Judul: Enkapsulasi Lactobacillus casei dengan teknik ekstruksi sebagai starter untuk pembuatan dadih susu sapi
Abstrak: The purpose of this research is to get an optimal composition for encapsulating materials of Lactobacillus casei as dried starter culture for production of dadih from cow milk. Lactobacillus casei was encapsulated by the extrusion technique, then dried by hot air oven on 40 oC. Biopolymer for encapsulating materials consist of sodium alginate and filler based on protein such as whey protein concentrate, sodium caseinate, and skim. The highest yield, the biggest diameter, and more spherical shape of beads was recorded in 4% alginate beads. Yield and diameter of beads decreased significantly with increasing filler concentration. Optimum proportion of alginate-filler on 4% total biopolymer is 2:1 (2.67% sodium alginate : 1.33% filler) that resulted in yield 78.7 – 80.7%, diameter 2.7 – 2.8 mm, and spherical – elliptical shape of beads. Encapsulated Lactobacillus casei in 4% alginate beads and alginate-skim 2:1 showed that the rate of acid produced was higher then alginatewhey 2:1 and alginate-sodium caseinate 2:1. Encapsulation of Lactobacillus casei with alginate-skim 2:1 resulted in a higher cell viability, namely 5.32 log cfu/gram or decline in viable count of about 2.36 log over a drying periode of 6 hour while there was a decline of about more than 5,76 log in Lactobacillus casei which were encapsulated with 4% alginate (without filler). Using dry starter (encapsulated Lactobacillus casei) for production of dadih from cow milk took longer time (48 hours) as compare to free cell (24 hours) on the same population of Lactobacillus casei. The characteristics of dadih from cow milk with dried starter application resulted in viscosity 2147 – 2563 cP, pH 5.55 – 5.75, titrable acidity 0.64 – 0.67%, and population of Lb. casei 8,16 – 8,43 log cfu/m . Population of Lactobacillus casei on dried starter in this study still low, namely 2.1 x 105 cfu/gram, and hence continuation experiments need to be increasing population of Lactobacillus casei in alginate-skim beads.
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Judul: Pembuatan Starter Kering Bakteri Asam Laktat dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Karakteristik Dadih Susu Sapi yang Dihasilkan.
Abstrak: Dadih is a traditional food from West Sumatera resulted from natural fermentation of buffalo milk. This natural fermentation process involves a number of microorganisms, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The presence of gram negative bacteria that are pathogenic can become an obstacle to get safe and healthy food product to consume and easy in the marketing of products, due to the security aspect is less reliable. The processing through a more controlled fermentation process using lactic acid bacteria starter without involving the bacterial pathogens are expected to improve the quality of the resulting dadih. The provision of culture with the preservation in the dry form will facilitate the handling of starter cultures, so that the fermentation is more controlled and the product quality is more assured. Besides that, the availability of dry starter cultures will facilitate the distribution and transportation of starter cultures because dry starter cultures can be sent for long distances without losing the activity of Lactic acid bacteria and have a long storage. Raw materials used in the manufacture of dadih in West Sumatera derived from buffalo milk. The availability of buffalo milk is very limited, that, the alternative used is cow modified with skim milk and jelly therefore it is expected produce Dadih which has the characteristic similar with dadih from buffalo’s milk. This study aimed to verify the making of dry starter of lactic acid bacteria (the combination Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus casei also Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Lactobacillus casei) and its effect towards the characteristic of resulting cow’s milk dadih. Various analytical results indicate that the interaction of combinations of lactic acid bacteria starter and concentration of dried starter powder of lactic acid bacteria significantly affect to the pH value and moisture content of dadih. interaction of a combination of lactic acid bacteria starter and dried starter powder concentration of lactic acid bacteria did not influence significantly to the value of titrable acid total, viscosity, ash content, and the total amount of lactic acid bacteria in dadih. Friedman test results showed that the assessment of panelists for color, aroma, taste, texture, and general acceptance of dadih was not significantly different. Based on weighting method for the determination of the best dadih products, showed that dadih fermented by a combination of starter S. thermophilus: L. casei (1 : 2) as much as three grams of powder has the highest weight value. Thus, the recommendation of the best dadih product is dadih product fermented by a combination of starter S. thermophilus : L. casei (1: 2) as much as three grams of dried starter powder. Microbiological test results showed that the lowest total lactic acid bacteria contained in dadih products, that is 8.4 x 109 CFU/ml. Thus, the dadih is eligible as fermented milk for the minimum amount of total lactic acid bacteria ranged 106-109 CFU/ml (Sari, 2007).
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Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular