Judul: Pengaruh Ketersediaan Infrastruktur Terhadap Tingkat Pengangguran: Analisis Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa dan Luar Jawa 2007-2011
Abstrak: Pengangguran adalah salah satu masalah utama di negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Tingkat pengangguran cenderung mengalami peningkatan akibat guncangan eksternal, sehingga dibutuhkan solusi yang dapat mereduksi pengaruh tersebut, yaitu perbaikan infrastruktur. Ketersediaan infrastruktur antara Pulau Jawa dan luar Jawa tidak merata, itu menjadi indikasi bahwa kemampuan dalam menyerap tenaga kerja juga berbeda. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode data panel pada 150 kabupaten/kota di Indonesia tahun 2007-2011 dengan rincian 66 kabupaten/kota di Pulau Jawa dan 84 kabupaten/kota di Luar Jawa. Variabel bebas yang digunakan adalah akses rumah tangga terhadap air bersih (AIR), akses rumah tangga terhadap listrik (LTK), panjang jalan (lnJLN), jumlah sekolah (lnSK), jumlah ranjang rumah sakit (lnTT), dan variabel dependen adalah Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (TPT). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ketersediaan infrastruktur ekonomi dan kesehatan dapat mengurangi jumlah pengangguran, sedangkan infrastruktur pendidikan cenderung meningkatkan jumlah pengangguran. Secara umum, dampaknya lebih besar di Pulau Jawa
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Judul: Pengaruh Ketersediaan Infrastruktur Terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan: Analisis Provinsi di Indonesia 2007-2011
Abstrak: Infrastruktur merupakan suatu input dalam proses produksi yang dapat memberikan peningkatan produktivitas marjinal pada output. Infrastruktur yang layak dan tepat dapat membantu mendorong berbagai kegiatan ekonomi. Perbedaan ketersediannya antardaerah bisa menimbulkan perbedaan kemampuan daerah dalam menjalankan berbagai aktivitas ekonomi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis ketersediaan infrastruktur terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode panel data, data cross section dari 33 provinsi di Indonesia, data time series periode 2007-2011, dan menggunakan enam variabel, yaitu gini ratio, rasio panjang jalan, air, listrik, sekolah, dan tempat tidur rumah sakit. Hasil analisis metode data panel menunjukkan ketersediaan infrastruktur sekolah dan air berpengaruh negatif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan, sedangkan ketersediaan infrastruktur listrik, panjang jalan, dan ranjang rumah sakit berpengaruh positif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan.
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Judul: Systematics of Desmos (Annonaceae) in Malesia
Abstrak: Desmos is a woody climbing genus of Annonaceae which has been widely used as traditional medicine in several countries such as China, Indo-China, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia to treat dysentery, vertigo, fever, and postpartum. Phylogenetic studies on Desmos showed a close relationship between Desmos and Dasymaschalon. They share similar moniliform monocarpic fruits, but their flowers are different. It has been debated among Annonaceae researchers whether both genera should be treated as the same or distinct genus. Therefore, investigation on the taxonomic delimitation of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon will be necessary. Plastid genome (plastome) identification, leaf epidermal section of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon species, a taxonomic revision of Desmos in Malesia using morphological data, the spatial distribution of Desmos species in Malesia, and morphological and genetic variation in Desmos chinensis population using ISSR marker were used to investigate taxonomic delimitation of Desmos. Plastome study of Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was carried out to determine the origin, evolution, phylogenomics, and identify marker candidates for Desmos and Dasymaschalon or with other genera in Annonaceae. We discovered that the plastome of Desmos chinensis was circular with the size of 167,677 bp (smaller than Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum), consist of 111 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 29 transfer RNAs, and 4 ribosomal RNAs. The plastome showed a typical quadripartite structure, i.e., large single copy (LSC), small single copy (SSC), and two inverted repeats (IRs). The plastome of Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was 191,488 bp in length, which also exhibited a typical quadripartite structure (LSC, SSC, and two IRs). Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum showed different copies of accD, ndhD, ndhF, rps18, and ycf2. Protein coding genes of rpoB, rpoC1, rbcL, matK, rpl32, infA, and rpl36 were identified based on nucleotide diversity, sequence variability, and parsimony-informative sites. The genes are defined as molecular marker candidates of plastome for phylogenetic, barcoding, and population genetic research. We predicted that Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum separated at ca. 64 million years ago during the Paleocene. Leaf anatomical feature study was carried to support the taxonomic delimitation of interspecific Desmos and intergeneric of Desmos and Dasymaschalon. Leaf anatomy in the paradermal section of 20 taxa (12 species of Desmos, eight species of Dasymaschalon) have been carried out. According to the leaf epidermal section, Desmos and Dasymaschalon are two distinct genera mainly distinguished based on the anticlinal wall undulation of epidermal cells and supported by variation of the crystal type and size. The anticlinal wall undulation of Desmos was almost straight to slightly wavy and never sinuous; meanwhile, Dasymaschalon varies from almost straight to deeply sinusoid. The crystals of Desmos consist of rhombohedral, druse type A, and druse type B crystals, whereas Dasymaschalon has prism, druse type A, druse type B, and druse type C crystals. The recent taxonomic revision using the morphological data was mainly based on the examination of about 1374 specimens from BO, L, WAN, ANDA, SING, SAN, K, P, HUH herbaria. The Desmos species in Malesia consists of eight species: D. acutus, D. chinensis, D. chryseus, D. dunalii, D. pedunculosus, D. subbiglandulosus, two new records: D. lawii and D. macrocarpus, and one
Keyword: Dasymaschalon, Desmoid clade, Magnoliid, plastid genome, phylogenomics analysis