Judul: Pengaruh Jenis dan Kadar Bahan Perekat pada Pembuatan Briket blotong sebagai bahan Bakar Alternatif
Abstrak: Briquette is one alternative fuel that is simple and has great potential to be developed. This study aims to determine the appropriate adhesive material in the manufacture of briquettes from filter cake, and to know the effect of adding tapioca adhesive or molasses adhesive in the making of filter cake briquettes. Preliminary studies conducted to find out that blotong can be utilized into briquettes. In the main study conducted by making briquettes using different adhesive materials, using adhesives molasses and tapioca adhesive with adhesive levels respectively 10%, 15%, and 20%. Preliminary research results indicate that filter cake waste into raw materials can be used briquettes. The results of descriptive analysis of this study was the addition of adhesive in the making of filter cake briquettes will cause the density becomes high, the firing rate becomes small and can increase the calorific value of briquettes from 1026 cal /gram to reach 1995 cal /gram. The resulting coal filter cake briquettes good enough, that is by generating a temperature coal between 357.22 to 496.11 ° C. In addition, this filter cake briquettes produce low ash content and levels of substances to fly higher than wood charcoal briquettes on the market. Briquette with the best quality based on the calculation method Composite Performance Index (CPI) is the briquettes with an adhesive mixture of 15% molasses. These briquettes have a calorific value and the highest temperature of the coals so much faster in boiling 300 ml of water, is for 17 minutes.
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Judul: Pengaruh Jenis dan Kadar Bahan Perekat pada Pembuatan Briket Blotong sebagai Bahan Bakar Altenatif
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemanfaatan blotong melalui pembuatan briket sebagai bahan bakar alternatif, menentukan bahan perekat yang sesuai untuk pembuatan briket blotong, serta mengetahui pengaruh penambahan bahan perekat tapioka ataupun perekat molases dalam pembuatan briket blotong. Metodologi pada penelitian ini terdiri dari penelitian pendahuluan dan penelitian utama. Penelitian pendahuluan yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa blotong dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi briket. Pada penelitian utama dilakukan pembuatan briket dengan menggunakan bahan perekat yang berbeda, yaitu menggunakan perekat tapioka dan perekat molases dengan kadar masing-masing perekat adalah 10%, 15%, dan 20%. Analisa data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah berupa analisa deskriptif. Pemilihan briket yang terbaik dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Composite Performance Index (CPI). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa limbah blotong dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi bahan baku briket. Kadar air yang didapat pada briket blotong penelitian ini adalah 9,00 – 13,40%. Penambahan perekat pada pembuatan briket blotong akan menyebabkan kerapatan menjadi tinggi, yaitu 0,8575 – 1,0390 gram/cm3 dan laju pembakaran menjadi kecil (0,73 – 0,93 gram/menit). Bara yang dihasilkan briket blotong cukup baik, yaitu dengan menghasilkan suhu bara antara 357,22 – 496,11 °C. Kandungan kadar abu pada briket blotong ini adalah 35,40 – 51,27%. Nilai kalor yang dihasilkan briket blotong sebesar 1615,00 – 1995,00 kal/gram. Kadar zat terbang yang dihasilkan adalah sebesar 24,9306 – 28,5002%. Briket hasil penelitian dengan kualitas terbaik berdasarkan perhitungan dengan menggunakan metode CPI adalah briket dengan campuran perekat molases yang memiliki kadar perekat 15%. Perbandingan hasil pengujian aplikasi mendidihkan air briket blotong molases 15% dengan briket arang kayu yang sudah ada di pasar adalah briket blotong molases 15% dapat mendidihkan 300 ml air dengan lama waktu 19 menit, sedangkan briket arang kayu dapat mendidihkan 300 ml air dengan lama waktu 17 menit.
Keyword: briquettes filter cake, tapioca, molasses, CPI

Judul: Studi sistematika  Oreophryne Boettger, 1895Sulawesi (Anura: Microhylidae)
Abstrak: The cross frogs, genus Oreophryne Boettger, 1895 are most diverse in the mainland of New Guinea and adjacent islands, to the Wallacea region in the Moluccas, Sulawesi, and the Lesser Sunda Islands, even marginally to the Oriental region in Bali and to the southern Philippine Islands. In Sulawesi, this taxon consists of three species but has rarely been reported since their original descriptions and remained unstudied in both taxonomical work and molecular study. This research aims to evaluate the taxonomic status of the cross frogs in Sulawesi based on morphology and estimate the phylogenetic using the 16S rRNA gene. The phylogenetic tree was reconstructed under Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses. We used the specimens of Sulawesian Oreophryne which were stored at the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB). A total of about 19 morphological characters were measured by a digital caliper and ocular micrometer to the nearest 0.01 mm. The phylogenetic tree shows that the three nominal species of Oreophryne from Sulawesi are clearly clustered. Correspondingly, the phylogenetic analysis supports the recognition of a new taxon, Oreophryne sp. However, the phylogenetic relationships between Oreophryne within Wallacea remain unresolved. Consequently, further systematic analysis along with additional sequences from the type locality is necessary to clarify the interspecific relationship among this region. We examined the morphology of 50 voucher specimens of Sulawesian Oreophryne. The validity of O. celebensis, O. variabilis, and O. zimmeri was confirmed in this study, but still the latter remains to be established. The three nominal species examined here were not collected from the type locality, so additional specimens, either in the type locality, new locations, or in other areas on this island are needed to evaluate the taxonomic status of these species deeply. Moreover, the unnamed species from the highland of the Mekongga mountains differ morphologically and genetically from all previously described Sulawesian Oreophryne. This distinct species will increase the number of cross frogs in Sulawesi to four species, all of which are endemic.
Keyword: frog, morphology, Oreophryne, phylogenetic, Sulawesi, systematics