Judul: Performance evaluation of soybean meals from argentina and india with and without enzyme supplementation in broiler
Abstrak: A study was conducted with male chicks of a commercial broiler strain to evaluate the effects of commercial enzyme preparation on chick performance and digestibilities of amino acid and fiber in diets containing India and Argentina soybean meal. Two corn-soy based diets were formulated to contain either soybean meal (SBM) India or SBM Argentina with same levels of metablizable energy (ME) and digestibile amino acids. Digestible lysine 1.0%, digestible methionine 0.38% and digestible methionine and cysteine 0.75% . No animal protein was used so as to allow for maximum usage SBM. Other major raw materials included in formulation were corn, crude palm oil (CPO), salt, vitamins and minerals. Each basal diet was split into 4 equal portions, one portion was fed as control and the other portions were supplemented with commercial single enzyme protease, carbohydrase or combination enzymes protease + carbohydrase. The carbohydrase enzyme used in these studies were  galactosidase with 2500 Ga IAU/g enzyme activity and  mannanase of 5000 MIAU/g enzyme activity. The protease enzyme activity was 75,000 PROT units/g. Dosages for single carbohydrase and protease enzyme were 500 g/ T and 200 g/T, respectively and dosage for combination enzyme was 700 g/T. Birds were fed this single test feed from day 1 to day 32. Data collections were done for 32 days with 8 treatments, 10 replicates and 5 birds per replicate. Research using factorial completely randomized design. Results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Duncan test The result showed that performance on 32 days, body weight and FCR of birds fed India SBM diets were significantly different (P < 0.05) from birds fed Arg SBM diets. Supplementation of enzymes produced a significantly different (P < 0.05) results between single enzyme (carbohydrase or protease) and combination enzymes (carbohydrase and protease) for both body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR); consequently combination enzymes improved the performance. Ileal amino acid digestibility was not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Body weight and FCR showed positive correlation with amino acid digestibility, body weight positively correlated with Methionine (R2=0.406), FCR positively correlated with Methionine (R2=0.625) and Glycine (R2=0.412). Fiber digestibility was not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Fiber digestibility of India SBM diets was numerically higher than Argentine SBM diets. Supplementation of combination carbohydrase and protease showed the best improvement in dietary fiber digestibility. When economic return was analyzed based on performance parameters and average India and Argentina SBM prices in February 2011, India SBM and Argentina SBM produced similar cost of feed on per kg live wight basis, even though there is 30 U$D per tone cost difference between these two SBMs. However when calculated on cost per kg liveweight, feed cost of India SBM diet supplemented with combination enzymes was cheaper than Indian SBM control. This is due to supplementation of combination carbohydrase and protease in India soybean meals diet is effecitve in improving performance of broilers. In term of enzyme, supplementation of single protease and carbohydrase failed to show significant improvement in bird performance, this is possibly due to improper function of the enzymes. Since single protease may not easily
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Judul: Efikasi Enzim Protease pada Ransum Broiler yang Mengandung Biji Kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.)
Abstrak: Bungkil kedelai merupakan salah satu bahan baku utama dalam penyusunan ransum ayam broiler. Namun, penyediaanya masih diimpor. Upaya untuk mengurangi impor adalah dengan memanfaatkan bahan baku lokal sumber protein, seperti biji kecipir (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.). Biji kecipir merupakan tanaman jenis legum yang mengandung protein yang tinggi yang dapat tumbuh dengan baik di daerah tropis. Namun, biji kecipir memiliki kecernaan yang rendah. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan metode untuk meningkatkan kecernaan dengan penambahan enzim protease. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan enzim protease pada ransum yang mengandung biji kecipir level berbeda terhadap performa, bobot relatif karkas, ukuran organ dalam, dan energi metabolis. Penelitian ini menggunakan 240 ekor DOC strain cobb yang didistribusikan 10 ekor per ulangan. Penelitian ini dirancang dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap Faktorial dengan 6 perlakuan 4 ulangan dengan 2 faktor perlakuan terdiri dari level biji kecipir berbeda dan penambahan enzim protease. Perlakuan terdiri dari K0E0 (0% biji kecipir), K0E1 (0% biji kecipir + enzim protease), K1E0 (2,5% biji kecipir), K1E1 (2,5% biji kecipir + enzim protease), K2E0 (5% biji kecipir), dan K2E1 (5% biji kecipir + enzim protease). Peubah yang diamati pada penelitian ini, yaitu performa, bobot relatif karkas, bobot dan pajang relatif organ dalam, dan energi metabolis pada ayam broiler. Analisis data menggunakan analis ragam (ANOVA) untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan dan jika terdapat perbedaan yang nyata maka dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut Duncan. Berdasarkan analisis ragam menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap interaksi penambahan enzim protease pada ransum ayam broiler yang mengandung biji kecipir level berbeda pada feed conversion ratio (P<0,05). Level penggunaan biji kecipir memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap bobot relatif pankreas, energi metabolis semu, energi metabolis murni, dan energi metabolis murni terkoreksi nitrogen (P<0,05). Penambahan enzim protease pada ransum berpengaruh sigifikan terhadap konsumsi pakan, panjang relatif duodenum, jejunum, dan ileum, serta energi metabolis (P<0,05). Dapat disimpulkan bahwa biji kecipir hingga 5 % sebagai sumber protein dapat digunakan dalam ransum ayam broiler pada fase starter dan finisher. Penggunaan enzim protease dapat mengimbangi pengaruh negatif ransum ayam broiler yang mengandung biji kecipir., Soybean meal is one of the main raw materials in the preparation of broiler diets. However, the provider is still imported. An alternative to reduce imports are to utilize local raw materials for protein sources, such as winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.) Winged bean seeds are legumes that contain high protein and can grow well in the tropics. However, winged bean seeds have low digestibility. Therefore, a method is needed to increase digestibility by adding protease enzymes. This study aimed to determine effect of adding protease enzymes to diets containing different levels of winged bean seeds on performance, relative carcass weight, internal organ size, and metabolic energy. This study used 240 DOC strains of Cobb which were distributed 10 per replication. This study was designed with a completely randomized factorial design with 6 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment factor consisted of 2 types that is different levels of winged bean seeds and the addition of protease enzymes. The treatments consisted of K0E0 (0% winged bean seeds without protease), K0E1 (0% winged bean seeds with protease), K1E0 (2.5%
Keyword: local feed ingredients, metabolic energy, performance, protease enzymes, winged bean seeds

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular