Judul: Analisis Biaya Produksi Madu Hutan, Madu Pollen dan Pollen pada Usaha Madu D-Bee’s di Sindangkerta, Bandung Barat
Abstrak: Honey is a non wood forest products that very potential to be developed. Honey comes from bees that can be used as a vitamin for the immune system and also frequently used to treat a variety of diseases. The objective of this research are to obtain the necessary amount of production costs to get the honey in order to determine the cost of Forest Honey, benefits to be derived, knowing the break even point in doing the business of honey bee and know the value of profitability which can be obtained from the exploitation of bees. The total cost production to be incurred in one year for honey production is IDR135 627 646/year which the fix cost is IDR59 769 646/year and the variable cost is IDR75 858 000/year. Value of Break Even Point on the cultivation of honey at the time of sale of the year amounted to 151 kg/year for Honey forest and 60 kg/year for each Honey Pollen and Pollen . Value of Return on Investment from the honey bee business by 127.20% . Based on the result of this analysis, the owner get high profit from his work as beekeepers.
Keyword: Return on Investment, production cost, Non Wood Forest Product, forest honey, Break Even Point

Judul: Analisis Biaya Usaha Madu Odeng di Desa Bantar Jaya, Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Selama ini pemanfaatan hasil hutan di Indonesia terfokus pada kayu dalam bentuk kayu bulat. Hal tersebut berdampak kerusakan hutan yang saat ini diperkirakan telah mencapai 1,6 - 2 juta ha per tahun. Akibat kerusakan hutan tersebut maka jumlah kayu bulat di hutan Indonesia berkurang sehingga produksi kayu menjadi menurun. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya pengembangan pemanfaatan hasil hutan non kayu sehingga kita tidak lagi terfokus pada kayu dalam pemanfaatan hasil hutan. Salah satu hasil hutan non kayu yang sangat baik untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia adalah madu. Madu dapat diperoleh dengan beternak lebah madu (Apis mellifera). Selain menghasilkan madu, peternak juga akan memperoleh beberapa produk lebah lainnya seperti royal jelly, bee venom, propolis, pollen, dan malam (wax). Semua produk lebah tersebut memiliki nilai manfaat yang tinggi. Indonesia sangat cocok untuk usaha budidaya lebah madu karena sangat kaya akan ragam tanaman berbunga dan hasil pertanian yang dapat diusahakan sepanjang tahun, namun jumlah peternakan lebah madu di Indonesia masih sangat sedikit. Sedikitnya jumlah peternakan lebah madu di Indonesia disebabkan oleh besarnya modal yang diperlukan untuk memulai usaha ini. Selain itu juga informasi dan pengetahuan tentang tata cara pengelolaan lebah yang baik juga belum banyak diketahui oleh masyarakat luas. Atas dasar ini, maka analisis biaya pengusahaan lebah madu dilakukan. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan analisis biaya terhadap Madu Odeng yang berlokasi di Desa Bantar Jaya, Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat. Analisis data yang dilakukan meliputi : analisis biaya produksi madu, analisis Break Even Point, analisis harga pokok, dan analisis profitabilitas usaha perlebahan madu. Biaya produksi setiap jenis produk Madu Odeng masing-masing adalah : Madu Kapuk Rp. 30.771/kg, Madu Karet Rp. 25.193/kg, Madu Rambutan Rp. 32.235/kg, Madu Mangga Rp. 34.641/kg, Madu Klengkeng Rp. 45.030/kg, Madu Kaliandra Rp. 30.540/kg, Madu Pahit Rp. 36.547/kg, Madu Pollen Rp. 36.726/kg, Madu Superstrong Rp. 82.208/kg, Bee pollen Rp. 111.705/kg, dan Royal jelly Rp. 984.065/kg. Biaya produksi tersebut terdiri dari biaya tetap yang berkisar antara Rp. 10.556/kg sampai Rp. 322.919/kg dan biaya variabel yang berkisar antara Rp. 14.638/kg sampai Rp. 661.146/kg. Tingkat Break Even Point yang diperoleh untuk setiap jenis produk Madu Odeng, yaitu Madu Kapuk 1.804 kg, Madu Karet 325,86 kg, Madu Rambutan 520,34 kg, Madu Mangga 112,07 kg, Madu Klengkeng 560,84 kg, Madu Kaliandra 164,81 kg, Madu Pahit 113,96 kg, Madu Pollen 347,5 kg, Madu Superstrong 507 kg, Bee Pollen 6,59 kg, dan Royal Jelly 1,88 kg. Untuk memproduksi produk lebah pada tingkat BEP maka Madu Odeng harus memelihara 196 koloni lebah.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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