Judul: Pola Bioekstraksi Selenium Dari Daun Coklat Secara Fermentasi Dengan Campuran Asam Saccharomyces – acetobacter
Abstrak: Selenium (Se) merupakan elemen mikro esensial. Unsur ini sangat berperan dalam pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bagi hewan. tumbuhan, serta manusia. Oleh sebab itu dikembangknn cara untuk mendapatkan Se dengan teknik fermentasi campuran asam. Teknik ini pertama kali ditemukan pada teh kombucha, yaitu fermentasi teh menggunakan mikrob Saccharomyces-Acetobacter,. yang saling bersimbiosis mutualisme.
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Judul: Kandungan Selenium Produk Fermentasi Daun Benalu Teh Scurrula atropurpurea (BI) Danser Oleh Simbiosis Saccharomyces-acetobacter
Abstrak: Benalu tell adalah tumbuhan yang biasa digunakan untuk: mengobati kanker dan penyakit lainnya. Selenium adaIah unsur esensiaI bagi tubuh dan banyak: terdapal di tanah daerah vulkanis. Tanaman teh dan benalu teh tumbuh di tanah daerah wlkanis, sehingga didup bena1u teb mengandung selenium dan proses fermentasi dapat mengekstraksi Se ke dalam suspensi basil fennentasi Proses fennentasi untuk mengekstraksi Se dari daun beDalu tell menS8unakan baktc:ri Acetobacter xylilfum dan Saccharomyces cerevisUJe. Perlakuan yang digunakan ialah fermentasi dengan menggunakan S. cerevisiae. A. xylinum, konsorsium A.xylinum-S. cerevisiae 1:1, 1:2, dan 2:1 dengan waktu fennentasi 0, 3, 6, 9, dan 12 hari. Kandungan Se dalam suspensi basil fennentasi dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode analisis aktivasi neutron. Kandungan Se tertinggi djbasilkan dari benalu teh yang difennentasi otch S. cerev;siae, yaitu 25,20 ppb, karena Se yang dihasjlbn seIain berasal dari daun benalu teh juga dihasilkan oleb S cerevisiae. Penggunaan A. xylimmr sebagai mikrob dalam fennentasi daun benalu teh menghasilkan Se sebesar 10,86 ppb. Penggunaan konsorsium A. xyIimtm-S. cerevtsiae 2:1 mengekstraksi Se sebesar 121,93% dati konsentrasi awal dan mempunyai kandungan Se sebesar 16.8,60 ppb. Konsorsium A. xylillum-S. cerel'isiae 1:1 menghasilkan Se sebesar 8,15 ppb dan konsorsium 1:2 menghasilkan Se sebesar 17,60 ppb dengan kenaikan sebesar gg,84%. Penggunaan S cerevisiae daIam famentasi daun
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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