Judul: Potensi Daun Sambung Nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr.) sebagai Alternatif Antibiotic Growth Promoter pada Ayam Broiler”
Abstrak: Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) merupakan antibiotik yang sudah dilarang penggunaanya pada ayam broiler. Senyawa fitokimia tumbuhan atau fitogenik dapat ditambahkan pada pakan sebagai alternatif AGP, salah satunya adalah daun sambung nyawa. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis aktivitas dan menguji kemampuan senyawa aktif daun sambung nyawa (Gynura procumbens (Lourr.) Merr.) terhadap penghambatan bakteri E. coli dan C. perfringens melalui simulasi secara komputasi untuk memprediksi potensinya sebagai alternatif pengganti AGP pada ayam broiler. Analisis metode in silico yang digunakan yaitu PASS dan STITCH. Analisis PASS menunjukkan nilai Pa lebih dari 0,3 dinyatakan berpotensi. Daun sambung nyawa berpotensi sebagai alternatif AGP melalui aktivitas antibakteri, penghambatan peptidoglikan glikosiltransferase, antiinfeksi, antiinflamasi, dan antioksidan. Senyawa quercetin dan apigenin daun sambung nyawa mempunyai potensi untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli dan C. perfringens melalui penghambatan biosintesis asam lemak dan pembentukan dinding sel bakteri., Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) is an antibiotic that has been banned for use in broiler chicken. One of phytochemical compound as an alternative AGP substitute is Gynura procumbens leaves. The aims of this research was to analyze the activity and to evaluate the active compound of Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. leaves against the inhibition of E. Coli and C. Perfringens through computational simulation to predict its potential as an alternative to AGP in broiler chickens.The method used is PASS and STITCH analysis. PASS analysis shows a Pa value of more than 0.3 as a potential source. Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. leaves had potential as an alternative AGP through its antibacterial activity, inhibition of peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase, anti-infection, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity. Quercetin and apigenin compounds in Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. leaves had a potency to inhibit the growth of E. Coli bacteria and C. perfringens through fatty acid biosynthesis and formation of bacterial cell walls inhibition.
Keyword: AGP, C. perfringens, E. coli, Gynura procumbens leaves, in silico

Judul: Effectivity of lime leaves (Citrus sp.) in inhibiting E. coli and S. aureus: A Meta-Analysis
Abstrak: Ayam broiler merupakan ternak yang rentan terinfeksi mikroorganisme patogen, sehingga banyak peternak menggunakan Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP). AGP merupakan imbuhan pakan yang diberikan untuk memacu pertumbuhan dan memperbaiki saluran pencernaan, namun kini penggunaan AGP sudah dilarang Pelarangan AGP menyebabkan peralihan penggunaan imbuhan pakan seperti imbuhan pakan fitogenik. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai imbuhan pakan fitogenik alternatif AGP adalah daun jeruk. Daun jeruk memiliki senyawa aktif metabolit sekunder. Banyak studi in vitro melaporkan tentang aktivitas daun jeruk terhadap bakteri E.coli dan S. aureus. Kedua bakteri tersebut umum ditemukan pada ayam broiler yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan dan performa ayam broiler. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengintegrasikan berbagai studi agar diperoleh informasi yang komprehensif mengenai aktivitas daun jeruk terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus dengan studi meta-analisis. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan studi daun jeruk dari berbagai spesies, asal, metode ekstraksi, dan metode uji antibakteri yang berbeda dan membandingkan perlakuan daun jeruk dengan kontrol dalam menghambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus dengan melihat diameter zona hambat. Tahap pertama yang dilakukan yaitu mengintegrasikan 45 studi tentang uji daun jeruk terhadap bakteri E. coli dan 24 studi tentang uji daun jeruk terhadap bakteri S. aureus. Studi tersebut berasal dari Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, dan Crossref melalui software Publish or Persish. Artikel yang didapatkan kemudian diseleksi menggunakan software Mendeley dengan melihat judul dan abstrak. Data yang diperlukan dalam penelitian ini adalah kontrol dan perlakuan eksperimen (penambahan daun jeruk) yang meliputi nilai rerata, jumlah sampel, dan standar deviasi. Artikel yang memenuhi syarat tersebut kemudian ditabulasi dengan MS Excel 2010 dan dianalisis menggunakan software OpenMee dengan nilai effect size menggunakan Hedge’s d. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daun jeruk sebagai imbuhan pakan fitogenik alternatif AGP efektif dalam menghambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus. Kemampuan daya hambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan spesies daun jeruk, asal daun jeruk, dan metode ekstraksi, sedangkan perbedaan level dan metode uji antibakteri tidak berpengaruh terhadap daya hambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus. Ekstrak daun jeruk pada konsentrasi rendah 5 mg/ml sudah mampu menghambat bakteri E. coli, sedangkan dalam menghambat S. aureus memerlukan konsentrasi terendah 50 mg/ml., Broiler chickens are livestock that are susceptible to infection with pathogenic microorganisms. so that many breeders use antibiotic growth Promoter (AGP). AGP is a feed additive that is given to stimulate growth and improve the digestive tract, but now the use of AGP has been banned. The AGP ban has caused a shift in the use of feed additives such as phytogenic feed additives. One of the plants that has the potential to be used as an alternative phytogenic feed additive to AGP is citrus leaves. Citrus leaves have active secondary metabolites. Many studies in vitro reported on the activity of lime leaves against E. coli and S. aureus. Both of these bacteria are commonly found in broiler chickens which can interfere with the health and performance of broiler chickens. Therefore, this study aims to integrate various studies in order to obtain comprehensive information on the activity of lime leaves against E. coli and S. aureus with
Keyword: Escherichia coli, lime leaf, meta-anaysis, Staphylococcus aureus

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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