Judul: Isolation of proteolytic bacteria from Gili Meno Lake, West Nusa Tenggara and characterization protease enzyme
Abstrak: Keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia yang cukup besar merupakan potensi dalam pengembangan produksi enzim. Adanya upaya pencarian mikroorganisme indigenos penghasil enzim dapat memungkinkan Indonesia sebagai salah satu produsen enzim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan menyeleksi bakteri proteolitik yang berasal dari danau Gili Meno serta mengkarakterisasi enzim protease dari isolat yang terpilih. Sebanyak 52 isolat bakteri proteolitik berhasil diisolasi dari sampel tanah dan sedimen danau. Media yang digunakan berupa media cair Nutrient broth (NB) dan media padat nutrient agar (NA) yang ditambahkan susu skim 1%. Isolat LG 18 dan LI 2 dipilih untuk produksi enzim karena memiliki aktivitas spesifik tertinggi. Aktivitas spesifik tertinggi isolat LG 18 dicapai pada jam ke-9. Protease isolat LG 18 optimum pada pH 6 dan suhu 40°C. Penambahan kation Ca2+, Cu2+, Na+ dan Co2+ umumnya menurunkan aktivitas protease isolat, sementara penambahan kation logam Zn2+ 2 mM tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap aktivitas protease isolat . Aktivitas spesifik tertinggi isolat LI 2 dicapai pada jam ke-12. Protease isolat LI 2 optimum pada pH 6 dan suhu 45°C dan aktivitasnya ditingkatkan hingga 123,88% oleh Co2+ pada konsentrasi akhir 2 mM. Kation lainnya yaitu Ca2+, Cu2+, Na+ dan Zn2+ umumnya menurunkan aktivitas protease isolat. Protease kedua isolat diduga merupakan metaloprotease karena aktivitasnya dihambat hingga lebih dari 50% dengan senyawa pengkelat logam ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) pada konsentrasi akhir 2 mM dan 5 mM.
Keyword: 

Judul: Identifikasi Bakteri Proteolitik Asal Danau Gili Meno dan Karakterisasi Protease Hasil Pengendapan dengan Amonium Sulfat
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara tropis yang dikenal memiliki keanekaragaman hayati yang besar. Salah satu di antaranya bakteri indigenous penghasil enzim protease. Penelitian sebelumnya melaporkan bahwa isolat LG 18 dan LI 2 asal Danau Gili Meno, Nusa Tenggara Barat merupakan bakteri proteolitik yang mampu menghasilkan enzim protease. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi bakteri proteolitik isolat LG 18 dan LI 2, mengetahui konsentrasi optimum penambahan amonium sulfat pada enzim ekstrak kasar serta mengarakterisasinya. Isolat LG 18 dan LI 2 merupakan bakteri Gram positif dengan bentuk sel batang. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi secara fisiologis menggunakan kit Analytical Profile Index (API) 50 CHB/E isolat bakteri LG 18 diduga Brevibacillus laterosporus dan LI 2 diduga Bacillus mycoides. Berdasarkan identifikasi molekuler gen 16S rRNA kedua isolat tersebut adalah Bacillus cereus. Enzim ekstrak kasar isolat LG 18 dan LI 2 yang diendapkan dengan amonium sulfat memiliki aktivitas spesifik tertinggi masing-masing sebesar 0.0592 U/mg (25% b/v) dan 0.0785 U/mg (40% b/v). Protease semimurni kedua isolat optimum pada suhu 30°C. Protease semimurni isolat LG 18 optimum pada pH 5 dan LI 2 pada pH 8.
Keyword: Aktivitas spesifik, bakteri proteolitik, enzim ekstrak kasar, protease, purifikasi.

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
Keyword: