Judul: Design of intelligence system for tapioca agroindustry development strategy with Chaos theory approach
Abstrak: Chaos could occur anytime in agriculture sector, and that some occurences will be predictable and some will not, so it needs early warning system that could detect early chaotic conditions and take action for crisis recovery. Tapioca agro-industry turbulence condition was characterized by decreasing ability of the industry in production and business functions. Tapioca price and material supply was identified as key crisis factors in tapioca small scale agroindustry. This research was aimed to design early warning system for tapioca agroindustry. The expert management system was established as controlling tools through formulating policies for managing crisis due to chaotic situation. The output of this research was computer program, called “Simak-Chaotica” which consists of submodels: 1) the chaos existence test, 2) predictions in chaos key factor, 3) crisis signal analysis, and 4) crisis control policy Chaotic investigation with chaos theory approach for tapioca price and raw material supply identified by positive Lyapunov exponent and fractal dimension. Fractal dimension could determine another chaos component, embedding dimension to be considered as information about how many time lags were involed in Artificial Neural Network (ANN) forecasting. In the case study Lyapunov exponent value for the price of tapioca and raw material supply, respectively, were 0.1119 bits / week and 0.15656 bits / week. These properties indicate that the tapioca price and raw material supplies could not be predicted in the long term. Ttapioca price could be predicted within a period of 1 / 0, 1119 = 8.89728 approximately in 9 weeks, and the raw material supply in a period of 1 / 0, 15 656 = 6.34942 approximately in 6 weeks. Fractal dimension for the tapioca price was 1.05075 and 1.59616 for the raw material supply. Crisis signal analysis submodel was set up with threshold analysis, and supplemented with control management procedure. When tapioca price or raw material supply was evaluated at crisis level, then status alert would be presented as “Siaga”, “Waspada”, or “Bahaya”. Strategy and policy alternatives were formulated by Issue Management Technology (IMT) and OWA. Rule base was used to select policy alternatives for chaotic management. Agroindustry will cooperative body will ensure the long term cassava business resistance to the crisis. It was community based institution that relies on social cohesion and collective efficiency.
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Judul: Quality assurance strategy development (case study in small scale tapioca agroindustry )
Abstrak: The main food crops in Indonesia consist of paddy, cassava, maize, sweet potatoes, peanuts, and soybeans. Among these six main food crops, cassava is one of important crops in which cassava is the most potential and important in many kinds of tuber crop to produce starch as a raw material for agroindustries producing many commodities to customers. Before processing tapioca, the crude tapioca so called “Aci” is produced from cassava by the small scale tapioca agroindustry (SSTA). In this particular two processing steps, the quality of Aci is a key issue to ensure its quality to produce tapioca in reliance of quality addressed to customers and end-users to satisfy their requirement including local food industries. The objectives of this research were 1) to identify the factors including problems and issues in SSTA from view point of quality assurance, and 2) to develop the necessary strategy for improving quality assurance in SSTA. The research was implemented by three components, namely field survey, data analysis, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). Data analysis was done by Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat (SWOT) method. The determination for strategy development was carried out by QFD to identify the requirement by SSTA and processing importance. The result indicated that the requirements of cassava ’s attribute identified in SSTA were freshness, discoloration, contaminant, variety, and size. The identifications of processing importance were cassava procurement, smashing, waste handling, sieving, sun drying, grinding, and marketing. Among these processing steps, the most important processing were cassava procurement and marketing of Aci. The current condition of Aci producer was analyzed its position being in the quadrant-I with the value of 2.54 and 2.81 in SWOT matrix showing that Aci producer allows to take an aggressive strategy development approach to improve their quality assurance capability such as systems of the cassava procurement and its quality requirement, processing technology improvement, and diversification of Aci marketing. One of the conducive factors was a development of Aci quality standard for both Aci producer and customers. It also suggested that the external factors should be reviewed in order to extend support for SSTA to provide the better environment for Aci production. Moreover, further study and or research is recommended to carry out from aspects of technology improvement of processing, quality standard of Aci, institutional supporting system, and marketing diversification. To study further, it is better to implement a baseline study involving the Aci producer, cassava producer, and the related institutions aiming at institutional building for better SSTA’s social and economic contribution
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Judul: Kimiawi imunoglobulin G serta perbedaabbya antara berbagi species hewan
Abstrak: Antibodi adalah molekul protein yang dihasilkan oleh sel plasma sebagai akibat interaksi antara limfosit B peka antigen dengan antigen khusus. Antibodi ini disebut juga imunoglobulin karena molekulnya berbentuk globulin. Jadi imunoglobulin merupakan molekul protein yang membawa akti- vitas antibodi, yaitu sifat kombinasi spesifik dengan zat yang mendatangkan formasi antigen. Diantara kelas imunoglobulin, Ig G adalah yang paling melimpah dalam serum darah. Ig G ini memainkan peran utama dalam mekanisme pertahanan. Ig G merupakan struktur glikoprotein dengan dasar bentuk bangunan diagram tetrapolipeptida yang mengandung 4 ran tai polipeptida dengan 2 rantai berat (H) yang identik dan 2 rantai ringan L) yang identik. Rantai polipeptida ini di bentuk oleh rangkaian asam amino. Tiap rantai berat (H) me ngandung 446 residu asam amino dengam BM (2 x 50.000) Dal ton dan tiap rantai ringan (L) mengandung residu asam amino 213() atau 214 () dengan BM (2 x 25.000) Dalton. Bagian variabel dari rantai berat (VH) mengandung 118 residu asam amino dan bagian variabel rantai ringan (VL) mengandung 108 () atau 109 () residu, sedangkan residu sisanya dari masing-masing rantai adalah bagian konstan (CH dan CL). Adanya perbedaan-perbedaan dalam hal asam amino pada salah satu daerah variabel dapat menyebabkan perbedaan imun respon. ...
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