Judul: Potensi Antibakteri Campuran Propolis Trigona spp dan Garam  Kelapa Terhadap Streptococcus mutans
Abstrak: Karies gigi merupakan masalah kesehatan yang umum terjadi di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia. Faktor yang paling banyak menyebabkan karies gigi adalah plak gigi. Bakteri yang dominan dalam plak gigi adalah Streptococcus mutans. Salah satu bahan antibakteri kariogenik yang biasa dipakai dalam pasta gigi saat ini adalah fluor. Penggunaan pasta gigi berfluor dapat menimbulkan fluorosis yaitu pelemahan email gigi bila dipakai dalam konsentrasi yang berlebihan. Propolis dan garam kelapa merupakan bahan alami yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri pengganti fluor. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri dari campuran propolis dan garam kelapa dan membandingkan keefektifannya dengan antibakteri NaF yang terdapat dalam pasta gigi komersial. Uji aktivitas antibakteri S. mutans dilakukan dengan metode hitungan cawan yaitu penghitungan jumlah bakteri yang tumbuh di media sampel dalam cawan petri. Propolis kasar diekstrak dengan alkohol 70% dan didapatkan rendemen sebesar 8.52%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa campuran propolis 6.25% dan garam kelapa 1 M mempunyai kemampuan paling besar sebagai antibakteri dan dapat menghambat S. mutans lebih baik daripada NaF 0.3%. Keefektifan campuran tersebut terhadap NaF 0.3% sebesar 203.88%.
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Judul: Penapisan Streptomyces spp. Penghasil Senyawa Penghambat  Pertumbuhan Streptococcus mutans yang Diisolasi dari Plak Gigi
Abstrak: Pembentukan dan perkembangan plak gigi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri mulut seperti S. mutans, perlu dikurangi untuk mencegah kerusakan gigi dengan menggunakan senyawa antibakteri. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan penapisan 6 Streptomyces spp. isolat lokal yaitu IVNF1-1, PS1-4, PS4-16, PD2-9, SLW8-1, dan B56-2 penghasil senyawa antibakteri yang memberikan daya hambat terhadap S. mutans yang diisolasi dari plak gigi manusia. Daya hambat tersebut dibandingkan dengan daya hambat yang dihasilkan oleh minyak atsiri daun sirih dan natrium fluorida (NaF). Tiga dari lima isolat Streptococcus spp. mempunyai karakteristik S. mutans. Satu dari tiga isolat tersebut, yaitu S. mutans 4 digunakan sebagai bakteri target dalam uji antagonis. Dari 6 isolat Streptomyces spp. yang diuji, isolat IVNF1-1 mampu menghambat pertumbuhan S. mutans 4. Zona hambat filtrat kultur IVNF1-1 pada konsentrasi 0.50% (b/v) yaitu 2.12±0.18 mm. Zona hambat tersebut lebih besar dari zona hambat minyak atsiri daun sirih dan NaF pada konsentrasi yang sama, secara berurutan yaitu 1.75±0.35 mm dan 1.00±0.71 mm. Pada konsentrasi 1.00% (b/v), filtrat kultur isolat IVNF1-1, minyak atsiri daun sirih, dan NaF menghasilkan zona hambat secara berturut-turut yaitu 3.50±0.71 mm, 3.88±0.18 mm, dan 3.00±0.35 mm. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa senyawa bioaktif yang dihasilkan oleh Streptomyces sp. IVNF1-1 berpotensi sebagai agen kontrol pertumbuhan S. mutans 4
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite