Judul: A Study of The Treatment for Feline Urethral Obstruction (FUO) at My Animal Veterinary Clinic, Melaka, Malaysia in 2021
Abstrak: Feline urethral obstruction (FUO) is a general and emergency manifestation of feline urinary tract disease. Generally, the clinical signs of FUO are stranguria, feel discomfort or vocalizing when straining to urinate, increased agitation, hematuria, lethargy, anorexia and even vomiting. This case study was designed to collect and analyze the data of treatment of feline urethral obstruction (FUO) at My Animal Veterinary Clinic, Melaka, Malaysia in 2021. The secondary data of the type of treatment used was obtained from “MedexVet Clinic Management System” in My Animal Veterinary Clinic, Melaka, Malaysia. Then, the data obtained was then recorded and analyzed descriptively using Microsoft Excel® 2016. Antibiotics are the most prescribed medications for FUO at My Animal Veterinary Clinic in 2021, accounting for 97.26%. The least prescribed medications are α1-adrenergic antagonists and antiseizures, accounting for 1.37%, respectively. In conclusion, the most used treatment combination at My Animal Veterinary Clinic, Melaka, Malaysia in 2021 was medications, IV fluids, urinary catheterization, and urologic diet., Feline urethral obstruction (FUO) adalah manifestasi umum dan darurat penyakit saluran kemih kucing. Umumnya, gejala klinis FUO termasuk stranguria, merasa tidak nyaman atau bersuara saat ingin buang air kecil, agitasi meningkat, hematuria, lesu, anoreksia dan bahkan muntah. Studi kasus ini dirancang untuk mengumpulkan dan menganalisis data pengobatan FUO di Rumah Sakit Hewan My Animal Melaka, Malaysia pada tahun 2021. Data sekunder dari jenis perawatan yang digunakan diperoleh dari “MedexVet Clinic Management System” Data yang diperoleh kemudian dicatat dan dianalisis secara deskriptif menggunakan Microsoft Excel® 2016. Antibiotik adalah obat yang paling banyak diresepkan untuk FUO di Rumah Sakit Hewan My Animal pada tahun 2021, terhitung 97,26%. Obat yang paling sedikit diresepkan adalah antagonis α1- adrenergik dan anti kejang, masing-masing menyumbang 1,37%. Kesimpulannya, kombinasi pengobatan yang paling banyak digunakan di Rumah Sakit Hewan My Animal, Melaka, Malaysia pada tahun 2021 adalah obat-obatan, cairan IV, kateterisasi urin, dan diet urologi.
Keyword: combination, feline, medications, treatment, urethral obstruction

Judul: Prevalensi Uretrostomi Perineum pada Kucing FLUTD di Papar, Sabah
Abstrak: Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) is a common disease that classified as an emergency case and need a quick treatment. This condition is usually effecting the urethra and bladder of the patients. This study aims to know the prevalence of perineal urethrostomy (PU) surgery in feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD) cats in SunRiz Animal Clinic, Papar, Sabah. Perineal urethrostomy (PU) is one of the surgical method that can be taken to treat urethral obstruction (UO) in cat. This surgery will remove the narrow part of the urethra and make a permanent urethral opening in the perineal region and help to decrease urethral obstruction (UO) in cats with complicated or recurrent obstructive feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). This study was using 7 male cats and few reasons of doing PU were collected. 42.86% of the cats were going through a 3rd episode of FLUTD, while 71.43% of the cats were going through 2 catheterizations and having urinary tract infection (UTI) and kidney problem. The prevalence is depends on the blood and urine test results and the number of catheterization., Penyakit saluran kemih bawah pada kucing (FLUTD) adalah penyakit umum yang biasanya menyerang uretra dan kantong kemih dan membutuhkan perawatan segera. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi operasi perineal urethrostomy (PU) pada kucing yang menderita FLUTD di Klinik Hewan SunRiz, Papar, Sabah. Uretrostomi perineum merupakan salah satu metode pembedahan yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasi obstruksi uretra pada kucing dengan cara mengangkat bagian sempit uretra dan membuat bukaan uretra permanen di daerah perineum. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari data operasi PU pada kasus FLUTD yang ditangani di Klinik Hewan SunRiz Papar, Sabah pada periode Juni 2020 sampai Februari 2021. Data dari 7 ekor kucing jantan dengan riwayat FLUTD dan obstruksi uretrostomi (UO) kambuhan yang diberikan operasi PU, digunakan. Data diperoleh dari rekam medis kesehatan pasien, tes hitung darah lengkap (CBC) dan tes urinalisis pasien. Semua data dianalisis secara deskriptif. 42,86% kucing mengalami FLUTD episode ketiga, yang mana telah mengalami kasus FLUTD kali ketiga. 71,43% kucing menjalani 2 kali kateterisasi dan mengalami infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) dan masalah ginjal. Prevalensinya tergantung dari hasil tes darah dan urin serta jumlah kateterisasi.
Keyword: FLUTD, perineal urethrostomy, urethral obstruction, recurrence, male cat

Judul: Analysis of Unequal Income Distribution with Cobb-Douglas Production Function
Abstrak: This paper studies the economic growth model by Moav (2002). Moav model shows the existence of unequal income distribution between low-income with high-income community. That kind of unequal income distribution is caused by uneven distribution of income. On this Moav model, there is one area called the threshold. Threshold becomes a benchmark to determining whether a society is categorized into low- or high- income community. The production function used in this paper is the Cobb-Douglas function. The dynamics of this model is described as difference equation of low-income, threshold, and high-income community. Simulation study on the model is carried out using Maple 13 and Mathematica 7.0 software. Overall, from the observed case, high-income community will reach a stable condition earlier, followed by the threshold, and then the low-income community.
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