Judul: Kajian awal kemampuan sludge untuk mendegradasi melanoidin secara anaerobik
Abstrak: Sebagai kajian awal, penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mendapatkan kultur penyuburan dan degradasi kuantitatif melanoidin oleh koloni bakteri anaerobik. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan medium fermentasi basal yang "miskin hara", dengan suplemen melanoidin sebagai sumber energi, tanpa glukosa dan ekstrak khamir. Dengan kondisi anaerobik dilakukan variasi konsentrasi seed sludge, variasi beban limbah pada fraksi padat 6 dan 2 persen MLSS, variasi pH dan variasi penambahan agen pereduksi sistein- HCl. Data diambil dari rataan 2 ulangan percobaan. Melanoidin sintetis (MS) dibuat dengan cara Migo et.al. (1993b). Melanoidin alami (MA) yang merupakan supernatan limbah cair distilasi etanol dan MS selanjutnya didialisis selama 4 hari untuk memperoleh nondyalizable melanoidin. Hanya variasi 75 persen kotoran sapi dan 25 persen sludge lagoon UPT EPG yang konsisten mendekolorisasi mela- noidin selama 5 tahap kultivasi. Variasi ini digunakan untuk inokulasi selanjutnya guna memperoleh optimalitas kultur penyuburan dan degradasi kuantitatif melanoidin...
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Judul: Kajian kemampuan bakteri asam laktat untuk mendegradasi melanoidin secara anaerobik
Abstrak: Penelitian yang dilakukan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan beberapa strain bakteri asam laktat untuk mendegradasi melanoidin serta mempelajari jenis melanoidin, konsentrasi melanoidin dan pH awal media kultivasi terhadap proses degradasi. Terjadinya proses pendegradasian melanoidin ditunjukkan dengan adanya proses dekolorisasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan sepuluh jenis strain bakteri asam laktat, yaitu Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus acidophilus, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Leatobacillus casei, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus plantarum BCC 585, Lactobacillus fermentum BCC 582, Lactobacillus brevis BCC 579, Lactococcus lactis Subsp cremoris, dan Leuconostoc dextranicum BCC 587. Strain bakteri tersebut disuburkan pada media-M. Inokulum bakteri pada media-M diinokulasikan pada media basal yang mengandung melanoidin alami (MA) atau melanoidin sintetis (MS) pada kondisi anaerobik. Pengondisian anaerobuk dilakukan dengan gas nitrogen dalam botol serum. Tingkat dekolorisasi ditentukan dengan mengukur penurunan warna kultur selama kultivasi. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa semua bakteri asam laktat mampu mendekolorisasi melanoidin, baik MA maupun MS. MA lebih mudah mengalami dekolorisasi daripada MS. Lactobacillus fermentum BCC 582 mempunyai kemampuan mendekolorisasi lebih besar daripada strain bakteri asam laktat lainnya. ..
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite