Judul: Analisis Pendapatan dan Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Kubis di Kecamatan Cisarua Kabupaten Bogor
Abstrak: Kecamatan Cisarua merupakan salah satu daerah penghasil kubis di Kabupaten Bogor, namun produktivitas nya lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kecamatan lainnya dan cenderung mengalami penurunan. Permasalahan produktivitas berkaitan dengan efisiensi. Tujuan penelitian m1 adalah menganalisis pendapatan usahatani kubis, mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas kubis, dan menganalisis efisiensi teknis di - Kecamatan Cisarua Kabupaten Bogor. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian 1ni adalah analisis pendapatan usahatani, analisis fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas menggunakan metode maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), dan analisis efisiensi teknis menggunakan stochastic frontier analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai RIC atas biaya tunai sebesar 1,53 dan nilai RIC atas biaya total sebesar 1, 14, maka usahatani kubis menguntungkan dan layak untuk diusahakan, aktor-faktor yang berpengaruh positif terhadap produktivitas kubis adalah benih, urea, pupuk kandang, dan tenaga kerja. Nilai rata-rata efisiensi teknis yang dicapai 1 etani kubis sebesar 74,69 persen, faktor yang mempengaruhi inefisiensi teknis adalah pengalaman usahatani dan tingkat pendidikan.
Keyword: Cobb-Douglas, technical efficiency, maximum likelihood estimation, RIC ratio, stochastis frontier analysis

Judul: Analisis tingkat efisiensi penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi pada usaha peternakan sapi perah rakyat di Kecamatan Cisarua Kabupaten Bogor
Abstrak: Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah: (1) wilayah Kecamatan Cisarua sebagai salahsatu daerah sentra produksi susu di Kabupaten Bandung, (2) peningkatan produksi susu pada usaha peternakan sapi peran rakyat, (3) perlu diperhatikan imbalan yang diterima peternak dengan adanya laju peningkatan produksi susu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : (1) mengetahui pengaruh faktor produksi makanan ternak, persentase sapi laktasi dan tenaga kerja terhadap produksi susu, (2) mengetahui tingkat efisiensi penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi yang dilaksanakan peternak sapi peran rakyat. Adapun metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi kasus. Jumlah peternak contoh yang diambil adalah sebanyak orang yang diperoleh secara acak sistematis. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara pengamatan langsung dan menggunakan instrumentasi kuesioner untuk wawancara. Pengumpulan data dimulai dari tanggal 9 Pecruari sampai dengan 9 Maret 1988.
Keyword: sapi perah

Judul: Systematics of Desmos (Annonaceae) in Malesia
Abstrak: Desmos is a woody climbing genus of Annonaceae which has been widely used as traditional medicine in several countries such as China, Indo-China, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia to treat dysentery, vertigo, fever, and postpartum. Phylogenetic studies on Desmos showed a close relationship between Desmos and Dasymaschalon. They share similar moniliform monocarpic fruits, but their flowers are different. It has been debated among Annonaceae researchers whether both genera should be treated as the same or distinct genus. Therefore, investigation on the taxonomic delimitation of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon will be necessary. Plastid genome (plastome) identification, leaf epidermal section of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon species, a taxonomic revision of Desmos in Malesia using morphological data, the spatial distribution of Desmos species in Malesia, and morphological and genetic variation in Desmos chinensis population using ISSR marker were used to investigate taxonomic delimitation of Desmos. Plastome study of Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was carried out to determine the origin, evolution, phylogenomics, and identify marker candidates for Desmos and Dasymaschalon or with other genera in Annonaceae. We discovered that the plastome of Desmos chinensis was circular with the size of 167,677 bp (smaller than Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum), consist of 111 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 29 transfer RNAs, and 4 ribosomal RNAs. The plastome showed a typical quadripartite structure, i.e., large single copy (LSC), small single copy (SSC), and two inverted repeats (IRs). The plastome of Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was 191,488 bp in length, which also exhibited a typical quadripartite structure (LSC, SSC, and two IRs). Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum showed different copies of accD, ndhD, ndhF, rps18, and ycf2. Protein coding genes of rpoB, rpoC1, rbcL, matK, rpl32, infA, and rpl36 were identified based on nucleotide diversity, sequence variability, and parsimony-informative sites. The genes are defined as molecular marker candidates of plastome for phylogenetic, barcoding, and population genetic research. We predicted that Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum separated at ca. 64 million years ago during the Paleocene. Leaf anatomical feature study was carried to support the taxonomic delimitation of interspecific Desmos and intergeneric of Desmos and Dasymaschalon. Leaf anatomy in the paradermal section of 20 taxa (12 species of Desmos, eight species of Dasymaschalon) have been carried out. According to the leaf epidermal section, Desmos and Dasymaschalon are two distinct genera mainly distinguished based on the anticlinal wall undulation of epidermal cells and supported by variation of the crystal type and size. The anticlinal wall undulation of Desmos was almost straight to slightly wavy and never sinuous; meanwhile, Dasymaschalon varies from almost straight to deeply sinusoid. The crystals of Desmos consist of rhombohedral, druse type A, and druse type B crystals, whereas Dasymaschalon has prism, druse type A, druse type B, and druse type C crystals. The recent taxonomic revision using the morphological data was mainly based on the examination of about 1374 specimens from BO, L, WAN, ANDA, SING, SAN, K, P, HUH herbaria. The Desmos species in Malesia consists of eight species: D. acutus, D. chinensis, D. chryseus, D. dunalii, D. pedunculosus, D. subbiglandulosus, two new records: D. lawii and D. macrocarpus, and one
Keyword: Dasymaschalon, Desmoid clade, Magnoliid, plastid genome, phylogenomics analysis