Judul: Analisis integrasi gen hpt (hygromycin phosphotransferase) di tanaman kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) kultivar diamant transgenik
Abstrak: Perbaikan genetik tanaman dapat dilakukan dengan rekayasa genetika. Hd3a dapat menginduksi pembungaan dan pembentukan umbi pada kentang. Tanaman kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) kultivar Diamant transgenik yang mengandung gen Hd3a di bawah kendali promoter kuat rolC yang dipautkan dengan gen hpt (hygromycin phosphotransferase) dapat dianalisis dengan menggunakan PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). Analisis PCR dengan menggunakan primer Hp-F dan Hp-R digunakan untuk mengetahui integrasi gen hpt di dalam tanaman kentang transgenik. Analisis PCR menunjukkan bahwa 12 klon transgenik putatif yang resisten terhadap higromisin, mengandung gen hpt yang ditandai oleh pita DNA berukuran 570 pb. Gen hpt terpaut dengan gen Hd3a, sehingga klon transgenik tersebut juga mengandung gen Hd3a. Dengan menggunakan bibit Go, dua klon transgenik, DIT1 dan DIT2, telah ditanam di polybag. Tanaman DIT1 mengalami pembungaan dini pada 45 Hari Setelah Tanam (HST) sedangkan tanaman kentang lainnya tidak berbunga. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Hd3a mampu menginduksi pembungaan pada kentang kultivar Diamant transgenik. Bobot umbi DIT1 lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan tanaman DI (non-transgenik) yang menunjukkan bahwa Hd3a juga berpotensi meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman kentang kultivar Diamant.
Keyword: Gen Hd3a, Gen hpt, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Promoter rolC, Kentang kultivar diamant transgenik, Biological science, Kentang kultivar, Isolasi DNA genom

Judul: Transformasi Genetik Tanaman Kentang (Solanum tuberosum L.) kultivar Agria dengan Gen Hd3a di Bawah Kendali Promoter 35s CaMV
Abstrak: Kentang kultivar Agria memiliki umbi yang lonjong memanjang, berukuran besar, dan cocok diolah menjadi keripik. Hd3a dapat menginduksi pembentukan bunga dan umbi pada kentang kultivar Andigena sehingga transformasi genetika tanaman kentang dengan gen Hd3a sangat bermanfaat untuk perbaikan genetik tanaman kentang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan transformasi genetik tanaman kentang kultivar Agria dengan gen Hd3a di bawah kendali promoter 35S CaMV melalui Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transformasi genetik dilakukan dengan ko-kultivasi eksplan buku batang kentang dengan A. Tumefaciens. Seleksi kalus transgenik dilakukan secara bertahap di media MS yang mengandung 10-30 mg/L higromisin. Efisiensi transformasi pada penelitian ini relatif rendah yaitu 16.66%. Analisis PCR menunjukkan bahwa kalus yang resisten terhadap higromisin mengandung gen Hd3a dibawah kendali promoter 35S CaMV. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa transformasi genetik tanaman kentang kultivar Agria dengan gen Hd3a di bawah kendali promoter 35S CaMV telah menghasilkan kalus transgenik.
Keyword: Hd3a, Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Agria, transformasi

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
Keyword: