Judul: Identification of Growth Hormone Gene Variation in the Exon Region of Indonesian Local Cattle Based on PCR-SSCP Method
Abstrak: The aim of this study was to identify the polymorphisms of the growth hormone gene (GH) of Indonesian local cattle breeds as well as two exotic breed as the out grouped using polymerase chain reaction and single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP). 20 DNA samples of each Indonesian local cattle in consists of Bali, Pesisir, Madura and Katingan and 10 DNA samples of Simmental and Limousine cattle were used. The results show that the polymorphism of the GH gene was found in the three exon regions which are exon 1, 2 and 5 at Indonesian local cattle except for the Bali and Madura cattle that showed polymorphism only at exon 2. This two cattle showed monomorphism at their exon 3 and 4. On the other hand, the exotic breed showed the polymorphism in all exon regions, except for exon 2 in Simmental cattle which was found to be monomorphic. Bos javanicus was monomorphic in the fifth exon except at exon 2 that is polymorphic, while Bos taurus and Bos indicus were polymorphic in the fifth exon. The degree of heterozygosity in the Bos javanicus was a lower when compared to the value of Bos taurus and Bos indicus, so that it can be stated that the high diversity found in the Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle.
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Judul: Genetic Polymorphism of Growth Hormone (GH) in Association with Carcass Quality of Aceh Cattle
Abstrak: This study was conducted in order to identify polymorphism of growth hormone gene and to characterize nucleotide changes and its position in the DNA sequence of the exon five in the bovine growth hormone gene. In addition, this study was done to determine the association of GH/AluI polymorphism with carcass quality and to describe D-Loop of mtDNA and microsatellite alleles in Aceh cattle. A total of 242 DNA genome samples were extracted from four Aceh cattle population, i.e., Banda Aceh (29), Aceh Besar (30), Indrapuri (129), and Saree (54), while for sample comparison was derived from the Gen Bank. The bGH gene was sequenced to identify new single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The sequence data were analyzed using BLAST and MEGA 4 software, and the PCR-RFLP was used to amplify 404 bp of GH gene. D-Loop sequences of mtDNA amplification were done by using specific primer with the PCR product of 980 bp, and the dnaSP program was used to build the NJ tree and to identify the haplotype. Three markers of BM1824, SPS115, and ILSTS028 were used for microsatellite DNA genotyping. The data of genotyping was analyzed using GeneMapper versi 4.0 software and Excel program. The result showed that one new SNP was found in the exon five of bGH gene, which located at position of 2.230 bp (C/T). Genotype frequencies of SNP in position 2.230 bp of Aceh cattle were 0.36; 0.14; and 0.50; for CC, TT, and CT respectively. On the contrary, the LL genotype was the only genotype which found in other Aceh cattle population. This finding indicated that there was not evidence of polymorphism of GH/AluI in Aceh cattle, and there was not correlation of GH/AluI gene with carcass quality of Aceh cattle. It could be affected by small number of sampling size. D-Loop mtDNA analyses showed that there was 27 haplotypes, and 28 Aceh cattle integrated into group of Buthan, China, India, and Zebu cattle with maternal origin of Bos indicus and one sample was from Bos taurus. These finding could be assumed that Aceh cattle has more genetic introgression of Bos indicus compared to that Bos taurus breeds. Microsatellite analyses showed that the average number of allele per locus was 7.6. The genotype of Indrapuri population was higher than those of Banda Aceh and Saree population. Based on the microsatellite alleles analyses, the frequency of C alele locus of SPS115 and ILSTS028 was higher in Indrapuri population. Nevertheless, these locus could be uses for further study to get more information about polymorphism in Indrapuri population. However, this study suggests that GH gene could be possible used as genetic marker.
Keyword: Growth hormone, Carcass quality, Bos sondaicus, Bos javanicus

Judul: Karakteristik lompatan hidrolik terhadap pelimpah terjunan pada saluran segi empat
Abstrak: Aliran dengan kecepatan tinggi dalam kondisi superkritis yang melintasi bangunan pelimpah, sebelum bergerak lebih jauh ke arah hilir saluran dimana bilangan Froude (F) lebih besar dari satu harus diubah menjadi aliran subkritis dimana bilangan Froudenya lebih kecil dari satu. Aliran yang meninggalkan kaki pelimpah merupakan aliran yang memiliki kandungan energi yang amat berarti sehingga dapat menimbulkan pengikisan yang besar. Pengubahan bilangan Froude dari kondisi superkritis ke subkritis dimaksudkan agar terjadi perubahan kandungan energi, sehingga aliran menjadi non erosive. Agar daya erosive aliran dapat berkurang, maka biasanya pada bagian hilir dari bangunan pelimpah dibuatkan suatu bangunan peredam energi. Erosi yang terjadi di hilir bangunan pelimpah dapat disebabkan dari keberadaan bangunan pelimpah itu sendiri, maupun bangunan peredam energi yang kurang tepat. Hal ini terutama menyangkut beberapa kejadian lompatan hidrolik yang timbul pada bangunan peredam energi tersebut.. Suatu metode yang efektif untuk menjamin bahwa lompatan hidrolik selalu terjadi pada daerah yang dilindungi, adalah dengan menggunakan bangunan peredam energi yang terdiri dari beberapa tipe dengan..dst
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