Judul: Studi literatur: Kajian Manfaat Konsumsi Kefir terhadap Peningkatan Hormon Insulin pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus
Abstrak: Diabetes merupakan masalah kesehatan global di dunia. Kerusakan jangka panjang, disfungsi, dan kegagalan organ yang berbeda, terutama mata, ginjal, saraf, jantung dan pembuluh darah yang berhubungan dengan hiperglikemia kronis pada pasien diabetes. Di antara berbagai pengobatan dan terapi yang telah ditemukan, kefir dianggap sebagai salah satu makanan fungsional yang menjanjikan untuk pengobatan diabetes. Kefir adalah susu fermentasi yang dihasilkan melalui fermentasi sekelompok probiotik dalam bentuk biji kefir (kefir grain). Penelitian studi literatur ini menggunakan metode dengan penelusuran jurnal nasional maupun internasional yang dipublikasikan antara tahun 2012-2022. Hasil dari penelitian studi literatur ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya kandungan pada kefir yang dipercaya dapat menjadi terapi diabetes yaitu eksopolisakarida bioaktif dan dua spesies probiotik Lactobacillus dan Bifidobacterium. Mekanisme yang terjadi dapat menurunkan gula darah dan level HbA1C pada pasien dan bakteri probiotik meningkatkan produksi GLP-1 yang meningkatkan sensitivitas insulin dan memodulasi sekresi insulin., Diabetes is a global health problem in the world. Long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of different organs, especially eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels are associated with chronic hyperglycemia in diabetic patients. Among the various treatments and therapies that have been found, kefir is considered as one of the promising functional foods for the treatment of diabetes. Kefir is a fermented milk product produced through a fermentation by a group of probiotics in the form of kefir grains. This literature study research used a method by referring to the national and international journals published between 2012-2022. The results of this literature study show that kefir contains bioactive exopolysaccharides and two probiotic species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium which are believed to be usable for diabetic treatment. The mechanism involves lowering blood sugar and HbA1C levels in patients and probiotic bacteria increase the production of GLP-1 which increases insulin sensitivity and modulates insulin secretion.
Keyword: benefits of kefir, diabetes, kefir

Judul: Literature Study: The Benefits of Kefir Consumption on  Blood Cholesterol Reduction
Abstrak: Kefir merupakan produk susu fermentasi yang terbuat dari campuran susu dengan biji kefir, biji kefir terdiri atas beberapa spesies bakteri dan ragi. Kefir adalah salah satu jenis minuman susu fermentasi yang memiliki manfaat untuk kesehatan manusia, karena di dalamnya terkandung bakteri probiotik. Salah satu manfaat mengonsumsi kefir yaitu dapat menurunkan kandungan kolesterol pada darah manusia. Kolesterol adalah metabolit yang mengandung lemak sterol, sterol ditemukan dalam membran dan disirkulasikan dalam darah. Penelitian studi literatur ini dilakukan dengan cara melakukan penelusuran jurnal nasional maupun internasional yang dipublikasikan antara tahun 2010-2021 dengan menggunakan narrative review. Hasil dari penelitian studi literatur ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa mekanisme yang dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol darah di dalam tubuh manusia setelah mengonsumsi kefir. Beberapa mekanismenya yaitu dekonjugasi garam empedu dan aktivitas hidrolase garam empedu (BSH), kemampuan asimilasi kolesterol oleh bakteri probiotik dan produksi short chain fatty acid (SCFA) oleh bakteri probiotik., Kefir is a fermented milk product made from a mixture of milk with kefir grains, kefir grains consist of several species of bacteria and yeast. Kefir is a type of fermented milk drink which has beneficial for human health, because it contains probiotic bacteria. One of the benefits of consuming kefir is that it can lower blood cholesterol in humans. Cholesterol is a metabolite containing sterol fats, sterols are found in cell membranes and circulated in the blood. This literature study research was conducted by conducting a search of national and international journals published in the period of 2010-2021 by using narrative review method. The results of this literature study showed that there are several mechanisms that can lower cholesterol levels in the human body after consuming kefir. Some of its mechanisms are the deconjugation of bile salts and the hydrolase activity of bile salts (BSH), the ability to assimilate cholesterol by probiotic bacteria and the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) by probiotic bacteria.
Keyword: cholesterol, fermented, kefir, milk

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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