Judul: Determinants of Indonesia Cooking Oil Prices (Period 2017-2022)
Abstrak: Kelangkaan minyak goreng pada awal tahun 2022 menyebabkan harga minyak goreng menjadi mahal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis distribusi perdagangan dan determinan harga minyak goreng Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis VECM dengan data bulanan 2017-2022. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan harga minyak goreng mengalami kenaikan tajam pada September 2021-April 2022. Kelangkaan minyak goreng disebabkan oleh panic buying, penimbunan, ilegal ekspor, dan gagalnya pemerintah dalam mengontrol distribusi perdagangan minyak goreng. Hasil VECM menunjukkan perubahan harga minyak goreng dalam jangka pendek dipengaruhi oleh harga minyak goreng itu sendiri, harga TBS, harga CPO dunia, produksi CPO, dan ekspor CPO. Sedangkan dalam jangka panjang dipengaruhi oleh harga TBS domestik, harga CPO dunia, produksi CPO domestik, konsumsi CPO domestik, dan ekspor CPO. Hasil IRF dan FEVD menunjukkan bahwa guncangan variabel terhadap perubahan harga minyak goreng Indonesia bervariasi antar periodenya dan memiliki persentase kontribusi yang berbeda, The scarcity of cooking oil at the beginning of 2022 caused the price of cooking oil to become expensive. This study aims to analyze the distribution of trade and the determinants of Indonesian cooking oil prices. The methods used in this study are descriptive analysis and VECM analysis with monthly data for 2017– 2022. The results showed that the price of cooking oil had experienced a sharp increase in September 2021-April 2022. The scarcity of cooking oil was caused by panic buying, hoarding, illegal exports, and the government's failure to control the distribution of cooking oil. The VECM results showed that changes in the price of cooking oil in the short term were influenced by the price of the cooking oil itself, the price of FFB, the world CPO price, CPO production, and CPO exports. Meanwhile, in the long run were affected by domestic FFB prices, world CPO prices, domestic CPO production, domestic CPO consumption, and CPO exports. The results of IRF and FEVD showed that variable shock to changes in Indonesian cooking oil prices varied between periods and had different contribution percentages.
Keyword: Cooking oil, price determinants, trade distribution

Judul: Analysis of Price Volatility and Vertical Integration of Cooking Oil Market in Indonesia
Abstrak: Fenomena kenaikan dan penurunan harga minyak goreng yang berbeda setiap jenisnya turut berperan sebagai penyumbang angka inflasi dalam kelompok pangan bergejolak di Indonesia. Perubahan harga yang tidak stabil tersebut menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi produsen, pedagang besar, dan pedagang eceran. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis volatilitas dan hubungan integrasi vertikal pada harga minyak goreng kemasan premium, kemasan sederhana, dan kemasan curah pada setiap tingkat harga pasar di produsen, pedagang besar, dan pedagang eceran. Penelitian ini menggunakan harga minyak goreng mingguan nasional tahun 2019-2023 diperoleh dari Pusat Informasi Harga Pangan Strategis. Analisis yang dilakukan yakni Koefisien Variasi untuk melihat fluktuasi harga, model ARCH/GARCH untuk menganalisis volatilitas, dan model VECM untuk menganalisis integrasi vertikal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan harga minyak goreng di setiap jenis kualitas memiliki perbedaan nilai fluktuasi. Volatilitas sangat tinggi terjadi pada harga minyak goreng premium dan curah di tingkat pedagang eceran, sedangkan volatilitas tinggi terjadi pada harga minyak goreng curah di tingkat pedagang besar. Hasil VECM menunjukkan terdapat hubungan jangka panjang dan jangka pendek antar variabel harga minyak goreng pada tiga tingkat pasar berbeda., The phenomenon of increasing and decreasing cooking oil prices that are different for each type contributes to the inflation rate in the volatile food group in Indonesia. The unstable price changes are a challenge for producers, wholesalers, and retailers. This study aims to analyze the volatility and vertical integration relationship in the price of premium packaged cooking oil, simple packaging, and bulk packaging at each market price level at producers, wholesalers, and retailers. This study uses weekly national cooking oil prices for 2019-2023 obtained from the Strategic Food Price Information Center. The analysis carried out is the Coefficient of Variation to see price fluctuations, ARCH/GARCH models to analyze volatility, and VECM models to analyze vertical integration. The results show that cooking oil prices in each type of quality have different fluctuation values. Very high volatility occurs in the price of premium and bulk cooking oil at the retail level, while high volatility occurs in the price of bulk cooking oil at the wholesale level. VECM results show that there are long-run and short-run relationships between cooking oil price variables at three different market levels.
Keyword: Volatilitas, harga, integrasi, minyak goreng

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
Keyword: