Judul: Potention of Zingiber officinale, Kaempferia galanga, Curcuma xanthorriza and Andrographis paniculata as anti Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Eschericia coli Agents of Complex Chronic Respiratory Diseases
Abstrak: Zingiber officinale Rosc, Kaempferia galanga, Curcuma xanthorrhiza roxb and Andrographis paniculata nees are medicinal plants that have been used widely for traditional treatment for human in Indonesia. The herbs have also been used for treatment in animals but they have not been proven scientifically. The advantages of using herbs for treatment compared to antibiotics are the herbs have less resistances, low toxicity and no residual component produce in the body organs. Complex chronic respiratory disease (CCRD) of chickens was known to be infectious and causes high economic losses against poultry industries. The main agent of the disease is Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) and complicated by Escherichia coli (E. coli) as the secondary infection. Antibiotics have been used widely for treatment the disease but the disease is still spread widely in the world up to now. The other disadvantages are bacterial resistance and drug residues have frequently been reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potency of four medicinal plants against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) and Eschirichia coli (E. coli) infections. The potencies of those plants were examined using growth inhibition test according to Kirby bauer method. The study was treated as followed: the M. gallisepticum and E. coli were treated with traditional herbs (extract of Zingiber officinale Rosc, kaempferia galanga, Curcuma xanthorrhiza roxb and Andrographis paniculata nees) in different concentrations from 0.4% to 50%. The study was provided by negative and positive controls. The negative control was used without treatment on the disc and positive control was using 5 ug enrofloxacin disc. The result of this study showed that the zingiber water extract and zingiber n hexan fraction had good inhibition zones for M. gallisepticum but not for E.coli. No inhibition zones were performed by other herbs against neither M. gallisepticum nor E.coli. Further compound inhibition effect of Zingiber officinale Rosc against M. gallisepticum was carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique. Gingerol and zingiberen compounds were obtained from this technique and these compounds were suspected to be the main compound causing inhibition. According to literature search, these two compounds are belonging to essential oil.
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Judul: Aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak jahe (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) terhadap beberapa bakteri patogen
Abstrak: hazards to the human health. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is commonly used as traditional medicine. It has a potential as antimicrobial agent by inhibit or kill microbes in dose dependent manner. The principle compounds of ginger are essential oils and non volatile compounds which maximum have antimicrobial activity. The objectives of this research are: (1) to study the yield of ginger extracts by multistage maceration with different polarity solvents, (2) to study antimicrobial activity of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of ginger against foodborne pathogen such as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Ginger extracts were prepared by multistage maceration method using solvent hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol. The ginger extracts were assayed for antimicrobial activity by agar well diffusion method with Diameter Inhibition Zone (DIZ) and dillution broth method. The yield of hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol ginger extracts from multistage maceration were respectively 3,57; 3,17; 3,02 g/100 g dry ginger. The DIZ value for Staphylococcus aureus were 5,0; 5,7; 1,3 mm with hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol ginger extracts respectively 6,1; 6,6; 6,0 mm for Bacillus cereus and Salmonella Typhimurium were show no inhibitory zone. This results showed that the ginger extracts from multistage maceration have a weak antimicrobial activity (1,3 – 6,6 mm) against Gram-positive bacterial. The inhibition activity was determined for ethyl acetate ginger extract that showed the relatively highest inhibition zone. The minimum inhibition concentration did not reach in a range concentration between 5 – 20 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus, therefore ginger extracts from multistage maceration with rotavapor temperature 50 o C and freeze dry process were not efficient to developed as natural antimicrobial.
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Judul: berjudul Pelabelan Prima pada Graf Gurita (On) dengan Penambahan Simpul Duplikasi.
Abstrak: Setiap graf gurita adalah graf prima sedemikian sehingga pelabelan simpul pada graf gurita merupakan pelabelan simpul pada graf prima. Suatu Graf ( ( ) ( )) dapat dikatakan memiliki pelabelan simpul pada graf prima jika graf tersebut memenuhi fungsi bijektif ( ) { } dan untuk setiap sisi ( ( ) ( )) . Dalam karya ilmiah ini, akan ditunjukkan bahwa graf gurita memiliki pelabelan prima dan merumuskan graf gurita duplikasi dengan penambahan simpul dari simpul graf kipas ( ) graf gurita ( ), graf bintang ( ) graf gurita ( ), dan simpul utama pada graf gurita ( ) adalah graf prima dengan
Keyword: graf gurita, graf prima, pelabelan prima, penambahan simpul