Judul: Identifikasi Molekuler Kompleks Spesies Himantura uarnak (Batoidea: Dasyatidae) di Indonesia.
Abstrak: Stingrays are one of the cartilaginous fish, apart of sharks and skates, and one of Indonesia's fishery resources. Almost of elasmobranch fishes are economically important fish. The refined products and live specimens of this fish are a lot of traded. Himantura uarnak, H. undulata and H. leoparda are stingray species in Himantura and Dasyatidae family, which are the most popular stingrays in Indonesia waters. The stingrays are major target species were used as a consumable product and trading products. Levels of species diversity of cartilaginous fish in Indonesia are very high, and also Indonesia is listed as one of the countries that use elasmobranch resources the highest in the world. Generally, this study aims to identify each species of H. uarnak species complex through molecular approaches. While specifically, this study aims to estimate the evolutionary process of species divergence and to determine the relationship between species. The methods were used in this study included field sampling, sample collection, and specimen identification, collection of genetic samples, analysis of genetic samples and data analysis . Size polymorphism nuclear DNA markers (intron EPIC) were used. Polymorphism alleles translated into genotypes and alleles frequency of five introns loci. The results of Bayesian analysis and Correspondence Analysis (CA) produced informative diagram of the population structure showed 4 different clusters. Cluster 1 and 4 were H. leoparda, Cluster 2 indicated as H. undulata and the Cluster 3 was H. uarnak. Cluster 1 was a variant of Cluster 4, in this time called as H. leoparda var.1. Separation of four clusters according to nuclear DNA need to be proved by mitochondria DNA maker by cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (cyt b). Molecular approaches were using mitochondrial DNA gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b produced 4 main groups (Group I, II, III and IV). Both of these molecular approaches showed each individual of groups were in consistent clade and the main group. Hence the H. uarnak species complex in Indonesian waters were divided into 4 main groups, and each was a particular species. The Group I and IV were the two group species that have been released as H. leoparda and Group I was H. leoparda var. 1 identified as cryptic species. Group II was one individual who grouped as H. undulata. Group III was one of other group that identified as H. uarnak and in accordance with the morphological characteristic through spotting pettern. Morphological approach to identified the stingrays of Himantura uarnak species complex clearly less accurate than the molecular approaches. Morphological approach should not be used to identify a species complex in stingrays without helped by other approaches.
Keyword: Himantura uarnak species complex, intron EPIC, cyt b, COI, spotting pattern

Judul: DNA Barcoding dan Evolusi Taxa Pari Gergaji (Anoxypristis cuspidata) dan Pari Kekeh (Rhynchobatus laevis) di Perairan Merauke, Papua
Abstrak: Indonesia dikenal dengan negara yang memiliki keanekaragaman Elasmobranchii yang tinggi. Pari gergaji di dunia terdapat lima spesies, empat ada di Indonesia sedangkan Pari kekeh memiliki 10 spesies, lima ada di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengidentifikasi spesies dan evolusi taxa pari gergaji dan pari kekeh menggunakan DNA barcoding di perairan Merauke, Papua. Primer yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah adalah primer universal Fish F1 untuk forward dan Fish R1 untuk reverse. Identifikasi tingkat spesies dilakukan menggunakan BLAST pada genbank di NCBI. Hubungan sejarah evolusi taxa menggunakan metode Neighbor-joining dan Maximum likelihood. Identifikasi celah menggunakan metode ABGD untuk mendapatkan partisi dan jumlah spesies kandidat. Dari total 15 sampel pari yang ditemukan, 12 spesies merupakan Rhynchobatus laevis dan 3 spesies Anoxypristis cuspidata. Pohon filogenetik merekontruksi dua clade yang terbentuk yang terdiri dari clade pari gergaji dan pari kekeh. Pemisahan cabang menjadi dua kelompok spesies dari satu garis yang sama mempresentasikan sebuah pemisahan garis evolusi ke dalam dua spesies yang berbeda., Indonesia is known as a country that has high Elasmobranchii diversity. There are five Sawfish species in the world, four are found in Indonesia, and while there are 10 wedgefish species, five are found in Indonesia. The research objective was to identify the species and evolution taxa of pointed sawfishes and wedgefishes by using barcoding DNA in Merauke waters, Papua. Primers used in this study are Fish F1 universal primer for forward and Fish R1 universal primer for reverse. Species level identification was carried out using the BLAST on the genbank at NCBI. Historic relationship between taxa evolution uses the neighbor-joining and Maximum likelihood. Gap identification uses the ABGD method to obtain the partition and number of candidate species. Of the total 15 samples of rays found in Merauke waters, 12 species were Rhynchobatus laevis and 3 species Anoxypristis cuspidata. The phylogenetic tree reconstructs two clades that are formed, consisting of clades of sawfish and wedgefish. The splitting of branches into two groups of species from the same line represents a splitting of the evolutionary line into two distinct species.
Keyword: DNA barcoding, Elasmobranchii, evolusi taxa

Judul: Studi Pengaruh Pengkondisian Pada Tepung Jagung Dengan Metode Penggilingan Kering
Abstrak: Conditioning is the process of adding water to corn kernel to facilitate loose of germ and pericarp, mellow the endosperm of the kernel thus the milling process becomes easier. Conditioning process was conducted with adding water (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30%), and Ca(OH)2 concentration (0, 0.33, 0.5, 1.0 %). The amount of water added had significant effects on sieving flour yield. Meanwhile the amount of Ca(OH)2 concentration was added had not significant effects on sieving flour yield. L value increased whereas a and b value decreased with increase in water concentration. L and a value decreased whereas b value increase with increase in Ca(OH)2 concentration. Pasting properties of corn flour with water added were significantly increased with increasing water. Meanwhile pasting properties of corn flour with Ca(OH)2 added were significantly reduced with increasing lime concentration. Proximate analysis was conducted on each conditioning. Proximate analysis for conditioning with water added were, water (8,07-9,52% db), ash (0,35-0,38% db), protein (7,10-7,17% db), fat (2,30-2,3% db), and carbohydrate (90,15- 90,21% db). For conditioning with Ca(OH)2 added were, water (8,20-8,64% db), ash (0,37-0,62% db), protein (7,08-7,59% db), fat (2,30-2,38% db), and carbohydrate (89,50-90,25% db).
Keyword: