Judul: The Effect of Village Funds on Inequality of Human Development Index in the Rural Urban Areas in Indonesia
Abstrak: Kesenjangan pembangunan manusia merupakan keadaan yang menunjukkan terjadinya ketidakseimbangan kapabilitas dasar manusia. Hal ini terlihat dalam berbagai komponen pembentuk indeks pembangunan manusia, seperti pendidikan, kesehatan, dan kelayakan hidup masyarakat. Untuk menekan angka kesenjangan pembangunan pada setiap daerah, pemerintah membentuk program dana desa yang telah disalurkan sejak tahun 2015. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh dana desa terhadap kesenjangan pembangunan manusia desa kota di Indonesia periode 2015-2019. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis data panel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesenjangan pembangunan manusia desa kota setiap pulau mengalami penurunan selama periode 2015-2019. Dana desa berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap kesenjangan angka harapan hidup, kesenjangan rata-rata lama sekolah, dan kesenjangan per kapita pada wilayah pedesaan dan perkotaan di Indonesia., Inequality of human development is a condition that shows the imbalance of basic human capabilities. This is seen in various components of human development index formation, such as education, health, and the feasibility of people's lives. To reduce the development gap in each region, the government established a village fund program that has been distributed since 2015. This study aims to analyze the effect of village funds on inequality of human development index in rural urban areas in Indonesia for the period 2015-2019. The analysis method in this study is descriptive analysis and panel data analysis. The results showed that the gap in the rural urban human development index of each island in Indonesia decreased during the period 2015-2019. Village funds had a negative and significant effect in reducing the inequality of life expectancy, average length of schooling, and per capita expenditure in rural urban areas in Indonesia.
Keyword: Village Funds, Panel Data, Inequality of Human Development

Judul: The Effect of Village Funds on Inequality of Poverty Rates in the Rural Urban Areas in Indonesia
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara berkembang di mana kemiskinan masih menjadi masalah dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan. Kemiskinan di Indonesia didominasi oleh kemiskinan perdesaan. Hal ini menyebabkan munculnya kesenjangan tingkat kemiskinan wilayah perdesaan dan perkotaan di Indonesia. Dana desa merupakan program kerja masa pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo yang mana salah satu tujuannya adalah mengentaskan kemiskinan di perdesaan Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh dana desa terhadap kesenjangan tingkat kemiskinan wilayah desa kota di Indonesia periode tahun 2015 sampai 2019. Metode analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis data panel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesenjangan tingkat kemiskinan desa kota setiap pulau selama periode 2015-2019 senantiasa mengalami penurunan. Dana desa dan pendidikan berpengaruh nyata mengurangi kesenjangan tingkat kemiskinan wilayah desa kota, rasio dana perimbangan berpengaruh nyata menambah kesenjangan tingkat kemiskinan wilayah desa kota, sedangkan PDRB per kapita dan rasio pendapatan asli daerah tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kesenjangan tingkat kemiskinan wilayah desa kota di Indonesia., Indonesia is one of the developing countries where poverty is still a problem in the implementation of development. Poverty in Indonesia is dominated by rural poverty. This has led to the emergency of inequality on poverty rates in rural and urban areas in Indonesia. The village funds is a work program under President Joko Widodo’s administration, one of which is to eradicate poverty in rural Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of the village funds on inequality of poverty rates in rural urban areas in Indonesia for the period 2015 to 2019. The analysis method in this study is descriptive analysis and panel data analysis. The results showed that the gap in the rural urban poverty rate of each island in Indonesia during 2015-2019 period contiunues to decrease. Village funds and education had a significant effect on reducing the inequality of poverty rates in urban rural areas, the ratio of balancing fund had a significant effect on increasing the inequality of poverty rates in rural urban areas, while GDRP per capita and the ratio of original regional income did not significantly effect on inequality of poverty rates in rural urban areas in Indonesia.
Keyword: Village Funds, Panel Data, Inequality of Poverty

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable