Judul: Tingkat Serangan, Kerusakan dan Potensi Biokontrol oleh Puru Daun Eucalyptus, Leptocybe invasa (Fisher & La Salle) dan Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), di Tanzania
Abstrak: In Tanzania, eucalypts are a significant fast-growing hardwood tree used to produce wood, paper, timbers, poles, bioenergy, and numerous other minor goods and services. Tanzania introduced eucalypts in the 1890s intending to supplement wood supplies from natural forests. Eucalyptus spp. is the world's most widely planted hardwood timber species, native to Australia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Timor, and New Guinea. Distribution is attributable to the ability exceptionally adapt to diverse ecological conditions and the substantially arraying products and services they offer. Leptocybe invasa and Ophelimus maskelli, two common Australian wasps (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), have caused significant damage to eucalypt plantations in Tanzania since 2005 by inducing galls on petioles, young stems, and leaves that inhibit vascular bundle conductivity and photosynthesis. Although biological control is seen as the greatest option for conventional control measures from an ecological and financial standpoint so far, no eucalyptus gall wasp parasitoids have been documented or reported. Similarly, the number of parasitoid species and their parasitic capacity is unknown. Due to limited knowledge and literature. Therefore this study was set out to examine the current infestation, damage severity, and to identify potential natural enemies for controlling this pest in Tanzania. The research was conducted from October 2021 to August 2022 in three government-owned plantation forests, namely the Korogwe, Morogoro and North Ruvu forests that were planted with several Eucalypt spp. Samplings were done using systematic approach and field assessments involved examination of infested crown parts, highly infested species, and invasive capacity of gall inducers by counting and measuring gall length and diameter. Few selected trees were used to assess damage severity. Galls from infested eucalypt germplasms were collected and reared in the laboratory until the wasp emerges. The emerged wasps were primarily sorted and identified using morphological characters (Keys) under a stereomicroscope at the Sokoine University of Agriculture, Tanzania, and the Insect Biosystematics Laboratory at IPB University, Indonesia. Data were analyzed using Ms Excel, Minitab 19, and R statistical software. The analysis included computations of percentages of infestation and parasitoid parasitization, averages of galls per tree, and the relationship between stand altitudes and the infestation magnitude, damage index, and gall inducers. The results were summarized in tables and graphs and included in this final thesis. The results indicated that clonal hybrids were highly infested than E. tereticornis this may be due to poor adaptation less tolerance and resistance traits of clones compared to E.tereticornis raised from seeds. The middle and lower tree crown parts were highly infested compared to upper canopy. L. invasa had a higher invasive capacity in all locations and both host plants than O. maskelli. Damage severity generally ranked as severe in all eucalyptus germplasms assessed. Two species of parasitoids of eucalyptus gall-inducers were identified as Megastigmus sp. and Quadrastichus mendeli. Parasitization rates (collectively) in Korogwe, North Ruvu, and Morogoro forest plantations were 29.7%, 64%, and 33.3%, respectively. A higher parasitization rate was recorded from L. invasa galls on E. grandis x E. camaldulensis clones. Ecological factors such as temperature, wind, and rainfall influenced gall wasp infestations. Control efforts should focus on biological control agent candidates including
Keyword: Biocontrol, Eucalypts gall wasps, Forest damage, and Forest pests

Judul: Serangan Uret Dan Cara Pengendaliannya Pada Tanaman Eucalyptus Hybrid Di Hutan Tanaman Pt. Toba Pulp Lestari Sektor Aek Na Uli Sumatera Utara
Abstrak: PT Toba Pulp Lestari Tbk is one of the companies which undertake the business of Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI) in Sumatra Utara Province. The objective of the undertaking was producing pulp wood for paper raw materials. The developed plant species was Eucalyptus spp which constituted a fast growing species. According to information from PT Toba Pulp Lestari, one kind of pest which often attacks Eucalyptus spp was insect grub. The attack by this grub often occurs in Sector of Aek Na Uli. This grub attacks roots of plants which are 1- 3 months old, and up to now this problem has not been able to be controlled yet. The objectives of this research were determining the kinds of grub which attacked Eucalyptus in the HTI area of Toba Pulp Lestari in Aek Na Uli sector, determining the effect of attack and the extent of loss created by the grub attack, learning the controlling technique practiced by the company, and learning the effectiveness of insecticide for controlling the grub. edit. This research was conducted in 2 months old Eucalyptus hybrid plants in compartment D 095 with area size of 5.8 ha in Aek Nauli sector, the province of North Sumatra, from 1 April through 20 May 2008. Equipments used in this study were 25 m plastic rope, 14 m plastic rope, compass, wooden pegs, digital camera, and insect collection bottles. Materials used in this study were Karbofuran 3-G and formalin 2 %. Research procedure comprised the counting of the number of eucalypt trees existing in the measurement plot, counting the number of eucalypt trees which were attacked by the grub, examining the tree condition which suffered attack from the grub (wilting, drying, dying), and collecting the various kinds of attacking grubs for identification purpose. Research results showed that percentage of grub growth in each plot was 90.67 % on the average. Species of grub which attacked eucalypt trees in compartment D 095 were Leucopholis rorida, Lepiodata stigma, and Euchlora viridis. On the basis of attack percentage in each measurement plot, the grub attack on Eucalyptus hybrid was categorized as nearly uniform in all compartments. Percentage of plants which suffered attack by grub in compartment D 095 reached 18 % or around 240 trees per hectare. The material loss due to attack by grub in compartment D 095 Rp 189.976,8. Control action conducted in the field to overcome the attack by this grub was by replanting of failures. The use of Karbofuran 3 – G with dosage of 10 gram / planting hole was effective enough to control the grub attack. Key words: PT Toba Pulp Lestari, grub, Eucalyptus hybrid, compartment, Karbofuradan 3-G.
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Judul: Pemodelan Selang Kelahiran Anak Pertama
Abstrak: Seiang kelahiran anak pertam3 mcrupakan jarak waktu dari umur pcrkawinan pcrtama pada \Vanila sampai umur kclahiran anak pertama. Selang kelahiran anak pertama dapal digunakan scbagai penduga kesuburan \Vanila karena pada umumnya pasangan suami islri yang bam menikah tidak menunda kelahiran anak pertama
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