Judul: Protease dari Bacillus subtilis dan Penerapannya sebagai Pengempuk Daging
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam tiga tahap, yaitu : suplementasi berbagai sumber nitrogen ke dalam media limbah cair tahu untuk meningkatkan aktivitas protease dari El, subtilis ATCC 5061, pengujian sifat-sifat protease yang dihasilkan dan penerapan protease tersebut untuk mengempukkan daging.
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Judul: Potensi protease bacillus subtilis natto sebagai pengempuk daging
Abstrak: Kualitas daging yang akan dikonsumsi dapat ditingkatkan dengan pemberian enzim protease. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengemupkan daging sapi dengan menggunakan enzim protease dari B subtilis natto (B.natto). Tahap tahap penelitiannya adalah isolasi B. natto kemudian produksi protease dan dilanjutkan pengukuran keempukan daging. Pemberian protease pada daging dilakukan secara postmortem dengan menyuntikkan sebanyak 0.5 ml protease pada daging dengan berat 25 g. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi dan waktu inkubasi dalam pengempukkan daging dilakukan serangkaian percobaan, variasi konsentrasi enzim adalah 1/3 konsentrasi enzim semula, 2/3 konsentrasi enzim semula, enzim dengan konsentrasi utuh dan enzim yang terdenaturasi; waktu inkubasi yang dilihat adalah 0, 20, 40, 60 menit. Keempukkan daging diukur menggunakan penetrometer modifikasi Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa B. natto yang ditumbuhkan dalam limbah cair tahu menghasilkan enzim protease ekstraseluler dengan aktivitas proteolitik sebesar 0.1567 unit. Keempukan daging sapi dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi dan waktu inkubasi. Nilai keempukkan terbaik didapatkan pada perlakuan enzim dengan konsentrasi utuh setelah diinkubasi selama 60 menit yaitu sebesar 8 mm/0.2 J. Aktivitas proteolitik enzim protease dari B natto memiliki kemampuan mengempukkan daging tidak berbeda nyata dengan papain komersial 2.5% yait u sebesar 7.25 mm/0.2 J dan 7.00 mm/0.2 J
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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