Judul: Optimalisasi Pengelolaan Lahan Gambut Menggunakan Amelioran Tanah Mineral dan Tanaman Penutup Lahan pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit di Kalimantan Tengah
Abstrak: Peat land management research has been done in the area of the PT. Sinar Mas Agro Research and Technology (PT.SMART Tbk) which is located in Seruyan district, Central Kalimantan. The research was meant to know the role of land management to improve the quality of peat lands for oil palm plantations. This study was conducted by administering ameliorant materials derived from mineral soil that is located around the plantation area. It is also to know the role of this cover crop type of Nephrolepis sp. that have adapted well in the plantation area. The ameliorant was given to the ring of palm trees with variations of 0 kg, 40 kg, 60 kg and 100 kg, which is observed for 6 months. The position of the treatment was determined at 25 meters and 100 meters from the drainage canal at the edge of the plantation block. Observations were done to CO2 emissions and some variables of land quality, e.a: organic carbon content, C/N ratio, fiber content, soil cation exchange capasity (CEC), base saturation (BS), and it also in terms of the ecological and economic feasibility. Treatment provision with 100 kg ameliorant per tree rings or equivalent to 3,600 kg per ha for 6 months long was able to reduce the CO2 emissions of an average of 18.2%, from 7.76 mg/m2/minutes to be 6.35 mg/m2/minutes. The differences position of the canal and the difference of peat decomposition do not give significant effect to the reduction of CO2 emissions. Ameliorant treatment can improve the peat soil quality by some important variables that are reducing peat soil CEC, improve of soil BS, reduce of organic carbon content, reduce of fiber content and reduce of C/N ratio. Nephrolepis sp. growth has increased significantly that occurred 5 months after pruning. Significantly growth period of Nephrolepis sp. that was accur to the decline of CO2 emissions and increased some of the variables that determine the quality of peat land. Based on the consideration of the process of administering ameliorant, it was can prediction of cost to provide ameliorant with levels of 100 kg per tree was Rp2,571,310. To hit a target that proclaimed the Government lowers emissions by 26%, then the required ameliorant 142.8 kg per tree or 19,420 kg per ha and the necessary costs of Rp 3,673,300 per ha.
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Judul: Kajian penggunaan amelioran pupuk kandang terhadap emisi gas rumah kaca pada tanah yang diambil dari beberapa Agroekosistem Kebun Karet di Lahan Gambut
Abstrak: Amelioration of peatlands is one of effort to increase land productivity that can be applied with consider environmental aspects. The purpose of this research was to determine Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions at soils taken from some rubber agroecosystem in peatlands and effect of ameliorant on GHG emissions of the soils. The experiment was conducted at laboratory of Balingtan on June to August 2012. The experiment used PVC pipe that filled with peat soils taken from Jabiren, Central Kalimantan. This experiment consisted of two factors: soil taken from some type of rubber agroecosystems and chicken manure. Type of rubber agroecosystem consisted of L1 (peat land planted with rubber and shrubs), L2 (peatland planted with rubber and pineapple) and L3 (peatland with shrubs). The chicken manure consisted of A1 (0) and A2 (4 tonnes/ha). The results showed that the highest CO2 and CH4 emission were found out at soils from rubber and shrubs land which amounted 2,444.38 and 4.70 kg/ha/year, while the highest N2O emission was found out at soils from rubber and pineapple (ICCTF) which amounted 66.53 kg/ha/year. The chicken manure of 4 tonnes/ha produced the highest emissions of CO2 and N2O at soils taken from rubber and shrub land which amounted 2,634.66 and 67.13 kg/ha/year respectively, but tended to decrease CH4 emissions at all soils. The highest decrease of GHG emissions (Global Warming Potential) was found out at ameliorant treatment at soils from rubber and pineapple (ICCTF) land use which amounted 12.82%. The use of ameliorant at soils from rubber shrubs land decreased the GHG emission of 7.50%. The economical analysis result showed that at value of 17% discount, farming pineapple intercropped with rubber at peatland of Jabiren Village, Jabiren Raya Subdistrict, Pulang Pisau District, South Kalimantan Province was suitable. The NPV value was Rp. 21,371,789,-, Nett B/C values was 3.84 and IRR value was 39.29%. According to the variables, the farming pineapple at rubber estate of peatland gave more beneficial economy to farmers.
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Judul: Heisenberg Uncertainty of Double SlitSystem Based on Budiyono-Rohrlich Quantum Statistics Model
Abstrak: Interpretasi kuantum dikembangkan untuk memaknai secara fisis dengan jelas bagaimana suatu dinamika pada sistem mikroskopis yang dijelaskan dengan teori-teori kuantum, seperti interpretasi Copenhagen yang mendeskripsikan sistem kuantum sebagai suatu keadaan yang dideskripsikan dengan fungsi gelombang yang berisikan bagaimana peluang keadaan suatu sistem. Interpretasi kuantum juga bisa dibawa dari suatu sistem klasik seperti pada model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich yang menjelaskan bagaimana dinamika kuantum berhubungan dengan sistem klasik dengan penerapan statistika pada model Hamiltonian sistem. Fungsi distribusi dapat mendeskripsikan bagaimana suatu sistem terdistribusi pada suatu ruang pada pandangan klasik namun untuk sistem kuantum fungsi distribusi adalah peluang dari sistem tersebut. Sistem klasik dan kuantum juga dipisahkan berdasarkan pada ketidakpastian Heisenberg tentang suatu pengukuran yang tidak bisa secara sekaligus dilakukan bersamaan. Model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich membawa suatu sistem klasik menjadi sistem kuantum dengan dua aksioma yaitu hukum kekekalan energi rata rata dan konservasi rapat probabilitas. Sistem klasik yang didefinisikan akan diatur dengan menambahkan dua variable matematis berupa ontic extensions dan epistemic restrictions dimana kedua variabel ini yang akan menghubungkan bagaimana sistem klasik bisa diubah menjadi sebuah sistem kuantum. Dua variabel matematis tadi membuat sebuah sistem bisa diperlihatkan ketidakpastiannya lewat perhitungan simpangan rata-rata dan hasilnya akan selalu memenuhi ketidakpastian Heisenberg
Keyword: fungsi distribusi, model Budiyono-Rohrlich, ontic extension, epistemic restriction, ketidakpastian Heisenberg