Judul: Kajian Kontaminasi Virus Newcastle Disease (VND) dari Beberapa Pasar Tradisional di Wilayah Jawa Barat Dan Banten
Abstrak: Newcastle disease (ND) is an important infectious disease in poultry caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1). The disease is endemic in Indonesia and causes a great economic losses to the national poultry industry. The aims of this study was to examine the presence of NDV in the traditional market environment via virus isolation, identification and pathotyping using serological, molecular and biological. The study includes 30 traditional markets in West Java and Banten areas; 20 of them received intervention program to improve the hygienic practises among merchants in selling chicken meat (carcass) or live chicken. Each market sampled twice at three and six monts after the intervention program. A total of 60 pool environment samples were passaged twice in embryonated chicken eggs (ECE). The virus growth in the allantoic fluid (AF) was detected using Hemagglutination (HA). All haemagglutinating samples were further tested by molecular, serological, elution and bioassay methods. The HI test showed 13 out of 60 harvested AF have hemagglutinating activity. Further testing using real-time reverse-transcriptation polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) technique targeted the matrix gene identified 12 isolatesas NDV, and 10 of them were recognized as virulent strains by rRT-PCR fusion. Antigenicexaminationof all isolates using hemaggutination inhibition (HI) test suggested antigenic variation among isolates with HI titers ranging from 3Log2 to 6Log2 and from 4,5Log2 to 6,5Log2 using lentogenic Hitchner B1 and mesogenic Komarov antisera, respectively. The 10 virulent strains identified by rRT-PCR fusion have a higher affinity to Komarov antisera. The elution test identified 1 lentogenic, 5 mesogenic and 7 velogenic strains based on their haemagglutination-elution profile, which shows a few disagreements with rRT-PCR fusion. This finding was used as the basis for selecting two isolates for bioassay using 7-day old chickens. Both fusion positive isolates, identified as lentogenic and pathogenic by elution test were deadly for the chickens, which showed clinical and pathological symptoms typical of ND. The presence of the virus was confirmed in the brain and proventriculus of all infected chickens.This shows that the elution test alone cannot be used to determine the virulence of the virus. Biosecurity intervention in the form hygienic practice improvement among sellers was expected to prevent the spread of NDV to the environment. The result revealed that following 3 months of hygienic program implementation, NDV was still detected in 7 of the 20 markets with and 4 of the 10 markets without the intervention. Significant reduction in the number of contaminated market was shown after 6 moths of intervention, in which NDV was detected only in 1 market recieving intervention. This study proves that traditional market has the potential to spread NDV to the environment, and that consistent implementation of hygienic practices can reduce NDV contamination. Other biosecurity measures need to be implemented to enable elimination of NDV from market environment.
Keyword: Vicerotropic Velogenic ND, real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), Environment, live bird market, Newcastle disease, pathotyping

Judul: Isolasi Dan Determinasi Patotipe Molekuler Virus Newcastle Disease : Kajian Lapang Di Wilayah Jawa Timur
Abstrak: Newcastle disease adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus dan dapat menyebabkan infeksi sistemik hingga kematian pada unggas. Isolasi virus berhasil diperoleh di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia dan menjadi endemik di berbagai negara berkembang. Virus ini dilaporkan menyebabkan 14 000 kasus unggas terinfeksi di Jawa Timur pada tahun 2011. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji keberadaan dan determinasi patotipe secara molekuler virus Newcastle disease di wilayah Jawa Timur. Sampel usapan kloaka sebanyak 289 diambil dari unggas (ayam dan bebek) pekarangan, peternakan, pengepul, dan pasar unggas di Probolinggo, Situbondo, dan Bondowoso. Sampel dipool dengan setiap pool terdiri dari 5-7 individu berdasarkan jenis unggas dan lokasi pengambilan sampel sehingga didapatkan total pool sebanyak 56 pool. Sampel pool diinokulasi pada telur ayam berembrio SPF dan dilanjutkan dengan Real Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) matrix (M). Sampel positif, kemudian diuji kembali secara individu dengan diinokulasi kembali pada telur ayam berembrio SPF. Karakterisasi patotipe isolat dilakukan dengan rRT-PCR Fusion (F), uji hemagglutination inhibition (HI), uji waktu elusi, dan sekuensing gen F untuk melihat motif cleavage site. Hasil menunjukkan 6 dari 56 pool terdeteksi positif VND. Enam pool positif terdiri dari 5 pool dari ayam kampung dan 1 pool dari bebek. Isolasi VND dari individu sampel asal pool positif diperoleh 8 isolat. Semua isolat berasal dari pasar unggas di Probolinggo dan Bondowoso. Delapan isolat individu yang terdeteksi positif VND dengan primer matrix (M). Hasil titer HI dengan menggunakan Komarov berkisar antara 3 – 4 log2, berbeda dengan antiserum B1 menunjukkan variasi lebih rendah yaitu berkisar antara 2 – 4 Log2, sehingga semua isolat memiliki afinitas lebih tinggi terhadap Komarov dan bereaksi positif pada uji rRT-PCR F. Uji waktu elusi menunjukkan bahwa 7 isolat termasuk ke dalam velogenik dan 1 isolat termasuk mesogenik. Sebagai peneguhan dari ketiga uji diatas, analisis sekuen nukleotida menunjukkan motif asam amino multibasic pada cleavage site protein F; tujuh isolat memiliki motif 112RRQKRF117 dan satu isolat 112RRRKRF117. Kedelapan isolat memiliki kesamaan secara karakteristik, akan tetapi isolat IDNSMP-4A memiliki keragaman karakteristik berbeda dilihat dari motif cleavage site pada protein F. Semua isolat diperoleh dari pasar unggas dan tidak menunjukkan gejala secara klinis, sehingga dapat diindikasikan bahwa virus mampu menyebar dengan cepat di area pasar. Hasil penelitian bisa sebagai informasi akurat menjelaskan bahwa perlu ada pengawasan lalu lintas sebagai pencegahan dan pengendalian penyebaran penyakit infeksi VND di pasar unggas.
Keyword: Newcastle disease, patotipe molekuler, motif cleavage site, pasar unggas

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
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