Judul: Pengaruh Infrastruktur terhadap Produk Domestik Regional Bruto per Kapita Kabupaten Tertinggal dan Non-Tertinggal di Indonesia
Abstrak: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita acts as a benchmark for the level of economic well being of the population of a country. Higher Gross Domestic Product per Capita indicates better welfare of a country. However, this statement seems like cannot be well adapted in Indonesia. It can be proved by the large number of disadvantaged districts. Great number of disadvantaged districts in Indonesia is an evidence of unequal Regional Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) for each district that is promoted by unbalanced infrastructure availability. This research was conducted using Data Panel Method for 159 districts in Indonesia for the periode of 2009 until 2011, consisting 119 non-disadvantaged districts and 40 disadvantaged districts. The independent variables used in this research are the number of schools (LNSCHOOL), household access to electricity (LISTRIK), household access to clean water (AIR), the ratio of hospital beds to size (LNRS), and length of roads under good and moderate condition. While the dependent variable is Regional Gross Domestic Bruto per Capita (LNPDRBK). Result of this research shows that access for school, hospital, and road have higher influence for disadvantaged areas, while access for electricity influences significantly to nondisadvantaged areas., Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) per kapita merupakan salah satu tolak ukur tingkat kesejahteraan ekonomi penduduk suatu negara. Semakin besar PDB per kapita maka akan semakin makmur negara tersebut. Nampaknya pernyataan ini belum berlaku di Indonesia. Hal ini dapat dibuktikan dengan masih banyaknya jumlah daerah tertinggal di Indonesia. Masih banyaknya daerah tertinggal merupakan bukti masih terjadinya ketimpangan PDRB per kapita antarkabupaten yang salah satunya disebabkan oleh perbedaan ketersediaan infrastruktur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Data Panel pada 159 kabupaten di Indonesia tahun 2009-2011 dengan rincian 119 kabupaten non-tertinggal dan 40 kabupaten tertinggal. Variabel bebas yang digunakan yaitu jumlah sekolah (LNSCHOOL), akses rumah tangga terhadap listrik (LISTRIK), akses rumah tangga terhadap air bersih (AIR), rasio ranjang rumah sakit terhadap populasi (LNRS), dan panjang jalan menurut kondisi baik dan sedang (LNJLN). Sementara variabel terikat yang digunakan yaitu PDRB per kapita (LNPDRBK). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan ketersediaan sekolah, rumah sakit, dan jalan lebih besar pengaruhnya di kabupaten tertinggal, sementara ketersediaan listrik lebih besar pengaruhnya di kabupaten non -tertinggal.
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Judul: Interegional inequality ini indonesia : analysis of income and infrastructure in districts/municipalities 2005 –2012
Abstrak: Tujuan akhir dari kebijakan ekonomi adalah untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan rakyat yang dapat dilihat dari tingkat PDRB per kapita. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tingkat ketimpangan kesejahteraan masyarakat yang dilihat dari tingkat PDRB per kapita, tingkat ketimpangan pembangunan infrastruktur dan kecenderungan ketimpangan pendapatan dan ketimpangan infrastruktur di kabupaten/kota di Indonesia. Tingkat ketimpangan kesejahteraan dan tingkat ketimpangan infrastruktur dianalisis dengan menggunakan ukuran koefisien variasi dari logaritma PDRB atas harga konstan 2000 dan koefisien variasi dari masing-masing variabel infrastruktur. Adapun tingkat kecenderungan ketimpangan pendapatan dan infrastruktur di dianalisis dengan secara deskriptif berdasarkan Tipologi Klassen. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari PDRB per kapita kabupaten/kota dan data infrastruktur kabupaten/kota di Indonesia pada periode 2005-2012. Hasil dari analisis menunjukkan perekonomian Indonesia selama kurun waktu 2005-2012 mengalami tingkat ketimpangan yang berfluktuasi dan tingkat ketimpangan semakin kecil. Infrastruktur di Indonesia juga memiliki tingkat ketimpangan yang berfluktuasi selama 2005-2012. Infrastruktur jumlah sekolah dan jumlah pelanggan air mengalami ketimpangan yang semakin kecil jika dibandingkan dari 2005 ke 2012. Sedangkan untuk infrastruktur panjang jalan, jumlah pelanggan listrik dan jumlah tempat tidur di rumah sakit mengalami tingkat ketimpangan yang meningkat pada 2005-2012., The ultimate goal of economic policy is to improve the welfare of the people which can be seen from the level of GDP per capita. The purposes of this study are to analyze the level of social welfare inequality that is seen from the level of GDP per capita, the level of infrastructure development and trend of inequality of income and inequality of infrastructure in districts / municipalities in Indonesia. Level of welfare inequality and inequality of infrastructure analyzed using the variable coefficient of variation of the logarithm of the size of GDP at constant 2000 prices and the coefficient of variation of each infrastructure. The trend rate of income inequality and infrastructure in districts / municipalities in Indonesia were analyzed descriptively based Typology Klassen. The data used are secondary data on GDP per capita district / municipalities and data infrastructure districts / municipalities in Indonesia in the period 2005-2012. Results of the analysis show the Indonesian economy during the period 2005-2012 experienced fluctuating levels of inequality and inequality is getting smaller. Infrastructure in Indonesia also has high levels of inequality that fluctuates during 2005-2012. Number of schools and number of water customers experienced inequality. However, they are getting smaller during the period of 2005 to 2012. As for the length of the road infrastructure, the amount of electricity customers and the number of beds in hospitals experienced increasing levels of inequality in 2005-2012.
Keyword: Infrastruktur, Kesejahteraan masyarakat, Ketimpangan, Pembangunan ekonomi

Judul: Sintesis Flavonol melalui 2’-Hidroksikalkon
Abstrak: Flavonol is a class of flavonoids commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Flavonol is very useful, especially in food sector and health. In this study, flavonol unsubstituted was successfully synthesized from an intermediate material 2’-hydroxychalcone. The 2’-hydroxychalcone was synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation method between o-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde using 4 different catalysts, namely KOH 60%, solid pellet of KOH-grinding technique, BF3-Et2O, and NaH in DMF. The KOH 60% was the best catalyst, giving the highest yield (57%). Afterward, the flavonol was synthesized in 1-stage oxidation cyclization of o-hydroxyacetophenone using Algar-Flynn-Oyamada (AFO) reaction, giving 76%. The flavonol total yield from 2’-hydroxychalcone was 43%. All synthesized products were characterized by their melting points and their spectra. The success of the synthesis flavonol opens the way to synthesis of useful flavonol derivatives such as quercetin and kaempferol.
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