Judul: Natural cross-pollination in chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) and its breeding methods determination
Abstrak: Chili was known as self-pollinated crops. Some characteristics of selfpollinated crops are having a natural cross-pollination percentage below 4-5%, generally directed to be pure line varieties, and have a low heterosis and inbreeding depression. However, the chili pepper varieties in Indonesia currently are dominated by hybrid varieties and not pure line varieties. That is happens because there were chili pepper genotypes that behaves like a cross-pollinated, as have the high heterosis and the high percentages of natural cross-pollination. Natural cross-pollination information was not consistent led to studies of natural cross-pollination in chili pepper is important to do, so it can be used to determining the methods and the direction in chili pepper program. The aims of this study were to obtain the markers of natural cross-pollination in chili pepper, to compared the level of natural cross-pollination in some genotypes of chili pepper and to compared the heterosis, inbreeding depression, and response selection two population of chili pepper. This study was consisted of three experiments. First, estimation of several genetic parameters on qualitative and quantitative characters on hypocotyl and cotyledon of chili peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Second, study of natural crosspollination in some genotypes of chili pepper. Third, estimation of several genetic parameters in two population of chili peppers that have different level of natural cross-pollination. The results of the first experiment showed that the color of hypocotyl and cotyledon characters were effective and efficient markers to evaluate the incidence of natural cross-pollination in chili pepper. These were because both of characters controlled by single gene and not influenced by environment. In addition, its can be observed in short time and does not require an expensive cost. The result of the second experiment showed that the IPB C2 genotype has higher natural cross-pollination level than the IPB C5 and IPB C120 genotypes. This was highly influenced by level of crossability and stigma position each of genotypes. The higher level of crossability with stigma position higher than anther causes the higher level of natural cross-pollination in chili pepper. The third experiment result showed that the IPB C2 x IPB C5 population has a higher heterosis and inbreeding depression than IPB C120 x IPB C5 population. This was highly influenced by the parents were used at the formation of the population. The population was formed by the parents with the high level of natural cross pollination has a higher heterosis and inbreeding depression than the population was formed by the parents with low level of natural crosspollination.
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Judul: Quantitative Traits Inheritance of Crossed Big and Curly Chili.
Abstrak: Chili is divided into types based on the fruit size, such as cayenne, big chili, curly chili and paprika. Varied behavior of Indonesian people in chili cultivating and consuming based on size causes low national chili productivity. First step in plant breeding was base population formation with high genetic variance. The genetic variance could be obtained by exploration, introduction, hybridization and mutation. Information of traits genetic inheritance was studied by hybridization. The research used 20 genotypes cultivated and characterized in two locations, i.e. Rimbo Panjang and Leuwikopo. Different places of cultivation were expected to separate the genetic-by-environment interaction effects from their genetic effects. Genotypes grouping based on the similarity using cluster analysis. High genetic coefficient and broad sense heritability were observed for several traits and proceed to get the selection criteria. Selection criterias used were yield per fruit, length of fruit, number fruit per plant and plant height. Then, genetic parameters, combining ability, heterosis and hybrid performance were observed from full diallel population (6×6). Genetic parameters were estimated by Hayman method while combining ability by Griffin method. Dunnett test was used to show hybrid performance. Genetic variance affected with several traits was additive and non-additive. Gene distribution did not spread evenly in parents, except leaves width, plant height, stem diameter and fruit stalk length. Partial dominance level affected each several traits performance. Number of controlling gene groups of traits were ranged between one to four groups. High broad sense and narrow sense heritability were suggested for several characters. General combing ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) influenced significantly in some observed traits, except leaves width, stem diameter and fruit stalk length. Genotype C5 was selected parent with best GCA in some observed traits and recommended to be developed subsequently as open-pollinated variety. Those were hybrids that were potential to be further tested, i.e. C2×C19, C5×C2, C5×C19, C19×C2, C19×C5, C2×C120, C5×C111, C5×C120, C19×C111, C19×C120, C111×C5, C120×C5, C159×C5, C2×C159, C120×C19, C111×C120, C159×C120, C111×C159, C120×C159 and C159×C111.
Keyword: cluster analysis, genetic diversity, Griffing method, Hayman method, path analysis

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf