Judul: Penambahan Adsorben Kapur dan Zeolit Pada Biomineral Cairan Rumen Terhadap Populasi Bakteri dan Protozoa Rumen
Abstrak: The objective of this experiment was to evaluated the effect of adsorbent addition on biomineral for rumen bacteria and protozoa population including microbial protein synthesis. This experiment used Factorial Randomized Block Design 5x4 with four replicates. Factor A was biomineral treatment : A1:Biomineral control, A2:A1+CaCO3 3%, A3:A1+CaCO3 6%, A4:A1+Zeolite 3%, A5:A1+Zeolite 6% and factor B was incubation times (0,1,2, and 3 hours). All of variable in those experiment were not significant (P>0.05) with the addition of adsorbents, but amilolitik were significant (P<0.05) and selulolitik, proteolitik bacteria population and microbial protein synthesis were very significant (P<0.01) with incubation time. The interaction between two factor were not significant. It was concluded that the addition of CaCO3 and zeolite in biomineral not caused trouble for rumen fermentation and degradable. Incubation 3 hours were the best among 0, 1, and 2 hours.
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Judul: Quality Improvement of Rumen Fluid Biomineral with Macro Mineral Enrichment on Rumen Bacterial and Protozoal Populations
Abstrak: Biomineral adalah suplemen mineral yang berasal dari produk sampingan rumah potong hewan. Suplementasi penting dilakukan karena hijauan pakan ternak di Indonesia ditanam di lahan yang miskin kandungan haranya sehingga biasanya memiliki kandungan mineral yang rendah pula. Defisiensi mineral pada ternak ruminansia dapat mengakibatkan penurunan produksi dan ketidakseimbangan kondisi mikroba rumen. Suplemen biomineral dapat dibuat dari cairan rumen sebagai limbah rumah potong hewan, tetapi kurang kandungan unsur mineral makronya. Biomineral yang diperkaya dengan mineral Ca, P, Mg, dan S dapat menjadi solusi yang baik. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan mempelajari perbaikan mutu biomineral cairan rumen dengan mineral makro terhadap aspek populasi bakteri rumen, protozoa rumen, dan sintesis protein mikroba. Penelitian ini dilakukan selama tujuh bulan di Laboratorium Biokimia, Fisiologi dan Mikrobiologi dan Laboratorium Ilmu Nutrisi Ternak Perah, Departemen Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan, Fakultas Peternakan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan pola faktorial 5 x 2 dan 4 ulangan. Faktor A adalah level biomineral yang diperbaiki mutunya (A1= 0 x Ca, P, Mg, dan S NRC (2000), A2= 0,5 x Ca, P, Mg, dan S NRC (2000), A3= 1 x Ca, P, Mg, dan S NRC (2000), A4= 1,5 x Ca, P, Mg, dan S NRC (2000), A5= 2 x Ca, P, Mg, dan S NRC (2000)). Faktor B adalah waktu inkubasi (0 dan 3 jam). Data yang didapat dianalisa dengan menggunakan analisa sidik ragam (ANOVA) dan yang berbeda nyata diuji lanjut dengan orthogonal kontras. Level biomineral yang diperbaiki dengan penambahan mineral makro sampai dengan 2 kali NRC untuk sapi pedaging dapat meningkatkan populasi bakteri total (P<0,1), tetapi perlakuan ini belum dapat memberikan efek yang nyata terhadap populasi protozoa total, bakteri amilolitik, selulolitik, dan proteolitik. Waktu inkubasi 3 jam dapat meningkatkan populasi bakteri total dan selulolitik (P<0,05) dan bakteri proteolitik (P<0,06). Peningkatan populasi bakteri amilolitik dan sintesis protein mikroba tidak berbeda nyata pada inkubasi 3 jam. Kesimpulannya adalah biomineral yang diperbaiki mutunya dengan level mineral makro (Ca, P, Mg, dan S) 1,5 kali NRC dapat direkomendasikan untuk digunakan sebagai suplemen berdasarkan efeknya terhadap populasi bakteri total.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite