Judul: Model Perpindahan Massa pada Pemekatan Jus Jeruk Siam dengan Reverse Osmosis
Abstrak: Reverse Osmosis (RO) telah menjadi teknik yang efektif untuk pemisahan dan pengkonsentrasian komponen ionik dari air sehingga penerapan aplikasi ini dewasa ini masih didominasi untuk proses desalinasi air laut. Semakin berkembangnya teknologi memperluas penerapan RO untuk pemisahan komponen dalam industri makanan dan farmasi. Salah satu penerapan RO dalam industri makanan yang memiliki prospek menjanjikan adalah pemisahan air untuk pemekatan jus jeruk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh kondisi operasi RO (tekanan transmembran dan laju alir umpan) yang terbaik, mendapatkan tingkat pemekatan tertinggi dari proses RO dengan tekanan rendah (LPRO) dan memperoleh faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh untuk pemisahan jus jeruk dari model perpindahan massa pada pemekatan jus jeruk dengan RO. Bahan baku yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah jus jeruk siam Pontianak (Citrus nobillis L var microcarpa) hasil filtrasi membran mikrofiltrasi ukuran pori 0,1 μm dengan komposisi kandungan total padatan terlarut 6.82 oBrix, asam sitrat 0.56 % dan vitamin C sebesar 11.65 mg per 100 mg. Penelitian menggunakan membran RO berbentuk lilitan spiral (spiral wound) berbahan poliamida (PA) dengan luas permukaan 0.59 m2 dan rejeksi NaCl 93%. Aplikasi membran Low Pressure Reverse Osmosis pada penelitian dilihat sebagai proses pra-pemekatan dengan RO.
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Judul: Model Perpindahan Massa pada Mikrofiltrasi untuk Penghilangan Limonin dan Naringin dari Jus Jeruk Siam (Citrus nobilis L. var microcarpa)
Abstrak: Bitterness in citrus juice primarily due to the presence of limonin and naringin. Using membrane technology is expected to remove the bitterness. The decreasing of flux is a general membrane problem. Understanding of mass transfer mechanisms, the decreasing of membrane performance could be controlled. The research aimed to remove limonin and naringin from Siam citrus juice by microfiltration, to get the best condition of operation of microfiltration i.e. higher permeate flux and rejection, and to predict mass transfer mechanisms on the microfiltration for removing limonin and naringin from Siam citrus juice. Raw material of the study was Siam citrus. The steps of the study were citrus juice characteristics, effect of transmembrane pressure and cross flow velocity on the permeate flux, rejection, quality of citrus juice, and mass transfer mechanism on the microfiltration of citrus juice according to the total recycle operation mode. Mass transfer mechanism was analyzed by comparing the experimental data with calculation data using thin film models of non-Newtonian fluids based on non-dimensional analysis with Brownian diffusion and shearinduced diffusion approach, Zidney-Colton model, and Davis-Sherwood model. The results showed the fresh citrus juice is a non-Newtonian fluid and a character of dilatant. The limiting flux reached at the transmembrane pressure of 1.84 bar. Optimum condition for microfiltration citrus juice at the transmembrane pressure of 1.74 bar and flow rate of 0.08 ms-1 for 30 minutes, with the permeate flux about 63.16 L m-2h-1. In these conditions, the microfiltration of citrus juice could remove limonin and naringin, respectively by 92.54 % and 71.34 %. The limonin rejection was higher than naringin because limonin is more hydrophobic so that adsorbed onto membrane surface easier. High transmembrane pressure application caused decreasing vitamin C and total soluble solids content in the permeate, respectively by 44.48 % and 38.18 %. Mass transfer mechanisms on the microfiltration of citrus juice strongly depend on citrus juice properties. Presence of particles in citrus juice caused increasing of shear rate on membrane wall, so that increase particle deposition rates from membrane surface. Mass transfer mechanisms on the microfiltration of citrus juice were affected by particle size, particle concentration, and shear rate as showed by close value of experimental data with Zidney-Colton model. Finally, the mass transfer mechanism on the microfiltration Siam citrus juice for removing limonin and naringin could be decribed as mass transfer mechanism by shear-induce diffusion and fresh citrus juice is a dilute suspension.
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Judul: Etno-ornitologi Burung Kancilan Flores (Pachycephala nudigula nudigula Hartert 1897) pada Masyarakat Lio di Taman Nasional Kelimutu
Abstrak: Bare-throathed whistler is one of several wild birds in Kelimutu National Park (TNKL) that is believed to have correlation with Lio Community‟s belief. The estimation of Bare-throated whistler‟s population in Kelimutu National Park was about 186.41-1668.07 individual by the density about 0.0389-0.3481 ind/ha with the sex ratio 6.2:1 that spreaded on area with height of 1100 – 1600 masl. The characteristic of Bare-throated whistler‟s habitat is a natural forest with various canopy level, high plant species diversity and high density. The habitat characteristics related to the availability of food in the form of insects, cover, safety and a nesting site. Generally the most of Lio community knew the existence of Bare-throated whistler directly or from their parents‟ stories. The perceptions of Lio Community to the Bare-throated whistler‟s existence is generally support the conservation efforts. The perceptions construct the Lio Community‟s atitude that tend to be conservative to the existence of Bare-throated whistler. The attitude shown by their behavior that not cathing the Bare-throated whistler from the TNKL‟s area or the outside. The attitude have an important role to the existence of Bare-throated whistler in Kelimutu National Park‟s area.
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