Judul: Development of Indonesian sugar industry: policy and integrated production system analysis
Abstrak: Pada decade terakhir, industry gula Indonesia sedang mengalami berbagai masalah yang saling terkait yang mengakibatkan kemunduran dari industry tersebut. Volume produksi mengalami penurunan -3.3% per tahun sebagai akibat penurunan areal tebu dan produktivitas. Di sisi lain, konsumsi meningkat dengan laju 2.96% per tahun sehingga import meningkat dengan laju 16.5% pe tahun. Penurunan kinerja industry gula Indonesia disebabkan oleh tiga kelompok factor utama yaitu dukungan kebijakan domestic yang tidak memadai, kebijakan perdagangan internasional (impor) yang kurang tepat, dan inefisiensi pada tingkat usahatani dan pabrik., In the last decade, Indonesian sugar industry has faced some inter-related problems that have caused a setback of the industries. The production has been declining with a -3.3 annual growth rate, due to a decrease in area and annual growth rate, leading to an increase in import of 16.5 percent per annum. The declining performance of the industry has been attributed to the inappropriate government international trade and domestic support policies and inefficiency in farm and plant levels because of lack of integrated production system.
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Judul: The Impact -of Trade Liberalization on the Performance of Indonesian Sugar Industry: A Policy Analysis
Abstrak: lndustri gula Indonesia sudah berlangsung sejak lebih dari satu abad yang lalu. Keberhasilan industri gula dinikmati penjajah jauh sebelum Indonesia merdeka. Peranannya yang strategis dimasa sekarang maupun yang akan datang, dengan berbagai masalah yang timbul dalam memasuki era liberalisasi perdagangan, menjadi fenomena baru bagi industri gula Indonesia. Penelitian int bertujuan menganalisis dampak liberalisasi perdagangan terhadap keragaan industri gula domestik. Model lndustri Gula Indonesia yang simultan dan dinamik dibangun dan diduga dengan metode Two Stage Least Squares. Metode Stepwise autoregresive dan exponential smoothing digunakan untuk memperoleh data ramalan variabel eksogen. Simulasi historis (ex-post) dan peramalan (ex-ante) menggunakan metode solusi Newton. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ( 1) di negara eksportir, tingkat produksi menjadi pertimbangan yang utama dalam mengekspor; sedangkan di negara importir pertimbangan utamanya adalah harga impor dan tingkat konsumsi, (2) intervensi pasar negara eksportir maupun importir akan mempengaruhi harga gula dunia, (3) kebijakan kemandirian produksi gula domestik akan memperbaiki keragaan industri gula domestik pada era liberalisasi perdagangctn, dan (4) akses kredit, penerapan teknologi (budidaya dan pengolahan) serta perluasan areal menjadi faktor penentu keberhasilan dalam memperbaiki keragaan industri gula domestik., Sugar industry in Indonesia have existed since a century ago. The success of sugar industry was enjoyed by the colonizers far before the Indonesian independence day. The strategic roles at present and in the future with their complex problems which appear in entering trade liberalization era become new phenomena for Indonesian sugar industry. , This study aims at analyzing the impact of trade liberalization on the ◄ performance of domestic sugar industry. The Model of Indonesian Sugar Industry was build and estimated by Two Stage Least Squares method • which is simultaneous and dynamic. Stepwise Autoregressive and , · Exponential Smoothing methods are used to obtain forecasting data for exogenous variables. Historical (ex-post) and forecasting (ex-ante) simulations using Newton solution method. The results show that (1) in exporter countries, production level become the main consideration in sugar export, while in importer countries, the main consideration is import price and the consumption level, (2) market intervention of exporter and importer countries will influence the world sugar price, (3) self reliance policy of domestic sugar production will improve domestic sugar industry performance in the era of trade liberalization, and (4) the accessibility of credit, the application of , technology effectivity ( cultivation and processing) and are expansion become decisive factors for the success for the improvement of the performance of Indonesian sugar industry.
Keyword: Sugar industry, sugar export

Judul: Light Microscope Study of ConnectiveTissue in The Spleen of Common Rousette Bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus)
Abstrak: The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ. As a secondary lymphoid organ, in addition to its immune function, the spleen also has functions as blood filtration, storage, and hematopoiesis. The spleen has different morphologies between species that support different physiological functions, one of which is the difference in the structure of the capsule and trabeculae. Capsule and trabeculae of the spleen generally consist of connective tissue and smooth muscle. The thickness of smooth muscle composed together with connective tissue in the capsule and trabecula determines the function of the spleen that is divided spleen into three storage, defense, and intermediate. Bats are the reservoir of various zoonotic diseases. Bats are thought to have unique immune systems compared to other mammals but the characteristics of its immune organs such as the spleen have never been studied before. This study was conducted to examine the characteristics of capsulae and trabecula of the Common Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus).
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