Judul: Degradasi Ekosistem Mangrove di Pulau Kaledupa Taman Nasional Wakatobi
Abstrak: Mangrove ecosystem is one type of natural resource conservation target in Wakatobi National Park. Mangrove provides various types of products and environmental protection services such as protection against abrasion, sea water intrusion control, reducing the strong winds, reducing high and flow velocity waveform, recreation and cleaning water from pollutants. Because of he mangrove ecosystem have important functions, degradation in these ecosystem must be properly managed in order functions can be used optimally. One method that is commonly used to study the degradation of mangrove ecosystems is Geographic Information System. Aims of this study were to analyze the level of deforestation and degradation of mangrove, the mangrove species composition and diversity, the correlation between body size mangrove crab (Scylla serrata) with the degradation level of mangrove and to formulate the causes as well as efforts to control the degradation of mangrove ecosystems in Kaledupa Island, Wakatobi National Park. The research was conducted in July 2014 at Kaledupa Island, National Park Wakatobi, Southeast Sulawesi Province. Field data collection is done by taking coordinate points and satellite imagery, vegetation analysis, measurements of mangrove crab morphometric and interview. The results of study showed since declared a national park in 1996, there has been a mangrove deforestation by 214.04 ha untill 2014. The largest mangrove deforestation occurred in Lewuto Village, while smallest deforestation in Tanomeha Village. SIG method showed that was damaged mangrove area in Kaledupa increased from 39.12 ha in 1996 to 41.33 ha in 2014. As for the undamaged mangrove area decline of 938.91 ha in 1996 to 722.66 ha in 2014. Based on the teristris method, mangrove ecosystem in Kaledupa are in a damaged condition. Mangrove communities in Kaledupa composed by eight species. Mangrove species with the highest IVI in four sampling villages varied, namely Rhizophora apiculata Bl. (Tanomeha), Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. (Balasuna), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) B. C. Rob. (Lewuto) and Sonneratia alba Smith (Horuo- Tampara). Mangrove damage level had a negative correlation with morphometric of mud crab (Scylla serrata). Causal factors of degradation include economic factors, education and skills, and weak of supervision of the authorities. Strategies to control the mangrove ecosystems degradation in Kaledupa Island were to utilize mangrove ecosystem status as a conservation area to preserve the mangrove so the potential to be used as an attractive eco-tourism area and should empower communities to provide mangrove seedlings through the establishment of nurseries.
Keyword: control strategies, degradation, deforestation, mangrove ecosystems, mud crab

Judul: Karakteristik ekosistem mangrove pada pulau-pulau kecil di Taman Nasional Wakatobi Provinsi Sulawesi Tenggara
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan komposisi, kerapatan, keanekaragaman spesies, sebaran kelas diameter batang, pola zonasi mangrove, permudaan alami mangrove, menentukan kondisi komunitas mangrove dan menguji hubungan antara pola vegetasi mangrove dengan faktor abiotik di Pulau Kaledupa, Derawa dan Pulau Hoga Taman Nasional Wakatobi, serta hubungan zonasi mangrove di pulau Kaledupa dengan tinggi penggenangan. Sampling vegetasi dilakukan dengan metode transek garis dan metode plot (Muller - Dombois & Ellenberg 1974; Cintron et al. 1980; Cintron & Novelli 1984). Dari masing-masing pulau dibuat 3 buah garis transek secara kontinyu memotong komunitas mangrove, mulai formasi mangrove paling depan (arah laut) sampai formasi paling belakang (arah darat), dengan luas plot 10 x 0 m. Jumlah total plot di Pulau Kaledupa sebanyak 101 plot, Pulau Derawa 35 plot dan di Pulau Hoga 23 plot. Dari masing-masing plot didata, meliputi nama spesies, ukuran lingkar batang setinggi dada (dbh), dan jumlah individu masing-masing spesies mangrove strata pohon, tiang dan strata sapihan. Untuk strata semai didata nama spesies dan jumlah individu masing-masing spesies. Pengambilan contoh subtrat mangrove menggunakan bor tanah (corer) dengan teknik composite sample pada setiap plot pengamatan. Pengambilan data periode dan tinggi penggenangan air pasang menggunakan suatu alat dan metode yang dikembangkan sendiri oleh peneliti. Data sekunder meliputi : letak geogafi, kondisi topografis, kualitas perairan, potensi sumberdaya dan permasalahan dalam pengelolaan sumberdaya laut serta aksesibilitas kawasan dari Balai Taman Nasional Wakatobi dan Bapeda Kabupaten Wakatobi. Data iklim Sulawesi Tenggara dan data curah hujan Kabupaten Wakatobi dari Stasiun Meteorologi Maritim Kendari. Analisis struktur vegetasi meliputi : Kerapatan Relatif (KR), Dominansi Relatif (DR), Frekuensi Relatif (FR), dan Nilai Penting (NP) dari masing-masing lokasi penelitian, mengacu rumus Cox, (1979). Keanekaragaman spesies menggunakan Indeks Shannon-Wienner, kekayaan spesies dengan Margalef Indeks, dan kemerataan spesies dengan Pielou Indeks. Penentuan zonasi mangrove menggunakan nilai kerapatan relatif masing-masing spesies dari setiap plot pengamatan. Nilai kerapatan relatif ini kemudian diplotkan pada bidang 2 dimensi. Penentuan permudaan alami mangrove mengacu pada SK Direktur Jenderal Kehutanan No.60/Kpts/DJ/I/1978 tentang pengelolaan hutan mangrove/ sylvikultur hutan payau. Penentuan sebaran kelas diameter batang menggunakan kriteria Daniel et al. (1979); Barbour et al. (1987). Data tentang tanah diketahui melalui analisis laboratorium, meliputi pH dengan metode analisis Elektrometri/pH-Meter, salinitas dengan Hand-Refraktometer, N dengan metode K-jedahl, P dengan Spektrofotometer (Bray I), K dengan metode Gravimetri, bahan organik tanah dengan Spektrofotometer, dan tekstur tanah dengan saringan bertingkat. Statistik ANOVA dimanfaatkan untuk melihat perbedaan faktor...dst
Keyword: faktor abiotik, pulau-pulau kecil, Taman Nasional Wakatobi, zonasi, vegetasi mangrove

Judul: Kloning dan Ekspresi Human Interferon-alfa2a pada Yeast Metilotropik Pichia pastoris
Abstrak: Interferon (IFN) is a group of proteins that are secreted by body cells as a result of exposure to biological vertebrates such as: viruses, bacteria, protozoa and other compounds. There are three types of interferon, namely: alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (γ) IFN. Interferon-α2a belongs to the type I interferon. This protein has a molecular weight of 21.550 kDa and consists of 188 amino acids (23 amino acid of signal peptide and 166 amino acids of mature protein). Interferon-α2a is also known to be used for the treatment of hepatitis C and as anti-tumor and antivirus agents. Regulator gene for IFN production under normal conditions, is in the off position to IFN is not produced. But when there are external stimuli, both viral and bacterial infections, a regulator gene switches on, and IFN production system running. At the time of an attack from a variety of disease agents actually the body will produce IFN, but generally the amount produced is not sufficient to fight the disease agents that multiply very quickly. Therefore IFN intake from outside is needed. This is the beginning of the use of IFN as a drug. Genetic engineering is an activity to manipulate the genes to get new products by creating recombinant DNA through gene insertion. Recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce IFN. Yeast such as Pichia pastoris can be an alternative as the host (system) to express human interferon genes and as a producer of IFN protein. Expression system P. pastoris offers several advantages for the production of recombinant proteins, such as: the high level expression of recombinant proteins, ease of scaling-up fermenter, low cost and ease of transformation techniques and selection of transformed cells such as bacteria . The existence of inducible AOX1 promoter is very strong, easily control the expression of recombinant proteins by induction. AOX1 is a promoter that controls gene expression of alcohol oxidase to metabolize methanol as carbon source of P. pastoris. Therefore,this study aimed to clone human interefron-α2a (hifnα2a) gene in E. coli and express it in metylotrophic yeast P. pastoris. Vector used in this study is pPICZαB (Invitrogen). Ligation process between insert (hifn-α2a gene) and vector (pPICZαB) performed by using T4 DNA ligase, which functions synthesize the formation of phosphodiester bonds linking the nucleotides with nucleotide insert plasmid vectors to produce recombinant (pPICZαB-hifnα2a). This recombinant plasmid transformed into XL1 blue cells (E. coli) by Heat shock method. The results of sequencing analysis (clone 6) using 5'AOX and 3'AOX primers indicate that DNA base sequence of human IFN-α2a genes has been subclone into pPICZαB vector (in frame). Recombinant plasmid (clone 6) linearized using BstX1 enzyme before transformed into X33 yeast cell. Transformation into cell was done by Electroporation. The X33 cell P. pastoris strain was used to express human interferon-α2a. X33 is strains with the phenotype Mut+ (methanol utilization plus) and can be used for positive transformants selection using zeocin. Phase protein production work using Mut+ strain occurred in two phases. The first phase is the use of glycerol to obtain a certain amount of biomass (high cell
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