Judul: Uji Komparasi Ransum Berbasis Informasi Status Nutrisi Sapi Perah Lokal Guna Peningkatan Produksi Susu dan Profitabilitas Usaha
Abstrak: Business of dairy cattle livestock in Indonesia still collided with the quantity of its product availability and quality. All this time, Indonesia is able to meet the 20% requirement of national milk consumption. Efforts to increase milk production in dairy cattle are often faced with the problem of feed, mainly in terms of compliance the needs of cattle nutrient. Problem of compliance the needs of nutrients in dairy cattle are caused by the use of nutrient needs and nutrient content of the raw material information are inaccurate. All this time, formulation of ration in Indonesia or other countries have still refered to the NRC (National Research Council), which the information contained less applicable to used in Indonesia due to differences in climate, animal genetic, availability of raw material, and animal requirement. This study attempted to utilize the local information was collected about nutritional status information of dairy cattle in Indonesia. This information contained was a collection of individual dairy cattle indentities in lowland areas to plateau areas in West Java with information about milk production and ration. Informations collected were about animal indentities (body weight, lactation period, month in milk, and body condition score), profile of blood metabolite, feed management, nutrient balance, formula ration, and milk production. This study aimed to compare local dairy farmer ration formula with National Research Council in producing higher feed efficiency and milk production. This study had two stages. The first stage was in vitro study of dairy farmer rations which have different of raw materials using (R3, R4, and R5) with NRC based ration (R2), and Demo Farm ration (R1). The variable of this stage were proximate composition, volatile fatty acid, ammonia, dry matter and organic matter digestibilities. The first stage used a randomized block design with five treatments, three groups of ruminals fluid, and three replications. The first stage showed that proximate composition, ammonia, volatile fatty acid, and dry matter digestibility of the five rations (R1, R2, R3, R4, dan R5) were significantly different (P<0.05). Nutrient composition and ferementability of R1, R2, and R3 were better than R4 and R5. These can be caused by VFA (R1: 118.69 mM, R2: 126.08 mM, R3: 124.07 mM, R4: 104.30 mM, and R5: 91.64 mM) and ammonia concentration (R1: 4.48 mM, R2: 4.66 mM, R3: 4.43 mM, R4: 3.91 mM, and R5: 3.91 mM) of R1, R2, and R3 were the highest among the rations tested and optimum for microbial growth in rumen, and dry matter digestibility were higher than other rations (R1: 67.54%, R2: 70.23%, R3: 68.57%, R4: 65.79%, and R5: 64.49%). The first stage result showed that R1, R2, and R3 were the best rations in nutrient composition and fermentability (ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations optimum to microbes growth and high digestibility), so the conclusion of study that those third ration were the best rations and should be compared by in vivo method. The second stage study used nine lactation cows which were carried out for seven weeks with two weeks preliminary period and five weeks for treatment. Second study used a randomized block design
Keyword: dairy cattle, milk production, profitability, ration test

Judul: Production efficiency analysis of dairy farm in pondok ranggon cipayung sub-district east jakarta
Abstrak: Permintaan susu sapi perah di Indonesia meningkat setiap tahunnya, namun produksinya belum memenuhi kebutuhan nasional. Peternakan sapi perah Pondok Ranggon merupakan tempat penyedia susu sapi untuk warga DKI Jakarta. Peternakan sapi perah Pondok Ranggon memiliki peranan penting dalam peningkatan produksi susu di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk: (1) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi susu sapi perah, (2) menganalisis efisiensi produksi susu sapi perah, (3) menganalisis pendapatan usaha peternakan sapi perah di Pondok Ranggon. Faktor produksi susu sapi perah dianalisis menggunakan fungsi produksi Cobb-Douglas dan parameter diestimasi dengan metode Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), analisis efisiensi produksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan Nilai Produk Marginal (NPM) sama dengan harga faktor produksi, dan pendapatan usaha peternakan dilakukan dengan analisis pendapatan. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi susu sapi perah adalah pakan hijauan, ampas tahu, dan tenaga kerja. Nilai efisiensi masing-masing faktor produksi tidak sama dengan satu, berarti bahwa penggunanaan faktor produksi belum efisien. Nilai R/C ratio yang lebih besar dari satu, sehingga analisis pendapatan menunjukkan bahwa usaha peternakan sapi perah menguntungkan., The demand for milk of dairy cattle in Indonesia increasing every year, but the production has not fulfill the national needs. Pondok Ranggon dairy farm is a supplier milk to DKI Jakarta people. Pondok Ranggon dairy farm has an important role in improvement milk production in Indonesia. The purposes of the study were to: (1) analyze the affecting factors for the production milk of dairy cattle, (2) analyze the production efficiency of milk of dairy cattle, (3) analyze the income of Pondok Ranggon dairy farm. The production factor of milk of dairy cattle was using the production function of Cobb-Douglas analysis and estimated parameter was using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, analysis production efficiency was using Value of Marginal Product (VMP) equal to production factor prices, and income of dairy farm analyze using income analysis. The affecting factors of production milk of dairy cattle is grass, tofu waste, and labors. The value of efficiency of each production factor is not equal to one, means that the use of production function have not been efficient. The value of R/C ratio is greater than one, so that the income analysis shows for dairy farm is profitable.
Keyword: analisis pendapatan, efisiensi produksi, Pondok Ranggon, susu sapi, usaha peternakan

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf