Judul: Rancangan Pendirian dan Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Produksi Alat Pemerahan Susu Sapi SOTE (Semi Otomatis Tipe Engkol)
Abstrak: Cow milk is the product of dairy cows that is needed by the people of Indonesia in order to meet their nutritional needs. Currently the world's milk production has reached about 385 000 million m3/year, while the national dairy industry of Indonesia in 1999 produced only ± 20% of total milk processing industry needs, so the rest still rely heavily on imported raw materials. Based on this condition it is important to increase the amount of cow milk production, by improving the efficiency and effectiveness of milk dairy using automatic milking machine. Due to the high price of milking machine, which is more than Rp 27 million, cow breeders do not want to buy. Therefore we need semi automatic milking machine. To solve these problems a semi automatic milking machine has been designed. The tool is called a dairy cow milking machine SOTE (Semi Automatic Type Crank). Because cow milking machine SOTE has never been produced specially workshop that produce this milking machine is required. The purpose of this research is to design a business of milking machine production SOTE and to analyze its feasibility level based on market aspects, technical aspects, institutional aspects / management and financial aspects. The size (area) of the workshop is determined by the needs of area for production and material flow from raw material to finished products. The layout of the room, equipment and machinery are arranged in such a way as to form the flow of production so that all rooms can be used efficiently. Analysis shows the workshop is financially feasible, indicated by three investment feasibility criteria: NPV, IRR, and the Net B/C. At the level of 10 % profit selling price (Rp Rp 7 159 348 per unit), the NPV value is Rp 371 883 233, net B/C 12.1 while the IRR value is 286.977 %. The sensitivity analysis shows that this business still feasible on labor cost increases of 5 %, raw material cost increases of 5 %, and both costs increase of 5 %.
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Judul: Rancang Bangun Alat Pemerah Susu Sapi Otomatis dengan Pulsator Tipe Pegas
Abstrak: Milk is an important commodity for improving people nutrition. The main source of milk production is dairy cow. In Indonesia, milk production is dominated by local dairy herdsmen who are still applying milking manually by hand. Actually local dairy herdsmen can use milking machine which is built simple and appropriate with common components. This study aims at design and build automatic milking machine with spring type pulsator. This milking machine can be used by smallscale dairy herdsmen because it is easy to use and maintaince. By using this milking machine, milk is also expexted to be more hygienic. The main components to make up this milking machine are teat cups, spring type pulsator, DC Motor, AC-DC regulator, vacuum pump, milkcan, and frame. The specific distinction of this milking machine with the modern milking machine is no need a claw to connect 4 milk tubes on teat cups with 4 pulse tubes on pulsator. Claw’s function is not replaced by any component, but the milkcan itself is made as direct vacuum reservoir. Power source to run this milking machine is entirely using electricity. Vacuum pump requires 250 watt power to produce vacuum pressure up to 50 kPa at milkcan as vacuum reservoir. And DC motor requires DC voltage at 3-12 V with current 5A to drive the pulsator. Spring type pulsator can produce pulsation rate 60 cycle per minute with pulse ratio 2.5:1, which means the resting phase on teat cups is 2.5 times longer than massage phase. Testing result revealed that the performance of the machine has not produced milk as expexted. Vacuum flow rate which is produced by pump is less efficient if it works at very short time interval. While the resting phase, the pulsation chamber has just begun to connect with vacuum and the interval 5/7 second is too short to produce enough vacuum in order to open the teat cup liners. It is because the vacuum flow rate is nullified at a moment before, while the massage phase running.
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Judul: Transisi Fasa Materi Hadronik ke Materi Kuark pada Inti Bintang Neutron.
Abstrak: Bintang neutron terdiri dari beberapa lapisan yang disusun oleh materi nuklir yang berbeda dengan kerapatan yang semakin tinggi ketika mendekati pusat bintang. Inti luar bintang neutron disusun oleh materi hadronik (nukleon, lepton, dan hyperon), sedangkan inti dalam bintang neutron disusun oleh kuark-kuark bebas (up, down, strange) yang saling berinteraksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari bagaimana transisi dari inti luar ke inti dalam bintang neutron dengan menggunakan pendekatan RMF (Relativistic Mean Field) untuk materi hadronik dan CIDDM (Confined Isospin Density Dependent Mass) untuk materi kuark. Tekanan transisi diperoleh ketika potensial kimia barion materi hadronik dan materi kuark bernilai sama. Nilai tekanan transisi dengan parameter SU6-TM1 sekitar 87 MeV/fm3 dan diperoleh massa maksimum bintang neutron yaitu 1.92M dengan jari-jari sekitar 8.62 km. Nilai tekanan transisi dengan parameter SU6-G2 sekitar 53 MeV/fm3 dan massa maksimum bintang neutron yaitu 1.88M dengan jari-jari sekitar 8.16 km. Jenis transisi fasa adalah orde satu ditandai dengan diskontinuitas dalam kerapatan energi (adanya mixed phase). Parameter-parameter pada model nuklir yang digunakan menyebabkan perbedaan kekakuan persamaan keadaan (EOS) dari materi hadronik dan materi kuark sehingga nilai tekanan transisi dari fasa hadronik ke fasa kuark juga berbeda.
Keyword: bintang neutron, persamaan keadaan, transisi fasa