Judul: Kebugaran enam populasi parasitoid trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera) dari Jawa Barat dan Jawa Tengah yang dibiakkan pada serangga inang corcyra cephalonica stainton (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)
Abstrak: Parasitoid dari famili Trichogrammatidae bersifat generalis dan banyak menyerang serangga hama dari ordo Lepidoptera. Parasitoid ini sangat baik untuk pengendalian, karena mampu membunuh hama sebelum hama tersebut menimbulkan kerusakan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dari bulan Oktober 1998 sampai dengan Februari 1999 di Laboratorium Pengendalian Hayati, Jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Inang yang digunakan adalah Corcyra cephalonica Stainton yang diujikan kepada enam populasi parasitoid yang terdiri dari satu populasi Trichogramma flandersi, empat populasi Trichogrammatoidea cojuangcoi dan satu populasi Trichogrammatoidea armigera yang dikoleksi dari beberapa daerah. Masing-masing parasitoid betina dari enam populasi dimasukkan ke dalam tabung reaksi yang telah diisi dengan pias-pias telur C.cephalonica yang telah di freezer selama 24 jam. Pias-pias dipaparkan selama 24 jam terhadap masing-masing imago, dan diganti setiap harinya hingga imago mati. Perlakuan dilakukan dengan 25 kali ulangan dengan parameter-parameter yang diamati adalah: persentase parasitisasi, lama perkembangan, persentase laju survival, persentase laju pemunculan imago, lama hidup, keperidian, dan nisbah kelamin.
Keyword: 

Judul: Pengaruh beberapa jenis pakan terhadap produksi telur dan lama siklus hidup Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae)
Abstrak: Pengendalian hayati dengan menggunakan parasitoid telur dari famili Trichogrammatidae mempunyai peluang baik. Parasitoid telur tersebut potensial dalam mengendalikan serangga hama di lapang, seperti penggerek batang jagung, penggerek batang tebu, penggerek batang padi, penggerek buah kakao dan lain-lain. Parasitod ini dapat dibiakkan secara massal di laboratorium dengan menggunakan telur dari serangga Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) sebagai "factitious host". Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui produksi telur tertinggi dan lama siklus hidup C. cephalonica pada beberapa jenis pakan yang digunakan, dilakukan di Laboratorium Pengendalian Hayati, Jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian ini berlangsung pada bulan Desember 1995 sampai dengan Februari 1996. Rancangan percobaan pada penelitian ini adalah rancangan acak lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan pakan dan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan I dengan menggunakan pakan pellet, perlakuan II dengan menggunakan pakan dedak, perlakuan III dengan menggunakan pakan tepung jagung dan perlakuan IV dengan menggunakan pakan campuran pellet dan tepung jagung dengan perbandingan 1:1. ...
Keyword: 

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
Keyword: