Judul: Cricula trifenestrata (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae): Perkembanngan  Embrio, Penundaan Penetasan Telur, dan Pemecahan Dormansi  Pupa
Abstrak: Cricula trifenestrata (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) dapat diunggulkan sebagai ulat sutera yang menghasilkan benang berwarna khas yaitu kuning keemasan (‘golden silk’) dan lebih berpori serta tidak mudah kusut dibandingkan dengan sutera biasa. Kokonnya berbentuk seperti jarring dan tidak berbau. Permintaan kokon jauh lebih tinggi daripada ketersediaannya di alam. Oleh karena itu banyak penelitian yang harus dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas kokon dari ulat sutera jenis ini.
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Judul: Karakteristik Kokon Ngengat Sutera Samia cynthia ricini  (Biosduval) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) dengan Pemberian Pakan  Berbeda
Abstrak: Samia cynthia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) adalah serangga penghasil sutera yang telah dibudidayakan di berbagai daerah. Ulat sutera S. c. ricini termasuk spesies polifagus yang menggunakan beberapa spesies tanaman sebagai pakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan durasi tiap fase perkembangan yang dibutuhkan masing-masing fase pradewasa, melakukan karakterisasi kokon dan menguji kualitas serat S. c. ricini dengan pemberian pakan berbeda, yaitu jarak kepyar (Ricinus communis), singkong karet (Manihot glaziovii), dan pepaya jepang (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius). Pemeliharaan larva mulai instar I sampai V. Kokon diamati warna dan diukur bobot, panjang dan diameternya. Kekuatan tarik dari serat tunggal diukur menggunakan alat UTM (Universal Tasting Machine) dan diameter serat diukur menggunakan mikroskop digital Dino-Lite. Daun tanaman pakan larva S. c. ricini dianalisis dengan uji proksimat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan durasi yang dibutuhkan larva S. c. ricini lebih cepat pada pemberian pakan daun jarak kepyar dibandingkan singkong karet dan pepaya jepang. Karakter kokon S. c. ricini pada pemberian pakan daun jarak kepyar mempunyai bobot dan diameter lebih besar dibandingkan pakan singkong karet. Nilai kekuatan tarik dan regangan serat sutera S. c. ricini lebih tinggi pada pakan daun singkong karet., Samia cynthia ricini (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is a silk cocoonproducing insect that has been domesticated in various regions. The silkworm S. c.ricini is a polyphagous species that can use several plant species as food. The purpose of this study were to determine the duration of each pre-adult phase, to characterize of the cocoon, and to measure the tensile of the fibers of S. c. ricini fed by different plants species, namely castor (Ricinus communis), cassava (Manihot glaziovii), and spinach (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius). The larvae (1st -5 th instars) were fed by leaves of each plant. Color of cocoons were observed and weight, length and diameter were measured. The tensile strength of a single fiber was measured using a UTM (Universal Tasting Machine) and the diameter of a single fiber was measured using a Dino-Lite digital microscope. Leaves as feed of S. c. ricini larvae were analyzed by proximate analysis. The results showed that giving of castor leaves result the best growth performance of S. c. ricini larvae and the larvae develope to pupae. The weight and diameter of cocoons fed by castor leaves were greater than that of cassava leaves. The tensile strength and diameter of single fibers of S. c. ricini fed by cassava leave was higher than that of castor.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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