Judul: Reasons of High Unemployment Rate in West Java
Abstrak: Pengangguran merupakan salah satu indikator makroekonomi utama yang digunakan untuk mengukur keberhasilan pembangunan ekonomi suatu daerah. Dalam periode 2017 hingga 2021, angka pengangguran terbuka di Provinsi Jawa Barat cenderung mengalami peningkatan tiap tahunnya. Peningkatan tertinggi terjadi saat hadirnya pandemi Covid-19 pada tahun 2020 di Indonesia. Namun di sisi lain, Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Jawa Barat yang merupakan indikator pertumbuhan ekonomi cenderung mengalami peningkatan tiap tahunnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis penyebab tingginya angka pengangguran di Provinsi Jawa Barat serta upaya dalam mengatasinya. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder 27 kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Jawa Barat yang kemudian diolah dengan metode analisis berupa analisis kuantitatif data panel dan analisis kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Tingginya angka pengangguran disebabkan oleh rendahnya kesempatan kerja, tingkat pendidikan, konsumsi masyarakat, dan tingginya pertumbuhan angkatan kerja di Jawa Barat. Solusi untuk mengurangi angka pengangguran antara lain peningkatan belanja daerah, eskalasi program wajib belajar menjadi dua belas tahun, pemerataan fasilitas kesehatan, serta peningkatan negosiasi dalam upaya penciptaan lapangan pekerjaan., Unemployment is one of the main indicators of macroeconomics which is used to measure the efficacy of a region’s economic development. From the period of 2017 to 2021, the open unemployment rate in West Java Province tends to increase every year. The highest increase occurred during the presence of Covid 19 pandemic in Indonesia at 2020. But on the other hand, West Java’s Gross Regional Domestic Product which is an indicator to calculate the economic growth also tends to increase every year. The purpose of this study is to analyze the reasons of high unemployment rate in West Java Province and solutions to overcome it. Secondary data of 27 regency/municipality in West Java were analyzed quantitatively by panel data analysis and qualitatively by descriptive analysis. The result shows that the low rate of job creation, education index, house hold consumption, and the high growth of labour force causing the high rate of unemployment in West Java. As for the solutions to reduce open unemployment rate are increasing the government expenditure, escalating the compulsory education program to twelve years, creating equal distribution of health facilities, and increasing negotiations as an effort for job creation.
Keyword: Covid-19, Open unemployment, Panel data, Policy, West Java

Judul: Analisis Regresi Data Panel pada Kasus Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT) di Provinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Pengangguran merupakan permasalahan akibat jumlah angkatan kerja yang lebih banyak dari jumlah lapangan pekerjaan yang tersedia. Tingkat pengangguran terbuka (TPT) di Provinsi Jawa Barat mengalami penurunan dari tahun 2017 sampai tahun 2019. Namun, nilai tersebut masih berada di atas nilai TPT Indonesia sehingga perlu penanganan yang tepat untuk menurunkan nilai TPT di Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan peubah peubah yang memengaruhi TPT di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Data penelitian ini terdiri atas 27 kabupaten/kota di Jawa Barat dalam kurun waktu tiga tahun, yaitu dari tahun 2017 sampai tahun 2019. Analisis regresi data panel digunakan untuk melihat adanya pengaruh spesifik unit individu maupun waktu sehingga penelitian tidak terbatas hanya mengamati satu individu atau satu kurun waktu saja. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, model yang sesuai untuk menggambarkan TPT di Provinsi Jawa Barat adalah model pengaruh acak dengan pengaruh spesifik individu yang memiliki nilai kebaikan model sebesar 23,45%. Peubah penjelas yang berpengaruh signifikan terhadap TPT di Jawa Barat, yaitu kepadatan penduduk, upah minimum kabupaten/kota, dan harapan lama sekolah. Peubah kepadatan penduduk dan upah minimum kabupaten/kota memiliki hubungan yang positif terhadap TPT di Jawa Barat, sedangkan peubah harapan lama sekolah memiliki hubungan yang negatif dengan TPT di Jawa Barat., Unemployment is a problem due to the number of labor force that is more than the number of available jobs. The open unemployment rate (TPT) in West Java Province has decreased from 2017 to 2019. However, this value is still above the value of Indonesia's TPT so that proper handling is needed to reduce the value of TPT in West Java. This study aims to determine the variables that affect TPT in West Java Province. This research data consists of 27 districts/cities in West Java over a period of three years, namely from 2017 to 2019. Panel data regression analysis is used to see the specific effects of individual units and time so that the research is not limited to only observing one individual or one period of time. Based on the results of the study, the appropriate model to describe TPT in West Java Province is a random effect model with an individual specific effects which has a model goodness value of 23.45%. The explanatory variables that have a significant effect on TPT in West Java, are population density, district/city minimum wages, and expected years of schooling. The variable population density and the district/city minimum wage have a positive relationship to TPT in West Java, while the variable of long-term school expectations has a negative relationship to TPT in West Java.
Keyword: individual specific effects, open unemployment rate (TPT), panel data regression, random effect model

Judul: Hybrid solar cells of ZnO nanoparticles/chlorophyll was modified metal ions (Zn2+ and Cu2+ )
Abstrak: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a n-type semiconductor with a wide the energy band (Band Gap) is 3.37 eV at room temperature and 3.34 eV at low temperature with a large exiton binding energy is 60 meV. ZnO has been synthesized by hydrothermal method, resulting in a decrease in particle size over the duration of the hydrothermal changes. Crystallographic structure of ZnO were characterized using XRD, has shown the characteristic pattern of a hexagonal wurtzite structure, the crystallite size increases to changes in particle size. Changes in particle size has also led to a change in the absorption peak of ZnO as has been demonstrated posted under test using the optical properties of UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Changes of this uptake has also led to changes in the energy band gap, which increases its band gap energy of the particle size. In electronic applications, especially in solar cells. Chlorophyll is considered less effective, because of their very nature are easily degraded as a result of several reactions which are acid, lighting and temperature. The results of the stability test using a halogen lamp 34 W/m2 for 5 hours, that the substitution of chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form more stable than natural chlorophyll. The characterization of the optical properties, the combination of ZnO / chlorophyll in the form of hybrid films has led to a shift in the absorption region of ZnO becomes more widely from the UV to Visible. ZnO/chlorophyll has absorption range of 350-515 nm, ZnO / Zn-feofitin 332-401 nm and 332-632 nm for Cu-feofitin. The combination of ZnO/chlorophyll and CuSCN as a solid electrolite in hybrid solar cell, a modified chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form a more stable I-V curve. It is characterized by its fill factor value greater than natural chlorophyll. Nevertheless, solar cells with natural chlorophyll has been able to produce higher efficiency values of chlorophyll were substituted.
Keyword: Hydrothermal, ZnO/Chlorophyll modified, Hybrid Solar Cell