Judul: Price Discrimination Analysis of Butter in the German Market
Abstrak: Germany is the largest producers of butter among other countries in the EU. The trend of butter production in Germany increase steadily during 2010 – 2013. In 2013, butter production in Germany reach to 491 460 tons and German’s butter production amounted to 25% of the EU butter production. So, Germany has an advantage in butter production compared with other countries in the EU. The advantage in butter production and stock availability of butter strongly supports the development of food industry in Germany. However, there were fluctuations in the average price of butter in Germany during 1999-2010 and it was occurred from year to year. Fluctuation of butter prices can affects business risk, the competition of butter producers, and economic surplus of consumers in the German butter market. One of the strategies which can be done by producers and retailers to survive in the competition is establish right price strategy, such implement price discrimination strategy. Price discrimination strategy aims to get consumer surplus, to increase profits, and to face business competition. The main objective of the study is to analyze butter price discrimination in German market. In detail, objectives of this study are: first, to analyze the necessary conditions (market power, different demand elasticity, and preventing arbitrage) of occurrence in price discrimination of butter products in the German market through structure analysis, second, to analyze demand function of butter products based on types of retail store in Germany, third, to analyze price discrimination of butter products based on regions in Germany, and fourth, to analyze price difference of butter products across types of retail store in Germany. The result shows that the three necessary conditions (market power, different demand elasticity, and preventing arbitrage) for the occurrence of butter price discrimination in the German retail market are fulfilled. The butter industry in Germany has an HHI value of 1 635 and the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4) index reached 71%, which indicates that the German butter industry has either a moderate level of market concentration and an oligopoly market structure with some dominant firms. The oligopoly butter market structure in Germany is dominated by four producers of butter, are: Irish Dairy Board, Campina, Sachsenmilch, and Arla Foods. Market power in an oligopoly is also greatly influenced by some main producers who also produce private label products. We can conclude that the three demand curves (hypermarket, supermarket and discounter) have a negative slope or downward shape (progressive decrease from the upper left to the lower right). This condition is in accordance with the theory of demand that price and quantity have the opposite relationship. The slope of the demand function in the hypermarket is -3.701, -2.883 in the supermarket, and -5.517 in the discounter (largest value of discounter indicates that it is the most elastic of the retail stores). We also can conclude that on the demand side, butter consumption is not discriminating along the demand curve (price and quantity) across regions in Germany. On the supply side, producers and retailers are not discriminating in regards to butter prices across regions in Germany. The mean
Keyword: price discrimination, butter, semi and double logarithm model, the German market

Judul: Struktur Pasar dan Daya Saing Produk Kakao Olahan Indonesia di Pasar Jerman
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan eksportir utama produk kakao olahan yaitu produk cocoa paste (HS 1803), cocoa butter (HS 1804), dan cocoa powder (HS 1805). Pangsa pasar terbesar Indonesia berada di kawasan Uni Eropa dan salah satunya adalah Jerman. Jerman merupakan salah satu negara tujuan ekspor utama Indonesia dan importir utama kakao olahan sekaligus produsen serta konsumen utama cokelat di dunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur pasar dan tingkat persaingan diantara eksportir utama di pasar Jerman. Selain itu, daya saing kakao olahan Indonesia dan potensi kerjasama Indonesia dengan Jerman dalam hal perdagangan kakao olahan juga dibahas dalam penelitian ini. Nilai Herfindahl Index (HI) dan Concentration Ratio (CR4) menunjukkan bahwa struktur pasar kakao olahan di Jerman cenderung oligopoli dengan tingkat persaingan antar eksportir yang ketat khususnya eksportir utama. Metode Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) menunjukkan bahwa kakao olahan Indonesia memiliki daya saing kuat di pasar Jerman (RCA>1). Selanjutnya, nilai Trade Complementarity Index (TCI) menunjukkan kesesuaian yang tinggi dalam struktur ekspor-impor kakao olahan Indonesia-Jerman sehingga ada potensi kerjasama antara Indonesia-Jerman dalam perdagangan produk kakao olahan.
Keyword: kakao olahan, struktur pasar, daya saing, RCA, TCI

Judul: Pemeliharaan kawasan rekreasi Taman Impian Jaya Ancol, Jakarta Baycity
Abstrak: Pembangunan awal Taman Impian Jaya Ancol telah ditentukan pada Peraturan Pemerintah No.51 Tahun 1960, dimana dalam peraturan tersebut terdapat penunjukan panitia untuk melaksanakan pembangunan kawasan Ancol sebagai daerah wisata pada tanggal 25 Oktober 1962. Kawasan rekreasi Taman Impian Jaya Ancol yang kini telah menambahkan logonya yaitu Ancol Jakarta Baycity memiliki aspek alami berupa pantai dan laut serta buatan berupa fasilitas rekreasi yang ditunjang dengan teknologi tinggi dalam membentuk keseluruhan lanskapnya. Hal ini bertujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan masyarakat terhadap sarana rekreasi.
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