Judul: Pencitraan Ultrasonografi dan Digital Radiografi Ikan Mas (Cyprinus carpio)
Abstrak: Ultrasonografi merupakan sebuah teknologi pencitraan non-invasif untuk organ dalam tubuh dengan menggunakan gelombang suara. Teknik pencitraan noninvasif lainnya dapat menggunakan digital radiografi yang memanfaatkan sinar-X lalu diolah dan sisimpan dalam komputer. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai citra otot, tulang, dan organ dalam serta reproduksi secara non-invasif menggunakan ultrasonografi dan digital radiografi pada ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio). Ultrasonografi dilakukan dengan posisi longitudinal dan transversal dengan mode Brightness serta color Doppler sedangkan digital radiografi dilakukan pada posisi ikan dorsoventral dan lateral. Digital radiografi ikan mas memperlihatkan bagian tulang dari kepala, sirip pektoral, sirip dorsal, sirip pelvis, sirip anal, tulang vertebra hingga ekor dengan citra radiopaque. Organ dalam teramati gelembung renang dengan citra radiolucent, jantung, usus, hati, testis dan ovarium teramati citra radiopaque. Ultrasonografi ikan mas memperlihatkan citra hiperekoik organ pencernaan dan reproduksi, ketebalan otot serta kecepatan aliran darah pada ventrikel., Ultrasonography is a non-invasive imaging technology used for assessing internal organs using sound waves. Other non-invasive imaging techniques can use digital radiography that uses x-rays to be processed and stored in a computer. This study aims to assess the muscles, bones, and images of internal and reproduction organs non-invasively using ultrasonography and digital radiography of carp (Cyprinus carpio). Ultrasonography was performed in longitudinal and transverse views with Brightness and color Doppler modes, while digital radiography was performed in the dorsoventral and lateral positions of the fish. Digital radiography of carp showed bony parts from the head, pectoral fins, dorsal fins, pelvic fins, anal fins, the vertebrae to the tail with radiopaque opacity. Internal organs were observed swim bladder with radioluscent opacity, and heart, intestines, liver, testes, ovaries with radiopaque opacity. Ultrasonography in Brightness mode of carp showed digestive organs, reproductive organs and muscle thickness. Color Doppler mode showed blood flow in the ventricle.
Keyword: digital radiografi, ikan mas, ultrasonografi

Judul: Techniques and Interpretation of Radiographic Imaging with Contrast Media in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Abstrak: Pemeriksaan radiografi merupakan salah satu prosedur pencitraan yang dapat digunakan dalam mengetahui informasi mengenai penyakit dalam tubuh ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui teknik pengambilan, interpretasi pencitraan radiografi, waktu transit, dan diameter saluran pencernaan pada ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio) dengan menggunakan media kontras barium sulfat. Tiga ikan mas dengan berat ± 0.5 kg dipisahkan dalam wadah masing-masing berlabel I1, I2, dan I3. Ikan dibius telebih dahulu menggunakan isoflurane sebanyak 2,5 mL yang diinjeksikan langusng ke dalam wadah berisi 5 liter air. Pencitraan dimulai terlebih dahulu tanpa media kontras pada standar pandang laterolateral dan dorsoventral menggunakan bantuan plastisin dan styrofoam. Ikan diberikan media kontras barium sulfat dengan dosis 5 mL/kg (konsentrasi 50%) menggunakan spuit 5 mL dan selang infus melalui belakang insang. Setelah pemberian media kontras, pencitraan segera dilakukan (0 menit), dan selanjutnya diulang pada 15, 30, 45, 60, dan 120 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan styrofoam efektif dalam membantu ikan dalam posisi dorsoventral karena styrofoam menghasilkan citra radiolucent. Pengamatan lebih lanjut juga menunjukkan gambaran normal anatomi saluran pencernaan ikan mas, rataan laju barium sulfat yang membutuhkan waktu ±7.5 menit untuk mencapai lambung palsu dan ±30 menit untuk mencapai usus, serta kisaran diameter gastrointestinal keseluruhan (0.35-0.47 cm)., Radiographic examination is one of the imaging procedures that can be used to find out information about diseases in the fish body. This research aims to knowing the retrieval technique, interpretation of radiographic imaging, transit time, and diameter of the digestive tract in carp (Cyprinus carpio) using barium sulfate contrast medium. Three carp weighing ±0.5 kg were separated in respective containers labeled I1, I2, and I3. Fish are anesthetized first using 2.5 mL of isoflurane which is injected directly into a container containing 5 liters of water. Imaging was started first without contrast media on standard laterolateral and dorsoventral views using plasticine and styrofoam. Fish given barium sulfate contrast medium at a dose of 5 mL/kg (50% concentration) using a spuit 5 mL and an infusion tube through the back of the gills. After administration of contrast medium, imaging was immediately performed (0 min), and then repeated at 15,30, 45, 60, and 120 min. The results showed that styrofoam was effective in helping fish in a dorsoventral position because styrofoam produced radiolucent images. Further observations also showed a normal picture of the anatomy of the carp's digestive tract, the average rate of barium sulfate which takes time ±7.5 minutes to reach the gastric and ±30 minutes to reach the intestine, and overall gastrointestinal diameter range (0.35-0.47 cm).
Keyword: Cyprinus carpio, Contrast agent, Gastrointestinal tract, Radiography technique, Transit time

Judul: The Exploration of Discrete Logarithm over Finite Field GF(3m)
Abstrak: The security of many public~key algorithms is based on the problem of finding discrete logarithms. The generalized discrete logarithm problem is the following: given a finite cyclic group G of order n, a generator a of G, and an element fl E G, find the integer x, 0 ~ x ~ n - 1, such that 0: = fl. Algorithm for discrete logarithm problem focused on Menezes et al. (1997) that consist of exhaustive search algorithm, the baby-step giant-step algorithm, Pollard's rho algorithm, Pohlig-Hellman algorithm, and index-calculus algorithm. These algorithms are explorated to be used in discrete logarithm problem over finite field GF(3m ). The exploration also produces some algorithms, i.e. naif negative algorithm, baby-step mother-step algorithm, baby-step mother free-step algorithm, and baby-step free-step algorithm. All algorithms implemented using Maple 11. The Pohlig-Hellman and baby-step giant-step algorithms are efficient enough to be used in discrete logarithm problem over finite field GF(3m ) for m < 20.
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