Judul: Karakteristik Pertumbuhan Bakteri Asam Laktat Indigenous Susu Sapi Segar Sebagai Kandidat Bakteri Probiotik Dalam Saluran Pencernaan in vitro
Abstrak: Functional foods in the form of probiotic yogurt serves as a food that provides health effects, especially in the digestive tract. This probiotic yogurt can maintain the balance the intestinal microflora, especially between beneficial and pathogen bacterials. Terms of the probiotic bacteria concerned to lactic acid bacteria that were able to survive at the digestive tract. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of lactic acid bacteria indigenous cow’s milk as a candidate of probiotic bacteria. Resistancy of lactic acid bacteria through different pH conditions, in presence of bile salts or antibiotics, were tested in the media that was conditioned as human digestive tract (in vitro). Lactic acid bacteria resistance was seen through a comparison of the original population before the treatment and the population after treatment. The results of this study, bacteria L. acidophilus Y-01, B. longum Y-01 and L. bulgaricus S-01 can be used as candidates probiotic bacteria because it survived in a pH condition (pH 2, 2,5, 3,2 and 7,2), the condition of bile salts, and antibiotics. Although the population of S. thermophilus S-01 and L bulgaricus S-01 decreased after treatment, all four of these bacteria also produce antimicrobial evidenced by the clear zone that formed around the supernatant. This antimicrobial activity showed inhibition to the growth pathogenic bacteria (E. coli, S. Typhimurium, and S. aureus).
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Judul: Karakteristik Ketahanan Bakteri Asam Laktat Indigenous Kefir Sebagai Kandidat Bakteri Probiotik Pada Kondisi Saluran Pencernaan in vitro
Abstrak: Functional food containing probiotic bacteria is potential for modification intestine microflora. The objective of this research was to assess the resistance characteristics of kefir indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) (LABs from kefir, Bifidobacterium longum Y-01 and Lactobacillus acidophilus Y-01) as probiotic bacteria through its ability to grow in gastrointestinal conditions such as pH conditions (pH 2, 2.5, 3.2 and 7.2), the presence of bile salts in the small intestine, its resistance to antibiotics (amoxycillin and chloramphenicol) and its microbial activity to inhibit the pathogenic bacteria growth (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028). The results of Gram staining and catalase assay showed that the three kefir indigenous LABs were not contaminated with other microorganisms. Three kefir indigenous LABs had good resistance in gastro intestinal conditions, as the population of all kefir indigenous LABs observed did not decrease when they were exposed to gastrointestinal condition. Kefir indigenous LABs were more resistant to chloramphenicol antibiotics than amoxycillin antibiotics. The antagonistic test of kefir indigenous LABs to pathogen bacteria showed that the three kefir indigenous LABs had a variety inhibition. The statistical analysis showed that different types of LABs had a significant influenced on the inhibition zone of S. aureus, E. coli and S. Typhimurium. Therefore, the three tested kefir indigenous LABs had potential characteristics as probiotic bacteria.
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Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf