Judul: Efficiency of Indonesian Palm Oil Mills
Abstrak: Crude palm oil (CPO) is one of Indonesian agricultural products that are widely developed. It is produced by palm oil mills. This study analyzes the efficiency of Indonesian palm oil mills and the way to improve the efficiency. The difference in the efficiency score based on managerial factors of the mills are analyzes to enhance the result of the study. The managerial factors that used are ownership, export participation, and location of the mills. This study uses 2010 manufacturing industry survey conducted by the Statistics Indonesia. The efficiency analysis is done by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with production value as the output, and production expenses, labor expenses, other expenses, and fixed capital as the inputs. The result shows that the Indonesian palm oil mills are inefficient. The inefficient firms are state-owned, non-exporting, and firms that located in Sumatera islands. On average the firms can improve the efficiency by decreasing the use of fixed capital, other expenses, labor expenses, and raw material expenses. Based on managerial factors, the difference in efficiency score occur between foreign-owned and other ownership, exporting and non-exporting firms, and firms that located in Sumatera and other islands. In regard of average efficiency score and production scale, it is not suggested to increase the number of palm oil mills. Considering the efficiency, it is suggested to learn the way to achieve efficiency from foreign-owned firms. State-owned are the least efficient firms. The source of inefficiency is fixed capital owned and labor expenses. Regarding fixed capital owned, the efficiency can be improved by renewing the technology. Reducing the number of labor or improving the productivity of the labor could rise the efficiency of state-owned firms. Based on export participation, it is suggested that the government support the firms in export participation, considering exporting firms are more efficient than non-exporting firms. The development of palm oil mills in other islands are recommended following the growing of the oil palm plantation in the area.
Keyword: crude palm oil, data envelopment analysis, efficiency, palm oil mills

Judul: Product efficiency of palm oil plantationthrough data envelopment analysis (dea) approach (case study: pt perkebunan nusantara iv, medan, north sumatera)
Abstrak: Kelapa sawit adalah salah satu komoditi unggulan yang berasal dari subsektor perkebunan yang memiliki kontribusi besar pertumbuhan perekonomian nasional. Sebagai salah satu perusahaan yang bergerak dalam perkebunan kelapa sawit, PTPN IV memiliki strategi untuk meningkatkan produksi, kelapa sawit yaitu dengan cara meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman. Untuk meningkatkan produktivitas diperlukan tingkat efisiensi yang optimal. Penelitian ini mengetahui unit kebun mana pada PTPN IV yang paling efisien dalam penggunaan inputnya agar dapt dijadikan patokan untuk kebun yang tidak efisein. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) menunjukkan bahwa unit kebun yang konsisten efisien tahun 2011 dan 2012 pada ptpn IV unit kebun bernomor 4, 7, 12, 25, 26, dan 27. Kebun yang konsisten efisien harus menjadi rujukan dalam penggunaan input pada kebun lainnya agar kebun yang tidak efisien menjadi efisien dalam penggunaan inputnya., Palm oil is one of the commodity from the plantation subsector that has a big contribution to the national economic growth. As one of the companies that active in oil palm plantations, PTPN IV has a strategy to increase the production of palm oil through increasing crops productivity. The optimum level of efficiency is needed to increase the productivity. This research identify which farm unit of PTPN IV that is most efficient to use their input to be the standard for the inefficient farm unit. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) show that the efficient farm unit in 2011 and 2012 at PTPN IV are Balimbingan, Tonduhan, Dolok Ilir, Sosa, Marjandi, and Bah Barang Ulu. The efficient farm unit should be as the standard of the using of input for another farm unit so the other inefficient farm unit will be more efficient when it using their input.
Keyword: Kelapa Sawit, PTPN IV, Efisinsi, Input, DEA

Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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