Judul: Utilization of Cashew Nut Shell as Organic Fertilizer and Fungicide.
Abstrak: Cashew nut shells have not been fully utilized untill now and most of them are still in a form of wastes. The data of cashew nut production in 2010 showed that there were 66.036.54 tons of cashew nut shell wastes. That amount of cashew nut shell wastes would be very potential if they were composted into organic fertilizers and fungisides. Cashew nut shell wastes are organic matter containing macro elements such as N (0.84%), P (0.21%), K (0.70%), Ca (0.13%) and Mg (0.24%), that are useful for plants. Cashew nut shell contains high lignoselulose that is difficult to hydrolyze so that it will take a very long time to become organic fertilizer through natural composting. This can cause comulation of wastes that have negative effect to the environment. Therefore, treatments using proper composting techniques such as utilizing bioactivator (Trichoderma spp. and selulotic bacteria) and chopping cashew nut shell, are needed to solve the problem. Both of treatments are expected to accelerate decomposition and produce good quality compost that can be applied to the plant as organic fertilizer and fungicide. The research was conducted at IPB Teaching Farm, Darmaga Bogor from September 2012 to August 2013. The aim of this research was to produce good quality of organic fertilizer and fungicide from utilizing cashew nut shell wastes with microbial inoculation method (Trichoderma spp. and selulotic bacteria) as well as chopping cashew nut shell. This research consisted of four interrelated experiments with the following specific purposes: firstly, to analyse the composting rate of cashew nut shell wastes resulted by chopping cashew nut shell and using bioactivator (Trichoderma spp. and selulotic bacteria); secondly, to analyse the effect of cashew nut shell compost on nutrient uptake and growth of cashew and cocoa seedlings; and finally, to analyse the effectiveness of cashew nut shell compost formulas which were enriched with Trichoderma spp. to cashew seedling resistance against the pathogen attack, Rigidoporus lignosus, the cause of white root fungus (JAP) disease. The addition of bioactivator (Trichoderma spp. and selulotic bacteria) and enomeration of cashew nut shell can significantly increase the composting rate of cashew nut shell waste as raw material for organic fertilizer and it can improve the quality of cashew nut shell compost formulas suitable with the compost criteria set by SNI 19-7030-2004 and technical requirement standarts of organic fertilizers (C/N: 24.42%, N: 1.71%, P: 0.17%, K: 0.96%, pH: 7.13). The treatments of cashew nut shell compost gave better effect on the growth and nutrient uptake of cashew and cacao seedlings than the control (top soil). Cashew nut shell compost formula in 50 g polybag-1 can substitute 100 g polybag-1 goat manure to increase the growth od cashew seedlings to be ready to transplant to the field. The increase of doses of cashew nut shell compost formula to 100 g polybag-1 can enhance the growth of cocoa seedlings untill they are ready to transplant in the field. Cashew nut shell compost formula can improve the balance of nutrients in the soil so that it enhances the growth and vigor of cashew and cacao seedlings. The experiment results
Keyword: bioactivator, cashew, composting, R. lignosus, Trichoderma spp.

Judul: Composting of Palm Oil Midrib-leaf with Different Biodecomposter and used as Ameliorant
Abstrak: The number of palm oil midrib-leaf wastes generated is increasing in line with the growth of palm oil production. Midrib buildup on the sidelines of palm oil plantations, especially in side off lines on several palm oil estates has the potential to become a den / host for pests and diseases. Palm oil midrib-leaf contains high lignin and cellulose that requires a long time to be able to decompose completely. Efforts to speed up and maximize the composting palm oil midrib-leaf waste with using biodecomposter expected to minimize organic matter transported from the field at harvest time. Trimming leaves can even be returned to the field in the form of materials ready used to maintain the stability of soil organic matter after going through the process of decomposition. The objective of study were to identify indigenous microbe isolates, to compare the rate of composting and to identify influence of using compost toward growth and caisin yield (Brassica rapa). This experiment was done in Laboratory of Soil Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science and Land Resources and Cikabayan Teaching Farm in IPB Dramaga Bogor. Microbe identification was held in IPB Culture Collection (IPBCC). Analysis of soil nutrients and compost materials were conducted at the Laboratory of Soil Fertility, Soil Science and Land Resources Department. Chlorophyll analysis was done in the Laboratory of Molecular Marker Spectrophotometry and stomatal observation was carried out at the Microtechnic Laboratory of Agronomy and Horticulture Department (AGH). Stages of the study were lasted from October 2012 to August 2013. This study consisted of three experiments. The first, microbe exploration was used as biodecomposter. The results obtained show that indigenous biodecomposter produce the number of colonies twice more than commercial biodecomposter. According to identification result, indigenous microbe derived from the natural weathering of oil palm estate is a type of fungi Trichoderma asperellum. The second, composting of palm oil midrib-leaf. Treatment 1 (B0) shredded palm oil midrib-leaf + cow manure by 10%; treatment 2 (B1) shredded palm oil midrib-leaf + cow manure by 10% + commercial biodecomposter; treatment 3 (B2) shredded palm oil midrib-leaf + cow manure by 10% + indigenous biodecomposter. The experimental design used was one factor Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 treatment levels. Based on the variables observed like temperature, the ratio C / N, the degree of acidity (pH), volume shrinkage, the physical condition of the compost materials and compost nutrient analysis show that the rate of composting of indigenous biodecomposter is higher than commercial biodecomposter up to 8 weeks after application of biodecomposter. This indicates that the treatment of indigenous biodecomposter is more effective than commercial biodecomposter, because cellulose destroyer microbial isolates which is in it comes from the same environment with the composted material. The third experiment, the compost use produced as organic caisin ameliorant. There are four media treatments namely M0 (soil media without compost); M1 (soil media + compost B0 without biodecomposter); M2 (soil media + compost B1 with indigenous biodecomposter); M3 (soil media + compost B2 with commercial biodecomposter). Composts derived from palm oil midribleaf waste which had been composted with
Keyword: 

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
Keyword: