Judul: Sintesis, Karakterisasi, Stabilitas Nanopartikel Ketoprofen Berdasarkan Jenis Surfaktan dan Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Secara In Vivo.
Abstrak: In this research, ketoprofen is used as a drug model in the preparation of ihitosan nanoparticles as a potential drug delivery system through ionic gelation wocess with tripolyphosphate (TPP). Suspension stability and characterization of 61itosan nanoparticles-coated ketoprofen prepared by ultrasonication, r+ &ntrifugation, and spray drying were analyzed. §: From the results of Particle Size Analysis, it was shown that the average ~rticle size and polidispersity index of chitosan nanoparticles prepared with oleic i id were 253.7 nm and 0.375 with drug entrapment efficiency of 73.30%, while ~o se prepared with poloxamer 188 were 242.94 nm and 0.302 with drug entrapment efficiency of 87.89%. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis ~owed that the nanoparticles shape, both prepared with oleic acid and poloxamer "lI£8, was intact spherical shape. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), & wever, indicated several differences between the spectra of chitosan and ~toprofen-loaded chitosan nanoparticles, for example, the peak at wavenumber ~41 cm-1 of ketoprofen-loaded chitosan nanoparticles showed P-OH group of ~P and a new peak at the wavenumber 1409 cm-1 indicated the presence of 'iectrostatic interaction between the carboxyl group of ketoprofen and the amino .group of chitosan. Chitosan nanoparticles suspension prepared with poloxamer 188 showed smaller increase in turbidity and viscosity than that prepared with oleic acid during 34 days of storage both at room temperature and 4°C, which indicates that chitosan nanoparticles prepared with poloxamer 188 is more stable. This stability characteristic is suggested from agglomeration occurred in both chitosan nanoparticles suspensions. Anti-inflammatory activity test of chitosan nanoparticles-coated ketoprofen was perfonned by obeserving the capability to reduce the swelling, or oedema, as a result of injection of 1 % karagenin on the foot pad of rats. The results of the test owed that chitosan nanoparticles-coated ketoprofen had anti-inflammatory ,S¢tivity comparable to the activity of the positive control (uncoated ketoprofen) in ~e same dosage dose, i.e. 43.92% vs 49.90%, after 5 hours of injection .
Keyword: Chitosan, ketoprofen, nanoparticles, oleic acid, poloxamer 188

Judul: Model Kinetika Reaksi Nanopartikel Ketoprofen Tersalut Gel Kitosan-Alginat Berdasarkan Uji Disolusi secara In Vitro.
Abstrak: Modification of chitosan gel by natural hydrogels such as alginate with trypolyphosphate (TPP) crosslinker are potential to be applied as good coating materials in drug delivery system. Most of the drug delivery system studied, however still in micro size. Therefore in this study, chitosan-alginate gel with TPP crosslinker was used to coat ketoprofen in nanocapsules by using spray drying method with variation of chitosan, alginate, and TPP concentration. The kinetic reaction model was determined based on in vitro dissolution test. The size of nanoparticles obtained in this study was about 220–8857 nm. The dissolution test showed that ketoprofen coated by chitosan-alginate crosslinked with TPP had controlled release in acid medium and maximum release in base medium. In general, the ketoprofen releasing kinetic model followed Higuchi, Korsmeyer- Peppas, and Hixson-Crowell equations.
Keyword: 

Judul: Breeding Season pada ternak domba
Abstrak: Breeding season merupakan suatu musim dalam suatu tahun dimana suatu jenis hewan menampakkan aktivitas perkawinan. Dalam periode satu musim, hewan betina jenis tertentu baik yang telah dewasa maupun yang baru mencapai pubertas memperlihatkan gejala berahi. Jika alat kelamin reproduksi domba betina sudah mulai berfungsi maka akan terlihat timbulnya gejala-gejala berahi, hal ini merupakan indikasi bahwa domba betina sudah siap untuk melakukan perkembangbiakan, tetapi para ahli mengatakan bahwa saat yang demikian belum dianjurkan untuk dikawinkan, oleh karena itu untuk mendapatkan efisiensi reproduksi yang baik, biasanya domba betina baru dikawinkan pada umur 12 sampai dengan 18 bulan, sedangkan untuk domba yang hidup di daerah subtropis dan di daerah dingin dianjurkan pada umur 12 sampai dengan 24 bulan. Periode berahi berlangsung selama 24-48 jam atau 30-36 jam, sedangkan ovulasi terjadi 12-24 jam sebelum berahi berakhir atau 12-41 jam setelah dimulainya periode berahi, dan waktu optimum untuk dikawinkan 18-24 jam sesu- dah permulaan estrus. ...
Keyword: