Judul: Mikobiota pada Buah Pisang: Pengaruhnya terhadap Fusarium semitectum, Cendawan Penyebab Busuk Buah
Abstrak: Fusarium semitectum is a pathogenic fungus causing fruit rot of banana fruits. Biological control agents have been used as an alternative to control postharvest diseases. The objective of this study was to test antagonistic potential of mycobiota of banana fruits against F. semitectum. This pathogenic fungus was isolated from banana fruits cultivar lampung collected from three traditional markets in Municipality of Bogor using direct plating method. The test fungi were isolated using dilution method followed by pour plate method. Test of antagonism was carried out using direct opposition method. Pathogenicity test of F. semitectum and test fungi were carried out by inoculating the fungal isolates on banana fruits. Among the 5 isolates of F. semitectum, isolate PBI.3 showed the highest pathogenicity. Seventeen isolates of test fungi were isolated from banana fruits, consisted of 14 filamentous fungal and 3 yeast isolates. Test of antagonism gave 4 antagonist fungal isolates which inhibited the growth of F. semitectum PBI.3 in a range of 70-100%, they consisted of Aspergillus niger, Cercosporella sp., Plectosphaerella sp., and Trichoderma hamatum respectively. The last three of them did not cause any diseases of banana fruits, consequently they can be used as biocontrol agents.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Fusarium semitectum, fruit rot disease, banana, antagonistic fungi

Judul: Eksplorasi dan uji antagonisme bakteri rizosfer tanah dan endofit akar untuk mengendalikan penyakit layu (Fusarium axysporum f.sp. cubense) pada pisang (Musa paradisiaca)
Abstrak: Salah satu penyakit penting pada tanaman pisang adalah penyakit layu Fusarium atau penyakit Panama yang disebabkan oleh Fusarium oxysporum antik IPE University Schlecht f.sp cubense (E.F. Smith). Pengendalian hayati untuk mengurangi inokulum F. oxysporum. F.sp. cubense sulit dilakukan pada sebagian besar daerah penghasil pisang, tetapi pada daerah dimana tidak terdapat patogen kemungkinannya cukup besar untuk mendapatkan mikroba yang dapat melawan serangan patogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan bakteri rizosfer dan endofitik pada akar tanaman pisang yang sehat yang bersifat antagonis terhadap F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense penyebab penyakit layu. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikologi, Jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Isolasi antagonis dilakukan dengan metode pengenceran, uji yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah uji antagonisme in- vitro dengan mengukur lebar zona hambatan dan jari-jari koloni patogen untuk menghitung persentase hambatan; uji antagonisme in-vivo dengan menentukan indeks penyakit berdasarkan skala diskolorisasi pada berkas pembuluh dan menghitung persentase infeksi pada akar; serta uji pengaruh filtrat antagonis terhadap perkecambahan spora patogen dengan menghitung jumlah spora yang berkecambah, spora berkecambah tidak normal dan spora tidak berkecambah. Hasil isolasi calon agen antagonis berdasarkan ciri-ciri dan perbandingan gambar serta sifat-sifat bakteri antagonis diduga agen antagonis ini termasuk ke dalam genus Bacillus sp yang memiliki endospora yang yang tahan pada kondisi ekstrim, Di antara kesembilan isolat yang diuji, isolat yang berasal dari jaringan akar tanaman sehat (endofitik) dan tahan panas (EBT) memiliki daya hambat yang paling besar. Adanya zona hambatan yang merupakan hasil aktivitas metabolit suatu organisme antagonis yang terbentuk pada uji antagonisme in-vitro menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme penghambatan yang terjadi antara F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense dan bakteri antagonis uji adalah antibiosis. Uji antagonisme in-vivo yang dilakukan di dalam pot selama 100 hari menunjukkan bahwa antagonis cukup efektif dalam mengendalikan penyakit layu Fusarium pada pisang yang disebabkan oleh F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense. Penghambatan ini ditunjukkan dengan berkurangnya diskolorisasi pada berkas pembuluh dan berkurangnya infeksi pada akar. Pengaruh filtrat bakteri antagonis uji terhadap perkecambahan spora meliputi dua tipe yaitu spora tidak berkecambah dan spora berkecambah tidak normal. Pada perkecambahan spora yang tidak normal terjadi pembengkakan pada tabung kecambah. Pembengkakan pada tabung kecambah ini menunjukkan bahwa antagonis mengandung antibiotik.
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm