Judul: Distribution of Encoding Genes Ampicillin Resistance in Salmonella spp. Isolated from Chicken Carcasses
Abstrak: Penggunaan ampisilin dengan tujuan bukan untuk pengobatan (non-terapeutik) dapat menimbulkan antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Resistensi terhadap ampisilin dapat dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan gen-gen penyandi resistensi ampisilin. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan data gen-gen penyandi resistensi ampisilin beserta gen dominannya pada Salmonella spp. asal karkas ayam. Terdapat tujuh belas isolat Salmonella spp. asal karkas ayam yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini terdiri dari tiga tahapan kerja, yaitu ekstraksi dan analisis kemurnian DNA Salmonella spp., deteksi gen-gen penyandi resitensi ampisilin, dan analisis korelasi antara fenotipe dan genotipe serta frekuensi gen tertinggi. Deteksi gen-gen penyandi sifat resistensi ampisilin dilakukan menggunakan polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hasil deteksi gen penyandi resistensi ampisilin menunjukkan 17 (100%) isolat memiliki gen blaTEM dan blaTEM-1, 16 (94,1%) memiliki gen blaCTX-M-2, 11 (64,7%) memiliki gen blaCTX-M-15, dan tidak ada isolat yang memiliki gen blaCMY-2. Korelasi antara sifat resisten (fenotipe) dengan keberadaan gen penyandi resistensi ampisilin (genotipe) menunjukkan bahwa gen blaCTX-M-15 memiliki persentase korelasi tertinggi dan merupakan gen dominan penyandi resistensi ampisilin pada Salmonella spp. asal karkas ayam., The use of ampicillin for non-therapeutic purposes can lead to antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Resistance to ampicillin can be influenced by the presence ampicillin resistance coding genes. This study aims to obtain data on ampicillin resistance coding genes and their dominant genes in Salmonella spp. isolated from chicken carcasses. There were seventeen isolates of Salmonella spp. isolated from chicken carcasses used in this study. This study consisted of three stages of work, namely extraction and purification analysis of Salmonella spp. DNA, detection of ampicillin resistance coding genes, and correlation analysis between phenotype and genotype and the highest gene frequency. Detection of the genes coding for ampicillin resistance was carried out using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results of the detection ampicillin resistance gene coding showed that 17 (100%) isolates had the blaTEM and blaTEM-1 genes, 16 (94.1%) had the blaCTX-M-2 gene, 11 (64.7%) had the blaCTX-M-15 gene, and none of the isolates had the blaCMY-2 gene. The correlation between resistance (phenotype) and ampicillin resistance coding genes (genotype) showed that the blaCTX-M-15 gene had the highest correlation percentage and was the dominant gene encoding ampicillin resistance in Salmonella spp. isolated from chicken carcasses.
Keyword: ampicillin, AMR, chicken carcasses, PCR, Salmonella spp.

Judul: Identification of Antibiotic Resistance and Genotypic Analysis of Salmonella spp. Originated From Chicken Carcass
Abstrak: Daging unggas merupakan daging terbanyak yang dikonsumsi di dunia. Angka infeksi Salmonella yang tinggi menyebabkan peningkatan penggunaan antibiotik. Penggunaan antibiotik secara berlebihan dapat menyebabkan bakteri mengembangkan sifat resistensi terhadap antibiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan data resistensi antibiotik dan data gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik pada Salmonella asal karkas ayam. Tujuh belas isolat digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 4 tahapan, yaitu uji sensitivitas, ekstraksi DNA, analisis kemurnian hasil ekstraksi DNA, dan deteksi gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik. Uji sensitivitas Salmonella terhadap antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer. Deteksi gen penyandi resistensi antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) konvensional. Uji sensitivitas antibiotik menunjukan 15 (88,2%) isolat resisten terhadap asam nalidiksat, 12 (70,6%) resisten terhadap eritromisin, 11 (64,7%) resisten terhadap ampisilin dan gentamisin, 3 (17,6%) resisten terhadap oksitetrasiklin, 2 (11,8%) resisten terhadap tetrasiklin dan siprofloksasin, dan seluruh isolat sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol. Hasil deteksi gen penyandi resistensi menunjukan 17 (100%) isolat memiliki gen tetA(G) dan gyrA, 16 (94,1%) memiliki gen blaTEM, 15 (88,2%) memiliki gen aadB, dan tidak ada isolat yang memiliki gen ermB. Hasil penilitian menunjukan bahwa sifat fenotip dan genotip resistensi antibiotik tidak selalu berhubungan.
Keyword: Antibiotik, Karkas ayam, Kirby-Bauer, PCR, Salmonella

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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