Judul: Daun  Sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata Nees) dalam Ransum Ternak Perah: Suatu  Analisis In Vitro Keamanan Dan Aktivitas Mikroba Rumen
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keamanan penggunaan daun sambiloto (andrographis paniculata Nees) di dalam ransum terhadap populasi mikroba rumen dan kecernaannya di dalam rumen in vitro. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan pada tahap awal adalah RAK dengan 4 kelompok dan 5 perlakuan menggunakan metode infusa dengan level 0, 5, 10, 15 dan 20% ekstrak daun sambiloto. Pada penelitian in vitro digunakan RAK dengan 3 kelompok dan 7 jenis ransum sebagai perlakuan. Perlakuan terdiri dari: R0: 60% Hijauan + 40% Konsentrat (Kontrol), R1: R0 + 2,5% daun sambiloto (DS), R2: R0 + 5% DS, R3: R0 + 7,5% DS, R4: R0 + 10% DS, R5: R0 + 12,5% DS, dan R6: R0 + 15% DS. Analisis data dan uji lanjut menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA), polinomial ortogonal, kontras orthogonal, dan regresi. Parameter tahap awal yang diukur meliputi daya hidup bakteri dan protozoa rumen, sedangkan in vitro mengukur pH, fermentabilitas, dan kecernaan in vitro. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan penggunaan ekstrak daun sambiloto mengakibatkan penurunan secara linier populasi bakteri total, namun masih dalam rentang normal. Penggunaan daun sambiloto sampai 10% di dalam ransum ternak perah tidak mengganggu pertumbuhan mikroba rumen dan aktivitas fermentasi di dalam rumen secara invitro., This study aimed to analyze the safety of the use of bitter leaf (Andrographis paniculata Nees) in the diet on the rumen microbial population and its digestibility in the rumen in vitro. The experimental design used in the early stages used randomized blok disign with 4 group and 5 treatments the infusion method with levels 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20% bitter leaf extrack. In in vitro, testing used randomized blok disign with 3 group and 7 treatments. The treatments were: R0: 60% Forage + 40% Concentrate (Control), R1: R0 + 2.5% bitter leaf (DS), R2: R0 + 5% DS, R3: R0 + 7.5% DS, R4 : R0 + 10% DS, R5: R0 + 12.5% DS, and R6: R0 + 15% DS. Data analysis and further testing used analysis of variance (ANOVA), polynomial orthogonal, orthogonal contrast, and regression. The results showed that the increase in the use of bitter leaf extract resulted in a linear decrease in the total bacterial and protozoan population, but was still within the normal range. Bitter leaf up to 10% in dairy cattle rations does not interfere with rumen microbial growth and fermentation activity in the rumen in vitro.
Keyword: Andrographis paniculata Nees, digestibility, fermentability, in vitro, rumen microbes

Judul: Efek Suplementasi Daun Kelor (Moringa oleifera Lamk.) Dalam Ransum Ternak Perah: Suatu Kajian Keamanan Daya Hidup Mikroba dan Aktivitas Fermentasi In Vitro
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari efek suplementasi daun kelor (DK) yang aman di dalam ransum ternak perah, melalui pengamatan daya hidup mikroba dan aktivitas fermentasi di dalam rumen secara in vitro. Untuk pengujian daya hidup mikroba rumen digunakan ekstrak DK yang diperoleh dari proses ekstraksi menggunakan metode infusa. Level konsentrasi ekstrak DK yang digunakan 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, dan 20% menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 3 kelompok berupa pengambilan cairan rumen. Data dianalisis dengan sidik ragam (ANOVA) dengan uji lanjut menggunakan polinomial ortogonal. Penelitian in vitro menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 7 perlakuan ransum dan 3 kelompok berupa frekuensi pengambilan cairan rumen. Perlakuan tersebut adalah: R0: 60% hijauan + 40% konsentrat (Kontrol), R1= R0 + 2,5% DK, R2= R0+ 5% DK, R3= R0 + 7,5% DK, R4= R0 + 10% DK, R5= R0 + 12,5% DK, R6= R0 + 15% DK. Data dianalisis dengan sidik ragam (ANOVA) dengan uji lanjut menggunakan kontras orthogonal. Untuk pengujian daya hidup mikroba dilakukan pengukuran populasi bakteri total dan protozoa, sedangkan untuk pengujian in vitro dilakukan pengukuran fermentabilitas (konsentrasi NH3 dan VFA total) dan kecernaan (KCBK dan KCBO). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak daun kelor menurunkan populasi bakteri dan protozoa, namun masih dalam batas normal. Secara in vitro, peningkatan suplementasi daun kelor dalam ransum tidak mempengaruhi konsentrasi NH3 dan kecernaan, namun menurunkan sangat nyata konsentrasi VFA total (P<0,01), meskipun masih dalam batas normal. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah Penggunaan daun kelor sampai 15% di dalam ransum ternak perah, masih aman terhadap daya hidup mikroba dan aktivitas fermentasi (fermentabilitas dan kecernaan) di dalam rumen secara in vitro., This study aimed to study the effect of safe Moringa leaf (DK) supplementation in dairy cattle rations, through in vitro observations of microbial viability and rumen fermentation activity. To test the viability of rumen microbes, DK extract obtained from the extraction process using the infusion method was used. The concentration level of DK extract used 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% using a randomized block design (RAK) with 5 treatments and 3 groups taking rumen fluid. Data were analyzed by means of variance (ANOVA) with further tests using orthogonal polynomials. The in vitro study used a randomized block design (RAK) with 7 rations treatments and 3 groups in rumen fluid intake frequency. The treatments were R0= 60% forage + 40% concentrate (Control), R1= R0 + 2.5% DK, R2= R0+ 5% DK, R3= R0 + 7.5% DK, R4= R0 + 10% DK, R5= R0 + 12.5% DK, R6= R0 + 15% DK. Data were analyzed by means of variance (ANOVA) with further test using orthogonal contrast. To test microbial viability, total bacterial and protozoan populations were measured, while for in vitro testing, fermentability (NH3 concentration and total VFA) and digestibility (KCBK and KCBO) were measured. The results showed that increasing the concentration of Moringa leaf extract reduced the population of bacteria and protozoa, but was still within normal limits. In vitro, the increase in Moringa leaf supplementation in the diet did not affect the NH3 concentration and digestibility, but significantly reduced the total VFA concentration (P<0,01),
Keyword: digestibility,, fermentability,, in vitro,, moringa leaf (Moringa oleifera   Lamk.),, rumen microbes

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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