Judul: Analisis efisiensi biaya produksi gula di Indonesia : pendekatan fungsi biaya multi input multi output
Abstrak: Kendala utama yang dihadapi pabrik gula di Indonesia saat ini adalah : (1) rendahnya kualitas bahan baku, (2) rendahnya kapasitas giling sebagian pabrik gula, (3) rendahnya efisiensi pabrik gula sebagai akibat tingginya persen jam berhenti giling, dan (4) tingginya biaya produksi. Kesepakatan Putaran Uruguay-GATT menandai dimulainya era liberalisasi perdagangan, termasuk untuk komoditi pertanian khususnya gula, dengan kesepakatan pokok terutama berkaitan dengan akses pasar. Di satu pihak meningkatnya akses pasar cenderung akan meningkatkan volume perdagangan. Namun dipihak lain, meningkatnya akses pasar juga menuntut tingkat efisiensi yang tinggi agar dapat bersaing dengan negara lain.
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Judul: Analisis Efisiensi Produksi Gula di PG. Madukismo, Yogyakarta
Abstrak: Gula merupakan salah satu komoditas pangan pokok yang memiliki arti penting di Indonesia karena sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia mengkonsumsi gula. Tahun 1930an Indonesia pemah menjadi eksponir gula terbesar kedua di dunia selelah Kuba. Namun sekarang peningkatan kebutuhan gula tidak diimbangi dengan peningkatan produksi gula nasional bahkan industri gula nasional cenderung terpuruk. Produksi gula nasionai jauh jika dibandingkan produksi gula luar negeri, Indonesia tidak mampu lagi menjadi negara pengekspor gula di dunia Produksi gula Indonesia dari tahun 1993 sampai 2003 terus merosot sebesar 847.805,7 ton dari 2.482.724,6 ton menjadi 1.634.918,9 ton. Sebaliknya konsumnsi gula dari tahun 1993 sampai 2002 terus mengalami peningkatan. Kelidakseimbangan antara penurunan produksi gula dan sernakin tingginya konsumsi gula masyarakat Indonesia menyebabkan terjadinya kekurangan gula Kekurangan gula' dalam negeri mau tidak mau mendorong pemerintah untuk melakukan impor gula. Tingginya impor gula Indonesia disebabkan oleh tiga hal yaitu : (1) Rendahnya harga gula di pasar Intemasionai sebagai akibat surplus pasokan dan distribusi kebijakan dari negara-negara eksponir. (2) Kurangnya perlindungan dan perhatian pemerintah terhadap produk pertanian termasuk gula (3) Hasil produksi gula dalam negeri belum mampu memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi nasiooal.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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