Judul: Rancangan proses pengendalian dan pemanfaatan gas karbon dioksida pada sumur minyak dan gas bumi dengan teknologi carbon capture and storage
Abstrak: The utilization of oil and gas is very important in the development activities and tends to increase every year. This has caused oil and gas reserves to decrease and the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) to increase in the atmosphere, which can trigger the effects of greenhouse gases and global warming on Earth's surface. One of the technologies that can reduce the CO2 concentration and at the same time increase the gas recovery is the technology of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS). It is used to capture CO2 from the combustion process and injected into the reservoir to raise oil and gas reserves. One potential area of Indonesia to implement the CCS technology is West Java, the fifth largest of oil and gas reserves in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to design CO2 capture and storage processes in geology formation, in which the absorption process and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology are used in the design of CO2 capture and storage processing. The study was based on a field survey and laboratory analysis of the flaring gas composition, where the design of CO2 capture process was treated with Aspen Plus with the variations of absorber stage number, from 7 until 17, and the variations of some amine solutions such as monoethanolamine (MEA), diisopropanolamine (DIPA), diethanolamine (DEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) as the absorbent, while the CO2 storage process was treated by screening the well criteria, namely XC-4, XG-1, XG-11, XT-27, and XJ-140, minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) value of well fluid, and computer modelling group (CMG). The most efficient was the process design of CO2 capture at stage 17 in the absorber column with the DEA solution, with the efficiency in CO2 removal (99.54%) and the reduction of CO2 concentration from 39.73% with the flow rate of 33,762 kmol/hr as input to 17.49% with the flow rate of 5,906 kmol/hr as output. The resulted process design showed that 580,585 ton of CO2/year could be processed and 101,565 ton of CO2/year can be reused. The most efficient of CO2 storage process design was with the simulated reservoir in the XJ-140 well as the EOR well and XJ field, with cumulative oil production of 5.08 million metric stock tank barrel (MMstb) from 2011-2030 and with the recovery factor of 9.53%. The resulted estimation of the amount of oil collected and CO2 stored showed that CO2 can be stored into the geological formation, varying from 0.5-1 Mton and the potential additional production of oil was 3.6-7.2 MMstb. The economic analysis found that XJ field is very profitable with the application of EOR with an initial investment of US$ 7,500,000, that is, it can obtain the net present value (NPV) of US$ 247,000, internal rate of return (IRR) of 17.41%, and pay back period (PBP) in 2015, or for 4 years, 4 month, if the project begins in 2011 with the profitability index of 1.01. The revenue from oil is US$ 143,864 for the Regency and US$ 71,932 for the Province, while the revenue from gas is US$ 213,902 for the Regency and US$ 106,951
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Judul: Oil and Gas Balance Analysis (“X” Field Case Study)
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara di dunia yang memiliki potensi sumber daya alam berupa minyak dan gas bumi. Sumber daya minyak dan gas di Indonesia berperan penting dalam kehidupan perekonomian, sehingga pemanfaatan minyak dan gas bumi perlu dikelola secara baik dan benar. Penyusunan neraca sumber daya alam merupakan bagian penting dari tata kelola kekayaan yang dikuasai negara. Nilai sumber daya harus diketahui agar pemerintah dapat membuat kebijakan yang tepat terutama untuk lapangan minyak dan gas yang akan terminasi. Salah satu sumber daya minyak dan gas bumi yang memiliki nilai dan dampak produksi signifikan bagi perekonomian Indonesia adalah Lapangan “X” di Kalimantan Timur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran umum tentang pengelolaan minyak dan gas di Lapangan “X”, memperkirakan nilai moneter volume minyak dan gas dalam periode tertentu serta menganalisis kebijakan yang dapat mendorong pengelolaan lapangan minyak dan gas yang tersisa lebih optimal. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian bersumber dari hasil diskusi, observasi lapangan, studi literatur kebijakan pemerintah, dan dokumentasi perusahaan. Analisis yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini terbagi menjadi analisis deskripsi, analisis neraca minyak dan gas dan analisis kebijakan pengelolaan sumber daya minyak dan gas. Alat analisis yang digunakan berupa studi literatur kebijakan pemerintah dan perusahaan, metode Net Present Value (NVP) dan metode multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA). Berdasarkan hasil analisis, nilai fisik cadangan terbukti minyak dan gas pada Lapangan “X” berjumlah 322.988.294 barel & 420.745.986 MSCF; sedangkan nilai moneter cadangan minyak dan gas sebesar Rp 222.655.210.375.641 (minyak) dan Rp 18.137.532.430.896 (gas) hingga akhir tahun 2018. Analisa kebijakan terhadap pengelolaan Lapangan “X” dengan memperhitungkan kriteria HSE (Health, Safety and Environment), sosial, dan ekonomi menghasilkan suatu kesimpulan bahwa alternatif kebijakan Gross Split memiliki nilai tertinggi jika dibandingkan dengan kebijakan Cost Recovery dan kebijakan Cost and Fee untuk rancangan kebijakan pengelolaan minyak dan gas., Indonesia is one of the countries in the world that have potential of natural resources such as oil and gas. Oil and gas resource in Indonesia plays an important role in the economic life, consequently the use of oil and gas needs to be managed properly. Preparation of the natural resources balance sheet is an important part of the governance of state asset. The value of resources must be known so that the government can make the right policies, especially for oil and gas fields that will be terminated. One of the resources of oil and gas that have significant production value and impact to the economy of Indonesia is the “X” field at East Kalimantan. This study aims to provide an overview of oil and gas processing in the "X" field, estimate the monetary value of oil and gas volumes on valuation date and analyze policies that can encourage the management of the remaining oil and gas fields more optimally. Data used in the study came from the results of the discussions, field observations, literature review government policies and company documentation. The analysis conducted in this study is divided into description analysis, oil and gas balance analysis and policy analysis of oil and gas resource management. The analytical tool used is a study of government and company policy literature, the Net
Keyword: Reserves, Policy, Oil and Gas, NVP, Physical and monetary balance sheets

Judul: Penularan Kuman Salmonella ke Manusia Melalui Karkas Broiler yang Tercemar
Abstrak: Kuman salmonella yang secara primer hanya patogen terhadap manusia adalah Salmonella typhose, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella - schottmuelleri, dan Salmonella hirschfelldii. Sedangkan kuman salmonella yang lain yang secara primer menyerang hewan kadang-kadang mampu beradaptasi pada manusia, sehingga menimbulkan penyakit. Penularan sering terjadi melalui makanan tanpa terkecuali karkas broiler yang tercemar oleh kuman tersebut, sehingga Salmonellosis dimasukkan dalam Food Borne Disease. Penyakit yang ditimbulkan oleh Kuman salmonella diantaranya demam typhoid, gastroenteritis sampai dengan septikemia. Tetapi sering pula infeksi pada manusia tidak menimbulkan gejala klinis, sehingga penderita akan berperan sebagai carrier.
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