Judul: Stem Characteristics of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Hydrothermal Carbonized
Abstrak: Karbonisasi merupakan suatu proses untuk mendapatkan produk arang dengan suhu tertentu umumnya menggunakan suhu rendah dibawah 400 ℃ untuk menghasilkan arang hidro dan suhu tinggi sekitar 600 ℃ untuk menghasilkan arang aktif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh suhu dan waktu dari proses karbonisasi hidrotermal terhadap batang kenaf serta menghilangkan hemiselulosa pada batang kenaf dengan proses hidrotermal. Penelitian ini menggunakan proses karbonisasi hidrotermal pada batang kenaf dengan suhu 130 ℃, 150 ℃, 170 ℃ dengan waktu 3 jam, 4 jam, dan 5 jam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan karbon terikat, daya jerap polutan, dan daya jerap iodin arang hidro batang kenaf meningkat seiring kenaikan suhu dan waktu dibandingkan kontrol batang kenaf. Arang hidro batang kenaf terbaik didapat pada suhu 170 ℃ dalam waktu 3 jam dikarenakan total daya jerap iodin yang paling tinggi. Karbonisasi hidrotermal terbukti mampu mengurangi kandungan hemiselulosa., Carbonization is a process to get charcoal products with a certain temperature generally using low temperatures below 400 ℃ to produce hydro charcoal and high temperatures around 600 ℃ to produce activated charcoal. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of temperature and time from the hydrothermal carbonization process on kenaf stems and to remove hemicellulose from kenaf stems using a hydrothermal process. This study used a hydrothermal carbonization process on kenaf stems with temperatures of 130 ℃, 150 ℃, 170 ℃ with 3 hours, 4 hours, and 5 hours. The results of this study showed that the bound carbon, pollutant adsorption capacity, and iodine adsorption capacity of hydro charcoal kenaf stems increased with increasing temperature and time compared to control kenaf stems. The best kenaf stems hydro charcoal was obtained at a temperature of 170 ℃ within 3 hours due to the highest total iodine adsorption capacity. Hydrothermal carbonization is proven to be able to reduce the hemicellulose content.
Keyword: Arang hidro, batang kenaf, daya jerap, karbonisasi hidrotermal, Adsorption capacity, hydro charcoal, hydrothermal carbonization, kenaf stems

Judul: Characteristics of Hydrochar from Kenaf  (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Fiber with Hydrothermal Carbonization
Abstrak: Karbonisasi hidrotermal (KHT) lebih dipilih karena memiliki keuntungan yaitu energi yang digunakan rendah dan ramah lingkungan. KHT bahan berlignoselulosa menghasilkan produk berupa arang hidro. Arang hidro sangat baik untuk dijadikan arang aktif dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai adsorben berbagai polutan. Dalam penelitian ini, KHT dilakukan menggunakan bahan baku serat kenaf. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pengaruh KHT terhadap karakteristik arang hidro serat kenaf dan menentukan suhu dan waktu KHT terbaik. Suhu yang diterapkan yaitu 130, 150, dan 170 ºC dengan waktu proses selama 3, 4, dan 5 jam. Karakteristik yang diteliti dalam penelitian ini antara lain komponen kimia, analisis proksimat, daya jerap iodin dan daya jerap polutan. Hasil menujukkan karbon terikat, daya jerap iodin dan daya jerap polutan arang hidro meningkat seiring peningkatan suhu dan waktu KHT. Arang hidro terbaik didapat dari hasil KHT 170 ºC selama 4 jam berdasarkan total bilangan iodin dan daya jerap polutan yang cenderung lebih tinggi dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya., Hydothermal carbonization (HTC) is preferred nowaday because it used lower energy and environmentally friendly. Hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic material produces hydrochar. Hydochar is an excellent raw material for activated charcoal and also can be used as an adsorbent of various pollutants. In this study, HTC was carried out using kenaf fiber as raw material. This study aims to evaluate the effect of HTC on the characteristics of kenaf fiber hydrochar and determine the optimal temperature and time for HTC. The temperatures applied were 130, 150, and 170 ºC with processing times of 3, 4, and 5 hours. The characteristics studied in this study include chemical components, proximate analysis, iodine number test, and pollutants adsorbtion test. The result shows that fixed carbon, iodine number, and pollutans adsorbtion of hydrochar increased with increasing of temperature and time. HTC 170 ºC for 4 hours produces the optimal hydrochar based on the total iodine number and pollutant adsorption which tended to be higher than other treatments.
Keyword: Arang hidro, daya jerap iodin, daya jerap polutan, karbonisasi  hidrotermal, serat kenaf, Hydrochar, hydrothermal carbonization, iodine number, kenaf fiber, pollutants adsorbtion

Judul: Approximation of the Median of Poisson Distribution Using the Relation of Poisson-Gamma Distribution
Abstrak: A major drawback of median is that median cannot usually be defined in closed form, even in the cases where their distribution functions are known. This study gives an approximation of the closed form for the median of the Poisson distribution by using the relation of Poisson-Gamma distribution. The approximation uses elementary techniques based on the monotonicity of certain sequences involving tail probabilities of the Poisson distribution and the Central Limit Theorem. Furthermore, a closed form expression for the mean absolute deviation 􀜧|􀜰􀰒 􀵆 􀜯􀝁􀝀􁈺􀜰􀰒􁈻| is also studied. The median is relevant because of the fact that it minimizes the mean absolute deviation of a Poisson random variable (􀜰􀰒􁈻 by considering median as central tendency.
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