Judul: Fermentabilitas dan Kecernaan in vitro  Biomineral Dienkapsulasi
Abstrak: One of the waste product of ruminant digestive tract is rumen liquid. Rumen liquid is inhabited by microbes. Rumen microbes bind minerals as components for constructing their body. Rumen liquid can be processed into biomineral product; this biomineral product can be protected from rumen degradability by using xylose. The objective of this study was to evaluate the fermentability and the digestibility of the encapsulated biomineral (in vitro). This study was arranged in a factorial Randomized Block Design (3x3) with four replications. The first factor was source of xylose (paper waste, sawdust and hydrolyzed sawdust). The second factor was level of xylose source (2%, 4% and 6% v/v of rumen liquid). The rumen liquid was used as replications. Data were analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the differences between treatments were determined by a contrast and polinomial orthogonal. The results showed that the differences in source of xylose affected significantly the degradability of dry matter, the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter (P<0.05), but did not affect the ammonia and VFA concentrations and the degradability of organic matter. The degradability of dry matter, the digestibility of dry matter and the organic matter were significantly higher (P<0.05) in xylose treatment with paper waste than those with sawdust and hydrolyzed sawdust. There were no significant differences in level of xylose source treatments in all variables measured, but the result of polinomial orthogonal showed that the amonia concentration was lower at 4% level of xylose source than those at 2 and 6% level of xylose source. It was concluded that using paper waste at 4% v/v of rumen liquid was the optimum level in protecting biomineral based on its fermentability and digestibility (in vitro).
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Judul: Limestone and Zeolite Additions as Adsorbent on in vitro Fermentability and Digestibility of Rumen Fluid Biomineral Suplement
Abstrak: Rendahnya produktivitas ternak di Indonesia salah satunya disebabkan oleh rendahnya mineral yang terkandung dalam pakan yang dikonsumsi ternak. Melalui pemanfaatan limbah cairan rumen yang tersedia di rumah potong hewan, maka diciptakan suplemen biomineral. Biomineral telah diteliti memiliki kandungan mineral mikro dan nutrien lain yang tinggi dari mikroba rumen maupun pakan yang belum sempat terdegradasi didalam rumen. Biomineral dikenal cukup degradable di dalam rumen, sehingga perlu adanya penambahan bahan adsorben untuk menekan hasil degradasi dan fermentasi yang dikhawatirkan dapat membahayakan ternak jika berada di atas batas aman. Kapur (CaCO3) dan zeolit memiliki kemampuan sebagai adsorben dan dapat memperkaya kandungan mineral biomineral. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui keefektifitasan penambahan kapur dan zeolit terhadap fermentabilitas dan kecernaan suplemen biomineral cairan rumen secara in vitro. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui dua tahap, yaitu pembuatan biomineral perlakuan dan evaluasi in vitro fermentabilitas dan kecernaan biomineral perlakuan. Perlakuan yang diterapkan terdiri atas 5 perlakuan, yaitu: 1) A1 : Biomineral kontrol (tanpa penambahan), 2) A2 : A1 + Kapur 3%, 3) A3 : A1 + Kapur 6%, 4) A4 : A1 + Zeolit 3%, 5) A5 : A1 + Zeolit 6%. Peubah yang diukur meliputi konsentrasi amonia (NH3), konsentrasi VFA total, persentase degradabilitas bahan kering (DBK) dan bahan organik (DBO), dan terakhir persentase kecernaan bahan kering (KCBK) dan bahan organik (KCBO). Rancangan yang digunakan dalam uji fermentabilitas dan degradabilitas adalah RAK (rancangan acak kelompok) pola faktorial 5 x 4 dengan 4 ulangan. Faktor A merupakan perlakuan biomineral, dan faktor B merupakan waktu inkubasi (0, 1, 2, dan 3 jam). Peubah kecernaan diuji menggunakan RAK dengan 4 ulangan. Kelompok didasarkan pada pengambilan cairan rumen yang berbeda-beda. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan keduanya cukup efektif dalam meningkatkan fermentabilitas dan kecernaan biomineral dibandingkan biomineral kontrol. Keduanya mampu menekan pelepasan amonia, meningkatkan produksi VFA dan mempengaruhi degradabilitas serta kecernaan bahan organik biomineral. Meskipun keduanya belum mampu memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap degradabilitas dan kecernaan bahan keringnya dibandingkan dengan biomineral kontrol. Simpulan dari semua perlakuan, sangat disarankan dengan penambahan zeolit 3% dalam biomineral dengan waktu inkubasi terbaik pada 3 jam.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite