Judul: Pengaruh ENSO (El Nino- Southern Oscillation) dan IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole) terhadap Dinamika Waktu Tanam Padi di Wilayah Tipe Hujan Equatorial dan Monsunal (Studi Kasus Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan, Sumatera Barat dan Kabupaten Karawang, Jawa Barat)
Abstrak: ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) merupakan salah satu bentuk penyimpangan iklim di Samudera Pasifik yang ditandai dengan kenaikan suhu permukaan laut (SPL) di daerah katulistiwa bagian Tengah dan Timur. Fenomena tersebut memainkan peranan penting terhadap variasi iklim tahunan. Pengaruh ENSO sangat terasa di beberapa wilayah Indonesia yang ditandai dengan jumlah curah hujan lebih kecil dalam tahun ENSO dibandingkan dengan pra dan pasca ENSO, sehingga dapat menyebabkan musim kemarau lebih panjang. Selain dapat mempengaruhi tingginya curah hujan, kejadian El-Nino juga berpengaruh terhadap masuknya musim kemarau. Perubahan iklim akan mengakibatkan perubahan pola iklim tahunan seperti terlambatnya awal musim hujan maupun musim kering. Disamping itu periode musim hujan juga diperkirakan akan lebih pendek. Selain ENSO, Terjadi pula gejala penyimpangan iklim yang dihasilkan oleh interaksi laut dan atmosfer di Samudera Hindia di sekitar kathulistiwa yang disebut dengan IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole). Interaksi tersebut menghasilkan tekanan tinggi di Samudera Hindia bagian Timur (bagian Selatan Jawa dan Barat Sumatra) yang menimbulkan aliran massa udara yang berhembus ke Barat. Hembusan angin ini akan mendorong massa air di depannya dan mengangkat massa air dari bawah ke permukaan. Akibatnya, SPL di sekitar pantai Selatan Jawa dan pantai Barat Sumatra akan mengalami penurunan yang cukup drastis, sementara di dekat pantai timur Afrika tejadi kenaikan SPL. Dampak iklim regional baik IOD maupun ENSO terhadap penurunan curah hujan mulai terjadi pada SON baik di Pesisir Selatan (wilayah tipe hujan Equatorial) maupun di Karawang (wilayah tipe hujan Monsunal). Pengaruh IOD dan ENSO pada wilayah tipe hujan Monsunal lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan wilayah tipe hujan Equatorial. Di Pesisir Selatan onset terjadi sepanjang tahun, dan karena pengaruh IOD maupun ENSO tidak cukup kuat, tidak terjadi pergeseran puncak onset. Sedangkan di Karawang (tipe hujan Monsunal) puncak onset mundur 2 – 6 dasarian akibat IOD maupun ENSO. Saat memasuki SON, di Pesisir Selatan, kenaikan anomali iklim baik IOD maupun ENSO diikuti dengan penurunan luas tanam pada September dan Oktober. Pada wilayah yang tidak terkena dampak, puncak tanam terjadi pada bulan Oktober dan pada wilayah yang terkena dampak iklim regional tersebut terjadi pada bulan Desember. Sedangkan di Karawang semua wilayah terkena dampak anomali iklim dengan penurunan luas panen pada Juli – Oktober. Dan puncak tanam terjadi pada Desember.
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Judul: Analisis Dampak ENSO (El-Nino Southern Oscillation) Terhadap Tingkat Kekeringan Untuk Tanaman Pangan dan Palawija (Studi Kasus : Sulawesi Selatan)
Abstrak: Climate and weather variability is a condition of long-term climate change is marked by fluctuations and deviations from normal conditions. One reason is the ENSO (El-Nino Southern Oscillation) which affects the drought. This research was conducted with the aim to determine and analyze the level of drought in South Sulawesi due to the influence of ENSO and compare the production of food crops and crops in a normal year and ENSO. Drought index is calculated based on the Palmer method by using rainfall data, air temperature and soil humidity as inputs. Based on the drought index calculated using the Palmer method, areas with monsoon rain patterns have a range of values between -22.71 to dryness 18.23, equatorial patterns ranged from -4.03 to 5.07, and the local patterns ranged from -8.57 to 10.07. Verification test results of the drought index of crop production data show that each ENSO event is always followed by a decline in rice production, especially of rice fields. As for crops, crop production generally tended to increase in every ENSO event because most crops are plants that are resistant to drought, particularly local varieties that have adapted well to its environment. Thus, the influence of ENSO drought can affect the production of food crops and crops.
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Judul: Synthesis of Chicken Eggshells-Based β-Tricalcium Phosphate Bioceramics and Their Biocompatibility Test as A Tooth Filler
Abstrak: Preservation of alveolar bone following tooth extraction is an important step in dental practices before dental implant placement. This study reported synthesis of β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramics and its biocompatibility test as a tooth filler to maintain the desired alveolar ridge dimension and stimulate the bone healing processes in the area of tooth loss. β-TCP bioceramics was resulted directly from precipitation of calcinated chicken eggshells as calcium source and phosphoric acid. The corresponding β-TCP was mixed with chitosan 2% to get β-TCP pellet for biocompatibility testing. Biocompatibility testing of β-TCP on lower incisor was performed in rabbits and sheep as animal model. In this study, the x-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles showed that 1000 oC calcinated chicken eggshells correspond to calcium oxide (CaO). There was also transformation phase of CaO into Ca(OH)2 observed after more than three months stored. The XRD profiles proved that obtained β-TCP bioceramics by precipitation has the same pattern with that of reference data base and commercial β-TCP. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were completely consistent with the result of crystallization processes observed by XRD measurements. Moreover, the purity of the product shown by the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) resulted in Ca/P ratio of 1.48 which was closed to that of standard β-TCP ceramics. The repeatable XRD peaks patterns and FTIR spectra obviously showed the sample reproducibility. Sheep’s alveolar socket that is filled with the corresponding β-TCP demonstrated the expected results. The x-ray radiograph of sheep’s jaw indicated no change on mesio-distal of the edentulous area. Moreover, the histological results were completely consistent with the x-ray radiograph and macroscopic result which is proved by the formation of new bone. In the contrary with sheep’s result, histological results showed no tooth growth on rabbit proved by the presence of lipid and collagen on the extraction site. This result did not correspond to the x-ray radiograph and macroscopic results that demonstrated the tooth growth and erupted tooth. It is clear that the corresponding β-TCP could minimize the bone loss and maintain the dimension of alveolar ridge.
Keyword: β-tricalcium phosphate, chicken eggshells, rabbit, sheep, tooth filler