Judul: Analysis of Anatomical Structure, Secretory Structure and Histochemical of Sow thistle plants (Sonchus arvensis L.).
Abstrak: Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.) mampu mengatasi demam, peradangan, membantu peredaran darah, dan berperan dalam detoksifikasi. Kandungan fitokimia tumbuhan ini telah diketahui, namun belum diketahui lokasi keberadaan senyawa metabolit sekunder tersebut dalam jaringan tumbuhan, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur anatomi, struktur sekretori, serta akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terdapat di dalamnya. Metode yang digunakan yaitu pembuatan sediaan mikroskopis meliputi sediaan paradermal dan transversal. Keberadaan senyawa fenol, tanin, flavonoid, alkaloid, dan terpenoid diuji dengan pemberian reagen tertentu. Analisis struktur anatomi menunjukkan bahwa stomata pada tumbuhan tempuyung terdapat di kedua permukaan daun dan bertipe anomositik. Daun memiliki mesofil yang terdiferensiasi menjadi jaringan palisade dan bunga karang. Struktur sekretori yang ditemukan berupa sel idioblas. Akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder ditemukan pada sel idioblas dan beberapa jaringan lain. Hasil uji histokimia menunjukkan bahwa tempuyung mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa fenol, tanin, flavonoid, dan terpenoid. Pada bagian helai daun, metabolit sekunder terakumulasi pada sel idioblas jaringan epidermis, perbatasan antar sel jaringan mesofil, dan jaringan mesofil. Metabolit sekunder pada tulang daun terakumulasi pada sel idioblas jaringan epidermis, kolenkima, dan parenkima, sedangkan pada batang terakumulasi pada sel idioblas di jaringan parenkima., Sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) can overcome fever, inflammation, help blood circulation, and function for detoxification. The phytochemical content of this plant has been reported, but the location of the secondary metabolites in the plant tissues was still unknown. This study aimed to analyze the anatomical structure, secretory structure, and the accumulation site of secondary metabolites in the plant tissue. Microscopic observation was using paradermal and transverse section of each organ. The presence of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids were tested by application of specific reagents, prior to observation using a light microscope or a fluorescence microscope. Anatomical analysis showed that stomata found on both leaf surfaces were anomocytic. Leaves mesophyll was differentiated into palisade and spongy tissue. The secretory structures found were idioblast cells. Secondary metabolites were detected in idioblast cells and several tissues. Histochemical test showed that tempuyung contains phenols, tannins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. In the leave blades, secondary metabolites were accumulated in the idioblast cells of the epidermis and mesophyll tissue, while in the midrib were found in idioblast cells of the epidermis and parenchyma. In the stems, secondary metabolites were detected in idioblast cell in parenchyma tissue
Keyword: anomositik, antioksidan, trikoma, idioblas, terpenoid, anomocytic, antioxidant, idioblasts, terpenoids, trichomes

Judul: Analysis of Anatomical Structure, Secretory Structure and Histochemical of Pacar air (Impatiens balsamina Linn.)
Abstrak: Pacar air (Impatiens balsamina Linn.) dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sebagai tanaman obat. Hasil studi fitokimia tanaman ini mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa fenol, alkaloid, lipofilik, flavonoid dan terpenoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur anatomi, struktur sekretori, serta akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terkandung di dalam jaringan tanaman pacar air. Metode penelitian meliputi pengamatan anatomi pada sayatan paradermal dan transversal pada bagian daun, tangkai daun, batang, dan akar, analisis struktur sekretori serta analisis histokimia yang meliputi pengujian senyawa fenol, alkaloid, lipofilik, flavonoid, dan terpenoid. Analisis struktur anatomi menunjukkan stomata terdapat di kedua permukaan daun dengan tipe anomositik. Pembuluh pada tangkai daun terdiri dari tiga berkas. Pigmen antosianin dijumpai pada epidermis dan korteks tangkai daun, batang, dan akar, serta terdapat kristal kalsium oksalat di seluruh bagian tanaman. Struktur sekretori yang ditemukan pada tumbuhan pacar air berupa sel idioblas dan trikoma uniseriat. Uji histokimia menunjukkan bahwa semua organ pada tanaman ini mengakumulasi senyawa fenol, alkaloid, lipofilik, flavonoid, dan terpenoid. Akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder pada helai daun terletak pada sel idioblas di jaringan mesofil, sedangkan pada tangkai daun terletak di sel idioblas jaringan epidermis, korteks, dan trikoma uniseriat. Metabolit sekunder pada batang dan akar terletak di sel idioblas jaringan epidermis dan korteks., Pacar air (Impatiens balsamina Linn.) is used by society as a medicinal plant. Phytochemical studies indicated that this plant contains secondary metabolite compounds such as phenols, alkaloids, lipophilic, flavonoids, and terpenoids. This study aimed to analyze the anatomical, secretory structure, and accumulation site of secondary metabolite compounds in this plant tissues. The method consisted of anatomical observations on paradermal and transverse sections of leaves, petioles, stems, and roots, analysis of secretory structures, and histochemical analysis which included testing for phenols, alkaloids, lipophilic, flavonoids, and terpenoids compounds. Anatomical structure analysis showed that stomata were found on both leaf surfaces with anomocytic type. Vessels on the petiole consist of three bundles. Anthocyanin pigments are found in the epidermis and cortex of petioles, stems and roots, and there are calcium oxalate crystals in all parts of the plant. The secretory structures found in this plants are idioblast cells and uniseriate trichomes. Histochemical tests showed that all organs in this plant accumulated phenolic compounds, alkaloids, lipophiles, flavonoids, and terpenoids. The accumulation of secondary metabolites in the leaf blade is located in idioblast cells in the mesophyll tissue, while in the petiole it is located in the idioblast cells of the epidermis, cortex, and uniseriate trichomes. Secondary metabolites in stems and roots are located in idioblast cells of the epidermis and cortex.
Keyword: alkaloid, kristal kalsium oksalat, monoterpen, sel idioblas, trikoma uniseriat, alkaloids, calcium oxalate crystals, idioblast cells, monoterpene, uniseriate trichomes

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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