Judul: Analisis Kelembagaan dan Arahan Pengembangan Pengelolaan Hutan di Kabupaten Ngawi
Abstrak: Management of forest resources should be oriented towards improving the prosperity of forest communities and the sustainability of the forest resource itself. Along with the era of regional autonomy, appropriate application of Law No. 32 of 2004 on Regional Government and Law No. 33 of 2004 on Fiscal Balance between the Central Government and Local Government, Local Government Ngawi initiative to involve themselves in management efforts forest. On the other hand, Perum Perhutani (Perhutani) as State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) which has a Java forest management new paradigm is to give more space to the community, especially forest communities to engage more actively in a parallel position as a partner. Therefore, the soul Perhutani forest management must be in harmony with the spirit of regional autonomy, transparency and social forestry oriented to accommodate the aspirations of local communities. Research conducted by Yuwono (2008) showed that forest management in Ngawi not much to change the conditions of poor people around the forest villages, while many villages in the surrounding forest areas depend on forests. From the administrative area of 129.598,89 hectares Ngawi, covering 45.428,6 ha (35%) is a state forest area spread over three areas of forestry management, the Forest Management Unit (FMU) Ngawi area of 34.921,3 hectares, FMU Saradan covering an area of 5.198,9 bektar, and FMU Lawu Ds. area of 5.308,4 hectares. The study was conducted in Ngawi which has forest area of 35% of the administrative area of the district. The purpose of this study was: 1) to describe the condition kesejahtahteraan forest communities, 2) analyze the sustainable of institutional development of the forestry sector in Ngawi, 3) formulate direction on the development of forest management Ngawi. Conditions welfare of forest communities seen to approach the Human Development Index (HDI). Forest management institutions in Ngawi analyzed using institutional analysis and development framework (Institutional Analysis and Development Framework) developed by Ostrom. While the direction of the development of forest management in Ngawi A'WOT done with technical analysis, which is a technique that combines engineering analysis Analythical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and SWOT. The results showed that in the sample villages, the condition of the forest communities are at the upper middle category (Human Development Index at 72.31), which is indicated with a life expectancy of 69.92 years; Literacy Rate of 97.47%; The average length of 6.98 years of school; Purchasing Power Parity for Rp1.187,448 (thousand / capita / month). Furthermore, based on institutional analysis, there is the potential for discontinuation (unsustainable) on forest management in Ngawi because there are no consistent rules and latent problems in the operational field level. While the direction for the development of forest management in Ngawi is to combine the power factor and factors related to the potential opportunities possessed. Conclusions of this study are: 1) the condition of the welfare of forest communities in the study sites include the upper middle category, 2) there is a potential discontinuation of the institutional of forest management in Ngawi, 3) the main direction of the development strategy of forest management in Ngawi is to combine factors strength and opportunity factors.
Keyword: direction of development, institutional, prosperity, sustainability

Judul: Analysis of policy making process and implementation of decentralized management of protected forest policy
Abstrak: Base on Regulation 38/2007, the management of protected forests decentralized to regency government. Even though decentralization policy of forest management on protected forests has been enforced, deforestation still continues to occur. This indicates that the policy is not effective. The ineffectiveness of the policy can be caused by the policy itself or failures in its implementation. Content of a policy is closely related to the process of policy making itself. Currently, political framework of the decentralization policy formulation in the management of natural resources and environment (including protected forest management) is based on administrative approach rather than ecosystem approach. This research aims to: i) identify the policy making process of decentralized management of protected forest, ii) analyze the gap between decentralization policy and its implementation, iii) analyze the performance of regency government in managing protected forests, and iv) analyze the appropriate form of decentralized management of protected forests in accordance with Forest Management Unit (FMU/KPH) concept. The research was conducted in three regencies within Batanghari watershed area, namely East Tanjung Jabung regency (downstream), Sarolangun regency (middle stream), and South Solok regency (upstream). Qualitative methods were used to analyze policy making process, discourse analysis, assumption analysis, and qualitative descriptive. Besides quantitative method was used to conduct scoring, in the assesment of regency government performance, economic and ecological benefits, and social capital of communities around the forest areas. In order to support the assesment of regency government performance, analysis of forest cover changes was carried out including forest cover in year 1990, 2000 and 2009. The research showed that there are three discourses in policy making process on authority division, namely i) the democratic discourse, ii) the economic discourse and iii) the economic and democratic discourses. It is difficult to implement externality narative in the process of authority division policy making. Redefinition of externalities and interdependencies can be used as narratives of new policies to improve the policy division of authority among government levels. There still exists some gaps between decentralized policy and its implementation, where each stakeholder has not play its role appropriately yet. The average score of performance of three regencies governments in the management of protected forest is relatively low, which is showed by the high deforestation rate. Theoritically, there are four options of FMU institution, namely: the the central government FMU through delegation to regency goverment, the provincial FMU, the regency FMU, and the national/regionally owned enterprises (BUMN/BUMD). Policy of asymmetric decentralization is an option in decentralised management of protected forest, because forestry is an option matter.
Keyword: Decentralized Management, forest management, protected forest

Judul: Infeksi leucocytozoon Smithi (Laveran dan Lucet, 1905) pada kalkun
Abstrak: Leucocytozoon smithi adalah parasit darah yang menyebabkan leucocytozoonosis pada kalkun, dan termasuk dalam genus Leucocytozoon yang perkembangan skizogoninya terja- di dalam sel-sel endotel dan sel-sel parenkhim hati, jan- tung, ginjal dan organ-organ lain dari unggas. Genus ini menghasilkan skizon yang besar. Gametogoninya terjadi di dalam sel-sel darah dan sel yang terinfeksi dapat berubah bentuk dan mengambil bentuk kumparan. Parasit ini tidak menghasilkan pigmen dan ditularkan oleh lalat penghisap darah dari genus Simulium. Infeksi kalkun terjadi pada saat sporozoit masuk ke dalam peredaran darah dan selanjutnya masuk ke dalam sel- sel parenkhim hati. Siklus hidupnya mirip dengan siklus hidup L. simondi seperti yang diuraikan di bawah ini. Skizogoni yang terjadi di dalam hati menghasilkan skizon hepatik. Skizon hepatik dewasa menghasilkan merozoit dan sinsitia. Merozoit dari skizon hepatik memasuki eritroblas dan eritrosit dan membentuk gametosit bulat, sedangkan sinsitianya dapat masuk ke dalam sel-sel RES dan kemudian membentuk megaloskizon. Megaloskizon dewasa menghasilkan merozoit yang kemudian masuk ke dalam limfosit dan leukosit lain membentuk gametosit memanjang. Gametositgametosit ini akan menjadi makrogametosit dan mikrogametosit. Perkembangan parasit dalam tubuh vektor (Simulium), segera dimulai setelah vektor menghisap darah kalkun yang mengandung gametosit ini. Dalam tubuh vektor ini akan ter- jadi pembuahan makrogamet oleh mikrogamet (tahap gametogoni). Dari pembuahan ini dihasilkan zigot yang bergerak (ookinet). Ookinet akan masuk dinding usus vektor untuk memulai tahap sporogoni yang menghasilkan sporozoit. Sporozoit ini akan menuju ke kelenjar ludah dan dari sini dapat dipindahkan lagi ke tubuh kalkun pada saat vektor menghisap darah. Vektor untuk L. smithi adalah S. occidentale, S. nigroparvum, S. slossonae, S. nigritarse. L. smithi berbahaya, terutama bagi kalkun-kalkun muda. Mortalitasnya dapat mencapai 90 persen. Gejala klinis yang ditimbulkannya antara lain anorexia, lemas dan cenderung untuk duduk, kekurusan dan kelemahan, sesak nafas dan in- koordinasi dan terjungkal terlihat pada stadium akhir dan selanjutnya kalkun mengalami coma kemudian mati…dst
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