Judul: Optimasi pembuatan yogurt dari susu skim dan minyak kelapa sawit
Abstrak: Yogurt telah dikenal sebagai salah satu makanan multifungsional yang sangat penting peranannya bagi kesehatan manusia. Namun sayangnya, nilai ekonomis yogurt di Indonesia relatif cukup tinggi, schingga hanya dikonsumsi oleh lapisan masyarakat tertentu. Perlunya perluasan segmentasi pasar dan tingkat persaingan yang semakin ketat menuntut adanya efisiensi baik proses produksi maupun penggunaan bahan. Teknik riset operasional sangat diperlukan untuk membantu mengambil keputusan dalam mengalokasikan sumber daya yang terbatas. Salah satu alternatifnya adalah pembuatan yogurt dari susu skim dan minyak kelapa sawit. Pada penelitian pendahuluan, yogurt dibuat dari susu segar dengan penambahan susu skim 2.5 persen dan gula pasir sebanyak tiga persen digunakan untuk menentukan lama fermentasi dan persentase penambahan kultur starter Lactobaillus bulgaricus dan Streptococcus thermophilus dengan perbandingan 1:1. Hasil yang optimal dicapai dengan penambahan persentase kultur starter sebanyak dua persen dan lama fermentasi selama tiga jam. Yogurt yang dihasilkan pada kondisi ini mempunyai pH 4.33 dan total asam 0.97 persen. Kondisi ini digunakan untuk mempelajari pembuatan yogurt dari susu skim dan minyak kelapa sawit. Komposisi masing-masing sebesar 9, 11, dan 13 persen untuk susu skim dan minyak kelapa sawit sebesar 1, 2, dan 3 persen. Hasil penilaian organoleptik menggunakan uji hedonik menunjukkan panelis cenderung menyukai yogurt yang dibuat dari susu skim dengan komposisi sembilan persen dan minyak kelapa sawit sebesar satu persen. Penggunaan susu skim berpengaruh terhadap total asam dan pH yogurt. Penggunaan minyak kelapa sawit dengan komposisi yang berbeda kurang berpengaruh terhadap bilangan asam yogurt. Pengggunaan komposisi susu skim dan minyak kelapa sawit yang berbeda sangat berpengaruh terhadap nilai viskositas yogurt. Untuk meningkatkan citarasa yogurt, penambahan gula pasir dan jenis flavor yang tepat sangat diperlukan. Penambahan flavor dapat mengurangi bau alami minyak kelapa sawit yang disebabkan oleh asam lemak yang volatil. Hasil penilaian organoleptik menggunakan uji hedonik menunjukkan, panelis tidak bisa membedakan flavor lemak susu dan minyak kelapa sawit setelah ditambah flavor sintetis. Panelis cenderung menyukai yogurt yang rasa asamnya kurang tajam pada penambahan gula pasir sebesar 5 dan 7 persen. Komposisi gula pasir dan jenis flavor tidak berpengaruh terhadap pH, total asam dan bilangan asam, sedangkan viskositas berbeda nyata. Hasil optimasi penggunaan bahan penyusun yogurt menggunakan program komputer Lindo diperoleh hasil yang optimal sebagai berikut: susu skim 9.33 persen, minyak kelapa sawit 0.99 persen, gula pasir 5.32 persen, kultur starter sebanyak dua persen, air 82.16 persen dan flavor 0.2 persen.
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Judul: Optimasi Formulasi Yogurt Kedelai pada Skala Laboratorium
Abstrak: Functional food trend progress is very rapidly and the majority of the growing functional food claims are intended to create a healthy digestive tract. Therefore, probiotic food products ranked second most popular after energy food and drink products. Yogurt is one type of probiotic food products that much favored by consumers due to having delicious flavor and providing many benefits for human health. Until now the raw materials used in the process of making yogurt is dairy cow, however, soymilk is one of the raw materials that potentially can replace cow's milk in the manufacture of yogurt. The use of soymilk as raw material for making soy yogurt has not been used optimally. This study aims to optimize the use of soymilk and fresh milk in the manufacture of soy yogurt in order to obtain the optimal cost of raw material response, objective responses (pH, viscosity, and total lactic acid bacteria), and subjective responses (texture, aroma, flavor, and color). Soy yogurt was developed using lactic acid bacteria (1:1 mixture of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus acidophilus) and fermented for 8 hours at 43-45°C. The recommended optimum formula by design expert version 8 is the formula with the composition of soymilk and fresh milk ratio of 68.384% and 16.416% with a desirability value of 0.450. The optimum formula has a yellowish white color, taste sour and slightly sweet, sour aroma typical of soy yogurt, smooth texture, a bit of liquid viscosity, and no beany flavor in the final product. Soy yogurt optimum formula has 4.47 pH value, viscosity 200 cP, raw material cost Rp 978.0838, water content 84.70%, ash content 0.73%, protein content 3.06%, fat content 0.79%, carbohydrate content 10.62%, total titratable acidity 0.52%, average content of total lactic acid bacteria in the product 1.8x109 CFU/ml or 9.2553 log CFU /ml, there were no molds and yeasts, and the result of coliform test is <3 MPN/g in the final product. Soy yogurt optimum formula is still suitable for consumption up to 25 days of storage in the refrigerator at 10°C and there were no growth of molds and yeasts.
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Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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