Judul: Karakteristik Fisik Madu dari Lebah Apis melifera, Apis dorsata, Apis cerana dan Trigona spp.
Abstrak: Characteristics of honey in tropical region of Indonesia are certainly different from other countries with different climates. The aimed of this study was to analyse the physical performance of Indonesian honey which produced by different species of bees. Honey samples were taken from 4 different species of bees consist of Apis melifera, A. dorsata, A. cerana and Trigona spp. with 5 replication for each species. The observed physical characteristics consist of color, specific gravity or density, turbidity, pH, water activity, and viscosity. The results showed that the bees’s species greatly affect the turbidity, water activity (P<0.01) of honey. Other physical characteristics can be used as standard of physical quality of honey with color value of L 53.08, a 8.77 and b 18.34, density 1.3 and pH value 3.91. The water activity can be used as standard by taking into account the differences between honey produced by Trigona spp. (0.73) and of Apis spp. (0.63-0.66).
Keyword: turbidity, physical characteristics, honey, color, bee

Judul: Karakteristik Kimia dan Organoleptik Madu dari Lebah Apis mellifera, Apis cerana, Apis dorsata, dan Trigona Sp.
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan spesies lebah Apis mellifera, A. dorsata, A. cerana, dan Trigona sp. terhadap karakteristik kimia dan organoleptik madu yang dihasilkan di Indonesia. Karakteristik kimia yang diamati berupa kadar air, keasaman, gula pereduksi, sukrosa, hidroksimetilfurfural (HMF), dan kadar abu. Karakteristik organoleptik berupa warna, rasa manis, aroma asam, kekeruhan, dan kekentalan. Hasil analisis keragaman menunjukkan keasaman dan gula pereduksi sangat nyata dipengaruhi (P<0.01) dan kadar abu nyata dipengaruhi (P<0.05) oleh spesies lebah. Nilai keasaman terendah pada madu A. cerana dan tertinggi Trigona. Kadar gula pereduksi tertinggi ada pada madu A. mellifera dan A. cerana, serta terendah pada Trigona. Semua karakteristik organoleptik madu sangat nyata (P<0.01) dipengaruhi oleh spesies lebah. Kadar air, sukrosa, HMF, dan kadar abu dapat dijadikan standar umum kimia madu Indonesia, namun untuk kadar abu dibedakan antara madu Apis dan Trigona sp.
Keyword: karaktersistik kimia, lebah, madu, organoleptik

Judul: Query Expansion based on Bilingual Dictionary Using Conditional Probability
Abstrak: Query expansion is a technique that can be used to bridge vocabulary gaps between queries and documents in the collection. With query expansion, user will be helped to formulate queries well so that user will optimize the search result. In this study, the expansion term was resulted from the translation of bilingual dictionary. Subsequently, several terms of expansion were elected based on the closeness of its relationship with the original query. This research showed that conditional probability can be used to select expansion term in bilingual translation method query expansion. The result of 1000 documents was more than 97% relevan document can be retrieved by this system. The more expansion term used, the larger number relevan document was retrieved.
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