Judul: Efficiency and Determinants of Export Inefficiency of Indonesia’s Five Largest Agricultural Commodities to Several ASEAN Countries
Abstrak: Perdagangan internasional memainkan peranan penting dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi ASEAN. Pembentukan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) merupakan salah satu upaya untuk peningkatan arus perdagangan internasional. Sektor pertanian menjadi sektor penting sebagai penyumbang surplus terhadap neraca perdagangan Indonesia dan mampu bertahan di tengah ketidakpastian global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis nilai efisiensi ekspor sebelum dan sesudah kesepakatan MEA serta determinan ekspor dan inefisiensi ekspor lima komoditas pertanian terbesar Indonesia ke beberapa negara ASEAN periode 2003-2022. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata efisiensi ekspor lima komoditas pertanian terbesar Indonesia setelah kesepakatan MEA sebesar 45,25 persen yakni turun 12,34 persen dari sebelum kesepakatan MEA. Variabel GDP riil Indonesia dan jarak ekonomi berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap ekspor pertanian Indonesia, sedangkan GDP riil mitra dagang berpengaruh positif dan signifikan. Secara rata-rata, variabel trade openness, nilai tukar riil, business freedom, government effectiveness, liner shipping connectivity index, dan dummy communication language berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap inefisiensi ekspor pertanian Indonesia, sedangkan tax burden dan dummy Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) berpengaruh positif dan signifikan., International trade played an important role in ASEAN economic growth. The establishment of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) was one of the efforts to increase international trade flows. The agricultural sector was significant as a contributor to the surplus on Indonesia’s trade balance and managed to survive amid global uncertainty. This study aimed to analyze the value of export efficiency before and after the AEC agreement, as well as the determinants of export and export inefficiency for Indonesia’s five largest agricultural commodities to several ASEAN countries during the period 2003-2022. The method used in this study was the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model. The analysis results showed that the average value of export efficiency for Indonesia’s top five agricultural commodities after the AEC agreement was 45,25 percent, which decreased by 12,34 percent compared to before the AEC agreement. Indonesia’s real GDP and economic distance variables had a negative and significant effect on Indonesian agricultural exports, while the real GDP of trading partners had a positive and significant impact. On average, variables such as trade openness, real exchange rate, business freedom, government effectiveness, liner shipping connectivity index, and communication language dummy had a negative and significant effect on the inefficiency of Indonesia’s agricultural exports, while tax burden and the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) dummy variable had a positive and significant impact.
Keyword: ASEAN, Efisiensi ekspor, MEA, Model perbatasan stokastik, Pertanian

Judul: Analysis of Inefficiency and Determinants of Indonesia's Manufacturing Sector Exports to Several ASEAN Countries
Abstrak: Pertumbuhan ekonomi di wilayah ASEAN didorong oleh peran penting perdagangan internasional. Adanya Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) menandai babak baru yang meningkatkan daya saing dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di kawasan ASEAN. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan pangsa pasar ekspor manufaktur terbesar di kawasan ASEAN. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efisiensi ekspor dan determinan ekspor serta inefisiensi ekspor lima komoditas manufaktur Indonesia sebelum dan sesudah kesepakatan MEA. Metode yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah stochastic frontier gravity model dan data yang digunakan berupa data panel nilai ekspor Indonesia ke lima negara mitra dagang pada periode 2003-2022. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa GDP riil Indonesia dan jarak ekonomi memiliki pengaruh negatif yang signifikan terhadap ekspor manufaktur Indonesia, sementara GDP riil mitra memiliki pengaruh positif yang signifikan. Secara umum, variabel trade openness berdampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap inefisiensi ekspor manufaktur Indonesia, sementara dummy MEA berdampak positif dan signifikan. Selama periode penelitian, efisiensi ekspor manufaktur mengalami penurunan. Mitra dagang seperti Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, dan Vietnam memiliki efisiensi di atas rata-rata ASEAN, sedangkan Singapura memiliki nilai efisiensi di bawah rata-rata ASEAN., The economic growth in the ASEAN region is driven by the crucial role of international trade. Establishing the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) marks a new phase that enhances competitiveness and economic growth in the ASEAN region. Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest market share for manufacturing exports in the ASEAN region. This research aims to analyze the export efficiency, determinants of exports, and export inefficiency of five major Indonesian manufacturing commodities before and after the AEC agreement. The research methodology employed a stochastic frontier gravity model, utilizing panel data of Indonesia's export values to five trading partner countries during the period of 2003-2022. The analysis results indicate that Indonesian’s real GDP and economic distance variable exhibit significant negative impacts on Indonesian manufacturing exports, while the real GDP of trading partners shows a significant positive impact. During the research period, the efficiency of manufacturing exports declined. Trading partners such as Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam exhibited efficiency above the ASEAN average, whereas Singapore had efficiency below the ASEAN average.
Keyword: efisiensi, inefisiensi, ASEAN, MEA, stochastic frontier gravity model

Judul: Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Made of Eggshells Through A Hydrothermal Method
Abstrak: Biphasic Calcium Phosphate mixed of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate. A hydrothermal method of synthesizing by mixing CaO as calcium source and (NH4)2HPO4 as phosphate source with distilled water. CaO got from calcination process made of eggshells. All samples were synthesized using hydrothermal reactor then followed by sintering process. The molar ratio of Ca and P for all samples was 0.5 M : 0.3 M. Hydrothermal temperature and sintering temperature were variated they are 250 ºC, 300 ºC for hydrothermal and 800 ºC, 900 ºC, 1000 ºC for sintering, higher treatment temperature, tricalcium phosphate appears. Final results of synthesis were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared. X-ray Diffraction patterns was ecompared with database Join Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards and found tricalcium phosphate and hydoxyapatite.
Keyword: biphasic calcium phosphate, hydrothermal, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate