Judul: Produksi Frukto-oligosakarida dari Inulin Umbi Dahlia (Dahlia pinnata) secara Hidrolisis Enzimatik
Abstrak: Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) is a prebiotic which can be obtained by inulin enzymatically hydrolyzed. The purpose of this research are extracting and analyzing the levels of inulin, producing inulinase enzyme and measuring the value of enzyme activity, and producing and characterizing FOS. This study was conducted in two stages, preliminary researches and primary researches. Preliminary researches include proximate analysis (dahlia tuber, gembili, banana weevil, and turubuk), producing inulin, inulin assays, producing inulinase enzymes, and enzyme activity assays. Primary researches include inulin hydrolysis using commercial (dossage 1; 2; 5; 7,5; and 10 U/g) and raw inulinase (dossage 1; 2; and 3 U/g) for 24 hours and characterize of this product. The highest yield of inulin powder obtained from dahlia tubers at 48,20% with 80,09% content of inulin. The enzyme activity of raw inulinase is 0,76 U/ml. Product formed by commercial inulinase mostly fructose, meanwhile raw inulinase mostly produced FOS.
Keyword: enzimatic hydrolysis, inulinase, inulin, FOS

Judul: Produksi enzim inulinase kasar dari aspergillus niger dan aplikasinya pada pembuatan sirup fruktosa dari umbi dahlia
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memproduksi enzim inulinase yang digunakan untuk menghidrolisis inulin dari umbi dahlia. Aspergillus niger merupakan salah satu mikroorganisme penghasil enzim inulinase yang dapat digunakan untuk membuat sirup fruktosa dari umbi dahlia. Untuk produksi enzim inulinase ini, Aspergillus niger di kultivasi pada suhu 37°C selama 84 jam dalam erlenmeyer goyang 250 ml yang mengandung 100 ml medium pertumbuhan. Komposisi medium ini adalah inulin, (NH4)2SO4, 5% (v/v) larutan garam, 0.5% (v/v) MgSO, 2.25M, 0.1% (v/v) trace element, dan 2% (v/v) suspensi kapang Aspergillus niger. Kandungan pada larutan garam adalah NaNO3, KCI, K2SO4, sedangkan trace element mengandung ZnSO4, asam borat, Fe2(SO4)2, CoCl2, CuSO4, ammonium molibdate, dan EDTA (disodium salt) dengan konsentrasi terlarutnya masing-masing (Kafer, 1977). Perlakuan pada proses produksi enzim ini adalah dengan memvariasikan konsentrasi substrat inulin dan (NH4)2SO4 yang ditambahkan dalam medium pertumbuhan. Faktor perlakuan untuk substrat inulin adalah 2% (w/v), 5% (w/v), dan 10% (w/v) sedangkan faktor perlakuan untuk (NH4)2SO4 yang ditambahkan adalah 0.2% (w/v), 0.6% (w/v), dan 1.0% (w/v). Konsentrasi kedua jenis substrat tersebut kemudian dikombinasikan untuk kemudian didapat 9 jenis perlakuan. Pada tiap perlakuan, pengambilan sampel dilakukan tiap 12 jam sekali untuk mengukur nilai pH, kadar biomassa, serta nilai aktivitas enzimnya. Kombinasi perlakuan terbaik ditentukan pada tiap perlakuan menggunakan rancangan percobaan RAL faktorial pada jam ke-72 untuk nilai aktivitas enzimnya. Didapat bahwa nilai terbaik adalah perlakuan dengan nilai konsentrasi substrat inulin 5% (w/v) yang dikombinasikan dengan konsentrasi (NH4)2SO4 yang ditambahkan 1.0% (w/v). Nilai aktivitas enzim pada faktor kombinasi perlakuan tersebut adalah 7.017 U-enzim/ml dengan laju pertumbuhan spesifik (4) 0.0489 jam. Hasil rancangan percobaan juga menunjukkan bahwa pada taraf nyata α = 0.01, faktor penambahan substrat inulin sangat berpengaruh terhadap nilai aktivitas enzim yang dihasilkan, sedangkan faktor penambahan (NH4)2SO4 tidak berpengaruh nyata.
Keyword: enzyme inulinase, hydrolyze inulin, Aspergillus niger

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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