Judul: Efektivitas Protoksin Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, Konidia Beauveria bassiana, dan Campurannya terhadap Ulat Grayak Spodoptera litura F.
Abstrak: Armyworm or (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae) is one of main pest in plant crop. This pest might cause damage on the leaves and stems and reduce of crop production. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and Beauveria bassiana have been known as biocontrol agent to this pest. This research was aimed to observe the production time of B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai toxin, measure the effect of toxin against Be. bassiana conidia, to test the activity of toxin, conidia and their mixture against S. litura. B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai was grown on specific medium for B. thuringiensis. Toxin production of the isolate was measured every 4 hours up to 48 hours incubation. Be. bassiana was grown on the white rice medium and its conidia was grown on the Potato Dextrose Agar medium containing toxin. The activity test of toxin B. thuringiensis, Be. bassiana conidia, and their mixture was done by spraying them to S. litura larvae. The stasionary phase of B. thuringiensis was obtained at 16 hours incubation and the maximal toxin production at 48 hours. The highest mortality of S. litura larvae caused by toxin activity was 63.3% at 48 hours incubation. The highest mortality caused by conidia infection activity was 80% at the concentration of 108 conida ml-1. The highest mortality caused by their mixture was 96,7%.
Keyword: 

Judul: Pengaruh Inokulum Bacillus thuringiensis terhadap Perubahan Struktur Usus Tengah Ulat Grayak (Spodoptera litura F.)
Abstrak: Bacillus thuringiensis was known as biocontrol agent of cotton leafworm growth. B. thuringiensis isolate produced protein crystal as Cry protein which on alkaline condition caused epitel cell in the midgut of cotton leafworm swelled. The aim of this research was to know the effect of B. thuringiensis inoculum from different subspesies to cotton leafworm and the histopatology change in its midgut. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai (Bta), B. thuringiensis subsp. pakistani (Btp), B. thuringiensis 47 (Bt47), and B. thuringiensis Lot 2 (BtL2) were tested to 3rd instar larvae. The structures of its midgut were observed at 0, 24th, 48th, 72nd, 96th and 120th hours. They were preparated by Paraffin method and Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. Generally, all 0 hour treatments showed the similar condition with control which the peritrophic membrane and epithelial cells below were still normal. The peritrophic membrane was dissapear at 24th hours, followed by the swelling of epithelial cells and its cores at 48th till 72nd hours. At 96th and 120th hours, the epithelial cells were lysis and disintegrated. The BtL2 isolate had the highest and fastest damages, followed simultantly by Bta, Bt47, and Btp.
Keyword: Spodoptera litura, midgut, histopathology, acillus thuringiensis

Judul: Peranan Pemimpin Informal dalam Menggerakan Partisipasi Masyarakat  untuk Pembangunan Desa
Abstrak: Pendekatan pembangunan yang banyak diterima para ahli adalah pendekatan dari bawah ke atas (bottom up) yang berarti bahwa dalam pembangunan diperlukan keikutsertaan rakyat. Keikutsertaan tidak hanya pada tahap merencanakan pembangunan, akan tetapi juga ikut dalam melaksanakan, bahkan sampai pada menilai hasil-hasil pembangunan (Cohen dan Uphoe 1977; Dusseldorp, 1981; Slamet, 1993). Agar rakyat yang berhimpun dalam kelompok-kelompok dapat ikut serta, mereka harus memiliki sejumlah kualifikasi yang diperlukan untuk itu.
Keyword: