Judul: Nilai Harapan Waktu Tunggu dan Banyaknya Pelanggan pada Model Antrean M/M/1 dengan Pelayanan Terganggu
Abstrak: Karya ilmiah ini membahas model antrean tipe �������/�������/1 dengan pelayanan terganggu. Pelayanan terganggu terjadi ketika lingkungan sistem dalam keadaan sibuk sehingga pesan dari server tidak tersampaikan dengan jelas ke pelanggan. Proses kedatangan pelanggan mengikuti proses Poisson dengan laju sebesar �������. Disiplin antrean yang digunakan dalam model ini adalah First Come First Serve. Ukuran kinerja yang dibahas adalah nilai harapan banyaknya pelanggan dan waktu tunggu pelanggan, yang diperoleh menggunakan diferensial pertama dari fungsi pembangkit peluang banyaknya pelanggan. Langkah awal adalah mendefinisikan matriks infinitesimal ������� melalui diagram transisi. Selanjutnya mencari fungsi pembangkit peluang menggunakan sebaran stasioner.
Keyword: antrean, fungsi pembangkit peluang, nilai harapan

Judul: Nilai Harapan Waktu Tunggu Pelanggan pada Antrean M/G/2 dengan Server Heterogen di Bawah Disiplin Layanan Terkendali
Abstrak: Sistem antrean M/G/2 adalah suatu sistem antrean dengan proses kedatangannya menyebar Poisson, waktu layanan pelanggan terdistribusi umum, dan banyak server yang digunakan adalah dua server. Pada karya ilmiah ini, dua server yang digunakan dalam layanan adalah server yang heterogen yaitu server-1 memiliki pelayanan yang lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan server-2. Disiplin antrean yang digunakan dalam model ini adalah disiplin layanan terkendali di mana aturan First Come First Served (FCFS) dilanggar oleh sistem. Ukuran kinerja yang dibahas adalah nilai harapan waktu tunggu pelanggan di dalam sistem. Langkah awal untuk menentukan nilai harapan waktu tunggu adalah mencari peluang stasioner untuk antrean M/G/2 dengan disiplin layanan terkendali. Selanjutnya, menyelesaikan fungsi pembangkit peluang banyaknya pelanggan dengan menggunakan peluang stasioner tersebut, maka diperoleh nilai harapan waktu tunggu banyaknya pelanggan di dalam sistem. Akhirnya dengan menggunakan teorema Little’s Law didapatkan fungsi nilai harapan waktu tunggu pelanggan., The M/G/2 queue system is a system with arrival process of customers follows Poisson distribution, customers service time has a general distribution, and has two servers. In this manuscript, the two servers used in the service are heterogeneous, namely server-1 has a faster service rate than server-2. The queuing discipline used in this model is a controlled service discipline in which the First Come First Served (FCFS) rule is violated by the system. The performance measure discussed is expected value of the customer waiting time in the system. The initial step to determine the expected value of waiting time was to find stationary probability for M/G/2 queuing system with controlled service discipline. Then, by completing the probability generating function for the number of customers using the stationary probability, the function of the expected value of the number customers in system was obtained. Finally, by using the Little’s Law theorem the function of the expected value of customers waiting time was obtained.
Keyword: expected value, heterogeneous servers, stationary probability, queue

Judul: Waxes, policosanols and aldehydes in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and okinawan brown sugar (kokuto)
Abstrak: Waxes, long chain alcohols and aldehydes were found in several variants of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) and Kokuto, a non-centrifuged Okinawan cane brown sugar. Long chain alcohols, policosanols, have been reported to have beneficial effect to human health. The composition of wax in sugarcane was analyzed using HPLC with an evaporative light scattering detector. Sugarcane wax composed of 55–60% aldehydes, sterol esters and wax esters, 32–40% alcohols, and small amounts of triacylglycerols, acids and sterols. Extraction of policosanols performed effectively with hexane and methanol (20:1 v/v), while that of long chain aldehydes was with chloroform and methanol (2:1 v/v). Their composition was determined using GC with a flame ionization detector, whereas their compounds were identified using GC-MS. Sugarcane rinds contained up to 500 mg policosanols and 600 mg aldehydes per 100 g sample of Ni 22 cultivar. The content of policosanol and long chain aldehyde in Kokuto was influenced by its production systems. Compositional analysis of the end product confirmed the presence of policosanols and aldehydes up to 85 mg and 8 mg respectively per 100 g sample of Kokuto A, a product of brown sugar manufacture with open pan heating system. Octacosanol and octacosanal were found to be the major wax components in both sugarcane and Kokuto samples. This study revealed significant difference in content and composition of waxes, policosanols and long chain aldehydes between sugarcane parts, cultivars and harvesting times; also between Kokuto types and production methods.
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