Judul: Is there Any Anomali between Economic Growth and Employment Rate?
Abstrak: Economic growth expands the material base for the fulfillment of human needs. The extent to which these needs are met depends on the allocation of resources among people and uses and the distribution of opportunities, particularly employment. This research examines whether there is anomaly links between economic growth and employment rate for provinces in Indonesia with various economic performance over 2002-2009 periods. Using panel data models, economic growth, and employment rate as expressed in the econometric function of regional GDP, macroeconomic indicators, educational level and regional minimum wage. The main result is the long run coefficient of regional GDP has positive impact to the strong and week links provinces categories (quadrants I and III) and the unbalanced links (quadrants II and IV). It explains that economic growth has links to employment rate and indicating that there is a key link back. The link between them is not automatic. The link can be strengthened through sensible policy actions that can make them mutually reinforcing. When the links are strong, they contribute to each other,but when the links are weak or broken, they can become mutually stifling as the absence of one undermines the other. Unbalanced links are the results of rapid employment rate with little growth or of fast growth with slow employment rate. In the long run, economic growth and employment rate generally move together and tend to be mutually reinforcing. This research also analyzes the response of contribution of sectors to the regional GDP and educational level affected to employment rate, and indicating a change in trend of employment rate. Hence, when the economic growth is positive and inelastic, it means the response of economic growth to change employment rate is relatively low. However, the estimation results are also show that the labor elasticity is positive and tends to decrease over time. Here, the estimation value of economic growth varies across provinces where the strong and weak links have higher elasticity then the unbalanced links.
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Judul: Dampak Ketimpangan Gender terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi di Indonesia.
Abstrak: Gender is a difference behaviours between men and women are not determined by biological differences, but by the socio-cultural environment, politics and economics. Gender inequality persists in all aspects of life in Indonesia, there are gaps between the achievement of the benefits of development on women and men related to basic human needs for jobs, education, and health. This is despite the fact there is a fairly rapid progress in gender equality today. The nature and extent of discrimination varies in different regions / provinces. According to the United Nations Development Programme (2010), there is no one else in the area of third world countries women have enjoyed equal rights in the legal, social and economic. Gender inequality in education among other things, employment, access to resources, economic power, and political participation. Women bear the heaviest burden due to inequality, but inequality is detrimental basically everyone and ultimately harm the economy of a country. Indonesia is one country that is experiencing a rapid development in reducing disparities in education between men and women that is characterized by the narrowing gap between men and women in educational attainment levels. However, the level of productivity and labor force participation of women is still low. The role of women in development needs to be considered in national and regional development policies. Because of the increased role of women has a significant impact in breaking the vicious circle of poverty. Improvement of human quality of education of women in particular is an important issue because it determines the quality of life for future generations. The objectives of this research are to analyze the gender inequality in Indonesia by using Gender Development Index (GDI), to analyze the effect of gender gaps in education and employment (proxied by using gender gap in mean years of schooling and labor force participation) on economic growth. This research uses panel data from 30 provinces during 2003-2012. Gender inequality index is represented by a proxy of ratio GDI to HDI. Descriptive analysis results show that there are gender inequality, there are still distances between Human Development Index (HDI) and Gender Development Index (GDI). Econometric analysis with FEM (Fixed Effect Model) determines that there are positive and significant effect of education, female-male mean years of schooling, employment, female-male labor force participation, and gender inequality index on economic growth.
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Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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