Judul: Dampak Perubahan Harga Beras Dunia terhadap Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Indonesia pada Berbagai Kondisi Transmisi Harga dan Kebijakan Domestik
Abstrak: Rice is the main staple food in Indonesia. Rice self-sufficiency policy has become a government priority to ensure the availability of food at favorable prices for farmers. It has caused a distortion in Indonesian rice market. World rice prices fluctuate from year to year and increased sharply, especially in 2007 and early 2008. The high world price becomes an important issue in Indonesia due to the inelastic nature of rice commodity. The objectives of this study are (1) to analyze price transmission and rice market integration of world markets to domestic market, (2) to analyze the impact of changes in world rice price on producer and consumer welfare with different scenarios of price transmission, and (3) to analyze changes in world price and domestic policy (government purchases price policy, import tariffs and import quotas of rice) impact on producers and consumers welfare. Market integration and rice price transmission is analyzed by estimating the Ravallion model and calculate the Market Integration Index (MII). Effect of change in world rice prices on the community welfare in various price transmission and domestic policy conditions are analyzed with simulation of Indonesian rice market integration model. The results showed that Indonesia's rice market is integrated with the world rice market with very weak degree. Changes in world market prices are transmitted to the Indonesian rice market, but not perfect. Increase in world rice prices could lead to the increase of farmers’ welfare, while consumers’ welfare decreases. World prices change will give a higher impact on public welfare when the domestic rice market conditions increasingly integrated with world markets. HPP policy is effective in stabilizing domestic rice prices and protecting farmers. But the increase in import tariffs by 10 per cent has not been able to protect farmers from world prices decline. However, the policy of 1.57 million tons annual import quotas can reduce farmers welfare and improve consumers welfare and able to protect consumers from the increase in world prices. Therefore, the strategic role of rice commodity has lead to the importance of government intervention to maintain domestic rice prices.
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Judul: Dampak guncangan harga minyak mentah dunia terhadap harga beras domestik (suatu analisis kointegrasi)
Abstrak: Rice is a substantial strategic and food comodity in Indonesia and also in some countries in the world, particularly in Asia. Therefore, the stability of rice price and the availability should be maintained, especially rice is also known as unstable commodity. Starting in 1994, Indonesia became a net importer of rice commodity, then, Indonesia‟s rice market is allegedly integrated with the world‟s rice market. Consequently, any changes or shock in the world‟s rice market, which is one of its shocks caused by world oil price shock, will affect the domestic rice market. The objectives of this study are: (1) to analyze factors that influence the domestic rice price, (2) to analyze the effect of changes on the world oil price shocks to the domestic rice price. The applicable method for this study is vector error correction model (VECM) with analysis tools are IRF, FEVD, and pass-through. The estimation results indicate that there is a cointegration in the models studied. In the short-term, factors (variables) that affect the domestic rice price are the price of imported rice, domestic rice price, and the price of crude oil. Besides, in the long run, factors (variables) that affect the domestic rice price are the price of imported rice, world rice price, and production rice. The variables that largely influence the domestic rice price are world rice price and price of imported rice. On the other hand, a variable that slightly affect is the total factor productivity (TFP).
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Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf