Judul: Activity of propolis as antibacteria in two different concentrations to cow's rumen liquid.
Abstrak: Microbial resistance and antibiotic residue finding on cattle’s product as antibiotic synthetic usage has been giving the idea to look for alternative to substitute antibiotic synthetic. Propolis is one of new alternative medicine that can be used as natural antibiotic. Propolis containing antibacterial agent causes propolis can be used as growth promoter in human and cattle. Acidity of rumen atmosphere will expectedly inhibit propolis activity before entering intestine. Based on that case, propolis needs to be added filler material and capsule. This research was purposed to antibacterial activity Trigona spp. propolis to cow’s rumen liquid through in vitro. Antibacterial activity determination was done by difusi sumur method. Propolis product has been extracted by ethanol 70% and produce rendemen 10.622%. Result of this research showed that capsule which has been used can not hold the releasing of propolis active substance but the capsule can be applied to cover taste and smell of propolis. Capsule 4% and 2% size 1, 2% size 00 and Merk-X propolis can be used to cattle but capsule 4% size 00 and ampicillin can not be used., Ditemukannya resistensi mikroba dan residu antibiotik pada produk ternak akibat penggunaan antibiotik sintetik telah mengilhami pencarian produk alternatif penggantinya. Propolis merupakan alternatif baru obat yang dapat digunakan sebagai antibiotik alami. Kandungan antibakteri dalam propolis menyebabkan propolis dapat digunakan sebagai pemacu pertumbuhan baik pada manusia ataupun ternak. Lingkungan rumen yang asam ditakutkan akan menghambat kerja propolis sebelum mencapai usus, oleh sebab itu sediaan propolis perlu ditambahkan bahan penyalut dan kapsul. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji aktivitas antibakteri propolis Trigona spp. terhadap cairan rumen sapi secara in vitro. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode difusi sumur. Propolis yang dihasilkan diekstrak menggunakan etanol 70% dan menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 10.6228%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kapsul yang digunakan ternyata tidak mampu menahan lepasnya senyawa aktif propolis tetapi kapsul dapat diaplikasikan untuk melindungi rasa dan bau propolis. Kapsul 4% dan 2% ukuran 1, 2% ukuran 00 dan propolis Merk-X dapat diaplikasikan ke sapi tetapi tidak untuk kapsul 4% ukuran 00 dan ampisilin.
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Judul: Pengaruh Propolis Trigona spp Asal Pandeglang Terhadap Beberapa Isolat Bakteri Usus Sapi dan Penelusuran Komponen Aktifnya
Abstrak: Propolis has been shown to have antimicrobial activity.This research dealts with analysis of effect of Trigona spp propolis on some bacterial isolated from cattle intestine and analysis of propolis active components. In the first step, propolis was extracted from bee hives by maceration technique using ethanol 70 percent. In the second step, propolis was subjected to antibacterial activity tests against pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from cattle intestine using agar diffusion method. The third step was phytochemycal analysis to test the presence of terpenoid, alkaloid, and flavonoid using Harborne method. The fourth step was analysis of active compounds of propolis through fractination using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography methods. The fifth step, examination of antibacterial activity from factions to E. coli bacteria. And the last step was determination of active agents from the fraction of propolis which had higher antibacterial activity, by GC-MS technique. The results showed that yield of propolis was 17.23%. Antibacterial activity tests showed that propolis inhibited growth of pathogenic bacteria was 64.102 %, and non pathogen bacteria was 35.89%. The results of phytochemical analysis showed that propolis contained tanin, flavonoid and steroid. Determination of active agents showed the presence of eight fractions. Test on antibacterial activity of fractions to E. coli bacteria, showed that fraction C has the highest antibacterial activity. GC-MS analysis showed that fraction C contained 24 compounds. The biggest compound from fraction C was similar to 9,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3-ol, ( 3.beta). This compound had retention time of 40.25 minute and wide area of 49.91%. This compound can inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Keyword: Trigona spp, Propolis, Cattle intestine bacteria, Antibacterial agent, Active compounds

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh.
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. ,,,
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular.