Judul: Deteksi Senyawa Fenol dalam Air Permukaan dengan Teknik Biosensor Kertas
Abstrak: Keracunan fenol dapat mengakibatkan efek kesehatan pada paru-paru, ginjal, berbagai macam organ dan jaringan dan sistem kemih apabila melebihi nilai ambang batas yaitu sebesar 0,001 mg/L untuk perairan air tawar menurut Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 82 Tahun 2001. Fenol biasanya diukur dengan menggunakan metode konvensional yang memiliki banyak kekurangan seperti biaya analisis yang mahal, waktu pengukuran yang lama, memerlukan analis yang kompeten, dan perawatan instrumen yang rumit sehingga diperlukan suatu alat yang cepat, murah, mudah dan sensitif dalam mengukur tingkat konsentrasi pencemaran fenol di lingkungan perairan secara biosensor. Keuntungan menggunakan tirosinase yaitu memiliki spesifisitas tinggi, interaksi enzim-substrat dan laju pergantian biokatalis yang tinggi seperti produk aktivitas katalis yang baik. Penelitian dilakukan secara non-eksperimental (studi literatur) dari beberapa jurnal terindeks scopus dan eksperimental (di laboratorium) dengan membuat biosensor kertas berbasis tirosinase dalam menguji fenolik pada sampel air bersih dan air sungai. Pembuatan biosensor ini melalui tiga tahapan, yaitu pembuatan biosensor kertas, uji kinerja biosensor, serta melakukan pengukuran sampel nyata. Biosensor didasarkan pada metode elektrostatis multilapis (Layer by Layer), yang menyebabkan pengendapan lapisan kitosan dan polielektrolit alginat sehingga menghasilkan reaksi enzimatis yang terimobilisasi pada permukaan kertas, respon dihitung sebagai perubahan warna merah muda menjadi biru keunguan pada awal penambahan fenol. Sensor menunjukan tingkat stabilitas 60 hari 97% pada suhu kamar (25 °C) lalu aktivitas turun menjadi 92% setelah 60 hari. Biosensor kertas tirosinase menghasilkan fungsionalitas yang baik saat pengukuran sampel nyata., Phenol poisoning can result in health effects of lungs, kidneys, various organs and tissues, and urinary system if it exceeds the threshold value of 0.001 mg/L for freshwater according to the Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 82 of 2001. Measurement of phenol generally uses conventional methods but these methods have many shortcomings such as expensive analysis costs, long measurement times, require competent analysts, and complex instrument maintenance so that we need a tool that is fast, cheap, easy, and sensitive in measuring the level of phenol pollution concentrations in the aquatic environment. in biosensors. The advantage of using tyrosinase is that it has high specificity, enzyme-substrate interaction, and a high rate of biocatalyst turnover as a product of good catalyst activity. Thisresearch was conducted non-experimental (literature study) from several Scopus indexed journals and experimentally (in the laboratory) by making tyrosinase-based paper biosensors to test phenol in fresh water and river water samples. This biosensor was made through three stages, namely making paper biosensors, testing biosensor performance, and measuring real samples. Biosensors using the multi-layer electrostatic method (Layer by Layer) cause deposition of a layer of chitosan and polyelectrolyte alginate which results in an enzymatic reaction that is immobilized on the surface of the paper, the response is calculated as a change in color from pink to purplish-blue at the beginning of the addition of phenol. The sensor shows a 60-day stability rate of 97% at room temperature (25 ° C) then activity drops to 92% after 60 days. The paper tyrosinase biosensor provides good functionality when measuring realsamples.
Keyword: biosensor kertas, enzim, fenol, lingkungan

Judul: Studi Literatur Biosensor Fenol dengan Biofilm Pseudomonas fluorescens Termodifikasi pada Permukaan Screen Printed Carbon Electrode.
Abstrak: Sampel air limbah mengandung senyawa organik aromatik seperti fenol. Fenol merupakan zat polutan prioritas dan berbahaya. Metode deteksi fenol secara konvensional menggunakan alat deteksi seperti kromatografi dan spektrofotometri tidak efektif. Alternatif deteksi fenol yakni menggunakan biosensor fenol dengan metode voltametri siklik. Studi literatur ini bertujuan mengkaji mekanisme tirosinase yang tepat, mengkaji optimasi pengukuran biosensor senyawa fenol dengan biofilm P. fluorescens, mengkaji modifikasi elektrode kerja dengan penambahan supporting material, dan mengkaji hasil kinerja analitik biosensor fenol. Pembentukan biofilm P.fluorescens di permukaan SPCE akan mempermudah imobilisasi enzim tirosinase. Keberhasilan imobilisasi ditandai dengan munculnya arus reduksi dan oksidasi. Penambahan magnetit-PEG akan meningkatkan deteksi biosensor fenol sehingga menghasilkan linearitas sebesar 0,9925 dan 0,9989., Wastewater samples contain aromatic organic compounds such as phenol. Phenols are the priority and harmful pollutant substances. Conventional phenol detection methods using detection tools such as chromatography and spectrophotometry are ineffective. An alternative to phenol detection is to use phenol biosensors with the cyclic voltammetry method. This literature study aims to examine the proper mechanism of tyrosinase, review the optimization of biosensor measurements of phenol compounds with biofilm P. fluorescens, review the modification of working electrodes with the addition of supporting materials, and review the analytical performance results of phenol biosensors. The formation of P.fluorescens biofilms on the surface of the SPCE will facilitate the immobilization of the enzyme tyrosinase. The success of immobilization is characterized by the emergence of reduction and oxidation currents. The addition of magnetite-PEG will improve the detection of phenol biosensors resulting in the linearity of 0,9925 and 0,9989.
Keyword: biofilm, biosensor, phenol, Pseudomonas fluorescens, tyrosinase

Judul: Analysis of Unequal Income Distribution with Cobb-Douglas Production Function
Abstrak: This paper studies the economic growth model by Moav (2002). Moav model shows the existence of unequal income distribution between low-income with high-income community. That kind of unequal income distribution is caused by uneven distribution of income. On this Moav model, there is one area called the threshold. Threshold becomes a benchmark to determining whether a society is categorized into low- or high- income community. The production function used in this paper is the Cobb-Douglas function. The dynamics of this model is described as difference equation of low-income, threshold, and high-income community. Simulation study on the model is carried out using Maple 13 and Mathematica 7.0 software. Overall, from the observed case, high-income community will reach a stable condition earlier, followed by the threshold, and then the low-income community.
Keyword: