Judul: Activity of propolis as antibacteria in two different concentrations to cow's rumen liquid.
Abstrak: Microbial resistance and antibiotic residue finding on cattle’s product as antibiotic synthetic usage has been giving the idea to look for alternative to substitute antibiotic synthetic. Propolis is one of new alternative medicine that can be used as natural antibiotic. Propolis containing antibacterial agent causes propolis can be used as growth promoter in human and cattle. Acidity of rumen atmosphere will expectedly inhibit propolis activity before entering intestine. Based on that case, propolis needs to be added filler material and capsule. This research was purposed to antibacterial activity Trigona spp. propolis to cow’s rumen liquid through in vitro. Antibacterial activity determination was done by difusi sumur method. Propolis product has been extracted by ethanol 70% and produce rendemen 10.622%. Result of this research showed that capsule which has been used can not hold the releasing of propolis active substance but the capsule can be applied to cover taste and smell of propolis. Capsule 4% and 2% size 1, 2% size 00 and Merk-X propolis can be used to cattle but capsule 4% size 00 and ampicillin can not be used., Ditemukannya resistensi mikroba dan residu antibiotik pada produk ternak akibat penggunaan antibiotik sintetik telah mengilhami pencarian produk alternatif penggantinya. Propolis merupakan alternatif baru obat yang dapat digunakan sebagai antibiotik alami. Kandungan antibakteri dalam propolis menyebabkan propolis dapat digunakan sebagai pemacu pertumbuhan baik pada manusia ataupun ternak. Lingkungan rumen yang asam ditakutkan akan menghambat kerja propolis sebelum mencapai usus, oleh sebab itu sediaan propolis perlu ditambahkan bahan penyalut dan kapsul. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji aktivitas antibakteri propolis Trigona spp. terhadap cairan rumen sapi secara in vitro. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode difusi sumur. Propolis yang dihasilkan diekstrak menggunakan etanol 70% dan menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 10.6228%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kapsul yang digunakan ternyata tidak mampu menahan lepasnya senyawa aktif propolis tetapi kapsul dapat diaplikasikan untuk melindungi rasa dan bau propolis. Kapsul 4% dan 2% ukuran 1, 2% ukuran 00 dan propolis Merk-X dapat diaplikasikan ke sapi tetapi tidak untuk kapsul 4% ukuran 00 dan ampisilin.
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Judul: Antibacterial Activity of Microencapsulation of Trigona spp. Propolis Pandeglang after Following Exposure to Cattle Rumen Fluid.
Abstrak: The use of antibiotics to overcome diarrhea in cattle causes some problems related to microbe resistence and antibiotic residue. The alternative solution is using natural antibiotic like propolis. Aim of this research is study the effect of propolis microencapsulation on release time of propolis following exposure to cattle rumen fluid. Trigona spp. Propolis used on this research collected from Pandeglang, West Java. Propolis was extracted with maseration method. Then, condensed extract propolis was microencapsulated using maltodextrin as filler. Concentration of propolis were 2% and 4%. The mixture was dried using vaccum drying method. Then, propolis microcapsule was put into hard gelatine capsule size 00 and 1. Capsules were then tested with endurance test to cattle rumen. After that, antibacterial activity of propolis was tested using well diffusion method. Rendement of propolis extract produced is 8.81%. Propolis microcapsule has brown-yellow colour. Antibacterial activity of propolis was still detected until 24 hour after cattle rumen fluid treatment. Microencapsulation of propolis has a potency to slow down release of propolis active compounds in cattle rumen. The effective value of the highest inhibition compared to propolis X-brand on 227 mg of capsule size and propolis 4% is 160.69%.
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Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh.
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. ,,,
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular.