Judul: Performances of 1-8 Weeks Old Local Ducks Treated by The Ration Supplemented with Papaya Leaf Meal
Abstrak: Biaya pakan merupakan pengeluaran terbesar pada faktor produksi, berkisar antara 60-70%. Dalam rangka menekan biaya pakan, perlu dilakukan upaya meningkatkan efisiensi penggunaan pakan. Beberapa peneliti memanfaatkan daun pepaya sebagai feed additive alami, dapat merangsang pertumbuhan dan menurunkan angka kematian. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengkaji penambahan tepung daun pepaya pada pakan terhadap performa itik master yang meliputi konsumsi pakan, bobot badan, pertambahan bobot badan, konversi pakan, mortalitas dan income over feed and duck cost (IOFDC) selama 8 minggu. Penelitian menggunakan empat perlakuan dan tiga ulangan dengan menambahkan tepung daun pepaya level (0, 2, 4, dan 6%) ke dalam pakan komersial. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan tepung daun pepaya sebanyak 2, 4, dan 6% dalam pakan itik selama 8 minggu sebagai feed additive, mampu meningkatkan konsumsi pakan. Namun demikian, peningkatan konsumsi pakan tersebut tidak menyebabkan bobot badan dan pertambahan bobot badannya lebih besar, sehingga konversi pakannya menjadi lebih tinggi dan nilai IOFDC lebih rendah dari kontrol., The cost of feed is the most significant expenses in livestock production, 60-70% of the total production costs. Nevertheless, often the price of expensive feed does not match the expected results. There are many studies on natural feed additives that are used to increase the efficiency of feed use, stimulate growth and reduce mortality, namely papaya leaves. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of the addition of papaya leaf meal to feed on the performance of master ducks, including feed consumption, body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion, mortality, and income over feed and duck cost (IOFDC) for eight weeks. The study used four treatments and three replications by adding papaya leaf meal levels (0, 2, 4, and 6%) to commercial feed. The results showed that the use of papaya leaf flour as much as 2, 4, and 6% in duck feed for 8 weeks as a feed additive, increased feed consumption. However, the increase in feed consumption did not result in greater body weight and weight gain, so the feed conversion was higher and the IOFDC value was lower than the control.
Keyword: feed, feed additive, master ducks, papaya leaf meal, performance

Judul: The Effectiveness of Herbal Herbs in Drinking Water on the Performance of Peking Ducks 1–8 Weeks Old
Abstrak: Pemberian jamu herbal merupakan salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk memperbaiki efisiensi pakan itik peking, sehingga diperoleh pendapatan yang lebih tinggi. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji efektivitas jamu kombinasi kencur, bawang putih, jahe, lengkuas, kunyit, temulawak, daun sirih hijau, dan kayu manis terhadap performa itik peking yang mendapat pakan komersial ayam broiler umur 1 hari-8 minggu. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Itik peking sebanyak 150 ekor dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan yaitu (P0 = kontrol, P1= air minum + jamu herbal 0,5%, P2 = air minum + jamu herbal 1%, P3 = air minum + jamu herbal 1,5%, dan P4 = air minum + jamu herbal 2%), dengan 3 ulangan. Peubah yang diukur terdiri atas konsumsi pakan, konsumsi air minum, bobot badan akhir, pertambahan bobot badan, konversi ransum, mortalitas, dan income over feed and duck cost (IOFDC). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif. Berdasarkan tingkat mortalitas, konversi pakan, dan nilai income over feed and duck cost, penambahan jamu herbal 1,0% dalam air minum itik peking memberikan hasil yang terbaik., Giving herbal medicine is one of the efforts that can be done to improve the efficiency of feed for Peking ducks. This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of a combination of kencur, garlic, ginger, galangal, turmeric, temulawak, green betel leaf, and cinnamon on the performance of Peking ducks aged 1 day-8 week. The study used a completely randomized design (CRD). 150 Peking ducks were divided into 5 treatment groups, namely (P0 = control, P1 = drinking water + 0.5% herbal medicine, P2 = drinking water + 1% herbal medicine, P3 = drinking water + 1.5% herbal medicine, and P4 = drinking water + 2 % herbal medicine), with 3 replications. The variables measured consisted of feed consumption, drinking water consumption, final body weight, body weight gain, ration conversion, mortality, and income over feed and duck cost (IOFDC). The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. Based on the mortality rate, the efficiency of feed use, and the value of income over feed and duck cost, the addition of 1.0% herbal medicine in drinking water for Peking ducks gave the best results.
Keyword: peking duck, herbal medicine, Peking duck, performance, herbal medicine

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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