Judul: Khasiat Ekstrak Rimpang Kunci Pepet dan Buah Asam Gelugur sebagai Pelangsing secara In Vitro dan In Vivo
Abstrak: Garcinia atroviridis (gelugor) fruits and Kaempferia angustifolia (kunci pepet) rhizomes have been traditionally used as herbal medicine to reduce body weight. The extract of these plants has been shown (in vitro) to have antiobesity activity. The objectives of this research is to evaluate the activity of the combination of these herbs‟ ethanol extracts towards human pancreatic lipase activity by in vitro analysis (pH = 8.0, incubation time = 45 minutes, and temperature = 40 °C) and mouse pancreatic lipase by in vivo analysis. The combined extracts activity towards human pancreatic lipase was analyzed using lipase concentration of 1.4 х 10-6 μg/μL with sesame oil (0.243 μg/μL) as the substrate. The in vivo test were conducted to female mice by investigating their body weight and feed consumption changes before and after the combined extract administration. The in vitro test results showed that the 1:1 gelugor–kunci pepet ethanol extract combination had the highest inhibition activity towards human pancreatic lipase (75.69%) at 20 ppm concentration. The lowest body weight average of (171.38 g) was observed in the mice group that had been admistered with 564 mg combined extract per 200 g body weight. Their average feed consumption decreased from 30.13 g to 19.87 g per day. These results gave conclusion that the combined gelugor–kunci pepet ethanol extract is able to inhibit human pancreatic lipase activity, decrease mouse body weigth and appetite.
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Judul: In Vitro Assay of Water and Ethanol Extracts of Asam Gelugur Fruits, Lengkuas, and Kencur Rhizomes as Inhibitor of Pancreatic Lipase Activity.
Abstrak: Asam gelugur fruits of Garcinia oftenly used to reduce body weight. Lengkuas and kencur are traditional herbal that potential as inexpensive and available antiobesity because they had been studied could reduce the level of phospholipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol. This research evaluated the potencies of these herbal as antiobesity by their water and ethanol extracts capabilities in inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity in vitro at pH 8,0, incubation time 45 minutes, and temperature 40°C. This research used human pancreatic lipase (1,4 × 10-5 μg/μL) and sesame oil (16,2 μg/μL) as substrate. The water and ethanol extracts of asam gelugur fruits contained saponins and alkaliods, respectively. The water extract of lengkuas rhizomes contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, dan quinones, while the ethanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. The water extract of kencur rhizomes contained saponins and quinones, while the ethanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, and quinones. These plants have potencies as antiobesity based on in vitro assay in inhibiting pancreatic lipase activity. The highest inhibitory effect of all extracs was obtained from the ethanol extract of asam gelugur fruits with value of 86,3% at 150 ppm. The highest inhibitory effect of lengkuas extracts was from the ethanol extract at 200 ppm, which was about 56,2%. The highest inhibitory effect of kencur was showed by the ethanol extract with the value 37,6% at 300 ppm. These values were higher than the inhibitory effect of the positive control (Xenical®) at 100 ppm, about 10,6%.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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