Judul: Evaluasi Rempah Alami Lada Hitam, Kunyit, dan Bawang Putih sebagai Pakan Fungsional Ruminansia: Kajian In Vitro
Abstrak: Hijauan memiliki peran penting untuk kebutuhan nutrisi dan fermentasi rumen. Upaya untuk meningkatkan kualitas pakan adalah dengan menyediakan nutrisi yang cukup dan penambahan aditif pakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh penambahan rempah alami ke dalam pakan ternak ruminansia terhadap profil fermentasi rumen. Desain eksperimental yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 3 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Bahan tambahan pakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kunyit (P1), bawang putih (P2), dan lada hitam (P3) yang dibuat dalam bentuk bubuk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan rempah tidak memiliki efek yang signifikan (P> 0.05) pada produksi gas methan, pH, ammonia (NH3), volatile fatty acid (VFA), kecernaan bahan kering, dan bahan organik. Efek signifikan (P<0.05) pada populasi bakteri dan protozoa. Perlakuan ketiga (lada hitam) menghasilkan nilai kecernaan bahan kering tertinggi (67.01%), sedangkan perlakuan kedua (bawang putih) menghasilkan bahan organik tertinggi (61.74%). Ammonia (NH3) yang merupakan level normal (10.35-11.25 mM). Pada perlakuan kedua dan ketiga terjadi penurunan produksi gas methan.
Keyword: bawang putih, fermentasi rumen, kunyit, lada hitam, rempah alami

Judul: Evaluasi Kombinasi Rempah Bawang Putih dan Lada Hitam sebagai Pakan Fungsional Ruminansia
Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi kombinasi bawang putih dan lada hitam sebagai pakan fungsional ruminansia. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Ransum perlakuan yang digunakan yaitu P0: Kontrol, P1: 0.5% bawang putih + 0.5% lada hitam, P2: 0.5% bawang putih + 1% lada hitam, P3: 1% bawang putih + 0.5% lada hitam, P4: 1% bawang putih + 1% lada hitam. Variabel yang diukur dalam penelitian ini adalah populasi protozoa total, populasi bakteri total, pH rumen, konsentrasi amonia, konsentrasi VFA (Volatile Fatty Acid) total dan parsial, estimasi metana, kecernaan bahan kering dan kecernaan bahan organik. Hasil penelitian dengan penggunaan pakan fungsional mengandung bawang putih dan lada hitam dalam pakan, menunjukkan bahwa masing-masing perlakuan tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan (P>0.05) pada pH rumen, populasi protozoa total, populasi bakteri total, dan VFA total. Efek signifikan (P<0.05) terhadap produksi gas methan, NH3, VFA parsial, kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi bawang putih dan lada hitam tidak mampu meningkatkan kecernaan tetapi memberikan pengaruh terhadap produksi gas 24 jam. Kinetika produksi gas dalam waktu inkubasi 24 jam diproduksi sekitar 75% dari total gas pada 72 jam, diikuti dengan penurunan tingkat produksi gas. Sedangkan dalam pengujian konsentrasi amonia, P2 dapat menurunkan konsentrasi amonia secara optimal sedangkan P5 meningkatkan konsentrasi amonia.
Keyword: bawang putih, in vitro, lada hitam, pakan fungsional

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite