Judul: Pengaruh pemberian tingkat interaksi kota-desa terhadap prilaku partisipasi masyarakat desa dalam program pembangunan pedesaan : studi kasus di Desa Cirawa Mekar kecamatan Cipatat dan Desa Pada Asih kecamatan Cisarua, Kabupaten Bandung, Propinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Pembangunan di Indonesia, sebagaimana pembangunan di negara berkembang lain, masih dilanda masalah-masalah yang serius di bidang pemilikan lahan, masalah gizi dan kesehatan, masalah distribusi pendapatan yang tidak merata, dan masalah ketenagakerjaan. (Siregar, 1988). Pemerintah Indonesia dalam melaksanakan pembangunan mengalami keterbatasan. Keterbatasan ini semakin meningkat setelah minyak bumi tidak dapat dijadikan satu-satunya. tumpuan dalam pembangunan. Menyadari kenyataan di atas, pemerintah mengembangkan. konsep partisipasi secara luas dalam pembangunan nasional, terutama dalam pengembangan daerah pedesaan, sehingga pada Repelita kelima ini pemerintah tidak hanya mengkonsentrasikan pembangunan di daerah perkotaan. Pelaksanaan pembangunan perkotaan dan pedesaan ini telah memberi peluang yang besar untuk meningkatnya interaksi kota-desa. Interaksi kota-desa ini sangat berpengaruh terhadap sistem sosial desa, dan salah satu sub sistem sosial desa adalah prilaku partisipasi masyarakat dalam program pembangunan pedesaan...
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Judul: Beberapa Faktor Penentu Partisipasi Anggota Masyarakat dalam Pembangunan Pedesaan
Abstrak: Hasil pembangunan selama ini secara objektif perlu diakui keberhasilannya. Telah terjadi kemajuan dan perbaikan berbagai sarana produksi, pemasaran, perhubungan, pendidikan, komunikasi, industri, kesehatan, pertahanan dan keamanan. Kehadiran SD Inpres, Puskesmas, KUD, Proyek Simas dan berbagai bentuk fasilitas kredit telah memberikan kesibukan pada sejumlah warga di pedesaan. Berbagai bentuk program yang bertujuan untuk perbaikan landasan usahatani dan perbaikan daya usaha tani telah menyentuh daerah pedesaan. Uang bantuan pernbangunan desa bertujuan untuk meningkatkan prakarsa dan swadaya masyarakat desa, agar setiap desa dapat turnbuh inisiatif dan prakarsa serta bertumbuh kemampuan sendiri membangun pedesaan secara gotong royong.
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Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable