Judul: Efikasi pemberian biskuit fungsional ikan gabus (Ophiocephalus striatus) terhadap imunitas humoral anak
Abstrak: Snakehead Fish (Ophiocephalus striatus) in the waters of South Kalimantan is a type of fish most commonly found and very popular in the public as a fish consumption. Types of processed snakehead fish is still very limited, and is generally in the form of dried fish, grilled fish, fried fish and local specialties food by the name "ketupat Kandangan". Therefore it is necessary efforts to diversify its processing in order to increase the value added and benefits of snakehead fish. Processing into fish flour is one alternative that is appropriate because it can be used as a supplement or substituent on the processing of various food products in order to increase the nutritional value of the protein, for example, for products of crackers, biscuits, noodles, bakery etc. Snakehead fish is one source of animal protein which is called as a complete protein because it contain of complete essential amino acids and its composition similarly with essential amino acids, and also more digestible and absorbable. Snakehead fish is one of albumin rich source, which can be used as material source of biopharma and material substiuent for human albumin. Dietary protein intake sourced from Snakehead fish can increase nutrition status of children. Additional food such as biscuits with snakehead fish flour supplementation may be an option as a supplementary food for infants/children because the biscuits are better quality than the biscuits in general tend to be high in carbohydrates and fats as well as other less well-balanced contents nutritional. In addition, functional biscuits had high protein (complete amino acids), fortified with minerals Zn and Fe, is very practical in its presentation and accepted by the children. Nutrient content of functional biscuits in 100 g of biscuit were: moisture of 2.7 g, ash of 2.1 g, 13.3 g of protein, fat 24.5 g, carbohydrates 57.3 g, energy of 503 Kcal ; Fe 11.7 mg and Zn 8.8 mg. Nutrient content of functional biscuits supplemented with 15% of snakehead fish flour, fortified with microcapsules of Zn and Fe meet the standards of quality of biscuits (SNI 01-2973-1992). Bioavailability of Zn and Fe in functional biscuits at 50 % RDI were 76.3 % and 41.8 %, respectively and had the digest value of protein of 78.4 %. This study aimed to analyze the efficacy of functional biscuits snakehead fish (Ophiocephalus striatus) on the immune response of children. This was pre-post, single blind, randomized control trial conducted in twenty eight children aged 4-5 year in Pilar village, sub-district of Semplak, Bogor Regency, West Java. The children were randomly assigned to experimental group which receive biscuit with protein source from snakehead fish flour fortified with zinc and iron and control group which receive biscuit with protein source from milk. Both biscuits had a similar on protein and energy content of 13.3% and 503 kcal, respectively. A 60 g biscuits per day was consumed by the children for 56 days. Results showed that experimental functional biscuits (biscuits sourced snakehead fish protein) had a higher contribution on energy, protein, Zn and Fe than a control biscuits (biscuits sourced milk protein). Functional
Keyword: children, functional biscuits, snakehead fish, humoral immunity

Judul: Formulasi Biskuit Blondo dan Tepung Ikan Gabus (Channa Striata) yang Berpotensi Mengatasi Gizi Buruk pada Balita
Abstrak: Undernourished is the one of the problem that must be solved, caused 80% mortality of children in Indonesia. Biscuit with blondo and the addition of snakehead fish (Channa striata) flour as a new product could be an alternative solution to solve this problem. Blondo instead of margarine, snakehead fish flour used to increase protein quality biscuits. The objective of this research was to make biscuit with blondo and snakehead fish flour as a high protein food for undernourished children. The best biscuit formula is F2, which is consist of with 50% blondo and 10% snakehead fish flour substitution. The best formula was determined by parametric analysis test of Kruskal Wallis then continued with Duncan test. The chemical analysis result of water content was 3.92%, 1.34% for ash content, 19.13% for protein content, 14.25% for fat content and 61.37% for carbohydrate content. Based on the result of chemical analysis, the substitution of blondo and snakehead fish flour was improve the quality of protein biscuits.
Keyword: children under five, undernourished, snakehead fish, Blondo

Judul: Keanalogan graf dan matroid pada operasi penghapusan, pengerutan, dual, dan definisi keterhubungan
Abstrak: Teori matroid merupakan teori yang diambil dari konsep matriks dan graf. Matroid terdiri atas koleksi himpunan bagian-himpunan bagian dari suatu himpunan berhingga dan himpunan berhingga itu sendiri. Pada matroid terdapat suatu matroid yang diperoleh dari suatu graf, matroid ini disebut cycle matroid. Dalam cycle matroid, himpunan berhingga yang dimaksud adalah himpunan sisi-sisi pada graf sedangkan himpunan bagian dari himpunan sisi-sisinya adalah himpunan sisi-sisi yang membentuk cvele. Penulisan ini membahas mengenai pembentukan suatu cycle matroid dan keanalogan operasi penghapusan, pengerutan, dual dan definisi keterhubungan pada graf dan matroid. Operasi penghapusan dan pengerutan pada tulisan ini merupakan operasi penghapusan dan pengerutan pada sisi-sisi dari graf. Dalam operasi penghapusan dan pen pengerutan pada graf dan matroid terdapat operasi yang analog yaitu operasi pembentukan cycle matroid dari graf yang mengalami pengerutan atau penghapusan dengan suatu cycle matroid yang mengalami pengerutan atau penghapusan. Operasi penghapusan dan pengerutan pada graf dan matroid dapat dihubungkan dengan operasi lain yaitu operasi dual. Operasi dual adalah operasi yang mengkonstruksikan suatu graf atau matroid yang berbeda dari graf atau matroid asalnya. Pada dual graf dan matroid, terdapat sifat dual graf yaitu (G/e)*=G*\c* yang analog dengan sifat dual matroid (M/T)*=M*\T, dengan e∈ E(G) dan TCE(M). Sedangkan dalam definisi keterhubungan antara graf dan matroid terdapat hubungan keanalogan graf dan matroid pada definisi keterhubungan graf dan matroid menurut Tutte. Keanalogan ini ditunjukkan dengan samanya nilai keterhubungan pada graf dan matroid.
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