Judul: Uji Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Terhadap Bakteri Penyebab Mastitis Subklinis
Abstrak: Mastitis subklinis merupakan salah satu penyakit yang menyebabkan penurunan produktivitas ternak perah. Penggunaan antibiotik dalam proses pengobatan menimbulkan berbagai efek samping. Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) merupakan tanaman herbal potensial yang memiliki senyawa antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui potensi daun binahong sebagai penghambat pertumbuhan bakteri penyebab mastitis subklinis. Penelitian ini menggunakan daun binahong yang telah diekstrak melalui metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 95%. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah 3 level konsentrasi ekstrak daun binahong yaitu 5%, 15%, dan 30%, terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, dan Streptococcus agalactiae dengan 2 ulangan. Peubah yang diamati meliputi rendemen, komposisi fitokimia, dan zona hambat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen ekstrak daun binahong yang diperoleh adalah sebesar 5,43%. Komposisi fitokimia ekstrak daun binahong berupa steroid, flavonoid, fenol hidrokuinon, triterpenoid, tanin, dan saponin. Zona hambat ekstrak daun binahong 30% tergolong antibakteri sedang terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun binahong 30% memiliki potensi terkuat dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri penyebab mastitis subklinis., Subclinical mastitis is one of the diseases that cause a decrease in productivity of dairy cattle. The use of antibiotics in the treatment process causes various side effects. Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) is a potential herbal plant that contains antibacterial compounds. This study aims to determine the potential of binahong leaves in inhibiting the growth of bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis. The study used binahong leaves extracted through the maceration method with 95% ethanol as the solvent. The treatments tested were three concentration levels of binahong leaf extract, namely 5%, 15%, and 30%, against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae, with two replications. The variables observed included yield, phytochemical composition, and inhibition zones. The results showed that the yield of the binahong leaf extract was 5.43%. The phytochemical composition of the binahong leaf extract included steroids, flavonoids, hydroquinone phenols, triterpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The zone of inhibition of 30% binahong leaf extract is classified as moderately antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. It can be concluded that the 30% binahong leaf extract has the strongest potential in inhibiting the growth of bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis.
Keyword: fitokimia, daun binahong, mastitis subklinis, Staphylococcus sp., zona hambat

Judul: Analysis of The Best Secondary Metabolite  Compound of Binahong Leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Against  Staphylococcus epidermidis
Abstrak: Mastitis subklinis merupakan salah satu penyakit yang menyebabkan produksi susu tidak optimal. Penyakit ini dapat diatasi dengan konsumsi tanaman herbal. Daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) merupakan salah satu tanaman herbal yang mengandung sejumlah senyawa metabolit sekunder yang bersifat antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui senyawa metabolit sekunder dari ekstrak daun binahong yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terbaik terhadap bakteri penyebab mastitis subklinis. Bahan herbal yang digunakan adalah ekstrak daun binahong dan bakteri penyebab mastitis yang digunakan adalah S. epidermidis. Beberapa analisis yang digunakan adalah fitokimia, kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT), dan KLT bioautografi. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan bakteri S. epidermidis dapat dihambat oleh ekstrak daun binahong dengan zona hambat selebar11 mm yang teridentifikasi pada fraksi dengan nilai Rf 0,95. Fraksi tersebut merupakan senyawa triterpenoid yang berwarna ungu. Simpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu ekstrak daun binahong mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa fenolhidrokuinon, saponin, flavonoid, triterpenoid, dan steroid. Teridentifikasi bahwa senyawa triterpenoid dalam ekstrak daun binahong pada fraksi senilai Rf 0.95 menunjukkan aktivitas terbaik dalam menghambat pertumbuhan S. epidermidis sebagai salah satu bakteri penyebab mastitis subklinis dengan zona hambat selebar11 mm., Subclinical mastitis is a disease that causes inoptimal milk production. Subclinical mastitis can be treated with the help of herbal plants. Binahong leaf (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) is one of the herbals that contains a number of secondary metabolite compounds that are antibacterial. This study aims to identify the secondary metabolites of binahong leaves extract that have the best antibacterial activity against bacteria that cause subclinical mastitis. The herbal ingredient used was binahong leaves extract, and the bacterium that causes mastitis used was S. epidermidis. Some of the analyses used were phytochemistry, thin layer cromatography (TLC), and TLC bioautography. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the growth of S. epidermidis bacteria could be inhibited by binahong leaves extract with an inhibition zone of 11 mm identified in the fraction with an Rf value of 0.95. The fraction was a triterpenoid compound marked purple. The conclusion of this study is that binahong leaf extract contains secondary metabolites in the form of phenolhydroquinone, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and steroids. It was identified that the triterpenoid compounds in binahong leaf extract at Rf fraction 0.95 showed the best activity in inhibiting the growth of S. epidermidis as one of the bacteria that causes subclinical mastitis with an inhibitory zone of 11 mm.
Keyword: antibacterial, binahong leaves, secondary metabolit, Staphylococcus epidermidis, subclinical mastitis

Judul: Formulasi TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem) menggunakan ILP (Integer Linear Programming)
Abstrak: TSP is a journey of salesman f?om his origin town (place) to visit n-cities (places) only at once, then return to his origin town (place) with a minimum total distance. Its purpose is to minimize the operating expense that is released by the company. Vehicle route at TSP in the form of a Hamiltonian cycle, that is closed path containing all nodes at the graph which representing a network walk. Its problem is to determine a journey route which is feasible (possibly can be passed by) in such a way the vehicle travelled distance passed the route is minimum.
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