Judul: Efek Fumigasi Formaldehida dalam Mesin Tetas terhadap Gambaran Histopatologis Saluran Pernapasan Ayam Umur Satu Hari
Abstrak: Formaldehida adalah suatu gas yang diperdagangkan dalam larutan 38-40% dalam air dan disebut formalin. Larutan formaldehida merupakan cairan talc benvarna, berbau karakteristik, menyengat dan perih serta panas jika tercium dan kaustik jika terkena kulit tubuh. Fumigasi dengan formaldehida dalam mesin tetas pada periode akhir waktu penetasan menimbulkan lesio-lesio pada saluran pernapasan ayarn umur satu hari/DOC (day old chicks) yang diproduksi. Parahnya lesio pada saluran pernapasan DOC sesuai dengan lamanya hmigasi. Lesio yang terjadi antara lain: pada trakhea, semalcin menempelnya silia yang satu dengan silia yang lainnya dan kelihatan lebih pendek, meningkatnya jumlah sel goblet dan terjadi hiperemi. Pada paru-paru, silia pada bronkhus semakin rnenempel antara silia satu dengan silia yang lainnya dan terjadi hiperemi, septa atria parabronkhus ada yang menjadi lebih pendek dan ada yang menjadi langsing sehingga atria semakin luas, lumen ltapiler udara mengalami dilatasi, emfisema dan kadang terisi eritrosit dan meluasnya jaringan interstitiurn.
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Judul: Histopathologial Changes of Chickens Lung (Gallus domesticus) 48 Hours After Death
Abstrak: Forensik veteriner mempelajari penyebab kematian dan menentukan jarak waktu kematian hewan (post mortem interval/PMI). Penelitin forensik veteriner ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari histopatologi paru-paru ayam broiler 48 jam setelah kematian (post mortem). Sebanyak 75 ekor ayam broiler berumur tujuh hari dieutanasia dengan metode pemutusan sendi atlanto occipitale, selanjutnya dibagi menjadi 25 kelompok yang tiap kelompok terdiri atas 3 ekor ayam. Setiap dua jam kadaver ayam dinekropsi, organ paru-paru dikoleksi untuk dibuat sediaan histopatologi dan diwarnai Hematoksilin-Eosin (HE). Histopatologi jaringan paru-paru dianalisis menggunakan software ImageJ dan datanya diuji dengan metode Pearsons. Hasil pengamatan mikroskopis paru-paru pada jam ke-0 hingga jam ke-48 menunjukkan diameter parabronkus yang bertambah lebar, semakin banyak ruang kosong, epitel lumen parabronkus mengalami deskuamasi dan autolisis, dan lumen parabronkus dipenuhi oleh luruhan sel dan cairan. Korelasi diameter parabronkus terhadap waktu setelah kematian sangat lemah sehingga tidak dapat dijadikan acuan PMI. Perubahan jarak interparabronkus, kepadatan sel parabronkus dan pertumbuhan koloni bakteri terhadap waktu kematian dapat dijadikan acuan PMI. Deskuamasi sel epitel parabronkus dimulai pada jam ke-16 dan bakteri mulai tumbuh pada jam ke-22 setelah kematian., Veterinary forensics studies the causes of animal death and determines the time interval of death (post mortem interval/PMI). This veterinary forensic research aims to study the histopathology of broiler chicken lungs 48 hours after death (post mortem). A total of 75 broiler chickens aged seven days were euthanized by the atlanto occipital joint severing method, then divided into 25 groups, each group consisting of 3 chickens. Every two hours the chicken cadaver was necropsied, the lungs were collected for histopathological preparation and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). Histopathology of lung tissue was analyzed using ImageJ software and the results were tested using the Pearsons method. The results of microscopic observations of the lungs at 0 to 48 hours showed that the diameter of the parabronchi was getting wider, there was more space, the epithelium of the parabronchial lumen experienced desquamation and autolysis, and the parabronchial lumen was filled with cell debris and fluid. The correlation of parabronchial diameter with time after death is so weak that it cannot be used as a PMI reference. Changes in interparabronchial distance, parabronchial cell density, and the presence of bacterial clony concerning to time of death can be used as a reference for PMI. Desquamation of parabronchial epithelial cells began at the 16th hour and bacteria began to grow at the 22nd hour.
Keyword: chicken, forensics, histopathology, lungs, post mortem interval

Judul: Which one use to overcome multicollinearity ? Ridge regression or principal component regression
Abstrak: In multiple linear regression the effect of nonorthogonality of the prediction vectors is to pull the least squares estimates of the regression coefficient away from the true coefficient that one is trying to estimate. Separating the effects of each factor of the regressors has been found to be difficult because of high correlation among independent variables. Although the multicollinearity problem has been recognized by many ways, ordinary least squares is still the main technique used in many fields, but the estimation of regression coefficient can present problems when the data vectors for the predictors are not orthogonal, or in this case are multicollinear. In using ordinary least squares, the regression coefficient may be unstable, too large in absolute value, and incorrect with respect to sign. Introduced biased estimation refer to unbiased one that measure the average closeness to the parameter being estimated corresponding to its mean square error (MSE). Ridge regression and principal component can produce better estimates by its own way than those given by ordinary least squares. It may well be preferred estimator since it will have larger probability of being close to true parameter value. Two of the biased regression methods, ridge regression and principal component regression will be applied into this research and discuss briefly for each of its properties. These methods have its particular idiosyncrasy. The biased regression methods attack the collinearity problem by computationally suppressing the effects of the collinearity. Ridge regression does this correctly by modifying the correlation matrix adding a biased constant driving through nonsingular matrix. Principal component regression attacks the problem by regressing Y on the important principal component and then parceling out the effect of the principal component variables to the original variables. Finally translated back the obtained variables into original variables yield the same sign and nearly the same coefficients for both methods.
Keyword: Regresssion analysis