Judul: Effect of Addition of Essential Oil Bio-additive to B30 Biodiesel Fuel on Diesel Engine Performance
Abstrak: Biosolar B30 adalah campuran bahan bakar solar dan biodiesel dengan perbandingan 70:30. Permasalahan penggunaan biodiesel meliputi tingginya partikulat, kadar air dan penurunan masa pakai filter sehingga perlu adanya bahan tambahan untuk menangani permasalahan tersebut dengan menambahkan bioaditif. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh penambahan bioaditif dilihat dari karakteristik B30, performa, emisi gas buang mesin diesel dan menentukan formula terbaik dari dua jenis formula yaitu bioaditif A (campuran minyak terpentin, clove terpene, sereh wangi) dan bioaditif B (campuran minyak terpentin, clove terpene, rhodinol). Pengolahan data menggunakan metode deskriptif dan one-way anova pada taraf 95% dilanjut menggunakan uji Least Significance Different. Uji karakterisasi menganalisis beberapa parameter, seperti viskositas, densitas, titik nyala, nilai kalor, kadar air dan partikulat yang telah memenuhi Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Minyak dan Gas Bumi 234.K/10/DJM.S Tahun 2019. Uji performa menganalisis beberapa parameter, seperti nilai torsi dan daya yang mengalami kenaikan sebesar 0,1 – 5% pada bioaditif B dan konsumsi bahan bakar mengalami kenaikan pada bioaditif A dan bioaditif B. Sedangkan parameter pada uji emisi meliputi CO2, NOx, dan Smoke. Nilai emisi NOx dan CO2 lebih rendah dengan menggunakan bioaditif B dan emisi smoke terjadi peningkatan pada bioaditif B., Bio solar B30 is a mixture of diesel fuel and biodiesel with a ratio of 70:30. The problems of using biodiesel, such as high particulates, water content, and decreased duration of the filter so that additional materials are needed to deal with these problems by adding bioadditives. This study aims to determine the effect of adding bio-additives seen from the characteristics of B30, performance, diesel engine exhaust emissions and determine the best formula from two types of formulas, namely bioadditive A (a mixture of turpentine oil, clove terpenes, citronella), and bioadditive B (a mixture of turpentine oil, clove terpenes, rhodinol). Data processing used descriptive methods and one-way ANOVA at the 95% confidence level followed by the Least Significance Different test. The characterization test analyzes several parameters, such as viscosity, density, flash point, calorific value, water content, and particulates, and has complied with the Director-General of Oil and Gas Decree of 234.K/10/DJM.S Year 2019. The performance test analyzed several parameters, such as the torque and power values which increased by 0.1 – 5% in the bio-additive B and fuel consumption increased in bio-additive A and bio-additive B. Meanwhile, the parameters in the emission test included CO2, NOx, and Smoke. The value of NOx and CO2 emissions are lower using bio-additive B, and smoke emission increase with bio- additive B.
Keyword: Biosolar B30, Biodiesel, Bioadditive, Diesel Engine Performance, Characterization test

Judul: Bioaditive Effect of Essential Oils on Decreasing Particulate Levels and Water Content in Biosolar Fuel B30
Abstrak: One of the efforts that can be made to improve the quality of diesel fuel is the addition of additives. Natural and renewable potential alternatives as fuel additives are essential oils. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of adding bioadditive and to obtain the best formula to reduce particulate levels and water content of diesel fuel. This research includes mixing bioadditive ingredients consisting of clove terpene, rhodinol, and turpentine oil with a concentration of 0.5%, and a mixture with a composition of 1: 1: 8; 0.33: 0.67: 8; 0.5: 1.5: 8, the addition of a bioadditive formula into the biodiesel with a concentration of 1%. Tests conducted in the form of density, viscosity, particulate content, and moisture content. The largest reduction in particulate levels was produced by the addition of 0.5% bioaditive clove terpenes. The reduction in particulate content was 38.26% at the 4 micron measurement, 62.85% at the 6 micron measurement, 91.11% at the 14 micron measurement for B30 fuel. The best reduction in water content is produced by the fuel with the addition of a single compound bioadditive in the form of turpentine oil, which reduced the water content of B30 to 282 ppm. The best additive formula to reduce particulate content was 1% bioadditive second formula (BA2) which reduced the particulate content of 4 microns by 88.37%, 6 microns by 94.34%, and 14 microns by 98.19%. The best bioadditive formula to reduce water content was 1% bioadditive third formula (BA3) which reduced water content to 218 ppm.
Keyword: : bioaditive, biosolar, essential oil, particulate, water

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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