Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Campylobacter jejuni Menggunakan Metode Konvensional dan Molekuler serta Mekanisme Patogenesis pada Saluran Pencernaan Ayam Broiler
Abstrak: Kejadian infeksi Campylobacter spp. pada manusia meningkat selama beberapa dekade terakhir. Campylobacter spp. merupakan bakteri Gram-negatif, motil, berbentuk spiral (wing shape), reaksi oksidase dan katalase positif, serta tidak dapat mengoksidasi/memfermentasi karbohidrat. Campylobacter spp. dapat diisolasi dari hewan domestik maupun hewan liar, karena saluran pencernaan hewan berdarah panas merupakan habitat alami dari Campylobacter spp. Spesies yang patogen dari genus ini bersifat thermotoleran atau thermofilik yaitu C. jejuni, C. coli dan C. lari. Campylobacter spp. bersifat toleran dan mampu bertahan pada suhu 4 C (refrigerator) selama 49 hari, namun tidak dapat tumbuh dan berkembang biak. Saat ini, Campylobacter spp. menjadi perhatian dunia, karena merupakan bakteri patogen yang menyebar melalui makanan. Campylobacter jejuni tumbuh pada suhu antara 25-49 C, sensitif terhadap sodium klorida (NaCl) dan kondisi kering serta tumbuh dengan baik pada pH 5.5-8.0. Bakteri ini mampu tumbuh dan berkembang biak di saluran pencernaan manusia dan menyebabkan diare yang parah. Campylobacter jejuni menyebabkan Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) yaitu kerusakan pada sistem syaraf peripheral dan berubah menjadi paralysis temporer yang merupakan penyebab neuromuscular akut dan bisa menyebabkan kematian. Lebih dari 40% pasien GBS berhubungan dengan infeksi C. jejuni dan 80% penyebab campylobacteriosis adalah C. jejuni. Gejala klinis infeksi Campylobacter spp. antara lain, diare berair yang dapat berubah menjadi diare berdarah tergantung toksin yang dihasilkan oleh beberapa strain Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter jejuni menghasilkan beberapa toksin seperti cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), shiga toxin dan hemolisis, cholera-related enterotoxin. Hasil penelitian saat ini memperlihatkan bahwa daging ayam dan produk olahannya merupakan sumber kontaminasi utama dari C. jejuni. Penelitian di Jepang menunjukkan, sekitar 60% dari karkas ayam dan produk olahannya yang dijual di pasar terkontaminasi oleh C. jejuni. Daging ayam terkontaminasi C. jejuni dari isi saluran pencernaan atau feses selama proses pemotongan, penanganan dan pengolahan. Manusia terinfeksi Campylobacter spp. karena mengkonsumsi daging ayam setengah matang. Campylobacter spp. merupakan bakteri patogen yang sulit untuk dikultur dan diisolasi, sehingga diperlukan media pre enrichment dan enrichment yang telah ditambah suplemen pertumbuhan dan antibiotika. Metode kultur konvensional untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi Campylobacter spp. pada sampel pangan pada umumnya membutuhkan waktu beberapa hari. Alternatif uji secara cepat, sensitif dan berdasarkan pada metode kultur adalah teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).....dst
Keyword: C. jejuni, conventional method, PCR, gross lesions, histopathologic lesions

Judul: Prevalensi campylobacter jejuni pada karkas ayam dan pengembangan uji deteksinya
Abstrak: Chicken meat and eggs are the main source of animal protein in Indonesia because they are relative cheaper than cattle products. Campylobacter jejuni is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen predominantly found in chicken carcasses. C. jejuni causes gastroenteritis in humans, had a very low infectious dose that is easy to cause infection in humans. The study was aimed to (1) rapidly detect C. jejuni contamination in chicken carcass (2) determine the prevalence of contamination and quantitative analyse of the risk of thermophilic Campylobacter sp. when mishandling consume. (3) produce immune sera against the local isolates that can be used as a reagent for ELISA. A total of 298 chicken carcass samples sold in modern and traditional markets in the area of Jakarta, West Java (Bogor and Sukabumi) and Central Java (Kudus and Demak) were collected and attempted for isolation following ISO/ DIS 10272-1994 protocol, identification using biochemical API Campy, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay using hipO, glyA, fla, and 23S rRNA primer sets for species identification. The result is chicken carcasses sold in the sampling area both traditional markets and supermarkets are contaminated with C. jejuni and C. coli. Prevalence of Campylobacter sp. contamination on chicken carcasses was isolated by conventional (19.8%) and PCR (41.6%). The contamination rate of Campylobacter sp. on chicken carcasses sold in supermarkets, markedly 14.09% is higher than in traditional markets 5.70%. It is also confirmed that the prevalence for contamination of C. jejuni was higher than C. coli. Prevalence of C. jejuni contamination that sold in traditional markets 88.23% was higher than C. coli 11.76%. The prevalence of C. jejuni contamination in carcasses sold in swalayan was 78.57%. These were higher than contamination of C. coli that was identified by conventional methods 21.42%. Flagella and whole cell antigen purification from a local isolate of C. jejuni (C1) was done by glycine extraction and produced flagellar protein of 31 kDa. Animal immunization against flagellar protein extract induced higher specific antibody titers in chicken than rabbits and sheep. A probability model describing variability but not uncertainty was developed in beta-poisson model. The result is microorganism reduction 2 log cfu/gram and the output sof the model was the probability of illness per handling if the roasted chicken mishandled is 4 for 1 000 humans.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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