Judul: Positive Reinforcement Training sebagai Upaya Refinement Pemeriksaan Fisik Macaca nemestrina Usia Muda di Kandang Koloni
Abstrak: Beruk (Macaca nemestrina) merupakan satwa primata yang dapat berperan sebagai hewan model dalam penelitian biomedis. Penerapan kesejahteraan hewan dalam pemeliharaan dan penggunaan beruk dapat diterapkan melalui positive reinforcement training (PRT) sebagai upaya refinement dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan, termasuk mendukung tindakan pemeriksaan fisik. Penelitian ini bertujuan membentuk tingkah laku kooperatif pada beruk usia muda untuk memudahkan pelaksanaan pemeriksaan fisik. Penelitian dilakukan pada empat ekor beruk jantan di kandang koloni, dengan melakukan proses habituasi, temperament assessment (TA), pengamatan perilaku dengan metode focal sampling (FS), menggunakan novel object untuk mengidentifikasi potensi hewan untuk dilatih, dan PRT untuk membentuk perilaku yang mendukung pemeriksaan fisik berupa palpasi. Penilaian TA dilakukan untuk mengategorikan temperamen beruk sebagai temperamen open, moderate, dan inhibited sehingga dapat mengkaji potensi hewan untuk dilatih. Tahapan PRT meliputi enam tahap target training, dilanjutkan dengan dua tahap position training. Hasil TA menunjukkan bahwa dua ekor beruk memiliki temperamen open, satu ekor temperamen moderate, dan satu ekor temperamen inhibited. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tiga ekor beruk dengan temperamen open dan moderate berhasil mencapai tahap akhir PRT dan satu ekor beruk temperamen inhibited tidak berhasil menyelesaikan PRT. Namun, terlihat adanya inkonsistensi karena sifat beruk usia muda yang playful dan pengaruh faktor distraksi dari sekitar kandang., Pigtailed-macaque (Macaca nemestrina) is a nonhuman primate that is distributed in Southeast Asia. These primates serve as an animal model in biomedical research. Implementation of animal welfare in the care and use of this animal may be through positive reinforcement training (PRT) as a refinement for conducting physical examinations. The objective of this research was to form cooperative behavior in adolescent pigtailed macaques by PRT to facilitate the implementation of physical examinations without restraint. The study was performed on four adolescent male pigtail macaques housed in colony setting. The study comprised of a habituation process, behaviour observation using focal sampling and temperament assessment using novel objects to identify trainability of animals, and PRT to shape behavior that will support palpation examination without restraint. Temperament assessment categorized animals into open, moderate, and inhibited. The result showed that the temperaments of two were open, one was of moderate temperament, and one of inhibited temperament. The training stages in PRT include six stages of target training followed by two stages of position training. The study resulted in three macaques (of open and moderate temperament) completed all training stages where as one macaque (inhibited temperament) did not. The PRT process in adolescent macaques showed inconsistent progress, which may be due to the playful nature of pigtailed macaques at this age and other factors relevant to social grouping setting of the animals.
Keyword: kesejahteraan hewan, positive reinforcement training, refinement, pemeriksaan fisik, beruk

Judul: Perbandingan Preferensi Beruk (Macaca nemestrina) Usia Muda terhadap Perangkat Pengayaan Lingkungan di Pusat Studi Satwa Primata IPB
Abstrak: Beruk (Macaca nemestrina) adalah satwa primata endemis Indonesia dan digunakan sebagai salah satu hewan model dalam penelitian. Pemanfaatan beruk dalam dunia biomedis harus mengacu pada prinsip kesejahteraan hewan. Pemeliharaan beruk pada penangkaran ex situ atau fasilitas buatan berpotensi memengaruhi perilakunya menjadi abnormal, sehingga pengayaan lingkungan penting untuk mempertahankan perilaku alaminya. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui respon beruk terhadap pemberian objek baru yang dapat dijadikan sarana pengayaan lingkungan yang memperkaya aktivitas satwa sehari-hari. Penelitian ini menggunakan tujuh ekor beruk berkoloni usia 1 – 2 tahun. Pengamatan perilaku dilakukan saat pemberian perangkat pengayaan lingkungan berupa puzzle ball dan rumput sintetis sebagai sarana pemberian sayuran. Perilaku yang diamati adalah eating, exploring, foraging, socializing, aggressiveness, fighting, playing, dan inactive. Berdasarkan studi ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pengamatan perilaku Macaca nemestrina di Pusat Studi Satwa Primata IPB yang diberikan perangkat pengayaan lingkungan berupa puzzle ball dan rumput sintetis menunjukkan perilaku yang didominasi perilaku eating, exploring, dan foraging. Pemberian perangkat pengayaan akan mendorong sifat alamiahnya pada beruk, khususnya perilaku foraging dan exploring. Sementara, perilaku yang teramati tanpa pemberian perangkat pengayaan didominasi perilaku inactive dan playing., Pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) is an endemic primate of Indonesia and is used as one of the model animals in research. The use of macaques in the biomedical world must refer to the principles of animal welfare. The maintenance of macaques in ex situ captivity or artificial facilities has the potential to influence their behavior to become abnormal, so environmental enrichment is important to maintain their natural behavior. The purpose of this research is to determine the ape's response to giving new objects that can be used as a means of enriching the environment that enriches the daily activities of animals. This study used seven macaques in colonies aged 1 – 2 years. Behavioral observations were made when giving environmental enrichment in the form of puzzle balls and synthetic grass as a means of giving vegetables. The observed behaviors were eating, exploring, foraging, socializing, aggressiveness, fighting, playing and silent. Based on this study, it can be concluded that observations of the behavior of Macaca nemestrina at the Primate Research Center of IPB University, which were given environmental enrichment, showed behavior that was dominated by eating, exploring, and foraging behavior. The provision of enrichment will encourage their natural properties in macaques, especially foraging and exploring behavior. Meanwhile, the observed behavior without the provision of enrichment was dominated by silent and playing behavior.
Keyword: perilaku, kesejahteraan hewan, foraging, exploring

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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