Judul: Histopathological changes in the chest muscle musculus pectoralis in broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus) after 48 hours of death
Abstrak: Di Indonesia perburuan satwa liar yang dilindungi masih sering terjadi contohnya perburuan rangkong yang ditembak sampai mati. Forensik veteriner merupakan ilmu yang dikembangkan untuk mengetahui penyebab, waktu, dan cara kematian hewan. Otot merupakan bagian terbesar dan terluar setelah kulit sehingga sangat mudah kontak dengan lingkungan luar dan mengalami pembusukan. Pembusukan dapat di amati dengan pengamatan histopatologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui perubahan histopatologi pada otot dada ayam broiler (Gallus domesticus) pasca 48 jam kematian. Sebanyak 75 ekor DOC (Day Old Chicken) ayam broiler dipelihara selama 7 hari. Ayam dibagi dalam 25 kelompok dan di euthanasia bersama dengan cara dislokasi persendian kemudian amati 3 sampel setiap 2 jam sekali sampai 48 jam. Gambar dikuantifkasi dengan ImageJ ver. 1.53, kemudian dianalisis dengan R sofware untuk melihat perbandingan perubahan setiap jamnya pada perubahan intesitas warna sitoplasma otot, perubahan kerapatan perimisium otot dan perubahan diamter pendek otot. Hasil pengamatan menunjukan perubahan histopatologi otot dada (muscullus pectoralis) didapatkan perubahan intensitas warna sitoplasma otot terlihat pada jam ke-0 sampai jam ke-26 mengalami penurun dan pada jam ke-28 sampai jam ke-48 mengalami peningkatan. Perubahan kerapatan perimisium otot dada terlihat pada jam ke-0 sampai jam ke-30 mengalami peningkatan dan pada jam ke-32-44 mengalami penurunan dan perubahan diameter pendek otot terlihat meningkat dada jam ke-10 sampai jam ke-30 mengalami peningkatan dan pada jam ke-32 sampai jam ke-48 perubahan relatif konstan. Hasil penelitian ini untuk menambah informasi tentang perubahan otot dada (muscullus pectoralis) ayam broiler pasca kematian secara histopatologi dan dapat menjadi acuan untuk menentukan waktu kematian pada hewan terutama unggas. Kata Kunci: ayam broiler, forensik veteriner, histopatologi, imageJ, otot dada., In Indonesia, hunting for protected wildlife animal hunting is still common, for example, hunting for hornbills that are shot to death. Veterinary forensics is a science developed to determine the cause, time, and modes of animal death. Muscle is the largest and outermost part below the skin, so it is very easy to be contacted with the external environment and undergo spoilage. Meat spoilage can be observed by histopathological observations. This study aims to determine the histopathological changes in the chest muscle of broiler chickens (Gallus domesticus) after 48 hours of death. A total of 75 DOC (Day Old Chicken) broiler chickens were reared for 7 days. Chickens were divided into 25 groups and euthanized by joint dislocation and then observed 3 samples every 2 hours for up to 48 hours. Image quantified with ImageJ ver. 1.53, then analyzed with R software to see a comparison of hourly changes in muscle color intensity, changes in muscle perimysium density, and changes in short muscle diameter. The results showed that histopathological changes in the chest muscle (musculus pectoralis) showed that the color intensity of the muscle cytoplasm was decreased at 0 to 26 hours and increased at 28 to 48 hours. Changes in the perimysium density of the chest muscles were seen at 0 to 30 hours and increased at 32-44 hours and changes in the short muscle diameter were seen to increase from the 10th hour to the 30th hour. The 32nd to 48th hours of change are relatively constant. The results of
Keyword: Ayam Broiler, Forensik Veteriner, Histopatologi, ImageJ, Otot Dada, Broiler Chickens, Chest Muscle, Histopathology, ImageJ, Veterinary Forensic

Judul: Histopathological Changes of Broiler Liver (Gallus  domesticus) 48 Hours After Death
Abstrak: Di Indonesia, forensik veteriner belum mendapat perhatian yang memadai, sehingga perlu ditingkatkan pengembangannya. Penelitian forensik veteriner ini bertujuan memberikan gambaran histopatologi hati ayam broiler sampai 48 jam setelah kematian (post mortem). Sebanyak 75 ekor ayam broiler berumur tujuh hari dieutanasia dengan cara dislokasi cervical, kemudian dibagi menjadi 25 kelompok yang tiap kelompok terdiri atas 3 ekor. Setiap dua jam kadaver ayam dinekropsi, organ hati dikoleksi untuk dibuat sediaan histopatologi dan diwarnai Hematoksilin-Eosin (HE). Histopatologi jaringan hati dianalisis menggunakan software ImageJ dan hasilnya diuji dengan uji Pearsons. Pembusukan dimulai pada jam ke-18 berupa penurunan jumlah inti sel hepatosit, jam ke-22 terjadi peningkatan jarak hepatosit dan jam ke-20 ditemui keberadaan bakteri pembusuk. Jumlah inti sel hepatosit, jarak antar sel, dan keberadaan bakteri pembusuk mempunyai hubungan kuat hingga sangat kuat dengan waktu, sehingga dapat dijadikan penentu waktu kematian (PMI). Warna sitoplasma hepatosit memiliki hubungan yang lemah dengan waktu sehingga tidak dapat digunakan sebagai penentu PMI. Peubah jumlah inti hepatosit, jarak antar hepatosit, dan keberadaan bakteri dapat dijadikan sebagai sumber acuan dalam forensik veteriner., In Indonesia, veterinary forensics has not received adequate attention, so its development needs to be improved. This veterinary forensic study aims to provide histopathological changes of the liver of broiler chickens up to 48 hours after death. A total of 75 broilers aged seven days were euthanized by cervical dislocation, then divided into 25 groups, each group consisting of 3 birds. Every two hours broiler cadaver necropsied, the liver was collected for histopathological preparation and stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE). Histopathological changes in liver tissue were analyzed using ImageJ software, and the results were analyzed using the Pearsons' method. Putrefaction begins at the 18th hour with a decrease in the number of hepatocyte cell nuclei, at the 22nd hour is an increase in distance of hepatocyte, and at the 20th hour is the presence of putrefactive bacteria. The number of hepatocyte cell nuclei, the distance between hepatocytes, and the presence of bacteria have a strong and too strong relationship with time that they can use as determinants of post mortem interval (PMI). The color of the hepatocyte cytoplasm has a weak relationship with time, so it cannot use as a determinant of the post mortem interval. The number of hepatocyte nuclei, the distance between hepatocytes, and the presence of bacteria can use as a reference source in veterinary forensics.
Keyword: autolysis, broiler chickens, histopathology, liver, post mortem

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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