Judul: Analysis of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor Activity of Bioactive Peptides from Etawah Crossbreed Goat Milk
Abstrak: Peptida bioaktif merupakan hasil pemecahan protein yang bermanfaat untuk kesehatan dengan bekerja sebagai antioksidan, antidiabetes, dan antihipertensi. Salah satu mekanisme dari sifat antihipertensi peptida bioaktif adalah inhibisi angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Penghambatan ACE dengan inhibitor alami menjadi alternatif untuk menghindari efek samping obat sintetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh proses hidrolisis terhadap kadar protein, inhibisi ACE, dan profil protein susu kambing peranakan Etawa. Dalam penelitian ini, susu kambing yang telah dipisahkan lemaknya dihidrolisis enzim papain dengan aktivitas spesifik 1,48 ± 0,04 U/mg pada suhu 55 oC selama 1, 4, dan 24 jam. Analisis kadar protein dilakukan dengan metode Bradford, aktivitas inhibitor ACE dengan ACE Kit-WST, dan profil protein dengan SDS-PAGE. Susu kambing yang dihidrolisis mengalami penurunan kadar protein dan peningkatan inhibisi ACE yang signifikan. Waktu hidrolisis yang lebih lama juga meningkatkan inhibisi ACE. Pada larutan susu kambing konsentrasi 7,5 mg/mL, hidrolisat 24 jam menunjukkan aktivitas tertinggi sebesar 95,01 ± 1,13% dibandingkan nonhidrolisis sebesar 84,49 ± 0,93%. Obat kaptopril sebagai kontrol positif menunjukkan aktivitas sebesar 101,25 ± 0,56% pada konsentrasi ≥ 0,1 µg/mL. Hasil elektroforesis susu kambing menunjukkan enam pita protein dengan berat molekul 11-84 kDa. Setelah proses hidrolisis, hidrolisat protein hanya menunjukkan dua pita protein 11 dan 16 kDa, menunjukkan bahwa hidrolisis memotong protein berukuran besar menjadi peptida dengan berat molekul lebih kecil. Penelitian ini berpotensi pada pengembangan pangan fungsional yang dapat mencegah dan mengobati hipertensi. Kata kunci: antihipertensi, inhibitor ACE, peptida bioaktif, susu kambing, Bioactive peptides are the result of protein breakdown which are beneficial for health by working as antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive. One mechanism of the antihypertensive properties from bioactive peptides is the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Inhibiting ACE with natural inhibitors is an alternative to avoid the side effects of synthetic drugs. This study aims to determine the effect of hydrolysis on protein content, ACE inhibition, and the protein profile of Etawah crossbreed goat milk. In this study, goat milk that has had its fat separated was hydrolyzed by papain enzyme with specific activity of 1.48 ± 0.04 U/mg at 55 oC for 1, 4 and 24 hours. Analysis of protein content was carried out using the Bradford method, ACE inhibitor activity with ACE Kit-WST, and protein profile with SDS-PAGE. Hydrolyzed goat milk had a significant decrease in protein content and increase in ACE inhibition. Longer hydrolysis time also increases ACE inhibition. In the goat milk solution with a concentration of 7.5 mg/mL, 24-hour hydrolysate showed the highest activity at 95.01 ± 1.13% compared to non-hydrolysis at 84.49 ± 0.93%. The captopril as positive control showed activity at 101.25 ± 0.56% at a concentration of ≥ 0.1 µg/mL. The result of goat milk electrophoresis showed six protein bands with a molecular weight of 11-84 kDa. After hydrolysis, the protein hydrolysates only showed two protein bands of 11 and 16 kDa, indicating that hydrolysis cleaves large protein into peptides with smaller molecular weight. This research has the potential to develop functional foods that can prevent and treat hypertension. Keywords: ACE inhibitor, antihypertensive, bioactive peptide, goat milk
Keyword: ACE inhibitor, antihypertensive, bioactive peptide, goat milk

Judul: Protease Enzyme DPP4 Inhibitor Activity of Peptide from Hydrolyzed Etawa Crossbreed Goat Milk
Abstrak: Susu kambing merupakan sumber protein sebanding dengan susu sapi dengan kadar protein yang mencapai 4,71% sedangkan susu sapi pada kisaran 3,4%. Susu kambing lebih mudah dicerna karena ukuran misel kasein yang lebih kecil. Susu kambing yang dihidrolisis menghasilkan peptida dengan sifat bioaktif. Peptida bioaktif protein susu kambing memiliki manfaat bagi kesehatan tubuh seperti antihipertensi, antioksidan, dan antidiabetes. Sifat bioaktif antidiabetes susu kambing dapat bekerja melalui mekanisme inhibisi enzim dipeptidil peptidase 4 (DPP4). Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh hidrolisis terhadap kadar protein, aktivitas inhibisi DPP4, dan profil peptida susu kambing peranakan etawa. Susu kambing yang telah dipisahkan lemaknya dihidrolisis menggunakan enzim papain dengan aktivitas enzim spesifik 1,48 ± 0,04 U/mg pada suhu 37ºC pH 7,0. Variasi waktu hidrolisis yang digunakan adalah 0(non-hidrolisis), 1, 4, dan 24 jam. Kadar protein susu kambing mengalami penurunan dengan adanya perlakuan hidrolisis, dengan kadar protein sampel berturut sebesar 8,16; 6,74; 6,43; dan 5,96 mg/mL. Analisis aktivitas inhibisi DPP4 menunjukkan peningkatan dengan perlakuan hidrolisis, dengan aktivitas inhibisi terendah pada sampel non-hidrolisis sebesar 16,81 ± 13,83% dan aktivitas tertinggi pada hidrolisat 24 jam sebesar 96,05 ± 1,49%. Analisis profil protein menggunakan SDS-PAGE menunjukkan bahwa hidrolisis memotong protein dengan berat molekul besar seperti laktoferin (87kDa) dan Kasein (25 – 44kDa), menyisakan protein berat molekul rendah diantaranya adalah β-laktoglobulin (16 kDa) dan α-laktalbumin (10kDa)., Goat's milk is a comparable protein source to cow's milk with protein contents reaching 4,71% while cow's milk at around 3,4%. Goat milk is easier to digest due to the smaller size of casein micelles. Hydrolyzed goat milk contains peptides with bioactive properties. Bioactive peptides of goat milk protein have health benefits such as antihypertensive, antioxidant, and antidiabetic. The antidiabetic bioactive properties of goat milk can work through aimed at dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) enzyme inhibition. This study aims to determine the effect of hydrolysis on protein content, DPP4 inhibition activity, and peptide profile of etawa crossbreed goat milk. Fat separated goat milk was hydrolyzed using papain enzyme with specific enzyme activity of 1,48 ± 0,04 U/mg at 37ºC pH 7,0. The hydrolysis time variations used were 0 (non-hydrolyzed), 1, 4, and 24 hours. Goat milk protein levels decreased with hydrolysis treatment, with protein levels of samples at 8,16; 6,74; 6,43; and 5,96 mg/mL consecutively. Analysis of DPP4 inhibition activity showed an increase with hydrolysis treatment, with the lowest inhibition activity in the non-hydrolyzed sample at 16.81 ± 13.83% and the highest activity in the 24-hour hydrolysate at 96,05 ± 1.49%. Protein profile analysis using SDS-PAGE showed that hydrolysis cut large molecular weight proteins such as lactoferrin (87kDa) and casein (25 - 44kDa), leaving low molecular weight proteins such as β-lactoglobulin (16 kDa) and α-lactalbumin (10kDa).
Keyword: antidiabetic, bioactive peptide, goat milk, papain, SDS-PAGE

Judul: Etno-ornitologi Burung Kancilan Flores (Pachycephala nudigula nudigula Hartert 1897) pada Masyarakat Lio di Taman Nasional Kelimutu
Abstrak: Bare-throathed whistler is one of several wild birds in Kelimutu National Park (TNKL) that is believed to have correlation with Lio Community‟s belief. The estimation of Bare-throated whistler‟s population in Kelimutu National Park was about 186.41-1668.07 individual by the density about 0.0389-0.3481 ind/ha with the sex ratio 6.2:1 that spreaded on area with height of 1100 – 1600 masl. The characteristic of Bare-throated whistler‟s habitat is a natural forest with various canopy level, high plant species diversity and high density. The habitat characteristics related to the availability of food in the form of insects, cover, safety and a nesting site. Generally the most of Lio community knew the existence of Bare-throated whistler directly or from their parents‟ stories. The perceptions of Lio Community to the Bare-throated whistler‟s existence is generally support the conservation efforts. The perceptions construct the Lio Community‟s atitude that tend to be conservative to the existence of Bare-throated whistler. The attitude shown by their behavior that not cathing the Bare-throated whistler from the TNKL‟s area or the outside. The attitude have an important role to the existence of Bare-throated whistler in Kelimutu National Park‟s area.
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