Judul: Toxicity Test of Gelatin Capsule Materials from Catfish Skin (Pangasius sp.) on Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Gelatin berasal dari kulit dan tulang hewan yang salah satu fungsi nya dapat digunakan sebagai pembentuk kapsul obat-obatan. Isu mengenai penyakit dari sapi dan perbedaan keyakinan konsumen merupakan kendala dalam mengonsumsi gelatin babi maupun sapi, sehingga membuka peluang untuk mencari alternatif gelatin dari sumber lain yaitu ikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tingkat toksisitas bahan kapsul gelatin kulit ikan patin (Pangasius sp.) dengan metode fixed dose procedure pada mencit yang dilihat dari nilai LD50. Dosis 2000 mg/kg BB ditentukan sebagai dosis awal uji utama setelah dilakukan uji pendahuluan. Hewan uji dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok dosis 2000 mg/kg BB yang masing-masing terdiri dari 5 ekor mencit betina galur DDY. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai LD50 gelatin kulit ikan patin > 2000 mg/kg BB. Gelatin kulit ikan patin tidak bersifat toksik yang dibuktikan dengan tidak adanya kematian dan perubahan rata-rata bobot badan mencit. Organ yang dipengaruhi oleh gelatin kulit ikan patin yaitu paru-paru berdasarkan perbedaan nyata pada bobot bobot relatif., Gelatin is derived from the skin and bones of animals, which one of its functions can be used as a capsule-forming drug. Disease from cattle and differences in consumer beliefs are the obstacles in consuming pork and beef gelatin, thus opening up to new opportunity to develop gelatin from fish. This study aims to determine the level of toxicity of gelatin capsule materials from catfish skin (Pangasius sp.) using the fixed dose procedure method on mice based on the LD50 value. The dose of 2000 mg/kg BW was determined as the initial dose of the main test after the preliminary test. The test animals were divided into 2 groups, namely the control group and the 2000 mg/kg BW dose group, each consisting of 5 female DDY mice. The results showed that the LD50 value of catfish skin gelatin was > 2000 mg/kg BW. Catfish skin gelatin is non-toxic as evidenced by the absence of death and changes in the average body weight of mice. Organs that are affected by catfish skin gelatin are the lungs based on significant differences in relative weight
Keyword: ikan patin, kapsul, mencit, uji toksisitas akut, capsule, catfish, gelatin, mice, oral toxicity test

Judul: Effect of Citrict Acid Soaking Volume and Time on Catfish Skin for Optimazion of Gelatin Extraction
Abstrak: Gelatin berasal dari protein kolagen yang diperoleh melalui hidrolisis kolagen kulit dan tulang hewan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan kapsul keras. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mendapatkan formula proses pembuatan gelatin optimal dari kulit ikan patin dengan Response Surface Methodology (RSM) serta dilakukan analisis fisik dan kimia kapsul keras gelatin. Rancangan eksperimen yang digunakan yaitu Central Composite Design (CCD) yang terdiri dari dua variabel yaitu volume asam sitrat (300 mL, 400 mL dan 500 mL) dan waktu perendaman asam sitrat (6 jam, 12 jam dan 18 jam) pada suhu ekstraksi 65°C selama 8 jam dengan delapan respon yaitu rendemen, kadar air, kadar abu, pH, kekuatan gel, viskositas, setting point dan melting point. Ekstraksi gelatin optimal pada perlakuan volume 500 mL dan waktu perendaman 18 jam menghasilkan gelatin dengan kualitas yang telah sesuai standar GMIA 2019 dan SNI 86222018. Nilai validasi keadaan optimal yang diperoleh yaitu rendemen 22,41±0,20% kadar air 6,72±0,40%; kadar abu 0,30±0,05%; pH 5,26±0,02; kekuatan gel 266,08±14,68 bloom; viskositas 59±0,16 mps; setting point 20,33±1,5°C; dan melting point 24,67±1,52°C. Karakteristik kapsul keras yang dihasilkan telah sesuai dengan standar Depkes RI 1995., Gelatin is derived from collagen protein obtained through hydrolysis of animal skin and bone collagen which can be used as raw material for making hard capsules. The research was conducted to obtain the optimal formula for the process of making gelatin from catfish skin with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and physical and chemical analysis of hard gelatin capsules were carried out. The experimental design was the Central Composite Design (CCD) which consisted of two variables, namely the volume of citric acid (300 mL, 400 mL and 500 mL) and the immersion time of citric acid (6 hours, 12 hours and 18 hours) at an extraction temperature of 65°C for 8 hours with eight responses, namely yield, water content, ash content, pH, gel strength, viscosity, setting point and melting point. Optimal gelatin extraction at treatment volume of 500 mL and soaking time of 18 hours produced gelatin with quality that complies with GMIA 2019 and SNI 8622-2018 standards. The optimal validation value obtained was yield of 22,41±0,20% water content 6,72±0,40%; ash content 0,30±0,05%; pH 5,26±0,02; gel strength 266,08±14,68 bloom; viscosity 59±0,16 mps; setting point 20,33±1,5°C; and a melting point of 24,67±1,52°C. The characteristics of the hard capsules produced are in accordance with the 1995 Ministry of Health standards.
Keyword: Catfish, Gelatin, Hard capsule, Optimal, Response Surface Methodology

Judul: Bifurkasi Hopf pada Model Siklus Bisnis Kaldor Kalecki tanpa dan dengan Waktu Tunda
Abstrak: Business cycle model is one of dynamical system models in economic. One of the business cycles model is Kaldor-Kalecki model. Kaldor-Kalecki business cycle model that is written in delayed defferential equations, is a business cycle model that involves gross product and capital stock of a company. In this paper Kaldor-Kalecki business cycle model is analyzed using both nondelay and delay in time of capital stock. By Taylor expansion for the time delayed model, an analysis of stability around the fixed points has been done. Furthermore, by using Hopf bifurcation theorem, it can be shown that there exists periodic orbits and limit cycle. In the nondelayed model, changing the parameter of goods market could lead to the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and the existence of limit cycle. Similarly, for the delayed model, it has been shown that changing the time delay parameter may result in the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation and limit cycle.
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