Judul: Karakteristik Fisik Granul Kultur Starter Kefir yang Dikombinasi dengan Sinbiotik Terenkapsulasi dan Aplikasinya
Abstrak: Pengolahan susu fermentasi dikelompokkan menjadi dua golongan yaitu susu fermentasi asam laktat dengan produk yogurt dan susu fermentasi asam laktat beralkohol dengan produk kefir yang merupakan susu fermentasi yang melibatkan aktivitas mikroorganisme yang terdapat pada biji kefir atau bulk starter kefir. Ketersediaan kultur bakteri asam laktat asal biji kefir sangat langka di Indonesia, dan biasanya sangat mahal. Diversifikasi produk olahan susu melalui fermentasi terkendala dengan keterbatasan kultur starter. Salah satu upaya untuk memenuhi keterbatasan kultur starter kefir yaitu dengan penyediaan kultur di dalam negeri atau dengan cara memproduksi. Pembuatan kultur starter kering dalam bentuk granul dengan penambahan probiotik dan prebiotik terenkapsulasi adalah hal baru yang dapat dilakukan untuk memperoleh nilai guna atau manfaat kultur starter, khususnya dalam menghasilkan pangan fungsional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari proses pembuatan kultur starter kefir dengan penambahan probiotik dan prebiotik (sinbiotik) terenkapsulasi serta aplikasinya terhadap kualitas fisik yaitu indeks kompresibilitas dan waktu larut, viskositas, pH dan total asam tertitrasi. Penelitian dilaksanakan dari bulan Februari sampai Agustus 2009. Lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium mikrobiologi susu Bagian Teknologi Hasil Ternak, Pasca Panen dan Balai Besar Industri Agro (BBIA), Bogor. Penelitian menggunakan bahan baku kultur starter bakteri yang terdiri atas bakteri asam laktat asal biji kefir, dan bakteri probiotik La RM-01 dan Bl RM-01 koleksi bagian Teknologi Hasil Ternak. Penelitian tahap 1 meliputi persiapan kultur starter kefir dan probiotik, serta penentuan waktu pemanenan bakteri asam laktat sebagai kultur starter kefir dan probiotik, pembuatan kultur starter kering kefir, bioenkapsulasi sinbiotik, pembuatan kultur starter kefir dalam bentuk granul, penentuan formulasi terbaik, dan proses pengemasan. Pada tahap 2 dilakukan evaluasi granul meliputi pengujian waktu larut dan uji kompresibilitas granul, pengamatan fisik granul meliputi warna, tekstur, ukuran, dan aplikasi kultur starter kefir sinbiotik dalam bentuk granul dan pengujian terhadap kefir yang dihasilkan meliputi pH, TAT, dan viskositas.
Keyword: kefir viscosity, Kefir PH and total acid, Physical characteristic, granule solubility, granule compressibility, liquid starter culture

Judul: Karakteristik Mikrobiologis Kultur Starter Kering Kefir dengan Sinbiotik Terenkapsulasi dalam Bentuk Granul.
Abstrak: Kefir merupakan salah satu jenis minuman susu fermentasi yang memiliki rasa khas, yaitu asam dan berkarbonat. Saat ini tingkat konsumsi kefir di Indonesia masih dapat dikatakan lebih rendah bila dibandingkan dengan susu fermentasi lain seperti yogurt ataupun dadih. Rendahnya tingkat konsumsi ini disebabkan karena kefir belum terlalu dikenal oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Ditambah lagi kultur starter kefir, berupa biji kefir atau bulk kultur starter kefir, yang masih sulit didapatkan di pasaran.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite