Judul: Perubahan Kontraksi Otot Longitudinal  Usus Halus Kelinci Akibat Paparan  Medan Listrik Dan Magnet Secara In Vitro
Abstrak: Effects of electric and magnetic field on living tissue have drawn scientist’s attention because of it’s widespreads use on many major of life. In this experiment, static electric field 7,5, 15, 22,5, 30, 37,5, and 45 V/m and magnetic field strength from 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 Gauss were used to investigate contraction alteration on longitudinal smooth muscle contraction of rabbit small intestine. Electric field did not affect alteration of amplitude and contraction’s frequency on duodenum, jejenum, and ileum. Magnetic field exposure on duodenum and ileum had amplitude alteration pattern that increased in field power of 30 Gauss. This pattern is suspected related with hormesis phenomena. Duodenum amplitude’s alterations was not significant, jejenum amplitudes significantly decreased on 90 Gauss, while ileum amplitude significantly differed with control on 90, 120, and 180 Gauss, but magnetic field did not affect contraction’s frequency. Small intestine contract autonomically. Electric and magnetic fields are suspected influence ion transportation for contraction of small intestine such as Ca2+, Na+, K+ , ion channnel and neurotransmitter of intrinsic plexus that play a role in controlling smooth muscle contraction.
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Judul: Kontraksi Otot Polos Usus Halus Longitudional Kelinci Akibat Paparan Medan Magnet Secara In Vitro
Abstrak: This research aims to know the response is contraction of the intestine due to exposure to the subtle variations in the intensity of the magnetic field 10-240 gauss with frequency 50 Hz in vitro. Data capture the strength and frequency of contractions using Data Asquisition System AD Instruments. Decrease in strength of contraction occurs, but not significant. Not found a strong correlation between increased the intensity of the magnetic field and a decrease in the strength of contraction. A given exposure is not strong enough to do the modulation of calcium ion mechanosensitive channel through, this is shown on a small correlation values test each of the duodenum, jejunum and illeum is -0.1561, -0.0779, and-0.3204. As well as the test F stating there is no real influence on the strength of contraction of the intestine. A similar case also happened in the contractions increased frequency is very small and not significant. Test results showed no effect on real F on the frequency of contractions and illeum the duodenum, jejunum whereas in effect is real. Not found a strong correlation between the intensity of the magnetic field with the addition of an increase in the frequency of contraction that is indicated by the value of the correlation of the duodenum, duodenal and illeum was 0.0352, 0.1665 and 0.2546.
Keyword: smooth muscle, mechanosensitive ion channels, magnetic fields, contraction, calcium

Judul: Katalis Eterifikasi Gliserol Berbasis Poli–(asam stirena sulfonat) dari Limbah Styrofoam.
Abstrak: Styrofoam waste can be converted to poly–(sulfonate styrene acid) (PSSA) that can be used as catalyst. The objective of this research is to get PSSA that can catalyze the etherification of glycerol and benzyl alcohol. The styrofoam waste was converted to PSSA by reacting with H2SO4 98% (as sulfonation agent) and P2O5 (as sulfonation catalyst) at 40 °C for 6 hours. Characterizations of PSSA included functional groups, sulfonation levels, water swelling, and thermal stability. The yield of PSSA was 40-55%. The success of sulfonated polystyrene was shown by –SO3H group absorption at 1157.29 cm-1. Etherification of glycerol and benzyl alcohol using PSSA catalyst was conducted at 110 °C for 12 hours. The conversion in producing mono–benzyl ether glycerol was 8.10%, 1,3–dibenzyletherglycerol 2.60%, and dibenzyl ether 9.80%. Therefore, the PSSA can be used as etherification catalyst.
Keyword: benzyl alcohol, etherification, glycerol, polystyrene, PSSA