Judul: Detection of Beta Lactam Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli from Pig Slaughterhouse Floors in Tanggerang City
Abstrak: Kejadian resistansi antibiotik di Indonesia menjadi masalah yang serius tetapi tingkat resistansi dan gen penyandi resistansinya belum banyak dilaporkan, termasuk yang bersumber dari tempat pemotongan babi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam pada Escherichia coli yang diisolasi dari lantai tempat pemotongan babi di Kota Tangerang. Keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam dideteksi menggunakan real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 80% isolat memiliki setidaknya satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam. Sebanyak 40% isolat mengandung lebih dari satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam. Gen blaTEM, blaCTX-M, dan blaCMY2 dideteksi pada isolat dengan prevalensi secara berurut sebesar 60%, 40%, dan 30%. Tingginya prevalensi gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam pada E. coli dari lantai berpeluang menjadi sumber penyebaran resistansi antibiotik melalui lingkungan yang tercemar.
Keyword: antibiotik, Escherichia coli, resistansi, beta laktam

Judul: Deteksi Gen Penyandi Resistansi Antibiotik Aminoglikosida AAC(6') pada Escherichia coli dari Tempat Pemotongan Babi di Kota Tangerang
Abstrak: Escherichia coli (E. coli) merupakan bakteri Gram negatif yang mudah ditemui dan dapat mentransfer gen resistansi ke bakteri lain dengan cara horizontal ataupun vertikal. Salah satu sumber bakteri E. coli adalah tempat pemotongan babi (TPB). Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik aminoglikosida AAC(6’) pada E. coli yang diisolasi dari usap lantai dan efluen tempat pemotongan babi di Kota Tangerang. Sebanyak 20 isolat E. coli yang sudah dikonfirmasi oleh peneliti sebelumnya dilakukan deteksi gen penyandi resistansi aminoglikosida menggunakan Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). Hasil pengujian qPCR menunjukkan bahwa 3 dari 20 isolat E. coli (15%) membawa gen AAC(6’) yang menyandi resistansi aminoglikosida. Dua isolat berasal dari usap lantai dan satu berasal dari efluen. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa 2 dari 10 TPB (20%) di Kota Tangerang terdeteksi memiliki E. coli yang membawa gen penyandi resistansi. Dengan ditemukannya gen resistansi antibiotik aminoglikosida menunjukkan adanya potensi penyebaran resistansi aminoglikosida dapat ke manusia dan lingkungan., Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a Gram negative bacteria that is easily encountered and can transfer resistance genes to other bacteria horizontally or vertically. One of the sources of E. coli bacteria is pig slaughterhouses. This study aimed to detect the presence of the antibiotic resistance gene aminoglycoside AAC(6') in E. coli isolated from the swab floor and effluent of pig slaughterhouses in Tangerang City. A total of 20 E. coli isolates that have been confirmed by researchers were previously detected by aminoglycoside resistance encoding genes using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The results of the qPCR test showed that 3 out of 20 E. coli isolates (15%) carried the AAC(6') gene encoding aminoglycoside resistance. Two isolates came from the swab floor and one came from effluent. This study also showed that 2 out of 10 TPB (20%) in Tangerang City were detected to have E. coli that carry the resistance encoding gene. The discovery of the aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance gene shows that there is a potential for aminoglycoside resistance to spread to humans and the environment.
Keyword: Escherichia coli, resistansi, aminoglikosida, gen resistansi, tempat pemotongan babi

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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