Judul: Studi Pemanfaatan Limbah Cair Industri Makanan Lokal untuk Produksi Hidrogen dengan Menggunakan Bakteri Fotosintetik Rhodobium marinum
Abstrak: New, clean and renewable energy systems are required to encounter environmental problems caused by the use of fossil energy sources. Hydrogen is energy carrier that fulfills requirement of clean and environmental friendly energy because hydrogen does not produce greenhouse gases in its combustion. Photosynthetic bacteria are one among other bacteria that can produce hydrogen through photo fermentation process. Liquid waste can be utilized as substrate to produce hydrogen by photosynthetic bacteria. In this study, liquid wastes from local food industries are utilized as organic sources for hydrogen production process because of economical and environmental reasons. Photosynthetic bacteria, Rhodobium marinum, were used as the agent for hydrogen production. Milk, soya sauce and tofu liquid wastes were chosen as organic sources. These liquid wastes were treated by centrifugation, neutralization and sterilization. The wastes also have been characterized and it contains sugar, organic acid and protein. Milk liquid waste directly can produce hydrogen about 141±24 ml after been treated, meanwhile soya sauce liquid waste did not produce hydrogen and had to be diluted. Tofu liquid waste also did not produce hydrogen and could not be continued for optimization because of its small content of nutrients. Milk and soya sauce liquid wastes were examined with dilution (1-80 g/l), addition of iron (0-500 μmol/l for milk liquid waste and 0-160 μmol/l for soya sauce), molybdenum (0-12 μmol/l for milk liquid waste and 0-160 μmol/l for soya sauce) and sodium bicarbonate (0-6 g/l) for optimization purposes. The dilution of milk liquid waste that gives 7.58 g/l total sugar concentration had the highest efficiency with 3.22% mol hydrogen/mol hydrogen theoretical and 10.9 g/l for soya sauce with 6.88% mol hydrogen/mol hydrogen theoretical. From these experiments, the addition of iron, molybdenum and sodium bicarbonate does not affect hydrogen production from milk and soya sauce liquid wastes. For kinetics parameters, milk and soya sauce liquid waste which were treated by pretreatment and without addition of iron, molybdenum, sodium bicarbonate, yeast extract and trace element in SL-6 solution were used as hydrogen production medium with 900 ml working volume. From the experiments, the maximum specific growth for R. marinum in milk liquid waste was obtained to be 0.137 hours-1; Yx/s value was 0.45 g biomass/g substrate, Yp/s value was 0.017 g hydrogen/g substrate and Yp/x value was 0.031 g hydrogen/g biomass. The maximum specific growth for R. marinum in soya sauce liquid waste was obtained to be 0.245 hours-1; Yx/s value was 0.475 g biomass/g substrate, Yp/s value was 0.041 g hydrogen/g substrate and Yp/x value was 0.086 g hydrogen/g biomass.
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Judul: Produksi biohidrogen oleh bakteri fotosintetik Rhodobium marinum pada pencahayaan berbeda, Biohydrogen Production using Photosynthetic Bacteria Rhodobium marinum by different lighting
Abstrak: Energy demand that increases continuously and various problems are found in using fossil fuels motivates searching reneawable alternative energy. Biohydrogen as a new and renewable energy has a potential in resolving the energy problems. Hydrogen producing microbe is affected by lighting. This study concerns with effective wavelength lighting for hydrogen producing. The aim of this study is to determine effective lighting from UV and visible light (red, yellow, and blue) for maximum biohydrogen production by photosyntetic bacteria Rhodobium marinum. Hydrogen gas from photo fermentation was determined using gas chromatography (GC) with thermal conductivity detector, poropak column, with temperatur of injector, detector, and column were 150, 250, dan 80 ˚C, respectively. Total gas from photo fermentation generated with UV and visible (red, yellow, blue) lighting were 150, 145, 131, dan 95 ml, respectively. GC analysis showed hydrogen content from total gas of UV and visible (red, yellow, blue) lighting are 8.725, 13.565, 5.495, dan 6.905 ml, respectively. Yellow lighting resulted in the highest amount of hydrogen gas among the others. Therefore, the wavelength of yellow lighting is the maximum for R. marinum to produce hydrogen.
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Judul: The Anatomy of the skull of Kalimantan Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari anatomi tengkorak orangutan Kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus) jantan yang dikaitkan dengan fungsi unsur-unsur di kepala dan perilaku kesehariannya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara mengkaji ciri-ciri anatomi tengkorak orangutan dan membandingkannya dengan literatur tengkorak manusia dan hewan yang memiliki kedekatan taksonomi dan anatomi dengannya, yaitu gorilla dan simpanse serta dengan tengkorak hewan lain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan beberapa karakteristik tengkorak orangutan yang diamati, diantaranya sutura yang tidak terlihat jelas dan diduga tengkorak ini berasal dari orangutan yang sudah berumur tua. Disamping itu, juga terdapat krista yang sangat berkembang pada daerah calvaria tengkorak, yaitu crista frontalis, crista sagittalis externa, dan crista nuchae. Crista frontalis diduga sebagai tempat pertautan cheek pad yang sangat berkembang pada orangutan jantan, crista sagittalis externa diduga sebagai tempat pertautan m. temporale dan crista nuchae diduga sebagai tempat pertautan otot-otot ekstensor leher dan kepala. Selain itu, arcus zygomaticus yang sangat kuat dan berkembang, dibentuk oleh processus zygomaticus dari os temporale dan processus temporale dari os zygomaticus. Bagian tengkorak yang paling berkembang pada orangutan adalah pars splanchnocranii yang terlihat pada daerah mulut yang menonjol dan panjang. Formula gigi dari hewan ini adalah 2 (I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3) dengan dentes canini yang terlihat sangat berkembang dan merupakan ciri sexual dimorphism-nya.
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