Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Escherichia coli pada Sarang Burung Walet Ekspor ke Tiongkok
Abstrak: Sarang burung walet merupakan komoditi ekspor yang bernilai tinggi. Kebutuhan akan sarang burung walet di pasar internasional sangat besar dan merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan yang diekspor ke Tiongkok. Sarang burung walet yang akan diekspor ke negara Tiongkok harus memenuhi standar kualitas yang dipersyaratkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri Escherichia coli pada sarang burung walet ekspor ke Tiongkok. Sebanyak 40 sampel sarang burung walet putih yang akan diekspor ke negara Tiongkok diuji di Laboratorium Balai Besar Uji Standar Karantina Pertanian (BBUSKP). Pengujian dilakukan dengan metode Most Probable Number (MPN) terdiri dari uji pendugaan (LC broth) dan uji peneguhan (EC broth), uji pada media L–EMBA, dan uji IMVIC (Indole, Methyl–Red, Voger Proskauer, Citrate). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 8 sampel positif pada uji pendugaan (LC broth) dan peneguhan (EC broth) yang dinyatakan sebagai suspect bakteri E. coli. Hasil pengujian terhadap 8 sampel suspect dengan uji pada media L–EMBA menunjukkan hasil negatif atau tidak ditemukan adanya bakteri mikroba patogen E. coli pada semua sampel sarang burung walet. Kata
Keyword: Ekspor, Escherichia coli, Most Probable Number, Sarang Burung Walet, Tiongkok

Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Salmonella sp. pada Sarang Burung Walet untuk Tujuan Ekspor ke Tiongkok
Abstrak: Indonesia memasok sekitar 38% dari sarang burung walet di dunia menurut Kementerian Perdagangan dalam Laporan Market Brief (2016). Indonesia berada di tempat pertama eksportir dengan pasar utama berada di Hongkong, Singapura, AS, Vietnam dan Tiongkok. Salah satu persyaratan dalam proses ekspor tersebut adalah batas maksimal kandungan cemaran biologis. Batas maksimal untuk cemaran Salmonella sp. pada sarang burung walet adalah negatif/25 g. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi cemaran bakteri Salmonella sp. pada sarang burung walet yang akan diekspor ke Tiongkok. Pengujian Salmonella sp. meliputi tahap pertumbuhan pada media selektif dengan pre-enrichment dan enrichment dilanjutkan dengan isolasi dan identifikasi serta konfirmasi melalui uji biokimia, uji fermentasi karbohidrat, dan uji serologis. Pengujian dilakukan menurut Standar Nasional Indonesia Nomor 2897 Tahun 2008 tentang Metode Pengujian Cemaran Mikroba dalam Daging, Telur, dan Susu serta Hasil Olahannya. Sebanyak 40 sampel sarang burung walet didapat dari Balai Besar Uji Standar Karantina Pertanian, Rawamangun, Jakarta Timur pada periode Desember 2019-Januari 2020. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan satu (2.5%) sampel sarang burung positif uji Salmonella sp. Presentasi hasil positif yang rendah seakan mendukung pengujian lain selama rentang bulan Juni-Desember 2019 dengan hasil yang negatif.
Keyword: Ekspor, Identifikasi, Salmonella sp., Sarang walet, Tiongkok

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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