Judul: Pengaruh Pemberlakuan Bea Keluar Biji Kakao terhadap Ekspor Cocoa Butter Indonesia
Abstrak: Biji kakao adalah salah satu komoditas yang banyak diekspor namun tidak diikuti dengan perkembangan ekspor produk olahannya. Kebijakan bea keluar biji kakao bertujuan dapat menekan ekspor biji kakao sehingga persediaan biji kakao dalam negeri untuk industri pengolaan kakao terjamin dan dapat meningkatkan ekspor dari produk olahannya, salah satunya cocoa butter. Tujuan penelitian i adalah untuk menganalisis dan mendeskripsikan pengaruh bea keluar biji kakao terhadap ekspor cocoa butter dengan menggunakan metode Error Correction Model (ECM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bea keluar biji kakao berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ekspor cocoa butter dalam jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Kurs dan indeks produksi manufaktur berpengaruh positif dan signifikan dalam jangka panjang. Harga cocoa powder sebagai produk substitusi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan pada jangka pendek. Kebijakan bea keluar biji kakao mampu meningkatkan ekspor cocoa butter dalam jangka panjang dan pendek. Pemerintah dapat menerapkan kebijakan ini dalam jangka panjang sembari meningkatkan kinerja insutri kakao.
Keyword: bea keluar, cocoa butter, ECM, permintaan impor

Judul: Pengaruh Kebijakan Bea Keluar Biji Kakao terhadap ekspor Cocoa Butter Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat
Abstrak: Penerapan kebijakan bea keluar biji kakao bertujuan untuk mendorong peningkatan ekspor cocoa butter. Amerika Serikat merupakan salah satu negara pengimpor dari cocoa butter Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis dan mendeskripsikan pengaruh kebijakan bea keluar biji kakao terhadap ekspor cocoa butter Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat. Penelitian menggunakan data times series tahunan dari 1990 sampai 2020. Metode yang digunakan adalah Error Correction Model (ECM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada jangka panjang variabel harga internasional biji kakao, harga ekspor cocoa butter, dan kebijakan bea keluar biji kakao berpengaruh secara signifikan. Pada jangka pendek variabel harga ekspor cocoa butter berpengaruh positif secara signifikan terhadap ekspor cocoa butter Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat. Kebijakan bea keluar biji kakao dapat meningkatkan ekspor cocoa butter Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat sehingga pemberlakuan kebijakan ini dapat dilanjutan. Selain untuk mendorong pertumbuhan industri pengolahan, kedepannya mutu dari cocoa butter yang dihasilkan perlu dijaga dan ditingkatkan., The implementation of the cocoa bean export tax policy aims to encourage an increase in cocoa butter exports. The United States is one of the importing countries of Indonesian cocoa butter. The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the effect of the export duty policy on cocoa beans from Indonesia's cocoa butter exports to the United States. The study uses annual times series data from 1990 to 2020. The method used is the Error Correction Model (ECM). The results showed that in the long term the international price of cocoa beans, cocoa butter export prices, and cocoa bean policies had a significant effect. In the short term, the variables of cocoa butter export prices have a significant positive effect on Indonesia's cocoa butter exports to the United States. The policy of exporting cocoa beans can increase Indonesian cocoa butter exports to the United States so that this policy can be continued. In addition to encouraging the growth of the processing industry, in the future the quality of the cocoa butter produced needs to be maintained and improved.
Keyword: cocoa beans export tax, ECM, export of cocoa butter

Judul: Hybrid solar cells of ZnO nanoparticles/chlorophyll was modified metal ions (Zn2+ and Cu2+ )
Abstrak: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a n-type semiconductor with a wide the energy band (Band Gap) is 3.37 eV at room temperature and 3.34 eV at low temperature with a large exiton binding energy is 60 meV. ZnO has been synthesized by hydrothermal method, resulting in a decrease in particle size over the duration of the hydrothermal changes. Crystallographic structure of ZnO were characterized using XRD, has shown the characteristic pattern of a hexagonal wurtzite structure, the crystallite size increases to changes in particle size. Changes in particle size has also led to a change in the absorption peak of ZnO as has been demonstrated posted under test using the optical properties of UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Changes of this uptake has also led to changes in the energy band gap, which increases its band gap energy of the particle size. In electronic applications, especially in solar cells. Chlorophyll is considered less effective, because of their very nature are easily degraded as a result of several reactions which are acid, lighting and temperature. The results of the stability test using a halogen lamp 34 W/m2 for 5 hours, that the substitution of chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form more stable than natural chlorophyll. The characterization of the optical properties, the combination of ZnO / chlorophyll in the form of hybrid films has led to a shift in the absorption region of ZnO becomes more widely from the UV to Visible. ZnO/chlorophyll has absorption range of 350-515 nm, ZnO / Zn-feofitin 332-401 nm and 332-632 nm for Cu-feofitin. The combination of ZnO/chlorophyll and CuSCN as a solid electrolite in hybrid solar cell, a modified chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form a more stable I-V curve. It is characterized by its fill factor value greater than natural chlorophyll. Nevertheless, solar cells with natural chlorophyll has been able to produce higher efficiency values of chlorophyll were substituted.
Keyword: Hydrothermal, ZnO/Chlorophyll modified, Hybrid Solar Cell