Judul: Analysis of PM2.5 and Its Precursor Pollutants (NOx) Concentration Fluctuations and Their Relationship with Meteorological Factors in Rural Areas (Case Study: Puncak Bogor)
Abstrak: Wilayah Puncak Bogor merupakan wilayah rural yang didominasi oleh kegiatan pertanian. Salah satu polutan yang dihasilkan oleh aktivitas pertanian adalah ammonia (NH3), yang berkontribusi terhadap pembentukan partikulat sekuder, dengan prekursor NOx. Fluktuasi konsentrasi partikulat dan prekursornya dipengaruhi juga oleh faktor meteorologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan konsentrasi PM2.5 dengan konsentrasi prekursornya (NOx) berdasarkan fluktuasi konsentrasi di wilayah Puncak Bogor serta menganalisis faktor meteorologi yang berkontribusi terhadap fluktuasi konsentrasi PM2.5 dan prekursornya (NOx) di wilayah Puncak Bogor. Data yang digunakan adalah data konsentrasi PM2.5, NOx, NO, NO2, suhu udara, kelembaban relatif, curah hujan, serta arah dan kecepatan angin tahun 2019 dan 2020 yang dianalisis menggunakan korelasi dan regresi linier serta menggunakan package openair di RStudio. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan konsentrasi PM2.5 dengan NOx sebagai prekursornya memiliki korelasi positif yang signifikan baik pada tahun 2019 (r = 0,68) maupun tahun 2020 (r = 0,63). Peningkatan konsentrasi PM2.5 di siang hari serta penurunan konsentrasi di malam hari dikaitkan dengan adanya pengaruh angin lembah dan angin gunung yang berhembus di wilayah Puncak Bogor. Faktor meteorologi (suhu udara, kelembaban relatif, dan kecepatan angin) memiliki nilai korelasi yang kecil terhadap fluktuasi konsentrasi PM2.5, demikian pula terhadap fluktuasi konsentrasi NOx kecuali untuk suhu udara (r = 0,3)., Puncak Bogor is a rural area which is dominated by agricultural activities. One of the pollutants produced by agricultural activities is ammonia (NH3) which contributes to the secondary particulates formation, with the NOx precursor. The fluctuation of particulates and its precursor concentration are also influenced by meteorological factors. This study aims to analyze the relationship between PM2.5 concentration and its precursor (NOx) based on concentration fluctuations in Puncak Bogor and also to analyze the meteorological factors that contribute to the PM2.5 and its precursor (NOx) concentration fluctuations in Puncak Bogor. The data used are concentrations of PM2.5, NOx, NO, NO2, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and wind in 2019 and 2020 which were analyzed using correlation and linear regression and also using the openair package in RStudio. The results showed that PM2.5 concentration with NOx as precursors had a significant positive correlation both in 2019 (r = 0,68) and 2020 (r = 0,63). The increased and decreased of PM2.5 concentration during the day and night was influenced by valley and mountain winds that blow to the Puncak Bogor. Meteorological factors (air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed) had a small correlation value to PM2.5 concentration fluctuations, as well as to NOx concentration fluctuations, except for air temperature (r = 0,3).
Keyword: meteorological factors, NOx, PM2.5, precursors, secondary particulates

Judul: Analysis of NO2, CO Concentrations and Meteorological Factors in Puncak Bogor during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Abstrak: Analisis pencemaran udara yang berkaitan dengan kebijakan atau peraturan selama pandemi covid-19 di wilayah rural belum banyak dilakukan. Kajian pencemaran udara di wilayah Puncak Bogor selama tahun terdampak pandemi bertujuan untuk membandingkan pengaruh faktor pembatasan aktivitas, berupa jumlah kendaraan yang melintasi pintu Tol Gadog selama pandemi covid-19 dan pengaruh faktor meteorologi terhadap fluktuasi konsentrasi NO2 dan CO di wilayah Puncak Bogor. Data yang digunakan adalah konsentrasi NO2 dan CO, curah hujan, suhu udara, kelembapan, arah dan kecepatan angin, di sekitar lokasi Cibeureum (Puncak) serta data jumlah kendaraan yang menuju Puncak Bogor melalui pintu Tol Gadog. Hasil analisis menunjukkan jumlah kendaraan menurun pada awal pembatasan aktivitas masyarakat dan diikuti dengan penurunan konsentrasi harian NO2 dan CO, namun hanya pada masa awal pembatasan saja. Peningkatan polutan pada periode PPKM darurat berkaitan dengan pengaruh bulan kering. Konsentrasi NO2 dan CO berbanding terbalik dengan kelembapan, kecepatan angin, dan curah hujan, tetapi cenderung berbanding lurus dengan suhu dan jumlah kendaraan. Nilai R2 antara NO2, CO dan faktor meteorologi lebih besar (< 40%) dibandingkan dengan nilai R2 antara NO2, CO dan jumlah kendaraan (< 20%) sebelum PSBB dan saat PSBB. Saat PPKM nilai R2 antara NO2, CO dan faktor meteorologi juga lebih besar (< 70%) dibandingkan dengan nilai R2 antara NO2, CO dan jumlah kendaraan (< 20%). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi NO2 dan CO di sekitar pemantauan Cibeureum (Puncak) lebih besar dipengaruhi oleh faktor meteorologi daripada pembatasan aktivitas masyarakat (PSBB dan PPKM) di Puncak Bogor., The analysis of air pollution related to policies or regulations during the covid-19 pandemic in rural areas has not been widely carried out. The study of air pollution in Puncak Bogor area during the year affected by the pandemic aims to compare the effect of Large-scale Social Restrictions, (PSBB and PPKM) during the covid-19 pandemic and meteorological factors on concentrations fluctuations of NO2 and CO. The data used are NO2 and CO concentrations, rainfall, air temperature, humidity, wind direction and speed at Cibereum (Puncak) location. PSBB data are represented by the number of vehicles going to Puncak Bogor at the Gadog Toll Gate. The results of the analysis showed that the number of vehicles decreased at the beginning of PSBB and was followed by a decrease in daily concentrations of NO2 and CO, only at during the initial period of restriction. The increase of pollutants concentrations in the emergency PPKM period are also influenced by dry season. NO2 and CO concentrations are inversely proportional to humidity, wind speed, and rainfall, but tend to be directly proportional to temperature and number of vehicles. The R2 value between NO2, CO and rainfall is greater (<40%) compared to the R2 value between NO2, CO and the number of vehicles (<20%) before PSBB and during PSBB. During PPKM, R2 value between NO2, CO and meteorological factors was also greater (<70%) compared to the R2 value between NO2, CO and the number of vehicles (<20%). This shows that the concentration of NO2 and CO around the monitoring Cibeureum (Puncak) is more influenced by meteorological factors than restrictions on community activities (PSBB and PPKM) in Puncak, Bogor.
Keyword: activity restrictions, CO, covid-19 pandemic, meteorological factors, NO2

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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