Judul: Analisis korespondensi melalui pendekatan penskalaan dimensi ganda metrik
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari suatu pendekatan lain bagi analisis korespondensi. Dari suatu matriks data yang merupakan tabel kontingensi dua arah dengan jarak khi-kuadrat sebagai ukuran ketakmiripan antar profil,maka melalui penskalaan dimensi ganda metrik akan dapat diperoleh konfigurasi dalam ruang berdimensi rendah. Dari hasil yang diperoleh dapat dilihat bahwa jika konsep massa dalam analisis korespondensi dikaitkan dengan penskalaan d i -mensi ganda metrik, maka akan diperoleh konfigurasi dalam ruang berdimensi rendah, yang sama dengan yang diperoleh dalam analisis korespondensi.
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Judul: Analisis korespondensi melalui pendekatan penskalaan dimensi ganda metrik
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari suatu pendekan lain bagi analisis korespondensi. Dari suatu matriks data yang merupakan tabel kontingensi dua arah dengan ja- rak khi-kuadrat sebagai ukuran ketakmiripan antar profil, maka melalui penskalaan dimensi ganda metrik akan dapat diperoleh konfigurasi dalan ruang berdimensi rendah. Dari hasil yang diperoleh dapat dilihat bahwa jika konsep massa dalam analisis korespondensi dikaitkan dengan penskalaan dimensi ganda metrik, maka akan diperoleh konfigurasi dalam ruang berdimensi rendah, yang sama dengan yang diperoleh dalam analisis korespondensi. Sebagai penerapan penggunaan analisis korespondensi dipilih permasalahan dalam bidang ketenagakerjaan. Data yang digunakan adalah hasil Sensus Penduduk 1980 dan Survey Angkatan Kerja Nasional 1989 yang berasal dari Biro Pusat Statistik. Peubah-peubah yang diamati adalah peubah ketenagakerjaan (meliputi alokasi tenaga kerja menurut lapangan pekerjaan, status pekerjaan dan wilayah tempat tinggal Adapun satuan pengamatannya adalah propinsi-propinsi di Indonesia. Analisis korespondensi dengan baik menyajikan data Ketenagakerjaan hasil Survey Angkatan Kerja Nasional 1989. Berdasarkan hasil analisis korespondesi propinsi-propinsi di Indonesia dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelompok besar yakni yang berciri modern dan yang berciri tradisional. Semua propinsi di Jawa dan Kalimantan Timur tergolong berstruktur modern. Sedangkan selebihnya berstruktur tradisi- onal. Selama kurun waktu 1980 - 1989 propinsi-propinsi di Jawa pada umumnya mengalami penurunan proporsi tenaga kerja di sektor pertanian tetapi mengalami kenaikan proporsi tenaga kerja berstatus informal. Di luar Jawa terjadi kenaikan proporsi tenaga kerja di sektor pertanian. ...
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Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable