Judul: The Effect of Trade Openness on Provincial Income Inequality in Indonesia
Abstrak: Hingga saat ini masih ada perbedaan pendapat pada penelitian-penelitian terdahulu mengenai pengaruh dari keterbukaan perdagangan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan secara nasional, khususnya pada negara yang sedang berkembang seperti Indonesia yang tingkat ketimpangannya masih tidak stabil dan cukup tinggi. Keterbukaan perdagangan dapat berpengaruh dengan sangat berbeda pada tingkat regional di Indonesia dengan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh keterbukaan perdagangan dan variabel lainnya terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan pada tingkat provinsi di Indonesia dengan menggunakan analisis data panel pada 34 provinsi periode 2015-2019. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa keterbukaan perdagangan, penanaman modal asing, rasio PDRB sektor pertambangan dan penggalian, dan rasio elektrifikasi secara signifikan meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan di tingkat provinsi Indonesia. Sedangkan PDRB per kapita berpengaruh signifikan menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan pada tingkat provinsi di Indonesia. Tingkat pengangguran terbuka tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan., Until now, there are still differences of opinion in previous studies regarding the effect of trade openness on national income inequality, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia, where the level of inequality is still unstable and quite high. Trade openness can have very different effects at the regional level in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of trade openness and other variables that influence income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia by using panel data analysis in 34 provinces for the 2015-2019 period. The estimation results show that trade openness, foreign direct investment, GRDP ratio of the mining and quarrying sector, and electrification ratio significantly increase income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia. Meanwhile, GRDP per capita has a significant effect on reducing income inequality at the provincial level in Indonesia. Open Unemployment Rate has no significant effect on income inequality.
Keyword: panel data, provincial income inequality, provincial trade openness

Judul: The Impact of Trade Openness on Income Inequality in ASEAN+3 Countries
Abstrak: Sumber daya yang terbatas dan kebutuhan masyarakat yang tidak terbatas mendorong setiap negara untuk melakukan perdagangan internasional. Hal ini menandakan bahwa dan keterbukaan perdagangan semakin meningkat. Akan tetapi, tidak setiap wilayah dapat merasakan dampak positif dari peningkatan keterbukaan perdagangan, bahkan terdapat penelitian yang menjelaskan bahwa keterbukaan perdagangan menimbulkan dampak positif yaitu meningkatkan ketimpangan antar wilayah. Hal ini masih menjadi perdebatan di antara para ahli. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak keterbukaan perdagangan dan variabel lainnya terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di 11 negara ASEAN+3 pada periode 2012-2021 dengan menggunakan regresi data panel. Hasil estimasi model penelitian ini adalah variabel keterbukaan perdagangan dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Negara-Negara ASEAN+3, sedangkan variabel inflasi dan Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja (TPAK) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Negara-Negara ASEAN+3. Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Negara-Negara ASEAN+3., The limited resources and unlimited needs of society encourage every country to conduct international trade. This indicates that trade openness is increasing. However, not every region can feel the positive impact of increased trade openness, there are even studies that explain that trade openness has a positive impact, namely increasing inequality between regions. This is still a matter of debate among experts. This study aims to analyze the impact of trade openness and other variables on income inequality in 11 ASEAN+3 countries in the 2012-2021 period using panel data regression. The estimation result of this research model is that trade openness and Human Development Index (HDI) have a negative and significant effect on income inequality in ASEAN+3 countries, while inflation and Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) have a positive and significant effect on income inequality in ASEAN+3 countries. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has no significant effect on income inequality in ASEAN+3 countries.
Keyword: keterbukaan perdagangan, ketimpangan pendapatan, regresi data panel, income inequality, panel data regression, trade opennefss

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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