Judul: Efektivitas Ekstrak Campuran Biji Swietellia Mahogany Jacq.Dan Ranting Aglaia Odorata Lour. (Meliaceae) Terhadap Serangga Hama Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Musuh Alami Di Pertanaman kubis
Abstrak: Penggunaan insektisida botalli merupakan salah satu pengendalian altematif yang bertujuan untuk mengurangl dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan akibat penggunaan insektisida sintetik. Penelitian 1m bertuj uan untuk mengevaluasi efikasi ekstrak campuran biji S. lIlahogalli dan rantillg A. odorata terhadap larva PIli lelia xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) dan Crocidolomia pavollalla F. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), pengaruhnya terhadap parasitoid kedua larva tersebut, dan gejala fitotoksisitas di pertanaman kubis. Penanaman kubis dilakukan di Desa Ciloto, Kecamatan Pacet, Kalmpaten Cianjur. Ekstrak metanol biji S. lIlahogani dan ranting A. odorata diaplikasikan pada konsentrasi 0,4 dan 0,2%, insektisida sintetik profenofos (Curacron 500 EC), deltametrin (Decis 2,5 EC), dan BacilZ,ls thuringiensis (Agrisal WP) masingmasing pada konsentrasi 0,1; 0,04; dan 0,1% (konsentrasi formulasi) sebagai insektisida pembanding. Aplikasi dilakukan sebanyak empat kali. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap minggu selama enam kali dengan menghitullg populasi larva P. xylostelladan C. pavonana.
Keyword: 

Judul: Efektivitas Ekstrak Campuran Biji Swietenia mahogani Jacq. dan  Ranting Aglaia odorata Lour. (Meliaceae) terhadap Serangga Rama dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Musuh Alami di Pertanaman Kubis
Abstrak: Penggunaan insektisida botalli merupakan salah satu peng;;mdalian altematif yang bertujuan untuk mengurangl dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan akibat penggunaan insektisida sintetik. Penelitian 1m bertuj uan untuk mengevaluasi efikasi ekstrak campuran biji S. lIlahogalli dan rantillg A. odorata terhadap larva PIli lelia xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) dan Crocidolomia pavollalla F. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), pengaruhnya terhadap parasitoid kedua larva tersebut, dan gejala fitotoksisitas di pertanaman kubis. Penanaman kubis dilakukan di Desa Ciloto, Kecamatan Pacet, Kalmpaten Cianjur. Ekstrak metanol biji S. lIlahogani dan ranting A. odorata diaplikasikan pada konsentrasi 0,4 dan 0,2%, insektisida sintetik profenofos (Curacron 500 EC), deltametrin (Decis 2,5 EC), dan BacilZ,ls thuringiensis (Agrisal WP) masingmasing pada konsentrasi 0,1; 0,04; dan 0,1% (konsentrasi formulasi) sebagai insektisida pembanding. Aplikasi dilakukan sebanyak empat kali. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap minggu selama enam kali dengan menghitullg populasi larva P. xylostella dan C. pavonana. Aplikasi ekstrak campuran S. mahogani dan A. odorata memberikan penekanan terhadap populasi larva P. xylostella dan C. pavonana. Rata-rata populasi larva P. xylostella pada perlakuan ekstrak 0,4% pada setiap pengamatan 0,25-0,78 larvaitanaman jauh lebih rendah dibanding kontrol (0,41-0,78 larvaitanaman). Demikian juga rata-rata populasi larva C. pavonana setelah perlakuan ekstmk 0,4% adalah 0,03-0,38 larvaitanaman lebih rendah d:banding kontrol 0,28-2,47 larvaitanaman. Perlakuan ekstrak 0,2% dapat menekan populnsi kedua hama tersebut, namun kemampuan penekanan lebih rendah dibandi!lg dengan perlakuan pada konsentrasi 0,4%. Perlakuan ekstrak campuran S. mahogani dan A. odO/'ata tidal< mempengaruhi aktivitas parasitoid larva P. xylostella dan C. pavnnana. Hal ini ditunjukkan oleh tingkat parasitisasi pada perlakuan ekstrak campuran S. mahogani dan A. odorata sarna dengan perlakuan kontrol. Selain itu kerusakan tanaman akibat perlakuan ekstrak tidak ditemukan selama pengujian, hal ini menunjukkan ekstrak campuran S. mahogani dan A. odorata relatif aman terhadap tanaman kubis hingga konsentrasi ckstrak 0,4%.
Keyword: 

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
Keyword: