Judul: Bioinsecticides Production by Bacillus thuringiensis Using Agroindustrial By Product in Solid Fermentation
Abstrak: Bacillus thuringiensis is one of well-known bioinsectiside resources, and utilized in organic farming for the replacement of chemical insecticide. Substrate composition affect the bioinsecticides production. In fermentation process, microorganisms require water, carbon, nitrogen, and minerals for the growth. Substrate composition also affect the characteristics of bioinsecticides products, especially in growth, toxicity, and potential products. Agroindustrial by product contains the necessary complex nutrients components as a substrate for the growth of microorganisms. This research aimed to assess the ability of Bacillus thuringiensis using substrate combination of carbon source (onggok, pulp of coffee, starch fractions of iles-iles, and sago’s waste) and nitrogen source (tofu’s waste, peanut meal, palm kernel cake, and corn hominy) in bioinsecticides production using solid media cultivation. The main parameters to select the carbon and nitrogen sources are LC50 value and potential bioinsecticides products. The research consisted of three stages, there were substrates characterization, microorganisms characterization, and bioinsecticides production. Substrates characterization was conducted to analyze proximates content and physical characteristics such as aw, bulk density, and water holding capacity. Microorganisms that was used consisted of three strains, there were Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. berliner dan Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis. Microorganisms characteristics includes the ability of cellulolytic, amylolytic, and ability of the cell production. Bioinsecticides production stages was divided into three stages, there were influence of carbon source substrates, and nitrogen source substrates for bioinsecticides production, and the influence of bioinsecticides production using carbon and nitrogen sources that were selected on a scale of 2 kg. Carbon source substrates have main component contents like carbohydrate (50.7 – 65.9 %), total simple sugars (23.5 – 30.5 %), crude fiber (11.3 – 31.4 %), and protein (0.5 – 11.5 %). Nitrogen source substrates have carbohydrate (25.1 – 59.4 %), total simple sugars (10.5 – 25.1 %), crude fiber (6.5 – 37.4 %), and high protein (7.1 – 24.9 %). Nitrogen source substrates has a higher protein content than the carbon source substrates. The results showed that all strains of Bacillus thuringiensis that were determined has the ability to produce cellulase and amylase enzymes so they can use all substrates as a carbon and nitrogen sources in solid media cultivation. Pulp of coffee has an advantage because it contains simple sugars higher than other substrates so in the carbon source substrate selection, cultivation using pulp of coffee as a substrate for Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. berliner and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis can produce the highest potential product. Cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. berliner using pulp of coffee as a substrate can produce the highest toxicity with LC50 value of 0.07 μg/ml and potency of 11429 IU/mg, while cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis using pulp of coffee as a substrate can produce the highest toxicity with LC50 value of 0.05 μg/ml and potency of 16000 IU/mg. Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai has high amylolytic capability thus in the carbon source selection, cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai can produce the highest toxicity with LC50 value of 0.09 μg/ml and potency of 8889 IU/mg. Suitable substrates for the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai is
Keyword: bioinsecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis, toxixity, solid media cultivation

Judul: Produksi Bioinsektisida Dari Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai Menggunakan Limbah Industri Tahu Sebagai Substrat.
Abstrak: This research was to obtain the best media formulation oftions for bioinsectisides production using Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai and to asses the level of toxicity against larvae Crocidolomia binotalis (cabbage worms). Media formulation oftions using tofu waste and tofu waste water, with a ratio of 20: 80, 30: 70, and 40: 60 and the amount of starters added 10, 15, and 20 (% v /v). Observations done at 0, 30, and 48 hours of the cultivation time which include pH, total residual sugar, the total plate count, and the viable spore count. Toxicity tests were conducted by bioassay using larvae Crocidolomia binotalis (cabbage worms). The analysis of raw materials obtained on the carbon content of tofu waste and tofu waste water at 5.64% (wb) and 0.27% (wb), while the nitrogen content of 0.42% (wb) and 0.02% (wb). During the cultivation, the pH in the cultivation liquid was increased while total sugars is decreased. The pH values during cultivation was ranging from 7.27 to 8.21. Efficient use of substrate for cultivation 30 hours ranged from 13.14% (C2) to 33.61% (A3) and for cultivation 48 hours ranged from 31.73% (C3) to 41.91% (B3). The highest total plate count in this research is media formulation of B3 (2.14 x 108 cells/ml) with cultivation time during the 48 hours, whereas the lowest total plate count in this research is media formulation of A3 (1 x 107 cells/ml) with cultivation time during the 48 hours. The highest amount of viable spore count in this research is the media formulation of B2 (2.95 x 107 spores/ml) with cultivation time during the 48 hours, whereas the lowest viable spore count in this research is the media formulation of A1 (1.25 x 106 spores/mL) with cultivation time during the 48 hours. Cultivation during 30 hours using media formula A1 produces crystal protein in high toxicity to Croccidolomia binotalis larva. This is indicated by the highest toxicity level from bioassay test which shown by medium formulae of A1, which was 1,34 mg/L, and the lowest toxicity level was shown by media formulae of C3, which was 174,16 mg/L. Whereas cultivation during 48 hours using media formulation of A2 produces crystal protein in high toxicity to Croccidolomia binotalis larva. This is indicated by the highest toxicity level from bioassay test which shown by medium formulae of A1, which was 7,44 mg/L, and the lowest toxicity level was shown by media formulae of C3, which was 45636,00 mg/L. In the control (distilled water + prostiker) who were not given fluids bioinsectiside products not found of C. binotalis larva is dead, while in the commercial product (Bactospeine) toxicity was obtained at 0.05 mg / L with potential products 16 000 UI / mg.
Keyword: 

Judul: Penegakkan hukum dalam penanganan perampokan bersenjata (armed robbery) terhadap kapal laut di alur pelayaran internasional Selat Malaka
Abstrak: Selat Malaka adalah sebuah selat yang terletak di antara Semenanjung Malaysia di Malaysia, Pulau Sumatra di Indonesia, dan bergabung di bagian ujung sebelah selatan di Singapura. Selat Malaka dari segi ekonomi dan strategis merupakan salah satu jalur pelayaran terpenting di dunia.
Keyword: