Judul: Penerapan Kebijakan Pembatasan TKI Informal Terhadap Remittance dan Implikasinya Terhadap Perekonomian Indonesia : Pendekatan FSAM
Abstrak: Remittance adalah dana transfer dari luar negeri ke Indonesia yang pada umumnya merupakan uang transfer yang diperoleh dari tenaga kerja Indonesia yang bekerja di luar negeri. Remittance merupakan salah satu sumber cadangan devisa Indonesia yang cukup penting, dimana memiliki proporsi paling besar kedua setelah penghasilan dari sektor minyak bumi dan gas alam. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari Bank Indonesia, kontribusi remittance terhadap cadangan devisa negara memiliki tren yang cenderung meningkat setiap tahunnya. Di beberapa negara berkembang, seperti Indonesia telah mengirimkan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia (TKI) yang menghasilkan remittance dalam jumlah yang cukup besar setiap tahunnya namun belum mendapatkan perlindungan yang optimal dari pemerintah. Hal ini yang menyebabkan kesejahteraan tenaga kerja yang terbengkalai yaitu terlihat seringkali adanya aksi kekerasan, pelecehan seksual, upah yang tidak dibayarkan kepada pekerja, tingkat upah yang dibawah standar, serta aksi-aksi lain yang merugikan para pekerja Indonesia yang bekerja di luar negeri. Banyaknya aksi kekerasan yang menimpa para tenaga kerja Indonesia (TKI) tersebut mendorong pemerintah untuk melakukan suatu kebijakan dalam melindungi para tenaga kerja Indonesia yang bekerja di luar negeri yaitu dengan kebijakan pembatasan tenaga kerja informal ke luar negeri (moratorium TKI). Kebijakan pembatasan tersebut dilakukan oleh pemerintah dan ditujukan kepada negara-negara tujuan para TKI yang memiliki tingkat kekerasan terhadap TKI Indonesia tertinggi serta negara yang tidak menyetujui tingkat upah tenaga kerja yang diajukan pemerintah Indonesia kepada negara yang bersangkutan. Kebijakan pembatasan ini dilakukan kepada tenaga kerja informal karena tenaga kerja informal yang memiliki potensi kerugian terbesar baik dari segi jam kerja yang kurang jelas, upah tenaga kerja yang terkadang tidak dilunasi serta prosedur kerja yang tidak disepakati diawal. Dengan banyaknya potensi-potensi kerugian yang akan diterima oleh calon tenaga kerja Indonesia yang dikirimkan ke luar negeri tersebut, pemerintah berupaya untuk mengalihkan pengiriman tenaga kerja Indonesia yang sifatnya informal menjadi formal. Kebijakan pembatasan tenaga kerja informal tersebut telah berlaku sejak tahun 2009 dan diberlakukan pada salah satu negara tujuan TKI yaitu Malaysia. Dengan adanya kebijakan pembatasan tenaga kerja Indonesia informal ini akan berpengaruh terhadap remittance dari para tenaga kerja Indonesia. Berdasarkan survei Bank Indonesia, tenaga kerja Indonesia informal yang memiliki kecenderungan mengirimkan remittance sebesar 70 persen dari jumlah remittance dimana presentase tersebut memiliki proporsi terbesar dibandingkan dengan remittance tenaga kerja sektor formal dan profesional. Dengan adanya pembatasan tenaga kerja Indonesia informal ke luar negeri akan berdampak juga terhadap devisa Indonesia yang sebagian besar berasal dari remittance.
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Judul: Impact of Migration Policy on Income Disitribution in Indonesia
Abstrak: Migration has become an important livelihood strategy for the Indonesian people to seek better economic opportunities. Indonesian workers who work abroad ( TKI ) migrate with several reasons including the lack of employment opportunities, poverty and wage differentials between Indonesia and destination countries. Statistics Indonesia data show that income inequality in Indonesia is high. Gini ratio as a measure of income inequality has increased from 0.36 in 2007 to 0.41 in 2012. This is an indication that poverty which is reflected by the higher income inequality is one of economic development problem in Indonesia, besides unemployment. The unemployment rate in all sectors of the Indonesian economy is high, but the most work abroad is low-skilled labor. Globally, Indonesian labor migration driven by the domestic sector employment opportunities in destination countries such as domestic, agriculture, construction, manufacturing and service sectors. Domestic sector (informal) often are not covered by labor law and industrial relations legislation in the destination country. This causes the low-skilled labor mainly female worker (TKW) is in a vulnerableposition to exploitation. In June 2009, the government imposed a moratorium (restrictions) placement of informal sector workers for Malaysia. Restrictions also apply to Saudi Arabia which effect from August 1st, 2011. The moratorium aims to protect and ensure the safety of migrant workers mainly informal worker sector. Informal restrictions on the placement of migrant workers would have an impact on the welfare of labor and increase the inequality of income due to fewer opportunities to earn a better income for low-skilled labor. Regulation changes in the destination country that more accepting skilled labor migrants, requires the Indonesian government to improve the placement of skilled labor migrants. In addition, within the framework of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), the mobility workers regulations only regulate skilled labor mobility. Therefore, in 2013 the government through BNP2TKI set a target of 600 thousand migrant workers placement, an increase of 21% compared to 2012 while imposing a moratorium and still prefer the placement of migrant workers in the formal sector. The government also set long-term targets to stop informal sector workers placement and just place the formal worker sector in 2017. Any economic or social policies that affect the real income of the people of a country are directly or indirectly will ultimately affect the migration process of a country. The migration process itself, in turn, tends to influence or even change the patterns of economic activity, both sectorally and geographically as well as changing patterns of income distribution. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of the government's migration policies on income distribution and to identify the most effective policies that affect income distribution in Indonesia. The analysis in this study using the National Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of Indonesia in 2008 , the descriptive analysis and Theil Index analysis. SAM is one of the data collection systems and analysis tools that are important to monitor and analyze the various problems of poverty and income distribution . Descriptive analysis is used to provide a general overview of labor migration abroad, remittances and income inequality
Keyword: Migration Policy, income distribution, inequality, SNSE

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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