Judul: Humoral Spesific Immune Response of Layer Hy-Line Brown Breed against SARS-CoV-2 Synthesized Peptides
Abstrak: Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Coronavirus disease-19 pertama kali teridentifikasi di Indonesia pada 2 Maret 2020 dan ditetapkan oleh World Health Organization sebagai pandemik global sejak 11 Maret 2020. Salah satu metode mitigasi alternatif pengendalian penyakit infeksius ialah dengan memanfaatkan antibodi spesifik. Ayam layer dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pabrik biologis pembentukan antibodi spesifik berbagai penyakit infeksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari respons kekebalan spesifik humoral ayam layer terhadap peptida SARS-CoV-2. Tiga ekor ayam layer breed Hy-Line Brown usia 24 minggu diinjeksi peptida SARS-CoV-2 melalui rute intravena selama tiga hari, kemudian di-booster dengan peptida SARS-CoV-2 beradjuvan melalui rute subkutan sebanyak 4 kali dalam interval 2 minggu. Deteksi antibodi spesifik pada serum dan kuning telur dilakukan selama 21 minggu pasca-imunisasi pertama menggunakan Agar Gel Presipitation Test (AGPT) dan indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Penelitian ini menunjukkan hasil negatif keberadaan antibodi spesifik terhadap peptida SARS-CoV-2 pada serum dan kuning telur selama periode pengamatan baik dengan AGPT maupun ELISA. Tidak terbentuknya antibodi spesifik peptida SARS-CoV-2 kemungkinan besar disebabkan peptida kurang memenuhi syarat imunogenik, yaitu bobot molekul di bawah 10 kDa, panjang peptida kurang dari 10 residu asam amino, dan dikategorikan sebagai hapten yang memerlukan carrier untuk memenuhi persyaratan sebagai antigen yang imunogenik., Coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Coronavirus disease-19 was first identified in Indonesia on March 2nd, 2020 and has been designated by World Health Organization as a global pandemic since March 11th, 2020. An alternative mitigation method for controlling infectious disease is utilizing specific antibodies. Layer chicken can be used as a biological factory to produce specific antibodies for various infectious disease. This research aims to study the humoral specific immune response of layers against SARS-CoV-2 peptides. Three layers Hy-Line Brown breed aged 24 weeks were injected with SARS-CoV-2 peptides via intravenous route for three days, then boosted with adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 peptides via subcutaneous route 4 times at intervals of 2 weeks. The presence of specific antibodies in serum and egg yolk was identified for 21 weeks after the first immunization using agar gel presipitation test (AGPT) and indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The result showed the absence of specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 peptide in serum and egg yolk during the observation period using both the AGPT and ELISA. The absence of specific SARS-CoV-2 peptide antibodies is most likely due to the peptide that does not meet the immunogenic requirements which is characterized by a molecular weight below 10 kDa, peptide length less than 10 amino acid residue, and categorized as a hapten that requires a carrier to meet requirements as an immunogenic antigen.
Keyword: antibody, COVID-19, layer chicken, SARS-CoV-2, synthesis peptide

Judul: Spesific Antibody Response of Influenza amongst Layer Chickens Vaccinated with Influenza Quadrivalent
Abstrak: Virus influenza merupakan virus yang dapat menular dan menginfeksi saluran pernapasan, memiliki spektrum yang luas meliputi manusia dan beberapa spesies lainnya. Virus influenza yang sering menginfeksi manusia yaitu influenza A dan B. Penularan virus influenza antar manusia terjadi melalui droplet saat batuk, bersin, dan berbicara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari respons pembentukan antibodi spesifik virus influenza pada ayam layer yang divaksinasi influenza kuadrivalen. Penelitian ini digunakan tiga ekor ayam layer ras Hy-line Brown yang divaksinasi vaksin influenza kuadrivalen yang berisi virus influenza tipe A dan B. Vaksinasi dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali dengan dosis 0,25 mL/ekor melalui rute intramuskular pada otot dada. Vaksinasi pertama dilakukan pada saat usia ayam 24 minggu, kemudian booster dilakukan pada usia 28 dan 32 minggu. Serum dan kuning telur dikoleksi dan diperiksa keberadaan antibodi spesifik-nya sejak minggu pertama sampai dengan minggu ke-20 pasca vaksinasi pertama. Keberadaan antibodi spesifik ditentukan dengan metode Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT). Antibodi spesifik influenza telah terdeteksi pada serum dan telur sejak minggu ke-1 sampai dengan minggu ke-20 pasca vaksinasi pertama. Titer antibodi influenza tertinggi pada serum dan kuning telur mencapai 23, diperoleh setelah booster kedua. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa antibodi spesifik virus influenza tipe A dan B dapat di hasilkan pada serum dan kuning telur ayam., Influenza virus is able to infect respiratory tract, has a broad host range such as human and other species. Influenza type A an B is the most influenza type that infect human. Its transmission between humans occurred through droplets when coughing, sneezing and talking. This research aims to study the specific antibody response of influenza virus amongst layer chickens vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza. Three Hy-line Brown layers were vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza type A and B inactivated vaccines. Vaccination was carried out three times at a dose of 0.25 mL/chicken by intramuscular route. The first vaccination was carried out at 24 weeks of age, then boosters were performed at 28 and 32 weeks of age. Serum and egg yolk were collected and checked for the presence of specific antibodies from the first week to the 20th week after the first vaccination. The presence of specific antibodies and antibody titer was determined by the Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT) method. Influenza-specific antibodies have been detected in serum and egg yolk from week 1 to week 20 after the first vaccination. The highest influenza antibody titer in serum and egg yolk reached 23, obtained at 9 and 10 weeks after the first vaccination. This highest titer is obtained after the 2nd booster. The results of this study indicate that specific antibodies to influenza virus types A and B can be produced in serum and chicken egg yolk.
Keyword: agar gel precipitation test (AGPT),, antibody, influenza, layer chicken

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
Keyword: