Judul: Genetic Evaluation of TLR4 and CaLA-DRB Genes for Mastitis Susceptibility in Dairy Goats and the Response of Mastitis-Bacteria to Garlic and Black pepper Extracts
Abstrak: Mastitis is a bacterial disease that affects mammary glands of nursing animals. It results in serious production and economic losses due to costs attached to its treatment and loss of animals through culling. This study was aimed at evaluating TLR4 and CaLA-DRB genes for mastitis susceptibility in Saanen, PE and PESA using PCR-RFLP and also to investigate the antibacterial effects of garlic and black pepper extracts on mastitis causing bacteria. TLR4 is a transmembrane protein that recognizes PAMPs, convey signals into nucleus thus causing transcription factors that inhibit primary infection while DRB is a cell surface protein that recognizes antigens and present such antigens to T-cells and CD4. Allicin is an active ingredient in garlic; it confers antibiotic properties by interfering with the bacterial polymerase enzyme system thus inhibiting the formation of nucleic acids whereas piperine is an alkaloid that forms active ingredient in black pepper. Piperine alters the permeability of bacterial membrane and inhibits NorA efflux pump mechanism thus causing leakage and accumulation of extracellular substances into the cell which may cause cell death. A total of 68 lactating dairy goats; consisting of animals from Balitnak, Caprito farm, Cordero dairy farm and Bangun dairy farm were used in this study, the population consisted of both mastitic and healthy animals. Genetic polymorphism was detected by digesting TLR4 PCR product with AluI while DRB amplicon was digested with PstI and TaqI in two separate reactions. Antimicrobial tests were performed using agar well diffusion technique. The study found that TLR4|AluI locus was monomorphic and fixed with allele “T” in all breeds analyzed. Allele P had high frequency in PE (0.7069) followed by PESA (0.6900) then Saanen (0.6705) while allele T had high frequency in PESA (0.9205), followed by PE (0.8976) then Saanen (0.7188). DRB|PstI and DRB|TaqI loci were found polymorphic where Saanen exhibited most heterozygosity. DRB|PstI had moderate to high PIC in all breeds while DRB|TaqI had low PIC in PE and PESA. χ2 tests indicated that with the exception of DRB|TaqI locus in PE and in Saanen, all breeds were still in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently (80%) isolated bacteria in mastitic animals while Escherichia coli was less frequent (<30%), thus leading to decision that S.aureus is the main etiological agent in caprine mastitis. The study also found that all genotypes are susceptible to mastitis but genotype PP and TT are comparatively more resistant as compared to other genotypes since they displayed comparatively higher frequency of healthy animals against other genotypes. Antibacterial tests revealed that E.coli was more sensitive to garlic while S.aureus was more sensitive to black pepper.
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Judul: Studi Pustaka Potensi Pelbagai Minyak Nabati sebagai Antibakteri Mastitis pada Sapi Perah Laktasi
Abstrak: Penyakit mastitis dapat diatasi dengan pemberian antibiotik kimia, namun dapat mengakibatkan resistensi. Pemberian senyawa/bahan alami dapat menjadi pengganti antibiotik yang aman bagi ternak melalui ekstrak tanaman. Penelitian bertujuan menggali potensi dari pelbagai minyak nabati yaitu minyak kelapa (CO), minyak kelapa sawit, dan minyak wijen (SO) untuk dijadikan pengganti antibiotik mengatasi penyakit mastitis pada sapi perah laktasi. Penelitian dilakukan secara non eksperimental menggunakan 12 jurnal internasional yang di-review dengan fokus pada manfaat pelbagai minyak nabati secara in vitro. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa CO, minyak kelapa murni (VCO) dan minyak inti kelapa sawit (PKO) memiliki kandungan medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) berupa asam laurat yang tinggi, masing-masing sebesar 47,5% - 48%, 48% - 50,5%, dan 45,24% - 48,2%. Minyak kelapa sawit kasar (CPO) dan SO mengandung long chain fatty acid (LCFA) yang tinggi, namun rendah MCFA. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelbagai minyak nabati tersebut secara in vitro dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti antibiotik kimia dalam mengatasi penyakit mastitis yang disebabkan oleh Staphylococcus aureus, Escheria coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, dan Streptococcus uberis serta dapat digunakan sebagai suplemen pakan, atau untuk teat preparation dan perawatan ambing ternak perah ketika proses pemerahan., Mastitis can be treated with chemical antibiotics, but it can lead to resistance. Provision of natural compounds/materials can be a safe antibiotics substitute for livestock through plant extracts. This study aims to explore the potential of various vegetable oils, namely coconut oil (CO), palm oil, and sesame oil (SO) to be used as antibiotics substitute to treat mastitis in lactating dairy cattle. Research was conducted non-experimentally using 12 international journals, focus reviewed on in vitro various vegetable oil. The results showed that CO, virgin coconut oil (VCO) and palm kernel oil (PKO) had high medium chain fatty acid (MCFA) content in the form of lauric acid, respectively 47,5% - 48%, 48% - 50,5%, and 45,24% - 48,2%. Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and SO contain high long chain fatty acids (LCFA), but low in MCFA. It can be concluded that various vegetable oil in vitro can be used as chemical antibiotics substitute in treating mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Escheria coli, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, or Streptococcus uberis. Can be used as feed supplements, or for teat preparation and udder care for dairy cattle during the milking process.
Keyword: antibacterial, mastitis, MCFA, vegetable oils

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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