Judul: Daya dukung ekowisata dengan pendekatan kapasitas adaptif ekologi di pulau-pulau kecil (kasus gugus pulau guraici Kabupaten Halmahera Selatan Propinsi Maluku Utara)
Abstrak: Small islands have unique characteristics when compared to the big island and when viewed from the aspect of ecology has a high risk of environmental pressures and limited carrying capacity of ecosystems and low adaptive capacity. Study was conducted to determine the carrying capacity of eco-tourism based on ecological adaptive capacity carried on small islands in the group of Guraici islands, on 2011. The data was collected through field surveys for primary data and secondary data collection on the relevant agencies. The purpose of this study were (1) calculate the adaptive capacity of coastal ecosystems on the islands that serve as the object Guraici ecotourism, (2) calculate the fitness level of each coastal ecosystems for every eco-tourism activities, (3) calculate the carrying capacity of the adaptive (DDA) based on adaptive capacity and the carrying capacity of coastal ecosystems for every eco-tourism activities in the group of Guraici islands. The results show that the adaptive capacity of coral reef ecosystems ranged from 0.0-0.58. mangrove ecosystem adaptive capacity ranges from 0.0-0.51. Seagrass ecosystem adaptive capacity values ranged from 0.0-0.59, all ecosystems are classified in categories adapti capacity of ”low, medium and very low”.
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Judul: Development model for regional conservation of coastal and small islands: case study of Weda Bay.
Abstrak: A study on development model for regional conservation in the coastal and small islands of Weda Bay, Regency Central Halmahera, Province North Maluku was conducted from June to November 2012. The objectives of the study were 1) to assess and identify existing ecosystem and natural resources there in; 2) to analyze the suitability of conservation area for marine fisheries ecotourism; 3) to analyze assimilative capacity and carrying capacity for environmental utilization; and 4) to analyze structural institution model based on tourism demand, marine fisheries ecotourism, and the sustainability of coastal and small islands in Weda Bay. Analyses performed for this study were 1) toponymy analysis, based on species identification, diversity, and lifeform; 2) conservation criteria, suitability matrices, and spatial analysis; 3) assimilative thresholds and carrying capacity for environment and utilization; 4) Travel Cost Method (TCM), Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) and Rapfish. From this study, there are 28 uninhabited islands, 6 families of mangroves, 10 species of seagrass, 14 types of lifeform with dominant reef feature of fringing and barrier, while bottom feature consisted of slopes and drop offs. To accommodate both conservation and economic development, mangrove area should be developed for ecotourism purpose. Assimilative capacity in this study indicated that several chemical parameters were under threshold limits for mariculture, port, and tourism development. Carrying capacity for marine fisheries ecotourism indicated that dominant use should directed to mangrove tourism. Finally, development model for supporting increased tourist visits to study area should consider travel cost and tourist income according to country of origin. Institutional management for coastal and small islands should incorporate government, tourists and university, in order to promote sustainable development for tourism and natural resource production. For supporting local fish-based product, fisherman, and capture fishery capitalization, there should be regulation in setting market price, fishery resource management, regional investment regulation, and consistent applied policy. Optimal sustainability for development of coastal and small islands in Weda Bay is possible when improvements are applied to ecology, economy, socio-culture, and institutional dimension.
Keyword: assessment, identification, conservation, zonation, marine fisheries ecotourism, carrying capacity, interpretative structural model

Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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