Judul: Analysis on Secretory Structures and Histochemistry of Kitolod (Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G.Don.)
Abstrak: Kitolod (Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G.Don) merupakan tumbuhan obat yang tumbuh di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Tumbuhan ini dimanfaatkan masyarakat untuk mengobati berbagai penyakit, seperti sakit mata, luka, anastesi lokal, dan obat kanker. Tumbuhan obat mengandung metabolit sekunder yang umumnya diproduksi, dan diakumulasi di berbagai macam struktur sekretori. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur sekretori pada tanaman kitolod, serta kandungan beberapa metabolit sekunder yang terdapat pada struktur sekretori tersebut melalui uji histokimia. Analisis struktur sekretori yang dilakukan pada sediaan paradermal, sayatan transversal dan longitudinal, meliputi identifikasi bentuk, letak, tipe, dan kerapatannya. Uji histokimia yang dilakukan meliputi uji alkaloid, lipofilik, terpenoid, fenolat, dan flavonoid. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan struktur sekretori yang ditemukan berupa Trikoma kelenjar uniseriat tipe 1 dan tipe 2, serta sel idioblas, yang mengandung berbagai metabolit sekunder. Selain itu, akumulasi senyawa tersebut juga ditemukan pada struktur yang tidak terspesialisasikan, seperti jaringan epidermis, parenkim, dan berkas pembuluh pada tangkai bunga, palisade dan bunga karang pada daun, berkas pembuluh pada batang, serta korteks, perisikel, parenkim, dan berkas pembuluh pada akar. Tanaman kilotod positif mengandung senyawa alkaloid, lipofilik, terpenoid, fenolat, dan flavonoid. Kata kunci: idioblas, metabolit sekunder, tanaman obat, trikoma., Kitolod (Hippobroma longiflora (L.) G.Don.) is a medicinal plant that grows in tropical and subtropical areas. This plant is used by the community to treat various diseases, such as sore eyes, wounds, and as local anesthetics and cancer drugs. Medicinal plants contain secondary metabolites which are generally produced, and accumulated in various secretory structures. This study aimed to analyze the secretory structures in kitolod plants as well as several secondary metabolites contained in the secretory structures through histochemical tests. The secretory structure analysis carried out on the paradermal, transversal, and longitudinal sections, comprising of identification of their shape, location, type, and density. The histochemical tests carried out on alkaloids, lipophilics, terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids. The results showed that the secretory structures found in kitolod plant were uniseriate glandular trichomes type 1 and type 2, as well as idioblast cells. In addition, the accumulation of secondary metabolites was also found in non-specialized structures, such as epidermis, parenchyme, and vascular bundle tissue of flower stalk; palisade and spongy parenchyme of leaves; vascular bundle of stems; as well as cortex, pericycle, parenchyme, and vascular bundle of roots. The histochemical test provided positive results for the compounds alkaloids, lipophilics, terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids.
Keyword: idioblasts, medicinal plant, secondary metabolite, trichome

Judul: Analysis of Anatomical, Secretory Structure, and Histochemical of Kembang Bulan Medicinal Plant
Abstrak: Kembang bulan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemslay) A. Gray) merupakan tumbuhan semak tahunan yang memiliki banyak manfaat dalam bidang kesehatan, lingkungan, dan pertanian. Di bidang kesehatan, daun kembang bulan dimanfaatkan sebagai obat anti-inflamasi, analgesik, diabetes, malaria, sakit perut, diare, luka, memar, infeksi kulit dan radang. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi struktur anatomi, struktur sekretori dan menguji kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terdapat di dalamnya. Organ tumbuhan yang diamati meliputi daun, batang, dan akar. Pengamatan anatomi dan struktur sekretori dilakukan dengan membuat sayatan paradermal dan transversal. Uji histokimia yang dilakukan meliputi uji alkaloid, fenol, lipofilik, terpenoid, dan flavonoid. Analisis struktur anatomi daun menunjukkan sel epidermis daun dengan dinding sel yang berlekuk, dan tipe stomata anomositik pada kedua permukaan. Struktur sekretori yang terdapat pada tumbuhan ini berupa tiga macam trikoma kelenjar uniseriat, trikoma kapitat dan saluran sekretori. Uji histokimia pada helai daun kembang bulan menunjukkan adanya akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder pada ketiga trikoma kelenjar uniseriat, trikoma kapitat dan sel idioblas berupa senyawa alkaloid, fenol, lipofilik, terpenoid, dan flavonoid. Pada batang, senyawa metabolit sekunder terakumulasi pada trikoma kelenjar uniseriat dan trikoma kapitat berupa senyawa alkaloid, fenol, lipofilik, terpenoid, dan flavonoid. Pada akar, senyawa metabolit sekunder terakumulasi pada saluran sekretori yang tersebar di sekeliling xilem dan di dinding xilem berupa senyawa fenol dan lipofilik., Kembang bulan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray) is a perennial shrub that has many benefits in health, environment and agriculture. In the health sector, the leaves of kembang bulan are used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diabetes, malaria, stomachache, diarrhea, and inflammation. This study aimed to determine anatomical structure, secretory structure and content of secondary metabolite compounds contained there in. Plant organs observed include leaf, stems, and roots. Observation on anatomical and secretory structure were carried out by making microscopic preparations of paradermal and transversal sections. The histochemical tests that were carried out included alkaloid, phenol, lipophilic, terpenoid, and flavonoid tests. Anatomical structure analysis of leaves show the shape of leaf epidermal cells with curved cell walls, and anomocytic stomata type on both surfaces. The secretory structures found in this plant are in the form of three kinds of trichomes of the uniseriate glands, trichomes of capitat and secretory duct. The histochemical test on the leaves of kembang bulan show the accumulation of secondary metabolites in the three uniseriate gland trichomes, capitate trichomes and idioblast cells in the form of alkaloids, phenols, lipophilic, terpenoids, and flavonoids compounds. In the stem, secondary metabolites accumulate in uniceriat gland trichomes and capitate trichomes in the form of alkaloid, phenol, lipophilic, terpenoids, and flavonoid compounds. In the roots, secondary metabolites accumulate in the secretory duct that are around the xylem and on the xylem walls in the form of phenol and lipophilic compounds.
Keyword: Anomocytic, flavonoid, glandular trichomes, secondary metabolite

Judul: A monte carlo investigation of the power of white and breuschpagan tests on detecting regression heteroscedasticity
Abstrak: White and Breusch-Pagan Tests were designed to test whether the data violate the assumption of homoscedasticity in a linear model or not. In this research, a Monte Carlo Simulation was used to investigate the power as well as the consequence of failure of both tests in detection of heteroscedasticity as measured with Relative Efficiency (RE) of estimators between OLS and WLS. This research was focused on simple linear regression case and the variance function used was g(z, a) = I +a1 z", and the z was assumed as x. In this experiment, three factors were tried, the sample size or the ma"imum value of x, the proportion of contamination of error and the power of variauce fuuction. The simulation reveals that both tests have a similar pattern in the power due to the effects of three factors tried. However, the Breusch-Pagan Test always shows better power. The maximum value of x has increasing effect in the power of both tests and has interaction with power of the variance function. The proportion of contamination has non-linear effect on the power and has little interaction effect witll tile other factors. In general, the consequence of failure as measured with RE was the increase of RE as the power of both tests increased due to the increased of variance ratio between tile smallest and the largest value of the error variance yielded by tile variance function.
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