Judul: Studi Produksi Bioetanol untuk Peningkatan Budidaya dan Nilai Tambah Pascapanen Sagu (Metroxylon spp.) Asal Sorong
Abstrak: Sago (Metroxylon spp.) is a potential starch-producing crop which produce 20 – 40 tonnes starch ha-1 year-1. Each years, big amount of sago starch are wasted because it is not exploited well. The people only utilize sago starch for consumption in daily food needs. The low utilization of sago reduces its harvest performances. Sago starch can be used as raw material for renewable alternative energy such as bioethanol. The main object of this study is to analyze the optimation of enzyme application to hydrolyze sago starch that were collected from Sorong and the ratio of water with starch usage in bioethanol fermentation. The second aim is to ensure the kind of sago starch that can be used to produce bioethanol, so that it becomes the driving force for sago farmers in the cultivation of sago intensively in Sorong District. This study was used enzyme to hydrolyze sago starch into liquid sugar. Fermentation of liquid sugar used yeast contained Saccharomyces cereviseae until it produces bioethanol. The sago starch are used in this study that is Iwarwo type. The highest etanol content was 10.93% at 72 hours after fermentation. The result was collected from condition of 1:5 sago starch with water ratio treatment, 1 mL of α-amylase enzyme kg-1 sago starch and 1.2 mL glucoamylase enzyme kg-1 sago starch.
Keyword: bioethanol, hydrolysis, optimation, sago starch, Sorong

Judul: Sakarifikasi Empulur Sagu (Metroxylon sagu) dengan Konsorsium Enzim Amilolitik dan Holoselulolitik untuk Produksi Bioetanol
Abstrak: Starchy materials such as sago in bioethanol production is one effort in finding solutions to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves but leaving a large amount of wastes. In this research, native sago pith was used directly for bioethanol production. Sago pith is heterogeneous substrates that need pretreatment to reduce the level of crystallinity of fibers and dissolve the starch; also required a number of enzymes to hydrolyze. This research aim is to determine the effects of microwave treatment and consortia of enzymes (α-amylase, amyloglucosidase and pullulanase, cellulase and xylanase) in fermentable sugar production process from the pith of sago palm and its utilization for bioethanol production. This study included the preparation of raw materials sago pith, pith composition analysis including proximate components, starch, amylose and the composition of fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), characterization and preparation of enzymes for determining the optimum temperature, the process of hydrolysis and characterization of syrup. Furthermore, the results of hydrolysis are used in the production of bioethanol in batch and closed systems. The results showed that, microwave treatment made starch easy to swell and break the crystalline structure of fiber. Enzymes consortia in saccharification increased the fermentable sugar production but S. elippsoides used tend to convert glucose into organic acids in spite ethanol.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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