Judul: Aplikasi Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa  oleifera) Berbasis Etanol untuk Mereduksi Salmonella spp. pada Filet Ayam
Abstrak: Salmonella spp. is a pathogen found on chicken meat. Chemical sanitizers are recommended to reduce contamination but natural alternatives are being researched due to safety concerns and consumer perception. Moringa leaves contain phytochemicals that contain antimicrobial properties, but their potential as a sanitizer for chicken meat remains unexplored. This experiment aimed to conduct a literature review on the effectiveness of Moringa-based ethanolic extract as a sanitizer against Salmonella spp. and to test the extract against Salmonella spp. on chicken meat. The moringa leaf extract was obtained by drying leaves and extracting them using ethanol and the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method and it’s evaporated with a rotary evaporator. The extract was applied to chicken inoculated with Salmonella spp. (10^5-10^6 log CFU/g) with the concentrations 50 mg/ml, 62.5 mg/ml, and 75 mg/ml as well as contact times of 15 and 30 minutes. The results showed no significant reduction of Salmonella spp. This is due to the fact that optimization on the extraction of moringa leaves using the UAE method has not been fully done, so the extraction process done in this research was not done in the best conditions possible., Salmonella spp. adalah patogen yang ditemukan pada daging ayam. Larutan sanitiser direkomendasikan untuk mengurangi kontaminasi dan alternatif sanitaiser dari sumber alami dieksplorasi karena masalah pertimbangan keamanan dan persepsi konsumen. Daun kelor mengandung fitokimia dengan sifat antimikroba, namun potensinya sebagai sanitaiser untuk daging ayam belum diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan tinjauan literatur tentang efektivitas ekstrak etanolik berbasis daun kelor sebagai sanitaiser terhadap Salmonella spp. serta menguji efektivitas ekstrak tersebut pada daging ayam untuk mereduksi Salmonella spp. Ekstrak daun kelor diperoleh dengan cara mengeringkan daun dan mengekstraksinya menggunakan pelarut etanol dengan metode ultrasonic-assisted extraction dan pelarut diuapkan dengan rotary evaporator. Ekstrak lalu diaplikasikan pada filet ayam yang diinokulasi dengan Salmonella spp. (10^5-10^6 log CFU/g) dengan konsentrasi 50 mg/ml, 62.5 mg/ml, dan 75 mg/ml serta waktu kontak 15 dan 30 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak adanya penurunan Salmonella spp. yang signifikan. Hal ini disebabkan optimasi pada ekstraksi daun kelor dengan metode UAE belum sepenuhnya dilakukan sehingga proses ekstraksi yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini tidak dilakukan dengan kondisi yang terbaik.
Keyword: chicken fillet, ethanolic extract, moringa leaf, Salmonella

Judul: Utilization of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract in Various Meat Processed Products
Abstrak: Tanaman kelor banyak mengandung berbagai senyawa penghambat radikal bebas, seperti senyawa fenolik (asam fenolik, flavonoid, kuinon, kumarin, lignan, stilbenes, tanin), senyawa nitrogen (alkaloid, amina, betalain), vitamin, terpenoid (termasuk karotenoid), dan beberapa vitamin (B1, B2, B3, C, dan D) yang dapat berperan sebagai antioksidan. Tujuan kajian pustaka ini adalah mengkaji pemanfaatan ekstrak daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) pada berbagai produk olahan daging sebagai sumber antioksidan terhadap sifat fisik, kimia, mikrobiologi, dan sifat sensorisnya. Pelarut yang diamati pada proses ekstraksi daun kelor, yaitu pelarut polar, semipolar, dan non polar. Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi yang diukur menggunakan metode DPPH terdapat pada ekstrak yang menggunakan pelarut etanol dengan sampel daun kelor segar sebanyak 30 g yang menghasilkan angka IC50 sebesar 22,18 ppm dengan teknik maserasi. Sampel daun kelor kering sebanyak 20 g yang diekstrak dengan metanol juga menghasilkan angka IC50 yang tinggi, yaitu sebesar 49,30 ppm dengan teknik maserasi. Produk olahan daging yang diberi penambahan ekstrak daun kelor mengalami peningkatan dan penurunan pH, peningkatan aktivitas antioksidan dan kadar protein, penurunan kadar lemak dan nilai TBARS, serta peningkatan tingkat kesukaan panelis jika bau langunya dinonaktifkan., Moringa oleifera contains free radical inhibiting compounds, such as phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, quinones, coumarin, lignans, stilbenes, tannins), nitrogen compounds (alkaloids, amines, betalain), vitamins, terpenoids (including carotenoids), and some other vitamins (B1, B2, B3, C, dan D). The purpose of this literature review is to review the potential use of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in processed meat products as a source of antioxidants for its physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties. The solvents observed in the moringa leaf extraction processed were polar, semipolar, and non-polar. The highest antioxidant activity measured using the DPPH method was found in using ethanol solvent with 30 g of fresh Moringa oleifera leaf samples which resulted IC50 as big as 22,18 ppm with maceration techniques. Methanol solvent 3 with 20 g of dry Moringa oleifera samples which resulted IC50 as big as 49,30 ppm with maceration techniques. The meat products have changes in pH, increased antioxidant activity and protein content, decreased fat content and TBARS value, and changes in sensory properties if the odor is disabled.
Keyword: extract, moringa, utilization, product, meat

Judul: Bifurkasi Hopf pada Model Siklus Bisnis Kaldor Kalecki tanpa dan dengan Waktu Tunda
Abstrak: Business cycle model is one of dynamical system models in economic. One of the business cycles model is Kaldor-Kalecki model. Kaldor-Kalecki business cycle model that is written in delayed defferential equations, is a business cycle model that involves gross product and capital stock of a company. In this paper Kaldor-Kalecki business cycle model is analyzed using both nondelay and delay in time of capital stock. By Taylor expansion for the time delayed model, an analysis of stability around the fixed points has been done. Furthermore, by using Hopf bifurcation theorem, it can be shown that there exists periodic orbits and limit cycle. In the nondelayed model, changing the parameter of goods market could lead to the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and the existence of limit cycle. Similarly, for the delayed model, it has been shown that changing the time delay parameter may result in the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and limit cycle.
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