Judul: Development of rapid vigor testing method using urine sugar analysis paper for soybean (Glycine max L.)
Abstrak: Seed vigor is one of the seed parameters that determine the quality of seed for successful crop production. ISTA congress of 1995 adopted the definition of seed vigor as "the sum total of those properties of the seed which determine the level of activity and performance of the seed or seed lot during germination and seedling emergence". Seed deterioration resulting from production and storage factors is the major cause of the differences in seed vigor that results in low seedling emergence. This research was conducted from January 2021 to February 2022, intending to develop a rapid soybean vigor test using Urine Sugar Analysis Paper(USAP), and it was composed of three experiments. Twelve soybean seeds lots/ varieties were obtained from Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resource Research and Development(ICABIOGRAD) used only for experiment 3. Experiment 1 was to determine seed moisture content and soaking period for USAP, whereas experiment 2 was to optimize the soaking period by seed number. Soybean seeds of the Biosoy1 variety consisted of three levels (low, medium, and high viability with 35%, 64%, and 94% germination percentages, respectively) were used for the first and second experiments. Experiment 3 was conducted for comparing USAP with other seed quality tests by analyzing correlation and regression by using twelve soybean seeds lots/ varieties. The first experiment determined moisture content and soaking period for the USAP seed vigor test. It was arranged in a completely randomized design with one factor as the combination of three seed lots, two levels of seed moisture content (10- 12% and 13-14%), and four levels of the soaking period (0, 6, 8, and 10 hours). The second experiment was the optimization of the soaking period by seed number. It was arranged in a completely randomized design with one factor: combinations of three seed lots, three levels of seed numbers (50, 75, and 100 seeds), and the soaking period (four levels as 0, 6, 8, and 10 hours). The data were analyzed statistically by the Minitab software. The result showed that both combinations of 10-12% and 13-14% moisture content with the soaking period of 10 hours effectively differentiated the three seed lots into two vigor levels using USAP. Experiment 2 optimized the soaking period from 10 hours to 8 hours using 100 seeds. The USAP test showed a high negative correlation with germination percentage (r = -0.95), vigor index (r = -0.98.), mean germination time (r = -0.96), radicle emergence (r = -0.94), and a high positive correlation with electrical conductivity (r =0.88).The USAP method was only successful in differentiating the low vigor seed lot from both medium and high vigor ones, mainly based on protein leakage concentration on USAP. However, USAP was not effective to differentiate soybean seed lots based on the leakage of sugar or pH color changes. The color changes from pale yellow-green for higher vigor seed lot to light greenish-blue for low vigor. The USAP was effective for the soybean vigor test for the seed lot with 10-14% moisture content by soaking 100 seeds into 50 ml of distilled water for 8 hours.
Keyword: seed leakage, seed lot, seed quality, seed vigor, soaking, USAP

Judul: Development of Rapid Viability and Vigor Test Methods for Corn (Zea mays L.) Seeds Using Urine Sugar Analysis Paper
Abstrak: Urine sugar analysis paper (USAP) telah digunakan untuk uji cepat viabilitas dan vigor benih kedelai berdasarkan terdeteksinya bocoran protein di dalam air rendaman benih. Penelitian bertujuan mengembangkan metode uji cepat viabilitas dan vigor benih jagung menggunakan USAP dengan mendeteksi bocoran glukosa, protein, dan perubahan pH pada berbagai tingkat viabilitas dan vigor. Tahap pertama penelitian ini adalah pembuatan lot benih dengan tiga bulan penyimpanan, disusun menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) satu faktor yaitu kemasan benih (plastik polypropylene, plastik polyethylene, kertas amplop coklat, dan tanpa kemasan). Tahap kedua adalah uji kebocoran glukosa, protein dan perubahan pH menggunakan USAP. Percobaan menggunakan RAL satu faktor, 12 kombinasi perlakuan yaitu kondisi benih (utuh, dibelah dua, dan dihaluskan) dengan lama perendaman (0, 6, 9, dan 12 jam). Hasil tahap pertama dan tahap kedua dianalisis menggunakan analisis regresi linier sederhana dan uji korelasi untuk mengetahui hubungan antara keduanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan USAP mampu mendeteksi bocoran glukosa pada perlakuan benih dibelah dua dan dihaluskan pada semua lama perendaman, namun tidak dapat membedakan tingkat viabilitas dan vigor benih. Indikator bocoran protein dan perubahan pH tidak terdeteksi sehingga tidak dapat membedakan tingkat viabilitas dan vigor benih., Urine sugar analysis paper (USAP) has been used to test the viability and vigor of soybean seeds based on detection of protein leakage in the seed’s soaking water. The research aimed to develop a rapid viability and vigor test method for corn seeds using USAP by detecting leaks of glucose, protein and changes in pH at various levels of viability and vigor. The first stage of this research was making seed lots with three months of storage, arranged using a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, namely seed packaging (polypropylene plastic, polyethylene plastic, brown envelope paper, and without packaging). The second stage was testing for glucose and protein leakage and changes in pH using USAP. The experiment used a CRD with one factor, consisted of 12 treatment combinations, namely seed conditions (intact, halved, and crushed) with different soaking durations (0, 6, 9, and 12 hours). The results of the first and second stages were analyzed using simple linear regression analysis and correlation tests to determine the relationship between them. The results showed that USAP could detect glucose leakage in the halved and crushed seed treatments at all soaking durations but could not differentiate between seed viability and vigor levels. The indicators of protein leakage and pH changes were not detected thus could not distinguish seed viability and vigor levels.
Keyword: glucose, protein, seed lot, seed storage, soaking time

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf