Judul: Presence of Oil in the Xylem Vessels of Mangrove Leaves from Oil-Contaminated Waters
Abstrak: Sebanyak 50% hutan mangrove telah mengalami penurunan luas selama 2-3 dekade terakhir. Salah satu faktor yang berperan pada kematian mangrove adalah cemaran minyak di pantai habitat mangrove. Minyak di perairan pantai akan memengaruhi sistem perakaran, sehingga pertumbuhan mangrove terganggu yang dapat berakibat kematian. Keberadaan minyak dalam jaringan akar, batang maupun daun pada mangrove akan memengaruhi pergerakan air melalui pembuluh xilem. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keberadaan minyak dalam pembuluh xilem daun mangrove yang tercemar minyak. Penelitian ini menggunakan 3 spesies mangrove yaitu Avicienna alba, Avicienna marina dan Rhizopora mucronata. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan preparat anatomi daun mangrove. Analisis sampel menggunakan perangkat lunak Adobe® Photoshop dan dilanjutkan dengan aplikasi ImageJ untuk mendapatkan nilai-nilai numerik dari foto sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembuluh xilem daun Rhizopora mucronata lebih banyak terisi minyak dibandingkan dengan pada genus Avicienna., As much as 50% of mangrove forests have experienced a decline in an area over the last 2-3 decades. One of the factors that play a role in the death of mangroves is oil contamination on the coast of mangrove habitats. Oil in coastal waters will affect the root system, so that mangrove growth is disturbed which can result in death. The presence of oil in the roots, stems and leaves of mangroves will affect the movement of water through the xylem vessels. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the presence of oil in the oil-contaminated xylem vessels of mangrove leaves. This study used 3 mangrove species, namely Avicienna alba, Avicienna marina and Rhizopora mucronata. The method used in this research is the anatomy of mangrove leaves. Sample analysis using Adobe® Photoshop software and continued with ImageJ application to obtain numerical values from sample photos. The results showed that the xylem vessels of the Rhizopora mucronata leaves were filled with oil more than those of the genus Avicienna.
Keyword: Avicennia, Rhizopora mucronata, xilem, leaf

Judul: The Presence of Oil in The Xylem Vessels of Mangrove Stems from Oil-contaminated Beaches
Abstrak: Mangrove mudah tercemar karena tumpahan minyak di perairan laut yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Penelitian mengenai dampak cemaran minyak terhadap kerusakan anatomi batang mangrove belum banyak dilakukan, khususnya pada mangrove di pantai sekitar Jakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan menduga keberadaan minyak pada pembuluh xilem batang mangrove pada lokasi yang tercemar minyak dan menghitung jumlah pembuluh xilem yang terisi minyak untuk menduga fungsi fisiologinya. Metode untuk menganalisis jaringan secara anatomi menggunakan perangkat lunak Adobe Photoshop dan ImageJ untuk menghitung jumlah, luas, dan persentase pembuluh xilem batang yang terisi minyak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan nyata pada nilai densitas pembuluh xilem antara perlakuan terpapar minyak dan kontrol. Tiga spesies mangrove yang diamati menunjukkan bahwa Rhizophora mucronata memiliki persentase pembuluh xilem yang diduga terisi minyak paling rendah dibandingkan dengan Avicennia marina dan Avicennia alba., Mangroves are easily polluted due to oil spills in marine waters which can cause death. Research on the impact of oil contamination on the anatomical damage of mangrove trunks has not been widely carried out, especially on mangroves on the coast around Jakarta. This study aimed to estimate the presence of oil in the xylem vessels of mangrove stems in oil-contaminated locations and count the number of oil-filled xylem vessels to estimate their physiological function. Methods to analyze tissue anatomically using Adobe Photoshop and ImageJ software to calculate the number, area, and percentage of oil-filled stem xylem vessels. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the value of xylem vessel density between the oil-exposed treatment and the control. The three mangrove species observed showed that Rhizophora mucronata had the lowest percentage of xylem vessels thought to be filled with oil compared to Avicennia marina and Avicennia alba.
Keyword: anatomy, mangrove, oil spill, stem, xylem vessel

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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