Judul: Biological Activities of Extract Mixtures of Tephrosia vogelii (Leguminosae) and Annona squamosa (Annonaceae) against Crocidolomia pavonana.
Abstrak: The use of botanical insecticides is one of pest control tactics that has several advantages, such us easily biodegradable in the environment, slow development of insect resistance, synergism of extract components so that they are more effective, short persistence, and generally safe to non-target organisms. Insecticidal properties of Tephrosia vogelii leaf and Annona squamosa seed extracts have been well established, but the evaluation of toxicity, effect on fecundity, and effect on oviposition of T. vogelii and A. squamosa extract mixture against Crocidolomia pavonana has not been done. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the toxicity, effect on fecundity, and effect on oviposition of T. vogelii leaf extract and A. squamosa seed extract and their mixtures against C. pavonana. In the toxicity test, ethyl acetate extract of T. vogelii leaves and methanol extract of A. squamosa seeds and their mixtures were tested by a leaf-dipping method against second-instar larvae of C. pavonana. Each test extract was tested at six concentration levels in the range of 0.025%-0.190% and 0.004%-0.020% for T. vogelii and A. squamosa extracts, respectively. The extract mixture was tested at three concentration ratios, i.e. 1:1, 9:1, and 1:9, with concentrations ranges of 0.0050%-0.0400%, 0.025%-0.200%, and 0.004%-0.020%, respectively. Each treatment and control were replicated five times. Observation was conducted from 24 to 96 hours after treatment (HAT). The number of dead larvae was recorded. Larval mortality data was analyzed by probit method using POLO-PC. The fecundity test was conducted using T. vogelii and A. squamosa extract and their mixture which has the highest toxicity at LC25 and LC50 levels. Treated leaves were fed to second, third, and fourth instar C. pavonana larvae by a leaf-dipping method for 48 hours. The emerging adults were paired to obtain 15 pairs for each test concentration and control. The number of eggs laid each day was collected and counted. The adults were maintained until death. The total egg production and the fecundity per day were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan's multiple range test (α = 0.05). The tests on antioviposition effect was conducted using T. vogelii and A. squamosa extract and their mixture with a concentration ratio of 1:9 at LC99 and 2 x LC99 levels. The test extracts were prepared in the same way as in the toxicity test. Broccoli plants used were 1 month old (possessing 5 leaves) and 2 month old (possessing 8 leaves). Broccoli plants were sprayed with extract preparations until run-off. Four broccoli plants consisting of 2 treated broccoli plants and 2 control plants were placed alternatingly in a plastic cage. Two pairs of 3 day old adults of C. pavonana were introduced into the cage and allowed to oviposit for 2 days. The number of eggs laid on treated plants and control plants were compared with paired t-test. viii The results show that the mortality of C. pavonana larvae as a result of the treatment with T. vogelii extracts and A. squamosa extracts and their mixtures increased with the increase in extract concentration and observation time. T. vogelii extract is highly toxic and A. squamosa
Keyword: Botanical insecticides, joint action, fecundity reduction, oviposition

Judul: Bioaktivitas Ekstrak Kulit Batang Beberapa Jenis Tumbuhan Simaroubaceae dan Daun Tephrosia vogelii terhadap Larva Crocidolomia pavonana (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae).
Abstrak: This study was conducted to evaluate the bioactivity of methanol stem bark extracts of some Simaroubaceae plants and ethyl acetate leaf extract of Tephrosia vogelii, either separately or in mixtures against-second instar larvae Crocidolomia pavonana, and phytotoxicity of the extracts on chinese cabbage. Bioassays with each active extract and their mixtures were done at six concentration levels with five replications, by a leaf dip feeding method. T. vogelii extract was 7.8 and 8.8 times more active than Quassia amara and Q. indica extracts, respectively, at LC50 level against C. pavonana larvae. T. vogelii extract at 0.25% inhibited feeding by C. pavonana larvae as high as 99.3% and caused 100% larval mortality. The mixture of T. vogelii and Q. amara extract was 3.6 and 3.8 times more toxic than T. vogelii and Q. indica mixture and had synergistic joint action both at LC50 and LC95 level. The treatments with all active extracts delayed the development of C. pavonana larvae from second to forth instar by 1.2-5.0 days compared with control. T. vogelii and Q. amara extracts and their mixture were not phytotoxic to chinese cabbage, and thus, they are potential to be used for controlling C. pavonana.
Keyword: 

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular