Judul: Designing a sustainable management policy of national park in the decentralized era
Abstrak: National park plays an important role in conserving nature, biodiversity and life supporting system. However, sectoral policy set up intended to manage national park may hinder that crusial role for humankind. Therefore, there has to be alternative approach to create a sound and effective public policy to manage national park sustainably. Critical system thinking could provide practical framework on policy analysis. This study was intended to develop a sustainable management policy model of national park using soft and hard system methodology approach. The results revealed that the need of such system was to balance social, economic, environment and natural resources for supporting sustainable development. The goals of the system were to protect valuable national park ecosystem for human wellbeing, to increase wealth of local residents close to national park, and to secure the existence of culture. The park authority should pay more attention to local people since they might behave as supporter or destroyer. Conceptual policy model of sustainable national park management was developed, namely National Park Management System Based on Ecosystem and Community which consisted of 3 models which were Management Model, Institutional Model and Funding Model. The model was considered as Community Initiative Government Support. In order to overcome coordination problem, to enhance comanagement and to increase benefit to local people, it is suggested that Working Group of National Park Planning Management and Village Owned Enterprise might be established. In addition, National Park Office should be enacted to General Service Agency of National Park as for efficiency and flexibility of financial management which are more transparent, accountable and professional.
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Judul: Institutional Arrangement Towards A Self-Financed National Parks Management at Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park
Abstrak: National Parks (NPs) is part of the protected areas (PAs) which is managed by the government. Appointment management unit aims to realize the effectiveness of management. The recent phenomenon showed that the effectiveness value of the National Park's management is categorized at 'underaverage'level. One of the problems that lead to ineffective management ofNPs, that the limited allocation of resources funding. The government's efforts to solve the limited budget for public investment has led to make self-financed management unit. This policy is expected to be self-financed, but still achieved sustainable park management. Towards the achievement of the essentials done by strengthening the use in park management. Private sector involvement in the utilization of natural resources is one of opportunity to overcome the limitations of management funding issues. It underlies the development of self-financed model to achieve management goals through the use of natural resources by maintaining the main functions ofNPs. This study aims to describe the policy of public investment in the management of park, outlines private investment in the utilization of natural resources in the area of park, and obtaining appropriate institutional model towards selffinanced of park management. Descriptive approach to research through research with data collection through interviews and review of documentation. Data were analyzed through descriptive analysis, content analysis, and gap analysis. Government budget in managing TNGGP still cause problems. The problem comes from the source and use government budget. Government budget sources still has uncertainties due to changes in government fiscal policy in the form of cuts or changes to the budget and usage mechanisms. It has an impact on the implementation of the budget TNGGP management activities that have been defined. Government budget source to implement the activities have not touched on the effectiveness of management TNGGP. The allocation is more widely used for routine activities such as staff salaries and office support infrastructure. The proportion of the budget these activities have an impact on the limited budget allocation for the basic activities in achieving effectiveness management. Utilization of natural resources TNGGP region consists of seven products. Nature tourism is a product that can involve private parties of seven activities identified by the characteristics of the product benefits, zoning, and management. However, private sector involvement in the use of nature in TNGGP still cannot be implemented. Unpreparedness of the government as principal to be a factor inhibiting private investment can be made. Granting licenses to private parties is a form of transfer of temporary property rights while rigidly organized and detailed. Lengthy permitting process, the uncertainty in obtaining a business license, as well as the rights and obligations of the rules that are not balanced cause disinterest in the private sector to invest. Income of non-tax revenues is the result of the utilization of natural resources is still causing problems in the types and rates and use. Types and rates of relatively small value and many are not yet regulated. In addition, the revenue cannot be used directly by the management unit but must be paid in advance to the state treasury and the state budget is managed
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Judul: Reproduksi Ikan "Shirogisu" Sillago japonica (Temminck dan Schlegel) di Perairan Teluk Omura, Nagasaki, Jepang
Abstrak: Ikan S. japonica pertama kali matang gonad pada ukuran kelas panjang 185 - 198 mm dan frekuensi terbesar pada ikan jantan pada selang kelas rata-rata 220 mm (100 %) dan ikan betina pada selang kelas rata-rata 234 mm (100 %). Melalui histologi gonad ikan betina, pada TKG II terdapat sel oogonia dimana sel telur belum matang (perinucleolus) yaitu inti sel mulai membesar dan membran sel yang tebal. Pada TKG III, sel telur berkembang menjadi oocyte primer dan kemudian menjadi oocyte sekunder dimana sel telur telah matang (ripe eggs), butiran kuning telur telah terbentuk dan membran sel mulai menipis. Pada TKG IV, sel telur berkembang menjadi ootid, dimana terjadinya penyatuan butiran kuning telur yang menuju salah satu kutub anima (Fusion of yolk globule) dan terdapat membran sel yang menipis pada sel telur yang matang (Oolema of ripe eggs). Pada TKG V, sel telur berkembang menjadi ovum yang akan dikeluarkan pada saat pemijahan, mulai berkurangnya ootid dan terdapat folikel yang kosong. Sedangkan pada testes ikan jantan, TKG I ditunjukkan adanya sel spermatogonia yang berada di dalam kantung tubulus seminifer. Pada TKG I1 sel berkembang menjadi sel spermatogonia. Pada TKG III sel spermatogonia berkembang menjadi spermatocytes primer dimana terjadi pembelahan sel secara miosis (pembelahan pertama) dan kemudian berkembang menjadi spermatocytes sekunder dimana terjadi pembelahan sel yang kedua. Pada TKG IV sel spermatocytes berkembang menjadi sel spermatid, dan pada TKG V sel spermatid herkembang menjadi spermatozoa yang akan dikeluarkan pada saat pemijahan.
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