Judul: Impact of the trade liberalization on the Indonesian economy performance: a macro-econometricsapproach
Abstrak: Perkembangan ekonomi dunia dewasa ini telah mengarah pada tatanan hubungan ekonomi secara global, dan lndonesia telah ikut serta dalam sistem tersebut setelah menanda tangani Kesepakatan Umum Tarif dan Perdagangan Multilateral GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) melalui WTO yang akan mulai diimplementasi pada tahun 2005. Disamping itu lndonesia ikut pula dalam kesepakatan APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation) dan AFTA (ASEAN Free Trade Area). Walaupun saat ini Indonesia sedang dilanda krisis ekonomi namun perubahan lingkungan global yang mengarah pada diberlakukannya liberalisasi perdagangan merupakan tantangan eksternal yang makin serius dan pasti. Bagaimana dampak liberalisasi perdagangan khususnya terhadap negara berkembang masih terus diperdebatkan bahkan menimbulkan pendapat aliran optimistik maupun pesimistik. Studi-studi empirik yang telah dilakukan secara umum mendukung konsep bahwa perdagangan bebas akan meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat secara agregat, namun diakui pula bahwa manfaat yang diterima setiap negara tidaklah sama, ada yang lebih diuntungkan atau sebaliknya., The world economy is currently developed toward the global economic relationship system. Indonesia has taken a part in the system as soon as it signed the commitment about General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) of WTO. This agreement will be implemented in the year of 2005. Besides, Indonesia has also participated in other agreements like Asia Pasific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Asean Free Trade Area (AFTA). Though nowadays Indonesia is facing economic and monetary crisis, changes in global environment directed to the implementation of trade liberalization are serious external coercion for Indonesian economy.
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Judul: Dampak Liberalisasi Perdagangan dan Peningkatan Permintaan Pariwisata terhadap Kinerja Ekonomi Makro dan Sektoral di Indonesia
Abstrak: The liberalization will offer renewed and enhanced opportunities to increase productivity and raise incomes. There are several bilateral and regional agreements on trade liberalization, such as the ASEAN-China Free Trade Area (ACFTA), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) FTA. The end-goal of economic integration is establishing the ASEAN Economic Community as outlined in ASEAN Vision 2015. Consequently, there is a free flow of goods, services and investment, a free flow of capital as well as equitable economic development, and reduced poverty and socio-economic disparities in the ASEAN region. This study is examined the economy-wide impact of trade liberalization for the Indonesian economy by using the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The impact of liberalization is examined via tariff reductions, combination tariff reduction and tourism growth. Tourism is a growing and important industry in both developed and developing countries. It is also an important source of earning foreign exchange and provides employment opportunities for domestic labor. Generally, tourist consumption in the receiving country is predominantly of non-traded goods and services. Tourism is increasingly becoming a significant part on global trade. It is one of the top five export categories, and accounted for almost 83 percent of countries in the world. According to the Indonesia Tourism Satellite Accounts 2009, total economic transaction created by tourism activity in 2009 reached Rp504,69 trillion or 4,80 percent of total output. This study has shown that liberalization combined with tourism growth can, in fact, reduce the domestic price level and increase the amount of foreign trade and availability of products in the domestic economy, thereby stimulating further production. The result of this study is improved the Indonesia’s macroeconomic performance and welfare, as domestic absorption, and household consumption increase. Tourists are also better off for they can consume more, given their spending level, and also benefit from the greater availability of products. The trade balance deficits are of concern, indicating the need for appropriate accompanying policies, such as the tourism promotion and investment in infrastructure, underpinned by the growing service sector.
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Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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