Judul: Karakteristik dan Optimasi Gelatin dari Kulit Ikan Patin serta Pemanfaatannya sebagai Kapsul Keras
Abstrak: Gelatin merupakan suatu polimer alami yang diperoleh melalui proses hidrolisis dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku untuk pembuatan kapsul keras. Formulasi untuk menghasilkan gelatin dengan hasil yang optimal dan sesuai standar GMIA 2019 serta SNI 1995 sangat dibutuhkan. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menentukan karateristik dan optimasi gelatin dari kulit ikan patin (P. hypophthalmus) menggunakan Response Surface Methodology (RSM) dan menentukan karakteristik kapsul keras. Rancangan eksperimen yang digunakan yaitu Central Composite Design (CCD) yang terdiri dari dua faktor (konsentrasi asam sitrat dan waktu ekstraksi) dengan 8 respon (rendemen, kadar air, kadar abu, pH, kekuatan gel, viskositas, dan setting point). Hasil optimasi menghasilkan respon optimum pada konsentrasi asam sitrat 0.337% dan waktu ekstraksi 7.432 jam. Nilai respon hasil validasi yang diperoleh rendemen 19.08±0.08%, kadar air 10.24±0.23%, kadar abu 0.58±0.01%, derajat keasaman (pH) 4.47±0.10, kekuatan gel 147.08±0.92 bloom, viskositas 55.50±0.71 mps, dan setting point 18.50±0.00 ℃. Karakteristik cangkang kapsul dari gelatin kulit ikan patin berupa dimensi, kadar air, kadar abu, derajat keasaman (pH), dan waktu hancur telah sesuai standar kapsul komersial menurut Departemen Kesehatan RI (1995).
Keyword: gelatin, kapsul keras, kulit, RSM

Judul: Karakteristik Limbah Ikan Patin sebagai Sediaan Bahan Baku Gelatin dan Pemanfaatannya untuk Kapsul Keras
Abstrak: Gelatin merupakan produk yang diperoleh dari hidrolisis kolagen. Gelatin dapat dimanfaatkan dalam bidang farmasi menjadi cangkang kapsul. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karakterististik gelatin, membuat gelatin menjadi kapsul keras serta menentukan karakteristik kapsul keras. Perlakuan pendahuluan kulit dan gelembung renang menggunakan larutan basa dan asam, lalu diektraksi dan menghasilkan gelatin. Gelatin dilarutkan lalu dicetak menggunakan pin bar kapsul, lalu dikeringkan dan dihasilkan kapsul keras. Gelatin dari kulit, gelembung renang, dan campuran keduanya telah sesuai dengan standar GMIA 2012 dan SNI 063735-1995. Gelatin kulit, gelembung renang, dan campuran keduanya dapat dibuat menjadi cangkang kapsul keras. Karakteristik kapsul yang telah sesuai dengan standar kapsul komersial terdapat pada dimensi, bobot, waktu hancur dan kadar air, sedangkan pada derajat keasaman (pH) kapsul gelatin kulit belum sesuai dengan standar kapsul komersial. Perlakuan terbaik dari penelitian ini adalah kapsul gelatin gelembung renang.
Keyword: gelatin, gelembung renang, kapsul, kulit

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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