Judul: Lignin and Agromorphological Characterizations of Indonesian Rice and Expression Analysis of OsCAD2 and OsMYB55/61 Related to Lignin Biosynthesis
Abstrak: Padi (Oryza Sativa L.) merupakan anggota Gramineae yang berpotensi tinggi untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber biomassa lignoselulosa. Manipulasi kandungan lignin menjadi bahan kimia aromatik yang lebih bermanfaat telah dikembangkan sebagai salah satu strategi pengembangan biomassa lignoselulosa. Informasi mengenai kandungan lignin dan gen yang berkaitan dengan biosintesis lignin merupakan hal yang penting namun masih sangat terbatas pada padi Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kandungan lignin total tiga puluh aksesi padi Indonesia, menganalisis komposisi lignin, membuktikan korelasi antara karakter kandungan lignin total terhadap tujuh karakter agromorfologi terkait lignin, membandingkan pola ekspresi dua gen terkait biosintesis lignin (OsCAD2 dan OsMYB55/61) pada aksesi padi terpilih dengan qPCR, dan menganalisis sifat mekanik batang (flexural strength dan tensile strength) terkait kandungan lignin total pada aksesi padi terpilih. Kandungan lignin total dianalisis menggunakan metode Thioglycolic Acid Lignin (TGAL), karakterisasi monomer lignin menggunakan Py-GC-MS (Pyrolysis-GC-MS), dan uji mekanik batang dilakukan menggunakan Universal Testing Machine. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rentang variasi kandungan lignin total batang aksesi padi berkisar 8,38–20,75% CWR (Cell Wall Residue). Tiga aksesi kandungan lignin tertinggi (Inpago 7, Lampung Kuning, dan Gebang) dan tiga aksesi kandungan lignin total terendah (Tukad Petanu, Ciherang, dan Cigenit) telah teridentifikasi. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan kandungan lignin total pada padi berkorelasi positif signifikan dengan karakter tinggi tanaman, panjang batang, panjang malai, diameter batang, bobot total segar dan bobot malai per anakan. Sebaliknya, karakter jumlah anakan berkorelasi negatif signifikan dengan kandungan lignin. Hasil analisis qPCR terhadap enam aksesi padi terpilih menunjukkan bahwa pola ekspresi OsCAD2 konsisten terhadap kandungan lignin total dan secara histokimia dengan pewarnaan Phloroglucinol HCl pada heading stage menunjukkan deposisi lignin di vascular bundle dan cortical fiber, menyatakan bahwa OsCAD2 berperan penting dalam biosintesis lignin padi. Sebaliknya, OsMYB55/61 menunjukkan pola yang tidak konsisten terhadap kandungan lignin total, diduga karena tidak hanya berperan dalam regulasi biosintesis lignin namun juga berperan dalam biosintesis selulosa. Proporsi monomer siringil (S) dan rasio S/G pada aksesi padi kandungan lignin total tinggi lebih tinggi dibandingkan aksesi padi kandungan lignin total rendah, sehingga kemungkinan lebih mudahdihidrolisis saat proses delignifikasi. Hasil uji kekuatan mekanik mengindikasikanbahwa sifat mekanik batang dipengaruhi oleh kandungan lignin total dan kemungkinan berpengaruh positif terhadap sifat resistensi kerebahan pada padi., Rice (Oryza sativa L.), belongs to the family of Gramineae, has high potential as a source of lignocellulosic biomass. Manipulating lignin content into more useful aromatic chemicals has been widely developed as one of the strategies for developing lignocellulosic biomass. Information about lignin content and genes related to lignin biosynthesis in Indonesian rice accessions are essential; however it is still very limited. This study aimed to analyze the lignin contents of thirty Indonesian rice accessions, analyze the lignin composition of selected high and low lignin contents rice accession, study the correlation between lignin content and lignin-related to seven agromorphological characters, compare the expression patterns of two predicted lignin biosynthetic genes (OsCAD2 and OsMYB55/61) of selected rice accessions by qPCR, and analyze the mechanical properties of culms (flexural strength and tensile strength) related to lignin contents in the selected rice accessions. Total lignin content was analyzed using the Thioglycolic Acid Lignin (TGAL) method, while the lignin monomers were characterized by
Keyword: agromorphological characters, lignin, lignin biosynthetic genes, rice, stem mechanical properties

Judul: Bioimaging of Local  Indonesian Rice Panicle Architecture Features
Abstrak: Padi (Oryza sativa L.) merupakan salah satu sumber makanan pokok penduduk Indonesia yang kebutuhannya meningkat setiap tahun sehingga produksi padi perlu ditingkatkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkarakterisasi arsitektur malai padi dengan bioimaging dan menganalisis komponen hasil padi lokal asal Indonesia. Metode yang dilakukan adalah penanaman padi di sawah, pemindaian malai, dan pengamatan karakter malai seperti panjang malai, jumlah cabang, jumlah gabah, dan bobot gabah. Data dianalisis menggunakan ImageJ dan Rstudio dengan metode analisis keragaman, analisis komponen utama (PCA), korelasi antara karakter malai, dan hierarchical clustering. Hasil menunjukkan korelasi positif antara jumlah gabah isi dengan jumlah gabah per malai, bobot gabah isi, dan jumlah cabang. Sekitar 76,01% keragaman pada 122 aksesi dapat dijelaskan oleh komponen 1 dan 2. Dari 122 aksesi dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kelompok utama. Aksesi CV Baru 2003 dan Batutegi 2021 menunjukkan potensi untuk peningkatan produktivitas padi. Pengujian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk menilai kestabilan karakter malai dan daya hasilnya untuk mengidentifikasi genetik padi dengan arsitektur malai ideal dan produktivitas tinggi., Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the staple food sources for the Indonesian population, and its demand increases every year, necessitating an increase in rice production. This study aims to characterize the panicle architecture of rice using bioimaging and analyze the yield components of local Indonesian rice. The methods used included planting rice in the field, scanning the panicles, and observing panicle such as panicle length, number of branches, number of grains, and weight of grains. The data were analyzed using ImageJ and Rstudio with methods such as variance analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), correlation between panicle characteristics, and hierarchical clustering. The results showed a positive correlation between the number of filled grains with the number of filled grains per panicle, weight of filled grains, and number of branches. About 76.01% of the variability among 122 accessions could be explained by components 1 and 2. The 122 accessions could be grouped into three main clusters. Accessions CV Baru 2003 and Batutegi 2021 showed potential for increasing rice productivity. Further testing is required to assess the stability of panicle characteristics and yield potential to identify rice genotypes with ideal panicle architecture and high productivity.
Keyword: bioimaging, komponen hasil, Produktivitas Padi, arsitektur malai

Judul: A Continuous Vaccination Strategy in the SVIR Epidemic Model
Abstrak: Vaccination is conducted to minimize the spread of a disease. The vaccination is usually done several times within a fixed time interval. In the SVIR model, it is assumed that individuals do not get immediate immunity following a vaccination program. So according to process of vaccination on SVIR model, there are two strategies, i.e. the continuous vaccination strategy (CVS) and the pulse vaccination strategy (PVS). In this study, only the CVS strategy in epidemic model SVIR is considered. Results of the study indicate that dynamics of the CVS system depends on the basic reproductive number. If the basic reproductive number is less than one, then the disease-free fixed point is asymptotically stable. It means that the disease will eventually disappear from the population. Conversely, if the basic reproductive number is greater than one, then the endemic fixed point is asymptotically stable, which means that the disease will remain exist in the population. Simulation result shows that the vaccination would minimize the spread of disease by reducing the basic reproductive number. If the time for the vaccinated recipients to obtain the immunity, as well as a possibility of vaccinated recipients to be infected are neglected, then the disease will be eradicated. This condition is called an over-evaluating effect of vaccination.
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