Judul: The Transformation of Indonesia's Economic Structure and Its Effect on the Mobility of Labor Out of the Agriculture Sector
Abstrak: Indonesia mulai mengalami perubahan struktur perekonomian dengan menurunnya kontribusi PDB sektor pertanian. Namun, sektor pertanian masih menjadi sektor penyerap tenaga kerja terbesar. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis proses transfornasi struktural dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi mobilitas tenaga kerja keluar dari sektor pertanian. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis shift-share dan regresi data panel. Hasil analisis shift-share menunjukkan pertumbuhan PDRB sektor pertanian dan sektor industri sebagian besar provinsi Indonesia tergolong lambat sedangkan di sektor jasa hampir di seluruh provinsi tergolong maju. Dilihat dari sisi tenaga kerja terjadi perlambatan pada penyerapan tenaga kerja sektor pertanian. Namun, sektor industri dan jasa tergolong maju pertumbuhan tenaga kerjanya. Hasil estimasi data panel menunjukkan pangsa PDRB sektor non pertanian selisih upah, rata-rata lama sekolah, dan persentase rumah tangga yang mengakses internet berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap pangsa tenaga kerja pertanian. Pangsa PMA di sektor non pertanian, luas lahan pertanian, dan dummy Covid-19 bengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap Pangsa tenaga kerja pertanian. Pangsa PMDN di sektor non pertanian tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pangsa tenaga kerja pertanian., Indonesia began to experience changes in the structure of the economy with the decline in the contribution of GDP from the agricultural sector. However, the agricultural sector is still the largest labor absorber. This study aims to analyze the process of structural transformation and the factors that influence the mobility of labor out of the agricultural sector. The analytical method used is shift-share analysis and panel data regression. The results of the shift-share analysis show that the GRDP growth in the agricultural sector and the industrial sector in most of Indonesia's provinces is relatively slow, while in the service sector, almost all provinces are classified as progressive. From the labor side, there was a slowdown in the absorption of labor in the agricultural sector. However, labor growth in the industrial and service sectors are classified as progressive. The results of the panel data estimation show that the share of GRDP in the non-agricultural sector, the difference between wages, the average length of schooling, and the percentage of households accessing the internet has a negative and significant effect on the share of the agricultural labor. The share of FDI in the non-agricultural sector, the area of agricultural land, and the Covid-19 dummy have a positive and significant impact on the share of the agricultural labor. The share of DDI in the non-agricultural sector has no significant effect on the share of the agricultural labor.
Keyword: Agriculture, Labor, Panel Data, Shift-share, Structural Transformation

Judul: Structural Transformation and Its Implications on The Level of Non-Agricultural Workers in Rural Areas of Indonesia
Abstrak: Salah satu implikasi transformasi struktural dan transformasi perdesaan adalah meningkatnya kontribusi sektor non pertanian pada output dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implikasi transformasi struktural terhadap tingkat pekerja non pertanian di wilayah perdesaan periode tahun 2000-2020. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi data panel. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi proses transformasi struktural di wilayah perdesaan. Namun hasil analisis antarwilayah menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pekerja non pertanian tidak selalu berhubungan positif dengan pendapatan perdesaan dan tingkat upah. Hasil estimasi regresi menunjukkan bahwavariabel tingkat PMA dan PMDN sektor non pertanian, angkatan kerja dengan pendidikan tertinggi yang ditamatkan SMTA, upah rata-rata sektor non pertanian, belanja pemerintah desa untuk sektor pembangunan desa, dan kontribusi PDRB sektor non pertanian berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap tingkat pekerja non pertanian. Sementara belanja pemerintah untuk sektor pemberdayaan masyarakat dan upah riil rata-rata sektor pertanian tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan. Perbaikan pada struktur upah dan upaya peningkatan kualitas tenaga kerja diperlukan untuk mencapai kondisi optimum di kedua sektor, One of the implications of structural transformation and rural transformation is the increasing contribution of the non-agricultural sector to the output and absorption of labor. This study aims to analyze the implications of structural transformation to the level of non-agricultural workers in rural areas in the period 2000-2020. The analysis methods used are descriptive analysis and regression analysis of panel data. The results of descriptive analysis show that there has been a process of structural transformation in rural areas. But interregional analysis shows that the level of non-farm workers is not always positively related to rural income and wage levels. The results of the regression estimates show that variable levels of PMA and PMDN in the non-agricultural sector, the labor force with the highest education ended by SMTA, the average wage of the non-agricultural sector, village government spending for the village development sector, and the contribution of non-agricultural sector GDP positively and significantly to the level of non-agricultural workers. While government spending for the community empowerment sector and the average real wage of the agricultural sector don’t have a significant influence. Improvements to the wage structure and efforts to improve the quality of labor are needed to achieve optimum conditions in both sectors
Keyword: Data Panel, Non Pertanian, Perdesaan, Tenaga Kerja, Transformasi

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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