Judul: Menarcheal Age and Breast Development in Purwokerto
Abstrak: Puberty is a transition from childhood into adulthood. It occurs as a result of the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis activity which stimulates the central inhibitory feedback and lifts the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH). The activation of GnRH increasingly stimulates the secretion of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Lutenizing Hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. Both of these hormones stimulate the production of estrogen, which allows for menarche and the development of secondary sexual characteristics. The aim of this research is determine the menarcheal age and breast development in Purwokerto. I used 99 individual subject aged 8-14 years old which contained 28 menarche subjects. The result showed that the menarcheal age average in Purwokerto was 12.4 years old. In this study, the breast measurement showed three stages of breast development. The youngest and the average age of Tanner stage two were 9 and 10 years old. The youngest and average age of Tanner stage three were 10.8 and 12.5 years old. Based on the result, menarche has correlated with the breast development stage three. The present study had similar result between Bogor, Jakarta, but differ with Pekalongan. This maybe because the samples from Purwokerto, Bogor, and Jakarta came from urban areas whereas samples from Pekalongan came from rural area
Keyword: socioeconomic status, puberty, nutrition status, menarche, breast development

Judul: Breast development and age at menarche of girls in Semarang
Abstrak: Pubertas adalah fase transisi dari anak-anak sampai dewasa yang merupakan reaktivasi dari sistem saraf pusat untuk perkembangan seksual ditandai dengan peningkatan hormon seks. Tanda umum digunakan untuk menentukan waktu pubertas perempuan perkembangan payudara dan menarke. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan waktu pubertas perempuan di Semarang berdasarkan pada usia menarke dan perkembangan payudara. Penelitian ini menggunakan total 998 subyek berusia 8-19 tahun. Waktu pubertas perempuan di Semarang berusia 11,94 tahun lebih cepat bila dibandingkan dengan hasil penelitian sebelumnya antara kota Bogor, daerah pedesaan Pekalongan, dan kota Purwokerto. Hal ini terjadi karena perbedaan status sosial ekonomi dan pengeluaran keluarga untuk makan. Perkembangan payudara dapat diklasifikasikan ke dalam lima tahap. Hasil analisis menunjukkan rata-rata usia tahap dua di tua 8,2 tahun. Rata-rata dari tiga tahap dan tahap empat diamati pada 10,46 dan 12,01 tahun, masing-masing. Rata-rata usia tahap lima diamati pada usia 13,42 tahun. Berdasarkan hasil ini, menarche telah berkorelasi dengan perkembangan payudara tahap empat.
Keyword: Age at menarche, Breast development, Nutrition status, Puberty, Socioeconomic status, Sex hoemones, Puberty, Central nervous system, Sexual developemnt, Women puberty

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4