Judul: Marketing of Nature Rubber in Cipari District, Cilacap  Regency
Abstrak: Sebagai daerah produksi utama karet di Kabupaten Cilacap, produksi karet di Kecamatan Cipari mengalami tren peningkatan sejak tahun 2017 sampai 2019. Meskipun demikian, petani karet di Kecamatan Cipari masih menghadapi permasalahan pemasaran seperti rendahnya harga jual karet, disparitas harga, dan ketidakterbukaan informasi pasar. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi saluran pemasaran dan fungsi-fungsi pemasaran serta menganalisis efisiensi pemasaran karet di Kecamatan Cipari. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer dari 34 petani karet dan 10 lembaga pemasaran seperti pedagang pengumpul, pedagang besar, dan pabrik pengolah karet yang masing-masing ditentukan menggunakan purposive dan snowball sampling. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ada tiga saluran pemasaran karet di Kecamatan Cipari. Fungsi pemasaran yang dilakukan petani hanya penyimpanan dan penjualan sedangkan lembaga pemasaran melakukan fungsi pembelian dan penjualan, penyimpanan, pengolahan, pengangkutan, sortasi, pembiayaan, dan penanggungan risiko. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukan bahwa saluran pemasaran dari petani-pedagang besar-pabrik pengolah karet relatif lebih efisien dibandingkan saluran lainnya dengan nilai margin pemasaran Rp 3.981,00 dan farmer’s share sebesar 71,11 persen serta nilai rasio keuntungan terhadap biaya 2,69., As one the main rubber production areas in Cilacap District, rubber production in Cipari Subdistrict has experienced an increasing trend from 2017 to 2019. However, rubber farmers in Cipari Subdistrict have problems such as low rubber prices, price disparity, and asymmetry market information. This study aims to identify marketing channels and marketing functions, and analyze marketing efficiency of rubber in Cipari Subdistrict. The study used a primary data from 34 rubber farmers and 10 marketing actors such as local trader, wholesalers, and processors who determined by purposive and snowball sampling respectively. The data were analysed using qualitative and quantitative descriptive analyses. The result showed that there are three channels of rubber in Cipari Subdistrict. The farmers had role in storage and sales functions, while marketing institutions had important role in exchange, physical, and facility functions. The marketing channel of farmer-whosaler-crumb rubber processor was relatively more efficient than other two channels with marketing margin of Rp. 3,981.00, farmer's share of 71.11 percent, and profit-to-cost ratio of 2.69.
Keyword: efisiensi, fungsi pemasaran, margin pemasaran, saluran pemasaran

Judul: Sistem Pemasaran Karet Rakyat di Kabupaten Tebo, Provinsi lambi dengan Pendekatan Rantai Pasok
Abstrak: Indonesia is an agricultural country that rich in agricultural resources. Agriculture in Indonesia is divided into five sub-sectors including food crops, plantations, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry where the plantation subsector accounted for the GDP in 2013 amounted to 17.4% (BPS 2014). The development of plantation sub-sector is one option that is quite realistic as strategic business and mainstay in the Indonesian economy with rubber which became one of the State foreign exchange earner. Indonesia rubber export destinations include the United States, Japan, Singapore, and other consumer countries. Rubber plantations in Jambi Province is smallholder rubber plantations cultivated for generations, so that the rubber has become part of the culture and customs of the people of Jambi. Rubber plantations in Jambi has an area of about 588 043 hectares, with 312 925 tons of rubber results involving more than 254 746 farmers. The development of rubber can not be separated from the various problems both from the aspect of production and marketing aspects. As for the problems faced by rubber farmers is the lack of access to price information, the low productivity of rubber, the high proportion of old rubber plantation area, though the marketing of rubber material that has not been efficient, the price is not balanced, the availability of agricultural inputs the farm level is still limited. In other words, it is not enough just to increase rubber’s productivities, but must be followed by refinement or improvement effort in the marketing system. Improvements in marketing carried out with the aim to increase the level of marketing efficiency. Therefore, supply chain required by the manufacturer to obtain a quality product so that consumers are satisfied with the output generated by the plant. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the channel and functions of marketing agencies smallholder rubber in Tebo regency, identify the supply chain of smallholder rubber in Tebo regency with SCN approach (Supply Chain Network) covers the structure of the supply chain, supply chain business processes, supply chain management, resources power chain, targeting the chain and supply chain performance with margin approach, the farmer's share and ᴨ/C ratio, analyze the impact of the supply chain to the fulfillment of the quality and increase the marketing efficiency of smallholder rubber in Tebo. This research was conducted in the area of smallholder rubber production centers in Tebo starting from December 2014 to February 2015. The location selected purposively based on consideration of Tebo has a rubber auction market (PLK) is active and there is also a rubber processing factory (crumb rubber) as an alternative marketing rubber by farmers. The number of farmers and respondents drawn as many as 80 people. From the research results, marketing systems smallholder rubber in Tebo regency there are four marketing channels. The first marketing channel shall be composed of rubber farmers - village traders - traders districts - wholesalers and rubber factories, the second channel involves rubber farmers - traders village - a rubber factory, a third channel consists of rubber farmers - auction markets rubber - rubber factories, and channels to four consisting
Keyword: Marketing Channel, Marketing Eficiency, Supply Chain Rubber

Judul: Peluang Partikel Plasma Berada Pada Dimensi Debye Akibat Gangguan Gelombang Elektromagnetik dengan Menggunakan Persamaan Schrödinger
Abstrak: The solution of Schrodinger equations with plasma Coulomb potential in spherical coordinat results solution wave function and energy plasma particle. Electron probability density at Debye length with thermal effect same as ion, which indicates plasma in neutral state. Electromagnetic waves perturbation of an electric field given to result wave function perturbation system. The probability density of plasma particle due to electromagnetic waves perturbation is the largest when an electromagnetic waves frequency 1.41 times the plasma frequency .
Keyword: Schrödinger, plasma, electromagnetic wave