Judul: Revisi Marga Desmos Lour. (Annonaceae) di Borneo
Abstrak: Desmos merupakan anggota dari suku Annonaceae, yang dicirikan oleh bunga berdaun mahkota enam yang tersusun dalam dua lingkaran dan buahnya berbentuk tasbih. Di beberapa negara di Asia, Desmos banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai obat tradisional. Penelitian mengenai Desmos di Borneo masih terbatas pada penelaahan jenis serta perubahan nama, sedangkan penelitian mengenai peninjauan status berdasarkan bukti morfologi, anatomi, dan palinologi belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk meninjau status taksonomi Desmos di Borneo berdasarkan data morfologi yang dilengkapi dengan anatomi dan palinologi. Penelitian ini didasarkan pada data morfologi, anatomi, dan polen dari 73 spesimen herbarium yang disimpan di Herbarium Bogoriense (BO) LIPI Cibinong; Herbarium Wanariset (WAN) Samboja, Kalimantan Timur; Herbarium Singapura (SING); Herbarium Sandakan (SAN), Sabah; Herbarium virtual di Naturalis Herbarium (L), Leiden, serta menggunakan koleksi tumbuhan hidup di Kebun Raya Bogor, Jawa Barat. Pengamatan morfologi mengikuti metode standar untuk revisi dengan mengamati 80 ciri morfologi vegetatif dan generatif yang mengacu penelitian sebelumnya. Pembuatan sayatan paradermal daun abaksial dan adaksial dilakukan dengan metode Dilcher. Pengataman morfologi butir polen dilakukan dengan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Peta persebaran jenis dianalisis menggunakan software QGIS. Data morfologi dianalisis secara deskriptif, dibuat kunci identifikasi dan dianalisis hubungan kekerabatan berdasarkan kesamaan ciri morfologi, anatomi, dan butir serbuk sari. Lima jenis dan satu varietas Desmos ditemukan di Borneo, yang terdiri atas empat jenis yang telah dilaporkan sebelumnya, yaitu Desmos acutus (Teijsm. & Binn.) I.M.Turner, Desmos chinensis Lour., Desmos dunalii (Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Saff.; Desmos subbiglandulosus (Miq.) Merr. yang sebelumnya diidentifikasi sebagai Desmos dumosus (Roxb.) Saff., dan satu jenis termasuk rekaman baru, yaitu Desmos elegans (Thwaites) Saff., serta satu varietas yang akan diusulkan menjadi varietas baru, Desmos acutus var. longistipitatus. Kelima jenis tersebut dibedakan menurut ciri bentuk ujung daun, bentuk pangkal daun, kerapatan indumentum pada permukaan abaksial, ibu tulang daun serta tangkai daun, menonjol tidaknya venasi sekunder pada permukaan abaksial daun, posisi bunga, panjang tangkai bunga, jumlah braktea pada tangkai bunga, ukuran dan bentuk daun mahkota, bentuk penghubung ruang sari, bentuk kepala putik, indumentum bakal buah, serta ada tidaknya sisa kelopak pada buah. Data sayatan paradermal anatomi daun Desmos menunjukkan bahwa jenis-jenis Desmos yang ditemukan di Borneo memiliki variasi pada lekukan dinding antiklinal epidermis adaksial. Pola lekukan dinding antiklinal pada epidermis berpola melekuk (D. acutus, D. chinensis, D. dunalii, D. subbiglandulosus), dan meliuk (D. elegans). Pengamatan paradermal daun juga menunjukkan adanya kristal yang tersebar di permukaan abaksial dan adaksial daun. Ukuran dan letak kristal dapat menjadi pembeda antar jenis Desmos di Borneo. Desmos Borneo memiliki ukuran kristal abaksial yang lebih kecil daripada kristal pada bagian adaksial. Kristal Desmos umumnya terletak di dalam epidermis tetapi ada pula yang di dalam vakuola di dalam epidermis. Kristal tersebar hanya di beberapa sel epidermis (tidak semua sel memiliki kristal). Berbeda dengan hasil anatomi paradermal daun, butir serbuk sari semua jenis Desmos memiliki bentuk yang sama yaitu bentuk monad, spheroidal, dan ornamentasi eksin seperti duri dengan panjang sekitar 5 μm. Ciri ini dapat dijadikan ciri penting untuk mengenali Desmos. Desmos dapat ditemukan di seluruh wilayah Borneo yaitu Brunei, Kalimantan, Sabah, dan Sarawak. Desmos dapat tumbuh di pinggiran sungai, perbukitan, pertambangan, pegunungan, hutan primer, hutan sekunder, hutan
Keyword: Annonaceae, Borneo, fenetik, morfologi, revisi, taksonomi

Judul: Systematics of Desmos (Annonaceae) in Malesia
Abstrak: Desmos is a woody climbing genus of Annonaceae which has been widely used as traditional medicine in several countries such as China, Indo-China, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia to treat dysentery, vertigo, fever, and postpartum. Phylogenetic studies on Desmos showed a close relationship between Desmos and Dasymaschalon. They share similar moniliform monocarpic fruits, but their flowers are different. It has been debated among Annonaceae researchers whether both genera should be treated as the same or distinct genus. Therefore, investigation on the taxonomic delimitation of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon will be necessary. Plastid genome (plastome) identification, leaf epidermal section of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon species, a taxonomic revision of Desmos in Malesia using morphological data, the spatial distribution of Desmos species in Malesia, and morphological and genetic variation in Desmos chinensis population using ISSR marker were used to investigate taxonomic delimitation of Desmos. Plastome study of Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was carried out to determine the origin, evolution, phylogenomics, and identify marker candidates for Desmos and Dasymaschalon or with other genera in Annonaceae. We discovered that the plastome of Desmos chinensis was circular with the size of 167,677 bp (smaller than Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum), consist of 111 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 29 transfer RNAs, and 4 ribosomal RNAs. The plastome showed a typical quadripartite structure, i.e., large single copy (LSC), small single copy (SSC), and two inverted repeats (IRs). The plastome of Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was 191,488 bp in length, which also exhibited a typical quadripartite structure (LSC, SSC, and two IRs). Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum showed different copies of accD, ndhD, ndhF, rps18, and ycf2. Protein coding genes of rpoB, rpoC1, rbcL, matK, rpl32, infA, and rpl36 were identified based on nucleotide diversity, sequence variability, and parsimony-informative sites. The genes are defined as molecular marker candidates of plastome for phylogenetic, barcoding, and population genetic research. We predicted that Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum separated at ca. 64 million years ago during the Paleocene. Leaf anatomical feature study was carried to support the taxonomic delimitation of interspecific Desmos and intergeneric of Desmos and Dasymaschalon. Leaf anatomy in the paradermal section of 20 taxa (12 species of Desmos, eight species of Dasymaschalon) have been carried out. According to the leaf epidermal section, Desmos and Dasymaschalon are two distinct genera mainly distinguished based on the anticlinal wall undulation of epidermal cells and supported by variation of the crystal type and size. The anticlinal wall undulation of Desmos was almost straight to slightly wavy and never sinuous; meanwhile, Dasymaschalon varies from almost straight to deeply sinusoid. The crystals of Desmos consist of rhombohedral, druse type A, and druse type B crystals, whereas Dasymaschalon has prism, druse type A, druse type B, and druse type C crystals. The recent taxonomic revision using the morphological data was mainly based on the examination of about 1374 specimens from BO, L, WAN, ANDA, SING, SAN, K, P, HUH herbaria. The Desmos species in Malesia consists of eight species: D. acutus, D. chinensis, D. chryseus, D. dunalii, D. pedunculosus, D. subbiglandulosus, two new records: D. lawii and D. macrocarpus, and one
Keyword: Dasymaschalon, Desmoid clade, Magnoliid, plastid genome, phylogenomics analysis

Judul: Pemurnian dan karakterisasi protein inhibitor RNA helikase virus hepatitis C
Abstrak: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the second most common chronic viral infection in the world with global prevalence. This infection is contribution to chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, often leading to hepatocellular carcinoma. There is no effective drug and vaccine available against HCV. The current standard treatment, a combination of pegylated interferon-α with ribavirin, is limited by its suboptimal response rate in a significant patient population, side effects, and affordability. Therefore, development of effective drug is needed. One approach to find out the candidate of antiviral drug is to discover the inhibitor of enzyme that essential for virus replication, such as RNA helicase. Streptomyces chartreusis 5-095 produce the inhibitor of HCV RNA helicase. The aim of this study was to purify the protein inhibitor which has inhibition activity against ATPase activity of RNA helicase HCV from S. chartreusis 5-095. The supernatant of culture S. chartreusis 5-095 exhibited high inhibiton activity against ATPase activity of RNA helicase HCV (approximately 72%) at 10 days of incubation. The extracellular protein inhibitor was partially purified by procedures of precipitation with ammonium sulfate to 65% saturation and gel filtration (Sephadex G50) using methanol water solution (4:6) as an eluen. The purity of protein inhibitor was monitored by SDS PAGE. The protein inhibitor showed a relative molecular mass were estimated to be 14 kDa and increased the purity 23,08 fold than those of the crude protein. The specific activity and IC50 after purification were 13,1338 U/mg and 0,0767 mg/mL, respectively. The activity of purified protein inhibitor showed its stability over pH range from 5-8 and optimum at pH 7,4. The inhibition activity showed its stability up to 70% at temperature 100 oC. The purified protein inhibitor relatively stable its activity at storage in the range of -20 oC to room temperature for 35 days.
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