Judul: Nilai Ekonomi Konflik Manusia dan Gajah (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847) di Desa Lubuk Kembang Bunga, Kecamatan Ukui, Kabupaten Pelalawan, Provinsi Riau.
Abstrak: The utilization of elephant movement area by humans, causing competition space which triggered the conflict between humans and elephants, as in Lubuk Kembang Bunga Village, which surround the Tesso Nilo National Park (TNTN). Agricultural land and residential communities occupying territory cruise line movement, which periodically and traditionally traveled by elephant, and does not change despite the changing shape of the region. Human and elephant conflicts have a negative effect, either in the form of an elephant population decline in its natural habitat, or loss of material, moral and body physical damage the human being. The rate of deforestation which increases in the Tesso Nilo Forest, causing increased frequency of human and elephant conflicts in Lubuk Kembang Bunga Village. Loss of society increased thus increasing the public's reaction to face of conflict. Such conditions need to calculate the economic value due to human elephant conflicts as part of the consideration to obtain the conflict resolution efforts. This study aims to find out socio-economic condition of the community, identify the elephant entered the village area, identify the type and value of the damage and calculate the economic value of human loss due to human and elephant conflicts in Lubuk Kembang Bunga Village. A study was conducted in July - August 2009 in Lubuk Kembang Bunga Village, Ukui Subdistrict, Pelalawan District, Riau Province. Object of research is public, elephants, Flying Squad Team, and agricultural land affected. Data collected through the literature study, interviews and field observations. Method of calculating the economic value of human and elephant conflicts using the lost revenue approach (cost of time), medical expenses (cost of illness), the cost of building repairs, the cost to evacuate, the cost of agricultural production, and control costs of conflict. The results showed a change in farming patterns in Lubuk Kembang Bunga Village which triggered human and elephant conflicts. The conflict occurred in the community farm, which occupies the movement path of elephants roaming the area and adjacent to the forest (TNTN), the exit of elephants, and the river which is used by elephants to meet their needs. Location of agricultural land is located in Kampung Baru, Perbekalan, Simpang Jengkol, RAPP Street/Elang Mass and Jalan Pemda. Group of elephants which is entered the farm community in Lubuk Kembang Bunga Village is a group of elephants which are in the Southern part of Tesso Nilo Forest. This consisting of a single elephant and the elephant group. The entry of elephant society into agricultural land caused damage to agricultural commodities, such as oil palm, rubber, bananas, and cassava, as well as damage to the cottage work. The results of the calculation of damages obtained value of Rp.52,082,197.64. The efforts to control the conflict by the community, such as take care and control of the garden, creating a barrier, and expulsion. Meanwhile, the efforts made by Team Flying Squad such as patrol area, expulsion, and the convoy of wild elephants. The efforts to control this conflicts able to reduce losses of Rp. 14,648,118.09 only. This value is not comparable with costs to control the conflict, which amounted to Rp.
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Judul: HABITAT FACTORS DETERMINING MOVEMENT AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF SUMATERA ELEPHANT CONFLICT IN WAY KAMBAS NATIONAL PARK
Abstrak: Konflik antara manusia dan satwa liar terjadi akibat sejumlah interaksi negatif baik langsung maupun tidak langsung antara manusia dan satwa liar. Konflik gajah dan manusia sendiri terjadi ketika adanya tumpang tindih dalam penggunaan habitat antara gajah dan manusia yang mengakibatkan konfrontasi atau masalah antara keduanya. Berbagai kerugian akibat konflik diantaranya seperti rusaknya tanaman pertanian dan atau perkebunan serta menimbulkan korban jiwa manusia, bahkan kematian gajah juga terjadi karena petani menganggap satwa ini menjadi hama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan secara kuantitatif lintasan pergerakan yang dilalui oleh gajah sumatera, menganalisis faktor-faktor habitat yang diduga mempengaruhi pergerakan gajah, dan memetakan sebaran spasial konflik gajah dengan masyarakat di kawasan TNWK. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengamatan langsung dan berdasarkan hasil pemantaaun dengan menggunakan GPS Collar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bentuk lintasan yang ditemukan adalah linear, zigzag dan melingkar. Sedangkan panjang rata-rata berkisar 2.91-5.1 km, dengan frekuensi pengulangan lintasan 2-6 kali dan waktu/km pergerekan ketiga kelompok gajah adalah 2.90 menit/km untuk kelompok 3866, 4.82 menit/km untuk kelompok 3870 dan 5.09 menit/km untuk kelompok 3871. Kondisi topografi yang paling mempengaruhi penggunaan lintasan didominasi landai dengan tutupan lahan yang paling sering dilintasi adalah ladang. Hasil analisis regresi terhadap frekuensi pengulangan lintasan ditemukan variabel yang mempengaruhi ketiga kelompok gajah adalah jarak pemukiman, jarak sumber air, dan ketersediaan pakan. Sedangkan variabel yang mempengaruhi waktu/km lintasan pergerakan ketiga kelompok gajah adalah jarak sumber air dan ketersediaan pakan. Kondisi persebaran konflik terjadi pada 17 dari 37 desa penyangga selama lima tahun terakhir. Perlu adanya upaya strategi konservasi yang dilakukan berdasarkan faktor habitat yang mempengaruhi pergrakan gajah tersebut. Serta perlu adanya upaya baru untuk merubah jenis tumbahan pertanian dan diharapkan tidak mengganggu sumber air., Conflicts between humans and wild animals occur because of a number of negative interactions, both directly and indirectly, between humans and wild animals. Elephant and human conflicts themselves occur when there is overlap in habitat use between elephants and humans which results in confrontation or problems between the two. Various losses due to conflict include damage to agricultural crops and or plantations and causing human casualties, even the death of elephants also occurs because farmers consider these animals to be pests. This study aims to describe quantitatively the trajectory of movement traversed by Sumatran elephants, analyzing habitat factors that are suspected to be the cause of elephant collisions with people in The Way Kambas National Park area. The method used is direct observation and based on monitoring results using the GPS collar. The results showed that the trajectories found were linear, zigzag, and circular. The average length of the trajectory ranged from 2.91-5.1 km, with a repetition frequency of 2- 6 times and the time/km of movement of the three groups of elephants was 2.90 minutes/km for the 3866 group, 4.82 minutes/km for the 3870 group and 5.09 minutes/km for the group 3871. The topographical conditions that most influence the use of the track is dominated by gentle slopes with the most frequently traversed land cover being fields. The results of regression analysis of the frequency of repetition of the trajectory found variables that affect the three groups of elephants
Keyword: conflict, conservation strategy, habitat factors, sumatran elephant

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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