Judul: Uterine Response Towards Semen Deposition Through Artificial Insemination in Mares: Ultrasonography and Cytology
Abstrak: The popularity of equestrian sports has been increasing over the past couple of years in Indonesia, along with the demands of high-quality equine breeding. As one of the most widely practiced breeding method in sport horses, artificial insemination is done with the aims of increasing production and improving the genetic quality of horses. After insemination, a transient and physiological inflammatory response of the uterus occurs which serves to eliminate seminal plasma, excess sperm, debris, and microorganisms from the uterine lumen. This study aims to determine the effects of semen deposition in the uterus post- insemination and mechanism of the post-insemination uterine response in mares through ultrasonography imaging and cytology smear observation. This research was done on 2 Sumbawa pony mares. Ultrasonography imaging and cytology smears were taken before insemination, post insemination, and everyday post insemination until the uterine inflammatory response subsides. Both mares show positive uterine inflammatory response. In Mare A the response started 48 hours post insemination and resolved within 72 hours, and in Mare B, the response started 72 hours post insemination and resolved within 48 hours. Vaginal cytology sample in Mare A, shows the number of neutrophils counted peaked at day 2 with 4 cells per 10 field of view and completely resolved and disappeared on day 5. While in Mare B, the neutrophil count peaked at day 3 with a higher number of 5 cells per 10 field of view and was resolved within day 5. Despite the differences in onset and peak neutrophil levels, both mares' inflammatory responses resolved within the same timeframe and is still within the normal range.
Keyword: horse, Ultrasonography, artificial insemination, cytology, post insemination uterine response

Judul: Modification of Extender and Cryoprotective Agents on Semen Preservation for Artificial Insemination Program in Horse
Abstrak: A series of experiment had been conducted in several places i.e : local slaughter house of the district of Bantul Yogyakarta; Athena Stable, Cinere-Depok, Reproductive Rehabilitation Unit (URR), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB, Cavalery Stable of Parongpong-Lembang, Bandung and Artificial Insemination Centre of Ungaran, Central Java for two consecutive years, from 2004-2006. The objectives of this experiments were to study the artificial insemination program, including data base of anatomy and biometry of reproductive organ from Indonesian local horse, centrifugation technique and seminal plasma level, semen preservation and cryopreservation, synchronization of estrus and ovulation and insemination using liquid and frozen semen. The experiments consisted of five continous steps, accordingly. Results of the experiment I, indicated that the average weight and the thickness of the mare’s ovary was 22.9±8.2 g and 2.5±0.5 cm, respectively. The length of the oviduct was 22.7±1.2 cm, with the lenght and external diameter of uterine horns was 7.4±1.9 and 3.1±0.3 cm, respectively. The lenght and the diameter of the uterine body was 14.8±0.7 and 4.7±0.8 cm, respectively. The cervix was 8.0±1.0 cm long and 3.8±0.6 cm in diameter, while the lenght of the vagina was 23.5±3.4 cm. The length, circumference and thickness of the testis was 8.7±1.4; 12.5±2.4 and 3.8±0.9 cm, respectively. The testis volume and weight was 104.0±31.6 cm3 and 85.9±24.8 g, respectively. The length of epididymis was 10.6±1.5 cm. The lenght and the transversal section of bulbourethral glands was 5.0±1.4 and 2.9±1.5 cm with the prostate gland was 2.7±0.8 cm in long. The lenght and diameter of vesicular glands was 7.6±2.7 and 2.4±2.3 cm, respectively. The ampulla glands was 13.0±3.3 in long and 1.1±0.4 cm in diameter. The lenght and diameter of the penis was 48.8±4.5 and 3.4±0.5 cm, respectively and the length of glans penis was 5.5±1.7cm. In general the reproductive organs of the local horses were smaller size and weight if compared to the European type. The seminal plasma of stallion semen consists of high content of sodium chloride, which seems detrimental to the sperm preservation and cryopreservation. The seminal plasma should be removed by centrifugation technique to collect the rich sperm fraction only. The speed and duration of centrifugation affects the semen quality. In this experiment the semen were centrifuged at 2000 and 3000 rpm for 15 and 20 minutes. The level of seminal plasma content was investigates. Results of this experiment showed that the speed and duration of centrifugation had no effect on the quality of stallion liquid semen. The liquid semen consist of no seminal plasma showed 47.5% sperm motility and 61.0% of viable sperm which is significantly higher (P<0.05) compared of those with seminal plasma. It is concluded that the speed and duration of centrifugation had no effect on the semen quality while the removal of seminal plasma has beneficial for stallion sperm. The sperm metabolism during preservation at 5 oC decreased until 10% if compare to of those stored at room temperature. Sperm need carbohydrate such as glucose and fructose to support their live and motility. Semen stored at 5 oC caused chilling injury and affected there membrane plasma stability.
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Judul: Desain Gerbang Logika Kuantum Fredkin Multi- Kontrol Berbasis Gerbang Toffoli Melalui Superposisi Gerbang Elementer
Abstrak: Gerbang Fredkin dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sel pembangun rangkaian fulladder untuk proses komputasi. Karena sifatnya yang reversibel, gerbang tersebut dapat dibuat dari sususan gerbang-gerbang elementer dengan basis gerbang Toffoli. Pada penelitian ini, penulis mencari desain dari gerbang Fredkin multi-kontrol berbasis gerbang Toffoli dengan mengkombinasikan tiga jenis gerbang elementer, yaitu CNOT, CV, dan CV†. Penelitian ini juga memperhitungkan jumlah gerbang elementer yang digunakan (quantum cost) dan jalur tambahan (ancillae input) dari desain-desain gerbang Fredkin yang dihasilkan. Dari hasil penelitian ditunjukkan bahwa gerbang Fredkin multi-kontrol dapat dibentuk oleh susunan tiga gerbang Toffoli multi-kontrol. Kemudian, gerbang-gerbang tersebut dapat direkonstruksi menjadi susunan gerbang-gerbang elementernya. Jumlah quantum cost dan ancillae input akan semakin besar seiring bertambahnya jumlah kontrol yang digunakan.
Keyword: Gerbang Fredkin multi-kontrol, gerbang Toffoli multi-kontrol, gerbang elementer