Judul: Anatomy of the Shoulder and Arm Muscles of the Malayan Pangolin (Manis javanica).
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui susunan otot daerah bahu dan lengan atas trenggiling, beserta origo dan insersionya untuk menduga fungsi dari otot-otot tersebut. Sampel yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah trenggiling yang telah difiksasi dalam formalin 10%. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan mengamati anatomi luar daerah bahu dan lengan atas trenggiling. Penentuan letak origo dan insersio masing-masing otot daerah bahu dan lengan atas trenggiling dilakukan dengan mempreparir otot-otot daerah tersebut untuk dapat melihat kelompok otot yang berada pada lapis profundal. Penamaan otot didasarkan pada Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria 2005. Otot-otot daerah bahu yang ditemukan pada trenggiling terdiri atas m. trapezius, m. rhomboideus, m. brachiocephalicus, m. omotransversarius, m. latissimus dorsi, m. serratus ventralis, m. deltoideus, m. supraspinatus, m. infraspinatus, m. teres minor, m. subscapularis, m. teres major, m. coracobrachialis, m. pectoralis superficialis (m. pectoralis descendens dan m. pectoralis transversus), dan m. pectoralis profundus (m. subclavius dan m. pectoralis ascendens). Otot-otot daerah lengan atas yang ditemukan terdiri atas m. triceps brachii, m. tensor fascia antibrachii, m. brachialis, dan m. biceps brachii. Secara umum trenggiling memiliki kemiripan fungsi otot-otot daerah bahu dan lengan atas dengan anjing yaitu sebagai hewan penggali dan Macaca sp. sebagai hewan pemanjat. Aktivitas trenggiling saat memanjat pohon diduga dipengaruhi oleh m. brachiocephalicus, m. latissimus dorsi, m. pectoralis descendens, m. pectoralis transversus, m. subclavius, m. pectoralis ascendens, dan m. deltoideus pars scapularis. Sedangkan kemampuan trenggiling saat menggali tanah diduga dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan struktur m. brachiocephalicus, m. latissimus dorsi, m. deltoideus pars scapularis, m. teres major, dan m. pectoralis ascendens.
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Judul: Anatomi Otot Daerah Bahu dan Lengan Atas Beruk (Macaca nemestrina)
Abstrak: The aim of this study is to observed the anatomy of muscles in shoulder and arm region of pigtail macaque, also to described the function of the muscles in relation with the type of terrestrial quadrupedal locomotion. Furthermore, the results were compared with the muscles in shoulder and arm region of longtail macaque and chimpanzee which had different locomotion type. This study used two pigtail macaques which had been preserved in 10% formaline v/v. The observation was conducted on the shoulder and arm region morphology of pigtail macaque. The muscles were dissected by four dissection into the skin. The location of origin and insertion of the muscles were determined by muscle dissection, whereas the muscles name were based by Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria 2005. Then, the results were documented by photography equipment. The muscles which found in shoulder and arm region were the panniculus carnosus, trapezius, rhomboideus, serratus ventralis cervicis, serratus ventralis thoracis, pectoralis transversus, pectoralis descendens, pectoralis ascendens, deltoideus, coracobrachialis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii, teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis muscles. In general, the muscles which observed in pigtail macaque were more similar with those of longtail macaque than chimpanzee. The pigtail macaque is terresterial semiarboreal species, whereas the longtail macaque is arboreal semiterresterial one. This matter was estimated because the behavior of pigtail macaque were similar with longtail macaque. The differences among pigtail macaque, longtail macaque, and chimpanzee were the celerity of the locomotion movement which estimated because the flexibility of scapula movement and the strength of arm. The flexibility of scapula movement in pigtail macaque was influenced by the trapezius, rhomboideus, serratus ventralis cervicis, and serratus ventralis thoracis muscles. The strength movement of pigtail macaque when climbed the trees were influenced by the pectoralis transversus, pectoralis descendens, pectoralis ascendens, deltoideus, coracobrachialis, teres major, and latissimus dorsi muscles. The strength movement of pigtail macaque when walked on the ground was influenced by the biceps brachii, brachialis, triceps brachii, and latissimus dorsi muscles. The shoulder stability of pigtail macaque was influenced by the teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis muscles.
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Judul: Approximation of the Median of Poisson Distribution Using the Relation of Poisson-Gamma Distribution
Abstrak: A major drawback of median is that median cannot usually be defined in closed form, even in the cases where their distribution functions are known. This study gives an approximation of the closed form for the median of the Poisson distribution by using the relation of Poisson-Gamma distribution. The approximation uses elementary techniques based on the monotonicity of certain sequences involving tail probabilities of the Poisson distribution and the Central Limit Theorem. Furthermore, a closed form expression for the mean absolute deviation 􀜧|􀜰􀰒 􀵆 􀜯􀝁􀝀􁈺􀜰􀰒􁈻| is also studied. The median is relevant because of the fact that it minimizes the mean absolute deviation of a Poisson random variable (􀜰􀰒􁈻 by considering median as central tendency.
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