Judul: Keterpilihan dan Kebakuan Dosis Anestesi Ketamine dan Propofol Menggunakan Metode Gravimetrik pada Anjing
Abstrak: Inhalation anaesthetic agents have been used worldwide for anaesthesia in animals with improving safety and efficacy, but these agents are expensive, difficult or impossible to use for bronchoscopies and laryngoscopies, more over, these may couse organ toxicity, have an operating theatre pollution on personnel, and possible environmental damage caused by nitrous oxide and the halogenated volatile anaesthetics. A suitable alternative methode to compare with and reduce those side effects of inhalation anaesthesia agents is needed. The aim of this study was to evaluate quality of anaesthesia by gravimetric infusion anaesthesia with ketamine HCl and propofol to get a standard dose of ketamine HCl and propofol in dogs. The quality of anaesthesia, duration of actions, and the physiological response of anaesthesia were evaluated in two steps of the study. In the first step, twenty four male domestic dogs were used in this experiment and divided randomly into six groups. In the second step, twenty male domestic dogs were used and divided randomly into five groups. In the first step, group 1, group 2, and group 3 were preanaestheted intramuscularly with 0.03 mg/kg BW atropine and 2 mg/kgBW xylazine respectively. Group 4 to 6 received in the same way 0.03 mg/kgBW atropine and 0.2 mg/kgBW midazolam respectively. Group 1 and 4 were induced then with 4 mg/kgBW ketamine HCl, group 2 and 5 with 4 mg/kgBW propofol, and group 3 and 6 were induced with a combination dose of 4 mg/kgBW ketamine HCl and propofol respectively. The quality of anaesthesia, duration of action and the physiological responses were evaluated. From the first step, group 3 was elected the best premedication for the second step. In the second step, all group received 0.03 mg/kgBW atropine sulfate and 2 mg/kgBW xylazine intramuscularly and were then induced intravenously with 4 mg/kgBW Ketamine HCl and propofol respectively. Following the anaesthesia, group I, II, III in second step received intravenous infusion of mixed ketamine HCl and propofol in saline by a gravimetric method to maintain the anaesthesia status. The doses of mixture were arranged at the rate of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/kgBW/ minute respectively. Group IV was only infused with 0.4mg/kgBW/minute propofol in saline and compared to the inhalation anaesthesia, and group V was given isoflurane of 1.0 – 2.0 %. The quality of anaesthesia, duration of action, heart rate (HR), capillary refill time (CRT), noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP), electrocardiogram (ECG), respiratory rate (RR), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), end tidal CO2 (ET CO2), and rectal temperature (RT) were measured. All groups showed rapid and smooth inductions, prolonged surgical stage, and rapid recovery. Animals of groups I and II yielded minimal physiological effects. The HR, RR, ET CO2, SpO2, CRT, NIBP, RT, and ECG wave were relatively stable. The combination of group III showed SpO2 depression, and an increase in instability of HR, RR and ET CO2. Group IV showed a decrease in HR, SpO2 and respiratory depression. All combinations showed no significant influence (P>0,05) on the electrocardiogram. The combination of ketamine HCl-propofol at the dose rates of 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kgBW/minute was an ideal dose of gravimetric method
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Judul: Perbandingan Stabilitas Elektrokardiogram pada Anjing Domestik yang Dianestesi Antara Ketamin, Propofol dan Kombinasinya
Abstrak: The aim of this study is to determine the comparison of stability on electrocardiogram in anesthetized dogs between ketamine, propofol, and its combination. The study was divided into 2 steps. In the first step, eighteen (18) experimental dogs were divided into three groups, group I received ketamine (4 mg/kgBW), group II propofol (4 mg/kgBW), and group III received combination of ketamine (4 mg/kgBW) and propofol (4 mg/kgBW). All groups were preanesthetized with combination of atropine sulphate (0,03 mg/kgBW) and xylazine (2 mg/kgBW), 10 minutes prior to the experiment. The observed parameters were the amplitude of P, R, and T, the interval of QRS, PQ, and QT electrocardiogram (ECG) wave of lead II, as well as heart rate and cardiac axis. The combination of ketamine and propofol yeilded a good depth of anesthesia, provide stability of the ECG is better than single administration of ketamine HCl anesthesia or propofol. In the second step, eighteen (18) experimental dogs were divided in to three groups. All groups are received 0.03 mg/kgBW atropin sulphate and 2 mg/kgBW xylazine intramuscularly and were induced with 4 mg/kgBW ketamine and propofol 4mg/kgBW intravenously respectively 10 minutes prior the experiment, and then received intravenous infusion by a gravimetric method to maintain the anaesthesia status, 20 minutes prior to the experiment. Group I were received ketamine (0.4 mg/kgBW/minutes) infusion, group II propofol (0.4 mg/kgBW/minutes), and group III combination of ketamine (0.4 mg/kgBW/minutes) and propofol (0.4 mg/kgBW/minutes) respectively. The observed parameters were the amplitude of P, R, and T, the interval of QRS, PQ, and QT ECG wave of lead II, as well as heart rate and cardiac axis. The intravenous drip by gravimetric infusion anaesthesia in combination with ketamine and propofol provides stability of the ECG better than single ketamine or propofol.
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Judul: Kontribusi Sektor Perbankan Terhadap Pembanguan Sulawesi Utara
Abstrak: Pembangunan nasional yang dilaksanakan dibidang ekonomi memerlukan dana dan biaya. Peranan perbankan di Sulawesi Utara adalah menghimpun.dana dari masyarakat dan melepaskan kembali dana i t u kepada masyarakat perusahan melalui kredi t.
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