Judul: Optimasi Konsentrasi Bromelin, Suhu, dan Waktu Tunggu pada Pembuatan Cemilan Kreker
Abstrak: Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) is added to the snack crackers for a crispy texture, but it may cause a sulfite allergy. Bromelain is an enzyme that has the potential to replace SMBS without any major side effects, but it is necessary to consider concentration, temperature, and standing time. This study aimed to obtain an optimum concentration for bromelain, dough temperature, with standing time and to determine snack crackers' physicochemical and sensory properties. The research was conducted in three steps, i.e., determination of responses and the range of factors, optimization of parameters, and characterization of physicochemical and sensory properties of snack crackers. The step for determining the response and the range of factor levels was needed to obtain an experimental design as input for the optimization stage. The optimization stage aimed to get the optimum parameters. The physicochemical and sensory characterization aimed to determine the differences in product characteristics from optimization results and control (usage of SMBS). Cracker snacks made using bromelain had significantly different sensory attributes of hardness, crispness, appearance, and color with a significant level of 5%. Density and puffiness represented appearance sensory attributes. Color value responses (L*, a*, b*, C*, and oH) represented color attributes, and hardness using a texture analyzer represented hardness and crispness sensory attributes. The bromelain concentrations were in the range of 0.1 – 0.25 %. The dough temperatures were in the range of 35 – 50 oC, while the waiting times were in the range of 30 – 60 minutes. The values of each factor were then entered in the D-optimal design expert application so that experimental designs were obtained to be tested. The results showed a significantly different response of density, hardness, and color value of C*. The significant responses were then determined their targets, i.e., specific gravity was minimized, hardness in the range of 1000-1100 gram-force, and color value C* in the range of 15 – 25. The highest desirability value obtained was 0.98, at 0.25% bromelain concentration, 35°C dough temperature, and 43 minutes standing time. Snack crackers made using bromelain at the optimum condition had a higher puffiness value while the density was smaller than those of the control. The color of snack crackers using bromelain was redder, less yellow, and less bright than those of the control. Based on the results of the proximate analysis, snack crackers made with bromelain had chemical compositions which were not significantly different from the control. Based on the results of hedonic test, it was known that snack crackers made with bromelain enzyme had a lower score on appearance attribute compared to the control. This indicates that consumers do not really like crackers with high score of puffiness.
Keyword: bromelain, optimization, response surface method, snack crackers, sodium metabisulfite

Judul: Optimization of Nutmeg Flesh Hydrolysis using Amylase and Pectinase Enzymes
Abstrak: Nutmeg is a very potential commodity in Indonesia. Utilization of nutmeg pulp left over from wasted seeds and mace needs to be improved. Nutmeg flesh contains active ingredients that are very beneficial for health. The cell wall of nutmeg fruit also contains many components such as fiber, starch and pectin. To increase the active ingredient content, enzymes are used to break down the cell wall components such as starch and pectin degrading enzymes. Enzymatic hydrolysis is needed to break down starch and pectin compounds using the enzymes amylase and pectinase. The optimum conditions for the amylase and pectinase enzymes are different, so an optimization process is needed to obtain optimal results. This study aims to find optimal conditions for hydrolysis of amylase and pectinase synergistically and to compare the antioxidant content of fresh nutmeg pulp and hydrolyzate of nutmeg pulp. The optimization process was carried out using the Box Behnken Design (BBD) design on RSM with 17 experimental point units with 3 factors namely pH (X1), temperature (X2), and time (X3) as well as 3 responses namely Dextrose Equivalent, reducing sugar, and sugar total of each treatment variation. The results showed that the components of pectin (4,95%) and starch (8,13%) were obtained. From these experiments, RSM provided several optimum conditions for a process with optimal solution conditions validated at pH 4,62, temperature 46oC, and 181 minutes and produced dextrose equivalent (41,05), reducing sugar (7,08%,) and total sugar (17,55%). The factors of pH, temperature, and hydrolysis time contributed to the resulting response value. The response values of dextrose equivalent, reducing sugar and total sugar increased with increasing temperature and time up to a certain limit and the process conditions tended to be at a low pH up to a certain limit. The higher the response value indicates that the process of hydrolysis and breakdown of starch and pectin is running better. The level of clarity in the validated nutmeg pulp hydrolyzate was still quite turbid where the TSS (26,3 g/L) and TDS (35,3 g/L) values were obtained and the oBrix value was 2.47. These results show that the degradation process of pectin into simpler compounds is not perfect. The antioxidant (IC50) content of hydrolyzed nutmeg was 127.64 ppm and the antioxidant (IC50) of fresh nutmeg flesh was 141.78 ppm. These results indicate that the antioxidant content of IC50 increased after hydrolysis.
Keyword: nutmeg flesh

Judul: Theileriosis pada domba dan kambing akibat infeksi theileria ovis dan theileria hirci
Abstrak: Theileriosis adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan Boleh protozoa dari genus Theileria dan ditularkan melalui vektor caplak. Theileria ovis dan Theileria hirci pernah dimasukkan dalam genus Gonderia sehingga penyakit yang disebabkan oleh penyakit ini mempunyai beberapa nama diantaranya Benign Ovine and Caprine Gonderiosis atau Benign Ovine and Caprine Theileriosis (disebabkan oleh infeksi Theile- ria ovis). Sedang yang disebabkan oleh infeksi Theileria hirci diberi nama Malignant Ovine and Caprine Gonderiosis Malignant Ovine and Caprine Theileriosis (Levine, 1961). Soulsby (1982) dan Jensen (1983), memasukkan Theileria hirci dan Theileria ovis dalam genus Theileria, famili Theileriidae, ordo Piroplasmida, subklas Piroplasmia dan dalam kelas Sporozoa. Menurut hasil pemeriksaan theileriosis pada domba dan kambing di Indonesia periode 1 April 1981 sampai 31 Maret 1982 di Propinsi Sumatera Barat di Daerah Tingkat II Pasaman Kecamatan Talamun ditemukan pada 2 ekor kambing kacang, Kecamatan Sungai Beremas ditemukan pada 3 ekor kambing kacang dan di Daerah Tingkat II Padang Pariaman, Kecamatan Pariaman ditemukan pada 1 ekor kambing kacang (Informasi Keswan, 1982). Daerah penyebaran Theileria ovis yang pernah dilapor- kan adalah Afrika Tengah, Afrika Barat, Afrika Timur, Afrika Selatan, Perancis, Jerman, Hongaria, Sardinia dan diduga India. Sedangkan penyebaran Theileria hirci meli- puti Afrika Utara, Eropa Selatan, Irak dan Turki. Bentuk Theileria ovis dan Theileria hirci pada domba dan kambing dalam eritrosit disebut piroplasma dan bentuk dalam limfosit disebut Koch bodies atau skizon. Bentuk dalam vektor caplak adalah zigot dan kinet. Di dalam eritrosit parasit ini mempunyai beberapa macam bentuk yaitu, bentuk bulat, oval, batang, bentuk buah pir atau koma dan bentuk seperti anaplasma. Bentuk dalam limfosit berupa skizon yang terdiri dari makroskizon dan mikroskizon. Penularan Theileria ovis dan Theileria hirci dari hewan satu ke hewan lain secara alam dilakukan oleh vektor caplak secara stage to stage. Vektor dari Theileria ovis adalah caplak dari genus Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Hae- mophysalis dan Ornithodorus. Sedangkan vektor dari Thei- leria hirci yaitu caplak dari genus Rhipicephalus dan di- duga Ornithodorus. Penularan secara buatan dapat dilakukan dengan cara mekanik (penyuntikan dengan aplikasi intravena, subkutan dan intraperitoneal)…dst
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