Judul: Aktivitas Ekstrak Etil Asetat Daun Mimba sebagai Antihiperglikemik pada Tikus yang Diinduksi Aloksan
Abstrak: The aimed of this study to assess the potency of ethyl acetate extract of neem leaves which has the effect anti-hyperglycaemia in white rat as experimental animals. Eighteen male white rats age 4-5 months was divided into six groups: first as a normal control group (K1) which has given aquadest, second as a negative control group (K2) which has given aquadest, a third group as a positive control (K3) were have given glibenclamide; the treatment group (KP1, KP2, KP3) were have given ethyl acetate extract of neem leaves dose of 30, 60, 90 mg/kg BW. All groups except K1 were induced by alloxan dose 150 mg / kg BW. Phytochemical screening of neem leaves contained the active ingredients such as flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. Blood glucose concentrations in rats was examined before and after induction of alloxan and after treatment. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract of neem leaves significantly affected the decrease blood glucose concentrations. The effective dose to decrease blood glucose concentrations are 60 and 90 mg / kg BW. The study concluded that the ethyl acetate extract of neem leaves can be recomended as anti-hyperglycaemia effect.
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Judul: Aktivitas antihiperglikemik dari ekstrak buah mahkota dewa [Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.] sebagai inhibitor alfa-glukosidase in vitro dan in vivo pada tikus putih
Abstrak: Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor is an oral antidiabetes for use in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The antihyperglycemic activity of alpha-glucosidase inhibitor resulted from a competitive, reversible inhibition of hydrolase enzymes, pancreatic alpha-amylase and intestinal digestion enzymes (i.e., isomaltase, sucrase and maltase) which hydrolyzed dietary carbohydrates to glucose and other monosaccharides. In diabetic patients, inhibition of these enzymes result in a delayed glucose absorption and a lowering of postprandial hyperglycemia. The purpose of this research is to study the antihyperglycemic activity of the fruit extracts of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl. as alpha glucosidase inhibitor by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The research is performed in several steps: fractionation and extraction of the ripe and unripe fruits, phytochemistry test of the fruit extracts, alpha-glucosidase inhibition test by in vitro experiment, toxicity test of the fruit extracts by using BSLT method and antihyperglycemic activity test by in vivo experiment with Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) in the white rats. The alpha-glucosidase inhibition test in vitro is performed by using alphaglucosidase enzyme and substrate p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranosa. The result of these experiment showed that n-butanol fraction extract of the ripe and unripe fruits have the highest activity followed by ethyl acetate fraction extract, methanol extract and water extract from the boiled of the ripe and unripe fruits. The water fraction extract of ripe and unripe fruits do not have any significant inhibition activity. Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method used the shrimp larvas of Artemia salina Leach to study the mortality effect that caused by the fruit extracts of phaleria macrocarpa. The data obtained was analyzed by using Sam’s method. Based on the LC50 value from the result of BSLT method, the unripe fruit extracts are more toxic than the ripe fruit extracts, with the highest toxicity is methanol extract followed by ethyl acetate fraction extract, boiled water extract and n-butanol fraction extract. In the antihyperglycemic activity test by in vivo experiment is used fifteen rats which are divided into three treatment groups: the positive control group which is given Acarbose drug, the treatment group which is given the water extract from the boiled ripe fruit and the treatment group which is given the n-butanol fraction extract of ripe fruit. The result of this experiment indicated that giving the water extract from the boiled ripe fruit with dose of 6.20 x 10-4 mg/ g rat and 1.24 x 10-3 mg/ g rat and the n-butanol fraction extract of ripe fruit with dose of 1.81 x 10-3 mg/ g rat and 3.62 x 10-3 mg/ g rat decreased the blood glucose concentration of rats after giving 80% w/v sucrose solution treated rats, that were comparable to those of Acarbose with dose of 1.00 x 10-3 mg/ g rat as the positive control. The conclusion of this research is the n-butanol fraction extract of the ripe and unripe fruits of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) Boerl. have the highest antihyperglycemic activity by in vitro experiment to inhibition of alpha-glucosidase enzyme and by in vivo experiment in the white rats showed that antihyperglycemic activity from the n-butanol fraction extract of
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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