Judul: Surveillance, Identification, and Characterization of Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection in Macaques and Orangutans.
Abstrak: Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium responsible for causing melioidosis in a wide range of species. It may infect susceptible hosts through cutaneous, ingestion, or inhalation routes. The disease has a moderate to high case fatality rate, and the causative microorganism is categorized as Tier 1 Select Agent by the United States CDC. Concerns regarding melioidosis were raised among nonhuman primate (NHP) researchers in Indonesia, following a fatal melioidosis case in a cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in a primate research center and fatal cases in orangutans. Those incidents were the driving force to conduct surveillance in primate populations. Serosurveillance was conducted on cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis) and pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) in several facilities breeding facilities in West Java and Banten, Indonesia: Jonggol, Darmaga, Lodaya, and Tinjil Island facilities. The serosurveillance was conducted using a panel of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays targeting immunoglobulins G toward B. pseudomallei proteins: purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and recombinant proteins of alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C (AhpC), hemolysin coregulated protein (Hcp1), and putative outer membrane porin protein (OmpH). Demographic factor analysis showed that species and breeding location were significant factors that were associated with seropositivity. Cynomolgus macaques and Jonggol facility have significantly association with seropositivity towards B. pseudomallei antigenic proteins. Enclosures in Jonggol are designed with soil flooring that may act as the reservoir of B. pseudomallei. Wet season and the observed grass-plucking behavior in those macaques may have contributed to the exposure to B. pseudomallei in the deeper layer of the soil. Pig-tailed macaques are predicted to be less-susceptible to the bacteria, since they showed lower immune response even though being reared in the same facility as some seropositive cynomolgus macaques. An evaluation of the immunoassay panel showed that there were strong and positive correlations of the recombinant protein assays (AhpC, Hcp1, and OmpH), whereas antibody level in LPS assay was higher but showed no correlation to the results of other assays. This may suggest that the development of antibody towards B. pseudomallei LPS is quicker and stronger, since LPS is a strong T-cell independent antigen. It may explain the reason that some animals had high level of antibody to LPS but not to other antigens. Even though the seropositivity ranges from 13-88% in several facilities, the presence of immunoglobulin G against B. pseudomallei does not necessarily mean that the macaques were currently having melioidosis, as the antibodies may reflect asymptomatic infection or a resolved infection. Efforts to culture throat, oral, wound, nasal, and rectal swabs of seropositive macaques resulted in no positive culture for B. pseudomallei. Based on previous reports by other researchers, macaques (including Macaca mulatta, Macaca fascicularis, and Macaca nemestrina) have been considered as animal species with moderate to high resistance towards melioidosis. Negative culture from seropositive animals in this study may indicate that those animals have been exposed to B. pseudomallei, but do not develop melioidosis, or the condition has been resolved. Environmental sampling from soil in several breeding facilities also resulted in no culturable B. pseudomallei, but the number of samples and area coverage was not adequate to represent the very large area of
Keyword: Burkholderia pseudomallei, melioidosis, nonhuman primates, surveillance

Judul: Identification of Zoonotic Pathogens in Captive Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) Colonies
Abstrak: Monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) merupakan salah satu jenis satwa primata yang lazim dimanfaatkan dalam penelitian bidang biomedis sebagai hewan coba maupun hewan model untuk kepentingan kesehatan manusia. Penangkaran eks situ sangat diperlukan untuk menjamin ketersediaan hewan yang berkualitas sekaligus menjaga kelestarian satwa ini di habitat aslinya. Fasilitas penangkaran Dramaga, Pusat Studi Satwa Primata, Institut Pertanian Bogor (PSSP IPB) merupakan satu-satunya fasilitas satwa primata yang dikelola perguruan tinggi di Indonesia. Kematian hewan sering dan terjadi secara teratur sejak pertengahan tahun 2021. Pemeriksan pascamati menunjukkan infeksi yang disebabkan patogen pembentuk nanah dengan hasil kultur bakteri ada pertumbuhan Klebsiella pneumoniae. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi lebih jauh tentang patogen yang menginfeksi dan menyebabkan kematian hewan, menghitung nilai prevalensi beserta mortalitasnya, dan mengetahui distribusi penyakit ini di fasilitas penangkaran PSSP IPB di Bogor, Jawa Barat. Pengambilan data kesehatan dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan kondisi fisik setiap individu. Uji tuberkulin dilakukan terhadap semua individu berumur di atas enam bulan. Sampel usap nasal dan rektal serta darah (serum) diambil menggunakan metode sampling dari keseluruhan populasi, yang selanjutnya diuji molekuler terhadap keluarga virus Coronaviridae dan Paramyxoviridae serta bakteri Klebsiella sp. Kedua keluarga virus tersebut merupakan virus-virus yang dilaporkan sering menginfeksi saluran pernapasan satwa primata. Pemeriksaan fisik menunjukkan 48,18% (212/429) populasi memiliki gejala klinis yang beragam baik bersifat tunggal maupun lebih dari satu gejala dalam satu individu. Gejala klinis didominasi pernafasan kasar (n = 156), trauma (n = 51), abses (n = 24) dan lainnya seperti abnormalitas detak jantung (n = 15), dehidrasi (n = 13) dan diare (n = 4). Uji tuberkulin untuk melihat adanya infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex menunjukkan 82 ekor positif yang berasal dari semua kandang kecuali kandang ST dengan nilai prevalensi sebesar 19,11%. Pemeriksaan polymerase chain reaction (PCR) terhadap K. pneumoniae dari 96 sampel usap nasal yang berasal dari kandang WNR_I, KDB dan SF menunjukkan 28 sampel positif dengan nilai prevalensi sebesar 28,57% dan angka mortalitas sebesar 35,71%. Infeksi kedua bakteri ini tidak ditunjukkan adanya tendensi terhadap jenis kelamin maupun kelas umur. Pemeriksaan nested PCR terhadap keluarga virus Coronaviridae dan Paramyxoviridae dari 148 sampel usap nasal dan rektal menunjukkan hasil negatif. Telah terjadi wabah yang disebabkan bakteri M. tuberculosis complex dan K. pneumoniae di fasilitas penangkaran monyet ekor panjang ini. Infeksi ini bersifat kronis dan aktif serta tidak terlihat adanya faktor risiko terkait dengan jenis kelamin maupun kelas umur.
Keyword: captivity, Klebsiella pneumoniae, long-tailed macaque, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, outbreak

Judul: Formulasi TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem) menggunakan ILP (Integer Linear Programming)
Abstrak: TSP is a journey of salesman f?om his origin town (place) to visit n-cities (places) only at once, then return to his origin town (place) with a minimum total distance. Its purpose is to minimize the operating expense that is released by the company. Vehicle route at TSP in the form of a Hamiltonian cycle, that is closed path containing all nodes at the graph which representing a network walk. Its problem is to determine a journey route which is feasible (possibly can be passed by) in such a way the vehicle travelled distance passed the route is minimum.
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