Judul: Optimasi Konsentrasi Arabinosa sebagai Ko-substrat untuk Produksi Xilitol oleh Sel Amobil Candida tropicalis
Abstrak: This research was carried out to investigate xylitol production by Candida tropicalis immobilized cells under two sets condition, which were addition of arabinose as a co-substrate and its fermented on sugar mixed medium. Ratio xylose to arabinose was used at the range 6:1-6:3% (xylose 30 g/L and arabinose 5-15 g/L). Sugar mixed medium variation which used in this research were xylose and glucose; xylose and arabinose; and also xylose, glucose, and arabinose, respectively. Candida tropicalis cells entrapped in Ca-alginate and incubated in batch fermentation on 100 rpm rotary shaker at 30˚C for 96 hours. Xylitol produced by cells were measured using spectrophotometer and by D-sorbitol/Dxylitol enzymatic assays. The results revealed that addition of arabinose at the range 6:1-6:3% could increased xylitol production (3.11-5.90 g/L). The highest volumetric rate of xylitol production (0.06 g/L h) and yield product (0.20 g xylitol produced /g xylose consumed) were achieved at ratio 6:3%. Contrary with glucose in fermentation medium could decreased xylitol production of 20% compared with control medium. This negative effect of glucose was annulled by adding arabinose in sugar mixed medium containing xylose, glucose, and arabinose can reached xylitol production for 4.2 g/L.
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Judul: Biokonversi Xilosa menjadi Xilitol Melalui Optimasi Aerasi dan Penambahan Kosusbtrat oleh Candida tropicalis
Abstrak: Bioconversion of xylose into xylitol using Candida tripocalis become an alternative method to yield xylitol in low cost and efficient so it can fulfilled the xylitol availability in xylitol trading which is relatively low. This study did xylitol production through aeration optimization and addition of co-substrate Aeration conditions that used in this research are 25 mL, 32.5 mL, 50 mL, 67.5 mL, and 75 mL in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Glucose concentrations added are 15 g/L, 30 g/L, 45 g/L, and 60 g/L in 75 mL fermentation media. Measurement of xylitol concentration determined by spectrophotometer method using D-sorbitol/Dxylitol kit wavelength 495 nm. The result of research performed on optimum aeration conditions for bioconversion xylose into xylitol is 75 mL fermentation medium in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask with xylitol concentration of 6.3790 g/L. Xylitol consentration after the addition of glucose 45 g/L with xylitol consentration of 1.6837 g/L. Addition of glucose lowered xylitol production of 76.82%, so that the fermentation glucose in the medium is not recommended in xylitol production. Glucose can not increase the concentration xylitol, but a role in increasing the cell biomass.
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Judul: Peranan Kepala Desa sebagai Penggerak Peran Serta Anggota Masyarakat dalam Pembangunan Fisik Desa
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1)peranna kepala desa, cara peranan itu dilakukan dalam pembangunan fisik dan pengruh faktor-faktor yang ada pada dan diluar dirinya terhadap peranan tersebut ; (2) peranan pemimpin informal, mengulas peranna dalam pembangunan fisik; (3) kaitan antara kepala desa, pamong desa dan pemimpin informal dalam pembangunan fisik, khususnya dalam menggerakan peran serta anggota masyarakat; (4) pengaruh tingkat sosial ekonomi anggota masyarakat, persepsinya dan tradisi masyarakat terhadap peran sertanya dalam pembangunan fisik desa.
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