Judul: Analysis of Obstacle Perforated Plate Content Metil Ester Biodiesel In Bubble Column Reactor Non-Catalytic
Abstrak: Biodiesel is produced by transesterification reaction of vegetable oils or animal fats and methanol. Production technology of biodiesel is grouped into 2 categories: namely catalytic and non catalytic. One of the methods for the non catalytic one is superheated methanol vapor (SMV), where superheated methanol vapor is reacted with oil in bubble column reactor, at high temperature and atmospheric pressure to produce FAME (Fatty Acid methyl ester) and glycerol. However, reaction rate by the SMV method is still lower than the convensional one, and the content of biodiesel is lower than Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The reaction rate and content of biodiesel is expectedly can be improved by improvement of contact surface area between methanol vapor and oil. It could be obtained by giving perforated plate (obstacle) in bubble column reactor. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the best obstacle configuration and to study the influece of the obstacle to biodiesel content in terms of bubble behavior in the column reactor. Eighteen (18) scenarios of obstacle are simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to obtain bubble distribution in bubble column reactor, especially for increasing contact surface area between methanol and oil. Then the result will be verified by laboratory experiments. Based on the simulation result, it is shown that the highest value of surface contact area was obtained by the obstacle BBE (2 layer, 2 mm hole diameter, 7 mm distance among holes, and 4 g.s-1 methanol flow rate), which was 0.023529 m2.s-1. By the obstacle, methyl ester content was found to be 77.96%(w/w) and rate of biodiesel production was 2.00 g.hr-1. While the obstacle AAE (2 layer, 1 mm hole diameter, 7 mm distance among holes, and 4 g.mnt-1 methanol flow rate) gave biodiesel content of 98.68%(w/w), which has met SNI. The rate of biodiesel production was found to be 1.62 g.hr-1.
Keyword: non-catalytic method, SMV, CFD, contact surface area, obstacle

Judul: Desain Tipe Obstacle pada Bubble Column Reactor untuk Produksi Biodiesel Secara Non-Katalitik
Abstrak: Biodiesel is produced through the transesterification reaction of methanol with vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed, palm, sunflower seeds or jatropha. Commonly, there are two methods used in producing biodiesel; a non-catalytic and catalytic. One of application of non-catalytic method of biodiesel production is the Superheated metanol vapor method (SMV)-Bubble Column. However, the reaction rate of this method is very low. The reaction rate of biodiesel production could be increased by adding a perforated plate (called obstacle) in the reactor, due to obstacle serves to enlarge the contact surface area between methanol vapor and oil. The design of obstacle structures is thought to affect the contact surface area between metanol vapor and oil. By using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the several types of obstacle will be simulated. The analysis of the design of obstacles performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) because the use of CFD in the design analysis can reduce costs and shorten the time of research. CFD can also clearly describe the shape and distribution of bubbles in the reactor, making it easier to analyze the performance of the obstacles created. The simulation result shows that obstacle A3 has higher contact surface area than other obstacles that is equal to 0.0257 m2. The verification of the simulation data has proven that the obstacle (A3) results a higher total production compared to obstacle that has lower contact surface area (obstacle DO7 with an average of 0.0200 m2 surface contact area). For 5 hours time of operation, the total biodiesel production using obstacle DO7 are 7.32 gram at the first production and 7.41 gram at the second production, while the total production of biodiesel by using A3 obstacle at the first and second production are 7.74 gram and 8.7 gram respectively
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Judul: Perencanan Lanskap Sunda Kalapa, Jakarta Utara Sebagai Kawasan W isata Sejarah
Abstrak: Perkembangan kota Jakarta dari waktu ke waktu sangatlah cepat, sehingga menyebabkan kota-kota tua banyak yang tergusur untuk dijadikan daerah baru yang lebih modern. Apabila hal tersebut tidak ditanggulangi secara dini maka keberadaan Kota Lama Jakarta akan hilang. Hal inilah yang melatar belakang untuk dilakukan tindakan perlindungan dan revitalisasi kawasan bersejarah Sunda Kalapa.
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