Judul: Dampak Theory of Planned Behavior terhadap Niat untuk Bergabung dalam Jaminan Sosial untuk Pekerja Informal: Pelajaran dari Indonesia dan Taiwan
Abstrak: The problem that is currently happening, especially in various developing countries, is the dominance of the number of informal workers in these countries and this number is growing from time to time. However, along with the increasing number of informal workers, protection for them from various social risks is still very limited. The majority of workers in the informal sector are often ignored by the social security system, and the existing social security programs only focus and target workers in the formal sector. Only 56% of Indonesia's 93 million eligible employees are covered by social security, while only 3.7% of informal workers are covered (LIPI, 2020). Due to the low social security participation for informal workers, especially in Indonesia, there needs to be analysis and research to increase the number of this participation. Currently, the social security system for informal workers in Indonesia is included in the Non-Wage Recipient (BPU) program. This program has several products, such as death insurance (mandatory), work accident insurance (mandatory), and old age insurance as a voluntary program. The contribution required in this system is still cheap, starting from Rp. 16.800 (for the two mandatory programs) and increases according to the workers' monthly income. According to the BPJS Law number 24 of 2011, social security in Indonesia is universal, meaning that everyone is required to follow the health program, and every worker, even informal workers, is required to follow the social security system for workers. However, in its implementation, due to inadequate law enforcement, it seems that this system is optional and voluntary. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research on the intention of informal workers to register for social security. The measurement of this intention is important to extend social security participation to informal workers because the voluntary participation and control of enrolling in social security is entirely within the control of each of these workers. In Taiwan, the nature is almost the same, participation is voluntary. Taiwan's social security law allows independent contractors, employers with fewer than five employees who are not union members, and self-employed persons who also employ others to voluntarily enroll in social security insurance. This is done because managing workers working in the informal economy is very difficult. The ability to calculate the contribution to be made is one of the biggest challenges because the income earned may fluctuate frequently. Despite these challenges, Taiwan has managed to provide all its workers with social security coverage. So Indonesia needs to learn a lot from this to expand the coverage of social security for informal workers. Then, the study aims to identify the driving forces behind informal workers' desire to enroll in social security programs. To find the factors, the Theory of Planned Behavior will serve as tools to unearth those. The purpose of this study is to determine which factors have the greatest effect on the intention to participate in the social security system for informal workers. This study also compares the results of this study with the policies that have been taken by Indonesia and Taiwan as a comparison country
Keyword: Informal Workers, Social Security, Theory of Planned Behavior, SEM-PLS

Judul: Consumer Awareness, Intention to Buy and Willingness to Pay for Employment Social Security among Informal Sector Workers (Research on Ten Branch Offices of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan).
Abstrak: Not just for regular employees but also non-standard employees, participation in the Employment and Social Security Administration (BPJS) is required. It is stated in Article 14 of Law Concerning Social Insurance Institutions No. 24 from 2011, which states that everyone, even foreigners, who has worked in Indonesia for at least a few months, will participate in social insurance programs if such participation is required. Indonesian workers reached 139,810,313 million people in December 2020, with details of informal workers reaching 84,543,296 million people or about 60.47%, and 55,267,016 million people or around 39.53% of formal workers (Statistics, 2020). Every employee has a right to social security, according to Article 3 (2) of Labor Social Security Law No. 32 of 1992. Workplace dangers are the same for both formal and informal employees. The danger is undoubtedly more significant than for individuals who work in businesses, organizations, or government agencies since one of the areas where unorganized employees are exposed is the absence of proper safety equipment (News, 2017). As a result, social security offers equal protection to informal employees. However, this is not in line, as evidenced by the low participation rate of informal workers or 6.8% of informal sector workers, which was realized with a total of 5,759,477 BPJS Ketenagakerjaan participants in December 2020 (Ketenagakerjaan, 2020) with an achievement target of reaching 100%. The low ratio between the workforce and the number of people involved in BPJS Ketenagakerjaan is caused by the reluctance of all individuals to transfer the risks they pose to social security organizations. This is due to the low and precarious income that forces informal workers to work only to meet their daily needs, rarely wanting to become social security participants. In addition, informal workers are near the poverty line. According to Prawoto (2009), informal workers cannot allocate their monthly income to employment social security, which means they cannot contribute because employment social security is their last resort if they have more money. Based on the preceding context, this research seeks to investigate numerous challenges that BPJS Ketenagakerjaan frequently encounters in Indonesia while implementing employment social security. The objectives of this research were to analyze the awareness of informal workers about BPJS Ketenagakerjaan program participation, to analyze the intention of informal workers to buy social security for the BPJS Ketenagakerjaan program, and to analyze the willingness of informal workers to pay contributions for the BPJS Ketenagakerjaan program. Quantitative research was the methodology employed to achieve the research goals. Primary and secondary data were the two types of data that are employed. Participants gathered first-hand information from the 10 (ten) BPJS Ketenagakerjaan branches that served as research sites. The BPJS Ketenagakerjaan data and supplementary data from each branch served as the research location and source of secondary data for this research. The findings demonstrated that changes in consumer awareness of informal workers influenced employment social security participation by 0.761% or 76.1%. Meanwhile, just 36% of unregistered workers in BPJS Ketenagakerjaan's 10 branches responded to a questionnaire on their knowledge of employment social security. According to the respondents' response rates for 10
Keyword: awareness of informal workers, intention to buy, and willingness to pay for the employment social security program

Judul: Hematuria akibat asam jengkolat pada marmut (Guinea pig)
Abstrak: Asam jengkolat merupakan asam amino yang terdapat bebas dalam buah jengkol yang letaknya tersebar rata dalam buah jengkol, tidak tertimbun di bagian tertentu, ikut termakan bila memakan buah jengkol. Ganggguan keracunan jengkol berasal dari kandungan asam jengkolat yang terdapat dalam buahnya. Jumlah asam jengkolat yang ikut termakan tidak dapat dikurangi dengan cara menghindari memakan bagian-bagian tertentu dari buahnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan adanya hematuria akibat asam jengkolat pada marmut. Asam jengkolat diekstrak dari buah jengkol tua dan segar. Ekstrak buah jengkol berupa serbuk kristal asam jengkolat yang berwarna putih diperoleh sebanyak 1,1117 g. Serbuk kristal asam jengkolat ini sebelum dicekokkan pada marmut dilakukan beberapa pengujian terlebih dahulu yaitu, uji ninhydrin, uji belerang, uji kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) dengan eluen butanol, asetat, air dengan perbandingan 4: 1:1, dan uji kelarutan dalam air. Dari uji-uji tersebut terbukti bahwa, asam jengkolat memberikan reaksi yang positif dengan uji ninhydrin dengan memberikan hasil warna visualisasi coklat keunguan, membentuk endapan hitam PbS pada uji belerang, memiliki Rf sebesar 0,30 dan sulit larut dalam air dengan daya larut sebesar 1,02 g asam jengkolat dalam 1 liter air pada suhu 30°C. Kemudian serbuk kristal asam jengkolat ini dicekokkan pada marmut dengan berbagai dosis yaitu, 0, 1, 4, 8 dan 14 dosis standar (g asam jengkolat/ 100 g berat badan marmut). Penentuan hematuria akibat asam jengkolat dilakukan pada jam ke- 0. 1, 2, 3 sampai jam ke-8 dengan menggunakan mikroskop. Respon hematuria akibat pemberian asam jengkolat mengalami kenaikan dengan semakin naiknya jumlah dosis asam jengkolat, mulai dari dosis 1. 4. 8 dan 14 dosis standar jumlah eritrosit meningkat secara teratur, yaitu 19 eritrosit/LPB. 22 eritrosit/ LPB, 27 eritrosit/ LPB dan 37 eritrosit/ LPB. Pemberian asam jengkolat dengan dosis yang berbeda memberikan respon hematuria yang berbeda nyata (p<0,01) pada marmut. Kemudian rataan jumlah eritrosit (respon hematuria) meningkat tajam pada jam ke-4 untuk setiap dosis, dan mengalami penurunan pada jam ke-5 dan ke-6. Dari pemeriksaan urin secara mikroskopis terhadap adanya hematuria dan adanya kristal asam jengkolat memberikan nilai (p>0.01), artinya tidak ada asosiasi antara adanya kristal asam jengkolat. Ini menunjukkan bahwa kristal asam jengkolat bukan penyebab hematuria pada marmut yang diberi asam jengkolat.
Keyword: acid