Judul: The histopathology of the testes after intraperitoneal injection of busulfan in mice’s (Mus musculus) as an infertility animal model.
Abstrak: Masalah reproduksi pada pria dan wanita dapat bersifat permanen maupun sementara. Infertilitas adalah masalah reproduksi yang disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya mutasi genetik, pola hidup yang tidak sehat, dan pengaruh obat salah satunya adalah busulfan. Busulfan adalah agen sitotoksik yang dapat mempengaruhi testis. Busulfan termasuk pada obat anti kanker (kemoterapi) dari golongan alkilasi yang umum digunakan pada transplantasi hematopoietic stem cell. Busulfan menyebabkan kerusakan testis yang memengaruhi proses spermatogenesis dan hormonal. Busulfan merusak morfologi dan fungsi testis mencit setelah diinjeksi dengan rute intraperitoneal. Mencit jantan sebanyak 16 ekor dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan yang diinjeksi dengan busulfan rute intraperitoneal dengan dosis 40 mg/kg bobot badan. Perubahan histopatologi testis diamati pada potongan jaringan testis yang diulas hematoksilineosin (HE). Pengamatan morfologi testis dilakukan pada minggu ke-2, 4, dan 6 pasca injeksi busulfan. Injeksi busulfan rute intraperitoneal menyebabkan penurunan signifikan pada kuantitas sel-sel spermatogenik yaitu spermatogonium, spermatosit, dan spermatid yang ditandai dengan dengan densitas tubulus seminiferi yang menurun setiap minggunya. Penurunan yang signifikan terjadi pada minggu ke-4 pasca injeksi. Injeksi busulfan rute intraperitoneal menyebabkan penurunan spermatogenesis yang progresif sebagai predisposisi infertilitas, Reproductive issues in men and women can be either permanent or temporary. Infertility is a reproductive problem caused by several factors, including genetic mutations, unhealthy lifestyles, and the influence of certain drugs, one of which is busulfan. Busulfan is a cytotoxic agent that can affect the testes. It is an alkylating anticancer drug (chemotherapy) commonly used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Busulfan causes testicular damage that affects spermatogenesis and hormonal processes. It damages the morphology and function of mouse testes when injected intraperitoneally. Sixteen male mice were divided into two groups: a control group and a treatment group injected with busulfan intraperitoneally at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight. Testicular histopathological changes were observed in testicular tissue sections stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). Testicular morphology observations were made at weeks 2, 4, and 6 post-busulfan injection. Intraperitoneal busulfan injection caused a significant decrease in the quantity of spermatogenic cells, namely spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids, indicated by the decreased density of seminiferous tubules each week. A significant reduction occurred at week 4 post-injection. Intraperitoneal busulfan injection led to a progressive decrease in spermatogenesis, predisposing to infertility
Keyword: busulfan, infertilitas, injeksi intraperitoneal, sel spermatogenik, busulfan, infertility, intraperitoneal injections, spermatogenic cell

Judul: Development of Animal Model of Male Infertility by Busulfan Injection via Bilateral Intratesticular Route in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Infertilitas pada pejantan merupakan ketidakmampuan untuk membuahi karena kualitas spermatozoa yang rendah, mempengaruhi gonad melalui perubahan hormonal dan kondisi metabolisme. Faktor lain yang dapat menimbulkan gangguan reproduksi dan infertilitas pada manusia disebabkan perilaku yang tidak sehat dan penggunaan obat anti kanker dalam jangka waktu lama. Salah satu obat kanker yaitu busulfan, berefek menghambat perkembangan spermatogonia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi efek busulfan terhadap karakteristik spermatozoa di kauda epididimis mencit (Mus musculus) setelah di injeksi busulfan dengan rute intratestikular bilateral. Mencit jantan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan (ITB-M2, ITB-M4, dan ITB-M6) dengan total mencit 16 ekor. Injeksi busulfan rute intratestikular bilateral dengan dosis 6 mg/kg bb dapat mengakibatkan penurunan yang signifikan (p<0,05) pada testis. Busulfan memiliki efek pada penurunan viabilitas spermatozoa dan berat testis 2 minggu setelah injeksi, serta penurunan motilitas dan konsentrasi spermatozoa 6 minggu setelah injeksi., Infertility in males is the inability to fertilize due to low sperm quality, affecting the gonads through hormonal changes and metabolic conditions. Other factors that can cause reproductive disorders and infertility in humans are caused by unhealthy behavior and long-term use of anti-cancer drugs. One of the cancer drugs is busulfan, which has the effect of inhibiting the development of spermatogonia. This study aims to identify the effect of busulfan on the characteristics of spermatozoa in the cauda epididymis of mice (Mus musculus) after busulfan injection by the bilateral intratesticular route. Male mice were divided into two groups: a control group and a treatment group (ITB-M2, ITB-M4, and ITB-M6) with a total of 16 mice. A bilateral intratesticular injection of busulfan at a dose of 6 mg/kg body weight resulted in a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the testicular. Busulfan had an effect on reducing spermatozoa viability and testicular weight 2 weeks after injection, then decreasing spermatozoa motility and concentration 6 weeks after injection.
Keyword: bilateral intratesticular, busulfan, cauda, infertility, spermatozoa

Judul: Identifikasi Daun Shorea menggunakan Voting Feature Interval 5 dengan Discrete Wavelet Transform
Abstrak: Shorea belongs to the Dipterocarpaceae family. Shorea wood is the best timber and has high commercial value in wood industrial trading. However, the large variety of Shorea becomes the main challenge for its identification. This research aimed at developing Shorea’s identification system using its leaves, by considering that leaf is more practical to identify, easily obtained, available all the time and is suitable for observations in the form of image. The system was developed by using Voting Feature Interval 5 based on Discreate Wavelet Transform. Ten species of Shorea were identified. It was revealed that the best accuracy was 71%.
Keyword: Voting Feature Interval 5, Shorea, Discreate Wavelet Transform