Judul: Kebiasaan makanan ikan botia (Chromobotia macracanthus) di daerah aliran sungai Musi, Sumatera Selatan
Abstrak: Ikan botia (Chromobotia macracanthus) merupakan salah satu spesies ikan air tawar dari DAS Musi yang menjadi promadona ekspor Indonesia. Ikan botia atau lebih dikenal dengan nama clown loach yang mempunyai warna indah dan gerakan lincah yang menjadi daya tarik sebagai ikan hias.
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Judul: Biologi reproduksi Ikan Botia (Botia macracanthus Bleeker) di Sungai Batanghari, Propinsi Jambi
Abstrak: Ikan botia (Botia macracanthus Blkr) merupakan salah satu ikan hias air tawar ekonomis penting, yang berasal dari Sumatera dan Kalimantan. Keberadaannya di alam sangat ter- batas, dan sampai sekarang belum dapat dibudidayakan secara intensif, sehingga produksi ikan tersebut sepenuhnya berasal dari usaha penangkapan dari alam. Dengan demikian, perlu diadakan usaha domestikasi . Tujuan dari penelitian ini, yaitu mengetahui aspek biologi reproduksi ikan botia, antara lain mengenai TKG, fekunditas, diameter telur, dan pola migrasi. Adapun manfaatnya, diharapkan dapat memberikan informasi untuk penge- lolaan sumberdaya ikan tersebut, yang berorientasi kepada upaya domestikasi, sehingga keberadaan populasinya di alam dapat dipertahankan. Metoda pengambilan sampel ikan dilakukan dari dua wilayah, yaitu di Sungai Batanghari dan danau-danau sekitarnya. Sampel yang diambil dari sungai berasal dari 3 stasiun, yaitu Hilir (I), Tengah (II), dan Hulu sungai (III). masing- masing stasiun dibagi menjadi 2 sub-stasiun sebagai ulangannya. Sedangkan sampel yang berasal dari danau, meliputi Danau Teluk, dan Danau Sipin yang terletak di bagian hilir sungai; dan Danau Baru yang terletak di bagian hulu. Pengambilan sampel ini dilakukan 1 minggu sekali, pada setiap stasiun. Pengambilan sampel untuk parameter fisika kimia air dilakukan pada stasiun yang telah ditetapkan untuk pengambilan sampel ikan, namun waktu pengambilannya dilakukan 2 minggu sekali…dst
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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