Judul: Mikroenkapsulasi ibupropen dengan penyalut polipaduan poli (asam laktat) dan polikaprolakton
Abstrak: Ibuprofen termasuk golongan obat antiradang nonsteroid yang dapat menimbulkan iritasi lambung setelah pemberian oral dengan dosis berlebih. Berdasarkan masalah tersebut maka diperlukan sistem pelepasan obat secara terkendali. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan mikroenkapsulasi ibuprofen dengan penyalut polipaduan poli(asam laktat) dan polikaprolakton. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah emulsifikasi, meliputi emulsifikasi obat dalam larutan polimer organik dan medium dispersi. Pencirian mikrokapsul ibuprofen meliputi morfologi, penentuan efisiensi, dan uji disolusi mikrokapsul. Mikrokapsul yang dihasilkan dalam penelitian ini berbentuk bulat dan berwarna putih. Efisiensi tertinggi diperoleh pada mikrokapsul formula B3 dengan komposisi nisbah penyalut dan ibuprofen adalah 83,33 dan 16,67%, nilai efisiensi yang diperoleh 70,25%. Uji pelepasan ibuprofen dilakukan secara in vitro dengan alat uji disolusi tipe 2 pada suhu (37 ± 5) °C dengan kecepatan putar 100 rpm dan volume medium 500 mL. Medium yang digunakan adalah bufer pH 1,2 dan 7,2. Pelepasan ibuprofen dari mikrokapsul ibuprofen formula A3 dan B3 dalam medium pH 1,2 (simulasi asam lambung) pada waktu 2 jam berturut-turut adalah 5,55 dan 3,09%. Pada uji pelepasan mikrokapsul ibuprofen medium bufer fosfat pH 7,2 (simulasi usus) diperoleh pelepasan ibuprofen dari mikrokapsul formula A3 dan B3 setelah 4 jam berturut-turut adalah 19,58 dan 13,30%. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa mikroenkapsulasi ibuprofen dengan penyalut polipaduan poli(asam laktat) dan polikaprolakton dapat menahan laju pelepasan ibuprofren dalam medium simulasi asam lambung dan usus.
Keyword: Mikrokapsul, Spray drying, Stationer extrusion nozzle, Polyblend

Judul: Pelepasan Ibuprofen dari Mikrokapsul Tersalut Paduan Lilin Lebah dan Poli(asam laktat) Secara In Vitro
Abstrak: Ibuprofen as an anti-inflammatory drug has a short elimination rate which can causes gastric irritation. Microencapsulation technique can be used to overcome these problems and provide a better therapeutic efficacy through controlled drug release mechanism. In this research, microencapsulation of ibuprofen carried out by blending process and emulsion-solvent evaporation method. Ibuprofen was coated by blend beeswax and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with various compositions (9:1, 8:2, 7:3, and 6:4) and concentration of gelatin (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) as an emulsifier. Efficiency of encapsulation performed in simulated intestinal medium pH 7.2. The highest value of ibuprofen encapsulation efficiencies was equal to 84.21% had been produced by microcapsules with ratio bees wax:PLA 6:4 and concentration of gelatin 2%. Release test of ibuprofen was performed by beeswax:PLA blend with ratio 8:2 and 6:4 produces the highest average percentage release about 15.31% and 19.25% at minute 225 in the same medium. The release pattern of ibuprofen had followed zero order kinetics model explaining that concentration of ibuprofen released relative constant for each release time. Observation of surface morphology of microcapsules using a scanning electron microscop (SEM) showed subtle bulges irregularly shaped scattered on its surface.
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Judul: Studies on Body Morphometrics of Terns (Laridae) Through Principal Component Analysis and Minimum Distance D2-Mahalanobis
Abstrak: The diversity of animal body size is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study used 168 specimens of Terns. Terns is a small tribe of sea birds that spread widely all over the world. Terns specimens used were A. m. worcesteri, A. s. pileatus, C. h. javanica, S. a. sinensis, S. a. anaethetus, S. b. cristatus, S. f. nubilosa and S. s. sumatrana. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship of morphometric dissimilarity of the body size. Also it studied the body size and shape of Terns observed. T2-Hotelling showed that the body size of the terns observed was significant (P<0,01). The result of Principal component analysis showed that body size and shape of the terns observed were significant from each other, although they were in one genus. The wing length is a size discriminator of all Terns observed; while shape discriminator diverses of each species observed. Data cluster of S. b. cristatus grouped on right in cluster chart, however S. a. sinensis grouped on the left in the cluster chart. Data cluster of six other species are grouped in the middle of the cluster chart. The results showed that Terns can be classified into two major groups namely A and B by D2-Mahalanobis. Group A included S. a. anaethetus, S. f. nubilosa, S. b. cristatus, C. h. javanica, S. s. sumatrana, A. m. worcesteri and A. s. pileatus. Group B consisted of only one species of S. a. sinensis.
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