Judul: Systematics of Desmos (Annonaceae) in Malesia
Abstrak: Desmos is a woody climbing genus of Annonaceae which has been widely used as traditional medicine in several countries such as China, Indo-China, Thailand, and Peninsular Malaysia to treat dysentery, vertigo, fever, and postpartum. Phylogenetic studies on Desmos showed a close relationship between Desmos and Dasymaschalon. They share similar moniliform monocarpic fruits, but their flowers are different. It has been debated among Annonaceae researchers whether both genera should be treated as the same or distinct genus. Therefore, investigation on the taxonomic delimitation of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon will be necessary. Plastid genome (plastome) identification, leaf epidermal section of Desmos species and Dasymaschalon species, a taxonomic revision of Desmos in Malesia using morphological data, the spatial distribution of Desmos species in Malesia, and morphological and genetic variation in Desmos chinensis population using ISSR marker were used to investigate taxonomic delimitation of Desmos. Plastome study of Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was carried out to determine the origin, evolution, phylogenomics, and identify marker candidates for Desmos and Dasymaschalon or with other genera in Annonaceae. We discovered that the plastome of Desmos chinensis was circular with the size of 167,677 bp (smaller than Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum), consist of 111 genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 29 transfer RNAs, and 4 ribosomal RNAs. The plastome showed a typical quadripartite structure, i.e., large single copy (LSC), small single copy (SSC), and two inverted repeats (IRs). The plastome of Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum was 191,488 bp in length, which also exhibited a typical quadripartite structure (LSC, SSC, and two IRs). Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum showed different copies of accD, ndhD, ndhF, rps18, and ycf2. Protein coding genes of rpoB, rpoC1, rbcL, matK, rpl32, infA, and rpl36 were identified based on nucleotide diversity, sequence variability, and parsimony-informative sites. The genes are defined as molecular marker candidates of plastome for phylogenetic, barcoding, and population genetic research. We predicted that Desmos chinensis and Dasymaschalon dasymaschalum separated at ca. 64 million years ago during the Paleocene. Leaf anatomical feature study was carried to support the taxonomic delimitation of interspecific Desmos and intergeneric of Desmos and Dasymaschalon. Leaf anatomy in the paradermal section of 20 taxa (12 species of Desmos, eight species of Dasymaschalon) have been carried out. According to the leaf epidermal section, Desmos and Dasymaschalon are two distinct genera mainly distinguished based on the anticlinal wall undulation of epidermal cells and supported by variation of the crystal type and size. The anticlinal wall undulation of Desmos was almost straight to slightly wavy and never sinuous; meanwhile, Dasymaschalon varies from almost straight to deeply sinusoid. The crystals of Desmos consist of rhombohedral, druse type A, and druse type B crystals, whereas Dasymaschalon has prism, druse type A, druse type B, and druse type C crystals. The recent taxonomic revision using the morphological data was mainly based on the examination of about 1374 specimens from BO, L, WAN, ANDA, SING, SAN, K, P, HUH herbaria. The Desmos species in Malesia consists of eight species: D. acutus, D. chinensis, D. chryseus, D. dunalii, D. pedunculosus, D. subbiglandulosus, two new records: D. lawii and D. macrocarpus, and one
Keyword: Dasymaschalon, Desmoid clade, Magnoliid, plastid genome, phylogenomics analysis

Judul: Biosystematic Study of the Fern Genus Diplazium in West Malesia, Biosystematic Study of the Fern Genus Diplazium in West Malesia
Abstrak: Diplazium is a large genus consisting of about 400 species occur mainly in the tropics, sparingly in the subtropic and only locally extending into temperate. It was estimated that 300 species of the records were occurred in Malesia. Taxonomically, Diplazium is very difficult and quite insufficiently known. Therefore a comprehensive study on Diplazium in West Malesia was conducted by using morphological, ecological, geographic distribution, anatomical, palinological, cytological, as well as DNA analysis to understand the diversity and relationship among species. Based on gross morphological study on 1051 collection number of specimens as well as living collections, it was concluded that West Malesian Diplazium comprises of 69 species with 14 varieties. Thirteen species of them are proposed and described as new species, namely Diplazium asymmetricum, D. batuayauense, D. crameri, D. densisquamatum, D. halimunense, D. loerzingii, D. megasegmentum, D. megasimplicifolium, D. meijeri, D. parallelivenium, D. profluens, D. subalternisegmentum, and D. subvirescens. Two new varieties are poposed, namely D. accedens var. spinosum and D. silvaticum var. pinnae-ellipticum. D. pallidum var. montanum and D. accedens var. ridleyi are proposed as new status. Based on their main habitats, Diplazium can be classified into three major groups, viz. dryland (dominant), riparian and rheophytic species. Species diversity was culminated at 1000- 1500 m above sea level. The individuals with different genetic load in the same species sometimes grow in the different habitat gradients. Based on the range of the geographical distribution, West Malesian species can be divided into three types: (1) very wide species (19 species), (2) Malesian species (27 species), and (3) locally endemic species (23 species). Anatomical study on the transversal section of stipe of 27 species showed that the vascular bundle shape is varying among species. Therefore the leaf-trace shapes are important diagnostic features which support species delimitation in Diplazium. Spore morphology study showed that perine ornamentations support in delimitating species in Diplazium. However the phylogenetic analysis using parsimony revealed that morphological variation of spore is inadequate to depict natural relationship among Diplazium species. Cytological study on 117 collection number from 54 localities included in 31 species found that West Malesian Diplazium has six ploidy levels with x = 41 (diploid, triploid, tetraploid, pentaploid, hexaploid, and octoploid). New cytological information for science on 19 species are recorded. They are D. aequibasale (2n = 164), D. angustipinna (2n = 123). D. asymmetricum (2n = 123), D. batuayauense (2n = 164, 205), D. crenatoserratum (2n = 123, 164), D. halimunense (2n = 123), D. hewittii (2n = 123), D. profluens (2n = 164), D. loerzingii (2n = 82, 123), D. pallidum (2n = 82), D. petiolare (2n = 82), D. porphyrorachis (2n = 164), D. riparium (2n = 82, 123), D. spiniferum (2n = 82), D. subserratum (2n = 82, 123, 164), D. subvirescens (2n = 123), D. tomentosum (2n = 82, 205), D. xiphophyllum (2n = 82, 246), and D. wahauense (2n=164). Phylogenetic analysis on morphological data sets of 69 species using parsimony revealed that the phylogenetic relationship among species in the genus Diplazium was very difficult to explain due to the lack of or weak support
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Judul: Kaitan Antara Nilai Tukar Nominal Rupiah dengan Inflasi di Indonesia pada tahun 1995-2003
Abstrak: Dalam upaya mempercepat pemulihan ekonomi Indonesia, pada tahun 1999 pemerintah mengeluarkan peraturan baru mengenai bank sentral yaitu UU No. 23. Tahun 1999. Peraturan ini memberikan kewenangan sepenuhnya kepada Bank Indonesia (BI) untuk menetapkan target-target yang akan dicapai dan menggunakan berbagai piranti kebijakan dalam mencapai target tersebut. Salah satu isi peraturan tersebut adalah BI harus mempertahankan stabilitas nilai rupiah, yaitu menahan laju inflasi dan stabilitas nilai tukar rupiah (kurs) terhadap mata uang lain. Sebagai negara terbuka kecil yang sejak Agustus 1997 menganut sistem nilai tukar mengambang bebas, kebijakan moneter untuk mempengaruhi inflasi. melalui jalur nilai tukar dianggap paling efektif. Akan tetapi semenjak Indonesia menerapkan sistem nilai tukar mengambang bebas tersebut, BI sulit melakukan intervensi nilai tukar. Upaya yang biasa dilakukan BI untuk mempengaruhi nilai tukar adalah melalui kebijakan moneter dengan penentuan instrumen tingkat suku bunga SBI untuk mengatur jumlah uang beredar. Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah kaitan antara pergerakan nilai tukar rupiah dengan inflasi di Indonesia pada tahun 1995-2002. Hal tersebut kemudian menjadi acuan untuk melihat kemampuan kebijakan moneter BI dalam mempengaruhi nilai tukar yang telah dilepas ke mekanisme pasar untuk tujuan mengendalikan inflasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perubahan kurs nominal rupiah berpengaruh nyata terhadap laju inflasi Indonesia. Jumlah uang beredar juga menjadi determinan penting dalam penentuan nilai tukar nominal. Akan tetapi hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa suku bunga SBI ternyata tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap jumlah uang beredar. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa mekanisme pengendalian inflasi melalui jalur nilai tukar masih terhambat karena walaupun kurs nilai tukar berpengaruh nyata terhadap inflasi, BI masih kesulitan mempengaruhi kurs nilai tukar karena lelang SBI masih belum efektif dalam mengendalikan jumlah uang beredar. Dengan belum optimalnya tingkat suku bunga SBI dalam mempengaruhi jumlah uang beredar maka BI menggunakan cara lain untuk mengintervensi nilai tukar yaitu melalui sterilisasi valuta asing di pasar. Cara inilah yang sampai akhir tahun 2003 masih dilakukan BI untuk mengintervensi nilai tukar dengan tujuan stabilisasi mata uang rupiah.
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