Judul: Economic valuation of land use changes in Wonogiri Watershed (case study at Keduang Sub-Watershed, Wonogiri Regency)
Abstrak: multifunctions of agriculture land use is loss, i.e. economic function, social function and environment function. Economic function consist of loss of crop production and loss of farmer’s income. Social function consist of loss of farmer’s job and Environment function consist of erosion and sedimentation mitigation and hidrology system mitigation. This research aim to know the level of land use changes in Keduang Sub-Watershed, to analysis the influences of land use changes to environment quality, especially the loss of agriculture land multifunctions, i.e. economic, social and environment functions, to know the loss of economic value of agriculture land multifunction due to land use changes and to analyse the policies goverment about land uses change, especially land use change in Keduang Sub-Watershed, Wonogiri Regency. Research method which is used is descriptive. Research location is taken intentionally (purposive), that is Keduang Sub-Watershed with consideration that Keduang Sub-Watershed is the widest Sub-Watershed in Wonogiri Watershed with very high erosion danger index and closeness of high river stream also, so that have big generated erosion potency. Besides, from the number of precipitated sediment in Wonogiri Reservoir point, Keduang Sub-Watershed give the biggest contribution of other Sub- Watershed in Wonogiri Watershed. Data Types which are obtained are secondary data from Forestry Research and Development Agency, Surakarta, BPS of Wonogiri Regency and Agriculture Department of Wonogiri Regency. Method of analysis’s data which is used in this research is Universal Soil Loss Equation Method to predict the soil erosion. To calculate the value of economic and social function of agriculture land use multifunction used market price and to calculate the value of environment function, this research used Replacement Cost. Results of this research are: the level of land use change (since 1993 up to 2008) in Keduang Sub-Watershed is 297 hectare. The loss of economic value of multifunction agriculture land in Keduang Sub-Watershed is equal to Rp. 13,2 billion/year or Rp 44,5 million/hectare/year. The economic value of water is equal Rp 760 billion/year. The value consist of value of economic function is equal to Rp 3,7 billion/year, value of social function is equal to Rp 1,2 billion/year and value of environment function is equal to Rp 8,3 billion/year
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Judul: Water economic value change analysis caused landuse changing case study in Cidanau Watershed in Banten Province
Abstrak: Cidanau is the most important watershed in Banten Province because it has provided economic activity in Serang and Cilegon regions. The users of water services from Cidanau watershed are farmers, households, fisheries, small scale industries, water industries and Krakatau Tirta Industries. Those have been analized to find total economic values of Cidanau water. The aims of the reaserch are to analize water economic value by market pricing and gathering cost, to analize factors influencing water demand curve, and to analize landuse changes of Cidanau and its relationships with water economic values changes from 1997 to 2004. Landsat imaging and GIS of Cidanau have been used the research. The methods of the research are use gathering cost and market pricing to find water values from the users. While the GIS and Remote Sensing have been used to detect landuse changes in Cidanau watershed from 1997 to 2004. Both water values and landuse changes have been analized to find relation the others. The results of the reaserch allows that firstly, total water economic value in 1997 increase Rp 52.006.323.743 per year and in 2004 increase Rp 126.456.999.536 per year. Secondly, landuse of Cidanau has changed in 1997 to 2004; bare land changed is decrease 35.56 %, paddyfield is increase 0.59 %, forest is decrease 4.2 %, agroforest is increase 21.072 %,, shrubs is increase 28.25 %, and wet lands is decrease 9.39 %..
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Judul: Rumus parameter bagi persamaan super pythagoras
Abstrak: Tripel bilangan bulat positif yang memenuhi persamaan Pythagoras disebut tripel Pythagoras. Misalkan u dan v adalah parameter dari bilangan asli, maka kita dapat menunjukkan bahwa (x, y, r) dengan rumus parameter x = -v, y2uv, dan adalah tripel Pythagoras. Penanıbahan suku atau pangkat dalam persamaan Pythagoras menghasilkan persamaan yang kita sebut persamaan Super Pythagoras sebagai berikut: dengan 22 dan kan Jadi persamaan Pythagoras adalah salah satu bentuk persamaan Super Pythagoras. Masalah yang dibahas dalam tulisan ini adalah mencari rumus parameter yang ideal, yang memenuhi persamaan Super Pythagoras (PSP). Rumus parameter bagi PSP yang berpangkat dikatakan ideal jika sebanyak mungkin memenuhi sifat bahwa rumus parameternya berlaku bagi PSP dengan jumlah saku sesedikit mungkin dan dapat diekspansi, serta sesedikit mungkin fungsi-fungsi parameter yang sama dalam rumusnya. Pencarian rumus parameter yang ideal bagi persamaan Super Pythagoras merupakan masalah baru dalam teori bilangan. Menurut Cong Philip, yang mengkhususkan diri mempelajari teori bilangan, masalah ini diperkenalkan oleh Ke Cao pada tahun 1967 dalam salah satu suratnya. Ke Cao menyatakan bahwa persamaan Super Pythagoras penting dalam teknologi di abad mendatang. Rumus-rumus parameter yang berhasil diturunkan adalah rumus yang mengandung satu parameter dan dua parameter, yang berlaku bagi persamaan Super Pythagoras dengan tingkat 2, 3, 4, 5 dan 6. Beberapa hasil pengamatan dari runus-rumus parameter tersebut adalah sebagai berikut: • Rumus satu parameter umumnya lebih ideal daripada rumus dua parameter; semma rumus satu parameter dapat diekspansi • Umumnya, rumus parameter yang diperoleh semakin kurang ideal apabila tingkat PSP semakin tinggi. • Setiap PSP dengan pangkat tertentu mempunyai rumus dua parameter yang barkarakter menyolok (ada nilai x, yang sekawan dengan nilai r). • Ada nilai x, dalam PSP, yang diberikan oleh rumus parameter yang ideal, yang merupakan kelipatan dari pangkat PSP-nya
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