Judul: Kemampuan Propolis dalam Menghambat Pertumbuhan Escherichia coli dan Salmonella sp..
Abstrak: Beberapa tahun terakhir telah dilaporkan terjadi peningkatan resistensi E. coli dan Salmonella sp. terhadap beberapa antibiotik. Oleh karena itu diperlukan penelitian untuk mencari alternatif senyawa herbal yang efektif sebagai antibakteri. Salah satu senyawa alami yang telah banyak dilakukan penelitian untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri adalah propolis. Flavonoid, tanin, dan asam sinamat adalah kandungan propolis yang memiliki manfaat sebagai antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan propolis untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli dan Salmonella sp. Isolat E. coli diperoleh dari tiga swab trakea ayam broiler dan Salmonella sp. dari isolat koleksi laboratorium bakteriologi divisi mikrobiologi medik, FKH IPB. Uji aktifitas antibakteri menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion dengan mengukur diameter zona hambat yang terbentuk dari koloni bakteri dan dianalisa secara deskriptif. Hasil uji menunjukkan propolis tidak menunjukkan kemampuan daya hambat yang kuat terhadap 3 isolat E. coli dan 1 isolat Salmonella sp.
Keyword: antibakteri, E. coli, propolis, Salmonella sp..

Judul: Uji Efektifitas Propolis terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dari Isolat Ayam Broler
Abstrak: Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak bijaksana dan berlangsung dalam waktu yang lama dapat menyebabkan terjadinya resistensi mikroorganisme terhadap antibiotik. Salah satu bakteri yang sudah mengalami resistensi terhadap beberapa antibiotik adalah Staphylococcus aureus. Propolis adalah salah satu obat herbal yang memiliki beberapa kandungan senyawa yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antimikrobial, seperti flavonoid, asam sinamat, dan senyawa tanin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan deskripsi daya antimikroba propolis terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dari isolat trakea ayam broiler. Penelitian ini digunakan 2 tracheal swab dari 2 ayam broiler. Isolat tersebut kemudian diuji dengan propolis dalam beberapa konsentrasi. Efektivitas propolis diuji dengan metode agar well diffusion dengan mengukur diameter dari zona hambat yang dibentuk oleh koloni bakteri dan dianalisa secara deskriptif. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa propolis bersifat antibakteri yang kuat terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Isolat bakteri 1(1.t.1) menunjukkan hasil yang peka pada semua konsentrasi propolis yang diberikan sedangkan isolat bakteri 2(3.t.2) menunjukkan hasil yang peka hanya pada konsentrasi propolis 0.9 mg/μL.
Keyword: antibiotik, propolis, resistensi, Staphylococcus aureus

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite