Judul: The Effect of Green Betel (Piper betle L.) Leaves Extract on Mice's (Mus musculus L.) Memory Performance and Hippocampal Neurogenesis
Abstrak: Hippocampal neurogenesis has essential roles in learning and memory performance that can be affected by various factors such as dietary and several bioactive compounds and pharmacological agents. Betel leaves (Piper betle) was a popular functional and nutritive medicinal herb. This study aims to determine the effect of green betel (Piper betle) leaves extract on mice memory performance and hippocampal neurogenesis. The study was conducted on 12 mice divided into three groups: the control group and the treatment group of Piper betle leaves extract 200mg/kg bw (PBE200) and 400mg/kg bw (PBE400). The research method used includes material preparation, animal drug treatment, spatial memory performance using the y-maze test, recognition memory performance using the novel object recognition test, analysis of hippocampal neurogenesis, and data analysis. Mice treated with 200mg/kg bw betel leaf extract for 28 days showed a significant increase in recognition memory performance and significantly decreased apoptotic cells in the hippocampus. This can conclude that the betel leaf extract has neuroprotective abilities. Meanwhile, administration of betel leaf extract showed no significant difference in spatial memory performance and increased neural progenitor and granular cells in the hippocampus.
Keyword: Hippocampal Neurogenesis, Memory, Piper betle Leave Extract, Recognition, Spatial

Judul: The Effect of Clove Leaves Extract (Syzygium aromaticum L.) on Digestive Bacteria and Neurogenesis in Hippocampus on Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Neurogenesis adalah proses lahirnya neuron baru pada dentate gyrus di hipokampus. Mikrobiota saluran pencernaan dapat mempengaruhi neurogenesis melalui sistem komunikasi dua arah, yang terjadi antara otak dan saluran pencernaan (gut-brain axis). Cengkeh yang kaya akan polifenol dapat mempengaruhi neurogenesis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun cengkeh yang memiliki kandungan senyawa polifenol terhadap neurogenesis yang mempengaruhi kinerja memori dan tingkat kecemasan pada mencit dan bagaimana hubungannya dengan komposisi bakteri pada saluran pencernaan. Dalam penelitian ini, metode light-dark transition test dan y-maze alteration test digunakan untuk analisis perilaku. Mikrobiota feses mencit diisolasi dengan metode media selektif. Perbandingan jumlah koloni mikrobiota dihitung melalui metode total plate count. Dosis tinggi P400 memiliki kinerja memori spasial paling rendah setelah 4 minggu pemberian perlakuan (M4). Dosis tinggi P400 pada M4 juga menunjukkan tingkat kecemasan paling tinggi yang dialami oleh mencit. Sebaliknya pada kelompok perlakuan P100 dan P200 mencit menunjukkan tingkat kecemasan yang lebih rendah pada M4. Hasil analisis menunjukkan semakin rendah dosis yang diberikan tingkat neurogenesisnya juga semakin baik (NPC terbanyak P100). Kuantifikasi mikrobiota P400 meningkatkan konsentrasi bakteri Escherichia coli namun, menurunkan konsentrasi BAL. Hasil uji perilaku memperlihatkan tingkat dosis yang diberikan berkaitan dengan lama waktu pemberian perlakuan., Neurogenesis is the process of producing new neurons at the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. The digestive tract microbiota can influence neurogenesis through the two-way communication system between the brain and the digestive tract (gut-brain axis). Cloves are rich in polyphenols that can affect neurogenesis. This study aims to determine the effect of giving clove leaf extract which contains polyphenol compounds on neurogenesis which affects memory performance and anxiety levels in mice and how it relates to the composition of bacteria in the digestive tract. Behavioral analysis was carried out using light-dark transition test and y-maze alternation test. The isolation of the fecal microbiota a was done using selective media method. The number of microbiota colonies was calculated using the total plate count method. The high dose of P400 has the lowest spatial memory performance following four weeks of treatment (M4). The high dose of P400 on M4 also showed the highest level of anxiety experienced by the mice. Whereas, in the treatment group P100 and P200 mice showed the lowest anxiety level at M4. Our data indicate that the lower of the dose given, the better of neurogenesis rate level (most NPC was P100). P400 treatment increased the concentration of Escherichia coli bacteria yet decreased the concentration of BAL. Behavioral test results shows that the dose level given is related to length of giving treatment time.
Keyword: kecemasan, neural progenitor cell, memori spasial, polifenol

Judul: Kriteria Osilasi Untuk Pertidaksamaan Diferensial Taklinear Orde Dua
Abstrak: dimana pertidaksamaan dibatasi pada suatu selang [T,oo) dengan T?:O, aCt) kontinu pada selang [0,00) dan j(u) mempunyai turunan pertarna yang kontinu pada selang (-00,00) dengan uj(u) >0 untuk u;"O. Dengan menggunakan Asumsi A dan Asurnsi B, diperoleh beberapa teorerna ten tang kriteria osilasi untuk pertidaksamaan diferensial taklinear orde dua.
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