Judul: Development of Ballistic Gel as A Phantom for Imaging Diagnostic Learning Media
Abstrak: Metode pembelajaran simulasi terbukti efektif meningkatkan kompetensi peserta pelatihan dalam menggunakan alat diagnostik pencitraan. Phantom digunakan sebagai model jaringan hewan menggantikan penggunaan hewan asli, namun model phantom yang tersedia secara komersial memiliki harga yang cukup mahal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan dan menilai purwarupa atau model phantom berbahan dasar gelatin ―ballistic gel‖ sebagai pengganti phantom komersial. Phantom dibuat dengan 2 formulasi: gelatin tanpa pengawet dan gelatin dengan pengawet BNF 10%. Besi, plastik dan telur puyuh digunakan sebagai model benda asing. Phantom dan benda asing dievaluasi menggunakan ultrasonografi, radiografi digital dan electrical impedance tomography. Uji durabilitas menunjukkan phantom tanpa pengawet mengalami penyusutan tertinggi sebesar 90,95%, sedangkan phantom dengan pengawet BNF hanya sebesar 2,53%. Phantom dengan pengawet BNF menunjukkan konsistensi lebih kenyal dan tahan terhadap kerusakan. Penambahan pengawet BNF 10% tidak mempengaruhi ekogenitas gel dan model benda asing. Ultrasonografi dapat mencitrakan tetapi sulit membedakan model benda asing, radiografi dapat membedakan model benda asing besi dan telur dengan baik, dan electrical impedance tomography dapat membedakan model benda asing berdasarkan jenis bahan yang tampak secara kontras resistivitas dengan warna yang berbeda., Simulation training method is proven to be effective in increasing the competency of the trainees in using imaging diagnostic tools. Phantoms are used as animal tissue models to replace the use of animals, however commercially available phantoms are quite expensive. This study aims to develop and assess a phantom model based on ―ballistic gel‖ gelatin as an alternative to commercial phantoms. Phantoms were made with 2 formulations: gelatin without preservatives and gelatin with 10% BNF preservative. Iron, plastic and quail eggs were used as models of foreign bodies. Phantom and foreign body models were evaluated for durability and image quality by using ultrasonography, digital radiography and electrical impedance tomography. Durability test showed that phantom without preservative experienced the highest syneresis of 90.95%, while phantom with BNF preservative only 2.53%. Phantom with BNF preservative shows a more chewy consistency and more resistance to damage. The addition of 10% BNF preservative did not affect the echogenicity of the gel and the foreign body models. Ultrasonography hard to distinguish type of foreign body models, however radiography able to distinguish foreign bodies, and electrical impedance tomography shows image foreign bodies based on the type of material that displayed in resistivity contrast with different colors.
Keyword: phantom, ballistic gel, ultrasonografi, radiografi, electrical impedance  tomography

Judul: Pengembangan Durable Low-cost Phantom untuk Media Pembelajaran Pencitraan Organ Reproduksi Jantan
Abstrak: Phantom merupakan alat yang dapat digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran untuk pencitraan medis seperti ultrasonografi dan radiografi. Penggunaan phantom komersial membutuhkan biaya yang besar, sehingga diperlukan pengembangan alternatif phantom yang murah. Namun, sebagian besar bahan kurang tahan lama dan terbuat dari bahan yang mudah rusak. Penelitian ini bertujuan menilai formulasi phantom berbahan dasar agar dengan bahan pengawet terbaik sebagai model untuk media pembelajaran pencitraan organ reproduksi jantan yang murah dan tahan lama. Phantom dibuat dengan perpaduan 2 jenis agar, yaitu agar yang teksturnya lebih kenyal dengan yang kurang kenyal. Formulasi agar dibagi menjadi 8 berdasarkan suhu penyimpanan (ruang dan refrigerator) serta bahan pengawet seperti BNF 10%, boraks, dan kunyit. Testis tikus dan kucing dibenamkan kedalam phantom sebagai model organ. Phantom dan model organ dicitrakan dengan ultrasonografi Brightness mode dan radiografi digital. Ukuran, ekogenisitas, opasitas, dan berat phantom dianalisis hingga 31 hari. Durabilitas dievaluasi dengan mengukur berat phantom selama 31 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa phantom BNF memiliki daya tahan yang sangat baik tanpa adanya mikroba meskipun disimpan pada suhu ruang dibandingkan dengan phantom lain. Selain itu, bahan pengawet dapat membuat ekogenisitas model organ tampak lebih hiperekoik. Opasitas seluruh phantom yang dievaluasi dengan X-ray memiliki nilai antara 85-170 a.u. kecuali boraks (Rf), dan model organ tidak terlihat pada hasil pencitraan. Phantom berbahan dasar agar dengan BNF sebagai bahan pengawet dan disimpan pada suhu refrigerator, secara umum berpotensi sebagai media pembelajaran pencitraan organ reproduksi jantan., Phantom is an instrument that can be used as a learning media for medical imaging such as ultrasound and radiograph. The use of commercially phantom were costly, thus development of alternative inexpensive phantom is needed. However, most of the used materials are less durable and made of perishable materials. This study was aimed to evaluate agar phantom formulation with the best preservative as a model for inexpensive and durable imaging learning media of male reproductive organ. Phantoms were made by the combination of 2 types of agar, those were more and less chewy texture. The formulation was divided into 8 based on storage temperature (room and refrigerator) and preservatives such as BNF 10%, boraks, and kunyit. The mouse and cat testicles embedded in it as the organ models. Phantoms and organ models were imaging by brightness mode ultrasonography and digital radiography. Size, echogenicity, opacity, and their weight were analyzed up to 31 days. The results showed that BNF phantom has an excellent durability without microbes even it was stored at room temperature compared to the other phantoms. Furthermore, the preservative agents making the echogenicity of the organ model appeared to be more hyperechoic. The opacity of all phantoms that evaluated with X-ray were having value between 85–170 a.u. except boraks (Rf), and the organ models did not appear on it. Phantom that made from agar with BNF as a preservative agent and stored at refrigerator temperature, in general has potential as an imaging learning media for male reproductive organ.
Keyword: ImageJ, Phantom, Preservative, Radiograph, Ultrasound

Judul: Revisi Marga Maotia Wedd. (Urticacae) di Malesia
Abstrak: A taxonomic revision of genus Maozrtia in Malesia has been done. At present revision, 6 species are recognized namely M. ambigua, M. diversifolia, M. lanceolata, M. platistigma, M puya, and M. setosa. M ambigua is divided into 7 varieties, which one of the variety (i.e. var. tomentosa) n ew to science and another (i.e. var. grandifolia) is a new combination based on M. grandifolia. Two new varieties w i t h M. diversivolia (namely var. novoguinesis and var. suniatrana) are proposed. M. gracilis is recognized here as a synonim 0f M. lanceolata.
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