Judul: Diversity and Degree of Endoparasite Infection in  Gastrointestinal Tract of Duck from Chicken Slaughter Houses in Bogor, West  Java
Abstrak: Itik merupakan unggas yang dimanfaatkan daging dan telurnya. Salah satu penyakit yang sering ditemui oleh peternak yaitu infeksi endoparasit pada saluran pencernaan itik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui jenis dan menghitung infeksi endoparasit pada saluran pencernaan itik di tempat pemotongan ayam di Bogor, Jawa Barat. Itik yang digunakan sebanyak 10 ekor yang masing-masing 5 ekor itik tersebut berasal dari tempat pemotongan ayam di Bojong Gede dan pasar Cibinong. Setiap sampel usus dibagi menjadi 4 bagian yaitu usus atas, tengah, bawah dan sekum. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah pemeriksaan natif dan metode pengapungan. Cacing yang ditemukan diwarnai dan diidentifikasi menggunakan mikroskop. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 4 dari 10 itik yang diperiksa positif infeksi endoparasit. Infeksi tertinggi yaitu oleh Strongyloides sp. (30%) pada usus halus, diikuti oleh Capillaria sp. di usus halus, Echinostoma revolutum di sepanjang usus dan sekum, Raillietina cesticillus di usus halus dan usus besar, Hymenolepis nana dan Eimeria sp. di usus halus dengan derajat infeksi masing-masing sebesar 20%. Infeksi yang paling rendah yaitu oleh Hypoderaeum conoideum dan Choanotaenia infundibulum di usus halus (10%) yang jarang ditemukan pada itik. Berbagai macam endoparasit yang ditemukan pada itik memiliki tempat predileksinya masing-masing mulai dari usus halus, usus besar dan sekum., Duck is poultry that is raised for meat and eggs. One of disease that often be found in duck is gastrointestinal endoparasite infection. The aims of this study to identify and calculate degree of endoparasite infection in gastrointestinal tract of ducks from chicken slaughter houses in Bogor. This research used 10 duck’s gastrointestinal tract which 5 of them came from Bojong Gede and 5 the rest are from Cibinong Market. The intestines are divided into 4 parts include upper, middle and lower part. Intestine was examined by making slides using native and floatation methods. Helminths were stained to identify each species. The result of this study showed 4 out of 10 ducks were positive for endoparasite infection. The highest infection was observed by Strongyloides sp. (30%) in small intestine, followed by Capillaria sp. in small intestine, Echinostoma revolutum in small, large intestine and caecum, Raillietina cesticillus in small and large intestine, Hymenolepis nana and Eimeria sp. in small intestine which each of them has 20% number of infection. The lowest infection were observed by Hypoderaeum conoideum and Choanotaenia infundibulum in small intestine (10%). Various gastrointestinal endoparasites in duck have different predilection site such as small, large intestine and caecum.
Keyword: endoparasit, itik, sekum, usus besar, usus halus, caecum, duck, endoparasite, large intestine, small intestine

Judul: Inflammatory Picture of the Digestive Tract from Domestic Chickens Infected with Worms
Abstrak: Peternakan unggas di Indonesia sangat beragam, salah satunya adalah peternakan ayam kampung. Ayam kampung (Gallus domesticus) merupakan sebutan ayam lokal yang ditemukan di seluruh wilayah Indonesia. Ayam kampung dapat terkena penyakit. Penyakit yang menyerang ayam kampung salah satunya yaitu infeksi parasit. Infeksi parasit biasanya terjadi di dalam usus halus. Salah satu parasit yang menyerang ayam kampung yaitu cacing Raillietina sp. Cacing yang hidup di usus halus akan menyerap nutrisi ayam. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis dan kuantitas sel radang pada usus halus ayam kampung yang terinfeksi cacing secara alami. Penelitian dilakukan mengamati gambaran histopatologi dari usus halus ayam kampung terinfeksi cacing yang didapat dari dua lokasi pasar yang berbeda di Jakarta yaitu Pasar Kebayoran Lama dan Pasar Pluit. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi serta menghitung jumlah sel radang yang muncul pada jaringan yaitu eosinofil, heterofil, basofil, limfosit, dan makrofag. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan jumlah infiltrasi sel eosinofil paling umum ditemukan dan jumlahnya paling tinggi dibandingkan sel radang lainnya. Sel limfosit dan makrofag bukan sel radang yang dominan ditemukan pada jaringan usus. Jaringan usus ayam yang berasal dari Pasar Kebayoran Lama 1 memperlihatkan jumlah sel radang paling tinggi. Pada penelitian ini, sel eosinofil merupakan parameter infeksi alami cacing di jaringan usus. Jumlah sel radang yang ditemukan berbanding lurus dengan tingkat keparahan akibat infeksi cacing. Jumlah sel eosinofil serta kuantifikasi sel radang pada jaringan menjadi parameter dapat digunakan menjadi parameter tingkat infeksi cacing pada usus ayam., Free-range chicken farming is one of the many different types of poultry farming in Indonesia. The term "Kampung chicken" (Gallus domesticus) refers to local chickens found throughout Indonesia. Diseases can be contracted by free range chicken. Parasitic infection is one disease that affects free-range chicken. Parasitic infections most commonly occur in the small intestine. The Raillietina sp. helminth is a frequent parasite infecting free-range chickens. Helminths that reside in the small intestine will absorb the chicken's nutrition. The purpose ofthis study is to identify the kind and number of inflammatory cells in the small intestines of free-range hens that are naturally infected with helminths. The study used histopathological slides from the small intestines of helminth-infested village chickens collected from two separate market locations in Jakarta: Kebayoran Lama Market and Pluit Market. The number of inflammatory cells found in the tissue, including eosinophils, heterophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and macrophages, was counted and identified. According to the findings of this study, infiltrating eosinophil cells are the most prevalent and greatest in quantity when compared to other inflammatory cells. Lymphocytes and macrophages are not the most common inflammatory cells detected in intestinal tissue. Chicken intestinal tissue from Kebayoran Lama 1 Market had the most inflammatory cells. In this study, eosinophil cells are used as a measure of natural helminth infection in intestinal mucosa. The number of inflammatory cells detected is proportional to the severity of the helminth infection. The quantity of eosinophil cells and the quantification of inflammatory cells in tissue can be utilized to estimate the level of helminths infection in the chicken intestine.
Keyword: domestic chicken, inflammatory cells, Raillietina sp.

Judul: Sintesis 3-Benzoil-7-hidroksiflavon dari Resorsinol
Abstrak: Flavonoid is the most abundant naturally-occuring polyphenolic compound with C6-C3-C6 carbon skeleton. Flavones is a group of flavonoid having a broad bioactivity spectrum. In this experiment, 3-benzoyl-7-hydoxyflavone was successfully synthesized via 2-steps from resorcinol. In the first step, resorcinol was acetylated with AcOH/ZnCl2 producing resacetophenone with 89% yield. Subsequently, benzoylation and rearrangement of resacetophenone using 2 equivalent of benzoyl chloride and 7 equivalent of K2CO3 in acetone produced 3-benzoyl-7-hydroxyflavone with 62% yield. Synthesis of 3-benzoyl-7-hydroxyflavone from resorcinol provided evidence for new reaction mechanism of flavon formation without Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement proposed by several previous researchers. All products in this study has been characterized spectroscopically.
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