Judul: Bees Flying Activities of Tetragonula laeviceps and Potential Feed Around the Nests in Cipadang Village, Lebak, Banten
Abstrak: Lebah Tetragonula laeviceps termasuk serangga sosial yang membantu penyerbukan tanaman.Informasi mengenai aktivitas mencari pakan (foraging) dan spesies tanaman yang menjadi sumber pakan sangat penting untuk memaksimalkan produktivitas budidaya lebah. Penelitian mengenai aktivitas terbang lebah dan analisis vegetasi sekitar sarang di Desa Cipadang, Kecamatan Cileles, Kabupaten Lebak, Banten belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pola aktivitas harian lebah T. laeviceps dan kenekaragaman tanaman sumber pakan di sekitar sarang. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua koloni lebah T. laeviceps yang memiliki ukuran sarang yang hampir sama. Aktivitas terbang lebah yang diamati yaitu keluar sarang, masuk membawa polen, masuk tanpa polen dan masuk membawa resin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan koloni satu dan koloni dua memiliki aktivitas yang sama. Puncak aktivitas terbang keluar sarang terjadi pukul 07.00, masuk membawa polen pukul 08.00, masuk tanpa polen pukul 08.00 dan membawa resin pukul 08.00. Aktivitas terbang lebah dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan di antaranya suhu, kelembaban udara dan intensitas cahaya. Hasil analisis vegetasi menunjukkan tanaman yang teridentifikasi sebagian besar memiliki potensi sebagai sumber pakan lebah salah satunya Turnera subulata. Indeks keanekaragaman menunjukkan keanekaragaman tanaman di area tersebut stabil dengan nilai H’ lebih dari 1 dan indeks kemerataan spesies menunjukkan jumlah tiap spesies sama dengan nilai E mendekati 1., Tetragonula laeviceps bee is a social insect that helps pollinate plants. Information on foraging activities and plant species that are a source of food are very important to maximize bee cultivation productivity. Research on bee flying activity and vegetation analysis around the hive in Cipadang Village, Cileles District, Lebak Regency, Banten has never been carried out. This study aimed to analyze the daily activity pattern of T. laeviceps bees and the diversity of food sources around the hive. This study used two colonies of T. laeviceps bees of the same size. The bee's flying activities were leaving the hive, entering with pollen, entering without pollen, and entering carrying resin. The results showed that colony one and colony two had the same activity. The peak activity of flying out of the nest occurred at 07.00, entering with pollen at 08.00, entering without pollen at 08.00, and carrying resin at 08.00. The flying activity of bees is influenced by environmental factors, including temperature, humidity, and light intensity. The vegetation analysis results showed that most of the plants identified around the hive had potential as a source of feed for bees, one of which was Turnera subulata.The diversity index shows that plant diversity in the area is stable with an H' value of more than 1, and the Evenness index of species shows that the number of each species is equal to an E value close to 1.
Keyword: foraging, plant nectar sources, pollen, social insects, Turnera subulata

Judul: The Activity of Apis cerana Honey Bee and the Potencial of Food Resources at Surouding Hive Area in Mekarjaya, Pandeglang
Abstrak: Informasi mengenai aktivitas mencari pakan (foraging) dan jenis tanaman sumber pakan penting untuk usaha peningkatan produktivitas lebah madu Apis cerana. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis: (1) pola aktivitas harian lebah A.cerana yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan, dan (2) keanekaragaman tanaman sumber polen di sekitar sarang lebah di Desa Mekarjaya, Kabupaten Pandeglang, Banten. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua koloni A. cerana yaitu koloni satu dan koloni dua dengan ukuran koloni yang sama. Perilaku yang diamati yaitu lebah keluar sarang, masuk membawa polen, dan masuk tanpapolen. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan puncak aktivitas foraging koloni satupada pukul 07.40-08.50 WIB sedangkan koloni dua menunjukan aktivitas foraging yang rendah. Koloni dua melakukan absconding yang terjadi pukul 14.35- 16.30.Rendahnya aktivitas foraging pada koloni dua merupakan sinyal bahwa lebah akan melakukan absconding atau bermigrasi meninggalkan sarang. Hasil analisis vegetasi menunjukkan bahwa tanaman di sekitar sarang merupakan tanaman penghasil polen, nektar, atau polen dan nektar, didominasi oleh Cocos nucifera yang berpotensis menghasilkan polen dan nektar. Indeks keanekaragaman spesies tumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa keanekaragaman tanaman di area tersebut dikategorikan stabil. Hasil analisis jumlah spesies menunjukan bahwa jumlahspesies bernilai mendekati satu, sehingga dikategorikan jumlahnya relatif sama dalam berbagai tegakan., The information on honey bee foraging activities and food sources are important to increase the productivity of Apis cerana. This study aimed to analyze: (1) the daily activity pattern of A. cerana bees that is affected by environmental factors and (2) the diversity of pollen source plants around the beehive at Mekarjaya Village, Pandeglang Regency, Banten. This study used two colonies of A. cerana. The observed behaviors were bees leaving the hive, entering carrying pollen, and entering without pollen. This result showed that the peak of foraging activity in colony one occurs at 07.40-08.50. Colony two showed a low foraging activity that is a signal of the absconding bees or bee migrated. The correlation values between environmental factors: temperature, humidity, and light intensity compared to the honey bee activity was range from 0 to 1. The results of the vegetation analysis showed that the plants around the hive were plants that produce pollen, nectar, or pollen and nectar and the dominant was Cocos nucifera. The plant species diversity index showed that the diversity of plants in the area was categorized as stable. The results of species number analysis were close to one, thus the numbers were categorized as relatively the same in the various stands.
Keyword: Apis cerana, absconding, foraging, nectar source, pollen

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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