Judul: Tropospheric Ozone Formation a Systematic Literature Review
Abstrak: Ozon permukaan merupakan merupakan salah satu polutan udara yang memiliki dampak buruk terhadap vegetasi dan kesehatan manusia serta berperan sebagai gas rumah kaca. Keberadaan ozon permukaan berasal dari rangkaian proses fotolisis ozon stratosfer dan juga reaksi kimia dengan polutan lain di troposfer. Pembentukan ozon permukaan dipengaruhi oleh faktor meteorologi terutama insolasi matahari dan konsentrasi prekursornya antara lain NOx, HOx, dan VOCs. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas secara komprehensif proses pembentukan ozon permukaan meliputi faktor meteorologi yang mempengaruhi pembentukan ozon permukaan, peran prekursor terhadap reaksi kimia pembentukan ozon, dan perilaku ozon permukaan secara diurnal terutama dalam fenomena peningkatan konsentrasi ozon di malam hari dan dampaknya terhadap proses kimia atmosfer. Metode berbasis tinjauan pustaka sistematis (systematic literature review) digunakan untuk mengumpulkan informasi dari literatur-literatur terkait. PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) dan PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis) digunakan untuk menentukan kata kunci pencarian dan ekstraksi informasi. Faktor meteorologi terutama insolasi matahari berperan dalam keberlangsungan reaksi pembentukan ozon permukaan, mekanisme reaksi kimia pembentukan ozon dipengaruhi oleh gas-gas prekursor diantaranya HOx, NOx, dan VOC. Ketika insolasi matahari minimum seharusnya terjadi penurunan konsentrasi ozon, namun pada beberapa kasus terjadi peningkatan konsentrasi ozon yang disebut Nocturnal Ozone Enchanchement (NOE). Fenomena peningkatan konsentrasi ozon di malam hari disebabkan oleh faktor utama peningkatan proses vertical mixing dan long range transport., Surface ozone (O3) is one of the air pollutants that has a negative impact on vegetation and human health and acts as a greenhouse gas. Surface ozone comes from a series of stratospheric ozone photolysis processes and chemical reactions with other pollutants in the troposphere. The formation of surface ozone is influenced by meteorological factors, especially solar radiation and the precursors which include NOx, HOx, and VOCs. This study aims to comprehensively discuss the process of surface ozone formation including meteorological factors affecting surface ozone formation, the role of precursors to ozone formation chemical reactions, and the diurnal behavior of surface ozone especially in the phenomenon of increasing ozone concentrations at night and its impact on atmospheric chemical processes. The systematic literature review based method is used to collect information from related literature. PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis) are used to determine search keywords and information extraction. Meteorological factors, especially solar insolation play a role in the continuity of the surface ozone formation reaction. The chemical reaction mechanism for ozone formation is influenced by precursor gases including HOx, NOx, and VOC. When minimum solar insolation there should be a decrease in ozone concentration, but in some cases there is an increase in ozone concentration which is called Nocturnal Ozone Enhancement (NOE). The phenomenon of increasing ozone concentration at night is caused by the main factor of increasing vertical mixing and long range transport processes.
Keyword: nocturnal ozone, ozone formation, ozone precursors, surface ozone

Judul: Surface Ozone Concentration and Relations to Ozone Precursor Concentration and Meteorological Factors Case Study: Bogor City.
Abstrak: Kualitas udara Kota Bogor dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas manusia. Hal ini menyebabkan peningkatan konsentrasi polutan di udara, diantaranya adalah O3 yang merupakan polutan sekunder. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis prekursor dan faktor meteorologi yang paling berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan O3 di atmosfer. Metode yang digunakan adalah analisis korelasi pearson. Periode waktu yang digunakan adalah curah hujan rendah dan curah hujan tinggi yang diwakili oleh bulan April 2022 dan Maret 2023. Prekursor ozon yang digunakan adalah NO, NO2, dan CO, sedangkan faktor meteorologi yang digunakan adalah suhu udara, kelembaban, kecepatan dan arah angin. Koefisien korelasi NO, NO2 dan CO pada curah hujan tinggi (r = -0,641; r = 0,122; r = -0,077) dan curah hujan rendah (r = -0,446; r = 0,167; r = -0,143). Koefisien korelasi suhu udara, kelembaban, dan kecepatan angin pada curah hujan tinggi (r = 0,631; r = -0,503; r = 0,283) dan curah hujan rendah (r = 0,599; r = -0,470; r = 0,223). NO merupakan prekursor O3 yang memiliki hubungan kuat pada curah hujan rendah (r = -0,446) dan curah hujan tinggi (r = -0,641). Suhu udara merupakan faktor meteorologi yang berhubungan kuat pada curah hujan rendah (r = 0,599) dan curah hujan tinggi (r = 0,631)., Bogor City's air quality is influenced by human activities. This causes an increase in the concentration of pollutants in the air, including O3 which is a secondary pollutant. This study aims to analyse the precursors and meteorological factors that have the most influence on the formation of O3 in the atmosphere. The method used was Pearson correlation analysis. The time period used is low rainfall and high rainfall represented by April 2022 and March 2023. The ozone precursors used are NO, NO2, and CO, while the meteorological factors used are air temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction. The correlation coefficients of NO, NO2 and CO at high rainfall (r = -0.641; r = 0.122; r = -0.077) and low rainfall (r = -0.446; r = 0.167; r = -0.143). The correlation coefficient of air temperature, humidity, and wind speed in high rainfall (r = 0.631; r = -0.503; r = 0.283) and low rainfall (r = 0.599; r = -0.470; r = 0.223). NO is a precursor of O3 which has a strong relation in low rainfall (r = -0.446) and high rainfall (r = -0.641). Air temperature is a meteorological factor that is strong relation with low rainfall (r = 0.599) and high rainfall (r = 0.631)., ,
Keyword: Atmosfer, Faktor Meteorologi, Ozon, Polutan, Prekursor

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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