Judul: Pengoptimalan Sintesis Glukosamina Hidroklorida Berbasis Kitosan
Abstrak: In this study, glucosamine hydrochloride has been synthesized based on chitosan hydrolysis using HCl. The reaction time, temperature, and HCl concentration were varied and investigated. The Box Behnken method response surface design was used via Minitab 14 software to evaluate the synthesis yield. Glucosamine hydrochloride content in the resulting products were ranging from 75.10 to 99.37%. The result showed that the optimum reaction time, temperature, HCl concentration was obtained when the reaction was carried out using 4 N HCl at 90 °C in 140 minutes.
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Judul: Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Glukosamina Hidroklorida Berbasis Kitosan
Abstrak: Glucosamine hydrochloride salt is one of the amino sugars that has therapeutic properties such as anticancer, antimicrobial, and as raw material for arthritis drug. Objective of this study is to synthesize glucosamine hydrochloride in optimum condition and to characterize the product. Glucosamine hydrochloride was synthesized by reacting chitosan with 4 N HCl at 90 °C for 2 hours. The product was tested for its melting point, thin layer chromatogram (TLC), functional group analysis by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), crystal analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the crystal surface analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The yield was 88% in the form of white crystal with high levels of 112.8% and purity of 86.7%. The melting point was 188-190 °C. FTIR results show absorption bands of glucosamine hydrochloride. XRD results showed that crystals has low crystallinity and SEM images showed that the surface morphology was rather rough and porous. Based on these results the synthesized glucosamine hydrochloride was not pure and less crystallinity. Therefore, it needs purification and recrystalization.
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan