Judul: Kinerja dan karakteristik asam metil ester sulfonat dari metil ester crude palm oil pada beberapa periode sampling
Abstrak: Asam Metil Ester Sulfonat (MESA) merupakan senyawa kimia yang memiliki kemampuan sebagai surface active agent (surfactant). Surfaktan mampu menurunkan tegangan permukaan maupun tegangan antar muka sehingga banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan perekat, penggumpal, pembasah, pembentuk emulsi, dan telah diaplikasikan pada berbagai bidang seperti pangan, farmasi, kosmetika, pertanian, cat, kertas, dan pertambangan (sebagai oil well stimulation agent dalam proses enhanced oil recovery). MESA dihasilkan melalui proses sulfonasi terhadap metil ester. Metil ester diperoleh dari esterifikasi-transesterifikasi trigliserida (minyak). Apabila dilakukan proses bleaching dan netralisasi terhadap MESA, maka akan dihasilkan MES (Metil Ester Sulfonat) sebagai produk komersial. MES memiliki sifat deterjensi yang baik meskipun digunakan dalam air dengan tingkat kesadahan tinggi dan toleransi yang baik terhadap keberadaan kalsium. MES berasal dari bahan baku yang dapat diperbarui (renewable resources) berbasis minyak/lemak. Salah satu jenis minyak yang dapat digunakan adalah minyak sawit. Penelitian ini menggunakan Crude Palm Oil (CPO). Bahan baku ini berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai surfaktan karena ketersediaan pasokan dan kesesuaian komposisi asam lemak. Berdasarkan Foreign Agricultural Service (2009) produksi CPO Indonesia meningkat dari 9,1 juta ton (tahun 2002) menjadi 17,82 ton (2008). Pada tahun berikutnya bahkan mencapai 20,2 juta ton (Departemen Perindustrian, 2009). Selain itu berdasarkan kandungan asam lemak, CPO terdiri dari asam lemak dengan rantai karbon C16 yaitu asam palmitat sampai 46%, C18 yaitu asam stearat 3,6%, asam oleat 39%, asam linoleat 11%, dan asam linolenat 1,5% (Ketaren, 2005). Menurut Watkins (2001), MES C16 memperlihatkan daya detergensi terbaik, kemudian diikuti oleh C18 dan C14. Oleh karena itu, MES dari minyak nabati yang mengandung atom karbon C16-18 biasa digunakan untuk deterjen bubuk dan deterjen cair (heavy duty detergent). Proses utama sintesis MESA adalah sulfonasi, yaitu pengikatan gugus sulfonat oleh reaktan pensulfonasi pada rantai hidrokarbon metil ester. Reaktan pensulfonasi antara lain H2SO4, NH2SO3H, H2SO4.nH2O, atau yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu gas SO3/udara kering. Reaktan gas SO3/udara kering bersifat sangat reaktif, sesuai untuk produksi kontinyu, dan dapat membentuk gugus sulfonat secara optimal. Proses sulfonasi penelitian ini menggunakan Single Tube Falling Film Reactor (STFR) dengan panjang reaktor 6 meter dan kapasitas umpan bahan organik 4 liter. Suhu reaksi yang digunakan 100oC dengan perbandingan mol reaktan 1:1,3 antara metil ester terhadap gas SO3. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui waktu sulfonasi yang dapat menghasilkan MESA CPO dengan karakteristik dan kinerja yang stabil. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan rancangan percobaan acak lengkap faktor tunggal. Faktor yang dikaji yaitu periode sampling dari 10 menit sampai dengan 100 menit sulfonasi dengan selang waktu pengambilan sampel 10 menit…
Keyword: Methyl ester sulfonic acid, Crude palm oil, Sulfonation, Bogor Agricultural University, Institut Pertanian Bogor, IPB

Judul: Kinerja dan Karakteristik Asam Metil Ester Sulfonat dari Metil Ester Crude Palm Oil pada Beberapa Periode Sampling
Abstrak: Methyl Ester Sulphonic Acid (MESA) is a chemical compound that has ability as a surface active agent (surfactant). Surfactant can decrease the surface tension and interfacial tension, so it has been used as adhesives, agent for puffing, wetting, and forming the emulsion. It also has been applied in various fields such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, agriculture, paint, paper, and mining (as oil well stimulation agent in enhanced oil recovery process). MESA is synthesized through sulfonation of methyl ester. Methyl ester is obtained by esterification-transesterification of triglycerides (oil). If the next process like bleaching and neutralization have been done, the MESA will be converted to MES (Methyl Ester Sulphonate) that known as commercial product. MES has a good detergency (even if it is used in hard water) and good tolerance to the presence of calcium. MES is derived from renewable raw materials that based on oil /fat. One source of oil that can be used is palm oil. This research used Crude Palm Oil (CPO). This raw material is potential to be developed as surfactant because of its supply availability and the suitability of its fatty acid composition. Based on the Foreign Agricultural Service (2009), Indonesia's CPO production increased from 9.1 million tons (year 2002) to 17.82 tons (2008). In the next year, it even reached 20.2 million tons (Department of Industry, 2009). Beside that, based on the fatty acid composition, CPO methyl esters consisted of 46% palmitic acid as C16 carbon chain source and also 3.6% stearic acid, 39% oleic acid, 11% linoleic acid, and 1.5% linolenic acid as C18 carbon chain source (Ketaren, 2005). According to Watkins (2001), MES C16 showed the best detergency, then followed by C18 and C14. Therefore, the MES from vegetable oils containing C16-18 carbon atoms is used for detergent powder and liquid detergents (heavy duty detergent). The main process of MES synthesis was the sulfonation to produce MESA, an addition of sulfonation reactant to make sulfonate group on the methyl ester’s hydrocarbon chain. Sulfonation reactant could be H2SO4, NH2SO3H, H2SO4.nH2O, or which was used in this research, SO3/dry air. SO3/dry air is highly reactive, suitable for continuous production, and can form a sulfonate group optimally. The sulfonation in this research used a Single Tube Falling Film Reactor (STFR) 6 meters in length and 4 liters organic material feed capacity. The temperature of reaction was 100oC with mole ratio of reactants 1:1,3 between methyl ester and SO3. The purpose of this research was to determine the sulfonation period that can produce MESA CPO with the stable performance and characteristics. This research was conducted by complete randomized experimental design with a single factor. The factor studied was sampling period, from 10 minutes up to 100 minutes sulfonation with sampling interval 10 minutes. The synthesized MESA had density value 0.9416-0.9915 gram/cm3, viscosity value 30-102.5 cP, pH 2.98-3.33, and 13.97-21.05% active ingredients.
Keyword: 

Judul: Pengukuran Jantung Kelinci New Zealand White (Oryctolagus cuniculus) dengan Radiografi Toraks
Abstrak: This research was conducted to evaluate radiographs heart size of anaesthetized New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) under different combination of ketamine and xylazine. The rabbits were divided into three groups. Group A were anaesthetized using a 35 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg combination of ketamine and xylazine (n=5). Group B were anaesthetized using a 40 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg combination of ketamine and xylazine (n=3) while group C were anaesthetized using 45 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg combination of ketamine and xylazine (n=3). Parameter of observation from left laterolateral view were: 1) the apicobasilar length of the heart (AB), 2) the width of the heart (CD), 3) the distance between the cranial edge of the fifth rib and the caudal edge of the seventh rib perpendicular to the spine (R5-7), and 4) the vertical depth of the toraks (H). Parameter of observation from dorsoventral view were: 1) the length of the heart (L), 2) the width of the heart (W), and 3) the width of the thorax (T). The result from the heart parameters observation that were measured in left laterolateral view and dorsoventral view shows theres no significantly differ among the groups (P > 0.05). The vertebrae heart size (VHS) values obtained from the sum of the length of the long and the short axes on left laterolateral view. The long axes mean values (A) were 4.35±0.26 v and the short axes mean values (B) were 3.59±0.30 v, therefore VHS mean values were 7.94±0.49 v. On the dorsoventral view, the length of the heart mean values (L) were 4.32±0.29 cm, the width of the heart mean values (W) were 3.33±0.26 cm, and the width of the thorax mean values (T) were 5.85±0.30 cm. In normal conditions, the width of the heart should be less than two-thirds the width of the thorax and values obtained of 3.33<3.72 it shows that the heart is in the normal range. The best ratio to calculated the normal heart dimension in the left laterolateral view was compared the long axes with the vertical depth of the thorax, whereas in dorsoventral view, the length of the heart was compared with the width of the heart.
Keyword: