Judul: Infeksi Cendawan Entomophthorales pada Wereng Batang Coklat, Nilaparvata Lugens Stảl. (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) pada Tanaman Padi di Karawang
Abstrak: Padi (Oryza sativa L.) merupakan sumber bahan makanan pokok bagi penduduk Indonesia. Wereng batang coklat (WBC) Nilaparvata Lugens Stảl. merupakan hama penting pada penanaman padi yang dapat menyebabkan tanaman padi mengering seperti terbakar (hopperburn). Cendawan Entomophthorales diketahui sebagai salah satu musuh alami WBC. Akan tetapi, di Indonesia informasi mengenai cendawan tersebut menginfeksi WBC di pertanaman padi masih sedikit. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan keberadaan cendawan Entomophthorales dan menghitung tingkat infeksinya terhadap WBC dari pertanaman padi di Karawang. Manfaat penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi awal mengenai keberadaan cendawan Entomophthorales yang menginfeksi WBC di Indonesia sehingga sebagai salah satu acuan untuk pengendalian WBC. Sampel WBC diambil di Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian Perikanan dan Kehutanan (BP3K) Kecamatan Rengasdengklok, Karawang, Jawa Barat sebanyak 7 kali setiap minggu dan dimasukkan ke dalam botol berisi alkohol 70%. Selain itu, sebanyak 25 tanaman contoh ditentukan untuk menghitung populasi WBC di lapangan. Preparat WBC dibuat dengan media larutan lactophenol cotton blue. Preparat diamati di bawah mikroskop untuk menentukan keberadaan fase cendawan yang menginfeksi WBC, yaitu: konidia sekunder, badan hifa, konidiofor dan konidia primer, resting spores, dan cendawan saprofit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa WBC terinfeksi cendawan Entomophthorales. Tingkat infeksi tertinggi sampai 93%. Fase cendawan Entomophthorales yang ditemukan pada WBC adalah konidia sekunder, badan hifa, dan konidia primer. Selain itu, cendawan menginfeksi fase WBC dari nimfa sampai imago.
Keyword: populasi, stadia cendawan, stadia wereng, tingkat infeksi

Judul: Selektivitas Infeksi Cendawan Metarhizium sp. terhadap Hama Wereng Batang Cokelat Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) dan Predator Paederus fuscipes Curtis (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Abstrak: Wereng batang cokelat (WBC) Nilaparvata lugens Stål merupakan salah satu hama penting yang dapat menurunkan produksi padi di Indonesia. Tingkat serangan hama yang cukup tinggi dapat mengakibatkan tanaman puso. Di lapangan, musuh alami yang berpotensi menurunkan populasi WBC di antaranya cendawan entomopatogen dan kumbang Paederus fuscipes Curtis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji infektivitas cendawan entomopatogen Metarhizium sp. dalam menekan populasi hama WBC dan implikasinya terhadap kumbang predator P. fuscipes. Uji pendahuluan dilakukan dengan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi virulensi cendawan yang berasal dari WBC terinfeksi dari pertanaman padi petani Muara Bogor. Isolat murni cendawan infektif terpilih diujikan pada WBC untuk diamati tingkat keefektifannya terhadap WBC dan tingkat infeksinya terhadap kumbang P. fuscipes. Tiga konsentrasi suspensi cendawan yaitu 106, 107, dan 108 konidia/ml akuades disemprotkan pada setiap 20 ekor imago WBC yang baru eklosi, dan dua konsentrasi 106 dan 108 konidia/ml akuades disemprotkan pada setiap 20 ekor imago P. fuscipes. Perlakuan masing-masing diulang empat kali. Mortalitas WBC diamati pada hari pertama sampai 6 hari setelah perlakuan (HSP) dan mortalitas kumbang diamati sampai 10 HSP. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa cendawan Metarhizium sp. isolat CE 3 Muara efektif menekan populasi WBC ditunjukkan dengan nilai mortalitasnya pada LC50 berkisar antara 1.1 x 105 hingga 6.5 x 105 konidia/ml dan Nilai LC95 berkisar antara 3.2 x 108 hingga 8.2 x 108 konidia/ml. Semakin tinggi konsentrasi perlakuan cendawan Metarhizium sp. diaplikasikan, maka semakin cepat terjadi kematian WBC ditunjukkan dengan nilai LT50 pada konsentrasi 106, 107, dan 108 konidia/ml sebesar 1.6, 1.1, dan 1.2 hari, dan nilai LT95 sebesar 5.5, 3.2, dan 3.8 hari. Pada konsentrasi perlakuan 106 dan 108 konidia/ml, cendawan Metarhizium sp. nyata tidak infektif menyerang kumbang P. fuscipes, yaitu berkisar antara 1.3-2.5% dibandingkan terhadap inangnya WBC sebesar 52-95%.
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Judul: The construction of a rule to combine sentence graphs
Abstrak: Nowadays, people prefer to read an electronic article or text and it requires a short time to understand the content or substance of the text. This is due to time constraints and other activities are more important than reading. However, reading remains an important thing to do. This can be solved by making a summary of the text. Summary text is done by using the Knowledge Graph and carried through two stages, namely representation and simplification or simplification results representation. Representation of a text is carried out in stages because the text has several elements, ie words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs. Representation of text elements that have been researched are words, phrases, and clauses. The representation can be used to generate a representation of the sentence. Representation of sentences requires a rule so that everyone produces the same representation. Therefore, the authors conducts a study on a representation of the meaning of the sentence. This research aims are to create a rule to construct a sentence graph and a rule to combine sentence graphs. The benefit of this research is to provide the rules for constructing a sentence graph thus eliminating the ambiguity of the sentence. Knowledge Graph method is a way to describe or represent of human language that is more centered on the semantic aspects of the syntactic aspect. The Knowledge Graph consists of two components, namely concept and relationship. Concept consists of three elements, namely token, type, and name. Token is a concept that is understood by a person according to their perspectives; this affects token to be subjective. Type is a concept that has been agreed and it is considered as general information so that affect type to be objective. Name is an individualized concept and unique. Relationship consists of several types of relations, namely ALI, CAU, SUB, DIS, ORD, PAR, EQU, and SKO. ALI relation is used to connecting the token with the type. CAU relation is used to connecting the two concepts that have a causal relationship. SUB relation expresses a concept as a part of another concept. DIS relation is used to presenting two concepts are not the same. ORD relation is stated that two things have a certain order to each other. PAR relation is stated that a thing is an attributes (properties) of the other things. EQU relation is used to connecting the two equal or similar concept. SKO relation expresses dependency relationship between two concepts. This study uses a sentence that has a type based on the basic structure of the sentence, which is the structure of subject-predicate sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-object sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-adverb sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-complement sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-object-adverb sentence, and the structure of subject-predicate-object-complement sentence. Chronology of the research is as follows, (1) studying literature which is about the types of sentences, the Knowledge Graph methods, the application of the Knowledge graph methods, and the standard procedures for Indonesian language. (2) creating rules to construct a sentence graph, with the following steps, (2a) construct a sentence graph, (2b) test rules to
Keyword: a rule to combine sentence graphs, a rule to construct a sentence graph, Knowledge Graph, Sentence Graph