Judul: Variasi genetik dan hubungan filogenetik populasi sapi lokal indonesia berdasarkan penciri molekuler DNA mikrosatelit kromosom Y dan gen cytochrome B
Abstrak: Seven Y-chromosome specific microsatellites and cytochrome b (cyt b) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers were assayed to get the genetic variation of 7 breeds of Indonesian native cattle, primary on male cattle. The analysis of Ychromosome microsatellites variation was determinate from PCR products by using 7 primer pairs that flanking those microsatellites (INRA008, INRA057, INRA062, INRA124, INRA126, DYS 199, INRA 189). PCR products were separated on 10 % of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and then silver staining method was used to detect allele polymorphism at each locus by manually. The analysis of cyt b gene variation was carried out by analysis of nucleotide cyt b gene sequences based on sequencing results of PCR product from amplification of cyt b gene region of mtDNA genome. From Y-chromosome microsatellite allelic polymorphism analysis showed only found limited allele (two alleles) by average 1.8. While, from heterozgousity level INRA 062 locus has higher value (h= 0.53) than others that found in Pesisir cattle population, also this locus has higher value of PIC (0.37). Because markers in Y chromosome, so it is a haplotype system. According to FAO, the specific allele must have minimum four distinct alleles per locus for proficient judgment of genetic differences between breeds. So, all locus in this research was not sufficient to categorized polymorphic allele. Nevertheless, locus INRA 062 could be considered in future study to get more information about polymorphism of this marker. Ychromosome microsatellite in general has tend to specific in breed comparing with autosomal chromosome, because allele come from only male or Y sex chromosome and it contrary to autosomal chromosome where allele is contributed from male and female. The nucleotides variation of cyt b gene showed that in general all population of cattle only has 39.56 % nucleotide conserve side comparing with Banteng (Bos javanicus) mtDNA. These phenomena could be assumed that the Indonesian native cattle has more genetic introgession of Bos indicus and Bos taurus breeds. But, from phylogenetic relationship, Bali cattle (both from Bali and Lombok) and Madura cattle have closer relationship to Banteng. Its means that two breeds are still have more genetic composition of Banteng. For Aceh and Pesisir cattle were have opportunity to increase the genetic potential as a local breeds, where based on this study has been founded any specific nucleotide sequences of cyt b gene to those breeds comparing with Bos taurus or Bos Indicus. For the next study we need more Y-chromosome microsatellite marker and also more mtDNA gene sequences to discriminate the Indonesian breeds related to tracking the genetic potential. Because the male cattle has roles in genetic spreading where could have an enormous impact on highly selected domestic animal populations and also in genetic conservations.
Keyword: Breed Spesific Allele, Y-chromosome Microsatellite

Judul: Identification of Growth Hormone Gene Variation in the Exon Region of Indonesian Local Cattle Based on PCR-SSCP Method
Abstrak: The aim of this study was to identify the polymorphisms of the growth hormone gene (GH) of Indonesian local cattle breeds as well as two exotic breed as the out grouped using polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). 20 DNA samples of each Indonesian local cattle in consists of Bali, Pesisir, Madura and Katingan and 10 DNA samples of Simmental and Limousine cattle were used. The results show that the polymorphism of the GH gene was found in the three exon regions which are exon 1, 2 and 5 at Indonesian local cattle except for the Bali and Madura cattle that showed polymorphism only at exon 2. This two cattle showed monomorphism at their exon 3 and 4. On the other hand, the exotic breed showed the polymorphism in all exon regions, except for exon 2 in Simmental cattle which was found to be monomorphic. Bos javanicus was monomorphic in the fifth exon except at exon 2 that is polymorphic, while Bos taurus and Bos indicus were polymorphic in the fifth exon. The degree of heterozygosity in the Bos javanicus was a lower when compared to the value of Bos taurus and Bos indicus, so that it can be stated that the high diversity found in the Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle.
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Judul: Karakteristik lompatan hidrolik terhadap pelimpah terjunan pada saluran segi empat
Abstrak: Aliran dengan kecepatan tinggi dalam kondisi superkritis yang melintasi bangunan pelimpah, sebelum bergerak lebih jauh ke arah hilir saluran dimana bilangan Froude (F) lebih besar dari satu harus diubah menjadi aliran subkritis dimana bilangan Froudenya lebih kecil dari satu. Aliran yang meninggalkan kaki pelimpah merupakan aliran yang memiliki kandungan energi yang amat berarti sehingga dapat menimbulkan pengikisan yang besar. Pengubahan bilangan Froude dari kondisi superkritis ke subkritis dimaksudkan agar terjadi perubahan kandungan energi, sehingga aliran menjadi non erosive. Agar daya erosive aliran dapat berkurang, maka biasanya pada bagian hilir dari bangunan pelimpah dibuatkan suatu bangunan peredam energi. Erosi yang terjadi di hilir bangunan pelimpah dapat disebabkan dari keberadaan bangunan pelimpah itu sendiri, maupun bangunan peredam energi yang kurang tepat. Hal ini terutama menyangkut beberapa kejadian lompatan hidrolik yang timbul pada bangunan peredam energi tersebut.. Suatu metode yang efektif untuk menjamin bahwa lompatan hidrolik selalu terjadi pada daerah yang dilindungi, adalah dengan menggunakan bangunan peredam energi yang terdiri dari beberapa tipe dengan..dst
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