Judul: Penentuan Rujukan dan Skenario Pengurangan Emisi Karbon dari Deforestasi dan Degradasi Hutan di Indonesia:
Abstrak: Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) sejak tahun 1990an mengalami peningkatan yang cukup signifikan. Peningkatan emisi GRK mengakibatkan perubahan iklim global yang cukup mengkhawatirkan. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) tahun 2007 melaporkan bahwa kecendrungan suhu permukaan global pada 50 tahun terakhir (1956 - 2006) mengalami peningkatan hampir 2 kali lipat. Peningkatan suhu global tersebut kemudian dikenal dengan istilah pemanasan global (global warming). Salah satu GRK paling utama adalah gas C02 sekitar 67%. Peningkatan gas C02 berasal dari pembakaran bahan bakar fosil dan 33% dari kegiatan penggunaan lahan, alih guna lahan dan hutan (Land Use, Land Use Change and forestry, (ULUCF). Emisi dari defmestasi dan degradasi hutan sebagian besar berasal dari negara berkembang, seperti Indonesia, Kongo dan Brazil
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Judul: Model Dinamika Perubahan Hutan dan Lahan dan Skenario Perdagangan Karbon di Provinsi Jambi.
Abstrak: Emisi gas rumah kaca sejak tahun 1970 hingga tahun 2004, terus meningkat sampai 70% dan diantaranya terjadi peningkatan sebanyak 24% selama periode tahun 1990 hingga 2004. Menurut FAO (2010), cadangan karbon pada biomasa hutan Indonesia tahun 1990 sebesar 16.335 juta ton, tahun 2000 sebesar 15.182 juta ton, tahun 2005 sebesar 14.299 juta ton, tahun 2010 sebesar 13.017 juta ton. Cadangan karbon biomasa hutan Indonesia per hektar 2010 mencapai 138 juta ton/hektar. Deforestasi hutan Indonesia berdampak pada penurunan PDB (Product Domestic Bruto) kehutanan terhadap PDB Indonesia. Tahun 1997 proporsi PDB Kehutanan terhadap PDB Indonesia mencapai 1.56% namun di tahun 2000 menurun menjadi 1,18%. Tahun 2008 mencapai 0,81% (Kemenhut 2009) dan di triwulan II tahun 2009 hanya menyumbang 0,85% atau Rp. 4.433,3 Milyar (Kemenhut 2010). Penurunan potensi dan perubahan fungsi penggunaan kawasan hutan yang terjadi terus menerus disebabkan oleh perbedaan kepentingan stakeholder terhadap kawasan hutan dan mempengaruhi institusi yang mengatur tentang pemanfaatan dan penggunaan kawasan hutan. Hubungan ini membentuk suatu sistem yang utuh dan saling mempengaruhi.
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Judul: Bivalent vaccine for Motile Aeromonas Septicemia and Streptococcocis in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Abstrak: Etiological agents of common fish diseases are the Gram-negative Aeromonas hydrophila and the Gram-positive Streptococcus agalactiae, both are considered severe fish pathogens on account of their ability to cause damaging disease outbreaks in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The occurence of co-infections between A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae at Waduk Cirata was about 20% per populations. Clinical signs appeared soon after infection, and include depression or excitability, anorexia, C-shaped body posturing, erratic swimming and whirling, and death. Aeromonas hydrophila and S. agalactiae cultures were not able to inhibit each other and showed negative results from antimicrobial activity, both are succeptible to antibitoics Tetracycline and Chloramphenicol. Nile Tilapia also were clinically examined and necropsied for histopathology, samples were taken from kidney, brain, liver, and spleen. Histopathological lesions were grouped into two characteristic patterns. The first pattern consisted focal lesion and inflammation. The second pattern consisted of multifocal lesion, necrotic, and inflammatory lesions resulting organ deformation. The mortality patterns of Nile Tilapias showed acute and chronic infections to Motile Aeromonas Septicemia, sub-acute infection to Streptococcocis. There was a homeostatic balances on hematological respons during co-infection. Aeromonas hydrophila AHL0905-2 and Streptococcus agalactiae N14G, were used as an inactivated A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae vaccine. Different vaccine preparations and formulations for vaccination of Nile Tilapia species were tried by adding neutral buffered formalin 3% to the bacterial culture (bacterin). The safety of formalin inactivated vaccine is still questionable by some aquaculture practitioners, but the sterility and safety test results of the bivalent vaccine was safe to use through intraperitoneal injection route. An antibody response was detected at the 1st week that rose significantly (p<0.05) at the 3th week post immunization in all the immunized groups. Similarly, there were significant difference (p<0.05) in the humoral immune response between groups immunized with single and mixed bacterial antigens. Upon challenge with single pathogen, a high relative percent survival was recorded in the group immunized with mixed bacterial antigens and was comparable to those fish immunized with the single bacteria. The value of relative per cent survival from bivalent vaccine mixed whole cell+ECP was 100% and 86.2% to single infections and 56.7% to co-infections, indicate that this vaccine was eficient in Nile Tilapia.
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