Judul: Imago and Egg Hatching Behavior of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Abstrak: Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) atau ulat grayak jagung (UGJ) merupakan hama kosmopolitan yang menyebabkan kerusakan berat pada pertanaman jagung di beberapa negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari perilaku imago dan penetasan telur UGJ. Perilaku hinggap dan peletakan telur diamati pada pagi pukul 07:00 s.d. 09:00 dan sore pukul 16:00 s.d. 18:00 terhadap 223 imago jantan dan 366 imago betina yang dilepaskan di dalam sungkup kasa berukuran 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 2 m dengan sembilan tanaman jagung. Perilaku imago juga diamati setiap dua jam selama 24 jam terhadap kurang lebih 30 pasang imago. Proses penetasan telur dilakukan dengan mengamati dua puluh kelompok telur setiap dua jam sekali selama dua hari. Tidak terdapat perbedaan pola distribusi hinggap pada beberapa lokasi selama pengamatan pagi dan sore, dan juga diantara jenis kelamin. Sepertiga dari populasi imago hinggap pada tanaman jagung dan secara keseluruhan hinggap pada bagian permukaan atas (adaksial) daun jagung. Sebagian besar imago S. frugiperda meletakkan kelompok telur pada permukaan bawah (abaksial) daun jagung. Imago S. frugiperda aktif malam hari dan seluruh aktivitas bergerak/terbang, kawin, serta meletakkan telur terjadi antara pukul 18:00 s.d. 04:00. Telur S. frugiperda menetas antara pukul 02:00 s.d. 12:00 dan sekitar 75% kelompok telur menetas di antara pukul 02:00 s.d. 06:00., The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is a cosmopolitan pest that may cause severe damages on corn in many countries. This research was to study FAW moth and egg hatching behavior. The perching and egg laying behaviors were observed in the morning (7–9 am) and late afternoon (4–6 pm) on 223 males and 366 females moths released inside a 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 2 m cage with 9 corn plants in it. The behaviors were also observed every two hours for 24 hours involving about 30 pairs of moths. Egg hatching processed were carried out by observing 20 egg clusters every 2 hours for 2 days. There were no differences on the pattern of moth perching locations during the morning and afternoon observations, and also between sexes. One third of the moths perched on the corn plants and almost all moths perched on upper surfaces of the corn leaves. About half numbers of egg clusters were laid on the corn plants, and most of them were laid at lower surfaces of the corn leaves. Fall armyworm moths were nocturnal and activities of moving/flying, mating and egg laying occurred between 6 pm to 4 am. Fall armyworm egg hatching occurred between 2 am to 12 am, and 75% of them hatched between 2 am to 6 am.
Keyword: Egg laying, FAW, imago behavior, perching pattern

Judul: Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Attacks and Its Parasitoids on Corn Cultivation in Situ Gede Village, West Bogor District, Bogor, West Java
Abstrak: Jagung merupakan tanaman pangan dan bahan baku industri yang penting di Indonesia. Produksi jagung sangat terpengaruh dengan adanya serangan hama invasif baru di Indonesia yaitu ulat grayak jagung (UGJ) atau fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Pemanfaatan musuh alami merupakan salah satu metode pengendalian yang dapat digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui tingkat serangan dan parasitoid S. frugiperda yang ditemukan pada pertanaman jagung di Kelurahan Situ Gede, Kecamatan Bogor Barat, Bogor, Jawa Barat. Pengamatan dilakukan sejak tanaman berumur dua minggu setelah tanam (MST) hingga 10 MST dengan interval dua minggu pada 100 tanaman sampel. Larva S. frugiperda dikumpulkan dari plot sampel lalu dipelihara dan diamati, kemudian parasitoid yang muncul dihitung tingkat parasitisasi dan diidentifikasi. Tingkat serangan UGJ meningkat sejak tanaman jagung berumur dua MST hingga delapan MST dan serangannya konstan hingga 10 MST. Intensitas serangan S. frugiperda tertinggi sebesar 64,40% yang termasuk kategori sangat berat. Parasitoid yang ditemukan yaitu Cotesia sp., Microplitis sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Charops sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), dan Phoridae (Diptera). Tingkat parasitisasi tertinggi oleh Microplitis sp. sebesar 6,72%., Corn is an important food crop and industrial raw material in Indonesia. Corn productivity is greatly affected by the attack of a new invasive pest in Indonesia, fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Using natural enemies is one of the methods to control this pest. This study aimed to determine the plant damages caused by FAW and its natural enemies on corn cultivation at Situ Gede Village, West Bogor District, Bogor, West Java. Observations have been done from two weeks after planting (WAP) to ten WAP with two-week intervals. The plant damage of S. frugiperda was observed on 100 plant samples. The larvae of S. frugiperda were collected from other plant samples and reared in the laboratory until the parasitoids emerged. The parasitoids were then identified. The plant damages increased until the corn cultivation was eight WAP, and the plant damages were constant until harvest. The most severe plant damage of S. frugiperda reached 64.40% and was included in the very heavy category. The parasitoids found during the study were Cotesia sp., Microplitis sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Charops sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and Phoridae (Diptera). The highest level of parasitization was Microplitis sp., with 6.72%.
Keyword: fall armyworm, natural enemies, plant damages

Judul: Sintesis dan Pencirian Benzalkonium KIOl'ida
Abstrak: One active compound which is used in disinfectant is benzalkonium chloride. It is one of the safest biocides known and has a long history of efficacious use; hence, benzalkonium chloride becomes important in disinfectant production. Accordingly, economically benzalkonium chloride synthesis needs to be found. The principle of benzalkonium chloride synthesis is alkylation of amine compound by linear synthesis route. First of all, ammonium carboxylic salt was synthesized with yield of 87% and showed infrared absorption of N-H stretch at 3428 cm·l , strong absorption of C=O stretch at 1717 cm-I, and also aliphatic C-H stretch at 2849 cm-I and 2917 cm-I. Secondly, an amide was synthesized with yield of 84% and showed strong absorption of C=O stretch at 1704 em-I, absorption of aliphatic C-H at 2849 cm-I and 2917 em-I, and also absorption of CNat 942 em-I. In the third step, the amine was synthesized with yield of 89% and showed disappearance of C=O stretch at 1700 cm-I . In the last step, benzalkonium chloride was synthesized through 2 ways, i.e. reflux and microwave assisted organic synthesis (MAOS). Both benzalkonium chloride infrared spectra, fi'om reflux and MAOS, showed some absorptions of aryl C-H stretch at 3033 cm-I , aryl C-C bending at 1455 cm-I , 1496 cm-I and 2 peaks which were shouldershaped at around 1600 cm-I . This last step gave a mixed product which was proven by absorption at 1700 cm-I . Consequently, the yield could not be calculated.
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