Judul: Optimasi Proses Hidrolisis Kimiawi dan Enzimatis Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Menjadi Glukosa untuk Produksi Etanol
Abstrak: Recently, energy especially from petroleum fuel become a serious problem for the whole countries in the world, including Indonesia. Decreasing world’s petroleum stock make its price is very high. So, it is urgent to search other alternative energy sources, such as bioethanol. Oil Palm Empty Bunches (OPEB) are found abundantly as waste of CPO production. It is rich in lignocellulose content. After delignification by white rot fungi Omphalina sp, cellulose from OPEB can be degraded to glucose as the raw material for etanol production by hydrolysis process. In this research, hydrolysis were done chemically using H2SO4 and HCl and enzymatically using cellulolytic bacteria and Trichoderma isolates. Chemical hydrolysis was carried out in autoclave at temperature of 121oC and varation in acid concentration (0.1N; 0.5N; 1N; and 2N) and hydrolysis time (20; 40; 60; 120; and 240 min). The condition was then reoptimalized by increasing the temperature to 200 0C and variation hydrolisis time (5;7,5;10;12,5; dan 15 min). Enzymatic hydrolysis were done by two methods, namely simultaneuos and separated bacth methods using Trichoderma or cellulolytic bacteria and Saccharomyces cereviceae. Delignification process increased cellulose content from 47.18% to 49.09%. The optimum condition by chemical hydrolisis with H2SO4 2N was resulted in sugar content (30,86%) with ethanol production 1.82%. By enzymatic methods, higher sugar content was obtained by Trichoderma isolate with incubation time 72 hours. The sugar content was 1.46 g/L and ethanol production was 0.33%. Ethanol production from simultaneuos process by cellulolytic bacteria was the same as ethanol production from Trichoderma by separated batch process i.e as much as 0.27 %
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Judul: Optimasi Enzim Cocktail dalam Sakarifikasi dan Fermentasi Simultan untuk Produksi Bioetanol dari Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit
Abstrak: Tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) berpotensi dijadikan bahan baku produksi bioetanol. Produksi bioetanol terdiri atas beberapa tahap, salah satu tahap termahal adalah hidrolisis. Penggunaan enzim xilanase, feruloil esterase (FAE) dan enzim komersial Cellic® Ctec2 dapat digunakan untuk mengefisienkan proses hidrolisis. Penelitian ini bertujuan memanfaatkan TKKS sebagai bahan baku produksi bioetanol dan mengoptimasi konsentrasi enzim cocktail untuk sakarifikasi yang terdiri atas enzim xilanase, FAE, dan Cellic® CTec2, dan fermentasi bioetanol menggunakan Saccharomyces cerevisiae dengan metode sakarifikasi dan fermentasi simultan (SFS). Tahapan penelitian meliputi praperlakuan bagas tebu sebagai bahan baku produksi enzim, produksi enzim xilanase dan FAE, dan reaksi SFS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa belum didapatkan konsentrasi optimum enzim cocktail karena konsentrasi etanol pada perlakuan penambahan enzim tidak berbeda nyata dengan kontrol., Palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) is potential as raw material for bioethanol production. Bioethanol production consists of several stages; the most expensive one is hydrolysis. The use of xylanase, feruloyl esterase (FAE) enzymes, and the commercial Cellic® Ctec2 can be used to streamline the hydrolysis. This study aims to utilize EFB as a raw material for bioethanol production and optimize the cocktail enzyme concentrations for saccharification consisting of a xylanase, FAE, and Cellic® CTec2 enzymes, and bioethanol fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae through the saccharification and simultaneous fermentation (SSF) method. The research stages include the implementation of sugarcane bagasse as a raw material for enzyme production, the production of enzymes xylanase and FAE, and the SSF reaction. The results showed that the optimum concentration of cocktail enzymes had not been obtained because the ethanol concentration in the enzyme addition treatment was not significantly different from the control.
Keyword: bioetanol, enzim cocktail, hidrolisis, TKKS, SFS, bioethanol, cocktail enzymes, EFB, hydrolysis, SSF

Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan