Judul: Peluang Hidup Telur dan Berudu Katak Pohon Jawa Rhacophorus margaritifer Schlegel 1837 di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede-Pangrango Provinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Javan tree frog (Rhacophorus margaritifer) is an endemic species found in Java Island. The presence of javan tree frog habitat is threatened by the destruction of its habitats because of human activities such as forest encroachment and illegal felling of trees. This frog species is threatened not only during adults but also during tadpole phase. High chances of survival from tadpoles into frogs will sustain the existence of this species in its habitats. The purpose of this study was to see the percentage of eggs survived in natural habitats and the survivalof R. margaritifer tadpoles in translocation habitat to reach metamorphosis. Additional purpose is also to analyze the microhabiotat of of R. margaritifer eggs and tadpoles in Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park (MGPNP). Eggs and tadpoles data in natural habitats was collected from Cibeureum area. Translocation of tadpoles were carried out in Ciwalen and Cibodas in the Mount Gede- Pangrango National Park. Data collected includes number of successful and failed eggs hatched into tadpoles, the percentage of tadpole that survive in each stage of metamorphosis , habitat characteristics (water temperature, water quality, air temperature, substrate), and the total area of habitat and density of tadpoles in its natural habitat. The percentage of R. margaritifer eggs becoming tadpoles was high in their natural habitat, however in two occasions the survival was nil since all eggs decayed and failed to become tadpoles due to extreme temperature conditions. Based on observation, the survival probability of R. margaritifer tadpoles in age class I (st 25) to age class II (st 26-30) was only by 0.4 and continued to decline in subsequent age classes in following orders 0.26 (stage 31-40), 0.2 (stage 41-45) and 0.18 (stage 46). This indicated that tadpoles in its early growth phase are susceptible to death. Eggs clutch of R. margaritifer in their natural habitat at the MGPNP was found on water plants such as kecubung (Brugmansia suaveolens) and babakoan (Eupatorium sordidum) which situated above the flowing river. Tadpoles usually found in temporary pool or on the banks of the river basin with main substrate of mud. The average of diameter of the pools was approximately 150 cm, with average depth of less than 20 cm. The highest density of tadpoles found in its natural habitat is in Curug III (120 ind/m3 ) and the lowest is in the Curug I pool (3 ind/m3).
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Judul: Pola Pergerakan Harian dan Penggunaan Habitat Mikro Katak Pohon Jawa (Rhacophorus margaritifer) di Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango Jawa Barat.
Abstrak: Studies on amphibian movement have been reported abroad, including selection of appropriate method. However, there is only one study on amphibian movement reported in Indonesia (Sholihat 2007). The purposes of this study are to 1) find suitable material for spool track that well suited with body weight of R. margaritifer, 2) map the daily movement patterns of R. margaritifer using spool track method; and 3) describe the micro habitat used by R. margaritifer in Gede Pangrango National Park. This study was conducted at Ciwalen and Cibereum. Three kinds of spool were tried to test-frogs and the frog movements were observed every three hours for 72 hours. Data from observations were then analyzed descriptively and quantitatively. Eight frogs (4 males, 4 females) were observed for 72 hours, each using a spool weight under less than 10% of body mass. Additionally, three male frogs were successfully observed using a spool weight more of 10% of their body mass. Result showed that suitable spool equipment materials differ for males and females according to their body mass. The best materials for the male frog are made by plastic straws and mica, while for female frog it is made from plastic and mica pallets. Kruskal Wallis test on 11 individual frogs indicated that there was a significant differences between day and night movement, both in male (H = 0.026) and female frogs (H = 0.03) (P value < 0.05). However, there was no significant differences in both male’s and female’s movement during the day (H = 0.888) and night (H = 0.685) (P value > 0.05). Chi square test for straightness index values for eight frogs observed in 72 hours showed that all frogs moved not far from the initial location of observation. Observations on micro habitats used showed that most frogs used location with low level of light exposure, i.e. between leaves, litter, and branches sheltered from the sun, while at night most activities were carried out on the leaves. R. margaritifer mostly in contact with plants, whereas contact with the other frogs is rare. Therefore it is estimated that the possibility of disease transmission by contact among frog is low. Since frog movements are associated with the existence of plants, there should be more efforts to keep the existence of the plants, especially plants that grow around water sources.
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Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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