Judul: Internalisasi Biaya Eksternal Pengolahan Limbah Gula (Sudi Kasus: PG XYZ Kabupaten Cirebon).
Abstrak: Pabrik gula menghasilkan produk sampingan berupa blotong dan ampas tebu. Blotong dan ampas tebu adalah limbah yang dapat menimbulkan eksternalitas negatif bagi pihak ketiga, yaitu masyarakat yang berada di sekitar pabrik gula. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif, Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), analisis regresi linear berganda, metode biaya produksi, dan pendekatan harga pasar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan eksternalitas negatif yang dirasakan masyarakat meliputi penurunan kualitas lingkungan, seperti bau tidak sedap dan banyaknya nyamuk, penurunan kualitas udara bersih, dan penurunan kualitas air tanah. Manfaat dari internalisasi biaya eksternal limbah gula yang telah dilakukan pihak pabrik gula adalah pengurangan eksternalitas negatif bagi masyarakat dan penghematan bahan bakar serta keuntungan tambahan bagi pihak pabrik gula. Rata-rata biaya eksternal yang harus ditanggung masyarakat adalah sebesar Rp 628 200 per tahun per kepala keluarga. Estimasi total nilai manfaat ekonomi internalisasi biaya eksternal yaitu sebesar Rp 39 740 400 000 per tahun.
Keyword: Blotong, ampas tebu, Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), biaya produksi, manfaat ekonomi

Judul: . Economic Benefits and Losses Estimation of Sugar By-products: a Case Study of XYZ Sugar Factory in Nganjuk
Abstrak: Industri gula tidak hanya memproduksi gula sebagai produk utama tetapi juga menghasilkan limbah (by-products) lain seperti ampas tebu, blotong, dan tetes. Limbah yang dihasilkan industri gula masih menghasilkan nilai BOD dan COD yang tinggi. Limbah tersebut perlu dikelola agar tidak menimbulkan gangguan terhadap kesehatan manusia dan pencemaran terhadap lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) Mengidentifikasi manfaat by-products dan mengestimasi nilai manfaat dari pemanfaatan by-products yang dilakukan PG XYZ (2) Mengidentifikasi eksternalitas negatif dan mengestimasi nilai kerugian yang timbul di masyarakat (3) Mengestimasi nilai ekonomi dari pemanfaatan (by-products) industri gula di PG XYZ. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif untuk mengidentifikasi manfaat dan kerugian masyarakat akibat pengelolaan by-products. Analisis harga pasar digunakan untuk mengestimasi nilai manfaat by-products dan metode preventive expenditure untuk mengestimasi kerugian ekonomi yang terjadi di masyarakat. Penelitian ini menghasilkan pola pemanfaatan PG XYZ berupa ampas tebu sebagai bahan bakar alternatif, blotong dan tetes diambil keuntungannya dengan estimasi nilai manfaat Rp 42.557.940.157,50 dan kerugian akibat pemanfaatan sebesar Rp 9.249.520,00 sehingga diperoleh estimasi ekonomi by-products gula sebesar Rp 42.548.690.637,50/tahun. Penilaian ekonomi menggambarkan perhitungan biaya sosial yang sebelumnya tidak diperhitungkan. Pemanfaatan limbah industri gula merupakan bentuk implementasi dari circular economy untuk mewujudkan industri yang berkelanjutan., Sugar industry not only produces sugar as the main product but also by-products such as bagasse, filter cake, and molasses. The waste generated by the sugar industry still produces high BOD and COD values that needs to be managed. This study aims to (1) Identify the benefits of by-products and estimate the value of benefits from the utilization of by-products by PG XYZ (2) Identify negative externalities and estimating the value of losses incurred in the community (3) Estimate the economic value of the utilization of sugar by-products in PG XYZ. The study used descriptive analysis to identify the benefits of by-products and disadvantages of society due to the management of byproducts. Market price is used to estimate the value of the benefits of by-products and prevention expenditure methods to estimate economic losses. This study resulted PG XYZ used by-products bagasse as an alternative energy, filter cake, and molasses with an estimated benefit value of IDR42,557,940,157.50 and economic losses IDR9,249,520.00 so that the economic value of by-products amounted to IDR42,548,690,637,50/year. Economic assessments describe social costs that were not previously taken into account. Utilization of sugar industry waste is a form of implementation of the circular economy to realize sustainable industry.
Keyword: ampas tebu, biaya pencegahan, circular economy, eksternalitas

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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