Judul: Pengaruh ENSO (El Nino- Southern Oscillation) dan IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole) terhadap Dinamika Waktu Tanam Padi di Wilayah Tipe Hujan Equatorial dan Monsunal (Studi Kasus Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan, Sumatera Barat dan Kabupaten Karawang, Jawa Barat)
Abstrak: ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) merupakan salah satu bentuk penyimpangan iklim di Samudera Pasifik yang ditandai dengan kenaikan suhu permukaan laut (SPL) di daerah katulistiwa bagian Tengah dan Timur. Fenomena tersebut memainkan peranan penting terhadap variasi iklim tahunan. Pengaruh ENSO sangat terasa di beberapa wilayah Indonesia yang ditandai dengan jumlah curah hujan lebih kecil dalam tahun ENSO dibandingkan dengan pra dan pasca ENSO, sehingga dapat menyebabkan musim kemarau lebih panjang. Selain dapat mempengaruhi tingginya curah hujan, kejadian El-Nino juga berpengaruh terhadap masuknya musim kemarau. Perubahan iklim akan mengakibatkan perubahan pola iklim tahunan seperti terlambatnya awal musim hujan maupun musim kering. Disamping itu periode musim hujan juga diperkirakan akan lebih pendek. Selain ENSO, Terjadi pula gejala penyimpangan iklim yang dihasilkan oleh interaksi laut dan atmosfer di Samudera Hindia di sekitar kathulistiwa yang disebut dengan IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole). Interaksi tersebut menghasilkan tekanan tinggi di Samudera Hindia bagian Timur (bagian Selatan Jawa dan Barat Sumatra) yang menimbulkan aliran massa udara yang berhembus ke Barat. Hembusan angin ini akan mendorong massa air di depannya dan mengangkat massa air dari bawah ke permukaan. Akibatnya, SPL di sekitar pantai Selatan Jawa dan pantai Barat Sumatra akan mengalami penurunan yang cukup drastis, sementara di dekat pantai timur Afrika tejadi kenaikan SPL. Dampak iklim regional baik IOD maupun ENSO terhadap penurunan curah hujan mulai terjadi pada SON baik di Pesisir Selatan (wilayah tipe hujan Equatorial) maupun di Karawang (wilayah tipe hujan Monsunal). Pengaruh IOD dan ENSO pada wilayah tipe hujan Monsunal lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan wilayah tipe hujan Equatorial. Di Pesisir Selatan onset terjadi sepanjang tahun, dan karena pengaruh IOD maupun ENSO tidak cukup kuat, tidak terjadi pergeseran puncak onset. Sedangkan di Karawang (tipe hujan Monsunal) puncak onset mundur 2 – 6 dasarian akibat IOD maupun ENSO. Saat memasuki SON, di Pesisir Selatan, kenaikan anomali iklim baik IOD maupun ENSO diikuti dengan penurunan luas tanam pada September dan Oktober. Pada wilayah yang tidak terkena dampak, puncak tanam terjadi pada bulan Oktober dan pada wilayah yang terkena dampak iklim regional tersebut terjadi pada bulan Desember. Sedangkan di Karawang semua wilayah terkena dampak anomali iklim dengan penurunan luas panen pada Juli – Oktober. Dan puncak tanam terjadi pada Desember.
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Judul: Identifikasi Fenomena ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) DAN IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole) terhadap Dinamika Waktu Tanam Padi di Daerah Jawa Barat (Studi Kasus Kabupaten Indramayu dan Cianjur)
Abstrak: Adjusting agricultural activities to the climate characteristics d IOD using satellite images. The relation of rainfall and regional climate were analyzed by correlation at each rainfall station. Satellite images analysis was done for monitoring, and last the onset delineation related to ENSO and IOD were done to determine which regions that more sensitive to thwas one of an alternative way to minimize climate risk in agriculture. Indonesian climate was affected by ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation). In El Nino year, the dry season would be earlier and longer than Normal year. Research objectives were to: (1) Analyze the effect of ENSO and IOD to the West Java rainfall, (2) Analyze the sensitivity and dynamical period of rice planting based on planting calendar; (3) Identify planting period and planting area that were influenced by ENSO ane climate anomaly. Result showed that, Indramayu was more vulnerable to regional climate anomaly than Cianjur especially by ENSO. In Indramayu, the IOD and ENSO anomaly affected in JJA and SON period where the correlations between ENSO and rainfall stations values in JJA was 46,00 % and became greater in SON. Most area in Indramayu were moderately affected by ENSO at the values of 61,30 % in JJA and strongly affected in SON at the values of 49,28 % and moderately affected by IOD at the values of 58,73 %. Contrary, in Cianjur was more affected by IOD. IOD effects occurred in JJA and SON, with the area that was influenced by IOD were 57,26 % and 58,91 % respectively. These indicated that there were shifting period of rice planting in Indramayu and Cianjur for 40 – 60 days and 10-20 days from onset respectively. Based on image monitoring in 1997 as the ENSO and IOD year, it was known that in 1997, 2.26 % of rice planting area were failed to be harvested . In 2001 there was decrement of 45,14 % of rice planting area for the period of July – September which indicated that there were harvested area in Indramayu. While in Cianjur there wasn’t any harvested area in June and July1997, and in 2001 there were harvested about 41,85 % in June - August. This result was appropriate with NDVI values that also indicated the decrement of harvested area in ENSO and IOD years.
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Judul: Synthesis of Chicken Eggshells-Based β-Tricalcium Phosphate Bioceramics and Their Biocompatibility Test as A Tooth Filler
Abstrak: Preservation of alveolar bone following tooth extraction is an important step in dental practices before dental implant placement. This study reported synthesis of β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramics and its biocompatibility test as a tooth filler to maintain the desired alveolar ridge dimension and stimulate the bone healing processes in the area of tooth loss. β-TCP bioceramics was resulted directly from precipitation of calcinated chicken eggshells as calcium source and phosphoric acid. The corresponding β-TCP was mixed with chitosan 2% to get β-TCP pellet for biocompatibility testing. Biocompatibility testing of β-TCP on lower incisor was performed in rabbits and sheep as animal model. In this study, the x-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles showed that 1000 oC calcinated chicken eggshells correspond to calcium oxide (CaO). There was also transformation phase of CaO into Ca(OH)2 observed after more than three months stored. The XRD profiles proved that obtained β-TCP bioceramics by precipitation has the same pattern with that of reference data base and commercial β-TCP. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were completely consistent with the result of crystallization processes observed by XRD measurements. Moreover, the purity of the product shown by the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) resulted in Ca/P ratio of 1.48 which was closed to that of standard β-TCP ceramics. The repeatable XRD peaks patterns and FTIR spectra obviously showed the sample reproducibility. Sheep’s alveolar socket that is filled with the corresponding β-TCP demonstrated the expected results. The x-ray radiograph of sheep’s jaw indicated no change on mesio-distal of the edentulous area. Moreover, the histological results were completely consistent with the x-ray radiograph and macroscopic result which is proved by the formation of new bone. In the contrary with sheep’s result, histological results showed no tooth growth on rabbit proved by the presence of lipid and collagen on the extraction site. This result did not correspond to the x-ray radiograph and macroscopic results that demonstrated the tooth growth and erupted tooth. It is clear that the corresponding β-TCP could minimize the bone loss and maintain the dimension of alveolar ridge.
Keyword: β-tricalcium phosphate, chicken eggshells, rabbit, sheep, tooth filler