Judul: Blood Examination in Subchronic Toxicity Test Combination of Bidara Laut Extract (Strychnos ligustrina) and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Phosphate (DHP) as Antimalarial
Abstrak: Kombinasi ekstrak bidara laut dan dihidroartemisinin-piperakuin fosfat (BL-DHP) terbukti efektif sebagai antimalaria, namun belum diketahui toksisitasnya. Penelitian ini merupakan bagian pengujian toksisitas subkronis pada mencit jantan dan betina selama 28 hari. Metode pengujian dilakukan berdasarkan peraturan BPOM RI menggunakan 3 tingkatan dosis yaitu dosis rendah, sedang, dan tinggi. Parameter pada penelitian ini berupa gambaran hematologi, biokimia, dan elektrolit darah dianalisis menggunakan one way ANOVA-Duncan test. Hasil gambaran hematologi meliputi eritrosit, hemoglobin, hematokrit, PDW, limfosit, dan granulosit berbeda signifikan dengan kelompok perlakuan kontrol, sementara pada kelompok satelit tidak berbeda signifikan. Gambaran biokimia darah meliputi SGPT dan SGOT berbeda signifikan pada dosis sedang dan tinggi, namun bersifat reversibel pada kelompok satelit. Gambaran elektrolit tidak berbeda signifikan pada kelompok perlakuan maupun satelit. Berdasarkan uji hematologi, biokimia, dan elektrolit darah, kombinasi BL-DHP aman digunakan pada dosis rendah (200mg/KgBB ekstrak bidara + 111 mg/kgBB DHP), namun perlu dilakukan pengamatan parameter lainnya seperti tingkat kematian dan histopatologi organ., The combination of S.ligustrina (bidara laut) and dihydroartemisininpiperaquine phosphate (BL-DHP) proved as effective antimalarial, but the toxicity degree is not yet known. This study is the part of subchronic toxicity test in male and female mice for 28 days and tested using NA-DFC guidelines with low, medium, and high doses. The parameters in this study, hematology, biochemical, and electrolyte features of blood, were analyzed by one way ANOVA-Duncan test. Hematological features include erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, PDW, lymphocytes, and granulocytes were significantly different from control group, while the satellite group was not significantly different. Biochemical features included SGPT and SGOT were significantly different at medium and high doses, but reversible in satellite group. Electrolyte features did not show significant changes in treatment and satellite group. Based on hematology, biochemical, and electrolyte test, BL-DHP is safe at low dose (200mg/KgBW bidara extract + 111 mg/kgBW DHP), but mortality rate and organ histopathology need to be monitored.
Keyword: antimalarial, dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine phosphate, hematology, S.ligustrina, subchronic toxicity

Judul: Differential Leukocyte Percentage of Mice After Infection of Plasmodium Berghei Treated with Combination of Strychnos ligustrina Extract and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Phosphate (DHP)
Abstrak: Plasmodium berghei merupakan hemoprotozoa yang menyebabkan penyakit malaria pada mencit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak bidara laut dan dihidroartemisinin piperakuin fosfat (DHP) terhadap persentase diferensial leukosit mencit yang diinfeksi Plasmodiium berghei. Penelitian ini menggunakan 100 ekor mencit yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yang terdiri atas kelompok kontrol, kelompok infeksi, kelompok yang diobati dengan 0,2 ml DHP 2%, kelompok yang diobati dengan 0,2 ml ekstrak bidara laut 3%, dan kelompok yang diobati dengan kombinasi 0,1 ml DHP 2% dan 0,1 ml ekstrak bidara laut 4%. Obat dan perlakuan diberikan setelah parasitemia mencapai 5% atau enam hari setelah infeksi (s.i). Ulas darah dibuat setiap dua hari sekali sampai 20 hari s.i. Parameter yang diamati adalah persentase parasitemia, penghambatan, dan diferensial leukosit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian kombinasi ekstrak bidara laut dan DHP memengaruhi persentase parasitemia, penghambatan, neutrofil, limfosit, dan monosit. Persentase parasitemia mengalami penurunan menuju normal dimulai hari ke-6 s.i. persentase penghambatan mengalami peningkatan dari ke-6 sampai dengan hari ke-14 s.i. Persentase neutrofil dan limfosit mulai kembali normal dari hari ke-6. Persentase monosit meningkat dari hari ke-2 sampai dengan hari ke-10 s.i. persentase eosinofil dan basofil tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh setelah pemberian perlakuan. Pemberian kombinasi ekstrak bidara laut dan DHP menunjukkan hasil yang tidak berbeda dibandingkan dengan pemberian tunggal ekstrak bidara laut dan DHP., Plasmodium berghei is a hemoprotozoa that causes malaria in mice. This study aimed to determine how a combination of Strychnos ligustrina extract and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine phosphate (DHP) affected the differential leukocyte percentage in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. In this study, 100 mice were divided into five groups, i.e., healthy mice, infected-untreated mice, mice receiving the standard drug treatment with 0.2 ml DHP 2%, mice receiving the standard drug treatment with 0.2 ml S. ligustrina extract 3%, and mice receiving a combination of treatments (0.1 ml DHP 2% and 0.1 ml S. ligustrina extract 4%). Treatments were initially started after reaching 5% of parasitemia or six days post-infection (p.i). Blood smears were made every two-day until 20 p.i. The parameters were observed for the percentage of parasitemia, growth inhibition, and differential leukocyte percentage. The findings demonstrated that DHP and S. ligustrina extract had an effect on neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte numbers as well as the percentage of parasitemia and inhibition. The percentage of parasitemia decreased to normal starting on the 6th day p.i. The percentage of growth inhibition increased from the 6th to the 14th day p.i. The percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes starting recovery on the 6th day p.i. The percentage of monocytes increased from the 2nd to the 10th day p.i. No effects of the treatments on the percentage of eosinophils and basophils. The combination S. ligustrina extract show no significantly different compared to the single administration of S. ligustrina extract and DHP.
Keyword: DHP, differential leukocytes percentage, mice, Plasmodium berghei, Strychnos ligustrina extract

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
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