Judul: Pengaruh Karakteristik Keluarga dan Pola Pengasuhan Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Anak
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari Pengaruh karakteristik keluarga dan pola pengasuhan terhadap tumbuh kembang anak. Secara khusus penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh karakteristik keluarga, keluarga, etnis dan wilayah tempat tinggal terhadap pola pengasuhan anak, serta mengetahui pengaruh karakteristik keluarga dan pola pengasuhan terhadap tumbuh kembang anak.
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Judul: Pola pengasuhan anak, persepsi gender dan tumbuh kembang anak berdasarkan kasta dan status kerja ibu: Kasus di Kelurahan Pedungan, Kecamatan Denpasar Selatan, Kotamadya Denpasar, Propinsi Bali
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pola pengasuhan anak, persepsi gender dan tumbuh kembang anak berdasarkan kasta dan status kerja ibu, khususnya hubungan antara sistem kasta dengan pola pengasuhan anak berdasarkan gender dan persepsi gender, hubungan antara status kerja ibu dengan pola pengasuhan anak berdasarkan gender dan persepsi gender, hubungan antara pendidikan ibu dengan pola pengasuhan anak dan persepsi gender, perbedaan tingkat tumbuh kembang anak berdasarkan gender serta faktor-faktor yang berperan dalam mempengaruhi tingkat tumbuh kembang anak. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Pedungan, Kecamatan Denpasar Selatan, Kotamadya Denpasar, Propinsi Bali pada bulan Februari sampai Maret 1997. Unit contoh dalam penelitian ini adalah keluarga yang berasal dari suku Bali dan mempunyai anak Balita berusia 2 sampai 5 tahun. Data yang dikumpulkan terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer dikumpulkan melalui wawancara langsung dengan kuesioner meliputi identitas keluarga (umur, jenis kelamin, pendidikan, jumlah anak), jenis pekerjaan, pendapatan keluarga, pola pengasuhan anak, persepsi gender dan tumbuh kembang anak. Data sekunder yang dikumpulkan adalah keadaan umum wilayah penelitian dan keadaan penduduk yang diambil dari data potensi kelurahan dan instansi terkait. Data ditabulasi dan dianalisis secara deskriptif dan statistik. Uji statistik yang digunakan adalah uji Kruskal Wallis, uji korelasi Spearman dan analisis kovarian yang sesuai dengan jenis data. Pengolahan data dengan komputer program SPSS. Skor keadaan fisik diperoleh dengan cara membandingkan data lingkar kepala anak terhadap data lingkar kepala menurut umur anak O sampai 5 tahun, skor perkembangan mental obyek diperoleh dari skor kemampuan anak untuk melakukan tugas-tugas perkembangan (Kaptiningsih dkk., 1988).
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Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable