Judul: Keragaman spesies dan silsilah filogeni kutu putih (Hemiptera : coccoidae, pseudococcidae) pada tanaman buah-buahan di Bogor dan sekitarnya
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari keragaman spesies kutu putih (famili: Pseudo- coccidae) pada tanaman buah-buahan ekonomis dan membuat suatu silsilah filogeni ber- dasarkan ciri morfologi tubuh imago betina. Kutu putih dikoleksi dari berbagai tanaman buah-buahan di daerah Bogor dan sekitar- nya selama rentang waktu September 1996 - Desember 1997. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 14 spesies kutu putih ditemukan pada berbagai jenis tanaman buah-buahan, yaitu: Cataenococcus hispidus (Morrison), Dysmicoccus brevi- pes (Cockerell), Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell), Maconellicoccus multipori (Takahashi), Nipae- coccus nipae (Maskell), N. viridis (Newstead), Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel, Pianococcus minor (Maskell), P. lilacinus (Cockerell), Rastrococus chinensis Ferris, R. invadens Williams, R. jabadiu Williams dan Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson) serta satu spesies yang belum dideskripsi sebelumnya dan diberi kode KP. Keempat belas spesies itu bersifat polifag dan tersebar pada delapan belas tanaman inang: belimbing, duku, durian, jambu air, jambu biji, jambu bol, jeruk, mangga, manggis, nangka, pisang, lengkeng, rambutan, salak, sawo, sri- kaya dan sirsak. C. hispidus merupakan spesies yang sebaran inangnya paling banyak yaitu ditemukan pada 12 jenis tanaman inang.
Keyword: Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, Taksonomi, Morfologi, Biologi, Ekologi

Judul: Keanekaragaman Spesies Kutu Putih (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) pada Tanaman Buah-buahan di Bogor
Abstrak: Tanaman buah merupakan komoditas pertanian yang memiliki banyak manfaat terutama bagi kesehatan. Tanaman buah-buahan di Indonesia terus mengalami penurunan produksi dari tahun ke tahun, salah satu penyebabnya adalah serangan hama dan penyakit pada tanaman buah-buahan. Hama pada tanaman buah-buahan dapat menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas buah, salah satu serangga yang banyak menyerang tanaman buah-buahan adalah kutu putih (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Keberadaan kutu putih Paracoccus marginatus dapat menurunkan produksi buah pepaya di kabupaten Bogor hingga 58% dan disaat bersamaan meningkatkan biaya produksi hingga 84% (Ivakdalam 2010). Oleh karena itu keanekaragaman spesies serangga ini perlu dipelajari. Kutu putih dikoleksi dari berbagai famili tanaman buah-buahan selama Januari – Juli 2012. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 20 spesies kutu putih pada berbagai tanaman buah-buahan, yaitu: Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell), D. debregeasiae (Green), D. lepelleyi (Betrem), D. neobrevipes Beardsley, Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison), Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell), Hordeolicoccus eugeniae (Takahashi), Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), M. multipori (Takahashi), Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), Paracoccus marginatus Williams dan Granara de Willink, Planococcus minor (Maskell), Pseudococcus cryptus Hempel, P. longispinus (Targioni), P. viburni (Signoret), Rastrococcus chinensis Ferris, R. expeditionis Williams, R. jabadiu Williams, R. rubellus Williams dan R. spinosus (Robinson). Seluruh kutu putih yang ditemukan tersebar pada 23 tanaman inang, yaitu: alpukat, belimbing, buah naga, duku, jambu air, jambu biji, jambu bol, jeruk manis, jeruk nipis, jeruk pomelo, jeruk sunkist, lengkeng, mangga, manggis, nanas, nangka, pepaya, pisang, rambutan, sawo duren, sawo, sirsak dan srikaya. Kutu putih menyerang berbagai bagian tanaman, yaitu: batang, buah, bunga, daun dan ranting. Bagian tanaman yang paling banyak diserang kutu putih adalah daun.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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