Judul: Microbiological Quality of Raw Meat-Based Diets for Pets Based on Total of Enterobacteriaceae dan Escherichia coli
Abstrak: Daging mentah untuk pakan hewan peliharaan (raw meat-based diets/RMBDs) dianggap memiliki nutrisi alami yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan pakan olahan seperti wet food dan dry food. Penularan mikroorganisme patogen yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan manusia dan hewan dapat terjadi apabila higiene dan sanitasi dalam pengolahan RMBDs, terutama dalam pengemasan, penyimpanan, pengiriman dan penyajian tidak dilakukan dengan baik.Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui kualitas mikrobiologi pakan hewan peliharaan berbahan dasar daging mentah berdasarkan jumlah Enterobacteriaceae dan E. coli. Sebanyak 3 merek RMBDs dengan 5 kali ulangan dan 1 merek wet dog food dengan 6 kali ulangan, berbahan dasar daging ayam dan sapi dibeli secara online dari marketplace. Pengujian Enterobacteriaceae menggunakan metode hitungan cawan dan metode most probable number (MPN) untuk menghitung jumlah E. coli. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan jumlah Enterobacteriaceae dan E. coli dalam RMBDs lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan wet dog food. Rata-rata jumlah Enterobacteriaceae dalam RMBDs ayam, RMBDs sapi, dan wet dog food berturut-turut adalah 3,2 × 104 ± 4,8 × 104 CFU/g, 2,8 × 103 ± 2,6 × 103 CFU/g, dan 4,5 × 101 ± 6,4 × 101 CFU/g. Rata-rata jumlah E. coli dalam RMBDs ayam, RMBDs sapi, dan wet dog food berturut-turut yaitu 12,98 ± 16,34 MPN/g, 10,71 ± 14,63 MPN/g, dan 0 MPN/g. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara jenis daging dan jumlah Enterobacteriaceae dalam RMBDs. Jumlah Enterobacteriaceae dan E. coli dalam RMBDs belum memenuhi standar yang telah ditetapkan., Raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) are nutritionally superior compared to wet food and dry food. Transmission of pathogenic microorganisms that interfere with human and animal health occured if hygiene and sanitation in the processing of RMBDs for pets carried out improperly, especially in packaging, storage, delivery and serving. This research aimed to determine the microbiological quality of RMBDs for pets based on total of Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli. A total of 3 brands of RMBDs with 5 replications and 1 brand of wet dog food with 6 replications, the basic ingredients of chicken and beef were purchased from online marketplace. Plate count method was used for Enterobacteriaceae counting and E. coli counted by using the most probable number (MPN). The result showed that the total of Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli was higher in RMBDs compared to wet dog food. The average of Enterobacteriaceae in chicken RMBDs, beef RMBDs, and wet dog food were 3,2 × 104 ± 4,8 × 104 CFU/g, 2,8 × 103 ± 2,6 × 103 CFU/g, and 4,5 × 101 ± 6,4 × 101 CFU/g respectively. The average of E. coli in chicken RMBDs, beef RMBDs, and wet dog food were 12,98 ± 16,34 MPN/g, 10,71 ± 14,63 MPN/g, and 0 MPN/g respectively. There is no significant correlation between the type of meat and the total of Enterobacteriaceae of RMBDs. The total of Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli of RMBDs has not met the maximum standart.
Keyword: Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, raw meat-based diets, wet dog food

Judul: The Presence of Salmonella spp. in Commercially Sterilized and Unprocessed Dog Food
Abstrak: Pemberian pakan untuk hewanpeliharaan dengan bahan dasar daging mentah tanpa pengolahan termal membawa risiko kesehatan akibat keberadaan Salmonella spp. sebagai bakteri patogen. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksploratif yang bertujuan mengetahui keamanan pakan anjing peliharaan berdasarkan keberadaan Salmonella spp. dalam raw pet food dan wet pet food yang dibeli secara online. Sampel berasal dari 3 merk raw pet food dengan 5 kali ulangan dan 1 merk wet pet food dengan 6 kali ulangan, yang masing-masing berbahan dasar daging ayam dan daging sapi. Metode identifikasi keberadaan Salmonella spp. didasarkan pada pertumbuhan Salmonella spp. dalam media selektif dengan tahapan pra-pengayaan (pre-enrichment) dan pengayaan (enrichment) mengacu pada SNI 2897:2008. Standar keberadaan Salmonella spp. dalam pakan hewan peliharaan berdasarkan Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 concerning health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption adalah negatif/25 g. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sebanyak 11 dari 15 raw petfood daging ayam dan 5 dari 15 raw petfood daging sapi positif mengandung Salmonella spp. Jenis daging bahan dasar raw pet food memengaruhi frekuensi keberadaan Salmonella spp. di dalamnya. Salmonella spp. tidak ditemukan dalam wet pet food yang diolah dengan proses sterilisasi komersial. Keberadaan Salmonella spp. dalam raw pet food berdampak pada risiko kesehatan hewan secara langsung dan pemilik hewan secara tidak langsung, khususnya salmonellosis., Pet feeding with raw pet food without thermal processing has the dangerous potential to carry a health risk due to the presence of Salmonella spp. as pathogenic bacteria. This research was aimed to determine pet feed safety of the Salmonella spp.’s presence in raw pet food and wet pet food purchased online. Samples were taken from chicken- and beef-based sources of 3 brands of raw pet food with 5 replications and 1 brand of wet pet food with 6 replications. Methods to identify the presence of Salmonella spp. based on the Salmonella spp.’s growth in selective media with pre-enrichment and enrichment stages referring to SNI 2897:2008. The standard for Salmonella spp.’s presence in pet food based on Commission Regulation (EU) No 142/2011 concerning health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption is absence/25 g. The results showed 11 of 15 chicken-based raw pet food and 5 of 15 beef-based raw pet food were positive for Salmonella spp. The basic ingredients of raw pet food affected the frequency of Salmonella spp.’s presence in raw pet food. Salmonella spp. was not found in wet pet food that was processed by commercial sterilization. The presence of Salmonella spp. in raw dog food affected the health risk of animals directly and owners indirectly, especially salmonellosis.
Keyword: dog food, raw pet food, Salmonella spp., wet pet food

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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