Judul: Karakteristik Fenolik, Antioksidan, dan Sensori Model Minuman Ringan Daun Kopi Kawa dengan Perlakuan Pasteurisasi
Abstrak: Minuman daun kopi kawa merupakan minuman khas Sumatera Barat yang diolah dari daun kopi robusta yang dikeringkan melalui proses pengasapan. Pengembangan produk tersebut ke dalam bentuk minuman ringan melibatkan proses termal yang dapat mempengaruhi senyawa antioksidan dan sensori produk. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan karakteristik senyawa fenolik, aktivitas antioksidan, dan sensori pada model minuman ringan daun kopi kawa yang dipasteurisasi. Pembuatan model minuman ringan diawali dengan pengasapan daun kopi selama 2 jam. Serbuk daun kopi hasil pengasapan mengandung total senyawa fenolik (TPC) sebesar 7.32 gGAE/100 g padatan kering, total senyawa asam klorogenat (CQAs) sebesar 547.40 mg/100 g, dan aktivitas antioksidan 70.15 %. Hasil ini dibandingkan dengan serbuk daun yang dikeringkan dalam oven cabinet drier sebagai kontrol, dimana nilai total fenol dan aktivitas antioksidan daun pengasapan lebih rendah dibanding hasil pengeringan dengan oven. Serbuk daun hasil pengasapan selanjutnya diseduh dengan metode perebusan selama 5 menit dan 10 menit. Perebusan selama 10 menit secara signifikan menghasilkan seduhan dengan konsentrasi TPC, asam klorogenat, dan aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih tinggi, sehingga perlakuan 10 menit digunakan untuk tahap pembuatan produk model minuman ringan melalui proses termal berupa pasteurisasi. Seduhan 10 menit dipasteurisasi pada kombinasi perlakuan pH (4.43, 6.56), suhu (70oC, 90oC), dan durasi pemanasan (15 menit, 30 menit). Kombinasi perlakuan yang memberikan nilai aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi digunakan untuk pengujian stabilitas senyawa asam klorogenat, serta analisis sensori. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa interaksi perlakuan secara signifikan mempengaruhi aktivitas antioksidan produk (p< 0.05). Kisaran konsentrasi TPC dan aktivitas antioksidan minuman ringan daun kopi kawa sebesar 0.48 – 0.61 gGAE/L dan 14.72 – 18.58%. Berdasarkan interaction plot, perlakuan suhu 90oC cenderung memberikan hasil yang kurang stabil, terutama terhadap respon karakteristik total fenol dan aktivitas antioksidan model minuman ringan daun kopi kawa. Konsentrasi senyawa total fenol pada pH 4.43 lebih tinggi dibanding pH 6.56, sedangkan aktivitas antioksidannya sebaliknya. Di lain sisi, durasi pemanasan tidak berpengaruh. Senyawa asam klorogenat cenderung stabil selama proses pasteurisasi pada suhu 90oC selama 30 menit tanpa pengaturan (p>0.05). Senyawa CQA tersebut diduga berkontribusi terhadap aktivitas antioksidan produk. Secara sensori, model minuman ringan daun kopi kawa yang dihasilkan tidak berbeda nyata dengan seduhan daun kopi kawa tradisionalnya (p> 0.05), tetapi secara keseluruhan, produk masih kurang disukai panelis, terutama dari atribut rasa.
Keyword: aktivitas antioksidan, asam klorogenat, minuman ringan daun kopi kawa, Pasteurisasi, total senyawa fenol, antioxidant activities, chlorogenic acids, kawa-coffee leaves beverage, pasteurization, total phenolic compounds

Judul: Stability Analysis of Phenolic Compounds in Ready-To-Drink Coffee Beverage Products During Room Temperature Storage
Abstrak: Minuman kopi ready-to-drink (RTD) atau siap minum merupakan salah satu inovasi konsumsi kopi yang saat ini telah beredar luas di pasaran dan cukup digemari oleh berbagai kalangan masyarakat. Minuman ini memiliki beberapa jenis wadah simpan seperti gelas, botol, dan sachet. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu penyimpanan terhadap kestabilan senyawa fenolik dalam minuman kopi ready-to-drink. Minuman kopi dibuat dari ekstrak kopi Robusta yang ditambah dengan ingredien lain (gula dan pengawet potassium sorbat ), dipasteurisasi, diisikan panas (hot filling) ke dalam kemasan gelas plastik, dan disimpan pada suhu ruang (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, dan 10 minggu). Kandungan total fenol dan total tanin dalam kopi RTD dianalisis menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri UV-visible dengan pereaksi Folin-Ciocalteu yang sebelumnya telah divalidasi. Validasi terhadap metode spektrofotometri Folin-Ciocalteu menggunakan empat parameter uji berupa linearitas, presisi, akurasi, dan sensitivitas (LOD-LOQ) memberikan hasil yang baik ditandai dengan kesesuaian antara hasil uji dengan literatur standar yang ditetapkan. Kandungan asam klorogenat kopi (5-CQA, 4- CQA, dan pengamatan terhadap sifat kestabilan 3-CQA) dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC). Analisis menunjukkan bahwa ketiga senyawa yang diamati yaitu fenol, tanin dan asam klorogenat mengalami degradasi komponen secara signifikan seiring pertambahan waktu simpan. Penurunan senyawa CQA secara signifikan hanya terjadi pada senyawa 5-CQA. Persentase penurunan total fenol dan total tanin sejak awal pengamatan (minggu ke-0) hingga akhir pengamatan (minggu ke-8) secara berturut sebesar 19,3% dan 11,06%. Sedangkan untuk senyawa 5-CQA mengalami penurunan sebesar 5,4%., Ready-to-drink (RTD) coffee is one of the innovations in coffee consumption that is currently widely circulated in the market and is quite popular by various groups of people. This drink has several types of storage containers such as cups, bottles, and sachets. This study aims to determine the effect of storage time on the stability of phenolic compounds in ready-to-drink coffee. Coffee drinks were made from Robusta coffee extract added with other ingredients (sugar and potassium sorbate preservative), pasteurized, hot filled into plastic cups, and stored at room temperature (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks). The content of total phenols and total tannins in RTD coffee was analyzed using the UV-visible spectrophotometric method with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent which had previously been validated. Validation of the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method using four test parameters such as linearity, precision, accuracy, and sensitivity (LOD-LOQ) gave good results characterized by the conformity between the test results and the standard literature set. The content of coffee chlorogenic acid (5-CQA, 4-CQA, and observations on the stability properties of 3-CQA) was analyzed using the Ultra- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) method. The analysis showed that the three compounds observed, namely phenol, tannin and chlorogenic acid, experienced significant degradation of the components as the storage time increased. A significant decrease in CQA compounds only occurred in the 5-CQA compound. The percentage decrease of total phenols and total tannins from the beginning of observation (week 0) to the end of observation (week 8) was 19,3% and 11,06%, respectively. Meanwhile, the 5-CQA compound decreased by 5,4%.
Keyword: chlorogenic acid, method validation, phenols, ready-to-drink coffee, tannins

Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm