Judul: Balanced Diet Index Development of Adult Females in Indonesia
Abstrak: The objective of this study was to develop a balanced diet index (BDI) in relation to nutritional quality of the diet (NQ) of adult females in Indonesia. The specific objectives was (1) analyze food consumption pattern of Indonesia adult females, (2) develop BDI alternatives of Indonesia adult females, (3) select the most valid BDI of Indonesia adult females, (4) analyze determinant factors of BDI of Indonesia adult females. This study used food consumption data from the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) of 2010 collected by the Agency for Research and Health Development of the Ministry of Health. The food consumption data were collected using 24-h food recall method through a cross-sectional study design of 68486 adult females 19-55 years on May-August 2010. This study conducted on June-November 2013 in IPB Dramaga, Bogor, West Java. The final sample of this study was 61759 adult females. Ten alternatives of balanced diet indexes (BDI) were developed based on food groups, their intake, and three to four scoring system levels. The NQ of 16 nutrients was used as a gold standard in the validity testing. The results showed that the most food group consumed was carbohydrate food 539.5 ± 216.2 g (99.9%), whereas the least food groups consumed was the fruit, added sugar, and milk with average consumption was 31.0 ± 86.0 g (22.0%), 2.4 ± 12.5 g (7.6%), and 3.1 ± 24.0 g (4.8%). The intake of all nutrients, except sodium, did not meet the nutritional requirements per day. NQ of adult females in Indonesia was still relatively less (44.0 ± 13.2). Alternatives of BDI was developed based on the food groups/nutrients, quantity, and the score level, which consists of: BDI 3-50, BDI 3-60, BDI 3-61, BDI 3-83, BDI 3-105, BDI 4-50 , BDI 4-60, BDI 4-61, BDI 4-83, and BDI 4-105. The simplest and the most valid measurement was BDI 3-60 (correlation coefficients with the NQ 0.70) which is based on three levels of scoring system (zero, five, and 10) and six food groups (carbohydrate food, animal protein food, plant protein food, vegetable, fruit, and milk), without considering fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium. The mean score of BDI 3-60 was 31.0 ± 12.1. BDI 3-60 affected by marital status, economic status, education, occupation, and age. Adult females who married had 29% higher scores of BDI 3-60 than others. Medium to high economic status (quintiles 3, 4, and 5) had 39% higher scores of BDI 3-60 than the low economic status (quintiles 1 and 2). Middle and high school education had opportunities 17% and 30% higher scores of BDI 3-60 than elementary education, respectively. Civil servants and self-employed/others had opportunities 11% and 5% higher scores of BDI 3-60 than subjects who did not work/school, respectively. Females aged 30-49 years and 50-55 years had opportunities 23% and 25% higher scores of BDI 3-60 than females aged 19-29 years, respectively. BDI 3-60 which developed based on three levels of scores and six food groups (carbohydrate food, animal protein food, plant protein food, vegetable, fruit, and milk) can be used as a simple way of evaluating NQ of
Keyword: adult females, balanced diet index, nutritional quality of diet

Judul: Alternatif Indeks Gizi Seimbang untuk Menilai Kualitas Konsumsi Pangan Anak Usia 2-12 Tahun di Indonesia
Abstrak: Currently, there are many Indonesian children who experience nutritional problems. 19.6 % of children under five years are underweight, more than 30% are stunted. On the other hand ,11.9% of children are overweight in 2013. The Ministry of Health developed Guidelines for Balanced Diet in 2014 as healthy eating guidelines for all age groups, including children to control these nutritional problems. Although the balanced dietary guideline is available, Indonesia has yet developed a practical and comprehensive instrument to assess children’s food consumption quality. Other countries, e.g. United States of America, Australia and Thailand had developed such instrument called Healthy Eating Index (balanced diet index) for all age groups. Indonesia’s Healthy Eating Index or Balanced Diet Index was only developed for adult group. Therefore, this study was aimed generally to develop the balanced diet index (BDI) for Indonesian children aged 2-12 years. The specific purposes of this study were to analyze food consumption of Indonesian children aged 2-12 years, to develop several alternatives of BDIs for Indonesian children aged 2-12 years, and to select the most appropriate BDI for Indonesian children. The study was conducted from September 2014 to May 2015. Subjects were healthy children aged 2-12 years from the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2010. 38890 children were selected as final subjects after data cleaning based on exclusion criteria. The development of balanced diet index (BDI) was performed in three steps, namely 1) the classification of food, 2) the development of BDI alternatives and assessment systems, and 3) validation of the BDI using correlation test between BDI alternatives with the nutritional quality (NQ) of the diet of the subject. Mean adequacy level of 15 nutrients was included in the calculation of NQ of the subjects’ diet, i.e. energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, water, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B9 (folate), vitamin B12, vitamin C, sodium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, and zinc. The nutrient intake data were obtained from conversion of food consumption data of Riskesdas 2010 using Indonesian food composition tables, nutrition fact of labeled foods, the USDA nutrient database, and nutrisurvey software. 12 alternatives of BDI were developed in this study. The difference of each BDI was on the scoring systems and the components that were included in the assessment. The study results showed that all of BDI developed positively correlated with the NQ value of the subjects (r = 0.27 – 0.60). BDIC-60, BDI with continuous scoring system, consisting of six components of the assessment and 0 food aspects related to noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) was the most valid BDI (r = 0.6). BDI3-60, BDI with 3-level discrete scoring systems, consisting of six components of the assessment and 0 food aspects related to NCDs was the most practical and valid BDI (r = 0.58). BDIC-104, BDI with continuous scoring system, consisting of 10 components of the assessment and 4 food aspects related to NCDs was the most complete BDI to assess the quality of the diet of the subjects (r = 0.42). BDI3-60 was a valid index that can be used practically to assess the quality of children’s food consumption. The BDI modification
Keyword: balanced diet index, child, food consumption

Judul: Pemodelan Dua Potensial Penghalang Tidak Simetris Pada Semikonduktor Superlattice
Abstrak: Salah satu penomena menarik yang dapat dijelaskan fisika kuantum yaitu tunneling (penerobosan). Pada penolllena ini, partikel yang bergerak dengan energi lebih keeil dari potensial penghalang lllemiliki probabilitas menerobos penghalang tersebut. Besamya probabilitas dinamakan koefisien transmisi.
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