Judul: Morphofunctional Characteristic of the Shoulder and Upper Arm Muscles of The Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Abstrak: Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities., Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities.
Keyword: arboreal, Bornean orangutans, shoulders and upper-arm muscles, terrestrial

Judul: Morphofunctional Characteristic of the Lower  Hindlimb and Foot Muscles of Bornean Orang Utan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Abstrak: Orang utan adalah kera besar yang memiliki aspek anatomis dan fisiologis yang mirip dengan gorila dan simpanse, meskipun habitat hidup orang utan dominan di arboreal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik morfofungsi otot-otot daerah betis dan telapak kaki orang utan kalimantan dan kaitannya dengan tipe lokomosi dan perilaku hariannya. Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap kaki kanan orang utan kalimantan jantan dengan cara mengamati morfologi otot-otot daerah betis dan telapak kaki serta mengamati perilaku orang utan kalimantan jantan melalui pengamatan video. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan otot-otot flexor digit lebih berkembang dibandingkan otot-otot flexor plantar sebagai adaptasi dari aktivitas arboreal yang membutuhkan gerakan flexor digit seperti saat mencengkeram cabang pohon. Orang utan kalimantan memiliki digit I kaki belakang yang rudimenter sehingga otot-otot intrinsik digit I kurang berkembang, ditunjukkan dengan cara orang utan mencengkeram cabang pohon yang dominan menggunakan digit II-V. Otot extensor digit aktif saat pergerakan terestrial yang ditunjukkan pada orang utan kalimantan jantan dewasa yang lebih terestrial dibandingkan orang utan lainnya, sehingga ukuran otot-otot extensor digit orang utan kalimantan jantan dewasa relatif lebih berkembang dibandingkan pada orang utan muda. Morfologi otot kaki dan digit orang utan sesuai dengan fungsi dan adaptasi perilakunya di arboreal maupun terestrial., Orangutans are great apes that have anatomical and physiological aspects similar to those of gorillas and chimpanzees, although orangutans are more arboreal than other great apes. This research aims to study the morphofunctional characteristics of the lower hindlimb and foot muscles of bornean orangutan and its relation to the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This research was conducted on the right leg of male orangutan by observing the morphology of the lower hindlimb and foot muscles and observing the behavior of the bornean orangutan through video observations. The results showed that digital flexor muscles are more developed than plantar flexor muscles as an adaptation of arboreal activities that require finger flexor movements such as gripping tree branches. Orangutans have rudimentary hallux, it is related by the less developed intrinsic muscle and indicated by the way orangutan grips tree branch dominantly using digits II-V. The digital extensor muscles are more active at terrestrial activity, as shown in adult male bornean orangutans who are more adapted to terrestrial movement, have more developed digital extensor muscles than in juvenile orangutans. The morphology of the leg and finger muscles is in accordance with its function and behavior adaptation in arboreal and terrestrial.
Keyword: arboreal, bornean orangutans, foot, lower hindlimb, terrestrial

Judul: Penentuan energi aktivasi ion untuk melewati membran teflon pada berbagai larutan elektrolit
Abstrak: Kaseno (1999) menyatakan bahwa dalam teknologi pemisahan, membran adalah bahan yang dapat memisahkan dua komponen dengan cara yang spesifik yaitu menahan atau melewatkan salah satu komponen lebih cepat dari komponen lainnya. Kemampuan pemisahan yang dimiliki oleh membran untuk melewatkan suatu senyawa kimia atau molekul diakibatkan oleh adanya perbedaan sifat fisika atau kimia antara membran dengan senyawa kimia.
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