Judul: Gambaran Mikroskopis dan Luas Permukaan Vili Usus Halus Ayam Broiler Setelah Pemberian Probiotik dan Bioinsektisida Bacillus thuringiensis dan Beauveria bassiana Peroral
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian probiotik yang ditambah dengan bioinsektisida Bacillus thuringiensis dan Beauveria bassiana terhadap gambaran mikroskopis dan luas permukaan vili usus halus ayam broiler
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Judul: Gambaran mikroskopis limpa ayam broiler yang diberi probiotik tunggal, probiotik B-Mix dan infeksi Salmonella enteritidis
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran mikroskopis limpa ayam broiler yang diberi probiotik tunggal (Bacillus apiarius), probiotik B-mix (Bacillus sp) dan antibiotik serta diinfeksi Salmonella enteritidis (SE). Sebanyak 64 ekor ayam broiler, strain Arbor Acress dibagi menjadi 8 kelompok, yaitu: kelompok yang diberi air minum biasa [K(-)A], kelompok yang diberi air minum biasa dan infeksi SE [K(-)B], kelompok yang diberi antibiotik [K(+)A], kelompok yang diberi antibiotik dan infeksi SE [K(+)B], kelompok yang diberi probiotik tunggal (PIA), kelompok yang diberi probiotik tunggal dan infeksi SE (P1B), kelompok yang diberi probiotik Bmix (P2A) dan kelompok yang diberi probiotik Bmix dan infeksi SE (P2B). Antibiotik dan probiotik diberikan setiap hari mulai DOC sampai umur 6 minggu dengan dosis antibiotik 0,1 gram/kg pakan dan dosis probiotik 5 cc/liter pada minggu pertama dan 2 cc/liter pada minggu selanjutnya. Infeksi SE dilakukan saat ayam berumur empat minggu dengan dosis 108 CFU/ml secara peroral. Pengamatan histopatologi (arteri, vena, pulpa putih, pulpa merah dan infiltrasi sel-sel makrofag) limpa dilakukan pada 1 minggu dan 2 minggu pasca infeksi. Hasil pengamatan dan analisa statistika menunjukan bahwa secara mikroskopis pemberian probiotik B-mix dan probiotik tunggal dapat menekan terjadinya lesio pada limpa (arteri, vena, pulpa putih, pulpa merah dan infiltrasi sel- sel makrofag). Pemberian probiotik mampu mengurangi lesio yang ditimbulkan akibat infeksi SE. Probiotik B-mix memberikan pengaruh lebih baik daripada probiotik tunggal.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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