Judul: Community-based coral reef  management in small islands: a social capital analysis
Abstrak: Human activities including bomb and poison fishing and coral mining have threatened Indonesian coral reefs. Many programs have been promoted to alleviate the problem. The focus of social capital’s contribution to sustainable coral reef resource use has been given little attention. Social capital that defined as trust, norms of reciprocity, and networks is argued to facilitate the formation of collective action and institution, which may contribute to sustainable coral reef resource use. The study is carried out in five islands in South Sulawesi and analyses the state of coral reef, destructive fishing, and fishery sustainability. Three dimensions of social capital (i.e. bonding, bridging and linking social capital) are assessed, including the impact of social capital investment. It discusses institutional analysis of community-based institutional arrangements. Further, a simulation experiment of an agent-based modelling is made to understand dynamic impact of social capital on destructive fishing and fishery. Results show that bonding, bridging and linking social capital affect the formulation and enforcement of rules and institution at local level. Social capital investment – through networks, capacity and institution building – is a necessary condition for coral reef management, but not sufficient. Enforcing local rules requires credible commitment, but is difficult to attain because of the problem of fit between rules and resource system. When the community capacity and institution are weak, destructive fishing are proliferated, because social norms are not sufficiently strong to prevent widespread individual opportunism. The study recommends three aspects to achieve sustainable coral reef management: (1) to promote multi-scale governance that can link up different levels of management organization; (2) to improve fishers’ welfare through fulfillment of basic needs, to avert the use of destructive fishing tools for economic reason; (3) to increase disparities of fish price and production costs between fishing using destructive gears and those that do not.
Keyword: Terumbu karang, Coral reef ecosystems, Social capital, Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)

Judul: Strategi pengembangan partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan areal perlindungan laut berbasis masyarakat di Kabupaten Administrasi Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta
Abstrak: In the last two decades, coral reef ecosystem in Kepulauan Seribu has shown a significant degradation. Coral reef ecosystem condition was considered as poor to fair with average live coral cover of 32,69 % in 2004, while in 2007 it was reduced to 31,33%. Rapid development, population increase and climate change are threatening coral reef resources, while communities continue to seize potentials in using or modifying resources for their livelihood and welfare. Starting in 2004, the local government established Community Based–Marine Protected Area (CB–MPA) in village of Panggang Island, followed by other four villages within the Kepulauan Seribu District. It is expected that co–management approach may encourage community responsibility over activities affecting coral reef ecosystem and natural resources. Sharing of responsibilities and authorities between local fisher community and government should emphasize on the community participation in CB–MPA management. Community participation in CB–MPA management in Kepulauan Seribu is considered unsatisfactory due to interactions of several factors. Given this fact, the objectives of this research are as follows: (1) to analyze fisher community participation in managing CB–MPA in Kepulauan Seribu and (2) to analyze the determinant factors influencing community participation in managing CB–MPA in Kepulauan Seribu and (3) to design strategy of community participation improvement in managing CB–MPA in Kepulauan Seribu. This study showed that level of community participation in performing co–management of CB–MPA in Kepulauan Seribu was low and passive throughout all participation phases. Factors affecting low community participation were indicators related with community organization ability, ranging from managerial, social and technical ability; also related with low community motivation, that are motivation to conserve the resources, raise income and gain credibility acknowledgement. The lack of community organization ability and community motivation was influenced by quality of CB–MPA management where indicators related with compatibility of program conception, program communication approach and intensity of extension agent roles. Managerial ability representing by community organization as CB–MPA facilitators was considered as the most significant indicator affecting the low community participation. Community organization plays important role during the process of co–management, however community organization is duty–bound to build their managerial capacity and independency. Both conditions are prerequisites for upholding role of community organization as primary facilitator in CB–MPA program implementation. The other indicator was social ability, that is ability to elaborate constructive interaction between different community groups and with other stakeholders from different background or institution. The findings showed the managerial and social ability of community organizations in managing CB-MPA were low. Awareness in conserving natural resources was the most significant indicator affecting community motivation to participate in CB–MPA management. This factor related to emotional bond between the community who yield benefits from the environment with existing resources. The second indicator of community motivation with positive influence to community participation was to raise income. Most of community groups in Kepulauan Seribu are dependent on the existence of natural resources as primary support which secure their economic and domestic needs. Maintaining natural capacity of fishery–marine resources will secure the source of livelihood for Kepulauan Seribu community, thus may develop as motive to secure the source of income. Low quality
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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