Judul: Keragaman Mucorales Sirsinoid pada Kotoran Domba dan Kelinci.
Abstrak: Cendawan koprofil adalah cendawan penghuni kotoran hewan. Semua kotoran hewan dapat menjadi substrat tumbuh cendawan koprofil termasuk kotoran domba dan kelinci. Beberapa cendawan koprofil termasuk ke dalam Mucorales (Zygomycota). Salah satu Mucorales koprofil yang jarang dieksplorasi adalah Mucorales sirsinoid. Mucorales sirsinoid memiliki struktur sporangiofor yang khas. Sporangiofor cendawan ini agak melengkung sampai menggulung. Dalam penelitian ini, sebanyak 9 isolat Mucorales diperoleh dengan menggunakan protokol Benjamin dan Hesseltine. Cendawan-cendawan ini diidentifikasi secara morfologi dan molekuler. Semua ciri morfologi Mucorales dari ke 9 isolat dibandingkan dengan ciri morfologi genus-genus dalam Mucorales. Cendawan kemudian diidentifikasi ke spesies menggunakan daerah ITS (internal transcribed spacer). Berdasarkan morfologinya, sebanyak 5 dari 9 isolat Mucorales tergolong Mucorales yang sirsinoid. Mucorales sirsinoid lebih sering ditemukan menghuni kotoran domba daripada kotoran kelinci. Mucorales ini terbagi menjadi dua genus yaitu Circinella dan Thamnostylum. Hasil identifikasi morfologi ini didukung oleh hasil identifikasi molekuler dengan marka ITS. Analisis filogenetik metode maximum likelihood pada perangkat MEGA X menunjukkan bahwa kelima isolat Mucorales sirsinoid tersebut terbagi ke dalam 3 spesies yaitu Circinella muscae, C. umbellata, dan Thamnostylum piriforme. Circinella umbellata dan T. piriforme menghuni kotoran domba, sedangkan C. muscae menghuni kotoran kelinci.
Keyword: cendawan koprofil, filogenetik, morfologi, Circinella, Thamnostylum

Judul: Karakterisasi Cendawan Botryodiplodia theobromae dan Rhizoctonia solani dari Berbagai Tanaman Inang Berdasarkan Morfologi dan Pola RAPD-PCR.
Abstrak: Cendawan Botryodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) dan Rhizoctonia solani (Kuhn.) masing-masing memiliki kisaran inang yang luas dan gejala yang beragam bergantung inangnya. Morfologi cendawan tersebut dari inang yang berbeda nampak serupa, namun ada kemungkinan bahwa dapat berbeda apabila dianalisis lebih dalam lagi karakteristiknya secara morfologi maupun molekuler. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi cendawan B. theobromae dan R. solani dari berbagai tanaman inang berdasarkan morfologi dan pola DNA cendawan dengan teknik RAPD. Berdasarkan pengamatan karakter masingmasing isolat B. theobromae berasal dari lima tanaman inang yaitu, jeruk, kakao, karet, manggis, dan pisang serta R. solani berasal dari lima tanaman inang yaitu, jagung, nanas, padi, sorghum, dan ubi jalar, kedua cendawan tersebut menunjukkan keragaman morfologi. Ukuran konidia B. theobromae asal jeruk, kakao, karet dan pisang menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata. Konidia isolat B. theobromae asal manggis tidak terbentuk baik pada media Water Agar (WA) yang diberi jerami maupun pada Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan konidia yang optimum membutuhkan kondisi lingkungan tertentu. Hasil analisis menggunakan teknik Random amplified polymorphic-Polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) terhadap B. theobromae asal jeruk, karet, kakao, manggis, dan pisang menggunakan primer OPD 06 dan OPN 07 menghasilkan pola pita DNA yang berbeda baik dari jumlah maupun ukuran fragmen DNA. Demikian juga hasil analisis RAPD-PCR terhadap isolat R. solani asal jagung, nanas, padi, sorghum, dan ubi jalar menggunakan primer OPD 06 dan OPN 07 menghasilkan pola pita DNA yang berbeda. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa antar isolat B. theobromae maupun R. solani yang berasal dari masing-masing inangnya yang berbeda menunjukkan perbedaan genetik yang nyata.
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Judul: Exchange Market Pressure and Central Bank Intervention for Three ASEAN Countries
Abstrak: Two of the exchange rate systems which are adopted by many countries are the floating and the fixed exchange rate system. Both the exchange rate systems have different characteristics. Countries that implement fixed exchange rates system tend to set their domestic currency exchange rate at a certain point. On the contrary, countries which implement floating exchange rate system tend to let their domestic currency exchange rate to move flexibly and thus their value will always change according to the demand and supply of the currency in the foreign exchange market. Countries which implement floating exchange rate system are facing the risk of fluctuation in the exchange rate of their domestic currency against foreign currencies. The currency exchange rate fluctuation may be caused by economic problems such as a financial crisis. A country can also be potentially affected by other countries’ earlier financial crisis. This effect could potentially happen if these countries are in the same region, such as ASEAN. The 1997 ASEAN economic crisis was an example of a country’s financial crisis could affect other countries. At that time, some countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand had to change their currency exchange rate system from the fixed exchange rate system to the floating exchange rate system due to the high costs which has to be incurred if they were to enforce the fixed exchange rate system. During 2002 until 2012, the domestic exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand against the U.S. dollar had tended to fluctuate. If the domestic currency exchange rate fluctuated excessively then the central bank would intervene to stabilize the exchange rate in the foreign exchange market. The pressure on domestic currency exchange rate pressures has forced the central bank to intervene. The amount of those pressures can be analyzed by calculating the Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) index. Apart from that, the time when interventions are done by the central bank can be known based on EMP by calculating the Exchange Market Intervention (EMI) index. The purposes of this study were to determine the level of international pressure on the currency exchange market and monetary authorities intervene in three ASEAN countries, as well as to determine the effect of the monetary authorities intervene on the exchange rate of the domestic currency against the U.S. dollar in those three ASEAN countries. Based on the EMP index calculation results which are obtained during 2002 to 2012 period, the exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand’s domestic currency had always fluctuated and the results of the EMP index indicated that each country were under diverse level of currency exchange rate appreciation and depreciation pressures. Thailand was the country with the highest currency exchange rate pressure compared to Indonesia and Malaysia. The results on the intervention index calculation showed that Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand have intervention index between zero and one and more than one. We can also see from the intervention index that Indonesia and Thailand implement the controlled floating currency exchange rate instead of the freely floating one. Based on the calculation of the currency exchange rate by comparing
Keyword: exchange rate, exchange market pressure, intervention