Judul: Uji Toksisitas Akut Lethal Dose (LD50) Ekstrak Etanol Daun Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) pada Mencit (Mus musculus).
Abstrak: Daun ketapang digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai ramuan tradisional pengobatan beberapa penyakit karena mempunyai aktivitas antimikroba, antiparasit, antibakteri, antiinflamasi, antidiabetik, antioksidan, hepatoprotektif, dan aktivitas antikanker. Uji toksisitas akut ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat keamanan penggunaan ekstrak etanol daun ketapang (Terminalia catappa). Penelitian ini menggunakan mencit jantan sebanyak 30 ekor (25±5 g) yang dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok; 1 kelompok kontrol dan 5 kelompok perlakuan. Kelompok kontrol dicekok akuades dan kelompok perlakuan dicekok ekstrak etanol daun ketapang dengan dosis bertingkat sebanyak 1, 2, 4, 8, dan 16 g/kg bobot badan (BB). Pemberian ekstrak etanol daun ketapang dan akuades menggunakan sonde lambung dan diberikan dalam dosis tunggal. Mortalitas diamati pada 48 jam setelah perlakuan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian nilai LD50 yang didapat adalah sebesar 16.3523 g/kg BB dan termasuk dalam kategori praktis tidak toksik. Pengamatan histomorfologi menunjukkan adanya degenerasi sel pada hati dan ginjal terutamanya pada kelompok perlakuan dosis 4, 8, dan 16 g/kg BB.
Keyword: histomorfologi, LD50, Terminalia catappa

Judul: Aktivitas Ekstrak Etanol Daun Ketapang (Terminalia catappa) sebagai Imunomodulator
Abstrak: Terminalia catappa yang dikenal dengan pohon ketapang adalah tanaman obat yang banyak digunakan dalam mengobati berbagai penyakit, termasuk antibakteri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengamati aktivitas ekstrak etanol daun ketapang (Terminalia catappa) sebagai imunomodulator. Penelitian ini menggunakan 20 ekor mencit jantan yang dibagi dalam 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok A, B, C, dan D dengan masing-masing dosis ekstrak etanol daun ketapang sebesar 0, 1, 3, dan 5 g/kg BB. Pemberian ekstrak etanol daun ketapang dilakukan secara peroral setiap hari selama 7 hari. Pada akhir penelitian mencit percobaan diinduksi Staphylococcus aureus secara intraperitoneal. Satu jam pasca induksi S. aureus, mencit percobaan dinekropsi untuk mengambil cairan peritoneal. Cairan peritoneal kemudian dibuat preapart ulas dan diwarnai dengan larutan pewarna Giemsa 10% lalu diamati jumlah makrofag di bawah mikroskop. Hasil terbaik ditunjukan pada ekstrak daun ketapang 3 g/kg BB.
Keyword: daun ketapang, histopatologi, imunomodulator, makrofag

Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm