Judul: Deteksi status vigor benih kedelai (Glycine max L. Merr) melalui metoda uji daya hantar listrik
Abstrak: Identity of seed quality written at seed label consisted of data of water content, purity of seed and seed germination (SG). SG is physiological quality data of seed which is obtained by germination test that performed in optimum and controlled condition yields a maximum germination. Practically, cultivation in field scale more often not optimize than in laboratory, so that, high germination seed may perform low seed germination in field scale. Based on this fact, it is required germination test which may detect the ability of seed germination precisely and the correlation with growth in the field. Conductivity Test is one of vigor examination which particularly excellence. This test is vigor examination for pea seed (Pisum sativum). The result of electric conductivity of soybean seed may not accepted as formal method in ISTA Rules, therefore further research is required to prove it scientifically. The experiment was aimed (1) to study the effect of different varieties (large and medium size) on seed conductivity and some parameters of vigor, (2) to study the effect of storage period on conductivity and some parameters of vigor (3) to study the effect of interaction between varieties and seed longevity on seed conductivity and some parameters of vigor, (4) to study the correlation between soybean seed conductivity and some parameters of seed vigor, (5) to study the estimation of seed longevity by using seed conductivity The experiment was conducted in the laboratory of BBPPMBTPH, Cimanggis, Depok from December 2006 up to June 2007. The experiment was arranged in Split Plot Design with two factors. The first factor was variety which was consisted of 6 levels i.e. Panderman, Burangrang, Baluran, Sinabung, Wilis and Kaba. The second factor was storage period which was consisted of 8 levels i.e. 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 weeks. The observation was done in every 3 weeks. The parameters were seed quality (viability and vigor test) i.e. water content (WC), electric conductivity (EC), seed germination (SG), index vigor (IV), speed of germination (SoG), viability after accelerated ageing (VAA), and field emergence (FE). The result showed that large size soybean variety has WC, FE, and EC which is not significantly different from medium size soybean variety, meanwhile for variable of IV, SoG, and VAA of large size soybean variety has lower value than medium size. Variable of SG and K ion from large size soybean variety has higher value level. The changes in SG, VI, SoG, VAA, FE, EC and K ion during storage period was differ among varieties. Variety of Burangrang is variety which capable to maintain the longest viability and vigor and then followed by variety of Kaba. Regression and correlation analysis showed that the conductivity test closely related to seed vigor, so that the conductivity test could be used for determination of seed vigor. Conductivity test could be used for estimating soybean field emergence and seed storability. The estimation of soybean field emergence could be obtained by equation of y = -0.195X2 + 4.3296X + 80.165. The estimation of large size seed longevity could be determined by equation y = 0.0328X2
Keyword: Conductivity test, Soybean, Glycine max L. Merr, Seed Vigor

Judul: Development of rapid vigor testing method using urine sugar analysis paper for soybean (Glycine max L.)
Abstrak: Seed vigor is one of the seed parameters that determine the quality of seed for successful crop production. ISTA congress of 1995 adopted the definition of seed vigor as "the sum total of those properties of the seed which determine the level of activity and performance of the seed or seed lot during germination and seedling emergence". Seed deterioration resulting from production and storage factors is the major cause of the differences in seed vigor that results in low seedling emergence. This research was conducted from January 2021 to February 2022, intending to develop a rapid soybean vigor test using Urine Sugar Analysis Paper(USAP), and it was composed of three experiments. Twelve soybean seeds lots/ varieties were obtained from Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resource Research and Development(ICABIOGRAD) used only for experiment 3. Experiment 1 was to determine seed moisture content and soaking period for USAP, whereas experiment 2 was to optimize the soaking period by seed number. Soybean seeds of the Biosoy1 variety consisted of three levels (low, medium, and high viability with 35%, 64%, and 94% germination percentages, respectively) were used for the first and second experiments. Experiment 3 was conducted for comparing USAP with other seed quality tests by analyzing correlation and regression by using twelve soybean seeds lots/ varieties. The first experiment determined moisture content and soaking period for the USAP seed vigor test. It was arranged in a completely randomized design with one factor as the combination of three seed lots, two levels of seed moisture content (10- 12% and 13-14%), and four levels of the soaking period (0, 6, 8, and 10 hours). The second experiment was the optimization of the soaking period by seed number. It was arranged in a completely randomized design with one factor: combinations of three seed lots, three levels of seed numbers (50, 75, and 100 seeds), and the soaking period (four levels as 0, 6, 8, and 10 hours). The data were analyzed statistically by the Minitab software. The result showed that both combinations of 10-12% and 13-14% moisture content with the soaking period of 10 hours effectively differentiated the three seed lots into two vigor levels using USAP. Experiment 2 optimized the soaking period from 10 hours to 8 hours using 100 seeds. The USAP test showed a high negative correlation with germination percentage (r = -0.95), vigor index (r = -0.98.), mean germination time (r = -0.96), radicle emergence (r = -0.94), and a high positive correlation with electrical conductivity (r =0.88).The USAP method was only successful in differentiating the low vigor seed lot from both medium and high vigor ones, mainly based on protein leakage concentration on USAP. However, USAP was not effective to differentiate soybean seed lots based on the leakage of sugar or pH color changes. The color changes from pale yellow-green for higher vigor seed lot to light greenish-blue for low vigor. The USAP was effective for the soybean vigor test for the seed lot with 10-14% moisture content by soaking 100 seeds into 50 ml of distilled water for 8 hours.
Keyword: seed leakage, seed lot, seed quality, seed vigor, soaking, USAP

Judul: Grup dan Homomorfisma Grup pada Rubik Revenge
Abstrak: Rubik cube is a kind of puzzle game. A player must arrange rubik sides, which have been disordered, back to the position where every side has the same colour. This paper does not focus on the settlement solution, but instead on proving the existence of a group homomorphism between rubik movement group and S96 symmetric permutation group in rubik revenge. Firstly, it has been proved that rubik movement set is a group. Then, it also has been proved that the M set, which contains numeric labels of 1 until 96 in cubinos sides, is S96 symmetric permutation group.
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