Judul: Identification of Tannins from Sawmill as a Potenstial Vegetable Tanning Agent
Abstrak: Tanin merupakan senyawa polifenol hasil metabolit sekunder dari kulit kayu tanaman dan berfungsi sebagai bahan penyamak nabati. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi kandungan tanin dan jenis tanin, mengetahui kadar tanin total dan kadar flavonoid pada limbah kulit kayu, serta memilih kulit kayu potensial sebagai bahan penyamak. Senyawa tanin diuji secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Identifikasi kualitatif menggunakan uji FeCl3, larutan gelatin, kalium ferisianida + ammonia, asam asetat + Pb asetat, dan uji pereaksi Stiasny. Identifikasi kuantitatif menggunakan metode permanganometri dan pengeringan. Uji kualitatif menunjukkan delapan dari dua belas jenis kulit kayu teridentifikasi positif mengandung tanin. Delapan jenis kulit kayu tersebut adalah, kayu mangium, mahoni, sengon, afrika, mindi, kweni, kecapi, dan puspa. Empat jenis kulit kayu lainnya yang negatif adalah kayu lame, kisampang, nangka dan karet. Hasil uji kuantitatif tanin total secara berurut untuk kayu mangiun, mahoni, sengon, afrika, mindi, kweni, kecapi, dan puspa adalah 56,03%; 27,58%; 21,70%; 7,15%; 14,11%; 17,72%; 16,76%; dan 16,52% dan nilai flavonoidnya berturut-turut adalah 21,90%; 13,81%; 8,92%; 6,11%; 5,55%; 5,94%; 11,76%; dan 4,46%. Hasil uji statistik two way anova menghasilkan nilai sig. 0,00 <0,05, menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan hasil kualitas kayu berdasarkan jenis kayu, jenis uji flavonoid/tanin, dan terdapat interaksi antara jenis kayu dengan uji flovonoid/tanin dalam menentukan kayu., Tanins are polyphenol compounds produced by secondary metabolism from plant bark and function as vegetable taning materials. This study aimed to identify the tanin content and type of tanin, to determine the total tanin content and flavonoid levels in the bark waste, and to select potential bark as a taning material. Tanins were tested qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative identification used the FeCl3 test, gelatin solution, potassium + ammonia, acetic acid + Pb acetate, and the Stiasny reagent test. Quantitative identification used permanganometric and drying methods. The qualitative test showed that eight of the twelve types of bark were identified as positive for tanin. The eight types of bark were mangium, mahogany, sengon, africa, mindi, kweni, kecapi, and puspa. The other four barks were negative for tanin tests, i.e. lame, kisampang, jackfruit and karet. Total tanin quantitative test results in sequence for mangium, mahogany, sengon, africa, mindi, kweni, kecapi, and puspa wood barks were 56.03%, 27.58%, 21.70%, 7.15%, 14.11%, 17.72%, 16.76%, and 16.52%, respectively. The flavonoid values of the barks were 21.90%, 13.81%, 8.92%, 6.11%, 5.55%, 5.94%, 11.76%, and 4.46%, respectively. The two way ANOVA statistical test resulted in a sig. 0.00 < 0.05, indicating that there were differences in the results of wood quality based on wood type, type of flavonoid / tanin test, and there was an interaction between wood species and the flovonoid / tanin test in determining wood.
Keyword: Flavonoid, Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, Kulit Kayu, Tanin

Judul: Ekstraksi dan Indentifikasi Tanin Kulit Kayu :Beberapa Jenis Pohon serta Penggunaannya sebagai Perekat Kayu Lapis Eksteriar
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan kondisi ekstraksi (suhu dan waktu) yang optimum dari tiga jenis kulit kayu (Acacia decurrens, Rhizophora mucronata dan Pinus merkusii), sehingga kualitas dan kuantitas ekstrak (kadar ekstrak, kadar tanin, kadar tanin terkondensasi dan kelarutan tanin dalam air) yang diperoleh dapat menjamin kualitas perekat memenuhi standar pengujian. 'Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan etanol air (1 1) pada suhu 28, 38 dan 4sDc dengan waktu ekstraksi 2, 3 dan 4 Jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin 5uhu dan waktu ekstraksi semakin meningkat pula ekstrak. Namun demikian, semakin tinggi kadar tinggi kadar ekstrak tidak berarti semakin tinggi pula kualitas perekat yang dihasilkan. Komponen ekstrak yang menjamin kualitas perekat untuk pembuatan kayu lapis adalah tanin terkondensasi. Semakin tinggi kadar tanin terkondensasi semakin baik kualitas kayu lapis yang dihasilkan. dst ..
Keyword: Leather industry, Plywood gum

Judul: A Continuous Vaccination Strategy in the SVIR Epidemic Model
Abstrak: Vaccination is conducted to minimize the spread of a disease. The vaccination is usually done several times within a fixed time interval. In the SVIR model, it is assumed that individuals do not get immediate immunity following a vaccination program. So according to process of vaccination on SVIR model, there are two strategies, i.e. the continuous vaccination strategy (CVS) and the pulse vaccination strategy (PVS). In this study, only the CVS strategy in epidemic model SVIR is considered. Results of the study indicate that dynamics of the CVS system depends on the basic reproductive number. If the basic reproductive number is less than one, then the disease-free fixed point is asymptotically stable. It means that the disease will eventually disappear from the population. Conversely, if the basic reproductive number is greater than one, then the endemic fixed point is asymptotically stable, which means that the disease will remain exist in the population. Simulation result shows that the vaccination would minimize the spread of disease by reducing the basic reproductive number. If the time for the vaccinated recipients to obtain the immunity, as well as a possibility of vaccinated recipients to be infected are neglected, then the disease will be eradicated. This condition is called an over-evaluating effect of vaccination.
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