Judul: Kajian Kontaminasi Virus Newcastle Disease (VND) dari Beberapa Pasar Tradisional di Wilayah Jawa Barat Dan Banten
Abstrak: Newcastle disease (ND) is an important infectious disease in poultry caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1). The disease is endemic in Indonesia and causes a great economic losses to the national poultry industry. The aims of this study was to examine the presence of NDV in the traditional market environment via virus isolation, identification and pathotyping using serological, molecular and biological. The study includes 30 traditional markets in West Java and Banten areas; 20 of them received intervention program to improve the hygienic practises among merchants in selling chicken meat (carcass) or live chicken. Each market sampled twice at three and six monts after the intervention program. A total of 60 pool environment samples were passaged twice in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE). The virus growth in the allantoic fluid (AF) was detected using Hemagglutination (HA). All haemagglutinating samples were further tested by molecular, serological, elution and bioassay methods. The HI test showed 13 out of 60 harvested AF have hemagglutinating activity. Further testing using real-time reverse-transcriptation polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) technique targeted the matrix gene identified 12 isolatesas NDV, and 10 of them were recognized as virulent strains by rRT-PCR fusion. Antigenicexaminationof all isolates using hemaggutination inhibition (HI) test suggested antigenic variation among isolates with HI titers ranging from 3Log2 to 6Log2 and from 4,5Log2 to 6,5Log2 using lentogenic Hitchner B1 and mesogenic Komarov antisera, respectively. The 10 virulent strains identified by rRT-PCR fusion have a higher affinity to Komarov antisera. The elution test identified 1 lentogenic, 5 mesogenic and 7 velogenic strains based on their haemagglutination-elution profile, which shows a few disagreements with rRT-PCR fusion. This finding was used as the basis for selecting two isolates for bioassay using 7-day old chickens. Both fusion positive isolates, identified as lentogenic and pathogenic by elution test were deadly for the chickens, which showed clinical and pathological symptoms typical of ND. The presence of the virus was confirmed in the brain and proventriculus of all infected chickens.This shows that the elution test alone cannot be used to determine the virulence of the virus. Biosecurity intervention in the form hygienic practice improvement among sellers was expected to prevent the spread of NDV to the environment. The result revealed that following 3 months of hygienic program implementation, NDV was still detected in 7 of the 20 markets with and 4 of the 10 markets without the intervention. Significant reduction in the number of contaminated market was shown after 6 moths of intervention, in which NDV was detected only in 1 market recieving intervention. This study proves that traditional market has the potential to spread NDV to the environment, and that consistent implementation of hygienic practices can reduce NDV contamination. Other biosecurity measures need to be implemented to enable elimination of NDV from market environment.
Keyword: Vicerotropic Velogenic ND, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), Environment, live bird market, Newcastle disease, pathotyping

Judul: Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Biologik Virus Newcastle Disease (NDV)
Abstrak: Newcastle disease (ND) merupakan salah satu penyakit unggas yang sangat penting di industri peternakan. Distribusi ND sudah terjadi di seluruh dunia antara lain Asia, Afrika dan Amerika. Newcastle disease juga merupakan penyakit unggas yang sangat merugikan secara ekonomi karena infeksi yang diakibatkan dapat menyebabkan kematian mencapai 100%. Salah satu cara pengendalian ND adalah vaksinasi, yang telah diaplikasikan selama beberapa dekade pada industri peternakan di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia, Newcastle disease merupakan penyakit unggas endemik. Upaya pengendaian terutama dilakukan dengan vaksinasi menggunakan berbagai ragam sediaan vaksin ND yang beredar di pasaran. Kasus ND masih dilaporkan terjadi di lapangan walaupun vaksinasi telah diterapkan secara ketat di peternakan ayam komersial. Kemungkinan terjadinya hal tersebut antara lain disebabkan oleh ketidaksesuaian vaksin yang diberikan dengan virus yang bersirkulasi di lapangan. Apalagi diketahui virus Newcastle disease (NDV) merupakan virus RNA yang sangat mudah bermutasi. Banyaknya kasus ND yang terjadi di lapangan tidak dibarengi dengan cukupnya informasi dan publikasi tentang NDV asal Indonesia. Secara umum penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang infeksi NDV pada ayam komersial maupun kampung melalui deteksi genom, isolasi dan identifikasi, serta karakterisasi biologik isolat lapang. Sejumlah 529 sampel usap kloaka dikoleksi dari pasar-pasar tradisional dan peternakan rakyat di daerah Bogor dan Tangerang. Keberadaan NDV ditentukan dengan mendeteksi gen matriks menggunakan teknik real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR (rRT-PCR); 20 sampel dideteksi positif gen matriks . Upaya isolasi virus dari 20 sampel positif PCR pada telur ayam berembrio (TAB) specific pathogen free (SPF) umur 9-11 hari berhasil menumbuhkan 11 isolat yang memperlihatkan aktifitas hemaglutinasi(haemagglutination, HA). Identifikasi menggunakan uji hambatan hemaglutinasi (haemagglutination inhibition, HI) dan rRT-PCR meneguhkan bahwa 11 isolat tersebut adalah NDV. Empat isolat representasi lokasi dipilih untuk karakterisasi patogenisitas dengan metode mean death time (MDT) pada TAB SPF, dan karakterisasi antigenisitas menggunakan metode haemagglutination inhibition (HI) dan virus netralisasi (VN) untuk melihat keragaman antar isolat virus. Uji MDT memperlihatkan dua isolat (APMV-1/Chicken/Tangerang/IISERnc/2012) dan APMV-1/Chicken/Tangerang/ XIIIBSDnc/2012) adalah mesogenik, satu isolat (APMV-1/Chicken/ Tangerang/VIIIBSDbr/2012) termasuk lentogenik, dan satu isolat (APMV-1/Chicken/Tangerang/ TWPRnc/2012) bersifat velogenik. Tiga dari empat isolat menunjukkan hubungan antigenik dengan strain Komarov dan G7 tetapi tidak dengan strain referensi LaSota, sementara isolat velogenik APMV-1/Chicken/Tangerang/ TWPRnc/2012 yang berasal dari ayam kampung menunjukkan reaksi silang tinggi dengan antiserum terhadap tiga strain referensi diatas. Sampel-sampel yang diambil di lapang, baik yang berasal dari pasar dan peternakan rakyat, baik dengan atau tanpa gejala sakit dapat diisolasi virus Newcastle disease dengan karakteristik yang beragam. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk melihat keragamanan genetik dan pathotyping isolat yang diperoleh sehingga dapat memberikan informasi yang lebih mendalam dan bermakna tentang penyakit
Keyword: Newcastle disease, Newcastle disease in Indonesia, mean death time (MDT), real time reverse transcriptation (rRT-PCR)

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
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