Judul: Pengembangan Membran Selulosa Asetat Menggunakan Natrium Dodesil Sulfat
Abstrak: Development of membrane technology is waste treatment unit is growing rapidly and widely used in separation process. Membrane technology is chosen because the process is simple, low energy use, nondestructive, and do not generate new waste, thus classified as a green good technology. The production of membrane was started by preparing polymeric mixture solution of cellulose acetate (CA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in acetone. Composition of CA was 15% w/v and composition of SDS were varied from 0; 0.05; 0.01; to 0.125% w/v. The solution was stirred by ultrasonic for 3 hours and casted on the glass plate surface then immersed in warm water at 60 oC. The membranes were characterized by their rejection index. Rejection index was applied to detergent solution with concentration of 1600 ppm. When compared with values below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the best average value of rejection index was resulted at the initiation of CMC, with SDS concentration of 0.125%. At that concentration, a quite high average values was obtained for the rejection index (77%). While, at the SDS concentration below CMC, 0.05% and 0.01%, the average index rejection values were 17% and 37%, repectively. The best CMC value was reached at the initiation (0.125%).
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Judul: The design process of cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membrane production by phase inversion method of cellulose pulp from wood of sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria.)
Abstrak: Cellulose acetate ultrafiltration membrane has been utilized in a variety of separation and purification processes, including in agro-industry sector. In general, cellulose acetate is obtained from acetylation of cotton cellulose and wood pulp (abaca, straw, sawdust). In this study, cellulose from wood pulp of Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) was used. This plant is fast growing species and has potential as a raw material from its high cellulose content. The purpose of this study was to find a cellulose acetate manufacturing process conditions, to characterize cellulose diacetate and its performance on ultrafiltration process. There are three steps of cellulose diacetate manufacturing process. They are: (1) activation of cellulose using acetic acid, (2) acetylation, cellulose in acetic acid solvent is reacted with acetic anhydride reactant using sulfuric acid as catalyst, (3) hydrolysis to obtain cellulose diacetate. At each operating processes acetyl content was observed at temperature 50oC. In addition, effect of variation of anhydride acetate reactant and cellulose ratio, namely (3.35:1), (4:1) (5:1), and (6:1) were also investigated. Asymmetric cellulose diacetate membrane preparation by phase inversion method was carried out by the addition of cellulose diacetate (SDA) as a polymer, N, N-Dimethil formaida (DMF) as solvent, water as a non-solvent, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as additive. At this stage, effect of PEG / SDA ratio (10%, 20%, 30%), PEG molecular weight variation (1450, 4000, and 6000 Da), and coagulation temperature (15oC, room temperature, and 50oC) were also investigated. Membrane pore size was determined by by measuring Molecular Weight Cut Off ( MWCO) using a standard solution of dextran (12 kDa) and Bovin Serum Albumin (67 kDa). Membrane morphology was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Cellulose acetate of acetyl content of 39.66% and number average molecular weight 130,221 Da was obtained at the activation time 30 minutes; one hour acetylation process for acetic anhydride to cellulose ratio 3.35:1; and 15 hours hydrolysis process. The addition of PEG produced a thicker layer and greater tensile strength membranes and suppress the formation of macrovoid. SEM analysis shows a denser structure of membrane morphology with better regularity of pore shape, so has a better pore density (porosity) distribution of large and visible pores. The addition of PEG with higher molecular weight produces a denser morphological structure with larger pore size, but smaller porosity with large pore distribution. The addition of PEG with the increasing of PEG / SDA ratio resulted in a denser pore structure and greater number of pores with a greater porosity and large pore distribution. Coagulation at higher temperatures produced a thinner layer and low tensile strength membrane. The structure of membrane morphology is more tenuous with a bigger pore size and greater number of pores so large porosity and pore distribution. Flux (water, dextran, and BSA) and rejection (dextran and BSA) are determined by the porosity and pore distribution of the membrane. High flux and rejection generated by large porosity and small pore distribution membrane. Membrane having small porosity and pore distribution produces low flux but high rejection. Conversely, high flux with low rejection obtained from the membrane with greater porosity and pore distribution.
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan