Judul: Hubungan antara perdagangan terbuka dan pengembangan sector keuangan di negara-negara Asia Timur dan Asia Selatan
Abstrak: Trading activities play an important role in expanding economic growth. The government can either isolate trading or open trading to other countries. It is possible for a country to be open to trade without financial development. Trade openness and financial development are linked; one part cannot be sustained without the other part. There is a debate regarding the link between these two sectors are stronger in middle income countries or high-income countries. Some studies believe the relationship between these two sectors seem stronger in developed countries while some in developing countries. The link between these two sectors are still inconclusive, thus this research regarding this issue need to be taken in East Asian and South Asian countries. In this study, we analyse data set from 12 countries over the period of 2000 to 2016. The data for financial development is collected by Beck, Demirgüç-Kunt, Čihák, Feyen, and Levine (2018) in Financial Structure Database. Three bankbased financial development measurements are used: liquid liabilities (llgdp), bank assets (dbagdp) and private credit (pcrdbofgdp). Liquid liabilities are defined by the sum of demand and currency and interest-bearing liabilities of financial institutions, divided by GDP. It is usually used as an indicator for financial depth. Bank assets are the value of claims on domestic real nonfinancial sector by deposit money banks as GDP share. Private credit is equal to the value of credits by banks and non-banks to private sector divided by GDP. The data for trade openness is collected from World Development Indicator, published by World Bank (2019). As an indicator in trade openness, trade share is used, in which the logarithm of sum of imports and exports divide GDP (lto). In order to strengthen the results, this research also used controls variables between financial development and trade openness. This study estimates the long- and short-run relationships between trade openness and financial development in East Asian and South Asian countries over the period 2000-2016. Comparing a pooled mean group (PMG) estimator and a mean group (MG) estimator. The regressions are separated based on income levels and regions. The results emphasize that a pooled error correction term predicts that there is a long run relationship between trade openness and financial development. However, only bank assets are insignificant in any regressions. In the short run, mostly financial development indicators are insignificant on trade openness in highand- middle income countries. In addition, robustness test outlines the relationship between trade openness and financial development are insignificant in the long run and short run. It means that the relationship between trade and finance are influenced by omitted variables.
Keyword: trade openness, financial development

Judul: Analysis of the Effect of Trade Openness on Economic Growth in Indonesia: Approach Autoregressive Distributed Lag
Abstrak: Setiap negara saat ini mengadopsi sistem perekonomian yang terbuka, baik dari sisi perdagangan maupun sisi keuangan. Negara dengan sistem perekonomian terbuka ialah negara yang turut andil dalam kegiatan luar negeri berupa ekspor dan impor pada barang dan jasa. Keterbukaan perdagangan dipandang sebagai hal penting untuk menunjang kebutuhan domestik dan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi yang membuat negara saling bekerjasama. Dilihat dari tren rasio keterbukaan perdagangan Indonesia yang cenderung menurun tidak sejalan dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia yang cenderung meningkat. Studi empiris mengenai pengaruh keterbukaan perdagangan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi merupakan hal yang menarik untuk diteliti kembali. Ada beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan mengenai topik ini, dengan hasil temuan yang berbeda. Kebanyakan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya lebih memfokuskan hanya pada satu indikator keterbukaan perdagangan, sedangkan indikator keterbukaan perdagangan belum ada ukuran yang pasti. Setiap indikator keterbukaan perdagangan menangkap efek yang berbeda. Penelitian ini menggunakan beberapa indikator keterbukaan perdagangan (ekspor ditambah impor, ekspor, dan impor). Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis pengaruh keterbukaan perdagangan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dalam jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Jenis data penelitian adalah data sekunder dalam deret waktu tahunan (time series) dari tahun 1980 sampai tahun 2019. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL). Dari penelitian ini, model yang memiliki pengaruh indikator keterbukaan perdagangan terbesar terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi adalah indikator keterbukaan perdagangan (ekspor ditambah impor). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan antara keterbukaan perdagangan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia dalam jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Dalam jangka panjang terdapat pengaruh yang negatif dan tidak signifikan antara Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia, sedangkan dalam jangka pendek terdapat pengaruh positif. Untuk modal manusia memiliki pengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia pada jangka panjang dan jangka pendek. Rekomendasi dari penelitian ini, perlu adanya peningkatan keterbukaan perdagangan (ekspor ditambah impor), adanya impor (didominasi bahan baku) dapat meningkatkan ekspor dan harus didukung peningkatan nilai tambah pada barang atau jasa yang diproduksi di Indonesia, dan peningkatan pada jumlah masyarakat yang mengenyam pendidikan tingkat Perguruan Tinggi (PT)., Every country is currently adopting open economic system, both in terms of trade and finance. The country with an open economic system has a country that participates in foreign activities in the form exports and imports of goods. Trade openness is seen as important to support domestic needs and encourage economic growth that makes countries cooperate with each other. The trend of Indonesia’s trade openness ratio which tends to decrease, it has not tren with Indonesia’s economic growth which tends to increase. Emperical studies on the effect of trade openness on economic growth are interesting to be re-examined. Empirical studies examining the relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Indonesia are common. Some studies only use the export ratio to indicate trade openness, while the proxy indicator for trade openness does not have a definite measure. Each trade openness indicator captures a different effect. This study employs several trade openness measures (export plus import, export, and import). This study aims to anaylze the effect of trade openness on economic growth in Indonesia, both in the short and long term, using various trade openness indicators. The type
Keyword: ARDL, Export, FDI, Import, School enrollment tertiary

Judul: Histerektomi Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Anjing merupakan hewan kesayangan yang banyak dipelihara hampir di setiap rumah, baik sebagai kegemaran maupun untuk keamanan pemiliknya. Histerektomi merupakan suatu tindakan bedah dan pembuangan uterus dengan tujuan untuk menanggulangi hal-hal yang patologik seperti pyometra, distokia yang berkepanjangan dan anaknya diduga masih hidup, adanya tumor uterus serta untuk tindakan fisiologik yaitu sterilisasi untuk mengatur keturunan (Arthur,197S).
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