Judul: Dampak Pembangunan Irigasi Pedesaan terhadap Kesempatan Kerja dan Distribusi Pendapatan Petani Lahan Tadah Hujan di Kabupaten Blora
Abstrak: Water scarcity was the main problem faced by farmers in rain-fed area. Therefore, the development of village level irrigation had an opportunity to solve this problem. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate financial feasibility of the village level irrigation development in Blora Regency, (2) to assess its impact on income and employment generation, and (3) to assess income redistribution. Financial feasibility of irrigation was evaluated by benefit-cost analysis; its impact on income and employment generation was assessed by pair-test based on before and after project; while its impact on income redistribution was assessed by Gini Index and Factor Share Analysis (FSA). Purposive sampling technique was used to select villages representing three types of irrigation i.e. cekdam (small dam), glontoran (irrigation pumps) and sumur lapang (drilled well). Samples were randomly selected from population in each village. The population was the farmers who got direct benefit from the irrigation development. The results shown that all type of village level irrigation were financially feasible. Financial feasibility of irrigation was affected by water resource reliability and farmers capacity in applying technology and catching agribusiness opportunity. Village level irrigations had generated employment as well as farmers income in these areas. Employment generation lead to benefit agriculture labor indicated by increase of its share on agricultural labor market. Income generation was originated from increase in cropping index and farmer’s commodity reorientation. Result of FSA shown that farmers were the most benefited from this project in terms of relative share either regard to total output or added value. On the other hand, relative share of labor decreased. This means that labor gain less benefit from the project than other factors.
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Judul: Effect of Groundwater Exploitation for Irrigation Purposes to the Condition of Groundwater, Soil and Farmer's Income
Abstrak: Lahan sawah tadah hujan umumnya masih mempunyai tingkat produktivitas dan intensitas tanam yang rendah, akan tetapi potensi sumberdaya lahan dan peluang untuk peningkatan produksi cukup besar. Peningkatan produktivitas, intensitas dan diversitas tanaman pada lahan sawah tadah hujan telah dilaksanakan melalui sistem irigasi air tanah, namun hasilnya belum optimal, di lain pihak pengambilan air tanah diperkirakan menimbulkan dampak merugikan pada lingkung_an, dan eksternalitas pada masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian adalah ; 1) Mengkaji pengaruh pengambilan air tanah untuk irigasi terhadap perubahan kualitas dan kuantitas sumberdaya air tanah, serta perubahan kualitas tanah, 2) Mengkaji pengaruh pengembangan irigasi air tanah terhadap peningkatan produksi pertanian dan pendapatn petani, dan 3) Mengevaluasi pelaksanaan pengelolaan irigasi air tanah, serta membuat rekomendasi pengelolaan irigasi air tanah yang optimum. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Campaka, Kabupaten Purwakarta, Propinsi Jawa Barat. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap lima dari 16 sumur air tanah di Campaka yaitu TW-46 (Campaka Sari), TW-52 (Cibatu), TW-110 (Benteng), TW-79 dan SDPW-03 (Cijunti). Pemompaan air tanah menyebabkan perubahan kualitas dan kuantitas aliran air tanah dalam akuifer, hal ini juga mempengaruhi kepada kualitas air tanah. Hasil penelitian terhadap kualitas air tanah adalah sebagai berikut; 1) Semakin lama uml!.r sumur air tanah, kemasaman meningkat, saat awal pH berkisar antara 7,20 sampai 8,10, dan pada saat penelitian menjadi antara 6,20 sampai 7,20. 2) Kandungan kalium dan klorida cenderung menurun, saat awal kandungan kalium dan klorida tinggi, kemudian terjadi penurunan menjadi 0,041 mg/I untuk kalium dan antara 1,5 sampai 2,5 mg/I untuk klorida. 3) Terjadi peningkatan kandungan magnesium, natrium dan besi yang berasal dari pelarutan batuan di dalam akuifer dan aliran air tanah. 4) Perbedaan lokasi sumur air tanah tidak menyebabkan perbedaan kualitas air tanah, karena berada pada satu akuifer atau akuifer yang saling berhubungan, dan tidak ada pengaruh pengembangan irigasi air tanah terhadap kualitas air sumur penduduk. Perubahan k_uantitas air tanah terjadi apabila pengambilan air tanah dari akuifer melebihi kapasitas pengimbuhannya, disamping terjadinya perubahan tataguna lahan di daerah resapan air tanah. Dengan asumsi pengambilan air tanah setiap hari selama 10 jam, dan kapasitas pompa air tanah adalah 10 1/det untuk sumur menengah dan 20 1/det untuk sumur dalam, ternyata dengan pemompaan lebih dari 80 hari per tahun telah berada diatas kemampuan pengimbuhan., resources and farm technology availability. Various efforts to increase crop productivity, cropping intensity and crops diversity have already been done in some rainfed area; one of them is the development of ground water irrigation system. Since the most of people in rainfed area are poor farmers, and their income is mostly generated from agricultural activity, the development of ground water irrigation in this area plays an important role for the acceleration of agricultural development and poverty alleviation. However, an over exploitation of ground water for irrigation purposes might have risen some negative impacts to the environment and externalities to the people life. This research aims to observe the impact of ground water development for irrigation purposes in Campaka Sub-district, Purwakarta District of West Java Province. Results of the research conclude that ground water irrigation development rise some effects as follows; 1) increasing of water acidity, magnesium, sodium and iron contents, decreasing of chloride and
Keyword: Irrigation, Groundwater, Soil, Farmer's income

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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