Judul: Kultivasi Spirulina platensis pada Media pupuk URC dan Aplikasinya untuk Pertumbuhan Lactobacillus plantarum SK(5).
Abstrak: Spirulina platensis mengandung protein, karbohidrat dan lemak. Protein merupakan zat pembentuk sel dan sumber nitrogen yang dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan organisme namun belum diketahui pengaruh penambahan ekstrak S. platensis terhadap petumbuhan bakteri asam laktat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan kandungan nutrisi dari S. platensis yang dikultivasi menggunakan media pupuk URC dan menentukan pengaruh penambahan biomassa dan ekstrak S. platensis terhadap peningkatan pertumbuhan Lactobacillus plantarum SK(5) pada media nutrient broth + glukosa (NB+G). Tahapan penelitian meliputi 1) kultivasi dan pemanenan S. platensis, 2) ekstraksi S. platensis, 3) aplikasi biomassa dan ekstrak S. platensis untuk pertumbuhan L. plantarum SK(5). Kultur S. platensis mengandung nutrisi meliputi protein (66,59±5,89%), karbohidrat (13,52±0,53%) dan lemak (3,83±0,01%). Ekstrak S. platensis (pemanasan 3 jam) mengandung protein sebanyak 5,99±0,35%. Penambahan ekstrak S. platensis pada media NB+G meningkatkan pertumbuhan L. plantarum SK(5) sebesar 5,75% lebih tinggi dibandingkan penambahan biomassa (0,68%).
Keyword: Lactobacillus plantarum SK(5), pertumbuhan, Spirulina platensis

Judul: Fermentation of Spirulina platensis Using Lactobacillus plantarum SK (5) from of Bekasam
Abstrak: Spirulina platensis mengandung protein (60-69%), karbohidrat (16-20%), serta lemak (5-12%) dan beberapa komponen bioaktif antara lain fenolik, teroid, flavonoid, dan saponin. Lactobacillus plantarum SK (5) dapat digunakan sebagai starter dalam fermentasi spirulina yang berperan sebagai prebiotik. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan pengaruh jumlah spirulina yang berbeda terhadap perubahan mikrobiologis dan kimiawi selama fermentasi S. platensis menggunakan L. plantarum SK (5). Penelitian ini meliputi kultivasi spirulina, penyiapan kultur L. plantarum SK(5) serta fermentasi S. platensis dengan L. plantarum SK(5) dalam media air. Biomassa spirulina 3, 5, dan 7 g ditambahkan dengan 25 mL ddH2O dan L. plantarum SK (5), kemudian diinkubasi selama 0, 24, 48, dan 72 dengan suhu 37oC. Selama fermentasi penambahan spirulina pada konsentrasi berbeda menunjukkan pola perubahan total BAL, TAT, dan pH sama. Penambahan biomassa spirulina sebanyak 5 g dengan waktu inkubasi 48 jam merupakan perlakuan terpilih dengan karakteristik total BAL 8,09 log cfu/mL, nilai TAT 0,21%, dan nilai pH 3,86., Spirulina platensis contain protein (60-69%), carbohydrates (16-20%), as well fat (5-12%) and contains several bioactive components like phenolic, steroid, flavonoid, and saponin. Lactobacillus plantarum SK (5) can be used as a starter in spirulina fermentation. The aims of this study are to determine the effect of adding S. platensis on microbiological and chemical changes during fermentation using the L. plantarum SK (5). The study includes spirulina cultivation, the preparation of the L. plantarum SK (5), and the fermentation of S. platensis using the L. plantarum SK (5) in the water media. Spirulina powder of 3, 5, and 7 g was added with ddH2O of 25 mL and incubated at 0, 24, 48, and 72 h at a temperature of 37 oC. During spirulina fermentation, different amounts showed the same trend in the total microbe, TAT, and pH. The addition of 5 g spirulina and an incubation time of 48 h was the chosen treatment with characteristics of 8,09 log cfu/mL, 0,21% TAT, and pH 3,86.
Keyword: Fermentation, Lactobacillus plantarum, Spirulina platensis

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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