Judul: Evaluasi Penambahan Probiotik dan Enzim pada Pakan Ruminansia terhadap Fermentabilitas dan Kecernaan secara In Vitro.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi penambahan probiotik L. plantarum (P), combination enzymes (CE), dan enzyme stimulation secretion (ESS40) pada pakan secara in vitro. Penelitian dilakukan dua tahap, yaitu pengujian taraf probiotik menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 3 perlakuan (P1: 2%; P2:5%; P3:10%), pengujian fermentatif menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 12 perlakuan (X0 = ransum basal; X1 = X0 + 1% ESS40; X2 = X0 + 0.5% CE; X3 = X0 + 1% CE; X4 = X0 + 1% P; X5 = X1 + 0.5% CE; X6 = X1+ 1% CE; X7 = X1 + 1% P; X8 = X2 + 1% P; X9 = X3 + 1% P; X10 = X5 + 1% P; X11 = X6 + 1% P). Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan hasil yang signifikan (P<0,05) diuji lanjut menggunakan uji Duncan dan kontras ortogonal. Parameter yang diukur yaitu mikrobiologi probiotik, pH, konsentrasi NH3, KcBK, KcBO, VFA, total gas, dan gas metana. Penggunaan taraf inokulan berpengaruh nyata terhadap pH dan total asam laktat. Penambahan probiotik, CE dan ESS40 berpengaruh nyata terhadap VFA, total gas dan gas metana. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah penggunaan probiotik, CE, dan ESS40 belum optimal memengaruhi produk fermentasi rumen, namun menurunkan produksi metana., This study aims to evaluate the addition of probiotics L. plantarum (P), combination enzymes (CE), and enzyme stimulation secretion (ESS40) to feed in vitro. The study was conducted in two stages, probiotic level testing using a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (P1: 2%; P2: 5%; P3: 10%), fermentative testing using a randomized block design with 12 treatments (X0 = basal ration; X1 = X0 + 1% ESS40; X2 = X0 + 0.5% CE; X3 = X0 + 1% CE; X4 = X0 + 1% P; X5 = X1 + 0. 5% CE; X6 = X1+ 1% CE; X7 = X1 + 1% P; X8 = X2 + 1% P; X9 = X3 + 1% P; X10 = X5 + 1% P; X11 = X6 + 1% P). Data was analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant results (P<,05) were tested using Duncan's test and orthogonal contrast. Parameters was probiotics microbiology, pH, concentration of NH3, KcBK, KcBO, VFA, total gas, and methane gas. The use of inoculant levels had a significant effect on pH and total lactic acid. The addition of probiotics, CE and ESS40 had a significant effect on VFA, total gas and methane gas. The conclusion of this study is that the use of probiotics, CE, and ESS40 had not optimally affected rumen fermentation products, but reduced methane production.
Keyword: fermentative, gas, inoculant, digestibility, methane

Judul: Evaluation of the Addition Premix Combination of Methane Inhibitor, Mineral Mix, and Probiotics in Ruminant in Vitro
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi premix kombinasi dengan campuran methane inhibitor berupa tanin, mineral mix, dan probiotik terhadap kecernaan, fermentabilitas, dan pengukuran gas metana. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 12 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Variabel yang diamati adalah pH rumen, produksi gas total, produksi gas metana, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organik, dan N-NH3. Semua perlakuan menggunakan tanin cair kecuali L0 = tanpa penambahan dan L6 = dengan penambahan probiotik saja. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan hasil yang signifikan (P<0,05) diuji lebih lanjut menggunakan uji kontras. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan tanin cair, probiotik, dan mineral organik berpengaruh nyata terhadap pH rumen, produksi total gas, produksi gas metana, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organik, dan N NH3. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penambahan tanin cair, probiotik, dan tembaga akan menurunkan produksi gas total, produksi gas metana, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organik, dan N-NH3., This study aimed to evaluate the premix combo with a mixture of methane inhibitors in the form of tannin, mineral mix, and probiotics on digestibility, fermentability, and measurement of methane gas. This study used randomized block design with 12 treatments and 5 replications. The observed variables were rumen pH, gas total production, methane gas production, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and N-NH3. All of the treatments were used liquid tannin except for L0 = without addition and L6 = with additions probiotic only. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant results (P<0.05) were further tested using contrast’s test. The results showed that the addition of liquid tannin, probiotic, and organic mineral (Fe, Mn, Cu) had a significant effect on rumen pH, gas total production, methane gas production, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and N-NH3. The conclusion of the research was the addition of liquid tannin, probiotic, and Cuprum would decrease total gas production, methane gas production, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and N-NH3.
Keyword: digestibility, fermentability, organic mineral, probiotic, tannin

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite