Judul: Identifikasi Ganoderma spp dan Trichoderma spp menggunakan marka molekuler ITS-RFLP
Abstrak: Genetic informations of Ganoderma spp and Trichoderma spp are needed because Ganoderma spp is one of important fungi patogen in estate crops, whereas Trichoderma spp is fungi that can control Ganoderma spp. Research has been conducted to identify the fungi morphologically and physiologically. Due to the low level of accuracy, the use of ITS-RFLP method is expected to identify the species of Trichoderma spp and Ganoderma spp more accurate and specific. The method used are preparation of pure isolates, genomic DNA isolation, amplification by PCR using primers ITS1_ITS4 and ITS5_ITS4, digesting with restriction enzymes AluI, MspI, MluI, and MnlI, and sequencing amplicons. The size of genomic DNA isolated from six samples were about 3000 bp. Trichoderma spp amplicons size were 680 bp, whereas Ganoderma spp amplicons were ranged from 600 to 700 bp. Restriction enzymes that produce the most polymorphic bands pattern are MspI. Samples with different patterns and size of bands indicated a different species, whereas the similar pattern and size of bands shows close relations.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Restriction enzyme, PCR, ITS-RFLP, Ganoderma spp, Trichoderma spp

Judul: Perancangan Primer untuk Pengembangan Sistem Deteksi Berbasis PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) pada Ganoderma spp
Abstrak: Ganoderma spp. has been known a pathogenic fungus for palm oil. The aim of this research was to design specific primers and test it to Ganoderma spp. in order to obtain new detection system base on PCR method. Two pairs of primers were designed successfully; Gan-ITS12 primer derived from ITS region and β-Gan primer derivied from β-tubulin region. This two pairs primers were used to identified DNA from mycellia Ganoderma spp. from two different sample sources i.e IPBCC with code 10.658 (GIPB) and three different of Ganoderma sp. from Lombok (Glom1, Glom2, Glom3). The result indicates both Gan-ITS primer and β-Gan primer can amplify Ganoderma spp. on species and genus level respectively. Specifity of primers were tested to DNA from Basidiomycota group and non-Basidiomycota group. The results showed this two pairs primer can not amplification DNA from Basidiomycota group. But, this primers can amplified non-Basidiomycota groups even with more than one band formed.
Keyword: Ganoderma sp., ITS, PCR, β-tubulin

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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