Judul: Development Ultraviolet (UV) and High Pulsed Electric Field (HPEF) combination pasteurization system for goat’s milk
Abstrak: Some efforts have been addressed in order to fulfill the demand of consumers towards goat’s milk products to produce a high quality and effective process for inactivating pathogenic bacteria without damaging the physical, chemical properties of milk, has minimal affects which causes quality and nutritional degradation and reduce, sensory acceptance value. One of alternative method is combination of the ultraviolet (UV) and high pulsed electric field (HPEF). The UV pasteurization instrument uses three reactors constructed in series system at UV-C 10 W and 253.7 nm wavelength with specification 1.80 J/cm2 dose per reactor. The specification of HPEF instrument is 31.67 kV/cm, 0.11 mA, oscilatory and 7.0 pulses for high electric field voltage, electrical current, pulse form and number of pulses, respectively with goat’s milk rate at 4.32 ± 0.71 cc/second. The material for the experiment was fresh goat’s milk sterilized using autoclave at 115oC for 3 minutes and ready for recontamination using Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. The bacteria were obtained from Integrated Laboratory of Faculty Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University which had been grown in 105 cfu/ml concentration. The statistical analysis was conducted using Complete Randomized Design. Observed variables were total bacteria, pathogenic bacteria (S. Typhimurium, E. coli dan S. aureus) and physical, chemical properties before and after treatment. The result showed that the inactivation reduction rate using series system of UV series-HPEF at 5.50, 7.00 and 10.00 pulses were 70.00%; 89.49% and 85.67% respectively. The statistical analysis showed that the physical, chemical properties among treatments were insignificantly different (P>0.05). Inactivation rate was 0.52; 0.98 and 0.84 log cycle or 11.78; 22.04 and 19.01 log cfu/ml/hour, respectively; D value was 0.09; 0.05 and 0.05 hour, respectively. Whereas bacteria pathogen inactivation rate of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was 0.28; 0.07 and 0.19 log cycle, respectively. The observation of cell damage using SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) showed that Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 cell had formation changes.
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Judul: Pengaruh Aplikasi High Pulsed Electric Field dengan Frekuensi dan Waktu Berbeda terhadap Pertumbuhan Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 dan Kandungan Nutrisi pada Susu Kambing
Abstrak: Susu kambing memiliki keistimewaan yaitu tinggi kandungan protein dan vitamin A, memiliki jumlah laktosa yang lebih sedikit sehingga tidak menyebabkan diare, anti alergi serta memiliki bentuk butiran lemak susu yang homogen dan berdiameter kecil sehingga mudah diserap organ pencernaan. Jaminan keamanan produk pangan asal susu kambing perah perlu mendapat perhatian khusus karena terdapat kepercayaan di masyarakat akan khasiat susu kambing bagi kesehatan jika dikonsumsi dalam keadaan mentah, semantara hasil penelitian mendapatkan rendahnya kualitas mikrobiologis susu kambing mentah yang beredar di pasaran (Taufik el al., 2008). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengaplikasikan suatu teknologi pasteurisasi non konvensional yaitu teknologi pasteurisasi non termal dengan medan pulsa listrik tegangan tinggi (High Pulse Electric Field/HPEF) dan mempelajari pengaruh frekuensi dan lama waktu aplikasi yang berbeda dari metode HPEF dalam menekan pertumbuhan bakteri patogen Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 dan pengaruhnya terhadap kandungan nutrisi susu kambing. Aplikasi metode pasteurisasi dengan HPEF didasarkan pada dua teori utama, yaitu electrical breakdown dan teori elektroporasi membran sel akibat adanya medan pulsa listrik tegangan tinggi yang mengakibatkan inaktivasi sel mikroba.
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Judul: Kontraksi pola graf klausa Bahasa Indonesia menggunakan metode knowledge graph
Abstrak: Knowledge graph is a new method of knowledge representation. In principle, knowledge graph consists of concept and relationship. There are already rules of constructing wordgraphs of noun, verb, adverb, adjective, preposition, and phrase. However to be able to represent the meaning of Indonesian text we still need other rules to represent clause and sentence. This research is mainly focused on constructing a subordinative clause graph and building rules of subordinative clause graph formation. In this research, subordinative clause is classified by analyzing the subordinative relationship (time, condition, if-relation, purpose, consessive, resemblace, because-relation, result, way-relation, tool-relation, complementation, attributive, equative, and comparative) and the structure of clause (the combination of subject, predicate, object, complement, and description). After the result of constructing subordinative clause graph is analyzed and formulated, the subordinative clauses are classified based on the same conjunction graph pattern and clause structure graph pattern, and we get 13 conjunction graph patterns and 48 clause structure graph patterns for subordinative clause in Indonesian.
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