Judul: Comparison of Price Volatility between Beef and Cooking Oil Based on Product Quality in Jember Regency
Abstrak: Kabupaten Jember merupakan kota dengan tingkat inflasi tertinggi di Jawa Timur. Inflasi tertinggi berasal dari sektor makanan. Komoditas pangan memiliki beberapa jenis kualitas dan pola harga yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan volatilitas harga daging sapi dan minyak goreng berdasarkan kualitas produk di Kabupaten Jember. Data yang digunakan adalah harga harian rata-rata daging sapi kualitas 1, daging sapi kualitas 2, minyak goreng curah, dan minyak goreng kualitas bermerek 1 yang bersumber dari Pusat Informasi Harga Pangan Strategis Nasional (PIHPSN). Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Coefficient of variation (CV) untuk melihat fluktuasi harga dan model ARCH-GARCH untuk menganalisis volatilitas harga. Model VAR digunakan untuk menganalisis pengaruh volatilitas harga berdasarkan kualitas dalam satu komoditas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan volatilitas harga daging sapi kualitas 1 dan minyak goreng kualitas bermerek 1 lebih bervolatil dan ada transmisi volatilitas harga daging sapi dan minyak goreng berdasarkan kualitas produk., Jember Regency is a city with the highest inflation rate in East Java. The highest inflation comes from the food sector. Food commodities have different types of quality and price patterns. This research aims to compare the price volatility of beef and cooking oil based on product quality in Jember Regency. The data used consists of the average daily prices of quality 1 beef, quality 2 beef, bulk cooking oil, and branded cooking oil sourced from the National Strategic Food Price Information Center (PIHPSN). The analysis method used is the Coefficient of Variation (CV) to observe price fluctuations and the ARCH-GARCH model to analyze price volatility. The Vector Autoregression (VAR) model is used to analyze the influence of price volatility based on quality within each commodity. The research results indicate that the price volatility of grade 1 beef and branded grade 1 cooking oil is higher and there is transmission of price volatility between beef and cooking oil based on product quality.
Keyword: ARCH GARCH, harga, kualitas, VAR, volatilitas

Judul: Analysis of Price Volatility and Vertical Integration of Cooking Oil Market in Indonesia
Abstrak: Fenomena kenaikan dan penurunan harga minyak goreng yang berbeda setiap jenisnya turut berperan sebagai penyumbang angka inflasi dalam kelompok pangan bergejolak di Indonesia. Perubahan harga yang tidak stabil tersebut menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi produsen, pedagang besar, dan pedagang eceran. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis volatilitas dan hubungan integrasi vertikal pada harga minyak goreng kemasan premium, kemasan sederhana, dan kemasan curah pada setiap tingkat harga pasar di produsen, pedagang besar, dan pedagang eceran. Penelitian ini menggunakan harga minyak goreng mingguan nasional tahun 2019-2023 diperoleh dari Pusat Informasi Harga Pangan Strategis. Analisis yang dilakukan yakni Koefisien Variasi untuk melihat fluktuasi harga, model ARCH/GARCH untuk menganalisis volatilitas, dan model VECM untuk menganalisis integrasi vertikal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan harga minyak goreng di setiap jenis kualitas memiliki perbedaan nilai fluktuasi. Volatilitas sangat tinggi terjadi pada harga minyak goreng premium dan curah di tingkat pedagang eceran, sedangkan volatilitas tinggi terjadi pada harga minyak goreng curah di tingkat pedagang besar. Hasil VECM menunjukkan terdapat hubungan jangka panjang dan jangka pendek antar variabel harga minyak goreng pada tiga tingkat pasar berbeda., The phenomenon of increasing and decreasing cooking oil prices that are different for each type contributes to the inflation rate in the volatile food group in Indonesia. The unstable price changes are a challenge for producers, wholesalers, and retailers. This study aims to analyze the volatility and vertical integration relationship in the price of premium packaged cooking oil, simple packaging, and bulk packaging at each market price level at producers, wholesalers, and retailers. This study uses weekly national cooking oil prices for 2019-2023 obtained from the Strategic Food Price Information Center. The analysis carried out is the Coefficient of Variation to see price fluctuations, ARCH/GARCH models to analyze volatility, and VECM models to analyze vertical integration. The results show that cooking oil prices in each type of quality have different fluctuation values. Very high volatility occurs in the price of premium and bulk cooking oil at the retail level, while high volatility occurs in the price of bulk cooking oil at the wholesale level. VECM results show that there are long-run and short-run relationships between cooking oil price variables at three different market levels.
Keyword: Volatilitas, harga, integrasi, minyak goreng

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4