Judul: Meta-Analysis Study on the Effectiveness of Herbal Anthelmintics Compared with Synthetic Anthelmintics
Abstrak: Sistem penggembalaan ternak modern memberikan antelmintik secara rutin untuk mencegah infeksi cacing parasit dan ini menimbulkan masalah baru yaitu adanya resistansi. Pemanfaatan tanaman herbal dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif untuk menggantikan antelmintik sintetik. Meta-analisis adalah salah satu metode yang dapat digunakan untuk membandingkan keefektifan dari dua jenis antelmintik ini. Metode diawali dengan pengumpulan data studi primer menggunakan database yang terdapat di research gate, pubmed, science direct, academia.edu, dan repositori IPB tahun 2007-2020. Data diseleksi dan dianalisis dengan melihat effect size sebagai indikator perbandingan efektivitas antelmintik sintetik dan antelmintik herbal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa antelmintik sintetik lebih efektif dengan effect size -2,90  0,27, sedangkan antelmintik herbal -1,72  0,28. Hal ini dikarenakan nilai afinitas ikatannya lebih rendah. Penelitian terkait antelmintik herbal lebih banyak menggunakan pelarut metanol dan air dalam ekstraksi. Polaritas air yang tinggi menjadi penyebab efek yang ditimbulkan oleh antelmintik herbal dengan ekstrak air tidak sekuat ekstrak metanol. Jumlah tanaman yang digunakan dalam pembuatan antelmintik herbal juga berpengaruh terhadap efektivitas dari antelmintik herbal selain faktor jenis pelarut. Antelmintik herbal efektif sebagai antelmintik namun efeknya tidak sekuat antelmintik sintetik., Modern livestock grazing systems routinely administer anthelmintics to prevent parasitic worm infections and this creates resistance. The plants can be used as an alternative to replace synthetic anthelmintics. Meta-analysis is a method that can be used to compare the effectiveness of these two types of anthelmintics. This method began with the collection of primary study data using databases found in ScienceDirect, Pubmed, ResearchGate, Academia.edu, and IPB repository for the years 2007-2020. The data selected and analyzed by looking at the effect size as an indicator of the comparative effectiveness of synthetic anthelmintic and herbal anthelmintics. The results showed that synthetic anthelmintic was more effective with an effect size of -2.90  0.27, while herbal anthelmintic was -1.72  0.28. This is because the bond affinity value is lower. Research related to herbal anthelmintics mostly uses methanol and air solvents in the extraction. The high air polarity is the cause of the effect of herbal anthelmintics with air extracts not as strong as methanol extracts. The number of plants used in the creation of herbal anthelmintics also affects the effectiveness of herbal anthelmintics beside the type of solvent. Herbal anthelmintic is effective as anthelmintic but not as strong as synthetic anthelmintic.
Keyword: anthelmintic, herbal, herbal, meta-analysis, synthetic

Judul: Meta Analysis Study on Performance of Herbs as Anthelmintic
Abstrak: Kecacingan merupakan salah satu penyebab kerugian terbesar di sektor peternakan. Penggunaan obat cacing sintetik tanpa pengawasan yang ketat dan terus menerus menimbulkan resistensi. Tumbuhan herbal yang melimpah menjadi solusi baru pengobatan cacingan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kinerja herbal sebagai anthelmintik menggunakan metode meta analisis. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder yang diolah dengan aplikasi Review Manager dan Microsoft Excel. Meta-analisis dilakukan dengan membagi dua kelompok yang dibandingkan, yaitu hasil uji efikasi in vitro dan in vivo. Hasil perhitungan effect size dengan metode Standardized Mean Difference menunjukkan penurunan efikasi yang signifikan pada anthelmintik herbal pengujian in vitro yang dilanjutkan dengan in vivo. Analisis kualitatif kandungan herbal didominasi oleh kelompok tanin, alkaloid, dan senyawa spesifik. Efikasi antelmintik herbal dipengaruhi oleh interaksi senyawaaktif dalam sistem multi-kompartemen., Helminthiasis are one of the biggest causes of losses in the livestock sector. The use of synthetic deworming drugs without strict and continuous supervision creates resistance. Abundant herbal plants become a new solution for the treatment of helminthiasis. This study aims to determine the performance of herbs as anthelmintics using a meta-analysis method. The study used secondary data which was processed with Review Manager application and Microsoft Excel. Meta analysis was carried out by dividing the two groups compared, namely the results of in vitro and in vivo efficacy tests. The results of the calculation of the effect size using Standardized Mean Difference method showed a significant decrease in efficacy on in vitro anthelmintic herbal testing followed by in vivo. Qualitative analysis of herbal content was dominated by groups of tannins, alkaloids, and specific compounds. Herbal anthelmintic efficacy is influenced by the interaction of active compounds in a multicompartmental system.
Keyword: efficacy, herbal antelmintic, in vitro, in vivo, meta analysis

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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