Judul: Marketing Efficiency of Galangal in Gandoang Village, Cileungsi District, Bogor Regency
Abstrak: Kecamatan Cileungsi adalah sentra penghasil lengkuas di Kabupaten Bogor dan Desa Gandoang merupakan desa di Kecamatan Cileungsi yang memiliki potensi tinggi dalam pertanian lengkuasnya. Namun, dalam pemasarannya terlihat ada permasalahan, yaitu terbatasnya pengetahuan petani tentang saluran pemasaran dan tingginya selisih harga jual di tingkat Petani dengan harga yang dibayarkan di tingkat Konsumen Akhir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sistem pemasaran lengkuas dan efisiensi operasionalnya. Metode analisis yang digunakan meliputi analisis deskriptif kualitatif dan analisis kuantitatif. Responden terdiri dari 33 orang petani lengkuas berdasarkan teknik sampling jenuh dan delapan orang lembaga pemasaran lanjutan berdasarkan teknik snowball sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat lembaga pemasaran, yaitu Petani, Tengkulak, Pengepul, Pedagang Besar, dan Pedagang Pengecer. Saluran pemasaran yang terbentuk sebanyak dua saluran pemasaran dan sudah melaksanakan fungsi pemasaran, yaitu fungsi pertukaran, fisik, dan fasilitas. Analisis efisiensi pemasaran menggunakan metode indeks komposit menunjukkan bahwa Saluran Pemasaran II merupakan saluran yang paling efisien dengan margin pemasaran sebesar Rp13.333, farmer’s share sebesar 33,33%, dan rasio keuntungan terhadap biaya sebesar 2,02., Cileungsi District is a galangal-producing center in Bogor Regency and Gandoang Village is a village in Cileungsi District which has high potential for galangal farming. However, in its marketing there are problems, namely the limited knowledge of farmers about marketing channels and the high difference between the selling price at the Farmer level and the price paid at the Final Consumer level. This research aims to analyze the galangal marketing system and its operational efficiency. The analytical methods used include qualitative descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis. Respondents consisted of 33 galangal farmers based on census sampling and eight marketing institutions based on snowball sampling. The results showed that there are four marketing institutions: farmers, middlemen, collectors, wholesalers, and retailers. Two marketing channels have been formed and have implemented marketing functions, namely exchange, physical, and facility functions. Marketing efficiency analysis using the composite index method shows that Marketing Channel II is the most efficient channel with a marketing margin of IDR13.333, a farmer's share of 33,33%, and a profit-to-cost ratio of 2,02.
Keyword: cost, efficiency, marketing, Biaya, efisiensi, Pemasaran, composite index method, galangal, lengkuas, metode indeks komposit

Judul: Analisis Pemasaran Manggis (Garcinia Mangostana L.) di Desa Jugalajaya, Kecamatan Jasinga, Kabupaten Bogor
Abstrak: Manggis merupakan komoditas hortikultura unggulan Indonesia. Kabupaten Bogor merupakan salah satu sentra produksi buah manggis. Desa Jugalajaya, Kecamatan Jasinga merupakan salah satu sentra produksi buah manggis.. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efisiensi pemasaran manggis dengan melihat a) saluran, fungsi, dan lembaga pemasaran b) efisiensi pemasaran berdasarkan marjin pemasaran, farmer’s share, rasio keuntungan dan biaya. Penelitian dilakukan pada 21 petani responden dengan purposive sampling dan 12 pedagang dengan metode snowball sampling. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Analisis kualitatif digunakan untuk menganalisis saluran, lembaga dan fungsi pemasaran. Analisis kuantitatif digunakan untuk menganalisis marjin pemasaran, farmer’s share, rasio keuntungan dan biaya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 5 saluran yang mempunyai fungsi pemasaran yang hampir sama. Saluran yang paling efisien adalah saluran pemasaran 1 berdasarkan kriteria marjin pemasaran sebesar Rp 7.000,00 per kilogram, farmer’s share sebesar 22,22 persen, rasio keuntungan dan biaya total sebesar 6,93.
Keyword: manggis, efisiensi pemasaran, farmer’s share, rasio keuntungan dan biaya

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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