Judul: Pemanfaatan Limbah Ampas Tebu untuk Produksi Enzim Selulase dan Amiloglukosidase dari Aspergillus niger L51/NRRL A-11,264
Abstrak: Perlakuan delignifikasi hanya mernpercepat laju peruraian substrat dan meningkatkan aktivitas enzim pada tahap- tahap awal, sedangkan pada tahap-tahap selanjutnya medium tanpa perlakuan delignifikasi mampu menghasilkan enzim dengan aktivitas lebih baik.
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Judul: Pemanfaatan Limbah Padat Kacang Hijau Untuk Produksi Enzim- Emilase, Amiloglukosidase Dan Selulase Dari Aspergillus niger Dan Aspergillus oryzae
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pemanfaatan limbah padat kacang hijau sebagai media fermentasi untuk menghasilkan enzim damilase, amiloglukosidase dan selulase dari Aspergillus niger dan Aspergillus oryzae. A. niger L-51 dan A. oryzae L-54 masing-masing ditum- buhkan pada media limbah padat kacang hijau yang ditambah dengan air suling, atau larutan mineral yang mengandung NaH2PO4, CaCl2, KCl, dan MgCl2 dengan konsentrasi masing- masing sebesar 4.7, 0.1, 0.02, dan 0.02 persen. Jenis fer- mentasi yang digunakan adalah fermentasi media padat dan media cair. Setelah waktu inkubasi yang ditetapkan selama dua, lima, dan sembilan hari dicapai, enzim yang dihasilkan dipanen dan diuji aktifitasnya. Juga dilakukan pengukuran pH dan kadar protein terlarut di dalam filtrat enzim. Secara umum fermentasi media cair menghasilkan aktifitas enzim d-amilase, amiloglukosidase dan selulase yang lebih baik, kecuali untuk amiloglukosidase dari A. oryzae L-54 fermentasi media padat menghasilkan aktifitas enzim yang lebih baik. Semakin lama waktu inkubasi, aktifitas enzim d-amilase yang dihasilkan semakin rendah, sedangkan aktifitas enzim amiloglukosidase menunjukkan peningkatan sampai hari kelima kemudian menurun kembali, sebaliknya aktifitas enzim selu- lase menurun sampai hari kelima kemudian meningkat kembali. A. niger L-51 menghasilkan aktifitas enzim d-amilase tertinggi sebesar 5.203 unit/ml filtrat enzim atau 7.310 unit/mg protein pada fermentasi media cair dengan penambah- an air suling dan waktu inkubasi dua hari. Dengan waktu inkubasi yang sama diperoleh aktifitas enzim d-amilase ter- tinggi dari A. oryzae L-54 sebesar 4.877 unit/ml filtrat enzim 5.022 unit/mg protein pada fermentasi media cair de- ngan penambahan larutan mineral…dst
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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