Judul: Patogenesis Salmonellosis Pada Ayam.
Abstrak: Infeksi bakteri Salmonella yang disebut salmonellosis merupakan salah satu penyakit bakterial yang penting pada unggas. Secara oral, Salmonella melakukan penetrasi pada mukosa epitel dari usus halus, berinteraksi dengan sel epitel koiumnar dan lapisan sel mikro Peyer 's patches. Interaksi antara Salmonella dan epitel menggerakkan kemotaksis dari sel fagosit pada tempat infeksi, respon seluler ini meliputi heterofil dan makrofag yang bemigrasi pada permukaan lumen dimana mereka memulai eradikasi bakteri patogen. Koionisasi usus merupakan tahap pertama dalarn proses infeksi. Tahap kedua adalah invasi di luar saluran pencernaan yang mengakibatkan multiplikasi dalam jaringan sistem retikuloendotel dari hati dan limpa dan menyebar ke berbagai jaringan internal. Tahap terakhir adalah kadang-kadang terjadi bakterimia yang luas, dapat menyebabkan tingkat kematian yang tinggi.
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Judul: Sumber-sumber penularan dan penyebaran salmonellosis serta usaha pencegahan dan pengendaliannya
Abstrak: Salmonellosis merupakan salah satu penyakit zoonose yang ditularkan lewat makanan dan dikenal sebagai "food borne disease". Penyebab salmonellosis adalah bakteri, genus Salmonella. Bakteri yang berbentuk batang langsing, tidak membentuk spora dan bersifat Gram negatif ini umurnya motil kecuali S.pullorum dan S.gallinarum. Salmonella yang mudah dibiakkan pada media biasa ini termasuk bakteri yang tidak memfermentasi laktosa. Habitat utama dari kuman Salmonella adalah saluran pencernaan, baik pada hewan maupun manusia. Kuman Salmonella diekskresikan lewat tinja yang kemudian dapat mence mari lingkungan dan membentuk sumber infeksi di alam, sаperti air limbah di daerah peternakan dan rumah potong he wan, serta padang penggembalaan. Bahan makanan yang sering merupakan sumber infeksi adalah bahan makanan asal hewan seperti daging, telur dan air susu. Usaha pencegahan dan pengendalian salmonellosis dapat dilakukan dengan meningkatkan tindakan sanitasi terutama di sekitar daerah peternakan dan rumah potong hewan, pemberantasan vektor dan hewan reservoir, cara pengolahandan penyimpanan bahan makanan yang baik, mengadakan penga wasan mikrobiologik terhadap bahan makanan terutama asal hewan dan melalui penerangan dan pendidikan.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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