Judul: The Effects of Encapsulated Probiotics on Enteric Methane 
Emission and in Vitro Nutrient Digestibility
Abstrak: Methane, as a greenhouse gas, hasclimatic impacts.It it is responsiblefor almost about 2 – 12% losses of the gross energy that consumed by ruminants, so that methane affects feed utilization and animal productivity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics and encapsulatedprobiotics on enteric methane production and the in vitro nutrient digestibility in ruminants. The study took place at the Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia In vitro analysis was done using a group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The experiments were conducted in 3x4 block design with three dietary treatments (T0= control diet, T1 (control diet + probiotics addition), and T2 (control + encapsulated probiotics addition) and four replicates. Each replicate was performed at a different week. The experimental diets were incubated in the in vitro rumen fermentation system for 72 hours. Parameters observed were pH, total gas production, methane concentration, total volatile fatty acids, NH3 and the in vitro dry and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD and IVOMD, respectively). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued with the Duncan multiple range test to compare among the different treatment means. Results showed that both the probiotics and the encapsulated probiotics decreased (P<0,05) methane concentration by 6,1% and 33,1% in comparison with the control diet, respectively. Furthermore, these probiotics and encapsulated probiotics increased (P<0.05) total gas production by 15,7% and 233% than that of control, respectively. The TFVAs, IVDMD, IVOMD, and NH3 values of the diet supplemented with probiotics were higher as compared to the encapsulated probiotics (P<0,05). In conclusion, both the probiotics and the encapsulated probiotics are effective in mitigating the in vitro methane production at simultaneously enhance gas production.Despite the effectiveness of encapsulation on mitigating methane emission, the nutrient digestibility is still limited. Therefore, in vivo study is strongly recommended to be studied for the final conclusion. Keywords: encapsulation,in vitro rumen, methane, probiotics, ruminants.
Keyword: encapsulation, in vitro, methane, probiotics, ruminants

Judul: Evaluasi Penambahan Probiotik dan Enzim pada Pakan Ruminansia terhadap Fermentabilitas dan Kecernaan secara In Vitro.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi penambahan probiotik L. plantarum (P), combination enzymes (CE), dan enzyme stimulation secretion (ESS40) pada pakan secara in vitro. Penelitian dilakukan dua tahap, yaitu pengujian taraf probiotik menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 perlakuan (P1: 2%; P2:5%; P3:10%), pengujian fermentatif menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 12 perlakuan (X0 = ransum basal; X1 = X0 + 1% ESS40; X2 = X0 + 0.5% CE; X3 = X0 + 1% CE; X4 = X0 + 1% P; X5 = X1 + 0.5% CE; X6 = X1+ 1% CE; X7 = X1 + 1% P; X8 = X2 + 1% P; X9 = X3 + 1% P; X10 = X5 + 1% P; X11 = X6 + 1% P). Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan hasil yang signifikan (P<0,05) diuji lanjut menggunakan uji Duncan dan kontras ortogonal. Parameter yang diukur yaitu mikrobiologi probiotik, pH, konsentrasi NH3, KcBK, KcBO, VFA, total gas, dan gas metana. Penggunaan taraf inokulan berpengaruh nyata terhadap pH dan total asam laktat. Penambahan probiotik, CE dan ESS40 berpengaruh nyata terhadap VFA, total gas dan gas metana. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah penggunaan probiotik, CE, dan ESS40 belum optimal memengaruhi produk fermentasi rumen, namun menurunkan produksi metana., This study aims to evaluate the addition of probiotics L. plantarum (P), combination enzymes (CE), and enzyme stimulation secretion (ESS40) to feed in vitro. The study was conducted in two stages, probiotic level testing using a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (P1: 2%; P2: 5%; P3: 10%), fermentative testing using a randomized block design with 12 treatments (X0 = basal ration; X1 = X0 + 1% ESS40; X2 = X0 + 0.5% CE; X3 = X0 + 1% CE; X4 = X0 + 1% P; X5 = X1 + 0. 5% CE; X6 = X1+ 1% CE; X7 = X1 + 1% P; X8 = X2 + 1% P; X9 = X3 + 1% P; X10 = X5 + 1% P; X11 = X6 + 1% P). Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant results (P<,05) were tested using Duncan's test and orthogonal contrast. Parameters was probiotics microbiology, pH, concentration of NH3, KcBK, KcBO, VFA, total gas, and methane gas. The use of inoculant levels had a significant effect on pH and total lactic acid. The addition of probiotics, CE and ESS40 had a significant effect on VFA, total gas and methane gas. The conclusion of this study is that the use of probiotics, CE, and ESS40 had not optimally affected rumen fermentation products, but reduced methane production.
Keyword: fermentative, gas, inoculant, digestibility, methane

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular