Judul: Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Shrimp Culture
Abstrak: Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) is a halophilic bacterium found in brackish water and is the leading cause of gastroenteritis due to seafood consumption. In Indonesia presence of this pathogen in seafood has caused several export rejection. This research aimed to identify presence of pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus from shrimp cultured in traditional and intensive ponds. Bacterial isolation was carried out using FDA BAM (2004), phenotypic characterization was done using API 20E biochemical test kit and genetic characterization was conducted with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using a pair of specific primer for each virulent factor gene (tdh and trh genes). Biochemical identification with API 20E biochemical test showed that 16/32(50%) and 6/32 (18.8%) shrimp samples from traditional and intensive ponds contained Vibrio parahaemolyticus, respectively. Eighty one percent (13/16) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from traditional pond and 50% (3/6) of those obtained from intensive pond were pathogenic due to their possesion of tdh gene. When gen encoding trh was used as the basis for classification, 15/16 (93.8%) and 4/6 ( 66.7%) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus obtained from traditional and intensive ponds, respectively, were pathogenic . Out of the 22 Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates, 16 (72.7%) were pathogenic based on the possesion of gene encoding for tdh and 19 (86.4%) can be classified as pathogen based on the trh gene. Overall, pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus was found at a frequency of 13-15/32 (43%) of the shrimp samples from traditional pond while 3-4/32 (11%) was found in shrimps from intensive pond, respectively
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Judul: Uji Patogenisitas Bakteri Vibrio parahaemolyticus pada Udang Vaname Litopenaeus vannamei
Abstrak: Salah satu penyakit yang sering menyerang budidaya udang adalah vibriosis, yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Vibrio sp. termasuk Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Strain tertentu V. parahaemolyticus yang memiliki gen pirA pirB menjadi penyebab penyakit acute hepatopankreatic nekrosis disease (AHPND). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji patogenisitas bakteri V. parahaemolyticus pada udang vaname. Uji tantang dilakukan dengan menggunakan udang vaname berukuran 0.9±0.1 g dengan kepadatan bakteri (104 CFU mL-1 ) yang didapat dari uji LC50. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan tiga perlakuan dan tiga ulangan, yaitu udang vaname yang tidak diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus (K), udang vaname yang diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus dari Tasikmalaya (Vp-1), dan udang vaname yang diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus dari Situbondo (Vp-2). Parameter yang diamati terdiri atas konfirmasi V. parahaemolyticus dan AHPND, tingkat mortalitas, gejala klinis, populasi bakteri, total haemocyte count, aktivitas fagositik, respiratory burst, aktivitas phenoloxydase, serta histopatologi hepatopankreas dan usus. Isolat Vp-1 dan Vp-2 teridentifikasi sebagai V. parahaemolyticus strain AHPND yang menginfeksi udang vaname dengan gejala klinis berupa hepatopankreas yang pucat, usus kosong, serta pergerakan tidak aktif. Kerusakan pada tingkat jaringan terlihat banyak nekrosis pada organ hepatopankreas dan usus, serta menyebabkan kematian hingga 73,33-81,67% dengan rata-rata waktu kematian 24,28-65,44 jam., A disease that often affects shrimp farming is vibriosis, which is caused by infection with Vibrio sp. including Vibrio parahaemolyticus. A specific strain of V. parahaemolyticus that has the pirA pirB gene causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). This study aims to test the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus bacteria in white shrimp. The challenge test was conducted using shrimp measuring 0,9 ± 0,1 g with bacterial density (10^4 CFU mL-1) obtained from the LC50 test. The study used a completely randomized design with three treatments and three replicates, namely white shrimp not infected with V. parahaemolyticus (K), white shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus from Tasikmalaya (Vp-1), and white shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus from Situbondo (Vp-2). Parameters observed consisted of confirmation of V. parahaemolyticus and AHPND, mortality rate, clinical signs, bacterial population, total haemocyte count, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst, phenoloxydase activity, and hepatopancreas and gut histopathology. Isolates Vp-1 and Vp-2 were identified as V. parahaemolyticus strain AHPND infecting white shrimp with clinical signs of pale hepatopancreas, empty gut, and inactive movement. Damage at the tissue level showed a lot of necrosis in the hepatopancreas and gut, and caused mortality up to 73,33-81,67% with an average mortality time of 24,28-65,44 hours.
Keyword: AHPND, histopathology, pathogenicity, V. parahaemolyticus, white shrimp

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular