Judul: Tinjauan tentang Aeromonas hydrophila sebagai bakteri patogen
Abstrak: Melalui berbagai penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa Aeromonas hydrophila adalah penghuni alamiah dari lingkungan air tawar dan air asin. Bakteri ini juga dapat diisolasi dari tinja hewan dan manusia, limbah rumah tangga, daging, ikan, tiram, air susu segar, dan air tawar yang telah diklorinasi. Sebagai patogen, A. hydrophila dapat diisolasi dari bangsa ikan, amfibi, reptil, unggas, dan mamal yang menderita penyakit infeksius. Pada hewan antara lain telah diisolasi dari suatu proses septikemi hemorragis, osteomielitis, abortus, dan enteritis. Pada manusia, bakteri ini umumnya dapat diisolasi dari tinja penderita diare. Hewan dan manusia dapat terinfeksi oleh A. hydrophila, yaitu apabila berkontak langsung dengan sumber infeksi atau melalui vektor, misalnya lalat dan tungau. Sampai saat ini telah diketahui bahwa A. hydrophila yang virulen mampu memproduksi beberapa toksin dan enzim, mengandung endotoksin, dan memiliki pili. Infeksi percobaan dengan A. hydrophila yang virulen pada mencit dapat mengakibatkan timbulnya gejala depresi, diare, nekrose pada otot, septikemi, pembendungan pada hati, limpa, dan ginjal. Pada manusia sukarelawan yang diinokulasi peroral dengan A, hy-drophila dapat menimbulkan gejala diare ringan….
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Judul: Aeromonas hydrophila pathway detection in Clarias spp
Abstrak: Berbagai macam jenis ikan dapat terinfeksi Aeromonas hydrophila dan menyebabkan 80-100 % kematian dalam 1-2 minggu. Penelitian mengenai infeksi A. hydrophila telah banyak dilakukan untuk melihat patogenitas, manifestasi klinis dan perubahan histopatologi. Infeksi A. hydrophila melalui intramuscular menyebabkan kematian yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan infeksi melalui lingkungan, pakan dan intraperitoneal. Meski demikian belum banyak penelitian yang melaporkan jalur infeksi A. hydrophila. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan jalur infeksi dan patogenesis A. hydrophila melalui infeksi buatan secara intramuscular di ikan lele (Clarias spp.) dengan mengevaluasi manifestasi klinis, histopatologi, jumlah A, hydrophila dan luas infeksi pada otot, kulit, insang, hati, limpa, dan ginjal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa infeksi intramuscular A. hydrophila menyebabkan inflamasi dan hemoragi akibat peningkatan permeabilitas pembuluh darah dan menginduksi degenerasi serta nekrosis sel sehingga bakteri dapat masuk ke dalam sirkulasi darah kemudian menyebar dan menginfeksi epitel lamela insang, sitoplasma hepatosit hati, ellipsoid limpa, dan jaringan hematopoietik interstisial ginjal dalam waktu 3 jam pasca infeksi. Jumlah A. hydrophila di otot, kulit, insang, hati, limpa, dan ginjal tidak berbeda nyata namun pertumbuhan satu sel A. hydrophila menyebabkan pertambahan luas infeksi terbesar pada hati diikuti otot, kulit, limpa, ginjal kemudian insang. Puncak infeksi A. hydrophila terjadi pada 12-36 jam pasca infeksi., Wide variety of fish can be infected by Aeromonas hydrophila and cause 80-100% of deaths within 1-2 weeks. Many studies has been done to define the pathogenicity, clinical signs and histopathological changes of A. hydrophila infection. Higher mortality rate occurs in intramuscular A. hydrophila infection compared to the environmental, oral and intraperitoneal infections. However, there is only a little number of studies have been reported about A. hydrophila infection pathway. This study aims to define the infection pathway and pathogenesis of A. hydrophila through intramuscular artificial infection in Clarias spp. by evaluating the clinical sign, histopathological changes, bacterial existence and the infection extent in muscle, skin, gills, liver, spleen, and kidney. The results showed that A hydrophila infection intramuscularly causes inflammation and hemorrhage due to increased permeability of blood vessels and induces cell degeneration and necrosis and resulting infiltrated A hydrophila in blood circulation then infect the epithelium of the gill lamella, cytoplasm of hepatic hepatocytes, spleen ellipsoid, and interstisial hematopoietic tissue of kidney within 3 hours post infection. The A. hydrophila amount in muscle, skin, gills, liver, spleen and kidney was not differ significantly but the accretion of a single cell A. hydrophila caused the largest expansion of infection area in the liver followed by muscle, skin, spleen, kidney and then gills. The highest infection occurs at 12-36 hours post infection.
Keyword: Aeromonas hydrophila, Jalur infeksi, Patogenesis

Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm