Judul: Serotiping dan Penentuan LD50 Pasteurella multocida asal api yang dipotong di RPH Cakung
Abstrak: Telah dilakukan isolasi bakteri Pasteurella dari cotton swab nasopharynx sapi yang dipotong di rumah pemotongan hewan milik PD Dharma Jaya Cakung Jakarta Timur.
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Judul: Keragaman Fenotipik dan Molekuler Pasteurella multocida dari Beberapa Wilayah di Indonesia
Abstrak: Pasteurella multocida adalah bakteri Gram-negatif penyebab septicemia epizootica (SE) pada kerbau dan sapi yang tergolong ke dalam penyakit hewan menular strategis (PHMS) dan masih menjadi masalah serius dalam dunia peternakan Indonesia. Bakteri ini memiliki keragaman yang sejauh ini lazim dideteksi melalui serotyping berdasarkan sifat antigenik polisakarida kapsul. Alternatif untuk menganalisis keragaman hayati adalah dengan menggunakan sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) dan random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui keragaman hayati P. multocida dari beberapa wilayah di Indonesia berdasarkan karakter fenotipe, profil protein, dan pola pita RAPD. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan secara biokimia dengan menggunakan sistem identifikasi tradisional dan API® 20NE yang selanjutnya dikonfirmasi secara molekuler menggunakan polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Ekstraksi protein bakteri dilakukan dengan teknik freeze-thawing dan ekstraksi DNA dilakukan dengan menggunakan reagen DNAzol®. Elektroforesis protein dan RAPD masing-masing dilakukan pada gel poliakrilamida 12% dan gel agarose 1,5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan P. multocida dari beberapa wilayah di Indonesia memiliki rentang berat molekul pita protein 12–209 kDa. Rentang fragmen RAPD P. multocida berkisar antara 307–3100 bp. Secara fenotipik, P. multocida dari Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan memiliki keragaman karakter pertumbuhan di media agar MacConkey. Berdasarkan analisis hierarchical clustering terhadap pola pita RAPD dan profil protein sel utuh, masing-masing terbentuk empat dan lima klaster yang menunjukkan keragaman molekuler P. multocida yang diisolasi dari beberapa wilayah di Indonesia. Keragaman molekuler juga teramati berdasarkan hasil pengurutan gen ompH yang mengelompokkan isolat-isolat P. multocida yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ke dalam lima klaster., Pasteurella multocida is a Gram-negative bacteria that causes septicemia epizootica (SE) in buffaloes and cattle and the disease itself causes serious problems in the Indonesian livestock and is classified as a strategic transmissible animal disease. The diversity of these bacteria so far has been detected using the serotyping method based on the antigenic properties of the capsule polysaccharides. The alternative for analyzing its diversity is to use sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) dan random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). This study was conducted to determine P. multocida diversity from several regions in Indonesia based on its phenotypic character, protein profile, and band pattern of RAPD. Bacterial identification was carried out biochemically using traditional identification and API® 20NE systems and then confirmed molecularly using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The freeze-thawing technique was performed to obtain the bacterial protein extract. The extracted protein and RAPD product were then electrophoresed on 12% polyacrylamide gel and 1.5% agarose gel, respectively. The results showed that the molecular weight range of the protein bands is 12–209 kDa and the band pattern of RAPD is ranged from 307–3,100 bp. Phenotypically, P. multocida from South Sulawesi Province had a variety of growth characters in MacConkey agar media. Based on the hierarchical clustering analysis of the band patterns of RAPD and the whole-cell protein profiles, four and five clusters were formed, respectively. It is showing the molecular diversity of P. multocida isolated from several regions in Indonesia. Molecular diversity was also observed based on sequence of the ompH gene which grouped P. multocida isolates used in this study into five clusters.
Keyword: Pasteurella multocida, protein profile, SDS-PAGE, RAPD, ompH, dendrogram

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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