Judul: Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 (mrjp2) Gene Characterisation in Honeybee Apis cerana and Apis mellifera from Indonesia
Abstrak: Gen Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 (mrjp2) dapat dijadikan pembeda molekular lebah A. cerana dan A. mellifera. Sekuen DNA gen mrjp2 A. cerana dan A. mellifera di dalam GenBank terbatas dan belum pernah dilaporkan berasal dari Indonesia, sehingga diperlukan karakterisasi gen mrjp2 untuk sekuen DNA tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengarakterisasi dan menganalisis bioinformatika ekson-intron gen mrjp2 lebah Apis cerana dan Apis mellifera asal Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan meliputi ekstraksi, amplifikasi, sequencing DNA dan analisis bioinformatika. Sampel A. cerana asal Bogor dan A. mellifera asal Boyolali diamplifikasi secara berturut-turut pada Temperatur annealing (Ta) 47 oC dan 50 oC. Panjang sekuen DNA A. cerana dan A. mellifera yang didapatkan secara berturut-turut 579 pb (ekson 1-3) dan 76 pb (intron 2). Kromatogram sampel A. mellifera menunjukkan puncak ganda sehingga analisis selanjutnya dilakukan hanya pada sampel A. cerana. Panjang asam amino putative sampel A. cerana adalah 112 aa. Variasi nukleotida sampel A. cerana lebih banyak pada ekson 2 dibandingkan ekson 3. Topologi pohon filogenetik sampel A. cerana membentuk satu kluster besar dengan mrjp famili, hasil BLAST-X dan BLAST-P asam amino A. cerana 99.1% homolog dengan A.cerana asal Korea sehingga dapat digolongkan sebagai sekuen A. cerana gen mrjp2., Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 (mrjp2) gene can be used as a molecular marker to discriminate Apis cerana and A. mellifera. DNA sequences of the mrjp2 gene A. cerana and A. mellifera were limited in GenBank and samples from Indonesia have never been reported; therefore DNA characterization and bioinformatics analysis were needed. This research was aimed to characterized and bioinformatics analyzed exon-intron mrjp2 gene of Indonesian A. cerana and A. mellifera. Methods used were DNA extraction, amplification, sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis. Apis cerana from Bogor and A. mellifera from Boyolali were amplified at Temperature annealing 47 oC and 50 oC, respectively. The length of A. cerana and A. mellifera DNA sequences were 579 bp (exon1-3) and 76 bp(intron 2), respectively. Chromatogram result showed A. mellifera formed many double-peak; thus, it could not be included in the further analysis. The putative amino acid of A. cerana the mrjp2 gene was 112 amino acids. Nucleotide variation in A. cerana greater in exon 2 than exon 3. Phylogenetic tree construction showed that A. cerana formed a big cluster with the mrjp family, the BLAST-X and BLAST-P showed 99.1% homolog with Korean A. cerana. Thus, the sequences were concluded as A. cerana mrjp2 gene.
Keyword: (Apis cerana), (Apis mellifera), (Gene characterisation), (mrjp2 gene), (Royal jelly)

Judul: Variasi DNA Mitokondria Gen Cytochrome C Oxidase 1 (COX1), Gen Cytochrome C Oxidase 2 (COX2), dan Intergenic Spacer COX1/COX2 Apis cerana asal Indonesia Timur
Abstrak: Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) atau dikenal dengan Asian Honeybee memiliki delapan subspesies dengan distribusi di Asia. Penelitian mengenai filogeni dari A. cerana asal beberapa kawasan di Indonesia telah dilakukan melalui gen Cytochrome C Oxidase 1 (COX1) dan Intergenic spacer (IGS) COX1/COX2. Namun penelitian filogeni A. cerana asal Indonesia timur belum dilakukan. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kekerabatan A. cerana yang terdapat di bagian timur Indonesia melalui gen COX1, gen COX2, dan IGS COX1/COX2. Sampel lebah A. cerana yang digunakan berasal dari Majene (Sulawesi), Ambon, dan Manokwari. Analisis molekular dilakukan dengan ekstraksi, amplifikasi, dan sequencing DNA dilanjutkan dengan analisis bioinformatika dan filogeni. Komposisi rata-rata nukleotida AT pada seluruh sampel DNA adalah 83%. Penelitian ini mendapatkan dua haplotipe baru masing-masing berdasarkan gen COX1 dan gen COX2. Satu haplotipe baru ditemukan berdasarkan IGS COX1/COX2. Lebah A. cerana asal Papua dan Maluku berkerabat dekat dengan A. cerana asal Jawa berdasarkan hasil variasi nukleotida, jarak genetik, dan pohon filogeni gen COX1. Berdasarkan pohon filogeni molekular gen COX1 sangat informatif dalam menunjukkan kekerabatan lebah A. cerana. Gen COX2 dapat menunjukkan kekerabatan antar A. cerana asal Papua dan Maluku dengan Borneo, sedangkan bagian IGS COX1/COX2 tidak dapat menunjukkan kekerabatan antar lokasi A. cerana.
Keyword: Apis cerana, DNA mitokondria, filogeni, haplotipe, variasi genetik

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4