Judul: Studi tingkat hujan asam di daerah kotamadya Bogor dan sekitarnya
Abstrak: Salah satu akibat adanya pencemaran udara adalah timbulnya hujan asam (acid rain). Hujan asam timbul terutama disebabkan oleh dua komponen pencemar yang dominan yaitu : NOX dan SOx. Hal ini akan menyebabkan pH air hujan akan lebih kecil dari 5,60. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat hujan asam di kota Bogor dan sekitarnya, mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan lokasi terhadap pH, daya hantar listrik (DHL), kandungan Cl, nitrit, nitrat, amonia, sulfat, kalsium, dan magnesium dalam air hujan, mengetahui derajat kemasaman (pH), sebaran pH, DHL, kandungan sulfat, amonia, nitrat, nitrit, Cl, kalsium, dan magnesium dalam air hujan. Alat penampung air hujan, yang digunakan dalam penelitian berupa botol yang di atasnya diletakkan satu buah corong untuk mempermudah air hujan masuk. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama 5 bulan, dimulai awal bulan September 1990 sampai dengan bulan Januari 1991. Hujan asam berkaitan dengan deposisi polutan-polutan di atmosfir dengan tanah, vegetasi, permukaan air, objek- objek buatan manusia (Rhodes dan Middleton, 1983). ...
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Judul: Studi hujan asam di daerah Kotamadya Bogor dan sekitarnya
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan di daerah kotamadya Bogor dan sekitarnya pada bulan Februari sampai Maret untuk musim penghujan dan bulan Agustus sampai Oktober 1988 untuk musim kemarau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1. Mengetahui derajat kemasaman (pH), sebaran pH, kandungan sulfat, nitrat dan amonium air hujan. 2. Mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan lokasi dan musim terhadap pH, kandungan sulfat, nitrat dan amonium air hujan. 3. Mengetahui hubungan antara konsentrasi ion hidrogen dengan konsentrasi sulfat, nitrat dan amonium air hujan pada musim penghujan dan musim kemarau. 4. Mengetahui pengaruh kuantitas curahan terhadap pH air hujan pada musim penghujan dan musim kemarau. Hujan yang terjadi pada musim penghujan termasuk ke- dalam golongan hujan asam (pH<5.60). Dimana rata-rata pH air hujan pada musim penghujan adalah 5.56 sedangkan pada musim kemarau termasuk kedalam golongan hujan normal dengan rata-rata pH sebesar 6.10. ...
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm