Judul: Morphological Characterization of Leaf and Flower, and  Fruit Formation Citrus nobilis L. var Madu Derived from Endosperm Culture
Abstrak: Jaringan endosperma jeruk Siam Madu telah berhasil diregenerasikan menjadi tanaman jeruk triploid. Tanaman jeruk Siam Madu triploid diharapkan bisa memproduksi buah seedless. Penelitian bertujuan menginformasikan karakteristik morfologi daun dan bunga, serta pembentukan buah dan biji pada tanaman jeruk hasil kultur endosperma. Penelitian dilaksanakan di KP Pacet BB Biogen Cianjur, Laboratorium Sitologi Balithi Segunung, dan Laboratorium Kultur In Vitro BB Biogen Cimanggu pada bulan Agustus 2021-Juni 2022. Bahan penelitian berupa enam klon jeruk hasil kultur endosperma dan siam diploid. Penelitian terdiri atas tiga percobaan, yaitu karakterisasi morfologi dan anatomi stomata daun, morfologi bunga dan viabilitas serbuk sari, serta pembentukan buah dan biji pada tanaman jeruk hasil kultur endosperma. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa morfologi daun dan bunga dari enam klon jeruk bervariasi pada ukuran lamina, jumlah kloroplas, panjang pistil terhadap stamen, dan viabilitas serbuk sari. Kombinasi panjang pistil terhadap stamen dan viabilitas serbuk sari yang rendah mengindikasi adanya mekanisme pembentukan buah seedless. Perlakuan penyerbukan sendiri secara signifikan meningkatkan persentase pembentukan buah seedless pada klon jeruk triploid. Diantara klonklon yang diuji, klon TR47 berpotensi untuk dikembangkan menjadi klon jeruk seedless karena memiliki persentase pembentukan buah seedless yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan klon lainnya.
Keyword: number of chloroplasts, pollen viability, self-pollination, seedless fruit, triploid citrus plant

Judul: Pembentukan tanaman triploid jeruk siam simadu (Citrus nobilis Lour.) melalui kultur endosperma
Abstrak: Seedless fruit is one of the criteria necessary to improve the quality of citrus. Traditionally, formation of seedless citrus plant is difficult due to the barriers of sterility gametes which are owned by gene sources of seedless citrus to be transfer to Simadu tangerine. The formation of a triploid plant from a interploidy crossing could not be done because tetraploid citrus plants is not available. Triploid citrus is unable to form the fertile seeds, so it can be used as an alternative to the production of seedless fruits. In vitro, formation of triploid plant can be aimed by regenerate endosperm tissue that is naturally triploid. Shoots obtained from endosperm tissue expected also to be a triploid plant. The aim of this research was to obtain triploid Simadu tangerine derived from culture of endosperm tissue. There were four stages of research conducted to accomplish the research objective. Study of Developmental stage of endosperm tissue of Simadu tangerine. Research conducted to determine the developmental of endosperm tissue that could be cultured in vitro. Plant materials observed was a young fruit from 2 to 14 weeks after anthesis (WAA). The observation was made against fruit morphology, fresh and preserved slice of seeds. The observation was performed with a stereo and inverted microscope. The results showed that endosperm tissues could be isolated from the fruit of 10-14 weeks after anthesis. This tissue had formed cell walls and gradually form compactendosperm tissues and could be isolated and separated from zygotic and nucellar embryos. Induction of somatic embryogenesis and formation of triploid plants derived from varied developmental stages of endosperm tissue of Simadu tangerine (Citrus Nobilis Lour). Research conducted to obtained in vitro technique that could be regenerated endosperm tissue to forming triploid plants. A plant material was an endosperm tissue that was isolated from 10-14 WAA fruit. Endosperm tissues isolated with a binocular microscope with 40x magnification. The results showed that the endosperm tissues from 11-13 WAA could be induced the formation of embryogenic callus with best response shown by endosperm tissue that was 13 WAA and cutured on MS medium modified by MW vitamine. Mixoploid Calli was resulted from the endosperm tissues so the regeneration should be done by somatic embryogenesis. Somatic embryogenesis could be avoiding formation of mixoploid plants. Maturation of somatic embryos cultured on solid medium and 3 g L-1 phytagel without addition of plants growth regulators. Plantlets sub cultured on the same media with the addition of 2.5 mg L-1 GA for shoots elongation. Clonal Multiplication of in vitro shoots that regenerated from endosperm tissue of Simadu tangerine. The research was done to obtain the medium formulation and population of in vitro shoots that regenerated from endosperm tissue. Plant material was shoots that obtained from the somatic embryogenesis derived from endosperm of tissue. Shoots cultured on multiplication medium and observed formation of normal shoots and directly of adventives shoots. The results showed that the MT medium (medium for in vitro culture of citrus), was growth of abnormal shoots higher than a MS medium by vitamin MW modified. Addition of Kinetin, BA and NAA
Keyword: Citrus nobilis Lour, Simadu tangerine, somatic embryogenesis, citrus haploid plants, seedless citrus

Judul: Dynamic New Keynesian Model for Unemployment and Inflation Rate.
Abstrak: This paper deals with a scientific analysis of the equilibrium level of hiring, employment and unemployment. The basic model being used is a standard new Keynesian model, which states that utility function depends on consumptions and working hours. Utility maximization refers to a standard labour supply equation, with the marginal cost’s dynamics on new Keynesian model simply reflects movements in real wages and productivity. Furthermore, trade-off between output and inflation stabilization can be considered using the new Keynesian Phillips curve. Dynamic general equilibrium model is a model that can be used to study interactions between market imperfections and nominal rigidities, which is capable of overcoming the main shortcoming of the standard new Keynesian model. In the general equilibrium model there are three groups of the economy agents, namely households, firms and monetary authority. The results of this research science that bargaining processes between firms and workers will yield optimal wage. Increase in labour will cause wages to fall, but the unemployment rate can be reduced. An increase in the firm’s monopoly power will shift the labour demand curve downward, which will reduce the number of workers that firm is willing to hire for any given bargained wage.
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