Judul: Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Biodiesel dari Minyak Biji Karet (Hevea brasiliensis) Melalui Proses Estrans (Esterifikasi- Transesterifikasi)
Abstrak: Biodiesel is alkyl ester produced from of vegetable, animal or fat oil derivate which could be used in diesel machine. One of the materials that can be used in making biodiesel is rubber seed oil. In order to influence the effective and efficient of biodiesel production, the process held in two steps esterificationtransesterification with the appropriate catalyst. The process had to be held in two step because of the high concentration of free fatty acid in rubber seed oil. The general purpose of this research was to add the utilization of rubber seed oil. The particular purposes of this research were to obtain the opted esterification-transesterification process from rubber seed oil and to know the characteristic of biodiesel produced from rubber seed oil esterificationtransesterification process and compare it with the obtained biodiesel standard. The result of proximate analysis of rubber seed showed that fat concentration in rubber seed was high enough about 38.65 % (dry basis) and the mean of rubber seed oil yield after extraction was 15.69 %. The characteristics of rubber seed oil after degumming were; cinematic viscosity at 40 oC was 23.31 cSt, the oil density at 25 oC was 0.896 g/ml and fatty acid value was 22.22 mg KOH/g of sample. Moreover, the oil could not be used directly as biodiesel because of three parameter values were higher than the standard. Therefore, the Esterification-Transesterification process must be carried out, so biodiesel that produced could fulfill the standard and could be used as fuel. Based on biodiesel production of rubber seed oil through Esterification- Transesterification could be known that the opted condition of esterification process was at A1B2C3 (HCl 1 %, reaction time 120 minutes, and mole ratio of methanol: oil = 20:1), fatty acid value was 0.32 mg KOH/g sample. The opted condition of transesterification was at A1B2 (reaction time 30 minutes and mole ratio of methanol:oil = 6:1), cinematic viscosity at 40 oC was 4.77 cSt, yield of biodiesel was about 74.51 %, and fatty acid value was 0.22 mg KOH/g of sample. Based on biodiesel characterization, the biodiesel quality produced in this research was appropriate with the standard of biodiesel for cinematic viscosity, density, fatty acid number, and flash point.
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Judul: Quality Improvement of Biodiesel from Rubber Seed Oil by Blending with Biodiesel from Jatropha curcas Oil
Abstrak: This research aimed to utilize rubber seeds oil and Jatropha curcas oil as raw material for biodiesel, to increase cetane number from rubber seed biodiesel, and to decrease viscosity from Jatropha curcas biodiesel. The proximate analysis of raw materials result showed that rubber seeds and Jatropha curcas seeds contained 37.96% and 41.66% of oil, respectively. Both types of seeds oil were separated using hydraulic hot press machine and the separation of rubber seeds gave 12.35% of yield and 13.12 % of free fatty acid, while the separation of Jatropha curcas seeds gave 18.34% of yield and 2.10% of free fatty acid. Esterification-transesterification process for biodiesel production was applied for rubber seeds oil and transesterification process to produce biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil. Rubber seeds oil was esterified by using methanol and sulfuric acid 5% as catalyst for 1 hour and 300-500 rpm. Subsequently, rubber seeds methyl ester and Jatropha curcas oil were transesterified by using methanol and 1% sodium hydroxide as catalyst for 1 hour and 300-500 rpm. The result shows that cetane number from rubber seeds biodiesel and Jatropha curcas biodiesel sequentially were 46.35 and 53.7 and the viscosity was respectively 4.86 cSt and 6.16 cSt. Blending 20% rubber seed oil with 80% of Jatropha curcas oil and 20% rubber seed biodiesel with 80% of Jatropha curcas biodiesel increased cetane number of rubber seed biodiesel to 52 and 51.8, respectively, and decreased the viscosity of Jatropha curcas biodiesel to 5.92 cSt and 5.75 cSt, respectively.
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Judul: "Kegiatan perancangan lanskap apartemen, hotel dan pemukiman di Ong & Ong architecs, Singapura"
Abstrak: Negara Singapura merupakan pusat kegiatan ekonomi kawasan regional Asia Tenggara. Karya arsitektur bangunan, lanskap dan sistem manajemen tata kotiingapura yang dihasilkan selama ini telah diakui oleh dunia internasional. Faktor eksistensi tersebut menstimulasi pendirian dan pengembangan konsultan- konsilan arsitektur swasta lokal dan multinasional di Singapura dengan ruang lingup kerja berskala internasional. Ong & Ong Architects (COA) adalah salah satu konsultan swasta di Singapura yang berdiri sejak tahun 1972 dan bergerak di bidang arsitektur bangunan, dekorasi interior dan arsitektur lanskap. Melalui kegiatan magang di OOA, seluruh proses kegiatan perancangan lanskap yang menghasilkan suatu hasil karya lanskap dengan standar kualitas skala internasional merupakan salah satu kegiatan nyata yang sangat penting untuk dipelajari. Tujuan magang untuk memperluas dan meningkatkan wawasan serta pengalaman keprofesian di bidang arsitektur lanskap. Magang bermanfaat untuk meningkatkan kemampuan profesionalisme, menjalin hubungan dan kerjasama yang baik dengan staf, manajemen OOA serta kaitannya dengan Departemen Arsitektur Lanskap Institut Pertanian Bogor secara makro, Kegiatan magang dilaksanakan mulai dari tanggal 12 Juni 2006 hingga 12 Oktober 2006 berlokasi di Thomson Road, Singapura, pada perusahaan konsultan Swasta Ong & Ong Architects, Divisi Arsitektur Lanskap yang beralamat di 510 Thomson Road 9-11 Floor SLF Building, Singapura. Proses studi dilaksanakan dengan cara magang, melalui kegiatan observasi di lapangan dan partisipasi aktif di studio sebagai trainee. Data diperoleh melalui observasi / survai, wawancara, da di pustaka dan buku, laporan dan sumber pustaka lainnya. Tahapan kegiatan berupa pengenalan lembaga dan manajemen, observasi lapang, pengumpulan data, studi pustaka, dan kegiatan perancangan. Batasan mageng berada pada ruang lingkup struktur internal manajemen kelembagaan, beserta tahapan proses pekerjaan lanskap secara mendetail dalam pekerjaan lanskap Apartemen Cuscaden Walk, Quincy Hotel, dan Mirador Village. Konsultan OOA membuat batasan ruang lingkup bisnis dengan penekanan kepada empat aspek yaitu (1) Analisis, (2) Perancangan, (3) Dokumentasi, (4) Pelayanan. Struktur organisasi OOA berbentuk rantai perintah langsung kepada masing-masing kepala di tiap divisi, dan bergerak seterusnya kebawah. Pelimpahan pekerjaan berada pada struktur tingkat yang sama, sehingga memungkinkan divisi arsitektur bangunan memberikan pekerjaan lanskap kepada divisi arsitektur lanskap dan sebaliknya sesuai dengan bidang pekerjaannya masing-masing. Hal ini bergantung kepada siapa pemegang kontrak dengan klien. Garis besar jabatan pekerjaan dalam perusahaan terdiri atas: (1) Managing director, (2) Project Director, (3) Associate Director. (4) Executive Secretary. (5) Administration Head, (6) Senior Architect, (7) Personal Assistant, (8) Architect, (9) Team Leader (Principal Technical Officer), (10) Draftperson (Technical Officer) (11) Clerical Staff/Administrative Staff. (12) Accounts Executive/Accounts Officer (13) Quality Assurance (QA) Manager (Management Representative), (14) Assistant QA Manager, (15) Auditor, (16) IT Officer, (17) Visualization Team, (18) Corporate Affairs. Ong & Ong Architects mengidentifikasi klien kedalam tiga kelompok yaitu: (1) Pengembang. (2) Kontraktor, (3) Pengisi / konsumen primer. Ong & Ong Architects meraih sertifikasi internasional ISO 9001 dengan pendekatan berupa (1) Kepuasan pelanggan, (2) Peningkatan kinerja, (3) Implementasi teknologi informasi, (4) Implementasi Quality Assurance System...
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