Judul: Antioksidan: Jenis, Sumber, dan Perannya
Abstrak: Pola hidup yang tidak sehat dan stres dapat mengganggu metabolisme tubuh termasuk keseimbangan antara radikal bebas dan antioksidan di dalam tubuh. Radikal bebas merupakan suatu atom atau molekul yang memiliki elektron yang tidak berpasangan pada orbit terluarnya. Kondisi ketidakseimbangan antara radikal bebas yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan antioksidan dapat menyebabkan stres oksidatif. Stres oksidatif dapat dicegah dengan antioksidan. Studi pustaka ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tentang jenis-jenis antioksidan, sumber antioksidan, serta mempelajari peran dari antioksidan. Informasi studi pustaka yang digunakan berasal dari media ilmiah. Antioksidan merupakan suatu zat yang dapat memperlambat, menunda, dan atau mencegah terjadinya proses oksidasi, serta dapat menetralisir radikal bebas. Jenis antioksidan dibedakan menjadi dua berdasarkan sumbernya, yaitu antioksidan endogen dan antioksidan eksogen. Antioksidan endogen merupakan antioksidan yang dihasilkan dari dalam tubuh yang antara lain berupa antioksidan enzimatik primer, yaitu glutation peroksidase, katalase, dan superoksida dismutase. Antioksidan eksogen merupakan antioksidan yang berasal dari luar tubuh, contohnya senyawa alkaloid, polifenol, isoflavon, saponin, tanin, vitamin C, vitamin E dan lain-lain yang terdapat dalam bahan pangan dan sumber bahan lainnya. Antioksidan berperan penting dalam meningkatkan enzim pertahanan terhadap stres oksidatif, pencegahan pada komplikasi, dan mengontrol kadar glukosa darah., An unhealthy lifestyle and stress can disrupt the body's metabolism, including the balance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Free radicals are atoms or molecules that have an unpaired electron in their outer orbit. The condition of an imbalance between free radicals that are more than antioxidants can cause oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can be prevented with antioxidants. This literature study aims to find out about the types of antioxidants, sources of antioxidants, and to study the role of antioxidants. The literature study information used comes from scientific media. Antioxidants are substances that can slow down, delay, and or prevent the oxidation process, and can neutralize free radicals. Types of antioxidants are divided into two based on the source, namely endogenous antioxidants and exogenous antioxidants. Endogenous antioxidants are antioxidants produced from within the body which include primary enzymatic antioxidants, namely glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. Exogenous antioxidants are antioxidants that come from outside the body, for example alkaloid compounds, polyphenols, isoflavones, saponins, tannins, vitamin C, vitamin E and others found in food and other sources of material. Antioxidants play an important role in increasing defense enzymes against oxidative stress, preventing complications, and controlling blood glucose levels.
Keyword: Antioksidan, penyakit degeneratif, radikal bebas

Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: Kondisi stres menyebabkan jumlah radikal bebas berlebih dan dapat menimbulkan kerusakan sel. Tubuh secara normal mempunyai mekanisme pertahanan terhadap radikal bebas yaitu antioksidan. Antioksidan berfungsi untuk menetralkan radikal bebas. Superoksida dismutase (SOD) adalah salah satu enzin antioksidan intrasel yang melindungi sel dari serangan radikal bebas. Salah satu antioksidan ekstrasel yang dapat melindungi sel dari serangan radikal bebas adalah a[alfa]-tokoferol.
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Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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