Judul: Culture of Poverty in Urban Area (Study on Taru  Community, North Bogor District, Bogor City, West Java)
Abstrak: Kompleksitas wujud kemiskinan dari waktu ke waktu turut memperluas ukuran kemiskinan, tidak hanya dari segi ekonomi semata, namun diperlukan pendekatan budaya untuk memahami realitas sosial masyarakat. Budaya kemiskinan merupakan salah satu bentuk dimensi kemiskinan yang dicirikan dengan seperangkat nilai, keyakinan, dan sikap negatif yang diwariskan antar generasi dalam menjalankan praktik sosial yang mengakibatkan langgengnya kemiskinan yang dihadapi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode sensus terhadap rumah tangga miskin sebagai unit analisis, dan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif yang didukung oleh data kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa budaya kemiskinan yang tercermin dalam sikap pesimis, preferensi kerja untuk sekedar hidup, berorientasi kuat ke masa lampau, serta sikap boros pada rumah tangga miskin di Komunitas Taru nyatanya tidak memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan tingkat kemiskinan rumah tangga. Sebaliknya, budaya kemiskinan muncul sebagai suatu respons alami terhadap kondisi miskin yang dihadapi oleh rumah tangga, sekaligus berfungsi sebagai mekanisme adaptif yang membantunya menghadapi tantangan-tantangan ekonomi., The complexity of the poverty form in over time has also expanded the size of poverty, not only from an economic perspective, but a cultural approach is needed to understand the social reality of society. The culture of poverty is a form of poverty dimension which is characterized by a set of negative values, beliefs and attitudes that are passed down between generations in carrying out social practices which result in the persistence of the poverty faced. The research was conducted using a census method with impoverished households as the unit of analysis, employing a quantitative approach supported by qualitative data. The research findings indicate that the culture of poverty, as reflected in a pessimistic attitude, a preference for working merely to subsist, a strong orientation towards the past, and profligate behavior in Taru Community’s impoverished households, does not exhibit a significant relationship with household poverty levels. Instead, the culture of poverty emerges as a natural response to the impoverished conditions faced by households, simultaneously functioning as an adaptive mechanism to help them confront economic challenges.
Keyword: culture of poverty, househoulds, level of poverty

Judul: Labor Household Poverty in Rural Area (Study in Toga Village, Buayan Subdistrict, Kebumen Regency)
Abstrak: Kemiskinan merupakan permasalahan multidimensi yang menjerat berbagai negara di dunia, termasuk Indonesia. Kehadiran fenomena disebabkan faktor-faktor memicu munculnya hal tersebut. Kemiskinan memiliki faktor-faktor penyebab yang bahkan memperparah kondisi tersebut. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana kondisi kemiskinan dan faktor-faktornya pada rumah tangga buruh yang memiliki hubungan terhadap tingkat kemiskinan di Desa Toga. Metode penelitian kuantitatif didukung data kualitatif, menggunakan metode survei dan kuesioner sebagai instrumennya. Jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini yaitu 35 rumah tangga buruh di RW 3 Desa Toga. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu rumah tangga buruh didominasi tergolong miskin ekstrem, faktor-faktor kemiskinan yaitu struktur rumah tangga, ragam ikatan buruh dan majikan, tingkat kerawanan lokasi tempat tinggal, dan tingkat pekarangan yang dikuasai rumah tangga memiliki hubungan tidak signifikan dengan tingkat kemiskinan. Faktor-faktor yang diduga berdampak bagi kondisi kemiskinan rumah tangga buruh RW 3 Desa Toga antara lain pekerjaan tidak tetap, tingkat pendidikan rendah, lansia tinggal sendirian, dan beban ganda kepala rumah tangga perempuan., Poverty is a multidimensional problem that affects many countries around the world, including Indonesia. The existence of a phenomenon is caused by factors that trigger its emergence. Poverty has factors that cause or even worsen the condition. This research aims to analyze how the conditions of poverty and its factors in labor households that have a correlation with the poverty level in Desa Toga. The research method used in this research is a quantitative method supported by qualitative data, survey method, and a questionnaire as its instrument. Samples in this research is 35 labor households in RW 3 Desa Toga. The results of this study are that laborer households are dominated by households classified as extreme poor, poverty factors namely household structure, the variety of laborer and employer ties, the vulnerability level of residential locations, and the level of yard controlled by households have insignificant relationship with poverty levels. Factors that are suspected to the poverty condition of laborer households in RW 3 Toga Village include irregular employment, low education level, elderly living alone, and the double burden of female household heads.
Keyword: poverty level, poverty factors, labor households

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
Keyword: