Judul: Molecular Markers Development that is Associated with Apomixis Characters and the Strength of Cell Wall Composed Yellow Latex Secretory Duct on Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.).
Abstrak: Mangosteen is one of the excellent export fruit commodity from Indonesia and well-known as Queen of Tropical Fruits. There are two current main development issues of mangosteen, which are apomixis and yellow latex secretion from the fruit caused by destruction of epithelial cell that form yellow latex secretory duct. Therefore, a research to study the aspects of apomixis and cell wall strength that form yellow latex secretory duct in mangosteen should be done. This research consisted of two main topics, the development of molecular marker that is associated with the apomixis characters in Garcinia and molecular marker that is associated with the cell wall strength characters that form yellow latex secretory duct in mangosteen. Mangosteen reproduces through apomixis mechanism. Apomixis is a naturally occurring mode of reproduction that results in embryo formation without the involvement of meiosis or fertilization of the egg. Seed-derived progeny of an apomictic plant is genetically identical to the maternal parent. In Garcinia, apomixis form is called as adventitious embryony, which is divided into obligate and facultative apomixis. Identification and characterization of those apomixis in Garcinia is important for conservation and utilization of Garcinia members. The development of specific molecular markers that associated with apomixis is necessary. The developed markers can then be used as a tool for identification, characterization and selection of Garcinia germplasms. The first part of this research aimed to develop molecular markers related to apomixis character. The DNA ampilication was carried out using primer developed by Ozias-akins et al. (1998) based on the sequence of Pennisetum DNA. The primer was used to amplify DNA from four Garcinia species, i.e. : Garcinia mangostana L., G. hambroniana Pierre., G. celebica L. and G. malacensis T. Anderson. The result showed that only G. hambroniana Pierre. DNA could be not amplified, while the others showed the ampilication band with the size of ± 480 bp. The BLAST sequence analysis of the PCR frgment showed that there was no homology with other DNA sequences in database. Three set of primers were then designed based on Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) among three DNA sequences from those three species (G. mangostana L., G. celebica L. and G. malacensis T. Anderson). This research succesfully developed three set of primers, which were (1) Apo_Fak1 (forward 5‟ACAATAATCACCACCATACC‟3 and reverse 5‟GTCTT TTCCACTTGGGCTGG‟3); (2); Apo_Fak2 (forward 5‟ACAATAATCACCA CCATACC‟3 and reverse 5‟AGGCTTCAACTTAGTTGTCA‟3); (3) Apo_Obli (forward 5‟ACAATAATCACCACCATACC‟3 and reverse 5‟TCATTTCCCA CTTGGGCTGT‟3). Those three set of primers were then verified using three reference species (G. mangostana L., G. celebica L. and G. malacensis T. Anderson) and the result showed two specific bands that related with apomixis character, i.e. : a 300 bp DNA band produced from G. mangostana L. and G. celebica L., while a 317 bp produced from G. malacensis T. Anderson. Forty one species of Garcinia can be separated into three groups based on the developed molecular markers. Fourteen species were identified as obligate apomixis, fourteen species were facultative apomixis with dioecius flowers, and the other thirteen species were facultative apomixis with hermaprodit flowers. Another aspect of mangosteen development that should be considered is how to eliminate
Keyword: apomixis, Garcinia mangostana L.,, Garcinia spp, yellow latex, molecular markers

Judul: Studi keragaman morfologi buah manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) dari lima lokasi sentra produksi di Pulau Jawa
Abstrak: Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is originated from Malaysia which was spread to the South East Asia region including Indonesia. Mangosteen has been reported perform apomixis reproduction, and it is due to mangosteen population in Indonesia presumably genetically homogen. The objective of the study is to evaluate variability pattern on fruit morphologies of mangosteen population from five locations of production center in Java Island, those are Leuwiliang (Bogor), Cantayan (Sukabumi), Wanayasa (Purwakarta), these are on West Java, Kaligesing (Purworejo) on Central Java, and Watulimo (Trenggalek) on East Java. Plant sample was taken 10 trees randomly from each location, subsequently 10 fruit samples taken randomly from each tree. Homogeneity of variance analysis was conducted with Bartlett test and followed with analysis of variance that employed to locul number, fruit weight, fruit length, peduncle length, fruit diameter, fruit length-diameter ratio, rind thickness, Total Soluable Solid (TSS), seed number, and fruit sap. Bartlett test analysis showed that for all of location, no variation was found on fruit weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit length-diameter ratio, rind thickness, Total Soluable Solid (TSS), locul number and seed number, except peduncle length that has variation. Various variance pattern for population on all of location was arised on Total Soluable Solid (TSS), but on fruit diameter, locul number, and seed number the variance pattern were homogenous. Those result tends to assumption that the apomixis reproduction was happening on mangosteen, and if there were variation of fruits performance, its due to variation on environment conditions. These showed by means value of each of character.
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Judul: Heisenberg Uncertainty of Double SlitSystem Based on Budiyono-Rohrlich Quantum Statistics Model
Abstrak: Interpretasi kuantum dikembangkan untuk memaknai secara fisis dengan jelas bagaimana suatu dinamika pada sistem mikroskopis yang dijelaskan dengan teori-teori kuantum, seperti interpretasi Copenhagen yang mendeskripsikan sistem kuantum sebagai suatu keadaan yang dideskripsikan dengan fungsi gelombang yang berisikan bagaimana peluang keadaan suatu sistem. Interpretasi kuantum juga bisa dibawa dari suatu sistem klasik seperti pada model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich yang menjelaskan bagaimana dinamika kuantum berhubungan dengan sistem klasik dengan penerapan statistika pada model Hamiltonian sistem. Fungsi distribusi dapat mendeskripsikan bagaimana suatu sistem terdistribusi pada suatu ruang pada pandangan klasik namun untuk sistem kuantum fungsi distribusi adalah peluang dari sistem tersebut. Sistem klasik dan kuantum juga dipisahkan berdasarkan pada ketidakpastian Heisenberg tentang suatu pengukuran yang tidak bisa secara sekaligus dilakukan bersamaan. Model statistika-kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich membawa suatu sistem klasik menjadi sistem kuantum dengan dua aksioma yaitu hukum kekekalan energi rata rata dan konservasi rapat probabilitas. Sistem klasik yang didefinisikan akan diatur dengan menambahkan dua variable matematis berupa ontic extensions dan epistemic restrictions dimana kedua variabel ini yang akan menghubungkan bagaimana sistem klasik bisa diubah menjadi sebuah sistem kuantum. Dua variabel matematis tadi membuat sebuah sistem bisa diperlihatkan ketidakpastiannya lewat perhitungan simpangan rata-rata dan hasilnya akan selalu memenuhi ketidakpastian Heisenberg
Keyword: fungsi distribusi, model Budiyono-Rohrlich, ontic extension, epistemic restriction, ketidakpastian Heisenberg