Judul: Thee development of coffee based farming systems for sustainable upland agriculture development in upper Sekampung Watershed.
Abstrak: Land degradation is a serious problem in the Upper Sekampung watershed because the farmers cultivated coffee based farms on steep land without adequate soil and water conservation technologies and fertilization. Land degradation caused by erosion was generally greater than the local tolerable soil loss. Erosion on site washed the most fertile top soil, decreased land productivity and in turn declined farmer’s income. The existing condition of coffee based farming systems in the Upper Sekampung watershed was suspected perform unsustainable farming systems indicators.
Keyword: conservation technology, Land degradation, biophisics conditions, erosion rate

Judul: Perencanaan penggunaan lahan dan pengembangan usahatani berbasis kopi untuk sistem pertanian berkelanjutan di DAS Ketahun Hulu Provinsi Bengkulu
Abstrak: Ketahun Hulu watershed is part of Ketahun watershed, administratively it is mainly located in Lebong district and a small portion of it is located in North Bengkulu and Rejang Lebong districts of Bengkulu province. This study was aimed to identify landuse and agrotechnology characteristics in Ketahun Hulu watershed, and to arrange land use planning and coffee based farming development for sustainable agricultural systems in the Ketahun Hulu watershed. To achieve a sustainable agriculture, there are 3 (three) indicators that should be fulfilled : a) total farmer’s income should be high enough support a life worth living, b) erosion should be less than tolerable soil loss (ETol), c) agrotechnologies should be acceptable and replicable to the farmers. This study was focus on intensive observation sites covering 14,844 hectares located in one of sub watershed that represent characteristics of the watershed. Land capability was evaluated using Klingebiel and Montgomery method, erosion was predicted using USLE equation developed by Wishmeier and Smith (1978), and farming income was analyzed using cash flow analysis method. Results of this research showed that predicted erosion in the existing cropping pattern and agrotechnologies in Ketahun Hulu watershed generally greater than ETol; it ranged from 2,47 – 683,18 tons/hectare/year while ETol was ranged from 13,45 – 36,38 tons/hectare/year. Total incomes of farmers were much lower than a decent income (Rp. 18.000.000,-/householder/year). Alternative agrotechnologies to meet the indicators of sustainable agricultural systems were recommended with two alternatives. To increase farmer’s income to meet the income of decent living, the source of income such as livestock was introduced in to the existing farming systems. Simulation of agrotechnologies show that alternatives of agrotechnology can reduce erosion to lower than ETol and to increase farmer’s income up to a decent income. Alternative agrotechnolgy 1 which consisted of grass strip plus litter mulch, fertilizer and livestock including 30 chickens and 5 goats can reduce erosion to lower than ETol (2,45 – 22,77 tons/hectares/year) and increase farmer’s income up to a decent living (Rp. 18.855.000,- to Rp. 24.915.000,-/householder/year). Alternative agrotechnology 2 which consisted ridge terrace plus litter mulch, fertilizer and livestock including 30 chickens and 5 goats can reduce erosion to lower than ETol (2,47 – 22,77 tons/hectares/year) and increase farmer’s income up to a decent living (Rp. 18.635.000,- to Rp. 24.695.000,-/householder/year). Spatial planning of recommended agrotechnologies was extrapolated into the watershed in Ketahun Hulu Watershed.
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Judul: Kimiawi imunoglobulin G serta perbedaabbya antara berbagi species hewan
Abstrak: Antibodi adalah molekul protein yang dihasilkan oleh sel plasma sebagai akibat interaksi antara limfosit B peka antigen dengan antigen khusus. Antibodi ini disebut juga imunoglobulin karena molekulnya berbentuk globulin. Jadi imunoglobulin merupakan molekul protein yang membawa akti- vitas antibodi, yaitu sifat kombinasi spesifik dengan zat yang mendatangkan formasi antigen. Diantara kelas imunoglobulin, Ig G adalah yang paling melimpah dalam serum darah. Ig G ini memainkan peran utama dalam mekanisme pertahanan. Ig G merupakan struktur glikoprotein dengan dasar bentuk bangunan diagram tetrapolipeptida yang mengandung 4 ran tai polipeptida dengan 2 rantai berat (H) yang identik dan 2 rantai ringan L) yang identik. Rantai polipeptida ini di bentuk oleh rangkaian asam amino. Tiap rantai berat (H) me ngandung 446 residu asam amino dengam BM (2 x 50.000) Dal ton dan tiap rantai ringan (L) mengandung residu asam amino 213() atau 214 () dengan BM (2 x 25.000) Dalton. Bagian variabel dari rantai berat (VH) mengandung 118 residu asam amino dan bagian variabel rantai ringan (VL) mengandung 108 () atau 109 () residu, sedangkan residu sisanya dari masing-masing rantai adalah bagian konstan (CH dan CL). Adanya perbedaan-perbedaan dalam hal asam amino pada salah satu daerah variabel dapat menyebabkan perbedaan imun respon. ...
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