Judul: Efek Substitusi Konsentrat dengan Campuran Legum dan Suplementasi Saccharomyces cerevisiae secara in Vitro pada Cairan Rumen Sapi Potong
Abstrak: This study used four ruminal fluids of beef cattle in a completely randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement to evaluate the effect of diet type (concentrate or legume mixed) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation (0 or with 1.054 x 108 CFU ml-1 of S. cerevisiae) on fermentative characteristic (VFA partial and NH3 concentration), pH, microbes population and digestibility (DM and OM digestibility). Protozoa and bacterial population, pH, methane production, and most of VFA partial was unaffected by diets type or S. cerevisiae supplementation. Propionate on mixed legume was greater (P<0.05) than that of concentrate. Concentration of NH3 on mixed legume was greater (P<0.01) than that concentrate. Digestibility of DM and OM on concentrate were higher (P<0.01) than those of mixed legume. Protozoa population, DM and OM digestibility on S. cerevisiae supplementation were greater than without supplementation although it was unaffected. These results suggest that substitution of concentrate with mixed legume don’t affect rumen fermentation, but decreased digestibility.
Keyword: Saccharomyces cerevisiae., rumen fermentability, mixed legume, digestibility, concentrate

Judul: In Vitro Characteristics Feed Containing Sago Waste (Arenga pinnata) Fermented by White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi penggunaan konsentrat berbasis ampas sagu aren fermentasi sebagai pengganti dedak padi terhadap fermentabilitas rumen, kecernaan, dan total populasi mikroba secara in vitro. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri atas ASAF0= Konsentrat dengan 0% Ampas Sagu Aren Fermentasi; ASAF10 = Konsentrat dengan 10% Ampas Sagu Aren Fermentasi; ASAF15 = Konsentrat dengan 15% Ampas Sagu Aren Fermentasi; ASAF20 = Konsentrat dengan 20% Ampas Sagu Aren Fermentasi. Parameter yang diuji adalah pH, konsentrasi amonia (NH3), total VFA, Kecernaan Bahan Kering, Kecernaan Bahan Organik, total populasi bakteri, total populasi protozoa, dan total produksi gas metana. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dan perlakuan yang berbeda nyata akan diuji lanjut dengan Uji Duncan menggunakan software SPSS 23. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan tidak berpengaruh nyata (P, This study aimed to evaluate the use of fermented sago pith-based concentrate as a substitute for rice bran on rumen fermentability, digestibility, and total microbial population in vitro. The study consisted of 4 treatments with 4 replications. The treatments were ASAF0 = Concentrate with 0% Fermented Sago Pith; ASAF10 = Concentrate with 10% Fermented Sago Pith; ASAF15 = Concentrate with 15% Fermented Sago Pith; ASAF20 = Concentrate with 20% Fermented Sago Pith. The parameters tested were pH, ammonia concentration (NH3), total VFA, Dry Matter Digestibility, Organic Matter Digestibility, total bacterial population, total protozoal population, and total methane gas production. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and treatments that differed significantly were further tested with Duncan's Test using SPSS 23 software. The results showed that the treatments had no significant effect (P>0.05) on pH, total VFA, Dry Matter Digestibility, Organic Matter Digestibility, total bacterial population, and methane gas production. However, the treatments significantly increased (P<0.05) NH3 concentration and protozoa population. The conclusion of this study is that concentrate with fermented Sago Pith up to 20% usage level can replace rice bran, as indicated by no effect on rumen fermentability, digestibility, and total rumen microbial population.
Keyword: in vitro, rumen fermentability, Pleurotus ostreatus, fermented palm sago pulp

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite