Judul: Pola penggunaan ruang dan model kesesuaian habitat harimau sumatera (Panthera tigris sumatrae Pocock, 1929) pasca translokasi berdasarkan pemantauan kalung GPS
Abstrak: Panthera tigris sumatrae is the last remaining Indonesian tiger after its relatives, the Bali and Javan tigers, became extinct in 1940s and 1980s respectively. Although translocation has been employed in mitigating human-tiger conflict in Sumatra for the last decade, the behavioral ecology of post-release animals is still poorly understood. Furthermore, the spatial modelling of tiger behavior based on global positioning system (GPS) collar tracking has never been done before. This information is urgently needed for improving Sumatran tiger translocation in the future. In this study we examine the movement and home range, activity pattern, and habitat selection of translocated tigers, as well as construct a habitat suitability model for identifying appropriate sites for future tiger translocation in Ulu Masen forest. Between July 2008 and December 2010 we translocated six Sumatran tigers, five males and one female. All tigers were fitted with GPS collars which were set to fix 24-48 location coordinates per day. The logistic regression equation was used to produce the habitat suitability prediction models and the tiger distribution map was overlaid with data on the relative abundance of tiger prey to determine suitable sites for future translocation. The mean distance traveled by the tigers varies from 2.8 to 4.0 km per day, but the female moved further than the males. In general, there was no difference in the mean distance traveled between day-time and night-time among the males, but the female traveled further in the day-time than during night-time. The length of time needed by each tiger to establish home range was significantly affected by the abundance of local tigers already in the area. The home range of each individual tiger, estimated using 95% fixed kernel, varies between 37.5 km2 and 188.1 km2 for males while for the female it was 376.8 km2. The most active period for translocated tigers is in the evening between 6 and 10 pm. However, on certain occasions, the tigers are most active in the morning between 6 and 10 am. The translocated tigers tend to range across all natural land cover types within the landscape, but forest availability within the landscape remains important for their survival. However, it seems that all translocated tigers prefer to conduct their daily activity within the mozaic landscape of lowland forest and regrowth vegetation. Modelling has shown that elevation, distance from rivers, distance from the edge of the forest, density of the forest canopy, and the slope of the terrain significantly influence the habitat model. Extrapolation of the model to the whole area of Ulu Masen forest (7,496.86 km2) has indentified 23.5% of the area as highly suitable habitat, 71.5% as suitable habitat, and 5.0% as less suitable habitat for the Sumatran tiger. It is also predicted that 5.2% of the ecosystem is highly suitable for future tiger translocation. Despite being preliminary, the findings of this study, the first ever conducted in Sumatra, highlight the conservation value of tiger translocation and provide valuable information for improving future translocation of rescued tigers.
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Judul: Adaptation of translocated sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae, Pocock 1929) in Blangraweu Forest, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam
Abstrak: Sumatran tiger known as the critically endangered species hence its existence need to be conserved. This animal needs a wide area to survive. Fragmented forest that become more threatening in later years turn out into a high level of threat for the tiger. People invade tiger’s habitat and causing human-tiger conflict.Translocation is one of solution to overcome the human-tiger conflict, and one of the practice is translocated tiger in Ulu Masen Ecosystem. This research is to support this program. The research conducted from December 2009 until May 2010 in around Blangraweu Forest inside Pidie and Pidie Jaya Regency, Aceh. According to the land cover, Blangraweu Forest consist of primary forest, secondary forest, and highland meadow. Based on the altitude, this forest consist of lowland tropical forest, highland tropical forest, and mountain tropical forest. The data collected in three stage including spatial data collection, field inventarization by camera trap and rapid survey method, and secondary data collection by interviewing people and stakeholders of Blangraweu Forest management. Resident tiger and prey encounter was analyzed by O’Brien equation. Home range of translocated tiger was analyzed by Minimum Convex Polygon (MCP) 100% method. Then the data was analyzed descriptively to find the influence of habitat factors toward the adaptation of translocated tiger. Translocated tiger daily movement is 1,84 ± 1,41 km/day with the furthest travelled distance reaching 6,89 km in a day. In the early release, translocated tiger was actively explored its new area. In just 10 days after its release, the tiger was moved as far as 31,63 km. On April, this translocated tiger had moved as far as 23 km and migrated into the North. This tiger was then found dead in a wild boar trap in July. Total area that used by translocated tiger is 540,60 km2. It was taken about 4 months to explore all of this area. Home range of translocated tiger divided into two area, the South –home range after released– and the North –home range after migrated– with each area is 225,54 km2 dan 153,50 km2. According to the habitat factors analysis result, the most factor affecting translocated tiger movement is the population density of resident tiger. Another factors like prey abundance, land cover, and water source is appropriate with the tiger requirement.
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Judul: Karakteristik Carboxymethyl Chitosan Dengan Variasi Konsentrasi NaOH
Abstrak: Carboxymethyl chitosan is chitosan derivative product obtained from chemical modification. CMCh were made by alkalization process and carboxymethylation process. Factors that affect CMCh characteristics were excess sodium hydroxide in alkalization process, ratio between chitosan and monochloroacetic acid, and carboxymethylation temperature. The objectives of this research were to study the NaOH effect to CMCh characteristics, to learn process of making CMCh, to set the proper concentration of NaOH, and to analyze CMCh characteristics. CMCh yields were 110.72%-114.22%. CMCh pH value were 3.74-4.31. The optimum NaOH concentration to obtain the best CHCh was 10 M. Percentage of CMCh moisture content was 10.70%-11.42%. Ash content and nitrogen content of CMCh were 0.49%-0.50% and 4.52%-4.81%. CMCh viscousity was 8.25 cps. Percentage of CMCh solubility was 61.61%-91.50%. The different functional groups from chitosan which observed in CMCh were C=O group, CH group from alkene functional group, C−O group, and C−O−C group.
Keyword: solubility., functional group, CMCh characteristics, chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan