Judul: Analisis Karakteristik Kimia, Biologi dan Organoleptik Eco-enzyme Berbahan Baku Kulit: Nanas, Melon, Pepaya dan Pisang
Abstrak: Eco-enzyme merupakan larutan hasil fermentasi limbah organik. Dalam pembuatan eco-enzyme digunakan gula, limbah organik seperti kulit buah atau sayur, dan air dengan perbandingan masing-masing 1:3:10. Eco-enzyme dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pupuk, pestisida, cairan pembersih rumah tangga, serta dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi pencemaran air dan udara. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui karakteristik kimia, biologi dan organoleptik eco-enzyme berbahan baku kulit: nanas, melon, pepaya dan pisang pada jenis gula yang berbeda serta mengetahui potensi eco-enzyme sebagai pupuk organik cair. Hasil analisis kimia menunjukkan bahwa eco-enzyme memiliki pH di bawah 4,00 serta eco-enzyme mengandung N, P, K, dan C-Organik yang masih dibawah standar mutu pupuk organik cair. Eco-enzyme kulit pepaya memiliki kandungan N-Total dan P tertinggi dibanding perlakuan kulit buah lainnya. Eco-enzyme kulit pisang memiliki kandungan K dan C-Organik tertinggi dibanding perlakuan kulit buah lainnya. Kandungan N, P, K dan C-Organik perlakuan gula merah lebih tinggi dibanding perlakuan gula pasir. Hasil analisis karakteristik biologi eco-enzyme menunjukkan bahwa total mikrob dan fungi perlakuan gula merah lebih tinggi dibanding perlakuan gula pasir. Hasil uji organoleptik menunjukkan bahwa eco-enzyme memiliki aroma asam khas fermentasi dan memiliki warna kuning-kecoklatan hingga coklat., Eco-enzyme is a solution of organic waste fermentation. Eco-enzyme produced by sugar, organic waste such as fruit peels or vegetables, and water in a ratio of 1:3:10. Eco-enzymes can be used as fertilizer, natural pesticides, household cleaners, and can be used to reduce water and air pollution. This study aims to determine the chemical, biological, and organoleptic characteristics of eco-enzymes made from peels of: pineapple, melon, papaya and banana on different types of sugar and to determine the potential of eco-enzymes as an organic liquid fertilizer. The chemical analysis results showed that the eco-enzyme has a pH below 4.00 and the content of N, P, K and organic carbon in eco-enzyme are below the range of values in the quality standards of liquid organic fertilizer. Eco-enzyme from papaya peel has the highest N and P content compared to other fruit skin treatments. Eco-enzyme from banana peel has the highest K and organic carbon content compared to other fruit peel treatments. The content of N, P, K and organic carbon in the palm brown sugar treatment was higher than the white sugar treatment. The results of the analysis of the biological characteristics of the eco-enzyme showed that the total microbe and fungi treated with palm brown sugar were higher than white sugar. The results of the organoleptic test showed that the eco-enzyme has a sour fermented scent and a brownish-yellow to brown color.
Keyword: fermentation, nutrients, organic acid, total microbial population

Judul: Pembuatan dan Analisis Karakteristik Eco-Enzyme Berbahan Dasar Kombinasi Kulit Buah: Nanas, Melon, Pepaya, dan Pisang
Abstrak: Eco-enzyme merupakan larutan multifungsi yang dihasilkan melalui proses fermentasi dari sampah organik (kulit buah), gula dan air dengan perbandingan 3:1:10 dalam wadah plastik kedap udara. Waktu fermentasi eco-enzyme umumnya selama tiga bulan kemudian larutan disaring. Eco-enzyme memiliki manfaat sebagai anti-jamur, anti-bakteri, insektisida, agen pembersih. bahkan penyubur tanaman. Perbedaan bahan baku yang digunakan dalam pembuatan eco-enzyme menghasilkan sifat fisik, kimia, dan biologi yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui karakteristik organoleptik, kimia dan biologi eco-enzyme berbahan kombinasi kulit buah: nanas, melon, pepaya, dan pisang. Kombinasi bahan baku eco-enzyme menggunakan dua variasi gula yaitu gula pasir (G1) dan gula merah (G2), dan empat variasi kombinasi kulit buah di antaranya nanas–melon (K1), nanas–pepaya (K2), melon-pepaya (K3) dan pisang-nanas-melon (K4). Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi uji organoleptik, pH, N-tersedia, N-total, P, K, C-organik, total populasi mikrob dan fungi. Hasil penelitian uji organoleptik terdapat perbedaan warna dan aroma pada setiap kombinasi. Nilai pH yang dihasilkan di antara 3,05 – 3,41. Hasil pengukuran N-total tertinggi terdapat pada perlakuan G1K3 yaitu sebesar 0,56%, P-total tertinggi pada perlakuan G2K2 dan G2K3 sebesar 0,06% dan 0,07%, K-total tertinggi pada perlakuan G2K4 yaitu sebesar 0,99%, dan C-organik pada perlakuan G1K4 menunjukkan nilai yang tertinggi sebesar 1,44%. Nilai pH dan kandungan unsur hara pada eco-enzyme belum memenuhi standar mutu pupuk organik cair. Analisis populasi mikrob dan fungi menggunakan metode total plate count (TPC). Analisis populasi mikrob mengalami penurunan total populasi pada fermentasi bulan ketiga kecuali perlakuan G1K3 dan G2K3 yang mengalami kenaikan. Begitu juga pada total populasi fungi mengalami penurunan pada fermentasi bulan ketiga., Eco-enzyme is a multifunctional solution produced through a fermentation process from organic waste (fruit peel), sugar and water in a ratio of 3: 1: 10 in an airtight plastic container. The fermentation time of eco-enzymes is generally three months then the solution is filtered. Eco-enzymes have benefits such as anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, insecticide, cleaning agent, and even plant fertilizers. The difference in raw materials used to manufacture eco-enzymes results in different physical, chemical, and biological properties. This study aims to determine the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of eco-enzymes made from a combination of pineapple, melon, papaya, and banana peels. The variety of eco-enzyme raw materials uses two variations of sugar, white sugar (G1) and brown sugar (G2), and four variations of fruit peel combinations consisted of pineapple-melon (K1), pineapple-papaya (K2), melon-papaya (K3) and banana-pineapple-melon (K4). The analysis included organoleptic tests, pH, available N, total N, total P, total K, C-organic, total population of microbe and fungal. The results of organoleptic test research have differences in color and scent in each combination. The resulting pH value is between 3.05 – 3.41. The highest total N measurement results were found in the G1K3 treatment at 0.56%, the highest total P in the G2K2 and G2K3 treatment at 0.06% and 0.07%, the highest total K in the G2K4 treatment at 0.99%, and the C-organic in the G1K4 treatment showing the highest value of 1.44%. The pH value and nutrient content in eco-enzymes have not met the quality standards of liquid organic fertilizers. Analysis of microbial and fungi populations using the total plate count (TPC)
Keyword: fermentation, microb, nutrient, organic fertilizer, organic waste

Judul: Truncated Stop Loss as a Optimal Solution of Reinsurance Agreement in One-Period Model
Abstrak: Reinsurance is one of risk management efforts of an insurance company, which is called the cedent. Similar with insurance, reinsurance constitutes the cedent to pay the premium. We consider one-period reinsurance model and derive a rule which minimizes the ruin probability of the cedent for a fixed reinsurance premium. Therefore, it is needed to construct an optimal reinsurance agreement for the cedent. The premium is calculated according to four different principles, i.e. economic, generalized zero-utility, Esscher, and mean-variance principles. Stop loss is a reinsurance contract which protect the insurance company for losses that exceed a certain amount. The result of this research shows that a truncated stop loss is an optimal agreement in the class of all reinsurance contracts with various premiums calculated using above mentioned principles.
Keyword: