Judul: Analysis using Price Earnings Ratio and Price Book Value Method
Abstrak: Angka investor pasar modal Indonesia terus mengalami peningkatan dalam kurun waktu beberapa tahun terakhir. Berdasarkan acuan data dari Kustodian Sentral Efek Indonesia (KSEI), jumlah investor dalam negeri telah mencapai angka 7,48 juta pada 2021. Selama masa pandemi, harga saham mengalami fluktuasi yang cukup tinggi. Pada awal pandemi COVID-19, Indeks Harga Saham Gabungan (IHSG) mengalami penurunan. Subsektor farmasi dinilai berhasil menjadi penyokong nilai IHSG di masa pandemi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis nilai saham subsektor farmasi dengan metode Price Earnings Ratio (PER) dan Price Book Value (PBV). Hasil penelitian analisis penilaian saham dengan pendekatan PER menunjukkan saham DVLA, KAEF, KLBF, MERK, dan SIDO berada pada posisi undervalued. Analisis menggunakan PBV menunjukkan saham DVLA, KAEF, dan MERK berada pada kategori murah di antara saham sektornya., The number of Indonesian capital market investor has continued to increase over the last few years. Based on the data from The Indonesia Central Securities Depository (KSEI), domestic investor has reached the number of 7.48 million on 2021. This means that the number went up three times from how it was in 2019. During the pandemic, stock price has been facing major fluctuations. At the start of COVID-19, IDX composite faced a big decline rate. Pharmaceutical stocks have been seen to be able to work as a buffer during the pandemic. This study aims to analyze the stock value of pharmaceutical stocks using Price Earnings Ratio (PER) and Price Book Value (PBV) methods. The results of this study shows that DVLA, KAEF, KLBF, MERK, and SIDO stocks is valued in the undervalued category when analyzed using PER method. PBV analysis shows that DVLA, KAEF, and MERK falls on relatively cheap or undervalued range.
Keyword: Penilaian Saham, analisis fundamental, sektor farmasi, fundamental analysis, pharmaceutical stocks, price earnings ratio, price book value

Judul: Analysis of Stock Price Valuation in Investment Decision Making in Pharmaceutical Subsector Companies for the 2018-2023 Period
Abstrak: Subsektor farmasi dinilai memiliki prospek yang menarik karena di tahun 2023 jumlah penduduk Indonesia sudah mencapai angka 278 juta jiwa dan angka tersebut dapat menjadi pasar yang sangat potensial. Perusahaan farmasi juga termasuk ke dalam saham defensif karena produknya sudah menjadi kebutuhan manusia sehingga relatif tahan terhadap guncangan ekonomi. Meskipun begitu, perlu dilakukan analisis sebelum membuat keputusan investasi karena saham adalah instrumen pasar modal yang berisiko dan setiap perusahaan memiliki kinerja yang beragam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis posisi nilai saham dan keputusan investasi pada subsektor farmasi menggunakan metode Price Earning Ratio (PER), Price Book Value (PBV), dan Price Sales Ratio (PSR), serta merancang strategi investasi bagi investor. Hasil analisis menggunakan metode PER disarankan untuk membeli saham DVLA, KLBF, SIDO, dan TSPC. Hasil analisis menggunakan metode PBV disarankan untuk menjual saham DVLA, KLBF, SIDO, dan TSPC. Hasil analisis menggunakan metode PSR disarankan untuk menjual saham DVLA, KLBF, dan SIDO, serta membeli saham TSPC. Rekomendasi yang disarankan penulis untuk saham DVLA yaitu membeli pada harga Rp1.665 dengan jangka waktu investasi jangka pendek, saham KLBF yaitu membeli pada harga Rp1.610 dengan jangka waktu investasi jangka panjang, saham SIDO yaitu membeli pada harga Rp525 dengan jangka waktu investasi jangka panjang, dan saham TSPC yaitu membeli pada harga Rp1.636 dengan jangka waktu investasi jangka pendek sampai panjang., The pharmaceutical subsector is considered to have attractive prospects because in 2023 the population of Indonesia will reach 278 million and this figure can be a very potential market. Pharmaceutical companies are also categorized as defensive stocks because their products have become a human necessity, making them relatively resistant to economic shocks. Even so, it is necessary to analyze before making investment decisions considering that stocks are risky capital market instruments and each company has diverse performance. This study aims to analyze the position of stock value and investment decisions in the pharmaceutical subsector using the Price Earning Ratio (PER), Price Book Value (PBV), and Price Sales Ratio (PSR) methods, and design investment strategies for investors. The results of the analysis using the PER method are recommended to buy DVLA, KLBF, SIDO, and TSPC shares. The results of the analysis using the PBV method are recommended to sell DVLA, KLBF, SIDO, and TSPC shares. The results of the analysis using the PSR method are recommended to sell DVLA, KLBF, and SIDO shares, and buy TSPC shares. The author's recommendation for DVLA shares is to buy at a price of Rp1.665 with a short-term investment period, KLBF shares are to buy at a price of Rp1.610 with a long-term investment period, SIDO shares are to buy at a price of Rp525 with a long-term investment period, and TSPC shares are to buy at a price of Rp1.636 with a short to long term investment period.
Keyword: PBV, PER, Pharmaceutical Stocks, PSR, Stock Price Analysis

Judul: Penggunaan Teorema Homeomorphy 2-Manifold dan Teorema Euler Poincare pada Torus 𝑇�� dan Simplicial Complex 𝐾��
Abstrak: Two dimensional topological spaces are said to be homeomorphic if they have the same topological invariant, where one of topological invariant used is an Euler characteristic. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem and Euler Poincare’s Theorem are used to distinguish two topological spaces. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem uses Euler characteristic to identify two dimensional topological spaces. Euler Poincare’s Theorem is an alternative way to find Euler characteristic with Betti number, which is topological invariant as well. The objective of this paper is to investigate the homeomorphism of torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾�����. Topological space torus and simplicial complex 𝐾����� have the same Euler characteristic, which is two. Based on Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem topological space torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾����� is homeomorphic.
Keyword: simplicial, torus, Euler, homeomorphism, topology