Judul: Sintesis 7-Hidroksiflavonol dan Fisetin
Abstrak: Fisetin (7,3’,4’-trihydroxyflavonol) is commonly found in fruits and vegetables. It is potential as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and antidiabetic. In this study, fisetin was synthesized by following 7-hydroxyflavonol synthesis method. 7-Hydroxyflavonol was succesfully synthesized from resacetophenone and benzaldehyde. Both starting materials were protected by tetrahydropyranyl (THP) group and then condensed with 60% KOH as catalyst forming THP-protected chalcone. Cyclization of the chalcone into THP-protected 7-hydroxyflavonol was carried out by using Algar-Flynn-Oyamada oxidative cyclization. Deprotection of the THP protecting group with p-toluenesulfonic acid resulted 7-hydroxyflavonol. The overall yield was 22% with total synthesis time of 7 days, faster than isolation from natural products. However, development of this method to synthesize fisetin from resacetophenone and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde as starting materials only gave 1% yield. Further study with other protecting groups for 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehide as well as variation of reactants’ composition and reaction conditions are necessary in order to increase the fisetin yield. All synthetic products had been characterized by melting point and spectroscopy analysis
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Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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Judul: Peranan Jasa Transportasi dalam  Menunjang Pembangunan Wilayah  Kaitannya dengan Pelaksanaan  Otonomi Daerah di Provinsi Papua  Khususnya Kabupaten Jayapura
Abstrak: Ketimpangan pembangunan yang terjadi selama Orde Baru telah memicu disintegrasi bangsa, salah satu daerah yang diisukan terancam disintegrasi sebagai akibat ketimpangan pembangunan pada reszim orde baru adalah Provinsi Papua, sehingga untuk meredam aspirasi disintgrasi, dimasa reformasi Provinsi Papua ditetapkan sebagai daerah yang menerima Otonomi Khusus. Dengan adanya otonomi khusus ini diharapkan pemerintah daerah lebih leluasa mengabil kebijakan yang disesuaikan dengan aspirasi dan prioritas permasalahan yang dihadapi masyarakat.
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