Judul: Peran Propolis Trigona spp. Asal Pandeglang Terhadap Tiga Bakteri Asam Laktat
Abstrak: Propolis is known to have an antimicrobial activity and can prevent various diseases. Propolis consumption is feared to have negative impact on the activity of digestive lactid acid bacteria (LAB). The aim of this research was to examine the effect of propolis on the growth and lactid acid production of three LAB. Propolis concentrations examined were 0% (control), 0,2%, 0,6%, 1% and commercial propolis at 0,4% concentration. The parameters analyzed were the growth of bacteria counted with Total Plate Count (TPC) method and lactid acid production using titrable acidity analysis. Propolis at 0,6% concentration stimulated the growth of Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus (23,725x108 cell/mL), but inhibitted the average lactid acid production (0,071%) lower than control (0,149%). Propolis did not affected the growth of Streptococcus thermophillus, but propolis at 0,6% concentration stimulated the average lactid acid production (0,182%) higher than control (0,112%). Propolis inhibitted the growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, but at 0,2% concentration, its population was still highest (3,775x108 cell/mL) and the average lactid acid production was stimulated (0,195%) higher than control (0,123%).
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Judul: Antibacterial Activity of Trigona spp. Bee Propolis From Pandeglang Against Enterobacter sakazakii.
Abstrak: Propolis has many advantages and specific potencies, due to its properties as antibacterial, antivirus, and anticancer. The characteristics and properties of E. sakazakii has been studied well due to its physiological properties and resistances in the environment. The research aim is to determine the propolis potency of Trigona spp as antibacterial agent against E. sakazakii. Propolis was extracted from bee hives of Trigona spp using maceration method with ethanol 70% (propolis extract) yielded 17,76% extract. The antibacterial activity test was performed by a modified agar well diffusion against three isolates of bacteria E. sakazakii IB-19b, IB-29a, and ATCC 35217. Through the initiation test, propolis activity was higher than commercial propolis, and lower than ampicillin. The effectivities of propolis extract to commercial propolis for each isolate IB-19b, IB-29a, and ATCC 35217 were 143,99%, 169,65%, and 155,76% respectively. The effectivities of propolis extract to ampicillin for each isolate IB-19b, IB-29a, and ATCC 35217 were 39,37%, 38,94%, and 47,37% respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration differed for each isolate, the minimum inhibition concentration for IB-19b, IB-29a, and ATCC 35217 were 12,50%, 25,00%, and 50,00% respectively. The propolis activity to each isolate showed the concentration dependent activity, the antibacterial activity decrease as the propolis concentration decrease.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite