of fattening buffaloes and cattle could increase feed consumption, concentration and proportion of VFA, and microbial population in the rumen. On concentrate based ration fattening, buffalo showed significantly (P<0.05) higher growth rate than PO cattle, because the buffaloes had significantly (P<0.05) higher dry matter consumption, eventhough they had simillar feed conversion and nutrient digestibilities. Buffaloes had significantly (P<0.05) lower dressing percentage and bone weight
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Judul: Iklim Pulau Bali
Abstrak: Curah hujan rata-rata bulanan di Bali berkisar antara 47 mm sampai 327 mm, dengan curah hujan maksimum jatuh pada bulan Januari dan minimum pada bulan Agustus. Total hujan setahun rata-rata di Bali 1901 mm. Pada muim angin barat, curah hujan di utara pegunungan relatif sama dengan di selatan pegunungan, sedangkan pada musim angin timur curah hujan di selatan pegunungan lebih tinggi daripada di utara pegunungan. Isohyet tiap bulan di Bali menunjukkan pengaruh ого- grafis terjadi di bagian timur P. Bali yang mengakibatkan di selatan pegunungan lebih basah daripada di di utara pegunungan selama musim kemarau (monsoon timur). Dari isohyet tersebut dapat juga dilihat bahwa potensi air tertinggi ada di bagian timur P. Bali ini khususnya di bawah kaki G. Agung. Musim angin barat di Bali terjadi pada bulan Desember sampai dengan bulan Maret, dan pada bulan April sampai bulan September merupakan musim angin timur. Musim panca roba terjadi pada bulan Oktober sampai bulan November. ..
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