Judul: Proses Adsorpsi dan Ultrafiltrasi untuk Pemurnian Ekstrak Gula Cair Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni).
Abstrak: Proses pemurnian ekstrak guka cair stevia perlu dilakukan karena adanya zat pengotor yang menyebabkan kekeruhan seperti tanin. Ekstrak gula stevia yang masih memiliki kemurnian rendah perlu dilakukan pemurnian. Peningkatan mutu ekstrak gula cair stevia dapat dilakukan dengan proses pemurnian secara adsorpsi dan ultrafiltrasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan kemurnian dengan menggunakan adsorben dan ultrafiltrasi dalam proses pemurnian. Variabel proses dalam penelitian antara lain zeolit sebagai adsorben dengan perbandingan 1:1 (b/v) dengan waktu 1, 2, dan 3 jam. Serta kinerja proses ultrafiltrasi pada tekanan (1.45, 1.65, dan 1.85 bar), kecepatan alir (27, 30, dan 35 ml/dt), dan konsentrasi (33.554, 28.654, dan 23.857 g/l) terhadap fluksi. Pada konsentrasi 23.857 g/l dengan kecepatan alir 27 ml/dt dan tekanan 1.65 bar memiliki peningkatan persen kejernihan sebesar 56%. Proses ultrafiltrasi dapat menurunkan steviosida sebesar 17%. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai proses adsorpsi dan ultrafiltrasi menggunakan berbagai jenis asorben dan membran.
Keyword: adsorpsi, ultrafiltrasi, kejernihan, steviosida

Judul: Proses Adsorpsi untuk Pemurnian Ekstrak Gula Cair Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni).
Abstrak: Tanaman stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) merupakan salah satu pemanis alami dengan tingkat kemanisan yang tinggi yaitu 200-300 kali dari sukrosa. Gula cair stevia diperoleh dari hasil ekstraksi daun stevia, namun ekstrak yang dihasilkan masih mengandung senyawa yang menyebabkan kekeruhan seperti tanin. Penelitian ini bertujuan menurunkan tanin yang terkandung di dalam ekstrak gula cair stevia. Metode yang digunakan adalah adsorpsi secara sirkulasi menggunakan kolom berisi zeolit dengan rasio antara zeolit dan ekstrak gula cair stevia 1:1 (b/v). Parameter yang digunakan adalah suhu (40, 50, dan 60 °C) dan waktu sirkulasi (1, 3, dan 5 jam) dengan laju alir 10 mL/menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat penurunan tanin terbesar diperoleh pada kondisi suhu 50 °C dan waktu sirkulasi 5 jam dengan penurunan konsentrasi tanin 98.10%. Penurunan ini menghasilkan peningkatan kejernihan sebesar 47.17%, namun mengalami penurunan konsentrasi steviosida 67.28%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, suhu 50 °C merupakan suhu terbaik yang menghasilkan penurunan tanin tertinggi, tetapi suhu lebih dari 50 °C menyebabkan adsorpsi terhadap tanin semakin kecil. Semakin lama waktu sirkulasi proses adsorpsi akan semakin baik. Pemilihan zeolit sebagai adsorben yang lebih selektif diperlukan untuk menurunkan konsentrasi tanin, tetapi dapat mempertahankan konsentrasi steviosida.
Keyword: adsorpsi, stevia, tanin, zeolit

Judul: Morphofunctional Characteristic of the Shoulder and Upper Arm Muscles of The Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Abstrak: Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities., Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities.
Keyword: arboreal, Bornean orangutans, shoulders and upper-arm muscles, terrestrial