Judul: Sintesa Mentol Dari Sitronelal Dalam Proses Satu Tahap Dengan Katalis Dwifungsi
Abstrak: Menthol is one of volatile compound which gives cooling effect if it is consumed. Since long time ago, menthol has used in medical field as a medicines treating sore throats and mouth irritations. It has also used in treatments for analgesics and decongestants. In the 1920 and 1930, menthol has used as flavoring and reducing for irritation, especially to the throat (Cotton, 2007). Menthol is obtained by separation of natural sources (natural menthol) and by organic synthesis. Natural menthol is obtained by extraction from mint plants such as Mentha piperita and Mentha arvensis. One of organic synthesis of menthol is obtained from citronellal. Citronellal is one of compound citronella oil which is obtained by fractionation. Generally, the synthesis of menthol from citronellal has carried out through two-step process; there have cyclization and hydrogenation. The aim of this research is to synthesize menthol from citronellal oil fractionate product through one-step process over catalyst, which can be performed to isomerate citronellal to the cylic alcohol (isopulegol) and to hydrogenate isopulegol into menthol (bifunctional catalyst). The parameters that has used in this research are the temperature of cyclization, time process, hydrogenation’s temperature, pressure, dan the kind of catalyst. This research has used the variation for temperature of cyclization at 100 °C and 150 °C. The variation for time process has used 20 hours (10 hours for cylization and 10 hours for hydrogenation) and 6 hours (3 hours for cylization and 6 hours for hydrogenation). The variation for hydrogenation’s temperature has used 70 °C, 100 °C and 150 °C. The variation for pressure has used 5 bar, 10 bar, and 15 bar. The condition process has determinated over Ni/Sulfated-Bentonite 5 % has used to determinate the condition process. The best condition process will has used at Ni/Sulfated-Bentonite, Ni/Sulfated-Bentonite with ball mill preparation, and Ni/Sulfated-Titanium. Based on Gas Chromatography can be known that the best conditions process for synthesis of menthol are cyclization’s temperature at 100 °C, 6 hours for the time process, hydrogenation’s temperature at 100 °C, 5 bar for the pressure. The catalyst of Ni/Sulfated-Bentonite has produced menthol 0.85 percent. Ni/Sulfated- Bentonite has produced menthol 2.38 percent. In this research, Ni/Sulfated-Titanium Dioxide has produced menthol that has the highest percentage about 3.12 percent.
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Judul: Pemisahan Sitronelal dari Fraksi Kaya Sitronelol dan Geraniol Minyak Sereh Wangi menggunakan Distilasi Molekuler
Abstrak: The aim of this research is to determine the suitable condition of Short Path Distillation (SPD) which can increase the purity of citronellol and geraniol rich fraction by separating the citronellal component and to know the potential yield of SPD. The input material for the process was the citronellol and geraniol rich fraction of Java citronella oil obtained by vacuum distillation. The equipment used was Short Path Distillation KDL 1 unit type falling film evaporator. Distillation process conducted by stepwise increasing of distillation temperature. Operation condition of SPD is managed by fix condition including range of distillation temperature from 58ºC to 62ºC, pressure 10-3 mbar, condenser temperature 10ºC, flow rate 1-2 drop per second, rotor speed 200 rpm. Process parameter was distillation temperature increase of 1ºC and 2ºC in every run as treatment. Citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol content was analyzed using Gas Cromatography and evaluated according to physicochemical properties such as : density, refractive index, and color. The experiments result in an increase of purity level of citronellol and geraniol rich fraction from 41,44% to 60%. The process yield was 54.97%, achieved by stepwise increasing of distillation temperature of 2ºC. It physicochemical properties as follow : density 0.890, refractive index 1.469, and amber wich is according to SNI-06-3953. Meanwhile, by product was obtained has citronellal content 25,87% and it yield was 35.11%.
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Judul: Babesiosis pada kuda
Abstrak: Babesiosis pada kuda adalah penyakit menular yang di- sebabkan oleh Babesia caballi dan Babesia equi, yaitu pa- rasit protozoa perusak sel darah yang termasuk dalam genus Babesia. B. equi diduga oleh beberapa ahli termasuk dalam genus Theileria. Karena itu klasifikasi genus Babesia di- bicarakan dan siklus hidup B. caballi dan B. equi diulas. Kuda pada semua umur dapat terserang oleh dua parasite tersebut di atas. Tetapi kuda-kuda yang sudah dewasa (tua) lebih rentan jika dibandingkan dengan kuda-kuda yang masih muda. Kasus-kasus yang paling sering dijumpai adalah kasus-kasus yang bersifat akut walaupun kasus-kasus yang bersifat perakut, subakut dan kronik kadang-kadang terlihat. Serangan oleh parasit Babesia biasanya menyebabkan kerusаkan sel darah merah yang hebat sehingga kuda-kuda yang terserang menderita anemia hebat yang dapat menyebabkan kematian bila tidak segera diobati. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut perlu dilakukan diagnosis yang tepat dan sedini mungkin. Diagnosis dapat dilakukan dengan cara memeriksa gejala-gejala klinik, preparat ulas darah, inokulasi hewan lain dan dengan mengadakan pemeriksaan secara serologik. Gejala-gejala klinik babesiosis pada kuda yang bersifat akut yang paling sering terlihat, ialah : nafsu makan menurun/hilang, lesu, bulu suram dan tidak mau bergerak. Kuda yang dilepaskan di padang rumput akan mengasingkan diri dan jalan sempoyongan. Faeces yang keluar berwarna cok- lat gelap, diselaputi lendir yang berwarna kekuningan dan urimenya berwarna merah tua. Temperatur tubuh meningkat menjadi 39.5 - 41°C dan pulsus meningkat. Terlihat dispnoe, perdarahan petechi pada mukosa membrana nictitans dan conjunctiva yang lebih pucat dari normal dan juga icteris. Kasus-kasus yang bersifat subakut gejala-gejalanya lebih ringan, tetapi bila tidak segera diobati maka gejala- gejala tersebut secara cepat menjadi hebat. Persendian lutut dan persendian gelang puyuh membengkak dan padanya ter- lihat oedema. Pada abdomen, dada dan kepala juga dapat di- temukan oedema. Gejala-gejala klinik yang terlihat pada kasus kronik adalah penurunan kondisi tubuh kuda secara progresif walaupun diberi makan yang banyak. Perubahan temperatur tidak jelas, nafsu makan berubah-ubah, icterus tidak jelas dan anemia mungkin hanya dapat dideteksi dengan menghitung sel darah merah dan kadar hematocrit…dst
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