Judul: The Application of DNA Barcoding and DNA Metabarcoding for Marine Sponges Identification in Dampier Strait
Abstrak: Identifikasi spesies dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai metode diantaranya adalah dengan pengamatan morfologi dan pendekatan molekuler. Sifat plastisitas dari morfologi spons menyebabkan biota ini menantang untuk diidentifikasi. Upaya identifikasi dengan pendekatan molekuler dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif dalam kajian spons. Penelitian ini berujuan untuk mengidentifikasi spons dari sampel yang tidak utuh dengan pendekatan DNA barcoding dan DNA metabarcoding. Sampel spons yang diambil adalah sampel dengan tampak morfologi luar yang berbeda. Identifikasi dengan pendekatan molekuler dimulai dari ekstraksi DNA spons dan dilanjutkan dengan amplifikasi DNA. Analisis DNA barcoding menggunakan primer LCO 1490 dan HCO 2198, sedangkan analisis DNA metabarcoding menggunakan primer mlCOIlintf dan dgHCO2198 yang menargetkan gen Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit I (COI). Produk PCR kemudian dielektroforesis dan kualitas pita DNA yang baik akan dilanjutkan pada tahap sekuensing. Analisis genetik dengan metode DNA barcoding mendeteksi 4 jenis yaitu Halichondria sp., Stylissa carteri, Xestospongia deweerdtae, dan Theonella sp. dari 5 sampel yang teramplifikasi. Analisis DNA metabarcoding mendeteksi sebanyak 138 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) dan 65.884 reads atau sekuen yang terdiri dari tiga kelompok yakni kelompok eukariot, kelompok bakteri, dan kelompok yang tidak teridentifikasi secara taksonomi (unassigned). Sampel spons pada penelitian ini dapat diidentifikasi dengan pendekatan DNA barcoding dan DNA metabarcoding. Penggunaan primer yang berbeda menyebabkan adanya perbedaan biota yang terdeteksi. Identifikasi spons dengan metode DNA barcoding menghasilkan taksonomi hingga tingkat spesies. Penggunaan metode DNA metabarcoding dapat mendeteksi tujuh genus spons serta memungkinkan deteksi spons jenis lain yang tidak terdeteksi dengan DNA barcoding. Genus spons yang terdeteksi pada analisis ini menggunakan metode molekuler diantaranya genus Agelas, Paratetilla, Pseudoceratina, Haliclona, Theonella, Halichondria, Xestospongia dan dua spesies diantaranya Xestospongia deweerdtae dan Stylissa carteri. Penerapan kedua metode ini juga sama-sama mendeteksi DNA non-target atau DNA selain spons. Rekomendasi untuk penelitian selanjutnya yakni preservasi yang lebih baik, dan penggunaan primer yang lebih spesifik.
Keyword: DNA Barcoding, DNA Metabarcoding, Porifera

Judul: Sponge Biodiversity Study Using DNA Metabarcoding in Dampier Strait, Raja Ampat Island, West Papua
Abstrak: Kepulauan Raja Ampat memiliki kawasan konservasi, salah satunya adalah Selat Dampier. Spons merupakan invertebrata laut dari filum Porifera dengan rongga dan struktur tubuhnya sederhana, serta memiliki kemampuan filter feeder. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi spons menggunakan DNA Metabarcoding di Selat Dampier. Metode DNA Metabarcoding adalah pendekatan molekuler yang berasal dari satu gabungan sampel melalui proses ekstraksi seluruh DNA dari sampel tertentu sehingga didapatkan taksonomi spesies. Metode yang dilakukan adalah pengambilan sampel, ekstraksi DNA, amplifikasi DNA, sekuensing DNA, identifikasi spesies, analisis sekuens, serta rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik. Terdapat 13 spesies spons yang berhasil diidentifikasi berdasarkan similarity dan query cover. Komposisi genus tertinggi adalah Callyspongia dan Pseudoceratina. Spons memiliki kandungan bioaktif yang digunakan sebagai antibakteri, antimikrobial, antikanker, antiparasit, serta antibiotik. Rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik untuk melihat tingkat kekerabatan spesies spons dengan model Kimura 2-parameter, serta pendekatan Neighbor Joining dan Maximum Likelihood, The Raja Ampat Islands have conservation areas, one of which is the Dampier Strait. Sponges are marine invertebrates from the phylum Porifera with simple body cavities and structures, and have filter feeder capabilities. The aim of this study is to identify sponsors using DNA Metabarcoding in the Dampier Strait. The DNA Metabarcoding method is a molecular approach that originates from a combined sample through the process of extracting all of the DNA from a particular sample in order to obtain a species taxonomy. The methods used were sampling, DNA extraction, DNA amplification, DNA sequencing, species identification, sequence analysis, and phylogenetic tree reconstruction. There are 13 species of sponges that have been identified based on similarity and query cover. The highest genus composition being Callyspongia and Pseudoceratina. Sponges contain bioactive compounds that are used as antibacterial, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiparasitic, and antibiotics. Reconstruction of phylogenetic trees to see the degree of kinship of sponge species with Kimura 2-parameter model, as well as the Neighbor Joining and Maximum Likelihood approaches.
Keyword: Dampier strait, DNA Metabarcoding, Phylogenetics, Sponge

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
Keyword: