Judul: Formulasi dan Analisis Losion Berbahan Emulsifier Sukrosa Ester
Abstrak: Sukrosa ester merupakan surfaktan non-ionik dengan berbagai aplikasi industri. Surfaktan tersebut disintesis dari metil ester asam lemak sawit dan sukrosa menggunakan katalis basa. Pengemulsi pengganti minyak kelapa sawit berbahan ester sukrosa tersebut dapat terurai secara hayati karena potensinya tidak beracun bagi kulit. Efisiensi produksi sukrosa ester diperoleh menggunakan pelarut air pada sukrosa, perbandingan massa 3:5 untuk air dan sukrosa. Pengenceran sukrosa dengan air mengurangi potensi kegagalan yang ditimbulkan akibat karamelisasi. Berdasarkan penelitian laboratorium, sukrosa ester memiliki stabilitas emulsi yang baik berasal dari sukrosa ester miristat, sukrosa ester palmitat, sukrosa ester laurat. Desain menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan perlakuan variasi konsentrasi sukrosa ester sebanyak 3 taraf, yaitu 2%, 6%, dan 10%. Berdasarkan ANOVA, terdapat pengaruh sangat nyata antara variasi konsentrasi terhadap bobot jenis, pH, viskositas, dan tegangan permukaan. Uji verifikasi dilakukan terhadap referensi konsumen berupa uji organoleptik kepada 35 responden. Lalu, uji mikroba yang berdasarkan Standar Nasional Indonesia yaitu jumlah lempeng total maksimum 10-2 koloni, uji negatif jamur, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Coliform maksimum 3. Penentuan kombinasi terbaik menggunakan sistem Composite Performance Index (CPI) dan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Berdasarkan uji organoleptik, sampel terbaik adalah miristat 10%. Analisis hasil organoleptik selaras dengan analisis hasil laboratorium yang menyatakan bahwa sampel losion berbahan sukrosa ester miristat 10% merupakan sampel terbaik. Sampel tersebut memiliki stabilitas emulsi yang baik dan tidak tercemar mikroba., Sucrose ester is a non-ionic surfactant with various industrial applications. This surfactant was synthesized from palm fatty acid methyl esters and sucrose using an alkaline catalyst. The emulsifier that replaces palm oil made from sucrose ester is biodegradable because it is potentially non-toxic to the skin. The efficiency of sucrose ester production was obtained by using water as a solvent for sucrose, with a mass ratio of 3:5 for water and sucrose. Diluting sucrose with water reduces the potential for failure caused by caramelization. Based on laboratory research, sucrose ester has good emulsion stability from sucrose myristate ester, sucrose palmitate ester, and sucrose laurate ester. The design used a randomized block design with 3 levels of variation in the concentration of sucrose ester, which are 2%, 6%, and 10%. Based on ANOVA, there is a very significant effect between variations in concentration on specific gravity, pH, viscosity, and surface tension. Verification tests were carried out on consumer references in the form of organoleptic tests on 35 respondents. Then, the microbial test is based on the Indonesian National Standard, that are maximum number of total plates (10-2 colonies), a negative test for fungi, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Coliform (maximum 3). Determination of the best combination using the system Composite Performance Index (CPI) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on the organoleptic test, the best sample is 10% myristate. The analysis of the organoleptic results was consistent with the analysis of laboratory results which stated that a lotion sample made from 10% sucrose myristate ester was the best sample. The best sample has good emulsion stability and not polluted by microbes.
Keyword: laurate, lotion, myristate, palmitate, sucrose ester

Judul: Pengaruh Jenis Ester Asam Lemak dan Konsentrasi Katalis pada Proses Sintesis Surfaktan Sukrosa Ester
Abstrak: Sukrosa ester dalam bentuk sukrosa monoester dan diester memiliki beberapa keunggulan seperti tidak berbau, tidak berasa, tidak menyebabkan iritasi pada kulit atau mata, tidak beracun dan memiliki sifat biodegradabilitas yang baik. Sukrosa ester dapat digunakan sebagai emulsifier pada produk detergen karena memiliki daya detergensi yang baik. Penelitian yang sudah ada fokus pada optimasi penggunaan konsentrasi katalis Na2CO3 dan CH3ONa pada sintesis sukrosa ester. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan metil ester dan etil ester pada karakteristik fisikokimia (pH dan gugus fungsional) dan kinerja (daya detergensi, penurunan tegangan permukaan dan antar muka, kestabilan emulsi dan busa) sukrosa ester. Pengaruh dari konsentrasi katalis (2-6%) juga dianalisis. Sukrosa ester dari asam lemak minyak sawit disintesis menggunakan reaksi transesterifikasi menggunakan katalis sodium karbonat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sukrosa ester berhasil disintesis dari metil ester dan etil ester berdasarkan uji deteksi surfaktan nonionik. Nilai pH surosa ester yang dihasilkan berkisar antara 9,41 sampai 10,00. Jenis asam lemak ester dan konsentrasi katalis memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan pada penurunan tegangan permukaan dan tegangan antarmuka, kestabilan emulsi dan busa, serta gugus fungsional sukrosa ester. Kondisi perlakuan terbaik ditinjau dari jenis asam lemak ester dan konsentrasi katalis untuk menghasilkan sukrosa ester adalah metil ester pada konsentrasi katalis 6%. Karakeristik sukrosa ester yang dihasilkan adalah sebagai berikut: nilai pH sebesar 9,96; penurunan tegangan permukaan sebesar 39,36 dyne/cm; penurunan tegangan antarmuka sebesar 39 dyne/cm; stabilitas emulsi sebesar 70,77%; stabilitas busa sebesar 391 menit; dan daya deterjensi sebesar 506,5 FTU turbidity., Sucrose ester in form of monoester and diester sucrose has several advantages since it is odorless, tasteless, non-irritating to the skin and eye, as well as being nontoxic and having excellent biodegradability properties. Sucrose ester can be used as an emulsifier for a detergent product since it has high foaming and detergency ability. The present study portrays the investigations on the optimization of the Na2CO3 and CH3ONa-catalyzed synthesis of sucrose-palm fatty acids esters. The objectives of this research are to investigate the influence of methyl ester and ethyl ester use towards physicochemical properties (pH and functional group) and performances (detergency ability, surface and interface tension reduction, emulsion and foaming stability) of sucrose ester. The influence of different concentrations of catalyst (2-6%) used in this research is also investigated. Sucrose-palm fatty acids esters synthesized through transesterification reaction with sodium carbonate catalyst. The pH of sucrose esters varied from 9,41 to 10,00. The fatty acid ester type and catalyst ratio has a significant effect on the surface and interface tension reduction, emulsion and foaming stability, and functional group of sucrose ester. The best physicochemical properties and performances of sucrose ester gain from methyl ester and 6% catalyst concentration treatment. This treatment produce sucrose ester with pH 9,96; surface tension reduction 39,36 dyne/cm; interface tension reduction 39 dyne/cm; emulsion stability 70,77%; foaming stability 391 min; and detergency ability 506,5 FTU turbidity.
Keyword: ethyl ester, methyl ester, performances, sucrose ester

Judul: Implementation of Spatio-Temporal Change Query in Relational Database.
Abstrak: Geographic object changes in various views. Object changes are recorded using a model of static storage. No historical connection between old version data and new version data has been built. For that, a storage model of spatio-temporal queries that can analyze spatio-temporal changes has been developed. The object changes the geometry are grouped according to the taxonomy of Spatio-Temporal Pattern Change. This research has been able to apply the query patterns change including born, expand, merge, contract, split, normal and die. This query based on geometric (area) changes. The implementation of spatio-temporal change queries represents an object changes continuously with easy, change detection is done by comparing two versions of data. Keyword: spatio-temporal change query, spatio-temporal change pattern.
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