Judul: Optimasi Proses Ekstrusi Texturized Vegetable Protein di PT XYZ
Abstrak: Texturized vegetable protein (TVP) adalah salah satu produk daging tiruan (meat analogue) yang dibuat dengan memodifikasi stuktur protein nabati sehingga teksturnya menyerupai daging. Kelebihan yang dapat diperoleh dari daging tiruan adalah dapat menurunkan risiko penyakit dan dapat dikonsumsi oleh seseorang yang tidak dapat mengkonsumsi daging, baik karena masalah kesehatan atau kepercayaan. Protein merupakan salah satu nutrisi yang dibutuhkan tubuh. Penggunaan texturized vegetable protein telah mengalami peningkatan sebagai pengganti sumber protein. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kombinasi variabel proses yang optimum, yang mampu menghasilkan produk sesuai dengan target perusahaan. Volume permintaan TVP PT. XYZ terus meningkat, namun jumlah mesin produksi terbatas. Perusahaan perlu mengoptimalkan mesin yang ada untuk memenuhi permintaan tersebut. Faktor yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah kapasitas aliran tepung, kapasitas aliran air, kecepatan putaran ulir, dan suhu ekstruder. Parameter respon yang digunakan adalah kadar air, daya serap air, bulk density, warna, dan bentuk butiran. Pengujian sampel dilakukan sebanyak 21 kali run dengan dua kali pengulangan. Data akan dianalisa menggunakan statistik ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) pada masing-masing respon untuk melihat signifikansi setiap faktor terhadap respon. Kemudian proses optimasi akan dilakukan menggunakan bantuan software Design Expert 10 (DX-10). Metode yang digunakan adalah RSM (Response Surface Method). Data kombinasi faktor yang paling optimum adalah: kapasitas aliran tepung sebesar 225 kg/jam; kapasitas aliran air 35,54 Hz (71,08 liter/jam); suhu ekstruder 130,70 oC; dan kecepatan putaran ulir sebesar 375,18 rpm. Hasil verifikasi yang diperoleh menunjukkan nilai masing – masing respon berada di dalam kisaran Confident Interval (CI). Penelitian optimasi ini menggunakan ekstruder ulir ganda yang memiliki rasio panjang terhadap diameter sebesar 24 dan diameter ulir 65mm. Sumber protein yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah tepung kedelai bebas lemak (defatted soy flour). Penelitian lain yang sejenis dilaporkan menggunakan ekstruder dengan ulir tunggal maupun ulir ganda namun dengan diameter ulir yang berbeda. Sumber protein yang digunakan bervariasi., Texturized vegetable protein (TVP) is one of the meat analogue products made by modifying the structure of vegetable protein become meat-like texture. The advantages could be obtained from the meat analogue. It could reduce the risk of disease and could be consumed by someone who could not consume meat, either because of health problems or beliefs. Protein is one of the nutrients that the body needs. The use of texturized vegetable protein has increased as a substitute for protein sources. This research aimed to obtain the optimum combination of process variables, which was able to produce products according to the company's target. The TVP demand volume of PT. XYZ continued to increase, but the number of production machines were limited. The Companies need to optimize the existing machines to meet their customer demands. The factors that were used for this research were flour flow capacity, water flow capacity, screw rotation speed, and extruder temperature. The response parameters that were used were water content, water absorption, bulk density, color, and grain shape. The data is collected by 21 runs that was repeated twice for each run. The data was analyzed using ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) on each response to observe the significance of each factor on the response. Then the optimization process
Keyword: extruder, optimization, RSM, TVP, meat analogue

Judul: Kajian Pembuatan Texturized Vegetable Protein (TVP) Berbasis Tepung Kecambah Kacang Komak (Lablab purpureus (L.) sweet) Sebagai Alternatif Pengganti Texturized Soy Protein (TSP) dan Aplikasi Penggunaannya pada Produk Bakso
Abstrak: The objective of this research is to formulate and to produce texturized vegetable protein (TVP) made from germinated hyacinth flour and gluten which is acceptable in terms of chemical, physical and organoleptic properties. Beans are potential sources of vegetable protein in Indonesia that have protein content ranges from 18-24%. Among them, Hyacinth bean (Lablab purpureus (L) sweet) is potential to be developed. Moreover, hyacinth bean contains globulin protein that closes to soy bean. Unfortunately, hyacinth bean contains some anti nutritional compounds which can decrease the digestibility of protein (Protein digestibility index, PDI). To overcome this drawback, the germination technique was used in this present study. The study began with preparing flour from germinated hyacinth bean, then formulating germinated hyacinth flour and gluten to prepare THP (texturized hyacinth protein) by extrusion method. The obtained THP was used in preparing of beef meetballs. Extrusion proses was conducted by twin screw extruder with a temperature was 130-1400C and 240 rpm in screw rotation. In term of functional properties, it showed that the germination could increase OHC (oil holding capacity) and density, but decreased water holding capacity (WHC) and emulsification capacity of THP. The formula of 25% of gluten (F2) showed the increase in moisture and had higher protein content, OHC, density, and emulsification capacity compared to the formula of 10% of gluten (F1). Furthermore, THP prepared with F2 formula had the functional properties that closed to commercial standard TSP (Texturized Soy Protein). Subtitution of 30% beef meat with germinated THP flour in preparing meatballs were still acceptable in organoleptic test and has fulfilled Indonesia national standards ((SNI 01–3818–1995). Furthermore, this subtitution had an advantage in lowering cholesterol and in increasing dietary fiber but, unfortunately it decreased WHC and emulsion capacity, significantly.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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