Judul: Isolasi dan Seleksi Bakteri Selulolitik Penghambat Pertumbuhan Cendawan pada Tanaman Kelapa Sawit
Abstrak: Bakteri selulolitik tertentu dapat digunakan sebagai penghambat pertumbuhan cendawan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi, menapis, dan menguji potensi bakteri selulolitik yang diisolasi dari tanah perkebunan karet dan kelapa sawit sekitar Taman Nasional Bukit Dua Belas, Jambi. Penapisan dilakukan dengan metode Fokkema, sedangkan pengujian daya hambat terhadap Curvularia sp. dan Colletotrichum sp. dengan metode sumur dan kertas cakram yang berisi kultur atau enzim selulase ekstrak kasar SAHN13.30 dan KAHN15.39. Sebanyak 40 bakteri selulolitik berhasil diisolasi dengan nilai indeks selulolitik 0.03-16.6. Hasil penapisan diperoleh daya hambat bakteri SAHN13.30 dan KAHN15.39 terhadap Curvularia sp. adalah sama (57.5%). Begitu juga daya hambatnya terhadap Colletotrichum sp. (60%). Kultur SAHN13.30 menunjukkan aktivitas penghambatan maksimum (45.95%) terhadap Curvularia sp. dengan metode sumur dibandingkan dengan metode lainnya. Hal yang sama aktivitas maksimum pada kultur KAHN15.39 terhadap Curvularia sp. adalah 46.26%. Sebaliknya, kultur KAHN15.39 memiliki daya hambat maksimum (50%) terhadap Colletotrichum sp. dengan metode kertas cakram. Kultur sel SAHN13.30 dan KAHN15.39 menunjukkan daya hambat terhadap Curvularia sp. maupun Colletotrichum sp. lebih besar dibandingkan dengan enzim selulase ekstrak kasarnya.
Keyword: bakteri selulolitik, Colletotrichum sp., Curvularia sp., kelapa sawit

Judul: Isolasi, Karakterisasi, dan Identifikasi Bakteri Kitinolitik sebagai Agens Biokontrol Cendawan Colletotrichum capsici dan Fusarium oxysporum
Abstrak: Colletotrichum capsici dan Fusarium oxysporum merupakan cendawan patogen yang menyebabkan penyakit pada tanaman cabai (Capsicum annum L) serta dapat menurunkan produktivitas cabai. Cendawan C.capsici menyerang tanaman cabai dari anakan hingga masa penyimpanan buah cabai, sedangkan F. oxysporum menyebakan penyakit layu fusarium. Penggunakan fungisida memerlukan harga yang tinggi dan memberikan dampak terhadap lingkungan. Serangan cendawan dapat dikendalikan dengan memanfaatkan bakteri penghasil kitinase yang merupakan enzim yang mampu merusak dinding sel cendawan yang tersusun dari senyawa kitin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh bakteri penghasil kitinase sebagai pengendali hayati C.capsici dan F.oxysporum. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini antara lain: isolasi bakteri kitinase, karakterisasi bakteri kitinase, pengukuran aktivitas enzim, antagonis bakteri dengan cendawan patogen, pengamatan kerusakan hifa cendawan, dan identifikasi 16S rRNA. Isolat BAE36 dan BAD211 adalah bakteri penghasil kitinase yang diperoleh dari rizosfer tanaman cabai di Sagarahiyang, Kabupaten Kuningan, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Kedua isolat termasuk Gram-negatif. Persentase daya hambat BAE36 adalah 66.1% pada C. capsici dan 55% di F. oxysporum. Pengamatan hifa pada uji antagonis menggunakan mikroskop terlihat hifa C. capsici menebal dan permukaan hifa bergelombang sedangkan hifa F. oxysporum tipis dan kosong. Identifikasi dengan 16S rRNA menunjukkan bahwa isolat BAE36 dan BAD211 memiliki kesamaan 99% dengan Lysobacter enzymogenes. Pengendapan enzim L. enzymogenes BAE36 dengan kadar amonium sulfat 30% dapat meningkatkan aktivitas enzim dan lebih mampu menghambat pertumbuhan miselia cendawan C. capsici dan F. oxysporum.
Keyword: cabai merah, gram negatif, kitinolitik, Lysobacter

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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