Judul: Potential Carbon Emissions Due to Harvesting The Mechanics in Natural Tropical Forest (Case Forest Consession PT. Salaki Summa Sejahtera, Island of Siberut, West Sumatra Province).
Abstrak: PT. Salaki Summa Sejahtera adalah perusahaan yang memiliki hak konsesi hutan di Pulau Siberut dengan luas 48.420 ha. Pengelolaan hutan dilakukan dengan sistem silvikultur Tebang Pilih Tanam Indonesia (TPTI). Pada areal kerja dilakukan kegiatan pemanenan dengan intensitas pemanenan yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan potensi tegakan hutan. Intensitas pemanenan yang tinggi akan menimbulkan kerusakan tegakan tinggal dan keterbukaan areal yang besar. Areal kerja PT. Salaki Summa Sejahtera berada di kawasan Cagar Biosfer yang ditetapkan oleh UNESCO yang harus menekan kerusakan serendah mungkin. Pengelolan hutan yang terencana dengan baik dan penerapan Reduce Impact logging (RIL) merupakan cara yang baik untuk meminimalisasi kerusakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan membuat 10 plot dalam petak tebang secara purposive sampling yang posisi plotnya diskontinyu. Kerapatan tegakan hutan rata-rata 118,6 pohon/ha dengan volume 248,03 m3/ha. Pada intensitas pemanenan 8,6 pohon/ha dengan volume tebangan 78,81 m3/ha menyebabkan kerusakan tegakan tinggal sebesar 31,4 pohon/ha (28,55%) yang dapat dikelompokan menjadi kerusakan berat 52,53%, sedang 33,09%, dan ringan 14,32%. Pohon yang paling banyak mengalami kerusakan berasal dari pohon berdiameter 20-29 cm yang mencapai 16,73%. Kondisi tegakan tinggal rata-rata setelah penebangan 78,60 pohon/ha dengan volume 132,53 m3/ha (53,43% dari stok sebelum penebangan). Keterbukaan areal yang terjadi akibat kegiatan penyaradan kayu sebesar 6,20%. Pemanenan kayu berpotensi melepas karbon ke udara yang berasal dari pohon yang diproduksi dan tegakan yang mengalami kerusakan berat rata-rata sebesar 46,74 ton C/ha atau 38,90% dari potensi stok karbon sebelum pemanenan kayu. Emisi karbon yang nyata terjadi di hutan adalah yang bersumber dari dekomposisi limbah sisa penebangan dan pohon-pohon rusak berat yang mungkin mengalami kematian rata-rata sebesar 16,86 ton C/ha.
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Judul: Kehilangan Cadangan Karbon pada Pemanenan Secara Mekanis (Studi Kasus Konsesi Hutan PT. Salaki Summa Sejahtera, Pulau Siberut Provinsi Sumatera Barat)
Abstrak: PT. Salaki Summa Sejahtera has 48.420 ha concession area on the island of Siberut. Management forest of silvicultural systems applied using Selective Cutting and Planting Indonesia (TPTI). Siberut island was set by UNESCO as a biosphere reserves in 1981 so that the impact of forest harvesting must be minimized to preserve the forest. Reduce Impact Logging is a technique that used to reduce impact of forest harvesting. This research aims to analyze an amount of forest openess and loss of carbon stocks and the relationship with harvesting volume . The research was conducted on RKT 2011 block of IUPHHK PT. Salaki Summa Sejahtera with an area of 962 ha. We conducted a 100% inventory of roads and log decks in RKT 2011 block. Forest stand density of ≥ 20 cm diameter average 76,11 trees/ha with an average volume 176,11 m3/ha. Carbon biomass of mature trees are 67,79 % total carbon biomass. Harvesting intensity of 5,80 trees/ha (47,89 m3/ha) is lower than annual allowable Cut (66,41 m3). Forest openness average of 6,45 % from main roads (0,64%), branch roads (2,12%), skid trails (3,24%), Landings (0,42%), and camp (0,03%). Forest openess is not correlated with harvesting volume (R2 = 0,38 %). Harvesting a tree needs 0,54 ha of roads and caused opened area 13,31 m2. Loss of carbon stocks are influenced by the amount of harvesting intensity (R2 = 0,98). Loss of carbon stocks that occured are 41,00 ton C/ha due to forest openness (5,05 ton C/ha), logging (30,62 ton C/ha), dan residual stand damage (5,33 ton C/ha). Crushed trees are categorized as a dead wood and reduced carbon stocks in a forest. Harvesting a tree caused loss of 0,86 ton C/ha carbon stocks
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Judul: Evaluation of Influenza Antibody Titers in Serum and Egg Yolk of Layers Vaccinated with Influenza Vaccines.
Abstrak: Influenza belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family which causes upper and lower respiratory tract infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate influenza-A specific antibody titers from serum and egg yolk of hens vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Three Hy-line Brown layers were vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza type A and B inactivated vaccines. Vaccination was carried out three times at a dose of 0.25 ml/chicken via the intramuscular route. The first vaccination was carried out at 24 weeks of age, then boosters were performed at 28 and 32 weeks of age. Serum and egg yolk were collected every week for 20 weeks since the first vaccination. Influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 antibody titers were determined using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and agar-gel-precipitation (AGP) test. Influenza-A H3N2 and H1N1 specific antibodies were detected in both serum and egg yolk from the first to twenty weeks after the initial vaccination. Highest HI geometric mean titer (GMT) of H1N1 antibody reached 26.67 HIU at nine weeks post first vaccination (p.f.v), while H3N2 antibody reached 26 HIU at six weeks p.f.v. Our result showed that influenza antibodies can be produced in layers using quadrivalent vaccines and layer chickens are able to produce equivalent antibody levels for each influenza subtype.
Keyword: antibody, egg yolk, influenza, layer chickens, serum