Judul: Long Strangle Strategy Using Barrier Options to Hedge Shares
Abstrak: Saham memiliki risiko yang bergantung pada beberapa faktor. Beberapa faktor tersebut tercermin pada harga saham, sehingga pergerakan harga saham yang tidak pasti akan mempengaruhi risiko. Lindung nilai merupakan suatu strategi untuk meminimalisir risiko yang diperkirakan akan timbul akibat adanya fluktuasi harga di pasar keuangan. Opsi merupakan salah satu produk derivatif yang digunakan dalam aktifitas lindung nilai dan digunakan ke dalam berbagai strategi perdagangan, dari yang sederhana sampai kompleks. Dalam karya ilmiah ini, dilakukan dua strategi lindung nilai yang digunakan untuk melindungi nilai saham dari kenaikan harga, yaitu strategi long strangle menggunakan opsi vanilla dan strategi long strangle menggunakan opsi barrier. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, strategi long strangle menggunakan opsi barrier merupakan strategi lindung nilai terbaik. Biaya opsi pada tingkat yang diinginkan dalam strategi long strangle menggunakan opsi barrier bisa didapatkan dengan menetapkan biaya opsi, strike price opsi barrier up and knock-in call dan jarak antara strike price opsi barrier down and knock-in put dengan barrier., Shares have risks that depend on several factors. These factors are reflected in share prices, thus the uncertainty in share price movements will affect the risk. Hedging is a strategy to minimize the risk that is expected to arise due to price fluctuations in financial markets. Options are one of the derivative products used in hedging activities and are used in various trading strategies, from simple to more complex strategies. In this thesis, there are two hedging strategies that are applied to hedge shares from rising prices, namely the long strangle strategy using the vanilla option and the long strangle strategy using the barrier option. Based on the calculation results, the long strangle strategy using the barrier option is the best hedging strategy. The option cost at the desired level in the long strangle strategy using the barrier option can be obtained by defining the cost of the option, the strike price of the barrier up and knock-in call option and the distance between the strike price of the barrier down and knock-in put option with the barrier.
Keyword: Lindung nilai, Opsi Barrier, Opsi Vanilla, Saham, Long strangle

Judul: Inverse Vertical Ratio Put Spread Strategy Using Barrier Options for Hedging
Abstrak: Ketidakpastian kondisi pasar di masa yang akan datang menjadi salah satu faktor diperlukannya lindung nilai terhadap aset berisiko yang dimiliki. Untuk melindungi nilai saham dari risiko penurunan harga di masa depan, strategi inverse vertical ratio put spread diaplikasikan pada saham PT United Tractors Tbk yang laju penurunan sahamnya bergantung pada pergerakan harga batu bara. Pada penelitian ini strategi inverse vertical ratio put spread dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua macam opsi yang berbeda, yaitu opsi barrier dan opsi vanilla. Kedua opsi ini dibandingkan untuk mengetahui strategi terbaik yang menghasilkan keuntungan terbesar ketika kondisi pasar sedang menurun. Penghitungan masing-masing strategi dilakukan dengan kombinasi rasio jual beli yang berbeda. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa strategi inverse vertical ratio put spread menggunakan opsi barrier lebih banyak mengambil peran dibandingkan dengan opsi vanilla dalam menghasilkan keuntungan terbesar, khususnya ketika kondisi pasar sedang mengalami penurunan., The uncertainty of market conditions in the future is one of the factor why hedging is needed on a risky underlying asset. To protect the value of the shares from the risk of future price drop, the inverse vertical ratio put spread strategy is applied to PT. United Tractors Tbk shares which its price depending on coal price movements. The inverse vertical ratio put spread strategy is carried out using two different options, namely barrier options and vanilla options. These opstions will be compared in order to find the best strategy to overcome a significant price drop. The calculation of each strategy is done with a different combination of buying and selling ratios. The result shows that the inverse vertical ratio put spread strategy formation using barrier options gives a greater role in generating profit than that of vanilla option, especially when market conditions decline.
Keyword: Inverse vertical ratio put spread, barrier option, vanilla option, price drop, hedging

Judul: Bioelectricity Production from Citrobacter freundii GBH253 and Chlorella pyrenoidosa on Microbial Fuel Cell Anode with Different Carbon Sources
Abstrak: Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) development has significantly increased from various aspects to get higher and more stable electricity. Developing MFC on microorganism aspect is very important because it plays a crucial role in the MFC system. C. freundii GBH253 is one of the potential exoelectrogen bacterium that could be developed for the MFC system. Integrating C. freundii GBH253 and electricity-producing microalgae, such as C. pyrenoidosa, in the anode of MFC could get more stable and higher electricity. In this study, C. freundii GBH253 and C. pyrenoidosa were coupled to produce electricity from different substrates. C. freundii GBH253 and C. pyrenoidosa were tested on three different media types before being tested on MFC. They were also examined for the co-cultivation test to determine the symbiotic relationship between the two microorganisms. The MFC test was conducted using the Randomized Block Design Factorial and the Tukey test to see significant differences from each treatment. The parameters observed in this study were voltage, power density, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Coulombic Efficiency (CE), pH, and volatile fatty acid (VFA). C. freundii GBH253 cannot grow on microalgae medium, while C. pyrenoidosa could grow on bacterial medium and a mixture of bacterium and microalgae media. The bacterium gained benefit from co-culture with microalgae. In the MFC test, electricity was generated in all treatments, which bacterium + microalgae with acetate treatment could generate power density up to 211,97 mW/m2 and the most stable compared to others. Production of electricity in bacterium-microalgae combination dominated by the bacterium; hence, microalgae still help bacterium by producing electricity and raised the COD value. The pH value of all treatments was higher than the initial pH. Acetate and phenol were VFA produced in all treatments, whereas butyric acid and propionic acid were found in some treatments. Pearson correlation showed that some VFA highly correlated with power density.
Keyword: Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Substrate, Microbial Fuel Cell, Electricity Producing Microalgae, Volatile Fatty Acid, Citrobacter freundii