Judul: Dampak Kebijakan Kuota Perdagangan terhadap Penawaran dan Populasi Sapi serta Kesejahteraan Peternak di Provinsi Bali
Abstrak: Intertemporally, beef cattle interregional trade from Bali to Jakarta increase consistently. Unrestricted trade can decrease beef cattle population in Bali. To avoid the respective problem, the Government of Bali impose trade quota policy that limit the amount of beef cattle trade from Bali to Jakarta every year. Theoretically, the increasing of trade quota can improve supply and the farmers’s welfare, but excessive of trade quota will decrease beef cattle population, then farmer’s welfare will not be sustainable. The aims of this study are to analyze the factors that determine beef cattle supply and population in Bali. The study also analyze the impact of trade quota policy to beef catlle supply, population, and farmers’s welfare in Bali. In this study, beef cattle economic phenomenon was formulated as an econometric model, i.e. simultaneous equations. Two Stage Least Squares Method was used to estimate the parameter, and simulation procedure was employed to analyze the impact of trade quota policy. This study used time series data of 1980-2007. The study results indicate that there were interdependence among production, population, supply, and beef cattle price in Bali. Total beef cattle supply in Bali was influenced by beef cattle production and it’s price. The total beef cattle supply and beef cattle production influenced the beef cattle population in Bali. The trade quota policy caused the beef cattle supply from Bali to Jakarta was not affected significantly and not responsif to the beef cattle price in Jakarta. Besides that, beef cattle price in Bali was not responsif to beef cattle price in Jakarta. Based on the simulations, the increasing of trade quota will be able to increase beef cattle supply and farmers’s welfare, but deacreased the beef cattle population in Bali. However, if the increasing of trade quota was complemented with production development policy, the beef cattle supply, farmers’s welfare, and beef cattle population can be improved simultaneously.
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Judul: Impact of Asean Australia and New Zealand free trade agreement on beef  industry  in Indonesia
Abstrak: Persistent increase in income and population and change in food consumption in Indonesia has led to considerable increase in food demand such as vegetables, fruits, sugar, beef, dairy products, poultry and seafood. As the result, there has been increasing imports of some of these products to meet their domestic demand. In particular, roughly 30 percent of national beef demand is met by imports of beef and beef cattle largely from Australia and New Zealand. For the past years Government of Indonesia has implemented several policies to protect domestic beef farmers so that domestic beef production can increase and reduce dependence on imports. One of such policies is imposition of beef import tariff. Nonetheless, with several free trade agreements that Indonesia has been participating in, such as ASEAN, Australia and New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA), those efforts will cease. Every year more than 90 percent of Indonesian beef imports come from Australia and New Zealand. Involvement of Indonesia in AANZFTA may have negative effects on beef industry when beef import tariffs are phased out in 2020. Hence, the objectives of this study are (1) to evaluate the impact of tariff removal on production, consumption, domestic price and import of beef, (2) to evaluate impact of free trade agreement on beef producer and consumer surpluses and (3) to propose alternative policies that can be implemented to increase domestic beef production. In this study, yearly time series data from 1990 to 2008 was used and analysed with econometric model. The model consists of eight structural equations and four identity equations. Parameters were estimated with Two Stage Least Squares method. Several policy alternatives were simulated which include single policies and their combinations: (1) removal of beef import tariffs for beef imports from Australia and New Zealand, (2) reducing interest rate, (3) increasing number of imported breeding cattle, (4) increase artificial insemination technology, (5) combination of reducing interest rate, increasing imported breeding cattle and increasing artificial insemination technology, (6) increasing import tariffs for beef imports from Australia and New Zealand, (7) combination of reducing interest rate, increasing imported breeding cattle, increasing artificial insemination technology and increasing import tariff, (8) combination of reducing interest rate, increasing imported breeding cattle, increasing artificial insemination technology and removal of beef import tariffs for imports from Australia and New Zealand, (9) reduction of beef imports from Australia, New Zealand, rest of the world and imported feeder cattle by 90 percent each, (10) combination of reduction of beef imports from Australia, New Zealand, rest of the world and imported feeder cattle by 90 percent each, reducing interest rate, increasing number of imported breeding cattle and increasing artificial insemination technology, and (11) combination of interest rate reduction, increasing import beef tariffs for imports from Australia and New Zealand, artificial insemination technology and number of imported breeding cattle. Simulation results revealed that removal of beef import tariff will increase beef import, increase domestic beef supply, leading to reduction in domestic beef price hence, increased beef demand. However, domestic beef production does not decrease drastically. The free trade agreement will increase consumers’ surplus and reduce
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Judul: Sintesis Nanorod Seng Oksida (ZnO) dengan Metode Sonokimia
Abstrak: Gelombang ultrasonik telah digunakan untuk membantu sintesis ZnO. ZnO terbentuk dari campuran ZnAc dan NaOH. ZnO disintesis dengan variasi konsentrasi ZnAc 0.5 M ( ZnO 1:1 ) dan 1.5 M ( ZnO 3:1 ) yang dicampurkan dengan NaOH konsentrasi 0.5 M. Sampel yang diporoleh dikarakterisasi dengan XRD dan SEM. Karakterisasi difraksi sinar-X menunjukkan bahwa struktur kristal ZnO yang dihasilkan merupakan heksagonal dengan pertumbuhan yang dominan pada orientasi bidang nonpolar a dengan indeks hkl 101. Kristalinitas dan kemurnian kristal ZnO 1:1 lebih baik dibandingkan ZnO 3:1 ditunjukan dengan intensitas puncak difraksi sinar-X yang lebih tinggi, sempit dan tajam. Untuk ukuran kristalit ZnO 1:1 mempunyai rata-rata ukuran kristalit 30.57 ± 4.31 nm sedangkan ZnO 3:1 mempunyai ukuran rata-rata 20.25 ± 7.12 nm. Dari ukuran kristal yang terbentuk partikel ZnO termasuk nanokristal. ZnO 1:1 terbentuk batang-batang nano (nanorods) sedangkan pada ZnO 3:1 tidak terbentuk batang-batang nano (nanorods). Untuk ukuran morfologi, ZnO 1:1 mempunyai rata-rata ukuran butiran kristal 230 nm dan lebih besar dibandingkan ukuran ZnO 3:1 yang mempunyai rata-rata ukuran butiran kristal 50 nm.
Keyword: nanorot, sintesis, sonokimia, ZnO