Judul: Pembuatan Yogurt Sinbiotik Dari Susu Kambing Peranakan Etawa Menggunakan Kultur Campuran Bakteri Asam Laktat Sebagai Pangan Fungsional Pencegah Diare
Abstrak: Susu kambing dapat diolah menjadi berbagai macam produk. Produk olahan yang berasal dari susu kambing antara lain yogurt. Yogurt merupakan hasil fermentasi heterofermentatif. Bakteri asam laktat yang dihasilkan dari proses fermentasi dapat memproduksi substansi antimikroba. Substrat antimikroba bersifat menguntungkan tubuh karena dapat menghambat dan mengontrol pertumbuhan mikroorganisme di dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sifat fisik, kimia dan mikrobiologi susu kambing segar, membuat pangan fungsional berupa yogurt sinbiotik dari susu kambing dan menguji aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap bakteri EPEC secara In vitro serta menentukan umur simpan dan sifat fisik, kimia dan mikrobiologi yogurt susu kambing terpilih. Sasaran dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan produk berupa yogurt sinbiotik susu kambing yang dapat mencegah penyakit diare. Sedangkan manfaat dari penelitian ini adalah dapat meningkatkan permintaan pasar, keanekaragaman produk dan nilai jual susu kambing sehingga dapat mendorong pengembangan ternak kambing penghasil susu di Indonesia. Proses pertama penelitian yaitu melakukan analisis mikrobiologi (Total mikroba, uji koliform fekal dan non fekal, dan uji Salmonella sp.), analisis kimia (proksimat, dan total asam tertitrasi), dan analisis fisik (bahan kering, bahan kering tanpa lemak, pH, dan berat jenis) terhadap susu kambing segar. Pada penelitian utama dilakukan formulasi pembuatan yogurt dari susu kambing. Dihasilkan lima formula yogurt yaitu yogurt formula 1 (S. thermophilus + L. bulgaricus 1:1 sebanyak 2%), formula 2 (S. thermophilus + L. bulgaricus 1:1 sebanyak 2% + FOS 1%), formula 3 (S. thermophilus + L. bulgaricus + Bifidobacterium spp2. 1:1:1 sebanyak 2%), formula 4 (S. thermophilus + L. bulgaricus + Bifidobacterium spp2. + L. acidophilus 1:1:1:1 sebanyak 2%), formula 5 (S. thermophilus + L. bulgaricus + Bifidobacterium spp2. + L. acidophilus 1:1:1:1 sebanyak 2% + FOS 1%). Dari kelima yogurt tersebut selanjutnya diuji aktivitas antibakterinya terhadap EPEC dengan metode uji kontak selama 2 jam. Selain itu, diuji pula nilai pH dari kelima formula yogurt yang dihasilkan. Formula yogurt yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap EPEC yang paling baik selanjutnya diuji karakteristik mikrobiologi (uji Escherichia coli, dan Salmonella sp. secara kualitatif), fisik (pH dan viskositas), dan kimia (analisis proksimat) pada penelitian lanjutan. Selain itu, pada penelitian lanjutan juga dilakukan pendugaan umur simpan yang didasarkan pada viabilitas BAL formula yogurt terpilih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa susu kambing peranakan etawa memiliki berat jenis, bahan kering (%bb), bahan kering tanpa lemak (%bb), dan pH masing-masing 1.030 g/ml, 15.42, 9.70, dan 6.78. Sifat kimia seperti kadar laktosa (%bb), lemak (%bb), protein (%bb), abu (%bb), dan TAT (asam laktat) (%bb) masing-masing 7,48, 5,7, 2,78, 0,79, dan 0,46. Sifat mikrobiologi seperti angka lempeng total dan total coliform masing-masing 1.6 x 104 dan 1,3 x 103. Selain itu, susu kambing juga mengandung Escherichia coli dan Salmonella sp. yang negatif secara kualitatif. Daya antibakteri yogurt formula 1 (S. thermophilus + L. bulgaricus), formula 2 (S. thermophilus + L. bulgaricus + FOS 1), formula 3 (S. thermophilus + L. bulgaricus + Bifidobacterium spp2.), formula 4 (S. thermophilus + L. bulgaricus + Bifidobacterium spp2. + L. acidophilus), formula 5 (S. thermophilus + L. bulgaricus + Bifidobacterium spp2. + L. acidophilus + FOS) terhadap EPEC dengan uji kontak selama 2 jam menghasilkan rata-rata penurunan EPEC masingmasing 0.82 log, 1.08 log, 1.35 log,
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Judul: Pembuatan Yogurt Sinbiotik Menggunakan Bakteri Asam Laktat Indigenus sebagai Pangan Fungsional Antidiare
Abstrak: Yoghurt is a product of fermented milk using lactid acid bacteria (LAB) as a starter. An indigenous probiotic LAB, Lactobacillus plantarum 2C12 and Lactobacillus fermentum 2B4, were applied in the making of functional synbiotic yoghurt with fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) 5% as a prebiotic source. The aim of this study was to determine the best formula of functional synbiotic yoghurt as an alternative to protect human gastrointestinal against diarrhea. The best formula with the highest antidiarrheal effect was then applied with the addition of stabilizer and flavor to improve the product quality and consumer acceptance. The results showed that the synbiotic yogurt made from mixed culture L. bulgaricus, S. thermophillus, and L. fermentum 2B4 has the highest antibacterial effect in preventing Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) growth. Addition of 1.75% natural corn starch as a stabilizer produced optimum improvement in yoghurt consistency and minimize whey separation. Result of sensory evaluation indicated that the yoghurt with addition of 1% strawberry flavor and 0.1% vanilla flavor were ranked at first and second. Yoghurts could still good to consume after 15 days storage period at the refrigeration temperature (10oC).
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite