Judul: Penilaian protein bahan makanan berdasarkan ketahanan degradasinya oleh mikroba rumen
Abstrak: Protein dan senyawa Nitrogen Bukan Protein (NBP) didegradasikan menjadi amonia oleh mikroba rumen. Kebutuhan mikroba akan amonia terbatas. Apabila berlebihan akan terbuang melalui air seni. Protein bahan makanan maupun biosistesisnya di dalam tubuh mahal. Ketahanan degradasi protein secara alami beragam. Pemanfaatan keragaman ini memberi peluang untuk memilih bahan makanan yang tahan degradasi. Ketahanan degradasi protein bahan makanan perlu dibakukan untuk tujuan meningkatkan keefisienan biologis maupun ekonomis ransum. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat keragaman degradasi protein bahan makanan oleh mikroba rumen serta manfaatnya dalam penyusunan ransum.
Keyword: Rumen;, Rumen digestion;, Rumen fermentation;

Judul: Nilai beberapa jenis bahan makanan sebagai sumber protein ransum ternak ruminansia
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji hubungan kepekaan sumber nitrogen ran sum dengan keefisienan penggu- naan nitrogen dan untuk memperlihatkan hubungan keefisien- an penggunaan nitrogen dengan prestasi produksi ternak sapi. Sumber protein (nitrogen) yang diuji terdiri atas daun lamtoro, bungkil kedelai, urea, bungkil kelapa, bung- kil kacang tanah dan dedak gandum. Komposisi ransum per- cobaan 50% bahan kering (BK) rumput gajah dan 50 % BK konsentrat. Ransum disusun berdasarkan kebutuhan zat-zat makanan untuk sapi FH yang sedang tumbuh. Enam puluh per- sen nitrogen ransum berasal dari nitrogen bahan makanan yang diuji. Ransum disusun iso-nitrogen dan iso-kalori (12.6% protein kasar dan 62.5 % TDN). Percobaan in vitro dilakukan untuk menduga kepekaan protein ransum terhadap perombakan oleh mikrobe rumen. Seperti dugaan semula, ternyata kepekaan sumber nitrogen ransum berbeda dalam hal perombakannya menjadi amonia (P 0.01). Produksi amonia terbanyak dihasilkan oleh ran- sum urea, yaitu 35.9 10.0 mM. Sedangkan oleh ransum bung- kil kacang tanah: yaitu 5.32 1.77 mM, dedak gandun 4.8 ± 1.40 mM, daun lamtoro 2.62 1.10 mM, bungkil kelapa 0.78 +0.70 mM dan bungkil kedelai 0.560±0.970 mM. Endapan protein sistem fermentasi cenderung ditentukan oleh derajat kepekaan masing-masing sumber protein terhadap degradasi oleh mikrobe rumen. Ternyata endapan protein sistem fermentasi berkorelasi negatif dengan amonia yang terbentk (r = -0.9). Percobaan in vivo dilakukan untuk menduga keefisienan penggunaan protein (nitrogen) ransum untuk pertumbuhan sapi perah. Koefisien cerna semu BK ransum daun lamtoro ternya- ta paling kecil dan berbeda sangat nyata dengan koefisien cerna semu BK ransum lainnya (P 0.01). Begitu juga koe- fisien cerna semu BK ransum dedak gandum berbeda dengan koefisien cerna semu BK lainnya (P 0.05). Sedangkan koe- fisien cerna semu BK ransum urea tidak berbeda nyata dengan koefisien cerna semu BK ransum bungkil kelapa, bung- kil kacang tanah ataupun bungkil kedelai. Retensi nitrogen ternyata memperlihatkan perbedaan (P 0.01). Retensi nitrogen masing-masing ransum menun- jukan hubungan yang tidak nyata dengan koefisien cerna semu protein (r = 0.12). Nisbah retensi N dengan konsumsi N erat hubungannya dengan mutu dan jumlah protein ransum.
Keyword: bungkil kedelai, daun lamtoro, mikrobe rumen

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite