Judul: Sistematika pisang-pisang liar (Musa L.) di Sulawesi: kajian morfologi dan molekuler
Abstrak: Information of wild banana species in Sulawesi was lack since there were no systematic study have been done before. Therefore, the systematic study of wild banana species (Musa L.) in Sulawesi was carried out. The study consist of (a) species delimitation of wild banana species (Musa L.) in Sulawesi to provide information of diversity and distribution of wild banana species in Sulawesi, and to provide species description and an identification key; (b) phylogenetic studies based on morphological characters and on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of nrDNA sequences to determine the phylogenetic relationship between the species. A total of 110 specimen consisted of old and new collections deposited in BO and digital type specimen from MEL were examined morphologically. Phylogenetic tree used fifty three morphological characters was performed by Maximum Parsimony (MP) method using PAUP*4.0b10. While phylogenetic tree reconstruction based on ITS regions sequences used MP and Bayesian (MrBayes ver. 3.0) methods. Ensete and Musella were selected as the outgroup, whereas the ingroup represented by Musa species obtained from species delimitation study. Total DNA was extracted from silica-gel dried leaves by the modified CTAB method. ITS-5 and ITS-4 primers were used to amplify the ITS regions. Data of sequences were edited by using ChromasPro programme and were aligned by Muscle software. Species delimitation based on morphological characters showed 6 Musa and 1 incompletely known specimen housed in Sulawesi. There were 2 species (Musa acuminata var. tomentosa and M. celebica) considered as endemic to Sulawesi. The existence of M. balbisiana and M. itinerans are noted as new records. In Sulawesi, M. balbisiana represented by a specimen collected from Manado (North Sulawesi), while M. itinerans represented by specimens collected from Mt. Nokilalaki (Central Sulawesi), and Lore Lindu National Park (Central Sulawesi). Observation on the morphology of each species in this study enables the selection of important characters for species delimitation and identification. Position of suckers, petiole canal leaf, bract imbrications, bract behavior before falling, bract colour, fruit shape, and seed surface are important characters for delimiting and identifying taxa of wild banana species (Musa) in Sulawesi. Phylogenetic tree used morphological characters showed M. balbisiana and M. textilis placed in clade I in which they shared some similar characters for instance bract imbrication and behavior before falling. While Musa acuminata ssp. banksii, M. acuminata var. tomentosa, M. celebica, and M. itinerans were placed in clade II. The phylogenetic study based on morphological characters is incongruent with the phylogenenetic study based on ITS regions of nrDNA sequences. Phylogenetic tree used ITS regions of nrDNA sequences using MP and Bayesian methods showed M. textilis was placed in clade I and separated from M. balbisiana, M. itinerans, M. celebica, M. acuminata ssp. banksii, and M. acuminata var. tomentosa. Nevertheless, M. textilis and M. balbisiana have closed relationship. By using MP analysis, M. itinerans together with M. acuminata ssp. banksii, M. acuminata var. tomentosa and M. celebica were placed in the same clade, whereas Bayesian analysis showed M. itinerans was separated from M. acuminata ssp. banksii, M. acuminata var. tomentosa as well as M. celebica, and was placed in
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Judul: Genetic diversity of Musa balbisiana Colla in Indonesia Using AFLP Marker.
Abstrak: Indonesia is one of genetic diversity centers of banana, especially M. acuminata (AA genome). In addition to M. acuminata, in this area can also be found another Musa species that is Musa balbisiana (BB genome), which is known as Pisang Klutuk or Pisang Batu. M. balbisiana is needed to be studied futher because not only its resistance to some pests and diseases, but also its ability to grow well in dry condition. Molecular genetic diversity studies of M. balbisiana in Indonesia had not much been done. Therefore the aim of this research is to study genetic diversity of the banana using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). Fifteen accessions of cultivated M. balbisiana and 16 accessions of wild M. balbisiana were used for this study. Materials were collected from Banana Germ Plasm collections Cibinong Science Center Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Bogor Botanical Garden, Bogor, West Sumatera, South Sulawesi and North Sulawesi. CTAB method was used to extract total DNA of leaves. Twenty six pairs of AFLP selective primers were used for analysis and non-radioactive dye was used for visualization of AFLP bands above UV light. Densitograf ATTO CS Analyzer Ver 2.08 application was applied to determine the appearance and size of AFLP bands. NTSYS 2.02 application was utilized to calculate dissimilarity index of Nei and Li (1979) and cluster analysis. Minitab 14 application was used to perform Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The result showed that 22 pairs of 26 pairs of AFLP selective primers produced clear bands for genetic diversity analysis. A total 485 bands with 51-3206 bp in size were produced by these primers pairs. Range of bands number per primers pairs was 11-31 bands. Primer pair number 13 (E-AGC/M-CAC) created the most number of bands and primer pair number 11 (E-ACT/M-CTC) generated the least number of bands. Polymorphism level of total AFLP band was 46.18% with range of polymorphism level was 0-80% for each primer pair. The highest level of polymorphism was generated by primer pair number 7 (E-ACA/M-CTG), while the lowest was produced by primer pair number 19 (E-AGG/M-CTT). Based on AFLP bands, dissimilarity index of Nei and Li (1979) were 0.014-0.152. This result indicated that genetic diversity of the 21 accessions of M. balbisiana was 13.8%. The genetic diversity of wild M. balbisiana (12.9%) higher than genetic diversity of cultivated M. balbisiana (11.5%). Cluster analysis based on UPGMA could not seperate wild M. balbisiana and cultivated M. balbisiana in different clusters. The similarity coefficient 0.89 of dendrogram formed three clusters. The cluster pattern was similar to the grouping pattern in PCA plot, which formed three groups. Cluster I consist of two accessions of KlutukWulung-West Java. Cluster II was made up of two accessions for each of Klutuk-Jogja, Klutuk Sukun-Jogja, Cau Manggala-West Java, Klutuk Wulung-Jogja, Klutuk Hitam-West Java, Unti Batu-South Sulawesi, Pisang Pataga-North Sulawesi, M. balbisiana var liukiuensis (Matsum.) Hakkinen-Japan and an accession Klutuk-West Java. Cluster III has two accessions of Pisang Roti-West Sumatera. There were 17 AFLP bands that have the most important role in grouping of 21 accessions into three groups, i. e. three bands based on first
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Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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