Judul: Deteksi Penyakit Huanglongbing Tanaman Jeruk pada Tingkat Keparahan Berbeda dengan Uji Akumulasi Pati dan Polymerase Chain Reaction
Abstrak: Huanglongbing yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Liberobacter asiaticus yang di Indonesia dikenal sebagai citrus vein phloem degeneration (CVPD) merupakan penyakit paling penting pada tanaman jeruk yang menyebabkan tanaman mengalami gangguan translokasi hasil fotosintesis. Tanaman yang terinfeksi mengalami klorosis yang tidak teratur secara asimetris pada bagian daun. Gejala huanglongbing pada tanaman mirip dengan gejala kekurangan hara mikro. Penelitian ini meliputi pengamatan tanaman yang terinfeksi huanglongbing berdasarkan gejala eksternal di lapangan dan gejala internal menggunakan uji akumulasi pati di laboratorium. Keberadaan patogen juga dikonfirmasi dengan menggunakan teknik deteksi molekuler polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Tanaman di lapangan diklasifikasikan berdasarkan tingkat keparahan penyakit. Bagian tanaman yang dideteksi adalah bagian daun yang menunjukkan maupun tidak menunjukkan gejala klorosis dan bagian ranting. Tanaman dengan tingkat keparahan berat ditunjukkan dengan kerdilnya tajuk yang disertai klorosis daun yang eksesif. Sedangkan tanaman dengan tingkat gejala ringan memiliki tajuk yang normal, namun daunnya mengalami klorosis. Tanaman sehat memiliki tinggi tajuk normal dan daunnya berwarna hijau. Daun-daun yang mengalami klorosis akibat huanglongbing memiliki bentuk daun lebih lanset dibandingkan daun yang sehat. Daun-daun yang mengalami klorosis dari tanaman pada tingkat keparahan berat dan ringan umumnya disertai dengan terjadinya akumulasi pati pada bagian floem, namun berdasarkan deteksi patogen dengan PCR, keberadaan akumulasi pati pada bagian daun tidak selalu menunjukkan hasil positif keberadaan patogen. Deteksi patogen dengan PCR memberikan hasil positif yang lebih banyak pada petiol dan tulang daun dibandingkan pada ranting. Kepekaan deteksi ditingkatkan dengan pengenceran DNA hasil isolasi yang digunakan sebagai template dalam PCR.
Keyword: CVPD, huanglongbing, Liberobacter asiaticus, PCR, akumulasi pati

Judul: Optimasi Deteksi Penyakit Huanglongbing pada Tanaman Jeruk Menggunakan Teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction
Abstrak: Citrus is an important horticultural commodity with high economic value in many countries. Huanglongbing disease, or in Indonesia known as citrus vein phloem degeneration caused by Liberobacter asiaticus bacterium, is a major factor limiting citrus production in many Asian countries. The disease detection and diagnosis solely based on its symptom is sometimes not reliable since it resembles to those caused by nutrient deficiencies. Detection using polymerase chain reaction is an accurate technique for many plant pathogens including the huanglongbing causal agent. The research objectives are to observe huanglongbing disease of citrus, based on external and internal symptoms, in Bogor and to optimize PCR technique for detection of the pathogen. The disease identification and detection based on the external symptom showed that there was less specific character which correlated with pathogen presence in the sample. Symptom of the infected plants is leaf discoloration and deformation. The leaves showing symptoms of chlorosis, are smaller and more lancet than leaves without chlorosis symptoms. The results of detection based on internal symptom showed as starch accumulation in phloem are consistent with that of PCR. The optimization of detection using PCR showed that the most effective and efficient extraction method to obtain DNA template was a modification of Dellaporta et al. (1986) with extraction buffer concentration at 2 times. After 2 weeks period of storage treatment at 4 oC, Huanglongbing disease can still be detected by PCR, but its DNA bands showed inconsistency among three replications. The most optimum two weeks sample preservation is at 4 oC, whereas preservation with CTAB buffer still maintain the sample to yield DNA template adequately for PCR
Keyword: PCR., huanglongbing, DNA extraction, detection, CPVD

Judul: Basis of Social Theories for Social Enterprises: Integrative Literature Review
Abstrak: Social enterprise is a hybrid organization aiming to achieve economic and social values that exist as an effective mechanism for creating value in the form of society, economy and environment. The development of social enterprise is considered to have contributed in increasing innovation as well as being a mechanism for ensuring economic development that is in line with social justice. However, the development of theory and study of social enterprise is still lagging behind in practice. The social enterprise conception is a conception that is still considered as a "young term" category in the social sciences and has not shown clear consistency linking social theories to the development of social enterprise. This study aims to identify the basic theories of social enterprise and social theories for social enterprise with used an integrated literature review approach with data sources from Scopus and ProQuest. The results of the study found that socio-economic theory is the basis for social enterprise theory. This study also found the linkages of 7 social theories for social enterprise and the mapping of social theory architecture for social enterprise which is studied on classical and contemporary social theories.
Keyword: integrative literature review, social economic, social enterprise, social theory