Judul: Pengaruh cara delignifikasi terhadap sakarifikasi limbah lignoselulosik
Abstrak: Delignifikasi merupakan suatu proses pembebasan lignin dari suatu senyawa kompleks. Proses ini penting dilakukan sebelum hidrolisis bahan selulosik, sebab lignin dapat menghambat penetrasi asam atau enzim sebelum hidrolisis berlangsung. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh cara delignifikasi terhadap sakarifikasi limbah lignoselulosik serta meningkatkan pemanfaatan limbah tersebut. Untuk maksud tersebut dipilih bahan lignoselulosik jerami, onggok dan pod cokelat dan empat cara delignifikasi kimiawi. Cara pertama yaitu perendaman dalam NaOH 1% selama 24 jam dan dilanjutkan dengan pemanasan selama 3 jam pada suhu 120°C. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan perendaman dalam H202 1% selama 12 jam. Cara Kedua dilakukan dengan pemanasan dalam H₂SO₄ 4% selama 1 jam pada suhu 120°C. Cara ketiga yaitu pemanasan selama 4 jam pada suhu 90°C dalam H2SO4 5% dan dilanjutkan dengan perendaman dalam larutan feri natrium tartrat. Cara keempat yaitu pemanasan selama 3 jam pada suhu 120°C dalam larutan Ca(HSO3)2 1%. Pemanasan pada masing- masing cara di atas dilakukan dengan menggunakan autoklaf.
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Judul: Delignifikasi Limbah Tanaman Jagung Menggunakan Kalsium Hidroksida.
Abstrak: Since the 90’s, lignocelluloses began aggressively to become a source of energy by researcher of the world. In Indonesia, the actual potential for the development of this material is quite good if viewed from its energy needs. In addition, the supply for this material is relatively abundant, one of which is corn stover. The production of corn stover is about 18.9x1013 ton/year. Although, lignocellulose is relatively abundant, its utilization requires special treatment because of the complex structure of celluloses, hemicelluloses, and lignins. Various treatments have been developed included physical, biological, or chemical. One of the treatments is delignification with lime to minimize damage to the celluloses and hemicelluloses. This study aims to determine the effect of lime addition, water addition, heating temperature, and heating time on delignification, and to find the best condition in the delignification process of corn stover with lime. The experimental result shows that significant factor in delignification is heating temperature, whereas lime addition, water addition, and heating time did not have significant influence in delignification. In the tested range also has detected the existence of curvature, and obtained the equation: LR * = − 0.24197 + 0.007951 x3 – 5.3∙10-5 x3 2. The best condition of this process is estimated at 74.6 oC, with lignin removal is 0.055 g/g corn stover, delignification level is 0.25, and delignification selectivity is 0.40.
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Judul: Ragam jenis ektoparasit burung tekukur (Streptopelia chinensis) dan burung puter (Streptopelia bitorquata) di penangkaran
Abstrak: Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove are the bird species that are easily raised in captivity. Nevertheless, good management is required to successfully breed and raise the birds in captivity; otherwise, the condition may endanger the sustainability of the two bird species. Information on ectoparasites on the bodies of this bird as well as their captivity breeding has not been available, although admittedly taking ectoparasites from these bird families has much been done so that a research is obviously needed. This study aimed to find out various kinds of Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove ectoparasites and to learn various kinds of parasitic insects around the Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove cages. The study was conducted from April to June 2010. The methods of data collection included the general condition of the location, collection of ectoparasites specimens, processing and specimens identification. The data analysis was done descriptively and tabulated with the degree of infestation. The kinds of ectoparasites from the class of insects found in the body of Spotted dove were Goniocotes sp. and Columbicola columbae of phthiraptera order and Pseudolynchia canariensis of diptera order, and arachnida class, that is, tungau from the pterolichidae family. In terms of ectoparasites, Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove were similar, except that Javan turtle dove had no Pseudolynchia canariensis. Goniocotes sp. and Columbicola columbae were mallopaga order (biting lice) and were obligate. The kinds of parasitic insects in the vicinity of Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove cages were from the Ordo Diptera. The diptera classified as parasites included Anopheles, Culex, Psychodidae, Culicoides and Simulium, most of them vectors of disease. The presence of ectoparasites was closely related to how a breeding place is managed.
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