Judul: Distribution and Factors Affecting the Development of  Basal Stem Rot Disease (Ganoderma boninense) in Oil Palm (Elaeis guinensis Jacq.) in Indonesia
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara penghasil kelapa sawit terbesar di dunia. Perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia saat ini semakin berkembang seiring dengan meningkatnya kebutuhan industri. Namun, dalam proses budi daya tanaman terdapat kendala seperti munculnya hama dan penyakit tanaman. Penyakit busuk pangkal batang yang disebabkan oleh cendawan Ganoderma boninense merupakan penyakit yang paling merusak pada perkebunan kelapa sawit di Indonesia. Kajian pustaka ini bertujuan mempelajari perkembangan penyebaran penyakit busuk pangkal batang pada tanaman kelapa sawit di Indonesia. Metode kajian pustaka dilakukan dengan pengumpulan data sekunder, pengolahan data, dan analisis. Sumber data diperoleh dari publikasi ilmiah seperti laporan tahunan Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan, Kementerian Pertanian RI, data online BMKG, jurnal penelitian, tesis, skripsi dan kajian-kajian ilmiah. Hasil studi Pustaka menunjukkan bahwa penyakit busuk pangkal batang (G. boninense) telah menyebar di 13 provinsi dan telah menjadi penyakit endemik yang sulit dikendalikan. Insidensi penyakit paling tinggi terdapat di Sumatera Utara, Riau, Aceh, dan Sulawesi Barat. Intensitas penyakit cenderung meningkat pada kebun peremajaan. Penyakit ini berpotensi menyebar ke seluruh provinsi sentra kelapa sawit di Indonesia dan menimbulkan kerugian yang lebih besar., Indonesia is the largest palm oil producing country in the world. Oil palm plantations in Indonesia are currently growing in line with the increasing needs of the industry. However, in the process of plant cultivation there are obstacles such as the emergence of pests and plant diseases. Basal stem rot disease caused by the fungus Ganoderma boninense is the most destructive disease in oil palm plantations in Indonesia. This literature review aims to study the development of the spread of basal stem rot disease in oil palm plantations in Indonesia. The literature review method is carried out by collecting secondary data, data processing, and analysis. Sources of data are obtained from scientific publications such as the annual report of the Directorate General of Plantations, the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, BMKG, research journals, theses, and scientific studies. The results of the study show that basal stem rot disease (G. boninense) has spread in 13 provinces and has become an endemic disease that is difficult to control. The highest incidence of disease is found in North Sumatra, Riau, Aceh, and West Sulawesi. Disease intensity tends to increase in replanting plantations. This disease has the potential to spread to all oil palm center provinces in Indonesia and cause greater losses.
Keyword: BSR, disease incidence, impact, potential

Judul: Biological control of ganoderma boninense pat., the causal agent of basal stem rot disease of oil palm
Abstrak: Penelitian bertujuan untuk: (1) mendeterminasi status terkini penyakit busuk pangkal batang kelapa sawit (BPB) di lndonesia dan keragaman mikroorganisme rhizosfer pada berbagai keadaan ekologi kebun kelapa sawit, serta mengisolasi agens biokontrol terhadap G. boninense ; (2) menganalisis keragaman genetik agens biokontrol ; (3) mengkaji rnekanisrne hiperparasitisme, antibiosis, dan enzirnatis dari agens biokontrol yang berperan dalam antagonisme terhadap G. boninense ; dan (4) mengevaluasi keefektifan tiga agens biokontrol superior dalam mengendalikan penyakit BPB di rumah kaca maupun di lapangan yang telah terinfestasi patogen.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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