Judul: Optimisasi Rute Travelling Salesman Problem Menggunakan Firefly Algorithm
Abstrak: Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) merupakan masalah penentuan rute guna mengunjungi sekumpulan kota/tempat yang sepenuhnya terhubung di mana setiap koneksi antarkota dikaitkan dengan jarak atau biaya. Karya ilmiah ini bermaksud untuk menyelesaikan TSP dengan menggunakan metode Firefly Algorithm (FA), serta membandingkan hasilnya dengan menggunakan algoritme lainnya, yakni Ant Colony Optimization, Bee Colony Optimization, dan Simulated Annealing. Keempat algoritme tersebut selanjutnya dibandingkan dengan metode eksak Integer Linear Programming (ILP) sebagai metode acuan yang menghasilkan solusi yang optimal. Hasil yang diperoleh dari tiga kasus yang dibangkitkan menunjukan bahwa hasil total jarak yang dihasilkan metode FA lebih baik dibandingkan dengan ketiga metode lainnya., Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP) is a route determination problem to visit a set of fully connected cities/places where each connection between two cities is associated with distance or cost. This scientific work intends to solve TSP using the Firefly Algorithm (FA) method, and compare the results using other algorithms, namely Ant Colony Optimization, Bee Colony Optimization, and Simulated Annealing. The four algorithms are then compared with the exact Integer Linear Programming (ILP) method as a reference method that produces an optimal solution. The results obtained from the three raised cases show that the total distance obtained by the FA method is better than the other three methods.
Keyword: ant colony optimization, bee colony optimization, firefly algorithm, simulated annealing, travelling salesman problem

Judul: Optimisasi Rute Traveling Salesman Problem Menggunakan Algoritme Bee Colony Optimization
Abstrak: Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) merupakan masalah penentuan rute guna mengunjungi sekumpulan kota/tempat yang sepenuhnya terhubung dimana setiap koneksi antar dua kota dikaitkan dengan jarak atau biaya. Ada beberapa metode yang digunakan untuk penyelesaian masalah ini. Pada karya ilmiah ini, digunakan metode eksak Integer Linear Programming (ILP) dan metode meta-heuristic Bee Colony Optimization (BCO) untuk menyelesaikan TSP. Metode eksak ILP diselesaikan dengan bantuan perangkat lunak optimisasi LINGO 18.0, sedangkan metode BCO diselesaikan dengan bantuan bahasa pemrograman Python 3.6.9. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa waktu eksekusi metode BCO lebih cepat dibandingkan metode eksak namun, metode BCO menghasilkan selisih jarak yang relatif besar dibandingkan metode eksak., Traveling salesman problem (TSP) is a problem of determining a route to visit a group of fully connected cities/places where each connection between two cities is related to distance or cost. There are several methods to solve this problem. In this manuscript, integer linear programming (ILP) as an exact method and bee colony optimization (BCO) as a meta-heuristic method will be used to solve TSP. The exact ILP method is solved by LINGO 18.0 optimization software, while the BCO method is solved by Python 3.6.9 programming language. The results obtained show that the BCO execution time is faster than the exact method, but the BCO method produces a relatively large distance difference compared to the exact method.
Keyword: bee colony optimization, integer linear programming, meta-heuristic method, traveling salesman problem

Judul: Morphology of the gastrointestinal tract of Bandicoot Echymipera kalubu (Marsupialia: Peroryctidae).
Abstrak: Bandicoot (Echymipera kalubu) is one of marsupial which belonging to peroryctidae as well classified as endemic in Papua Island. In Papua, that species has been commonly utilized for dishes as source of protein, and traditional medicine purposed. Therefore, it requires a conservation effort in order to provide sustainability. Biological information of E. kalubu as a baseline data was quite limited. Aim of this study was to assess morphological characteristics of the digestive tract of E. kalubu’s (Marsupialia: Peroryctidae) macroscopically, microscopically and histochemically. The study was used five of adult E. kalubu with the average of body weight was 1.16 ± 0.29 kg and length of head and body was 38.2 ± 4.76 cm. Macroscopic observation were consist of morphological characteristic and morfometric of the body and the digestive track including situs viscerum. Firstly the animals was anaesthetized by combination of 50mg/kg BB Ketamine® and 10mg/kg BB Xylazine® by IM injection. The microscopic observation was used of HE, AB pH 2.5 and PAS staining methods. The result was documented with Cannon EOS 400D and microscope facilitated with Nikon Eclipse E600 for macro- and microphotography respectively. The results were then analyzed descriptively and presenting on tables and figures. Esophagus of E. kalubu was quite long with 10.92 ± 1.97 cm in length and 0.28 cm in diameter, and located along dorsamedial tracheal tube. The stomach was located in the cranial part of the left abdominal cavity. The anterior part was adjacent to diaphragm muscle, the ventro medial was covered by liver and the lateral part by spleen. The stomach of E. kalubu was simple type with short lesser curvature. The length of greater curvature was 9.1 ± 2.2 cm dan lesser curvature was 2.1 ± 0,6 cm. The intestine was relatively short that were 77.5 ± 14.4 cm in length or about two times of the body length. About ± 1.8 cm of cranial part of small intestine was piercing of both bile duct and pancreatic duct to the duodenal mucosa. However, the small and large intestines could be distinguished by the presence of caecum that was 3.4 ± 0.68 cm in length. The mucosae of esophagus E. kalubu was consist of stratified squamous epithelium with no keratinization. At the border of esophagus and stomach, the epithelium was change abruptly to a simple columnar epithelium. The muscularis mucosae was composed of smooth muscle which tends to be thicker to the caudal. The mucus type of esophageal glands were examined in the submucosal layer. The glands were found in large number in the cranial and decreased gradually toward the caudal. The number of esophageal gland was allegedly to be related to the long size of esophagus which was necessary for lubricating of food. The muscularis externa as long as the esophagus of E. kalubu were consisted of skeletal muscle. Existence of the skeletal muscle in the whole parts of esophagus presumed that mechanical function of esophagus was dominant. The glandular stomach of E. kalubu’s was differentiated as cardiac, proper gastric (fundic) and pyloric glands region. The cardiac gland was quite narrow and found in the
Keyword: Bandicoot, Echymipera kalubu, marsupials, gastrointestinal tract