Judul: Growth Performance of Kandelia candel (L.) Druce Hypocotyl Cuttings Seedlings
Abstrak: Kandelia candel is a species of mangrove whose existence is currently limited, especially in Indonesia. Hence, it requires effective and efficient propagation techniques. One of the techniques is hypocotyl cuttings. This study aims to analyze the growth performance of K. candel hypocotyl cuttings seedlings and determine the right combination of treatments to obtain the best growth success rate for K. candel hypocotyl cuttings seedlings. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Factorial Design with three factors, namely hypocotyl cuttings (A), planting media (B), and plant growth regulator (C) with three replications for each treatment. The variables observed and measured were seedling height, shoot height, seedling diameter, shoot diameter, number of leaves, number of roots, number of shoots, the total weight of biomass, and total dry weight. The processed data were survival percentage, growth increment, root shoot ratio, sturdiness quotient, and Dickson quality index. Based on the variance test resulted in the interaction between the hypocotyl cutting, planting media, and plant growth regulator (ABC) had a significant effect on five parameters of K. candel seedling growth, namely seedling height, number of leaves, total weight biomass, sturdiness quotient, and Dickson quality index at the 5% test level. All combinations of K. candel seedling treatments had a survival rate of 100%. The combination of a0b1c2 treatment (intact hypocotyl, mud and sand growing medium, also plant growth regulator of 15.000 ppm) produced the best seedling growth. As for the hypocotyl cuttings, the best seedling growth occurred in the combination of a2b1c2 treatment (lower hypocotyl, mud and sand growing medium, also plant growth regulator of 15.000 ppm)., Kandelia candel merupakan salah satu jenis mangrove yang saat ini keberadaannya terbatas, terutama di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan teknik perbanyakan yang efektif dan efisien. Salah satu tekniknya adalah stek hipokotil. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis keragaan pertumbuhan semai stek hipokotil K. candel dan menentukan kombinasi perlakuan yang tepat untuk mendapatkan tingkat keberhasilan pertumbuhan terbaik semai stek hipokotil K. candel. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial dengan 3 faktor, yaitu stek hipokotil (A), media tanam (B) dan zat pengatur tumbuh (C) dengan 3 ulangan untuk setiap perlakuan. Variabel yang diamati dan diukur adalah tinggi semai, tinggi tunas, diameter semai, diameter tunas, jumlah daun, jumlah akar, jumlah tunas, berat basah biomassa, dan berat kering. Data yang diolah adalah persen hidup, riap pertumbuhan, rasio pucuk akar, kekokohan dan indeks mutu bibit. Hasil uji sidik ragam menunjukkan bahwa interaksi antara stek hipokotil, media tanam, zat pengatur tumbuh (ABC) berpengaruh nyata terhadap lima parameter pertumbuhan semai K. candel, yakni tinggi semai, jumlah daun, berat basah total, sturdiness quotient dan dickson quality index pada taraf uji 5%. Seluruh kombinasi perlakuan semai K. candel memiliki persen hidup 100%. Kombinasi perlakuan a0b1c2 (hipokotil utuh, media tanam lumpur dan pasir, dan zat pengatur tumbuh 15.000 ppm) menghasilkan pertumbuhan semai terbaik. Pertumbuhan semai terbaik pada stek hipokotil terdapat pada kombinasi perlakuan a2b1c2 (hipokotil bagian bawah, media tanam lumpur dan pasir, dan zat pengatur tumbuh 15.000 ppm).
Keyword: Hypocotyl	cuttings, Kandelia	candel, mangrove, vegetative reproduction

Judul: The Growth Performance of Rhizophora apiculata Blume Seedlings Using Cut-Propagule Method
Abstrak: Penurunan luas hutan mangrove Indonesia yang tinggi membutuhkan upaya rehabilitasi yang efektif dan efisien. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan adalah pemanfaatan Rhizophora apiculata sebagai jenis mangrove yang adaptif dan cepat tumbuh serta metode pembibitan stek propagul untuk mempercepat perbanyakan tanaman. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kinerja pertumbuhan propagul R. apiculata dengan berbagai perlakuan stek propagul, media semai, dan pemberian zat pengatur tumbuh (ZPT), serta menentukan kombinasi perlakuan terbaik untuk pertumbuhan R. apiculata. Penelitian eksperimental dilakukan di rumah kaca dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 faktor dan 3 ulangan. Interaksi semua faktor perlakuan (AxBxC) hanya berpengaruh nyata terhadap pertambahan jumlah daun R. apiculata. Propagul lengkap dan propagul stek bagian bawah dengan kombinasi media semai lumpur+pasir dan ZPT 10.000 ppm (a0b1c1 dan a2b1c1) menghasilkan nilai terbaik pada pertumbuhan R.apiculata. Metode semai stek propagul R.apiculata dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif perbanyakan vegetatif massal dalam kegiatan rehabilitasi mangrove., A high decrease in the size of Indonesia's mangrove forests requires effective and efficient rehabilitation efforts. One of the efforts is the use of Rhizophora apiculata as the adaptive and fast-growing mangrove species and its cut-propagule seedling method for accelerating plant propagation. The objectives of this study were to analyze the growth performance of R. apiculata propagules with various treatments of propagule cutting, seedling media, and giving growth regulators (PGR), as well as to determine the best combination of treatment for the growth of R. apiculata. An experimental study was conducted in a greenhouse using a randomized design with 3 factors and 3 replications. Interaction of all treatment factors (AxBxC) only had a significant effect on the increase in the number of leaves of R. apiculata. Complete propagules and the lower part of cutting propagules with a combination of mud+sand seedling media and 10 000 ppm PGR (a0b1c1 and a2b1c1) resulted in the best value on the growth of R.apiculata. Cut-propagule seedling method of R.apiculata can be used as an alternative to mass vegetative reproduction in mangrove rehabilitation activity.
Keyword: Mangrove, cutting propagule, Rhizophora apiculata, vegetative reproduction

Judul: Approximation of the Median of Poisson Distribution Using the Relation of Poisson-Gamma Distribution
Abstrak: A major drawback of median is that median cannot usually be defined in closed form, even in the cases where their distribution functions are known. This study gives an approximation of the closed form for the median of the Poisson distribution by using the relation of Poisson-Gamma distribution. The approximation uses elementary techniques based on the monotonicity of certain sequences involving tail probabilities of the Poisson distribution and the Central Limit Theorem. Furthermore, a closed form expression for the mean absolute deviation 􀜧|􀜰􀰒 􀵆 􀜯􀝁􀝀􁈺􀜰􀰒􁈻| is also studied. The median is relevant because of the fact that it minimizes the mean absolute deviation of a Poisson random variable (􀜰􀰒􁈻 by considering median as central tendency.
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