Judul: Studi Waktu dan Optimasi Tata Laksana Kerja Pemanenan Kelapa Sawit di Perkebunan Waru Kaltim Plantation (WKP), Kalimantan Timur
Abstrak: Harvesting is the most important and burdensome work in the oil-palm plantation and production process. The optimization of the labor productivity is required to hire people as needed in order to efficiently labor productivity and minimize the cost of harvesting. The purpose of this study is to determine the standard time, comparing the standard harvesting time with other study location, determine the potential crop capacity, and determine the governance ideal harvesting work. Standard time for moving without 'angkong' (wheelbarrow) and moving with 'angkong' almost the same with a very small margin of 0.06 seconds. Potential harvesting capacities 'dodos' (shovel like cutting tool) was larger than the capacity of potential harvest 'egrek' (sickle like cutting tool). Results of the time analysis and working procedure optimization analysis shows that most efficient optimization in saving time harvesting is the fourth optimization where using the tool tomasun to eliminate the remaining stalk, integrating elements of work that may be done simultaneously, and eliminate avoidable delay. The harvesting work element that needs maximum period of a work element is picking up the scattering loose fruits 'brondolan'.
Keyword: harvest, capacity, optimization, palm oil

Judul: Studi Waktu dan Aplikasinya untuk Optimasi Tata Laksana Kerja Pemanenan Kelapa Sawit di Perkebunan Pasang kayu, Sulawesi Barat.
Abstrak: Working time of palm oil harvesting vary greatly in settlement, which will affect harvest quality and productivity of work. The purpose of this study wasto determine the standard time, the capacity of harvesting based on the standard time and to determine of harvesting working procedure based on sequential optimization elements of harvesting work. Results of the study showed that the harvesting time was influenced by the working conditions, such as tree height and land topography. Therefore, its necessary for time adjustment to working conditions. Work elements that require adjustment to the working conditions were the time element of Ve, Pr, Cu and Br. Time of harvesting on flat land was relatively shorter than the time of harvesting on rolling land. Meanwhile, the tree height affect the length of harvesting time. A better working procedure for harvesting oil palm way obtained by conducting empty displacement activities and identify ripe fruit simultaneously, and adapting cutting technology of rod cluster
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Judul: Tinjauan immunoglobulin dan peranannya dalam saluran gastrointestinal terutama terhadap serangan cacing
Abstrak: Immunoglobulin merupakan suatu glikoprotein yang terdapat dalam serum dan cairan jaringan. Immunoglobulin ini diproduksi bila sistem limfoid berkontak dengan anti gen. Immunoglobulin ini berperan dalam melindungi tubuh dari infeksi. Didalam tubuh immunoglobulin terdiri dari lima klas yang masing-masing klas mempunyai karakteris- tik dan fungsi yang spesifik yaitu Ig G, Ig A, Ig M, Ig E dan Ig D.. Diantara klas immunoglobulin, Ig G adalah yang pa- ling melimpah dalam serum darah dan strukturnya dapat di pakai sebagai model bagi immunoglobulin yang lain. Dalam saluran gastrointestinal, immunoglobulin da- pat berperan dalam sistem kekebalan lokal. Diantara ke- lima klas immunoglobulin, Ig A merupakan immunoglobulin terbesar yang terdapat dalam sekresi saluran gastrointes tinal. Hal ini disebabkan karena Ig A mampu bertahan terhadap enzim proteolitik yang terdapat dalam saluran gastrointestinal dibanding klas immunoglobulin lainnya. Agar dapat bertahan terhadap enzim tersebut Ig A dilin- dungi oleh komponen sekretori. Oleh karena itu struktur Ig A yang berada dalam serum berbeda dengan Ig A yang terdapat dalam sekresi saluran gastrointestinal. Ig A sekresi ini mempunyai kemampuan mencegah perlekatan bakteri pada permukaan mukosa saluran gastrointestinal dan dapat mengontrol koloni mikroorganisma yang secara normal terdapat dalam saluran gastrointestinal seperti Escherichia coli agar tidak membahayakan tubuh. Dalam resistensi terhadap virus, Ig A dapat mencegah replikasi virus pada mukosa yang merupakan tempat masuknya. Ig A memiliki dua subklas yang dapat dibedakan oleh asam amino pada rantai alpha () dan pada pengikat disulfida…dst
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