Judul: Characteristics Toothpaste  with Honeycomb Extract Addition as Antimicrobial
Abstrak: Pasta gigi merupakan produk farmasi yang digunakan untuk membersihkan gigi dari sisa makanan, menghilangkan plak gigi, bau mulut dan juga untuk memperindah penampilan estetik gigi. Bagian dari sarang lebah madu memiliki komponen senyawa yang berperan sebagai agen antimikroba yang dapat digunakan dalam pasta gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik produk pasta gigi dengan penambahan ekstrak sarang lebah sebagai bahan antimikroba. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga perlakuan penambahan sarang lebah dalam formulasi pasta gigi yang diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Penambahan ekstrak sarang lebah sebagai pengganti bahan antimikroba yaitu 0%, 5%, dan 10% ekstrak sarang lebah. Analisis fisikokimia didapatkan bahwa perlakuan penambahan ekstrak sarang lebah berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap nilai pH, viskositas, dan daya sebar, tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata pada nilai daya busa pasta gigi. Hasil analisis juga menunjukan bahwa perlakuan penambahan ekstrak sarang lebah pada sediaan pasta gigi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap uji mikroba total plate count. Akan tetapi menurut SNI 12-3524-1995, pasta gigi dengan penambahan sarang lebah pada penelitian ini telah memenuhi standar SNI., Toothpaste is a pharmaceutical product that is used to clean teeth from food debris, remove dental plaque, bad breath and also to enhance the aesthetic appearance of teeth. Inside of the honeycomb has different compound components as antimicrobial agents. This research was conducted to test the use of honeycomb as an antimicrobial agent in the manufacture of toothpaste products. This research used a RAL with three treatments of adding extract honeycomb in the toothpaste formulation which was repeated three times. Addition of beehives as a substitute for antimicrobial agents with three repetitions 0%, 5% and 10% honeycomb. Physicochemical analysis was found addition of honeycomb had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the value of pH, viscosity, and spreadability, but had no significant effect on the value of the foaming for toothpaste. The results of the analysis also showed the addition of extract honeycomb to the toothpaste had no significant effect on the total plate count microbial test. But according to SNI 12-3524-1995, the toothpaste with extract honeycomb in this study has fulfill SNI standard.
Keyword: Antimikroba, Pasta gigi, Sarang lebah, Antimicrobial, Toothpaste, Honeycomb

Judul: Toxicity and Remineralization of Tooth Enamel in Toothpaste with the Addition of Hydroxyapatite-ZnO
Abstrak: Pasta gigi merupakan produk oral yang digunakan untuk proses memperindah, membersihkan, dan melakukan pergantian mineral yang meluruh dari permukaan email gigi. Pasta gigi dengan kandungan fluorida paling umum digunakan, meskipun memiliki dampak lain seperti, fluorosis gigi, perubahan warna email gigi, dan toksisitas dalam tubuh jika penggunaan berlebih. Eksplorasi biomaterial pengganti fluorida dilakukan untuk memperoleh sediaan pasta gigi yang mampu meningkatkan efektivitas penanganan masalah multifaktoral karies gigi. Permasalahan multifaktoral karies gigi meliputi adanya gangguan substrat, gangguan mikroorganisme, gangguan gigi dan saliva. Hidroksiapatit diusulkan menjadi pengganti fluorida sebagai agen remineralisasi untuk mengatasi gangguan substrat dan gigi. Hidroksiapatit disubtitusikan dengan ZnO untuk mengatasi gangguan mikroorganisme dan saliva, kemudian dilakukan formulasi sediaan pasta gigi hidroksiapatit-ZnO sebagai solusi permasalahan tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyintesis dan mengkarakterisasi hidroksiapatit-ZnO dengan tambahan perlakuan sonikasi, melakukan formulasi pasta gigi hidroksiapatit-ZnO, serta melakukan uji toksisitas dan uji remineralisasi. Hidroksiapatit-ZnO telah berhasil disintesis menggunakan metode sol gel dengan penambahan metode sonokimia. Hidroksiapatit-ZnO dilakukan karakterisasi menggunakan X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR), dan scanning electron microscope (SEM). Ukuran kristal hidroksiapatit-ZnO sebesar 52,56 nm dengan persentase kristalinitas 70,07% berdasarkan hasil XRD. Hasil analisis FTIR menunjukkan pita serapan pada bilangan gelombang 445 cm¬-1 sebagai indikasi senyawa ZnO telah berhasil disubtitusikan dengan hidroksiapatit. Analisis morfologi senyawa menggunakan SEM berupa granular-granular dengan permukaan, ukuran dan bentuk lebih merata daripada hidroksiapatit-ZnO tanpa perlakuan sonikasi. Formulasi pasta gigi nanohidroksiapatit-ZnO pada formula 45% memiliki stabilitas fisik yang baik dibandingkan dengan formula lainnya. Pengujian sifat fisik menunjukkan bahwa sediaan pasta gigi nanohidroksiapatit-ZnO tidak mengalami perubahan yang signifikan baik itu dari segi warna, aroma, maupun konsistensi selama 4 minggu penyimpanan. Hasil ini menyatakan bahwa karakterisitik fisik sediaan pasta gigi nanohidroksiapatit-ZnO stabil selama penyimpanan. Uji toksisitas sediaan pasta gigi menunjukkan hasil bahwa sediaan tergolong tidak toksik. Uji remineralisasi menunjukkan peningkatan nilai rata-rata berat gigi, peningkatan presentase induksi mineral, dan terbentuknya lapisan sintetik baru, hal tersebut diindikasikan bahwa formulasi pasta gigi nanohidroksiapatit-ZnO memiliki efek remineralisasi email gigi.
Keyword: Hidroksiapatit-ZnO, Pasta Gigi, Remineralisasi, Toksisitas

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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