Judul: Penyelesaian Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem Menggunakan Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure
Abstrak: Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is a variation of Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), which is intended is the problem to determine the route of vehicle with increasing its capacity. The goal of CVRP is either to minimize the mileage or delivery time of shipping product. In this paper, the CVRP problem will be solved by using a heuristic method, namely Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP).This method has two phases, firstly is determining the initial solution and secondly is improving the quality of the solution. Determination of initial solution was carried out by classifying customers into groups and then designing the routes to minimize distances. Further, the initial solutions are improved by using the 2-opt method. The application of CVRP is showed as an ilustration in determining the minimum distance route of bread product delivery.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), 2-opt method, VRP, GRASP, heuristic method, CVRP

Judul: Determination of Capacitated Vehicle Routing  Problem Using Ant Colony Optimization and Simulated Annealing
Abstrak: Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) merupakan variasi dari Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). CVRP bertujuan mencari rute yang meminimalkan biaya transportasi untuk melayani semua pelanggan dengan tetap memperhatikan kendala kapasitas kendaraan. CVRP bersifat NP-Hard problem sehingga sulit menyelesaikan masalah ini secara langsung. Terdapat beberapa metode metaheuristic yang dapat digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan ini. Pada karya ilmiah ini, metode metaheuristic yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan CVRP adalah metode Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) dan metode Simulated Annealing (SA). Penelitian ini menggunakan tujuh kasus CVRP. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa waktu eksekusi metode SA relatif lebih cepat untuk kasus dengan jumlah node yang sedikit, tetapi relatif lebih lama untuk jumlah node yang lebih banyak dibandingkan metode ACO. Selain itu, total jarak yang dihasilkan metode SA lebih optimal dibandingkan total jarak yang dihasilkan metode ACO., Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is a variation of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP). CVRP aims to find routes that minimize transportation costs to serve all customers while taking into account vehicle capacity constraints. CVRP is an NP-Hard problem so it is difficult to solve this problem directly. There are several metaheuristic methods that can be used to solve this problem. In this scientific work, the metaheuristic methods used to solve CVRP are the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) method and the Simulated Annealing (SA) method. This research uses seven CVRP cases. The results show that the execution time of the SA method is relatively faster for cases with a small number of nodes, but relatively longer for a larger number of nodes than the ACO method. In addition, the total distance generated by the SA method is more optimal than the total distance generated by the ACO method.
Keyword: Ant Colony Optimization, Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem, metaheuristic, Simulated Annealing

Judul: Mercury Toxicity and It’s Effect on Histopathology Change of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
Abstrak: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of fish species that oportunity to contaminated with mercury. The effects of pollutants can damage living organisms organs and can cause death. The effects caused mercury had acute or chronic character. The aims of this study are to determine threshold and acute toxicity of mercury chloride (HgCl2) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), to assess the effect of mercury chloride (HgCl2) on several biometric parameters (survival, growth rate of average daily weighted, liver condition, bile and reproductive variability of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), assess the level of damage to the histological structure of the gills, liver and kidney of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) caused mercury chloride (HgCl2) exposure. This study was conducted from February to June 2013. Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were used in this study were female with average weight 20 grams or 11-13 cm length range. Toxicant materials used in this study was mercury chloride (HgCl2). Fish were reared in each aquarium 60x40x30 containing 48 liters of water. This study consists of three stages: a preliminary test, acute test, and sub-chronic test. To determine the changes in biometric condition of tilapia approximated by measuring the survival rate (SR), the growth rate of average daily weight , the content of mercury in the fish organs, hepatosomatic index (HSI), the relative bile volume (VER), gonadal soamtic index (IKG), fecundity and oocit diameter, tissue damage caused by mercury in fish organs by making histological preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The median lethal concentration (96 hr, LC50) of Mercury Chloride was calculated as 1,64 mgL--1.The survival rate was highest in the control treatment (46,67 %) . Mercury chloride with concentration 0.196 mgL--1 show significant effect to changes HSI and relative bile volume, and oocyte diameter of Nile tilapia (p < 0,05). Mercury chloride with a concentration of 0,164 mgL-1 and 0,196 mgL-1 have not a significant effect on the growth rate of weight, gonadal somatic index and fecundity of Nile tilapia (p > 0,05). Mercury chloride cause damage to gills (hyperplasia, hypertrophy, proliferation and neukrosis), liver (hyperplasia, hemorhage, shrinkage of hepatocytes, proliferation and neukrosis) and kidney (hyperplasia, hemorrhage, shrinkage of the glomerulus, proliferation and neukrosis).
Keyword: Nile tilapia, Hepatosomatic indexs (HSI), histopathology