Judul: Keterkaitan Antara Penyimpangan Penggunaan Lahan Terhadap Alokasi Ruang Dengan Perubahan Tingkat Kekritisan Lahan (Studi Kasus Kecamatan Babakan Madang dan Klapanunggal)
Abstrak: The basic function of spatial planning is an instrument to direct and control land conversion. But in fact, we found lots of mismatching among actual used and plan. The deviation could be due to various environmental problems, for such as land degradation. Land degradation causes the emergence of unproductive areas. This study aims to (1) find out suitability of spatial utilization in Kecamatan Babakan Madang and Klapanunggal at year 2000 to 2010, (2) identify physical environment variables to characterize degradation level of land, (3) understand the relationship between spatial mismatch between plan and utilization and degradation level. Several methods employed in this study included: (1) overlapping of spatial utilization map with spatial plan of year 2000-2010 to determine of spatial mismatch, (2) discriminant analysis to determine physical environmental variables characterizing degradation level of land, (3) overlapping spatial mismatch with level of land degradation to find out relationship between spatial mismatch with degradation level of land. The spatial mismatch in Kecamatan Babakan Madang, ware 0.57% on protected forest areas, 27.41% on production forest areas, 100% on plantation areas, 24.33% on dryland farming areas, 23.38% on industrial areas. The mismatch in Kecamatan Klapanunggal, were 12.23% in production forest areas, 5.19% in wetland farming areas, 40.97% in dryland farming areas, 24.88% in industrial designation areas, and 3.64% in rural residential areas. Physical environmental variables characterized level of land degradation were erosion rate, surface rock, effective depth, and rock exposed. The spatial inconsistence were increasing level of degradation when production forest area were utilized as residential, up land, and C excavation areas. In addition, the inconsintence of utilization in other areas did not increase level of land degradation.
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Judul: Keterkaitan Pertumbuhan Penduduk dengan Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Pertanian ke Non Pertanian dan Luas Lahan Kritis
Abstrak: Increasing population growth is one of factors affecting the use of a piece of land, where low-land-rent utilization tend to be converted into the higher-land-rent utilization. Land rent of non-agricultural uses which is higher than on-farm agriculture undeniably increase agricultural conversion, then could accelerate land degradation. Land degradation could be due to improper management which is not in accordance with its carrying capacity then initializing degraded land. The purpose of this research is: (1) to identify population growth and agricultural land use change to non-agricultural one, (2) to identify acreage of degraded land, (3) to compare agricultural land rent and non-agricultural uses, and (4) to understand the relationship among population growth, agricultural land use change and the acreage of degraded land. The analytical techniques utilized in this research include: (1) analysis of population growth and spatial technique to identify changes from agricultural land to non-agricultural ones, (2) spasial analysis to calculate hectarage of classified degraded land based on ministry of forestry, (3) descriptive analysis of land rent and the t test, and (4) correlation analysis to understand the relationship among population growth, land use changes and the acreage of degraded land. The results showed that population in Kecamatan Sukaraja grew at 7,6 % and Kecamatan Sukamakmur increased at 0,3 % in the period 2006-2009. The acreage of agricultural land use change to non-agricultural one in Kecamatan Sukaraja was 95,95 ha (4,5%) and in Kecamatan Sukamakmur was 232,74 ha (2 %). Kecamatan Sukaraja was comprised of 1.383,90 ha of non degraded land, 1.613,96 ha of potentially degraded land, 723,34 ha of somewhat degraded land, 166,78 ha of degraded land, and 0,16 ha of severe degraded land. Kecamatan Sukamakmur comprised of 984,07 ha non degraded land, 3.681,50 ha potentially degraded land, 4.330,52 ha somewhat degraded land, 7.658,94 ha degraded land and 44.08 ha severe degraded land. Comparison of the average value of agricultural land rent to non-agricultural one at CI 95 % indicates, that the non-farm business more lucrative than farming. Correlation coefficient of population growth and land use change in Kecamatan Sukaraja was 0,82 and in Kecamatan Sukamakmur was 0,92, the coefficient of population growth and acreage of degraded land of Kecamatan Sukaraja was 0,85 and of Kecamatan Sukamakmur was 0,91, while the coefficient of land use change acreage and degraded land in Kecamatan Sukaraja was 0,90 and in Kecamatan Sukamakmur was 0,98. These suggest positive relationship among all variables at 95% confidence level and implied that the higher population then more intensive changes from agricultural land uses to non-agricultural ones and the wider acreage of degraded land.
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Judul: Influenza Specific Immunoglobulin Y Purification from Egg Yolk with Sodium Chloride Precipitation Method
Abstrak: Imunoglobulin Yolk (IgY) yang terdapat dalam kuning telur telah banyak dimanfaatkan untuk imunoterapi dan imunodiagnostik. Salah satu kendala dalam pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur adalah pemisahan Ig dengan lemak, sehingga teknik pemurnian Ig selalu berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur dengan metode pengendapan menggunakan sodium chloride (NaCl) serta melakukan karakterisasi IgY spesifik influenza. Sodium chloride dipilih karena bahan kimia ini relatif murah, ramah lingkungan, dan tidak merusak imunoaktivitas IgY. Kuning telur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari telur ayam layer yang divaksinasi dengan vaksin influenza Flubio® yang berisi virus Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 dan B/Washington. Pemurnian IgY hanya dilakukan pada kuning telur yang mengandung antibodi spesifik influenza. Deteksi keberadaan antibodi spesifik influenza ditentukan dengan uji agar gel presipitasi (AGP) dan metode enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Konsentrasi IgY hasil pemurnian dihitung dengan spektrofotometer dan karakterisasi protein dilakukan dengan metode Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Konsentrasi protein dari hasil pemurnian IgY memiliki nilai rata – rata 50,403 mg/mL. Hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan enam pita protein, yaitu struktur IgY utuh (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), rantai berat IgY (66,54 kDa), Fab ( 47,65 kDa), rantai ringan IgY (21,85 kDa), dan β-livetin (36,74 kDa). IgY hasil pemurnian masih dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza berdasarkan uji ELISA. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemurnian IgY menggunakan metode pengendapan NaCl dapat memurnikan IgY dengan struktur utuh, meskipun masih ada dua protein tidak spesifik hasil pemurnian. IgY yang dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza mengindikasikan prospek pemanfaatannya untuk pencegahan influenza dan imunodiagnostik., Yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) contained in egg yolk has been widely used for immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. One of the obstacles in IgY purification from egg yolk is separating Ig from fat, so that IgY purification techniques are always developing. This study aimed to purify IgY from egg yolk using sodium chloride (NaCl) precipitation method and to characterize influenza-specific IgY. Sodium chloride was chosen because this chemical is relatively unexpensive, environmentally friendly, and does not impair IgY immunoactivity. The egg yolks used in this study were collected from layer eggs vaccinated with the Flubio® influenza vaccine, which contains the Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 and B/Washington viruses. IgY purification was only carried out on egg yolks containing influenza specific antibodies. The presence of influenza-specific antibodies was determined by the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The purified IgY concentration was determined using spectrophotometer, and protein characterization was performed using the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. Protein concentration from purification has a mean value of 50,403 mg/mL . SDS-PAGE result showed six protein bands, namely intact IgY structure (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), IgY heavy chain (66,54 kDa), Fab (47,65 kDa), IgY light chain (21,85 kDa), and β-livetin (36,74 kDa). The purified IgY still able to bind with influenza antigen based on the ELISA test. The results of this study indicate that purification of IgY using the NaCl precipitation method can purify IgY with intact structure, although there are still two unspecific proteins in the purification results. The resulting IgY can bind to influenza antigens indicating the
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, influenza, egg yolk, purification, sodium chloride