Judul: Ready-to-eat rice in retort pouch packaging as an alternative of emergency food product
Abstrak: Indonesia is one of the countries that has a high level of natural disasters. The provision of food for refugees both from the government and the private sector is more in the form of instant noodles, rice and bottled water. Instant noodles and rice require a preparation process before they can be consumed. In conditions that do not yet allow for cooking, emergency food is needed that is ready to be eaten. Emergency food is a complete nutritious food product that contains 35-45% fat, 10-15% protein and 40-50% carbohydrates and is processed with the aim of meeting human energy needs in abnormal circumstances such as floods, landslides and earthquakes. Emergency food that has now been developed is in the form of military food. Other products in the form of rice packaged using canned packaging and fried rice packaged using retort pouch packaging. Another characteristic that must be met is to have adequate organoleptic standards and accepted by consumers. The processed food is processed using heat sterilization with a retort at a temperature of 110° C for 45 minutes. The use of retort for now still requires a very large cost if applied in disaster-prone places. In this study used a simpler technology that uses pressure cooker. The study is divided into 3 stages. The first stage is to determine the method and formula for heating rice in the retort pouch packaging. The formulation used is the ratio of rice to water of 140:60, 150:50, 160:40, 170:30 and 180:20. The tests carried out are hedonic tests and microbiological tests so that selected products are produced, namely in a formula with a ratio of 140 g of rice: 60 g of water. The selected product has a hardness value of 7305.45 gf, an elasticity value of 36.40%, a chewiness value of 2185.720 gf, and a stickiness value of -167.975 g.s. Alt results on aron rice samples (half-cooked) were 7.2×107 CFU/mL and on retort pouch (<25) CFU/mL retort pouch packaged rice. The second stage is to determine the operation time to reach a certain F0 value. The sample used is a selected product produced in the first stage. At this stage, a protein source of 15% is added in the form of pieces of cooked chicken meat into the package before the sterilization process is carried out. The selected sample produced an F0 value of 4.12 minutes at 110°C during a 45-minute warm- up starting from 40 minutes of CUT time. The third stage is testing the shelf life of samples with selected products that already know the value of the adequacy of the heat process. The parameters used are microbiological tests and organoleptic tests. Shelf life testing using the Arrhenius Model method. Samples were stored at 35°C, 45°C, and 55°C and observed every 7 days for 6 weeks. The results of shelf life testing based on the total number of microbes and organoleptic tests using the scoring method showed that ready-to-eat rice retort pouch packaging has a shelf life of 2 months 1 day at a storage temperature of 25 °C.
Keyword: disaster, emergency food, retort pouch, rice, sterilization

Judul: Pemanasan Buras dalam Kemasan Retort Pouch sebagai Alternatif Produk Pangan Darurat
Abstrak: Many natural disasters in Indonesia cause many victims who have to stay in temporary camps. One of the problems related to this situation is providing nutritious foods for the victims to maintain their health status in emergency condition. Emergency food product (EFP) is produced to fulfill the victim’s required daily energy level (2100 kcal). One of potential foods which can be used as an EFP is “buras”, an Indonesian traditional food which is made from rice as the main ingredient. The objective of this research was to make sterilized “buras” as EFP with characteristics according to Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendation. This research was conducted in two main steps. The first step was formulation and “buras” making. The second step was “buras” packaging using retort pouch, thermal process optimization, and quality characterization. In the formulation process, rice substitution treatments were done by substitution level of (0% (F0), 10% (F1), 20% (F2), 30% (F3), 40% (F4), and 50% (F5)) glutinuous rice. The results showed that the best “buras” formula based on hedonic rating test (n=70, Duncan;α = 0.05) was F3 and the important characteristics of buras as EFP were taste (35%) and texture (31%). Based on hedonic rating test (n=30, t-test;α = 0.05), the choosen sterilized “buras” was at 116.70C for 48.71 minute (Fo=5.0). This EFP”buras” had 62.85% moisture, 0.77% ash, 6.65% fat, 6.73% protein, 22.99% carbohydrate, and 240.47 kcal energy/50 gram. EFP “buras” had pH of 6.38, water activity (aw) of 0.908 in 30.00C, and total plate count (TPC) of 2.96 log cfu/gram. In general, storage test of EFP “buras” resulted in the decreasing of pH and water activity, and increasing of total plate count (TPC) as storage time increased. EFP “buras” in retort pouch packaging is highly potential to be developed in Indonesia and is predicted to become a national emergency food.
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Judul: Penentuan Nilai Eigen dan Vektor Eigen dari Matriks Tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz dengan Pendekatan Polinomial Chebyshev
Abstrak: The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix can be determined by finding its characteristic polynomials. The characteristic polynomials of a tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz matrix is shown to be closely connected to polynomials which satisfy the Chebyshev recurrence relationship. If the order of the matrix is odd, then the eigenvalues are found explicitly in terms of the Chebyshev zeros and the eigenvectors are found in terms of the polynomials satisfying the recurrence relationship. For even ordered matrices, the situation is more complicated. The problem in these cases is that although the Chebyshev recurrence formula is still applied, its initial values are not generating Chebyshev polynomials
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