Judul: Kloning Gen Proteinase Inhibitor dari Kulit Buah Kakao pada Vektor Ekspresi dengan Metode Gateway
Abstrak: Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is one of a high economical value estate crops as an export commodity. Eighty percent of cacao production loss was caused by Cocoa Pod Borer (CPB), Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen. Thus, cacao seed were not soldable due to its low quality. Proteinase Inhibitor (PIN) is an antinutrition substances which able to inhibit proteolytic enzyme from insect gut. A 21 kDa of cacao seed PIN gene was known of having high homology to soybean trypsin inhibitor. This research was aimed to clone PIN gene on expression vector by Gateway method. Gateway method step include design Gateway primer, amplification PIN gene with Gateway primer, recombination PIN gene on Entry and Destination vector, transformation on Escherichia coli XL- 1 Blue, confirmation PIN gene on Entry and Destination vector, and transformation PIN gene on E.coli into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Result of research indicate that PIN gene have a measurement of 850 bp succeed inserted into expression vector with Gateway method easy and quickly. The recombinant DNA was successfully transformed into Agrobacterium tumfaciens AGL-0 strain.
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Judul: Isolasi dan Uji Ekspresi Gen Proteinase Inhibitor (PIN) dari Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.).
Abstrak: Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman perkebunan yang mempunyai nilai ekonomi tinggi sebagai komoditi ekspor. Adanya serangan hama utama kakao, yaitu Penggerek Buah Kakao (PBK), Conopomorpha cramerella Snellen menyebabkan kehilangan produksi kakao hingga 80% dan biji kakao yang terserang, mutunya menurun bahkan tidak laku dijual. Gen proteinase inhibitor (PIN) merupakan gen yang dapat menghasilkan senyawa antinutrisi yang dapat menghambat kerja enzim proteolitik di dalam perut serangga. PIN terdapat pada biji kakao dan berukuran 21 kDa dengan homologi yang cocok dengan inhibitor tripsin pada kedelai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi gen PIN dari biji kakao dan melakukan uji ekspresi untuk mengetahui tingkat ekspresi gen PIN dari jaringan kulit buah kakao yang tahan (klon Ary 2) dan tidak tahan (klon Bal 209) terhadap hama PBK. Fragmen gen PIN dari biji kakao berhasil diisolasi dengan pasangan primer spesifik gen PIN, yaitu F21 dan R11. Hasil sekuensing menunjukkan bahwa fragmen tersebut berukuran 580 bp dan analisis BLASTN membuktikan bahwa fragmen gen PIN yang berhasil diisolasi merupakan gen PIN yang mempunyai homologi dengan gen PIN penyandi protein berukuran 21 kDa pada biji kakao. Ekspresi gen PIN dari kedua klon pada buah yang memilki panjang 12 cm lebih kuat dibanding buah yang memiliki panjang 9 cm. Secara umum ekspresi gen PIN dari jaringan kulit kakao pada klon Ary lebih kuat dibanding klon Bal, dengan kata lain klon kakao yang tahan terhadap hama PBK, mengekspresikan gen PIN yang lebih kuat dibanding klon yang tidak tahan tehadap hama PBK. Berdasarkan perbedaaan ekspresi dari kedua klon, diduga gen PIN berpengaruh terhadap ketahanan buah kakao yang tahan terhadap PBK.
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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