Judul: Analysis of Income Contribution from Copal Trapping on Trappers Welfare (Case of Gunung Walat Educational Forest)
Abstrak: Pola pemanfaatan hasil hutan bukan kayu berupa kopal telah memberikan kontribusi terhadap pendapatan penyadap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kontribusi pendapatan dari hasil penyadapan kopal terhadap kesejahteraan penyadap. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah snalisis kontribusi pendapatan dan perbandingan standar kesejahteraan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah penyadap kopal di HPGW sebanyak 9 orang dengan rata-rata pendapatan penyadap kopal antara Rp. 20 160 000/tahun hingga Rp 49 200 000/tahun. Kontribusi pendapatan dari penyadapan kopal antara 51.22% sampai 80.00%, sehingga penyadapan kopal memberikan kontribusi yang besar terhadap pendapatan penyadap. Berdasarkan standar kesejahteraan Sajogjo relatif baik, yaitu: 1 orang masuk kategori Hidup Layak, 5 orang Cukup, dan 3 orang Nyaris Miskin. Standar Bank Dunia semua 9 orang penyadap Sejahtera. Sementara berdasarkan UMK Kabupaten Sukabumi sebanyak 2 orang Sejahtera dan 7 orang Tidak Sejahtera., The pattern of utilization of non-timber forest products in the form of copal has contributed to the income of tappers. This study aims to analyze the contribution of income from the results of tapping copal to the welfare of tappers. The research method used is income contribution analysis and its comparison to the welfare standards. The results showed that the number of copal tappers in HPGW was 9 persons with an average income of Rp. 20 160 000/year to Rp 49 200 000/year. The contribution of income from copal tapping is between 51,22% to 80,00%, so that copal tapping provides a large contribution to the income of tappers. Based on Sajogjo's welfare standard, it is relatively good, namely: 1 person is in the Decent Living category, 5 people are Enough, and 3 people are Almost Poor. The World Bank's standards are all 9 people tapping are prosperous. Meanwhile, based on the UMK of Sukabumi Regency, 2 people are prosperous and 7 people are not.
Keyword: contribution, copal, income, tapper, welfare

Judul: Pengaruh perubahan pengelola terhadap pendapatan usaha kopal dan resin di Hutan Pendidikan Gunung Walat Kabupaten Sukabumi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: The Gunung Walat Education Forest (GWEF) had been tapping of sap since 2001. The tapping began with the opening of copal. The process of tapping as a step for using the non wood forest product to generate income for GWEF. After copal, the opening of resin was found in 2007. For 10 years, GWEF had been three times turnover the management, the period were 2001-2003, 2004-2008, and 2009-now. At those periods the pattern of income, both of the revenue of management or revenue tappers were different. The method that used is benefit cost analysis and revenue of tappers analysis, presented by tabulation and explained descriptively. Selection of respondents using the purposive sampling were the tappers who had beed working in three periods of management. During three periods of management, the revenue of management was fluctuated. At 2001-2003 period Rp 54.074.963,67/year, 2004-208 is Rp 14.897.368,76/year, period of 2009-now is Rp 377.104.206,40/year. This because of efforts to increase the sap, such as stimulant gives, incentives, area management, and the incoming from sap also services as the main income for GWEF, after 2009 period. Meanwhile, the periods before 2009 there is no efforts to increase the sap because focused in other sectors as income. The appearance of resin in 2007 was able to covered management costs while copal was not able. The similar condition happened in production cost that fluctuated. The high income can made high production cost and high management cost as well. These caused by high production for high income so that the production cos was higher. The change of management cause the increase of income per year for tappers. This caused by high motivation and outpouring time when tapping. The increased of that factors caused by the efforts from management to increase sap income, such as incentives and stimulant gives that influenced to those increase, so the contribution of sap income’s tappers was increasing from beginning until now. But the increasing can not able to cover tappers’s life, so it needs another income. Meanwhile, production cost of tappers was not significantly increase because production instruments that used were relatively same, the increase was found in living costs because there were the increase of prices of life needs.
Keyword: 

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
Keyword: