Judul: Pola Konsumsi Olahan Jagung dan Potensi Paparan Aflatoksin di Indonesia
Abstrak: Konsumsi pangan sumber karbohidrat utama penduduk Indonesia masih bergantung pada satu jenis pangan yaitu beras. Beras merupakan makanan pokok yang digemari masyarakat. Sehingga diperlukan upaya pemerintah melakukan program diversifikasi pangan lokal mengonsumsi pangan sumber karbohidrat selain beras. Jagung merupakan komoditas bahan pangan lokal sebagai sumber karbohidrat. Pola konsumsi pangan mencakup jenis, jumlah dan frekuensi pangan yang dikonsumsi dalam selang waktu tertentu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pola konsumsi jagung dan olahannya serta kontribusi terhadap asupan karbohidrat dan potensi paparan aflatoksin di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode survei dengan semi quantitatif food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa olahan jagung dapat dikonsumsi sebagai makanan pokok dan makanan selingan/snack. Konsumsi jagung di Indonesia berdasarkan hasil survei sebesar 9,00 g/kapita/hari sedangkan hasil in-depth interview sebesar 8,71 g/kapita/hari. Bentuk olahan jagung yang paling banyak dikonsumsi adalah jagung rebus, bakwan/perkedel jagung, jagung bakar dan nasi jagung. Berdasarkan hasil survei, provinsi dengan konsumsi tertinggi adalah Sulawesi Tengah, Papua Barat dan Gorontalo. Bentuk olahan jagung yang banyak dikonsumsi adalah jagung rebus, bakwan/perkedel jagung, jagung bakar dan nasi jagung. Jagung termasuk komoditas yang mudah terserang kapang Aspergillus flavus penghasil aflatoksin. Potensi paparan aflatoksin dari mengonsumsi jagung Indonesia tergolong rendah karena jagung banyak dikonsumsi dalam bentuk olahan jagung segar., The consumption of food as the main source of carbohydrates for the Indonesian population still depends on one type of food, namely rice. Rice is a staple food favored by the people. So it is necessary for the government to carry out a local food diversification program to consume food sources of carbohydrates other than rice. Corn is a local food commodity as a source of carbohydrates. The pattern of food consumption includes the type, amount and frequency of food consumed within a certain time interval. This study aims to analyze the consumption pattern of corn and its processed products as well as the contribution to carbohydrate intake and potential exposure to aflatoxins in Indonesia. The method used is a survey method with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). The results showed that processed corn can be consumed as a staple food and as a snack. Corn consumption in Indonesia based on survey results is 9.00 g/capita/day while the results of in-depth interviews are 8.71 g/capita/day. The most consumed processed forms of corn are boiled corn, bakwan/corn cakes, roasted corn, and corn rice. Based on the survey results, the provinces with the highest consumption were Central Sulawesi, West Papua, and Gorontalo. The processed forms of corn that are widely consumed are boiled corn, bakwan/corn cakes, roasted corn and corn rice. Corn is a commodity that is susceptible to the aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus mold. Potential exposure to aflatoxins from consuming Indonesian corn was low because corn was mostly consumed in the form of processed fresh corn.
Keyword: Aflatoxin, Corn, Carbohydrate, Corn processing, Consumption pattern

Judul: Consumption Patterns of Processed Cassava, Influencing Factors, and Its Relation to Body Mass Index in Indonesia
Abstrak: Diversifikasi pangan sumber karbohidrat di Indonesia masih rendah. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah mengeluarkan roadmap program diversifikasi pangan sumber karbohidrat yang terdiri dari enam komoditas yang salah satunya adalah singkong. Penelitian ini bertujuan memetakan dan mendeskripsikan pola konsumsi olahan singkong, menganalisis besaran konsumsi dan kontribusinya terhadap asupan karbohidrat dan lemak, serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Metode pengukuran konsumsi olahan singkong menggunakan semi food frequency questionnaire yang ditanyakan melalui survei dan in-depth interview secara daring. Responden penelitian ini terdiri dari 847 responden keluarga pada survei dan 123 responden individu pada in-depth interview. Tahapan penelitian terdiri dari penyusunan kuesioner survei dan in-depth interview, uji coba kuesioner, pelaksanaan survei dan in-depth interview, serta pengolahan dan analisis data. Konsumsi olahan singkong di Indonesia sebesar 11,85 g singkong segar/kapita/hari dengan kontribusi asupan karbohidrat sebesar 1,36% dan lemak sebesar 0,87% dari angka kecukupan gizi orang dewasa. Singkong lebih banyak dikonsumsi sebagai pangan selingan daripada sebagai pangan pokok. Singkong rebus, singkong goreng, dan keripik singkong merupakan olahan singkong yang paling banyak dikonsumsi. Konsumsi olahan singkong dipengaruhi oleh faktor usia sehingga cenderung dikonsumsi oleh segmentasi usia tertentu yaitu paruh baya hingga lansia. Sedangkan nilai indeks massa tubuh tidak dipengaruhi oleh konsumsi olahan singkong., Food diversification of carbohydrate sources in Indonesia is still low. Therefore, the government issued a roadmap for a food diversification program from carbohydrate sources consisting of six commodities and one of them is cassava. This study aims to map and describe the consumption pattern of processed cassava, analyze the amount of consumption and its contribution for carbohydrate and fat intake, and identify the factors that influence it. The measuring method for consumption of processed cassava uses a semi-food frequency questionnaire which is asked through online surveys and in-depth interviews. This study consists of 847 family respondents in survey and 123 individual respondents in-depth interviews. This research consists of prepare survey questionnaires and in-depth interviews, tests for questionnaires, surveys and in-depth interviews, data processing and analysis. Total consumption of processed cassava in Indonesia is 11,85 g of fresh cassava/capita/day with 1.36% contribution of carbohydrate and 0,87% fat intake of the adult nutritional adequacy rate. Cassava is consumed more as a snack than as a staple food. Boiled cassava, fried cassava, and cassava chips are the most widely consumed processed cassava. Consumption of processed cassava is influenced by age, so it tends to be consumed by a certain age segment from middle age to the elderly. Meanwhile, the body mass index value was not influenced by the consumption of the processed cassava.
Keyword: body mass index, carbohydrate, consumption pattern, cassava

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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