Judul: Leaf Anatomy Diversity of Several Chili Species (Capsicum  spp.)
Abstrak: Cabai (Capsicum spp.) merupakan tanaman herba famili Solanaceae dari benua Amerika yang tumbuh di dataran rendah sampai tinggi. Struktur anatomi daun memiliki keanekaragaman yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur anatomi daun dari empat spesies cabai. Sampel daun yang digunakan yaitu Capsicum annuum, Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum chinense, dan Capsicum frutescens. Daun disayat paradermal dengan metode whole mount dan transversal dengan metode parafin. Karakter yang diamati berupa bentuk sel epidermis, tipe, ukuran, kerapatan, dan indeks stomata, tipe trikoma, tebal kutikula, tebal epidermis, tebal mesofil, tebal daun, serta susunan pembuluh. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa sel epidermis berbentuk poligonal tidak beraturan serta terdapat stomata dan trikoma. Tipe stomata anisositik dan anomotetrasitik dapat dijumpai pada empat spesies. Tipe stomata anomositik hanya terdapat pada C. frutescens, sedangkan parasitik hanya pada C. annuum. Stomata terpanjang ditemukan pada C. annuum, sedangkan stomata terlebar ditemukan pada C. baccatum. Nilai kerapatan dan indeks stomata tertinggi sisi adaksial ditemukan pada C. annuum, sedangkan sisi abaksial dijumpai pada C. chinense. Trikoma kelenjar dan non-kelenjar dijumpai pada empat spesies. C. annuum memiliki tebal kutikula, tebal epidermis, tebal mesofil, dan tebal daun tertinggi. Pembuluh daun tersusun secara bikolateral., Chili (Capsicum spp.) is a herbaceous plant of the family Solanaceae from America that grows from low to high altitudes. The anatomical structure of leaves has a high diversity. This research aims to analyze anatomical structure of leaves from four chili species. Leaf samples used were Capsicum annuum, Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum chinense, and Capsicum frutescens. Leaves were sectioned paradermally using whole mount method and transversally with paraffin method. The observed characters were epidermal cell shape, type, size, density, and stomatal index, trichome type, cuticle thickness, epidermis thickness, mesophyll thickness, leaf thickness, and vessel arrangement. The results showed that the epidermal cells were irregularly polygonal and contained stomata and trichomes. Anisocytic and anomotetracytic stomatal types were found in four species. Anomocytic stomatal type was only found in C. frutescens, while paracytic was only found in C. annuum. The longest stomata was in C. annuum, while the widest stomata was in C. baccatum. The highest stomatal density and index value on the adaxial side was found in C. annuum, while the abaxial side was found in C. chinense. Glandular and non-glandular trichomes were found in four species. C. annuum had the highest cuticle, epidermis, mesophyll and leaf thickness. Leaf vessels arranged bicolaterally.
Keyword: anisocytic, bicollateral, paraffin method, Solanaceae, whole mount

Judul: Pollen Morphology of 20 Chili Cultivars (Capsicum spp.) Derived from Four Chili Species
Abstrak: Cabai (Capsicum spp.) merupakan salah satu bumbu dapur yang banyak dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui morfologi polen dari 20 kultivar cabai yang berasal dari empat spesies cabai. Metode yang digunakan yaitu metode asetolisis, kemudian dilakukan identifikasi morfologi menggunakan Australasian Pollen and Spore Atlas dan PalDat - Palynological Database selanjutnya dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriptif. Morfologi polen yang diamati pada penelitian ini meliputi unit polen, bentuk polen berdasarkan sisi polar, ekuatorial dan indeks P/E, ukuran polen, tipe aperture, dan ornamentasi eksin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa polen cabai memiliki unit polen monad, bentuk polen pada sisi polar circular, dan circular oval dari sisi ekuatorial. Tipe aperture cabai termasuk tricolporate dan ornamentasi eksin psilate. Ukuran polen termasuk dalam kategori kecil. Bentuk polen berdasarkan indeks P/E cukup beragam meliputi suboblate, oblate-spheroidal, prolate- spheroidal dan subprolate., Chili (Capsicum spp.) is a spice that is widely used by Indonesian people. This study aimed to determine the pollen morphology of 20 chili cultivars from four chili species. The method used was the acetolysis method, then morphological identification was carried out using the Australasian Pollen and Spore Atlas and PalDat - Palynological Database then analyzed using the descriptive method. The pollen morphology observed in this study includes pollen units, pollen shape based on the polar view, equatorial and P/E index, pollen size, aperture type, and exin ornamentation. The results showed that the chili pollen had monad pollen units, pollen forms on the polar view were circular, and circular oval on the equatorial view. The chili aperture type included tricolporate, and psilate exin ornamentation. The size of pollen was included in the small category. Pollen forms based on the P/E index are quite diverse, it was suboblate, oblate-spheroidal, prolate-spheroidal, and subprolate.
Keyword: aperture, Capsicum, cultivar, pollen shape

Judul: The impact and contribution of the tourism sector to the Indonesian economy : an I-O and SAM approach
Abstrak: Tourism is an important and strategic sector for the Indonesian economy. The sector has been growing for the last two decades to enhance its contribution to the GDP, employment, regional, local economy, and to strengthen the balance of payment. In particular, a planned economy was introduced to provide substantial opportunities to utilize tourism as a mechanism for national development. As a service-based sector, tourism as also considered to be a vehicle of converting the manufacturing economy to a service economy which makes the delivery of the product rather than the creation of the product the most important thing.
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