Judul: Analisis biaya pemanenan hasil hutan di areal PT. Inhutani I unit I Long nah, Propinsi Kalimantan Timur
Abstrak: Sumberdaya hutan merupakan salah satu sumberdaya yang cukup penting di Indonesia. Satu di antara beberapa fungsi hutan adalah penghasil kayu sebagai bahan baku industri yang diwujudkan melalui kegiatan pemanenan hutan. hasil Pada kenyataannya seluruh biaya pengeluaran kayu dibebankan pada nilai kayu tersebut. Untuk itu perlu diketahui besarnya biaya maupun komponen pemanenan kayu melalui pendekatan analisis biaya pemanenan hasil hutan. Dengan mengetahui struktur biaya dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhinya, maka diharapkan akan lebih bermanfaat untuk perbaikkan metoda pemanenan hasil hutan yang sedang dilaksanakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya biaya yang dikeluarkan pada tiap tahapan pemanenan hasil hutan (logs) dan untuk mengetahui distribusi dan efisiensi waktu kerja serta memberikan evaluasi dalam peningkatan efisiensi penggunaan waktu kerja di PT. Inhutani I Unit I Long Nah.
Keyword: pemanenan kayu

Judul: Produktivitas dan Analisis Biaya Penebangan dan Penyaradan Kayu di IUPHHK-HA PT Intertropic Aditama Kalimantan Timur
Abstrak: Pemanenan kayu merupakan proses kegiatan pemindahan hasil hutan berupa kayu dari hutan menuju tempat pengolahan kayu. Indikator keberhasilan pemanenan kayu dipengaruhi oleh faktor kondisi alat, kemiringan lapang, dan biaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghitung produktivitas penebangan dan penyaradan kayu dengan dua alat dan dua kelas lereng yang berbeda, serta menghitung dan menganalisis besarnya biaya kegiatan tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produktivitas penebangan berdasarkan alat menggunakan chainsaw 1 dan 2 sebesar 24.91 m3/jam dan 19.20 m3/jam. Produktivitas penebangan berdasarkan kelas lereng 1 dan 2 sebesar 20.27 m3/jam dan 25.74 m3/jam. Produktivitas penyaradan berdasarkan alat menggunakan bulldozer 1 dan 2 sebesar 12.99 m3/jam dan 9.71 m3/jam. Produktivitas penyaradan berdasarkan kelas lereng 1 dan 2 sebesar 11.11 m3/jam dan 11.89 m3/jam. Biaya penebangan chainsaw 1 dan 2 sebesar Rp9046/m3 dan Rp8866/m3. Biaya penyaradan bulldozer 1 dan 2 sebesar Rp29 443/m3 dan Rp30 383/m3.
Keyword: biaya, kelerengan, pemanenan kayu, penebangan, penyaradan, produktivitas

Judul: DNA Extraction and Characterization of Salmonella‟s Lytic Bacteriophage Genome
Abstrak: Bacteriophages are ubiquitous in nature and are known to proliferate wherever their bacterial hosts exist. Their virion particles can exist independently outside the host, however all phages are need their host to propagate. Several phages are highly specific to host cell surface receptors and any slight changes in structure results in little or no interaction between the phage and its host. Salmonella‟s phage isolated from sewage water where their bacteria exist. Three isolated of phages (phages 15, 19 and 38) were used in this research that concentrated using three types of methods. PEG/ NaCl method was firstly used to concentrate the phages based on their molecular weight to precipitate the phage particles during centrifugation. The second method was Scraping Plaque method. In this method, overlay plaques were scraped and collected in SM buffer to get phage concentrates. Enrichment method was the last method used to concentrate the phages. Phage genome isolation was done using two methods i.e. EDTA/SDS and Proteinase K methods. The first method was done using DNase I to eliminate bacterial DNA followed by SDS/EDTA treatment to release phages DNA and phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol to extract the DNA. DNA was collected by isopropanol extraction. While in Proteinase K method, bacterial DNA was eliminated by DNase I and Proteinase K/SDS was used to degrade phages capsids and ethanol for DNA precipitation. The result showed that PEG/NaCl method resulted the highest phage concentration for phage 15 and phage 19, while scrapping method was the highest for phage 38. The quantity and purity of extracted DNA were low for PEG/NaCl and Scraping methods, while Enrichment method was higher indicated higher purity. Run on agarose gel electrophoresis of extracted DNA confirmed that Enrichment method results were the best while scraping and PEG/NaCl method was appeared smear background. Based on DNA genome size determination, the bacteriphages of Salmonella sp were comparable with other study of Salmonella phages. Phage P15 with genome size of 39,5 kb was close to phage epsilon15. Phage P19 with genome size of 41 kb was close to phage ST160. And phage P38 with genome size of 48,5 kb was close to phage Gifsy-1.
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