Judul: Macam-Macam Antiseptika dan Mekanisme Kerjanya
Abstrak: Antiseptika adalah suatu substansi yang digunakan pada hewan dan manusia untuk membunuh atau mencegah pertumbuhan mikroorganisme (menghambat reproduksi dan metabolismenya ) dan penggunaannya biasanya pada jaringan hidup (pada kulit, permukaan selaput lendir dan luka luka infeksi). Antiseptika dibagi berdasarkan sifat fisik dan kimia. Secara fisik antiseptika digolongkan dalam bentuk cair dan sinar. Sedangkan berdasarkan sifat kimia, antiseptika digolongkan kedalam Golongan asam, basa, alcohol surface active agent, derivat coal tar, derivat wood tar, aldehid, halogen, agen pengoksidasi, golongan logam berat dan garamnya, derivat furan serta zat warna. Selain itu juga terdapat obat-obat yang tergolong dalam antiseptika saluran kemih, antara lain: Methenamin, asam nalidix dan nitrofurantoin. Secara umum antiseptika mempunyai daya kerja sebagai bakteriostatik, bakterisidal, fungisidal atau kadang-kadang sebagai virusidal. Mekanisme kerja antiseptika antara lain : inaktivasi enzim tertentu, denaturasi protein, perubahan permeabilitas membran sel mikroba, menghambat sintesa asam nukleat sel mikroba dan membentuk lapisan tipis yang mematikan disekeliling sel mikroba. ...
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Judul: Efikasi kemasan antimikroba berbahan kitosan
Abstrak: Kemajuan teknologi dan edukasi menyebabkan masyarakat semakin kritis terhadap keamanan pangan. Masyarakat sebagai konsumen, menginginkan adanya bahan kemasan yang ramah lingkungan serta tidak berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Pengemasan aktif merupakan salah satu solusi yang digunakan sebagai pengemasan terkini. Kemasan aktif ~nempakanb ahan-bahan yang dirancang untuk melepas komponen-komponen aktif ke dalam makanan, seperti antioksidan, antimikroba, aroma, wama, atau bahan-bahan lain. Kemasan antimikroba (m adalah kemasan yang bersifat seperti bahan antiseptik sehingga dapat memperpanjang umur simpan dengan cara menghambat kemsakan bahan akibat aktivitas mikroorganisme. Kitosan adalah turunan dari kitin yang mempakan gugus multifpngsi karena mengandung tiga jenis gugus, yaitu gugus asam amino, hidroksil primer, dan hidroksil sekunder. Kitosan memiliki kemampuan dalam membunuh bakteri karena memiliki polikation bermuatan positif yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri dan kapang. Kemampuan kitosan ini menyebabkan kitosan dapat diapliikasikan sebagai kemasan antimikroba. Kemasan antimikroba berbahan kitosan ini dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu alternatif pengganti bahan kimia berbahaya yang digunakan sebagai pengawet seperti formalim atau boraks.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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