Judul: Perilaku Disolusi Ketoprofen Tersalut Rangkap dalam Gel Kitosan-Gom Guar dengan Alginat.
Abstrak: Modification of chitosan gel by guar gum hydrocoloid with glutaraldehyde cross-link is capable to coat drug as microcapsule. The release rate in gastric medium and intestinal has been studied by dissolution test. Dissolution result of chitosan-gum guar coated ketoprofen previously showed that the microcapsule shaterred at gastric pH so that the drug release was not restrained. Double coating of ketoprofen by chitosan-gum guar with alginate in order to improve ketoprofen release has been done in this research. A number of concentration levels of alginate and CaCl2 solutions were applied for optimation of coat performance. Test dissolution result of ketoprofen showed time effect to ketoprofen release through kinetic models of drugs release. In acid medium, a large part of coating formulas followed Korsmeyer-Peppas model, while all coating formulas followed Korsmeyer-Peppas model in alkaline medium. The mechanism of drugs release in this research is diffusion.
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Judul: Perilaku disolusi nanokapsul ketoprofen tersalut gel kitosan-alginat  secara in vitro
Abstrak: Modified chitosan has been used as coating agent. Chitosan-alginate gel is potential to be applied as coating agent in drugs delivery system. Dissolution result indicates that chitosan-alginate membrane is the best in coating ketoprofen, but the microcapsule is still too big to be used. This study used 9 formula nanocapsule ketoprofen dissolution coated by chitosan-alginate gel. The Tween 80 solution concentrations used in the process were 1, 2, and 3% (v/v). The maximum ketoprofen releasing rate was observed at the addition of 2% Tween 80 solution. Four ketoprofen releasing mechanism were studied, i.e zero order release, first order release, Higuchi, Hixson-C, and Koremeyer-Peppas. The kinetic model in general follows Korsmeyer-Peppas model.
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Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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