Judul: Risk Factors of Stunting, Anemia, and Their Coexistence among School-Aged Children (6-9 Years) in Rural, Urban, and Indonesia
Abstrak: Stunting dan anemia merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia. Stunting, anemia, dan Koeksistensi Stunting dan Anemia (KSA) dapat berpengaruh terhadap terhambatnya perkembangan psikomotor, sosio-emosional, serta performa akademik yang kurang baik pada anak. Usia 6-9 tahun merupakan periode anak usia sekolah yang tepat untuk mengidentifikasi faktor risiko stunting, anemia, dan KSA karena anak belum mengalami second growth spurt atau puncak pertumbuhan sebelum tinggi badan akhir tercapai, serta perempuan belum menarche. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis faktor risiko stunting, anemia, dan koeksistensinya pada anak usia sekolah (6-9 tahun) di wilayah perdesaan, perkotaan, dan Indonesia. Penelitian cross-sectional ini menggunakan data sekunder Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) gelombang 5 tahun 2014-2015 dari RAND Corporation, United States dengan unit analisis nasional. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan sejak Oktober 2021-Februari 2022. Subjek penelitian berjumlah 1986 anak berusia 6-9 tahun yang berasal dari 13 provinsi di Indonesia, terdiri dari 858 subjek di perdesaan dan 1128 subjek di perkotaan. Variabel penelitian adalah karakteristik subjek (usia, jenis kelamin), status gizi subjek (nilai z TB/U dan status anemia), karakteristik orang tua (usia, status merokok, lama sekolah, pekerjaan, status perkawinan, tinggi badan), karakteristik keluarga (besar keluarga, kepala keluarga, wilayah tinggal, skor sanitasi lingkungan, akses listrik, dan Wealth Index/WI), kebiasaan (frekuensi konsumsi pangan) dan kualitas konsumsi pangan subjek (Individual Dietary Diversity Score/IDDS), dan status gizi orang tua (IMT dan status anemia). Analisis data yang digunakan meliputi analisis univariat (uji deskriptif), analisis bivariat (uji beda menggunakan Independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test dan Chi-squared test (ꭓ2 ) dan uji korelasi menggunakan Pearson test, Spearman test, dan Chi-squared test (ꭓ2 )), serta analisis multivariat menggunakan uji regresi logistik). Pengolahan data status gizi subjek menggunakan WHO AnthroPlus version 1.04, dan untuk variabel lainnya menggunakan Microsoft Excel 2010 dan STATA version 16.0. Analisis data menggunakan IBM SPSS version 23.0. Rata-rata nilai z TB/U, IDDS subjek, frekuensi konsumsi telur, daging, susu, pisang, pepaya, wortel, fast food, dan makanan manis subjek signifikan lebih rendah di perdesaan dibandingkan perkotaan. Sebaliknya, rata-rata frekuensi konsumsi ikan, sayuran hijau, dan sambal signifikan lebih tinggi di perdesaan dibandingkan perkotaan. Meskipun demikian, rata-rata usia, kadar Hb, proporsi jenis kelamin subjek, frekuensi konsumsi nasi, ubi, mangga, mie instan, minuman soda, dan gorengan subjek tidak berbeda signifikan antar wilayah tinggal. Rata-rata usia, lama sekolah, tinggi badan, dan IMT orang tua; WI; skor sanitasi lingkungan; dan proporsi ibu bekerja; signifikan lebih rendah di perdesaan dibandingkan perkotaan. Sebaliknya, proporsi ayah perokok aktif dan rumah tangga yang tidak memiliki akses listrik signifikan lebih tinggi di perdesaan dibandingkan perkotaan. Meskipun demikian, rata-rata kadar Hb orang tua, besar keluarga, proporsi ayah bekerja, ibu bukan sebagai perokok aktif, kepala keluarga, dan status perkawinan orang tua tidak berbeda signifikan antar wilayah tinggal. Prevalensi stunting di perdesaan, perkotaan, dan nasional berturut-turut adalah 31,8%, 19,5%, dan 24,8%. Prevalensi anemia di perdesaan, perkotaan, dan nasional berturut-turut adalah 32,1%, 29,3%, dan 30,5%. Prevalensi KSA di perdesaan, perkotaan, dan nasional berturut-turut adalah 10,4%, 7,5%, dan 8,8%. Prevalensi stunting dan KSA signifikan lebih tinggi di perdesaan dibandingkan perkotaan. Namun, prevalensi anemia tidak berbeda signifikan antar wilayah tinggal, hanya cenderung lebih tinggi di perdesaan dibandingkan perkotaan. Faktor risiko stunting di perdesaan adalah ayah dan ibu pendek (OR=2,05,
Keyword: anemia, coexistence, Indonesia, School-Aged Children, stunting

Judul: Risk Factors of Stunting Among School-aged Children
Abstrak: Based on the results of Indonesian Basic Health Research in 2010, the national prevalence of stunting among school aged children (6-12 years old) was 35.6%. Stunting is a major public-health problem in low and middle-income countries because of its association with increased risk of mortality during childhood. Stunting also leads to significant physical and functional deficits among survivors (The Lancet 2008). Stunting affects the development of cognitive processes during school-aged period (Kar et al. 2008). Several studies have shown that during school-aged period, children was less experienced catchup growth or remain stable even experienced stunting (Friedman et al. 2005). Health Research and Development Agency of the Indonesian Ministry of Health has conducted a Basic Health Research at national scale in 2010 that could potentially be analyzed to determine the risk factors for stunting in school-aged children. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze risk factors of stunting among school-aged children. Specifically, objective of this study as follows: (1) identify the characteristics of the children and families of stunted and normal children, (2) identify health and environmental sanitation in stunted and normal children, (3) identifying the incidence of infectious diseases (malaria) in stunted and normal children, (4) analyzing the quantity and quality of food consumption in stunted and normal children and (5) analyze factors that influence the incidence of stunting in the children. This study used secondary data from Basic Health Research by Health Research and Development Agency of the Indonesian Ministry of Health in 2010 with a cross-sectional study design. The data analyzed in this study were from eight Provinces which selected according category of prevalence of stunting (WHO 1997), were very high (≥ 40%) in East Nusa Tenggara and North Sumatra, high (30-39%) in West Nusa Tenggara and West Java, moderate (20-29%) in Bangka Belitung, Jakarta and Yogyakarta, and low (<20%) in Bali. Processing and data analysis was conducted in June-October 2013. Subjects of this research are boys and girls aged 6-12 years from eight provinces. Number of subjects contained in the electronic files was 11335 children. After a cleaning process, the number of children analyzed was 8710. Analysis data used Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS for Windows version 17.0. The t test and oneway ANOVA was used to determine mean difference of variable with data continues and mean HAZ. Chisquare test was used to determine relationship between independent variable with stunting. Multivariate analyzes were performed using logistic regression with Backward Wald method with statistical significance criteria of p<0.05, and the value of the confidence interval (CI) of 95%. Prevalence of stunting in eight provinces was 28.11 % and 11.38% were categorized as severe stunting. Stunted children were higher in older children (10- 12 years), male, mother with short stature (<145 cm), parents with low education levels (≤ primary school), father who smoking, mother with a low BMI and father 6 with normal BMI, children with ≥ 8 family member, low household expenditure (quintiles 1 and 2), and living in rural areas. There were significant relationship between children with older age (10-12 years), male children, low maternal height (<145
Keyword: risk factors, school-aged children, stunting

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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