Judul: Distribusi dan neraca CO2 antropogenik laut di Daerah Arus Lintas Indonesia (ARLINDO)
Abstrak: Era revolusi industri dimulai ketika manusia memulai kegiatan antropogeniknya yaitu memanfaatkan bahan bakar fosil seperti minyak bumi dan batu bara sebagai sumber energi. Kegiatan ini dimulai dari dataran Eropa pada tahun 1750an dan kemudian mulai berkembang ke seluruh dunia sampai sekarang. Hasilnya, konsentrasi CO2 di atmosfer meningkat tajam pada titik yang cukup untuk mengubah iklim bumi. Data terakhir yang dirilis global carbon project (GCP) menunjukkan, konsentrasi CO2 atmosfer hampir mencapai 390 ppm di akhir tahun 2010, bandingkan dengan awal era revolusi industri yang masih sekitar 280 ppm, selisihnya sekitar 110 ppm, yang kemudian disebut sebagai konsentrasi CO2 antropogenik. Dari semua CO2 yang dihasilkan dari kegiatan antropogenik, hanya 50%-nya saja yang disetorkan ke level atmosfer, sementara sisanya harus diserap oleh tumbuhan daratan dan lautan (Sabine 2004). Laut memainkan peranan penting dalam mereduksi CO2 atmosfer melalui mekanisme kesetimbangan yang berlangsung didalamnya. Bila laut tidak berperan dalam hal ini, konsentrasi CO2 di atmosfer mungkin akan berada pada kisaran 1000 ppm. Disini terlihat betapa pentingnya peran laut dalam menjaga keseimbangan sistem bumi. CO2 penting dalam menjamin berlangsungnya kehidupan di dalam laut, namun sebaliknya, semakin banyak CO2 yang diserap, dikawatirkan justru akan berdampak pada kehidupan didalamnya. Dari tahun ke tahun konsentrasi CO2 antropogenik terus menunjukkan peningkatan dan peningkatan ini dikawatirkan akan mengubah fungsi laut sebagai penyerap, karena laut juga memiliki kemampuan terbatas dalam menampung CO2 terlarut di dalamnya. CO2 dipertukarkan di antara ketiga Samudera Dunia (Atlantik, Hindia, dan Pasifik), melalui sirkulasi termohalin massa air dunia (The Great Conveyor Belt). Penyerapan CO2 antropogenik oleh laut, dimulai pada saat air hangat bergerak ke Atlantik Utara dan menjadi dingin. Pada kondisi ini, tekanan parsial CO2 (pCO2) laut menjadi lebih rendah dari atmosfer, sehingga CO2 atmosfer dengan mudah diserap oleh lautan. Penyerapan CO2 antropogenik oleh laut terjadi juga di Samudera Selatan yang memiliki suhu permukaan air yang rendah. Perjalanan CO2 antropogenik massa air Atlantik Utara di lapisan dalam, kemudian bergabung dengan massa air Samudera Selatan, selanjutnya CO2 antropogenik didistribusikan ke Samudera Hindia dan Samudera Pasifik....dst
Keyword: ARLINDO, CO2 Antropogenik, Laut Banda, Selat Ombai, Samudera Pasifik, Samudera Hindia, TrOCA

Judul: Anthropogenic CO(2) contain in Indonesian Throughflow Region (ITF)
Abstrak: This research uses TrOCA method in order to investigate anthropogenic CO2 distribution in the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) regime as well as its relationship with water mass transport from Pasific Ocean to Indian Ocean, based on four parameters; TCO2 (dissolved inorganic carbon), TA (total alkalinity), O2 (oxygen), and θ (potential temperature). The calculated anthropogenic CO2 is generaly distributed in upper layer of thermocline from both oceans, with concentration of 20–50 μmol.kg-1. In the North Equatorial Current (NEC) station section (section P10N) of Pacific Ocean, the anthropogenic CO2 is mainly stratified in upper layer with maximum concentration of 50 μmol.kg-1 and founded near surface. The anthropogenic CO2 content in NEC will be transported to Mindanao Current (MC) regime which is an inflow for ITF. Two stations in MC regime showed a similar stratification of anthropogenic CO2 in upper layer with maximum concentration of about 50 μmol.kg-1. In the outlet of ITF, particularly station section along eastern Indian Ocean (section H_I10), the stratification is still found in upper layer with maximum concentration of 50 μmol.kg-1. In section H_I10 on the eastern of Indian Ocean, concentration along latitude and longitude line are higher than the stations in western of Pasific Ocean. The estimation of anthropogenik CO2 budget in outlet ITF is 40.43–73.38 Tg C y-1, higher than those observed in inlet ITF is 13.88–33.72 Tg C y-1. It means that the ITF region is responsible for this different. In station of Banda and Ombai Strait, a high accumulation anthropogenic CO2 was found between 20-71 μmol.kg-1 in the depth ranging from 5 to 200 m. In Banda station, this accumulation was probably due to water mass transport from Java Sea, resident time and acccumulation of water, whereas in Ombai Strait station, it was because of water mass transport from Java Sea and Pacific Ocean, and terrestrial run off.
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Judul: Evaluation of Influenza Antibody Titers in Serum and Egg Yolk of Layers Vaccinated with Influenza Vaccines.
Abstrak: Influenza belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family which causes upper and lower respiratory tract infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate influenza-A specific antibody titers from serum and egg yolk of hens vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Three Hy-line Brown layers were vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza type A and B inactivated vaccines. Vaccination was carried out three times at a dose of 0.25 ml/chicken via the intramuscular route. The first vaccination was carried out at 24 weeks of age, then boosters were performed at 28 and 32 weeks of age. Serum and egg yolk were collected every week for 20 weeks since the first vaccination. Influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 antibody titers were determined using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and agar-gel-precipitation (AGP) test. Influenza-A H3N2 and H1N1 specific antibodies were detected in both serum and egg yolk from the first to twenty weeks after the initial vaccination. Highest HI geometric mean titer (GMT) of H1N1 antibody reached 26.67 HIU at nine weeks post first vaccination (p.f.v), while H3N2 antibody reached 26 HIU at six weeks p.f.v. Our result showed that influenza antibodies can be produced in layers using quadrivalent vaccines and layer chickens are able to produce equivalent antibody levels for each influenza subtype.
Keyword: antibody, egg yolk, influenza, layer chickens, serum