Judul: Desain dan Pengujian Prototipe Mesin Pemupuk Butiran Laju Variabel Empat Baris untuk Pertanian Presisi
Abstrak: In conventional method, fertilizer is applied at a uniform dosage for all location of a field. However, each location within the field needs different amount of fertilizer according to the soil nutrient content and growth condition of crop. For that purpose, it is important to develop a fertilizer applicator that allows a prescribe rate of fertilizer to be applied at each location within the field, based on recommended dose. The objectives of this research were: 1) to design digital metering system to control the application rate of a variable rate granular fertilizer applicator, 2) to develop a prototype of 4 rows granular fertilizer applicator, that can provide prescribe application rate automatically, and 3) to obtain field performance data of the prototype. A prototype of the variable rate granular fertilizer applicator was designed and constructed.The metering device consisted of two fluted wheel type of rotors which was driven by controlled DC-motor. To provide a prescribe rate of fertilizer, a control system based on microcontroller DT-AVR ATmega128L modul was developed and set to control the speed of the rotor. The prototype then was tested using three types of granular fertilizers (Urea, SP-36 and NPK), on stationary test and field tests. The stationary test result showed that the PID controller could control and provided a proportional correlation between application rate and rotor speed. The field performance test result showed that the designed prototype could provide a proper predetermined application rate of fertilizers precisely. The average deviations of the application rate for 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 kg/ha dose of Urea were -1.67 , 3.33, 0.28, 2.71 and 1.33 % respectively. For SP-36 were -21.67, -5.42, -2.47, -2.71, and -1.67 %. respectively. For NPK were -18.33, -4.17, -4.17, -3.75 and -2.33 % respectively.
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Judul: Analisis Kebutuhan Torsi dan Desain Penjatah Pupuk Butiran Tipe Edge-cell untuk Mesin Pemupuk Jagung
Abstrak: A prototype of integrated machine for planting, fertilizer applicator, and soil tillage for corn cultivation has been developed in 2009. It still had many lacks such as non-uniform seed spacing, unadjusted fertilizer discharge, the level of jamming in driving wheel was 38%, quite high to cause metering device stopped working. Afer being modified, planting and fertilizing performance showed improvement. However, the level of jamming was still high at about 31% which caused inappropriate seed and fertilizer discharge. Due to the excessive friction and fertilizer clogging, the metering rotor often stopped working. Therefore, an optimum design of metering device is needed to overcome the problems. The objectives of the research were: 1) to analyze torque requirement of edge-cell type metering device and 2) to design an edge-cell type metering device for corn fertilizer applicator with lower torque requirement and high accuracy. Metering device used in this research was an edge-cell type rotor, optimally designed to minimize the friction between fertilizer and the rotor tips, produce uniform seed spacing, and require lower torque. The rotor diameter is 40 mm with 6 grooves, its diameter is 4.5 mm each, and rotor length is 80 mm. It was equipped with rotor casing for discharge controlling. For performance test, the hopper and a variable speed electric motor were attached to the metering device in a set of experiments in the laboratory. The rotor shaft was equipped with strain gage to measure the torque requirement. The tests included: accuracy test, uniformity test, torque requirement analysis, and model validation of metering device. The fertilizers used in the research were urea, TSP, and a mixture of TSP and KCl. The rotor rotation speed was varied: 15, 25, and 35 RPM, and fertilizer volume was: 25, 50, and 100%. For comparison, a conventional (prototype-2) metering device was also tested. For torque requirement analysis, a mathematical model to estimate torque requirement of prototype-2 and edge-cell type (prototype-3) metering device was developed. The accuracy test of prototype-3 metering device showed satisfying results. For test on urea, at 50, 75, and 100% rotor opening, the average fertilizer discharge rate was 20.76 g/rotation, 26.00 g/rotation, and 33.56 g/rotation, respectively. It was slightly smaller than teoritical discharge rate. The rotor rotational speed at 15, 25, and 35 RPM gave no significant effect to discharge rate. For test on TSP, at 50, 75, and 100% rotor opening, the average fertilizer discharge rate was 39.81 g/rotation, 50.92 g/rotation, and 62.72 g/rotation, respectively. For test on TSP-KCl mixture, at 50, 75, and 100% rotor opening, the average fertilizer discharge rate was 32.82 g/rotation, 45.83 g/rotation, and 54.58 g/rotation, respectively. The uniformity test also performed satisfying results and the change of fertilizer volume did not affect the discharge rate. For test on urea, at 25, 50, and 100% fertilizer volume, the discharge rate was 33.36 g/rotation, 33.90 g/rotation, and 33.56 g/rotation, respectively. For test on TSP, at 25, 50, and 100% fertilizer volume, the discharge rate was 60.96 g/rotation, 61.03 g/rotation, and 62.72 g/rotation, respectively. For test on TSP-KCl mixture, at 25, 50, and 100% fertilizer volume, the discharge rate
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Judul: Karakteristik Anatomi Skelet Kepala Buaya senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii).
Abstrak: Buaya sepit atau senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii) merupakan jenis buaya asli Indonesia yang berhabitat di sungai-sungai Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan juga pedalaman Sulawesi. Salah satu ciri khas buaya senyulong adalah bentuk moncong yang runcing dan sempit, namun hingga saat ini informasi mengenai struktur skelet kepala buaya senyulong sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik anatomi skelet kepala buaya senyulong yang dikatikan dengan fungsi dan perilakunya. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksploratif dengan melakukan pengamatan, pencatatan, dan pengambilan gambar dari skelet kepala buaya senyulong. Skelet kepala berukuran panjang 70 cm, lebar 29 cm, dan tingggi 17 cm dengan permukaan kasar pada os nasale, os frontale, os maxilla, os mandibula, os lacrimale, os jugale. Jumlah gigi pada buaya ini sebanyak 78 buah, terdiri dari 4 buah gigi premaxila, 16 buah gigi maxila, dan 19 buah gigi mandibula. Pada regio orbitalis ditemukan dua pasang fenestrae temporales yang berkembang baik. Fenestra supratemporale merupakan lubang oval yang membentang di sepanjang os parietale. Fenestra infratemporale berbentuk segitiga dan dibatasi oleh os squamosum, os postorbitale, os jugulare, dan os quadratum. Os mandibula hewan ini mempunyai symphysis mandibularis yang panjang yaitu garis yang melintang di corpus mandibulae. Secara fungsional ukuran symphysis mandibularis berkaitan dengan adaptasi hewan terhadap diet makan.
Keyword: kepala, moncong, Tomistoma schlegelii