Judul: DNA Extraction and Characterization of Salmonella's Lytic Bacteriophage Genome Pembimbing
Abstrak: Bacteriophages are infectious virus that can replicate only inside their specific bacterial host. Bacteriophage can be used as a biocontrol agent for a specific bacteria such as Salmonella and other applications. Understanding of their molecular genetics is important due to their potential applications. The objectives of this research was to study three isolates of Salmonella‟s phages and to find out the best method to isolate and characterize genomic DNA of the phages. Three different methods i.e. PEG/NaCl Method, Scraping plaque method and Enrichment Method were used to concentrate phages for genomic DNA extraction. Quantity and purity of extracted DNA was determine based on their optical density ratio of 260/280 nm and agarose gel electrophoresis. Genomic DNA size of the phages were determined using agarose gel electrophoresis with High range ladder as a marker. The best method to prepare bacteriophage concentrates for DNA genome extraction was enrichment method. This method had higher concentration and purity of extracted DNA. Based on DNA genome size, the bacteriophage genome of Salmonella sp were comparable with other study of Salmonella phages. Phage P15 with genome size of 39,5 kb was close to phage epsilon15. Phage P19 with genome size of 41 kb was close to phage ST160, and phage P38 with genome size of 48,5 kb was close to phage Gifsy-1.
Keyword: Salmonella, phage, DNA, Enrichment method

Judul: Bakteriofag sebagai Agen Biokontrol Salmonella sp. pada Makanan: Literature Review.
Abstrak: Salmonella merupakan bakteri enteropatogen yang dapat menyebabkan terjadinya foodborne disease. Infeksi yang disebabkan oleh Salmonella disebut salmonellosis. Bakteri ini merupakan salah satu penyebab utama penyakit diare di seluruh dunia. Karya ilmiah ini bertujuan mengevaluasi efektivitas bakteriofag sebagai agen biokontrol Salmonella yang mengontaminasi makanan serta menganalisis potensi pengembangannya. Metode yang digunakan berupa penelusuran literatur pada tiga pangkalan data elektronik yang terdiri dari ScienceDirect, PubMed dan Google Scholar dengan menggunakan kata kunci. Artikel yang didapat digolongkan pada kategori inklusi dan eklusi. Judul, abstrak dan keseluruhan isi artikel yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi disertakan sebagai data penelitian. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, penggunaan bakteriofag mampu menghambat populasi bakteri pada makanan. Bakteriofag di isolasi dari berbagai tempat seperti limbah peternakan, perairan, tanah, anggota tubuh dan kotoran hewan. Bakteriofag yang didapat berasal dari famili Myoviridae, Sipoviridae dan Podoviridae. Bakteriofag dapat diaplikasikan dalam bentuk fag tunggal maupun campuran. Fag campuran dengan berbagai reseptor merupakan cara yang digunakan untuk mencegah munculnya sifat resistensi. Fag campuran sudah tersedia dalam bentuk komersial dan berpotensi besar untuk terus dikembangkan. Namun penggunaan bakteriofag masih terhambat penerimaan konsumen dan standarisasi konsentrasi yang efektif. Pengujian secara in vivo pada organisme model menunjukkan penggunaan fag tidak mengganggu proses fisiologi pada hewan uji., Salmonella is an enteropathogenic that can cause foodborne disease. Infection caused by Salmonella is known as salmonellosis. Salmonella is 1 of 4 main causes of diarrheal disease worldwide. This study aimeds to evaluate the effectiveness of bacteriophages as biocontrol agents for Salmonella contaminating food and to analyze the potential for its development. The method used is a literature search on three electronic databases consisting of ScienceDirect, PubMed and Google Scholar. The collected articles were then classified into inclusion and exclusion categories. Based on the results of the analysis, the use of bacteriophages is able to inhibit the bacterial population in food. Bacteriophages could be isolated from various places. Commonly, the bacteriophages were identified as the Myoviridae, Sipoviridae and Podoviridae families. They could be used in the form of single or mixed phages. Mixed phage with various receptors is a method used to prevent the emergence of resistance properties. Mixed phages are commercially available and have great potential for further development. However, the use of bacteriophages is still hampered by consumer acceptance and effective concentration standardization. In vivo study on model organisms showed that the use of phages did not result in significant changes in animal conditions.
Keyword: foodborne disease, resistance, salmonellosis

Judul: Pengaruh Krisis Ekonomi Terhadap Harga Jual Dan Jumlah Permintaan Kayu Gergajian Jati (Tectonn grandis L.F) Produksi Penggergajian Mesin Saradan Perum Perhutani Unit II Jawa Timur
Abstrak: Krisis ekonomi di negara-negara Asia khususnya Indonesia mulai terjadi pada bulan Juli tahun 1997. Krisis ekonomi dimulai dengan melemahnya nilai tukar mata uang rupiah terhadap mata uang dollar Amerika selanjutnya terjadi kenaikan harga bahan baku dan bahan pembantu yang masih tergantung dari impor, kenaikan bahan untuk pemeliharaan alat, pemutusan hubungan kerja dan penurunan permintaan terhadap suatu produk. Menurut laporan majalan bulanan ITTO (Il~ternatioi~al Tropical Timber Orgmzizatiot~)h, arga kayu gergajian Indonesia jenis Meranti lebih tinggi pada saat tejadinya krisis ekonomi yaitu > Rp 730.075/m3 dibandingkan pada saat sebelum krisis ekonomi yaitu Rp 649.600/m3.
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