Judul: Immunostimulating Effect of Oral Banana Stem Powder on Vaname Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei for Prevention of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infection
Abstrak: Udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan yang dibudidayakan secara intensif dan memiliki peluang terserang penyakit. Pengendalian penyakit yang efektif, efisien dan ramah lingkungan adalah dengan fitofarmaka, salah satunya batang pisang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan efektivitas penambahan serbuk batang pisang melalui pakan sebagai imunostimulan untuk pengendalian infeksi bakteri V. parahaemolyticus pada udang vaname. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap yang terdiri atas lima perlakuan dengan masing-masing empat ulangan meliputi perlakuan K+: pemeliharaan udang tanpa serbuk batang pisang dan diuji tantang K-: pemeliharaan udang tanpa serbuk batang pisang dan tanpa uji tantang, P0,5: pemeliharaan udang dengan serbuk batang pisang 0,5 g kg-1 pakan dan diuji tantang, P0,6: pemeliharaan udang dengan serbuk batang pisang 0,6 g kg-1 pakan dan diuji tantang. P0,75: pemeliharaan udang dengan serbuk batang pisang 0,75 g kg-1 pakan dan diuji tantang. Dosis uji tantang V. parahaemolyticus yaitu 107 CFU mL-1. Udang dengan bobot 1,7±0,17 g dipelihara selama 30 hari, kemudian diuji tantang pada hari ke 31 dan dipelihara sampai hari ke 44. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pemberian serbuk batang pisang 0,75 g kg-1 melalui pakan dengan durasi pemberian 30 hari mampu meningkatkan respons imun udang vaname sebagai pencegahan infeksi V. parahaemolyticus., Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is one of the superior commodities that is cultivated intensively, with a risk of disease. Effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly disease control utilises phytopharmaceuticals, one of which is banana stems. This research aims to investigate the impact of adding 0.75% banana stem powder to feed as an immunostimulant to control bacterial infection of V. parahaemolyticus on whiteleg shrimp. The research was carried out using a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments with four replications each including treatment K+: shrimp reared without banana stem powder and challenged with V. parahaemolyticus, K-: shrimp reared without banana stem powder and without challenge test, P0,5: shrimp reared with 0,5 g kg-1 of banana stem powder as feed and challenged with V. parahaemolyticus, P0,6: shrimp reared with 0,6 g kg-1 of banana stem powder as feed and challenged with V. parahaemolyticus, P0,75: shrimp reared with 0,75 g kg-1 of banana stem powder as feed and challenged with V. parahaemolyticus. Challenge dose of V. parahaemolyticus is 107 CFU mL-1. Shrimp weighing 1.7 ± 0.17 g were reared for 30 days, then challenged on the 31 day and kept until the 44 day. The results of the study showed that administering 0,75 g kg-1 banana stem powder through feed with a duration of 30 days was able to increase the immune response of whiteleg shrimp as a prevention of V. parahaemolyticus.
Keyword: udang vaname, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, imunostimulan, respons imun, serbuk batang pisang, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, banana stem powder, immune response, immunostimulant, whiteleg shrimp

Judul: Application of Multispesies Probiotics, Prebiotics and Synbiotics for the Prevention of Vibriosis in Vannamei Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Abstrak: Salah satu masalah dalam budidaya udang adalah serangan penyakit vibriosis akibat infeksi bakteri Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Alternatif preventif dan ramah lingkungan yang dapat ditawarkan yaitu menggunakan probiotik, prebiotik dan sinbiotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh pemberian multispesies probiotik Lactobacillus plantarum dan Bacillus cereus, prebiotik mannanoligosakarida serta sinbiotik terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan respons imun udang vaname yang diinfeksi bakteri V. parahaemolyticus. Penelitian ini terdiri atas empat perlakuan pada uji suplementasi dan lima perlakuan pada uji tantang, yaitu kontrol (tanpa suplementasi), suplementasi multispesies probiotik L. plantarum dan B. cereus, prebiotik MOS serta sinbiotik. Udang vaname dengan bobot rata-rata 0,55±0,01 g dipelihara dengan padat tebar 15 ekor/akuarium. Udang diberi pakan komersial yang telah diperkaya dengan multispesies probiotik L. plantarum dan B. cereus, prebiotik MOS serta sinbiotik selama 40 hari, kemudian diuji tantang dengan bakteri V. parahaemolyticus. Parameter yang diamati selama penelitian meliputi tingkat kelangsungan hidup, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, rasio konversi pakan, total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, aktivitas fagositik, aktivitas respiratory burst, dan aktivitas phenoloxidase. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian multispesies probiotik L. plantarum dan B. cereus, prebiotik MOS serta sinbiotik dapat meningkatkan kinerja pertumbuhan dan respons imun udang vaname yang diinfeksi V. parahaemolyticus dengan hasil terbaik pada perlakuan multispesies probiotik dan sinbiotik., One of the problems in shrimp farming is the attack of vibriosis disease due to infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria. Preventive and environmentally friendly alternatives that can be offered are using probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics. This study aimed to examine the effect of multispecies probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus cereus, mannanoligosaccharide prebiotics and synbiotics on growth performance and immune response of white vaname shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus bacteria. This study consisted of four treatments in the supplementation test and five treatments in the challenge test, namely control (without supplementation), multispecies supplementation of probiotics L. plantarum and B. cereus, MOS prebiotics and synbiotics. Vannamei shrimp with an average weight of 0.55±0.01 g were reared at a stocking density of 15 fish/aquarium. Shrimp were fed commercial feed enriched with multispecies probiotic L. plantarum and B. cereus, MOS prebiotic and synbiotic for 40 days, then challenged with V. parahaemolyticus. Parameters observed during the study included survival rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, total haemocyte count, differential haemocyte count, phagocytic activity, respiratory burst activity, and phenoloxidase activity. The results showed that the administration of multispecies probiotics L. plantarum and B. cereus, MOS prebiotics and synbiotics could improve the growth performance and immune response of white vaname shrimp infected with V. parahaemolyticus with the best results in the multispecies treatment of probiotics and synbiotics.
Keyword: Bacillus cereus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Litopenaeus vannamei, Mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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