Judul: Evaluation of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Leaves Infusion as a Stamina Stimulator in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Manusia dalam menjalankan aktivitas sehari-hari memerlukan energi untuk menjaga stamina atau daya tahan tubuh. Penurunan daya tahan tubuh akan menyebabkan individu cepat merasa lelah sehingga menghambat aktivitas sehari– hari. Pemilihan daun pepaya sebagai obat herbal stimulator stamina tubuh merupakan alternatif pengobatan tradisional untuk meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari efektivitas infusa daun pepaya sebagai stimulator stamina tubuh dalam berbagai dosis pada mencit, dan mengamati perubahan fisiologis tubuh meliputi suhu, frekuensi napas dan denyut jantung. Uji efektivitas stamina menggunakan metode ketahanan renang (swimming endurance). Penelitian ini menggunakan 25 ekor mencit jantan yang dikelompokkan menjadi lima kelompok: kontrol positif diberikan kafein, kontrol negatif diberikan akuades, dan kelompok perlakuan dengan diberikan infusa daun pepaya pada dosis 1, 3, dan 5 g/kg BB. Setiap kelompok terdiri atas lima ekor mencit. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA), kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Hasil penelitian didapatkan dosis efektif pada uji stamina adalah 3 g/kg BB sebesar 80,18 detik. Daun papaya dapat menyebabkan perubahan fisiologis meliputi penurunan suhu, denyut jantung, dan frekuensi napas, namun masih dalam rentang normal. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah daun pepaya memiliki potensi sebagai stimulator stamina alami. Kata kunci: daun pepaya, infusa, stamina, stimulator., Humans need energy to maintain stamina or endurance in order to carry out daily activities. Decrease in endurance will cause individuals to feel tired quickly, so it will inhibit daily activities. The selection of papaya leaves as an herbal medicine is an alternative to traditional medicine to increase endurance. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of papaya leaf infusion as a stamina stimulator with various doses in mice and to observe physiological changes in the body including temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate. The stamina was tested using swimming endurance method. This study used 25 male mice which were divided into five groups: positive control (with caffeine), negative control (with distilled water), and the treatment groups with papaya leaf infusion at doses of 1, 3, and 5 g/kg BW. Each group consisted of five mice. The data collected were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), then continued with the Tukey test. The results showed that the effective dose in the stamina test was 3 g/kg BW for 80,18 seconds. Papaya leaf is able to cause physiological changes with a decrease in temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, but still in normal ranges. It is concluded that papaya leaf has the potential to be a natural stamina stimulator. Keywords: infusion, papaya leaf, stamina, stimulant.
Keyword: infusion, papaya leaf, stamina, stimulant

Judul: The Potential of Secang Wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) Infusion as a Body Stamina Stimulator in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai obat herbal telah dilakukan turun-temurun untuk menyembuhkan penyakit ataupun menjaga kebugaran tubuh. Salah satu pemanfaatan tumbuhan sebagai obat herbal adalah obat stimulator stamina. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas infusa kayu secang sebagai stimulator stamina dan pengaruhnya terhadap fisiologis tubuh. Uji stimulator stamina infusa kayu secang dilakukan pada 20 ekor mencit jantan dengan menggunakan metode swimming endurance. Mencit dikelompokkan menjadi lima kelompok perlakuan yakni satu kelompok kontrol negatif (perlakuan akuades), satu kelompok kontrol positif (perlakuan kafein 6,5 mg/kg BB), dan tiga kelompok perlakuan yang diberi infusa kayu secang dengan dosis masing-masing 1, 3, dan 5 g/kg BB. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji statistik t - Student dan uji non-parametrik Kruskal-wallis yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Dunn. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa infusa kayu secang efektif meningkatkan stamina pada dosis 1 g/kg BB dengan total kemampuan berenang sebesar 732 detik. Efek peningkatan stamina ini terbedakan secara signifikan pada menit ke-30 waktu pengamatan. Ketiga dosis infusa kayu secang meningkatkan ketahanan berenang mencit yang setara dengan mencit kontrol positif dan lebih tinggi secara nyata dari mencit kontrol negatif. Infusa kayu secang juga ditemukan tidak mempengaruhi fisiologis tubuh mencit secara signifikan yang ditunjukkan dengan suhu tubuh, frekuensi napas, dan frekuensi denyut jantung dalam rentang normal. Oleh karena itu, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kayu secang memiliki efek stimulator stamina pada mencit terutama pada dosis 1 g/kg BB. Kata kunci: fisiologi, infusa, kayu secang, stamina, The use of plants as an herbal medicine to cure disease or maintain body fitness has been carried out for generations. One of the uses of plants as herbal medicine is stamina stimulator. This study aimed to examine the potential of herbal medicine from sappan wood infusion as a stamina stimulator and its effect on body physiology. The stamina test was carried out on 20 male mice using the swimming endurance method. The mice were divided into 5 grouped, namely one group of a negative control group (aquadest treatment), one group of a positive control group (caffeine 6,5 mg/kg BW treatment), and three treatment groups that were given sappan wood infusion at a dose of 1, 3, or 5 g/kg BW respectively. The data were analyzed by using the t-Student test and Kruskal-Wallis continued with Dunn's test. The results showed that the sappan wood infusion effectively increased the stamina at a dose of 1 g/kg BW with a total swimming endurance of 732 seconds. This effect was significantly different at the 30th -minute observation. The three doses of sappan wood infusion increased the mice’s ability to swim which was equal to positive control mice and significantly higher than negative control mice. The secang wood infusion also did not affect the mice’s physiology as indicated by body temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate in the normal range. Therefore, it was concluded that sappan wood infusion has a stamina stimulator effect in mice, especially at a dose of 1 g/kg BW. Keywords: infusion, physiology, sappan wood, stamina
Keyword: Infusion, Physiology, Sappan wood, Stamina

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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