Judul: Metabolomic Application in Identification α-Glucosidase Inhibitor from Vegetables and Spices
Abstrak: Diabetes mellitus is a degenerative disease with a high prevalence worldwide. Plant-based foods such as vegetables and spices were often reported to be able to reduce the risk of and even cure diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 (T2DM). Indonesia has many natural resources such as vegetables and spices that can be sources of antidiabetic foods. However, the antidiabetic activity of many vegetables and spices have not been evaluated. Besides, studies to observe the bioactive compounds responsible for the antidiabetic activity of vegetables and spices are still limited. One of the antidiabetic activities commonly studied from plant species is the α-glucosidase inhibition. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potency of α-glucosidase inhibition of 11 vegetables and 4 spices commonly consumed in Indonesia and to identify their bioactive compound using a metabolomic approach. This study consisted of 3 stages: 1) Screening α-glucosidase inhibition activity of Indonesian vegetables and spices, (2) characterization of antioxidant compound from selected plant (obtained from the first stage) using UHPLC-HRMS and identification of its α-glucosidase inhibitor using NMR- and HPLC combined with UHPLC-HRMS metabolomics, and (3) verification of α-glucosidase inhibition activity of putative compounds (obtained from the second stage) through in silico analysis. The results of the first study showed that the highest antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibition activity was found in leaves extract of Syzygium polyanthum followed by Pluchea indica with the values of the IC50 antioxidant activity being 2.46 and 4.34 μg/ml, respectively. The values of their IC50 of α-glucosidase inhibition were 11.76 and 12.17 μg/ml, respectively. Interestingly, the total phenolic content of these two samples was also higher than others with 25.37 and 37.99 μg GAE/mg extract, respectively. The 1H-NMR fingerprinting analysis showed that each sample had different spectral profile, especially at the aromatic region (chemical shift (δ) > 5.7). Further metabolite profiling on the 1H-NMR of S. polyanthum revealed the presence of gallic acid, syringic acid, and myricetin, whereas 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester, and esculetin were found in the 1H-NMR of P. indica. Previous studies reported that all identified compounds had antidiabetic activity especially through α-glucosidase inhibition. Thus, those compounds might be associated with the α-glucosidase inhibition activity of S. polyanthum and P. Indica, which was investigated further in the next step. Based on the results of the first study, S. polyanthum leaves were chosen for the second stage. Dried leaves of S. polyanthum were fractionated using solvents with different polarity sequentially i.e. hexane, combination of hexane-acetone, acetone, combination of acetone-water and water to obtain 14 fractions. Analysis of antioxidant activity through the ability to reduce radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) indicated that at a tested concentration of 500 μg/ml, Fraction 9/F9 (obtained from acetone:water = 4:1) gave the highest antioxidant activity followed by Fraction 1/F1 (obtained from hexane 100%), Fraction 10/F10 (obtained from acetone:water = 3:2) and Fraction 3 (obtained from hexane:acetone = 4:1) with the values of 95.21, 94.82, 93.37 and 93.19%, respectively. The characterization of the UHPLC-HRMS chromatogram of F9 identified the presence of gallic acid, trans-aconitic acid, and myricetin, while only gallic acid and trans-aconitic acid were identified in
Keyword: α-glucosidase, antioxidant, docking, HPLC-UHPLC-HRMS, metabolomics, NMR, Syzygium polyanthum

Judul: α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity and DPPH Free Radical Scavenging from Stratified Aqueous Extract of Red Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roxb. var Rubrum)
Abstrak: Jahe merah (Zingiber officinale Roxb. var. Rubrum) mengandung senyawa fenolik yang berpotensi menurunkan kadar glukosa darah (antihiperglikemik) pada pasien diabetes melitus. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan aktivitas inhibisi α-glukosidase, aktivitas antioksidan dalam meredam radikal bebas DPPH, dan kadar total fenolik ekstrak air jahe merah bertingkat (ekstrak ke-1, ekstrak residu ke-1, dan ekstrak residu ke-2). Metode penelitian yaitu ekstraksi jahe merah secara infundasi serta analisis dengan teknik uji spektronanometer yang meliputi analisis antidiabetes melalui aktivitas inhibisi α-glukosidase, aktivitas antioksidan metode DPPH, dan kadar total fenolik metode Folin-Ciocalteu. Aktivitas inhibisi α-glukosidase dan kadar total fenolik memiliki perbedaan nilai yang signifikan (p<0.05) dengan nilai tertinggi 97.729% (ekstrak ke-1) dan 27.624 mg GAE/g ekstrak (ekstrak residu ke-2). Aktivitas antioksidan dalam meredam radikal bebas DPPH memiliki perbedaan nilai yang tidak signifikan dengan nilai tertinggi 4.682 mg AAE/g ekstrak (ekstrak residu ke-1). Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai aktivitas inhibisi α-glukosidase dan kadar fenolik total berbeda signifikan (p<0,05) dengan nilai tertinggi 97.729% (ekstrak ke-1) dan 27.624 mg GAE/g ekstrak (ekstrak residu ke-2). Hasil aktivitas antioksidan memiliki nilai yang tidak berbeda nyata (p>0,05) dengan nilai tertinggi 4.682 mg AAE/g ekstrak (ekstrak residu ke-1)., Red ginger (Zingiber officinale Roxb. var. Rubrum) contains phenolic compounds that have potential to reduce blood glucose levels (antihyperglycemic) in patients with diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory activity toward α-glucosidase, antioxidant activity in reducing DPPH free radicals, and total phenolic content from stratified aqueous extract of red ginger (1st extract, 1st residue extract, and 2nd residue extract). The red ginger was extracted by infundation and analyzed by spectronanometer test techniques which included analysis of antidiabetic through inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase, antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, and total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results of the analysis showed that the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase and total phenolic content were significantly different (p<0.05) with the highest values 97.729% (1st extract) and 27.624 mg GAE/g extract (2nd residue extract). The result of antioxidant activity was not significantly different (p>0.05) with the highest value 4.682 mg AAE/g extract (1st residue extract).
Keyword: α-Glucosidase, Antioxidant, Diabetes Mellitus, Red Ginger

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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