Judul: Karakterisasi dan Analisis Fisiko-Kimia Terhadap Minyak Kelapa dengan Penambahan Ragi roti, Enzim Papain Kasar, Enzim Bromelin Kasar dan Starter Ragi Tape.
Abstrak: Coconut plants (Cocos nucifera L) are grouped into two main varieties of Coconut (tall variety) and Coconut Elephant (dwarf variety). Coconut meat used as raw material in the manufacturing of coconut oil. Coconut oil is generally divided into three types ie: RBD (Refined, Bleached, and Deodorized), VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) and Traditional Coconut Oil. Coconut oil contains lauric acid which are categorized as an acid medium chain saturated fatty acid. Lauric acid in coconut oil contained approximately 53%, which is efficacious as a natural antibiotic that can kill many types of germs, viruses and parasites such as HIV and hepatitis C virus. Coconut milk is an oil and water emulsions stabilized by proteins and possibly by some ions are adsorbed on the surface of the boundary between oil and water, in this study coconut milk obtained was treated with additions such as yeast breads, crude enzyme papain, crude enzyme bromelain, tape yeast starter. Use of yeast, starter and crude enzyme is intended to break the emulsion which were with components degrade proteins such as emulsion stabilizer. The Randomized Complete Design Group was used for analysis the obtained onto, followed by analysis of variance and Duncan Multiple Range Test showed that crude enzyme bromelain treatment was meet effective for breaking the emulsion, having a yield of oil and water, 31.51 and 0.251 percent, respectively. A good extraction was obtained by using water at 700C that had peroxide number of 1.16 O2/100 g oil.
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Judul: Comparative Analysis of Wet, Enzymatic and Dry Coconut Oil Processes
Abstrak: Proses produksi minyak kelapa terdiri dari proses basah, enzimatis, dan kering. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan proses produksi minyak kelapa berdasarkan tiga kriteria (input, produk, dan limbah) dengan menggunakan Metode Composite Performance Index (CPI) dan Metode Perbandingan Eksponensial (MPE). Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder melalui studi pustaka dari berbagai sumber data. Data sekunder yang diperoleh, diklasifikasikan dalam tiga kriteria input, produk, dan limbah. Kriteria input meliputi kebutuhan energi dan air untuk proses. Kriteria mutu produk terdiri dari rendemen, kadar air, warna, bau, dan bilangan asam. Kriteria limbah terdiri dari limbah cair, limbah padat, dan limbah gas. Data tersebut dianalisis menggunakan CPI dan MPE untuk menentukan proses terbaik. Berdasarkan kriteria input, urutan nilai CPI tertinggi adalah proses kering, basah, dan enzimatis. Berdasarkan kriteria produk, urutan nilai CPI tertinggi adalah proses kering, basah, dan enzimatis. Berdasarkan kriteria limbah, urutan nilai CPI tertinggi adalah proses kering, enzimatis, dan basah. Hasil metode CPI ini menunjukan bahwa teknik pengolahan minyak kelapa terbaik adalah proses kering. Hasil yang sama diperoleh dengan MPE, dimana proses kering merupakan proses terbaik dari kriteria input, produk, dan limbah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa proses pengolahan minyak kelapa secara kering, berbahan baku kopra lebih efisien dan efektif dibandingkan dengan proses basah dan enzimatis., Coconut oil production process consists of wet , enzymatic, and dry processes. This study aims to determine the coconut oil production process based on three criteria (input, product quality, and waste) by using the Composite Performance Index (CPI) and Exponential Comparison Method (ECM). This research uses secondary data through literature study from various data sources. The secondary data obtained were classified into three criteria of input, product, and waste. The input criteria include energy and water requirements for the process. The product quality criteria consist of yield, moisture content, color, odor, and free fatty acid number. The waste criteria consist of liquid, solid, and gas waste. The data were analyzed using CPI and MPE to determine the best process. Based on the input criteria, the order of the highest CPI values are the dry, wet and enzymatic processes. Based on the product quality criteria, the order of the highest CPI values are the dry, wet and enzymatic processes. Based on the waste criteria, the order of the highest CPI values are the dry, enzymatic and wet processes. The results of this CPI method indicate that the best coconut oil processing technique is the dry process. The same result is obtained with MPE, where the dry process is the best process from input, product, and waste criteria. This result shows that the dry processing of coconut oil, made from copra, is more efficient and effective than the wet and enzymatic process.
Keyword: Coconut oil process, composite performance index, energy input

Judul: Urbanisasi dan Sektor Informal
Abstrak: Pertumbuhan penduduk yang tinggi yang terjadi di pedesaan mengakibatkan jumlah tenaga kerja setiap tahunnya meningkat dengan cepat. Keadaan ini mendorong penduduk desa untuk pindah ke kota, sehingga terjadilah apa yang dinamakan urbanisasi. Sementara sektor formal tidak mampu menyerap seluruh pertambahan angkatan kerja di kota, jasa sektor informal menjadi pilihan terbaik dewasa ini dan bahkan mungkin di masa mendatang.
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