Judul: Pendugaan perubahan cadangan karbon di Taman Nasional Meru Betiri
Abstrak: Based on greenhouse gases inventory conducted from 2000 – 2005, land use, land use changes and forestry (LULUCF) contributed approximately 48% of the total emissions of Indonesia, due to deforestation and other forest cover changes at the rate of 1,1 million hectares per year. In the efforts of reducing emissions from LULUCF sector, Indonesia implements Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation-plus (REDD-plus). Meru Betiri National Park (MBNP) was chosen to host a REDD-plus demonstration activity. Carbon stock inventory and monitoring is one of the main activity of the REDD-plus demonstration activity in TNMB. The use of combined remote sensing technology and ground-based inventory in plot scale can be used to estimate carbon stock changes in landscape scale. This study aimed to estimate carbon stock in various land-cover of MBNP and estimate carbon stocks change in MBNP during the period 1989 – 2001, 2001 – 2005, and 2005 – 2010. Carbon stocks measurement was conducted in MBNP during May to July 2010. The measurement was done in Permanent Sample Plots (PSP) which were established by MBNP’s management for carbon stock inventory and monitoring activities. Total of 40 PSPs were available, distributed over various land-covers, namely: primary forest, secondary forest, agro-forestry system, cropland, shrub/bush, grassland, and rubber plantation. This study considered only above ground biomass and above ground carbon. The study found that biomass amount in MBNP ranged at 46,39 Mg.ha-1 – 241,85 Mg.ha-1 and carbon stock amount ranged at 20,31 Mg.ha-1 – 120,93 Mg.ha-1. Primary forest had the highest amount of biomass and carbon stock, while grassland had the lowest amount of biomass and carbon stock in MBNP. During the period of 1989 to 2010, total amount of carbon stock in MBNP has increased at amount of 479.256,12 Mg.ha-1 or on average of 22.821,72 Mg per year. The amount of carbon stock during the period of 1989 – 2001 had decreased at amount of 34.536,86 Mg. The decrease of carbon stocks was caused by deforestation, illegal logging, forest encroachment and tsunami. The amount of carbon stock has increased during the period of 2001 – 2005 at amount of 126.646,67 Mg and during the period of 2005 – 2010 at amount of 398.553,78 Mg. The increase of carbon stocks was caused by intensive forest protection, monitoring of activities on forestland and land rehabilitation involving community in/and surrounding MBNP area, non-governmental organization (LATIN, KAIL), ITTO and PUSPIJAK – Ministry of Forestry.
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Judul: Pendugaan perubahan cadangan karbon di Taman Nasional Gunung Merapi
Abstrak: Climate change is a direct effect of global warming. Global warming means increasing temperature of the earth's which directly related to greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from human activities. Solutions to accomplish climate change from effect of global warming are adaptation and mitigation. Increasing carbon stocks and reducing GHG emissions from human activities is an effective ways of mitigation climate change. Forest is an area that could absorb and save carbon stocks through photosynthesis. Gunung Merapi National Park (GMNP) is a region that has forests with several types of land use changed because of human activities or natural processes. This change will affect the amount of carbon stock at GMNP, whereas GMNP forest can used as be baseline of carbon sink area and carbon stock. The study aimed to assess carbon stocks changes within period of 1991−2001, 1991−2009, and 2001−2009. Carbon stocks measurement was conducted in 3 months from June to August 2010. Materials used in the research are Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM (Path 120 Row 065), earth visual map, and boundaries region map. Carbon stocks above ground measured by using non-destructive methods for trees and destructive methods for ground cover, bushes, and grassland. Processing data of biomass assessment using allometry equation which will be converted to carbon values. Carbon measurement was conducted at 35 plots from various types of land used, namely secondary forest, mixed plantation forest, pine plantation forest, shrub, bamboo, bush, and grassland. The largest land used carbon stocks was secondary forest (172.08 Mg.ha-1) and the smallest carbon stocks were shrub and grassland (3.62 Mg.ha-1). Carbon stocks in period 1991−2001 was declined 157458.71 Mg and in period 1991-2009 was also reduced of about 145391.26 Mg, but period 2001−2009 was increased by 12067.45 Mg. There was trend of carbon stocks in GMNP declined in period of 1991 to 2001, conversely in 2009 tended to increase although the increasing was very small.
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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