Judul: Masalah Penentuan Koridor Bus dalam Meminimumkan Biaya Operasional
Abstrak: Population’s mobility in Jakarta is extremely high. This would require adequate public transportation facilities. One of the mass public transportation systems developed in Jakarta is bus rapid transit system, which is better known as busway. Busway is expected to be a public transport that would be able to serve the population’s mobility. Currently, the busway is still subsidized by the government, because the fare is set relatively low (in order to attract people using the busway). Nevertheless, the operational cost is relatively high. This paper presents an optimization model to determine the corridors of the busway to be operated as well as the frequency of the buses at each corridor. This optimization is formulated in order to fulfill the demand of transportation for each pair of origin-destination and, at the same time, to minimize the total operational cost. This problem is formulated as a integer nonlinear programming and solved using Lingo software 11.0.
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Judul: Scheduling Transjakarta Buses to Minimize Operational Costs
Abstrak: Masalah kemacetan sudah menjadi fenomena yang lazim terjadi di kota-kota besar di Indonesia seperti Jakarta. Sistem Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) ialah salah satu solusi untuk menyelesaikan masalah kemacetan di Jakarta. Sistem BRT yang sedang dikembangkan oleh pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta adalah Transjakarta atau yang lebih kita kenal sebagai busway. Busway diharapkan dapat menyelesaikan masalah kemacetan di Jakarta. Dalam pelaksanaannya, masih banyak kekurangan yang terjadi seperti pada saat penumpang mengalami fluktuasi pada waktu puncak dan waktu nonpuncak. Situasi ini menyebabkan sarana dan prasarana transportasi yang disediakan menjadi rendah utilitasnya dan biaya operasional meningkat, Penelitian ini dikembangkan dalam sebuah model optimisasi yang menjelaskan operasi frekuensi bus dalam satu hari, agar penumpang dilayani lebih baik dan biaya operasional minimum. Masalah penjadwalan diformulasikan sebagai pemrograman linear integer dan diselesaikan menggunakan software LINGO 11.0.
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Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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