Judul: Kinerja kerbau betina pada berbagai beban kerja serta implikasinya terhadap kebutuhan energi dan protein  pakan
Abstrak: Penggunaan ternak khususnya kerbau sebagai sumber tenaga kerja didalam sistim usaha tani di Indonesia adalah sangat penting artinya di dalam meningkatkan pemanfaatan sumber energi yang tersedia secara low, terutama sekali untuk menghemat penggunaan rninyak bumi. Melihat banyaknya manfaat pemeliharaan ternak, diperlukan suatu perhatian khusus sehingga produktifitasnya bisa ditingkatkan terutama semi bila diinginkan ternak yang multifungsi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian sebelumnya penentuan kebutuhan energi melalui pengukuran denyut jantung dianggap cukup rnemadai untuk mengukur kebutuhan energi kerja, sehingga penerapannya untuk pengukuran energi pada ternak kerja sangat penting untuk dilakukan.
Keyword: 

Judul: Pengaruh tiga macam cara kerja terhadap efisiensi kerja ternak kerbau
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan di Balai Penelitian Ternak Ciawi, Bogor. Penelitian berlangsung selama 4 minggu pada bulan Desember 1990. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan cara kerja yang paling efisien diantara tiga cara kerja yang diteliti, yaitu cara kerja: (1) tunggal (T), (2) berpasangan menggunakan pasangan leher (yoke) tunggal (GT) dan (3) berpasangan menggunakan yoke ganda (GG). Efisiensi kerja tersebut dilihat dari segi kecepatan berjalan, produksi tenaga dan energi yang digunakan saat kerja. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial 3 x 2, dengan 25 ulangan. Analisa dilanjutkan dengan uji Least Significant Difference (LSD) menurut Steel dan Torrie (1980). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kecepatan berjalan, produksi tenaga dan energi total dipengaruhi oleh cara kerja: T, GT dan GG (P<0.01). Berdasarkan uji LSD tampak bahwa untuk setiap parameter yang diukur, meliputi kecepatan berjalan, produksi tenaga dan energi total, cara kerja T lebih tinggi (P<0.01) dibandingkan GT dan GG. Berdasarkan perhitungan kebutuhan energi saat kerja, tampak bahwa ternak T membutuhkan energi yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan GT dan GG, masing-masing 1.61, 1.50 dan 1.54 kali kebutuhan energi untuk hidup pokok. Ditinjau dari penyediaan pakan, penggunaan ternak T lebih efisien dibandingkan GT dan GG. Walaupun jumlah energi per ekor ternak T lebih tinggi dibandingkan GT dan GG, tetapi bila dilihat dari jumlah total energi yang diberikan untuk sepasang ternak GT dan GG, kebutuhan energi T masih lebih rendah.
Keyword: 

Judul: Systematics of Desmos (Annonaceae) in Malesia
Abstrak: Desmos is a woody climbing genus of Annonaceae which has been widely used as traditional medicine in several countries such as China, Indo-China, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia to treat dysentery, vertigo, fever, and postpartum. Phylogenetic studies on Desmos showed a close relationship between Desmos and Dasymaschalon. They share similar moniliform monocarpic fruits, but their flowers are different. It has been debated among Annonaceae researchers whether both genera should be treated as the same or distinct genus. Therefore, investigation on the taxonomic delimitation of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon will be necessary. Plastid genome (plastome) identification, leaf epidermal section of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon species, a taxonomic revision of Desmos in Malesia using morphological data, the spatial distribution of Desmos species in Malesia, and morphological and genetic variation in Desmos chinensis population using ISSR marker were used to investigate taxonomic delimitation of Desmos. Plastome study of Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was carried out to determine the origin, evolution, phylogenomics, and identify marker candidates for Desmos and Dasymaschalon or with other genera in Annonaceae. We discovered that the plastome of Desmos chinensis was circular with the size of 167,677 bp (smaller than Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum), consist of 111 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 29 transfer RNAs, and 4 ribosomal RNAs. The plastome showed a typical quadripartite structure, i.e., large single copy (LSC), small single copy (SSC), and two inverted repeats (IRs). The plastome of Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was 191,488 bp in length, which also exhibited a typical quadripartite structure (LSC, SSC, and two IRs). Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum showed different copies of accD, ndhD, ndhF, rps18, and ycf2. Protein coding genes of rpoB, rpoC1, rbcL, matK, rpl32, infA, and rpl36 were identified based on nucleotide diversity, sequence variability, and parsimony-informative sites. The genes are defined as molecular marker candidates of plastome for phylogenetic, barcoding, and population genetic research. We predicted that Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum separated at ca. 64 million years ago during the Paleocene. Leaf anatomical feature study was carried to support the taxonomic delimitation of interspecific Desmos and intergeneric of Desmos and Dasymaschalon. Leaf anatomy in the paradermal section of 20 taxa (12 species of Desmos, eight species of Dasymaschalon) have been carried out. According to the leaf epidermal section, Desmos and Dasymaschalon are two distinct genera mainly distinguished based on the anticlinal wall undulation of epidermal cells and supported by variation of the crystal type and size. The anticlinal wall undulation of Desmos was almost straight to slightly wavy and never sinuous; meanwhile, Dasymaschalon varies from almost straight to deeply sinusoid. The crystals of Desmos consist of rhombohedral, druse type A, and druse type B crystals, whereas Dasymaschalon has prism, druse type A, druse type B, and druse type C crystals. The recent taxonomic revision using the morphological data was mainly based on the examination of about 1374 specimens from BO, L, WAN, ANDA, SING, SAN, K, P, HUH herbaria. The Desmos species in Malesia consists of eight species: D. acutus, D. chinensis, D. chryseus, D. dunalii, D. pedunculosus, D. subbiglandulosus, two new records: D. lawii and D. macrocarpus, and one
Keyword: Dasymaschalon, Desmoid clade, Magnoliid, plastid genome, phylogenomics analysis