Judul: Determination Planting Calendar of Upland Rice based Water Balance of the Dry Land (Case Study: South Konawe, Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi)
Abstrak: Dry-land agriculture is agriculture carried out on the land without the use of irrigation and water needs as a whole depends on rainfall. Source of water for dry land agriculture generally comes from rainfall and high rainfall distribution also determine the period of the cropping pattern in a year. Determination of the planting period can help increase the production of upland rice as dry land agricultural commodities and to minimize crop failure due to climate variability (El-Nino and La-Nina). Planting period is arranged as a calendar based on soil water content (KL and TLP) obtained from analysis of the water balance of the land. The region of South Konawe have different soil moisture content for each region. In normal years, the planting period ranging between 7-8 months. El-Nino phenomenon causes a shift in the early growing season and planting time periods experienced a reduction. Time of planting ranged from 6-8 months at the time of El-Nino. La-Nina phenomenon also causes a shift in the early growing season (more advanced than the normal year). Planting period ranged between 8-12 months when the La-Nina. In South Konawe region, there are some areas of stations that can not be used as a regional development and production of upland rice. This is because soil moisture content under field capacity.
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Judul: Determination of The Rice Cropping Calendar based on ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) and IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole) phenomena in Monsoon and Equatorial Regions.
Abstrak: Increasing fluctuation and more frequent climate anomaly in the last decade due to ENSO and IOD phenomena has severe implications on food crops. Therefore, a sound planting season adaptation strategy is needed in the efforts to enhance sustainable food security. Research has been conducted in West Java (Monsoon rainfall pattern) and West Sumatera (Equatorial rainfall pattern)province. Analysis of the correlation between ENSO and the IOD with rainfall has been carried out to find the relationship between ENSO and the IOD with rainfall in the period from December to February, March to May, June to August, and September to November. Water Satisfaction Index and irrigation rice-field water balance was used to obtain optimal planting time. Artificial Neural Network was used to rainfall prediction for improvement of cropping pattern planning. Interviews with farmers to study the adaptation measures of farmers against the impact of drought. The spatial distribution of partial correlations between rainfalls with ENSO and IOD over West Sumatera and West Java indicated a significant impact on rainfall anomalies along the period of September – November. The ENSO and IOD events had a wider impact in West Java, which was known as a monsoon rainfall pattern especially over northern part of West Java. On the other hand, there was only a little impact of the ENSO and IOD on rainfall anomalies in the south-western West Sumatera. In the period of June-November the impact to rice- field in West Sumatera was only about 20% while, the impact in West Java could reach up to 80%. In the region affected by strong ENSO and IOD like Indramayu, impact of ENSO and IOD has delayed the peak of early planting by more than 6 dekads. The peak of early planting occurred in November III/ December I could reach up 30% due to ENSO and 35% due to IOD. The period-stratified ENSO variability had delayed planting time by 2 to 5 dekads in monsoon rainfall pattern (West Java) and 1 dekads in equatorial pattern (West Sumatera). Meanwhile, the period-stratified IOD variability in West Sumatera and West Java had delayed planting time by 1 to 2 dekads. Result of the prediction showed that the period of September 2010 to February 2011 was above normal. Wet conditions resulted in the potential of planting time 1 dekads earlier on rain-fed land and 2 dekads earlier on irrigated land than in normal conditions. Adaptation by farmers to climate anomalies was more apparent in a monsoon rainfall pattern area with various efforts in the utilization of water resources, i.e. pumping technology, the adjustment of planting time by 2-3 dekads and changing crop rotation from paddy-paddy-palawija into paddy-palawija.
Keyword: Curah Hujan

Judul: Studi Histopatologi Organ Hati Hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) yang Diinfeksi Coxiella burnetii
Abstrak: Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) is a bacterial like organism that causes Query fever. The aim of this study was to describe the liver histopathology of hamsters after infected by C. burnetii intraperitoneally. Hamster were divided into two groups. All hamster liver were collected for histopathological examination using hematoxylin-eosin staining (HE) and immunohistochemical staining (IHC). HE staining results in hamsters group I which were injected with C. burnetii’s antigen showed 3 out of 4 has granuloma which are typical of C. burnetii infection. All hamsters group II which were injected with hamsters group I’s spleen extracts showed granuloma in microscopic observation. IHC staining revealed all hamsters liver has positive result. Beside granuloma lesion, all hamster’s liver show acute hepatitis symptoms. The microscopic lesion of acute hepatitis showed the inflammatory cell accumulated in liver perifer, degeneration of hepatocytes cells, activation of lymphoid follicles, as well as congestion in small and large blood vessels.
Keyword: C. burnetii, granuloma, hamster, HE, histopathology, IHC