Judul: Daily Behavior of Axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) in Aquarium Maintenance
Abstrak: Ambystoma mexicanum atau axolotl adalah salamander yang termasuk jenis eksotis dari Meksiko. Salamander ini potensial dipelihara sebagai hewan eksotis didukung insang eksternal dan warna kulit yang bervariasi. Pemeliharaan axolotl masih menjadi masalah utama, karena dapat menurunkan kesejahteraan hidup axolotl apabila informasi terbatas bagi pemelihara. Kesejahteraan hidup dipengaruhi oleh kondisi hewan dan kondisi lingkungan. Penelitian bertujuan mempelajari perilaku harian axolotl berdasarkan warna kulit, jumlah individu di akuarium, dan periode waktu. Pemeliharaan axolotl dilakukan di akuarium dengan suhu 22,3–23,0 °C serta pencahayaan (12/12 jam). Objek penelitian terdiri dari axolotl dengan warna kulit merah muda (leucistic), kuning (golden), dan kecoklatan berbintik hitam (marble). Observasi perilaku harian axolotl menggunakan metode focal animal sampling dengan total 264 jam pengamatan. Perilaku harian yang diamati meliputi sosial, agonistik, dan lokomosi. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji ANOVA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan interaksi antara warna kulit, jumlah individu, dan periode waktu tidak memengaruhi perilaku harian axolotl. Masingmasing faktor periode waktu dan jumlah individu mempengaruhi perilaku harian axolotl. Faktor warna kulit hanya memengaruhi perilaku sosial. Axolotl golden paling banyak melakukan aktivitas sosial. Axolotl lebih banyak beraktivitas pada siang hari daripada malam hari. Populasi tiga individu di akuarium meningkatkan perilaku sosial dan agonistik, namun menurunkan lokomosi, Ambystoma mexicanum or axolotl is an exotic type of salamander from Mexico. Axolotl has the potential as an exotic animal because of its external gills and varied skin color. Axolotl maintenance is still a major problem, which could reduce the welfare if the information is limited for keepers. The animal and environmental conditions influence welfare. The research aims to study the daily behaviour of axolotls based on skin color, number of individuals, and time period. Axolotl was maintained in an aquarium with temperature (22.3–23.0 °C) and lighting (12/12 hours). The objects consisted of axolotls in pink (leucistic), yellow (golden) and brownish skin with black spots (marble). Daily behaviour were observed by focal animal sampling (total of 264 hours). Daily behaviours included social, agonistic, and locomotion. Data were analyzed with an ANOVA test. The results showed that interaction between skin color, number of individuals and time period didn’t affect the daily behaviour of axolotls. The time period and the number of individuals influenced daily behaviour. The skin color only influenced social behaviour. Golden axolotl carried the most social activities. Axolotls were more active during the day than at night. Populations of three individuals in an aquarium increased social and agonistic, but decreased locomotion.
Keyword: aggressiveness, external gills, leucistic, solitary

Judul: Analysis of Stress  Causative Factors in Axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) Based on Skin Color
Abstrak: Populasi alami axolotl telah mengalami penurunan yang mengkhawatirkan dalam beberapa dekade terakhir. Dampak perubahan lingkungan dapat berpengaruh pada kesehatan axolotl. Suhu yang melebihi batas optimum dapat menyebabkan stres pada axolotl hingga kematian yang berdampak pada penurunan populasi. Suhu perairan yang optimum bagi axolotl yaitu 16–20 °C. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian untuk mempelajari faktor yang dapat memengaruhi keadaan stress pada axolotl. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada sembilan sampel axolotl dengan tiga warna kulit berbeda yaitu merah muda (leucystic), kecoklatan berbintik hitam (marble), dan kuning (golden) yang berusia 4 bulan. Axolotl diberi 3 perlakuan selama satu minggu, terdiri dari pemberian makan sehari sekali, suhu ruang ±26 °C, dan penggantian air satu kali seminggu. Dari sampel darah yang digunakan pada serangkaian uji hematologi menunjukkan bahwa hemoglobin dan hematokrit berada pada batas normal, sedangkan total sel darah merah melebihi batas normal. Sedangkan total sel darah putih pada perlakuan pakan dan penggantian air dibawah batas normal. Axolotl marble lebih toleran terhadap cekaman ditandai dengan indikator stres pada setiap perlakuan yang baru muncul pada hari ke 6. Axolotl golden paling tidak toleran terhadap cekaman berdasarkan kemunculan stres pada hari ke 3. Faktor yang paling memengaruhi stres axolotl pada penelitian ini yaitu kualitas air., The natural population of axolotls has experienced concerning declines in the last few decades. The impact of environmental changes can affect the health of axolotls. Temperatures exceeding this optimal range can induce stress in axolotls, potentially leading to death and population decline. The optimal water temperature for axolotls is between 16–20 °C. Therefore, research has been conducted to study factors that can influence stress condition in axolotls. This research was carried out on nine axolotl samples with three skin colors: pink (leucystic), brown with black spots (marble), and yellow (golden), all of which was four months old. The axolotls were subjected to 3 treatments over a week, including once-daily feeding, room temperature of ±26 °C, and weekly water changes. From blood samples used in a series of hematological tests, showed that hemoglobin and hematocrit were within normal limits. Meanwhile the total red blood cell count exceeded normal and the total white blood cell count was below normal in the feeding and water change treatments. Factors influencing axolotl stress include water cleanliness and quality. Marble axolotls showed greater tolerance to stress, as indicated by stress indicators emerging on day 6 of each treatment. Golden axolotls were the least tolerant to stress, with stress indicators appearing as early as day 3.
Keyword: flagship species, hematologi, suhu, xochimilco

Judul: Prenilasi Senyawa β-Diketon sebagai Prekursor 3-Prenilflavon
Abstrak: One group of flavonoids that has not been commonly synthesized is 3- prenylflavone. The main objective of this experiment was to synthesize precursor of 3-prenylflavone. Firstly, β-diketone was synthesized via 4 steps from phenol as starting compound with total yield of 24%. Prenylation of β-diketone with prenyl bromide and K2CO3 base produced 4 fractions which were separated by using preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) with n-hexane:EtOAc (8:2) as the eluent. Fraction with Rf = 0.80 was further separated by using preparative PTLC with n-hexane:EtOAc (99:1) as the eluent. Two fractions were obtained with Rf = 0.38 and 0.42. The first fraction has been characterized as diprenylated β-diketone with 49% yield. Application of protecting group on the phenolic OH group in β- diketone are needed to obtain monoprenylated β-diketone which can be further cyclized into 3-prenylflavone
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