Judul: Model simulasi produksi teh di PT Tehnusamba Indah Garut, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Dalam usaha pemerataan pendapatan dan peningkatan taraf hidup rakyat, pada tahun 1986 pemerintah bekerjasama dengan swasta mendirikan pabrik pengolah teh rakyat yang berlokasi di empat kabupaten, yaitu Cianjur, Sukabumi, Tasikmalaya dan Garut. Di dalan operasinya perusahaan mempunyai ketergantungan bahan baku sepenuhnya terhadap perkebunan teh rakyat. Ketergantungan bahan baku ini menyebabkan perusahaan sulit untuk merencanakan tingkat produksi pabrik, karena jumlah dan mutu pucuk teh yang dihasilkan petani belum dapat dikendalikan. Akibatnya perusahaan akan mengeluarkan tambahan biaya jika tingkat produksi lebih rendah (dibawah kapasitas terpasang), atau hilangnya kesempatan untuk memperoleh keuntungan pada saat permintaan pasar tinggi. Model Simulasi Produksi Teh (TEHNUS91) dikembangkan untuk merumuskan perilaku tingkat produksi yang terjadi ke dalam program simulasi komputer. TEHNUS91 ditujukan untuk melihat dampak dari kondisi produksi yang terjadi dengan melakukan analisis terhadap biaya produksi, biaya penyimpanan dan pendapatan yang dapat dicapai. ...
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Judul: Simulasi model sistem pengendalian tebangan dan angkutan tebu di Pabrik Gula Karangsuwung, Cirebon
Abstrak: Dalam upaya menekan serendah mungkin impor gula, peme- rintah telah mencanangkan swasembada gula, seperti dikeluar- kannya Inpres No: 19 tahun 1975 tentang Program Tebu Rakyat Intensifikasi (TRI). Di PG. Karangsuwung permasalahan yang sering dihadapi diantaranya: (a) tebu terlambat/ terlalu cepat ditebang, (b) jumlah tebu yang ditebang terlalu banyak atau sebaliknya, (e) jumlah tenaga tebang yang terlalu besar, (d) distribusi angkut kurang efektif. alat Tebu setelah dipanen mutunya hanya dapat dipertahankan beberapa lama. Tebu yang dibiarkan atau tertunda digiling akan mengalami kerusakan sehingga menurunkan kadar gula dan menaikkan gula invert, dengan demikian rendemen dari tanaman tebu tersebut semakin rendah. Dalam simulasi yang dikembangkan ini digunakan model- model yang sederhana di dalam usaha untuk mencapai tujuan yang diharapkan. Model yang dikembangkan ini terdiri dari lima model, yaitu: (1) model prioritas penebangan, (2) model perencanaan jadwal tebang, (3) model kebutuhan tenaga tebang, (4) model kebutuhan alat angkut, dan (5) model analisa biaya. Sebagai dasar pertimbangan untuk menentukan prioritas penebangan adalah: (a) kapasitas giling pabrik, (b) analisa...
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Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua