Judul: Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum Probiotic Supplementation on Cattle Rumen Fermentability and Methanogenesis: Quantitative Studi
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efek suplementasi Lactobacillus plantarum terhadap fermentabilitas dan metanogenesis rumen pada ternak ruminansia dengan mengintegrasikan data dari berbagai studi terkait dan menggunakan model matematis analisis regresi. Peubah yang diamati dalam penelitian ini antara lain total gas, emisi metana, pH, NH3, populasi bakteri dan total VFA. Data diolah secara analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi linier sederhana. Suplementasi probiotik Lactobacillus plantarum mampu meningkatkan jumlah produksi gas, total VFA dan beberapa produk VFA parsial meliputi propionate dan butirat, sehingga hal ini dapat menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan Lactobacillus plantarum mampu mengefisienkan proses fermentasi pakan di dalam rumen. Suplementasi probiotik Lactobacillus plantarum berpengaruh menurunkan jumlah produksi gas metan (CH4) dan proporsi asetat dalam rumen yang berasosiasi terhadap penurunan rasio asetat:propionat dalam rumen. Kata kunci : bakteri asam laktat, fermentabilitas, Lactobacillus plantarum, metanogenesis, rumen., This study aimed to determine the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum supplementation on rumen fermentability and methanogenesis in ruminants by integrating data from various related studies and using a mathematical model of regression analysis. The observed variables were total gas, CH4, pH, NH3, number of bacterial microbes and total VFA. The data was processed by descriptive statistics and simple linear regression test. The probiotic supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum was able to increase the amount of gas production, total VFA and some partial VFA products including propionate and butyrate, so this could indicate that Lactobacillus plantarum utilization were able to streamline the feed fermentation process in the rumen. Supplementation of probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum had an effect on reducing the amount of methane gas production (CH4) and the proportion of acetate in the rumen which was associated with a decrease in the ratio of acetate:propionate in the rumen. Keywords : fermentability, methanogenesis, lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum, rumen
Keyword: Bakteri Asam Laktat, Fermentabilitas, Lactobacillus plantarum, Metanogenesis, Rumen

Judul: Interaction of Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum with Various Feed Additives on Rumen Fermentability and Methane Gas Mitigation In  Vitro
Abstrak: Fermentasi rumen menghasilkan produk akhir berupa gas metana. Produksi metana menyebabkan kehilangan sebesar 2%-12% gross energy intake (GEI). Dampak yang terjadi harus segera diatasi untuk meningkatkan produksi. Penggunaan feed additive dilakukan sebagai strategi mengurangi kehilangan energi. Feed additive yang aman digunakan bagi ternak seperti probiotik, prebiotik, ekstrak tanaman, dan enzim. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi pengaruh penambahan probiotik Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), xilooligosakarida (XOS), XOS terproteksi tanin, enzim selulase, dan kombinasinya terhadap fermentabilitas rumen dan produksi metana, serta mengevaluasi interaksi antara probiotik L. plantarum dengan berbagai feed additive terhadap fermentabilitas rumen dan produksi metana. Penelitian ini terdiri atas dua tahap yaitu tahap persiapan bahan penelitian dan fermentasi in vitro. Tahap pertama yaitu penyusunan ransum, menumbuhkan probiotik L. plantarum dalam medium perlakuan yang dibagi dalam tiga perlakuan serta tiga ulangan dengan rancangan acak lengkap, dan produksi XOS secara enzimatis menggunakan enzim selulase dari Actinomycetes. Tahap kedua yaitu fermentasi in vitro menggunakan cairan rumen sapi Peranakan Ongole dan persentase ransum 40% rumput gajah:60% konsentrat. Tahap ini dibagi dalam empat belas perlakuan serta lima ulangan dengan rancangan acak kelompok. Parameter yang diamati di antaranya yaitu mikrobiologi probiotik, analisis oligosakarida, pH, konsentrasi amonia (N-NH3), volatile fatty acids (VFA) parsial, kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK), kecernaan bahan organik (KcBO), total gas, kinetika gas, produksi metana, dan populasi bakteri rumen. Data dianalisis menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dan Pearson’s correlation (r) serta perlakuan yang berbeda nyata (P<0,05) pada medium probiotik diuji dengan uji lanjut Duncan, sedangkan variabel fermentasi yang berbeda nyata (P<0,05) diuji dengan kontras Ortogonal yang dibagi menjadi empat kelompok perlakuan menggunakan SAS (Statistical Analysis System). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P<0,05) terhadap pH probiotik, asetat (C2), propionate (C3), isobutirat, butirat, isovalerat, rasio C2:C3, total gas, kinetika gas, metana, total bakteri, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Prevotella ruminicola, L. plantarum, Selenomonas ruminantium, dan metanogen, sedangkan perlakuan lainnya tidak menunjukkan perbedaan. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah penambahan 3,48% dekstrosa, 0,3% lisin, dan 0,3% metionin mampu menurunkan pH medium. Xilan dari pelepah sawit dapat dihidrolisis menjadi xilooligosakarida oleh enzim selulase dari Actinomycetes. Penggunaan 1% dan 3% XOS, 1% dan 3% XOS terproteksi tanin secara tunggal, serta kombinasinya dengan probiotik L. plantarum dan enzim selulase mampu menurunkan produksi gas metana. Kombinasi probiotik dengan feed additive terbukti lebih efisien dalam mengurangi metana., Rumen fermentation produces the end product of methane gas. Methane production causes losses of 2%-12% of gross energy intake (GEI). The impact that occurs must be addressed immediately to increase production. Feed additives are used as a strategy to reduce energy loss. Feed additives safe for livestock include probiotics, prebiotics, plant extracts, and enzymes. This study aims to identify the effect of the addition of probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), xylooligosaccharide (XOS), tannin-protected XOS, cellulase enzyme, and their combination on rumen fermentability and methane production, and evaluate the interaction between probiotic L. plantarum and various feed additives on rumen fermentability and methane production. This research consisted of two stages: preparation of research materials and in vitro fermentation. The first stage was the preparation of the ration, growing probiotic L. plantarum in the treatment medium, which was divided into three
Keyword: cellulase enzyme, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Methane mitigation, xylooligosaccharide

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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