Judul: Kajian Proses Pernumian dan Pemekatan Larutan Raw Sugar dengan Menggunakan Teknologi Membran
Abstrak: Proses pemurnian dan pemekatan larutan raw sugar mempengaruhi kualitas gula yang dihasilkan. Dalam penelitian ini dipeiajari dternatif proses pemurnian dm pemekatan larutan raw sugar dengan menggunakan teknologi rnembran. Membran yang digunakan untuk proses pernumian adalah membran ultiafdtrasi dengan Molecular Weight Cut Off W C O ) 10000 Da serta membran nanofiltrasi dengan MWCO 600 Da. Proses ini ktujuan untuk mengamati fluks dan karakteristik hasil pernumian s e w dasar pemilihan penggunaan membran uhddtcasi atau nanofiltrasi serta menentukan kandisi optimum tekanan membran ultrafdtrasi dm nanofihsi. Membran yang digunakan untuk proses pernekatan adalah rnembran reverse osmosis tip 4820ULP dengan rejeksi NaCl 98.5%. Pada proses pemekatm dipelajati kuahtas hasil pemekatan larutan raw sugar, kinerja membran reverse osmosis tekanan rendah berdasarkan pada nilai fIuks, permeabilitas, derajat pemekatan, dan nihi rejeksi terhadap sukrosa. TekaTlan optimum membran ultrafiltrasi dan nanofiltrasi bertunrt-tunrt adalah 5 dan 7 bar dengan nilai fluks masing-masing 43.5- 78.81/m2.jam clan 29.2- 50.4I/m2.jam . BerWkan nik fluks dan karakteristik hasil pemurnian, maka rnembran yang tepat bagi proses pemurnian adalah membran ultrafiltrasi. Pengamatan kine j a membran pa& proses pemekatan menggunakan membran reverse osmosis menrmjukkan bahwa konsentrasi umpan yang sernakin tinggi mengakiiatkan penurunan nilai fluks di menitmenit awd semakin tajam, semakin cepat tacapainya nilai fluks konstan, dan semakin meningkatkan tingkat rejeksi mernbran terhadap bahan terlarut. Nilai fluks meningkat dengan meningkatnya tekanan, &an tetapi pa& tekanan tertentu (* bar), tekamn tidak berpengaruh lagi terhahp peningkatan nilai fluks. Membran reverse osmosis bertekanan rendah tip 4820 ULP marnpu memekad;an lamtan mw sugar sampai dengan brks 25.15% d e n p briks awal hasil pemurnian 13.33%. Tekanan operasi yang digunakan adalah 10.6 bar. Larutan raw sugar hasil pemekatan rnenggunakan membran reverse osmosis pada konsentrasi briks 25.15% mempunyai mutu kadar guIa reduksi 3.71%- kadar HK 95.47, dm warna 2 1.85 IU.
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Judul: Penjernihan nira tebu menggunakan membran ultrafiltrasi dengan sistem aliran silang
Abstrak: Membrane ultrafiltration is one alternative technology to produce a high quality cane sugar with reasonable cost, because its ability to produce a brighter color and lower impurities as well as sulphur free of product. This technology can reduce process steps, chemical and energy demand, so that the production cost is potentially reduced significantly. This research work was aimed to study the performance of various membrane filtrations in the application for clarifying sugar cane juice, covering the achievable flux, membrane rejection against impurities, and quality of the filtered juice. The experiments were conducted according to the principle of cross flow using three different transmembrane pressures of 0.7, 1.4, and 2.1 bar and cross flow rate of 0.42 m/s. Various membranes were studied in this experiments both commercial ultrafiltration membrane and ultrafiltration membrane prepared in our laboratory. Sugar cane juice before and after clarification were characterized by measuring the parameters of brix, sucrose concentration, solution color, clarity, and pH. The polisulfone membrane, which was prepared in our laboratory, produced fluxes in the range of 25-30 L/m2.h at the transmembrane pressures of 0.7-2.1 bar. The membranes increased clarity of the juice from app. 10 to 60% of transmition and reduced color up to 80-90%, comparable with the results of the commercial ultrafiltration membrane.
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Judul: Dog Ticks Infestation and Its Correlation to Tick-Borne Diseases.
Abstrak: Ticks infestation on dog could lead to itchiness, anemia, skin disorders, and tick-borne diseases, such as Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis, Anaplasmosis and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. Besides dogs, Ehrlichiosis were known to be zoonotic. Pre-mature stage tick life cycle that occur outside its host, will enhance contacts between ticks and human. The study of ticks infestation and tick-borne diseases on the dog is necessary, because it has not a lot of information about the diversity, prevalence and degree of ticks infestation in Indonesia. Ticks survey, included ticks sampling and dogs blood test were performed at Animal Police Directorate Security Agency (Baharkam) and Atang Sendjaja Air Force (ATS). Meanwhile ticks sampling also data of cases of ticks infestation and diseases transmitted obtained from 21 veterinary clinics in Bogor, Jakarta and Bandung. All ticks samples stored in bottles containing 70% alcohol for identification. Blood tests performed for Ehrlichiosis, Babesiosis and Anaplasmosis diagnosis. The identification results of the 950 ticks samples that obtained from 97 dogs of Baharkam, ATS and veterinary clinics in Bogor, Jakarta and Bandung, showed only one ticks species, Rhipicephalus sanguineus. This ticks belong to three-host tick, which require three hosts to complete its life cycle. Each ticks stage need a host, either same dog (if it is in place there is only one or a few dogs), as well as different dogs. Research in Baharkam conducted on 81 dogs (53 males and 28 females). The prevalence of dogs infested by ticks was 67.90%. The percentage of male dogs that infested by ticks are larger (69.81%) than female (64.29%). Based on Chi-Square test, there was no relationship between sex and breed of dog with degree of ticks infestation. Generally dogs infested with mild infestation category (41.98%), meanwhile moderate category was 18.52%, 2.47% high and 4.94% very high. The dog’s body region that the most infested by R. sanguineus was dog's back. Probably these body regions were be preferred because they are less accessible for the dog to remove them with its paws. Collection of ticks with tick-drag on Baharkam grass field showed positive results on the field that was more often used to practice by dogs. The samples that obtained was larvae stage ticks with density 152 larvae on 215m2 area of the field. Adult stage ticks and several adult females which laying eggs on the cage wall were obtained in the dog kennels. Whole of male and female ATS dogs infested with ticks (14 dogs). In general, dogs infested with very high infestation category was 64.29%, compared by high degree category (21.43%) and moderate (14.29%). Ticks predilection were found mostly on the dog’s head – neck. On ATS grass field did not reveal any ticks, but positively inside the kennels. It happens probably because dogs are rarely released from the kennel, so that the ticks was did drop-off inside the kennel. The total cases of ticks infestation of dogs at Bogor, Jakarta and Bandung veterinary clinics in 2008 until June 2013 as many as 731 cases. In general, there was an increases of the ticks infestation prevalence at three cities in that range
Keyword: Anaplasma, Babesia, Ehrlichia canis, Rhipicephalus sanguineus