Judul: Friesian Holstein Bull Froze Semen Using Tris Egg  Yolk With the Addition of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma Extenders
Abstrak: Pengencer Tris Kuning Telur (TKT) dan penambahan aPRP secara keseluruhan mampu mempertahankan kualitas semen selama proses kriopreservasi. Penelitian bertujuan membandingkan kualitas semen beku sapi FH menggunakan pengencer Tris Kuning Telur (TKT) dan penambahan Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma. Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma dibuat dengan metode sentrifugasi selama 20 menit. Semen dikoleksi menggunakan vagina buatan, dikumpulkan dan dibagikan kedalam 5 alikuot, diencerkan dengan pengencer kuning telur-gliserol tris yang ditambahkan dengan proporsi aPRP yang berbeda [0% (kontrol), 2%, 5%, 10%, dan 15%] dilanjutkan dengan kriopreservasi menggunakan prosedur standar. Semen diekuilibrasi selama 3 jam, kemudian dibekukan dengan menggunakan uap nitrogen (N2) cair dan disimpan selama satu hari dalam kontainer N2 cair. Semen beku selanjutnya dithawing selama 30 detik di dalam air suhu 37 oC dan dievaluasi kualitasnya terhadap karakteristik motilitas spermatozoa dengan metode estimasi dan CASA, viabilitas spermatozoa, membran plasma utuh (MPU), dan recovery rate (RR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan nyata (P<0,05) ditemukan pada motilitas spermatozoa, viabilitas spermatozoa, MPU, dan RR. Inseminasi buatan diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas dan populasi sapi perah Friesian Holstein di Indonesia. Tris kuning telur dengan aPRP 5% merupakan pengencer dengan konsentrasi terbaik pada semen sapi FH selama proses kriopreservasi., Tris egg yolk with aPRP diluents were overall able to maintain semen quality during the cryopreservation process. The study aimed to compare the quality of frozen semen of FH cattle using Tris Egg Yolk (TKT) diluent with Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma. Autologous Platelet-Rich Plasma was made by centrifugation method for 20 minutes. Semen was collected using artificial vagina, pooled and divided into 5 aliquots, diluted with Tris egg yolk-glycerol diluent supplemented with different proportions of aPRP [0% (control), 2%, 5%, 10%, and 15%] followed by cryopreservation using standard procedures. Semen was equilibrated for 3 hours, then frozen using liquid nitrogen (N2) vapor and stored for one day in a liquid N2 container. Frozen semen was then thawed for 30 seconds in 37 oC water and its quality was evaluated against the characteristics of spermatozoa motility by the estimation method and CASA, spermatozoa viability, intact plasma membrane (MPU), and recovery rate (RR). The results showed that significant differences (P <0.05) were found in spermatozoa motility, spermatozoa viability, MPU, and RR. Artificial insemination is needed to improve the quality and population of Friesian Holstein dairy cattle in Indonesia. Tris egg yolk with 5% aPRP was the diluent with the best concentration in FH cow semen during the cryopreservation process.
Keyword: CASA, Friesian Holstein, semen beku, Tris aPRP

Judul: Friesian Holstein Bull Frozen Semen Quality Using Skim Milk and Citrate-Egg Yolk Nanoparticles Extenders
Abstrak: Inseminasi buatan menggunakan semen beku dilakukan untuk meningkatkan populasi sapi Friesian Holstein (FH) di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan kualitas semen beku sapi FH menggunakan pengencer susu skim dan sitrat-kuning telur nanopartikel. Kuning telur nanopartikel dibuat dengan metode milling selama 110 menit. Semen dikoleksi menggunakan vagina buatan, kemudian dievaluasi dan diencerkan dengan pengencer Susu skim (SK), Sitrat kuning telur nanopartikel 5% (SKTN 5), Sitrat-kuning telur nanopartikel 10% (SKTN 10), dan Sitrat-kuning telur nanopartikel 20% (SKTN 20. Semen diekuilibrasi, dibekukan dengan uap nitrogen (N2) cair, direndam sesaat dalam N2 cair dan disimpan dalam kontainer N2 cair. Semen beku dithawing dengan air hangat (37ºC) selama 30 detik dan dievaluasi kualitasnya terhadap karakteristik motilitas progresif, dengan metode estimasi dan CASA, viabilitas, membran plasma utuh (MPU), dan recovery rate (RR). Perbedaan nyata (P<0,05) ditemukan pada motilitas porgresif, MPU, dan RR dari spermatozoa. Pengencer Sitrat-kuning telur nanopartikel secara keseluruhan mampu mempertahankan kualitas spermatozoa selama proses pembekuan lebih baik jika dibandingkan Susu skim., Artificial insemination using frozen semen is used to increase the population of Friesian Holstein (FH) cattle in Indonesia. This study aims to compare FH frozen semen quality using skim milk and egg yolk nanoparticle-citrate extenders. To make nanoparticles, egg yolks were milled for 110 minutes. The semen is collected using artificial vagina, then evaluated and diluted with Skim milk (SM), Egg yolk nanoparticle-citrate 5% (EYNC 5), Egg yolk nanoparticle-citrate 10% (EYNC 10), and Egg yolk nanoparticle-citrate 20% (EYNC 20). Semen is then equilibrated, frozen by liquid nitrogen vapor, and then submerged in liquid nitrogen before stored in liquid nitrogen. The frozen semen is thawed with warm water (37ºC) for 30 seconds and then evaluated. The quality of frozen semen was evaluated by the progressive motility, using estimation and CASA method, viability, membrane integrity (MI), and recovery rate (RR). Significant differences (P<0.05) were found among the sperm progressive motility, MI, and RR. Egg yolk nanoparticles in citrate buffer can maintain sperm quality in cryopreservation better than skim milk
Keyword: CASA, egg yolk nanoparticle, Friesian Holstein, frozen semen, skim milk

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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