Judul: Kandungan Nitrat dan Timbal pada Tanah dan Kangkung yang Diberi Pelakuan Air Limbah
Abstrak: Bare land is usually utilized by farmer staying in cities for growing horticulture. Generally they use river and ditch water as an irrigation source. The use of contaminated river and ditch water to irrigate plants causes the contaminative agent to be absorbed by plants and it can endanger human body if human consumes the plants. To know the contamination level, a measurement of lead and nitrate substances contained in water, soil and plants were carried out. However, consentration of lead in the water (including Municipal Water Company, river and ditch water) was unmeasured. It was because lead substances which came from vehicles fumes was not soluble in water. It was found that the nitrate level in water was about 0.60-1.98 ppm. That level was still below the standard level of water quality determined by The Ministry of Environmental Affairs (2001) which is 10 ppm for the 1st and 2nd class, and 20 ppm for the 3rd and 4th class. The lead level was found at about 6.90-56.56 ppm, whereas the safe lead contained in soil is about 20 ppm (Davies, 1995). Nitrate contained in soil is found at the level point of 1721.67-3347.85 ppm. The nitrate level in soil is not only influenced by the watering activities but also fertilizing activities. The lead level contained in plants was found at about 2.39-5.34 ppm, while the safe level of leads is 0.5-3 (Suhendrayatna). Nitrate level which was found in kangkung (kind of leafy vegetables growing in water) was found at 39492.45-54922.95 ppm. The cause of the high amount of nitrate in kangkung is that kangkung is included in Angiospermae and Spinacia plant which have an ability to accumulate a large number of nitrate in their body. Based on the measurement of lead level in water, it is concluded that water is not a contaminative agent of lead toward plants. Lead contained by soil and plants came from lead particles of vehicles fumes which fall on the surface of soil and leaves. Lead that directly falls down on the surface of leaves is mostly absorbed and enter the leaves tissues. It is as the consequences of the large size of stomata compare to the lead particles. The high level of nitrate in many vegetables causes the high amount of nitrate that flows in human body. According to Joel Petterson research, 60% of nitrate in human body will be secreted by urine.
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Judul: Deskripsi Mikroskopis dan Kandungan Mineral Tanaman Kangkung Air (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.)
Abstrak: Kangkung merupakan salah satu jenis sayuran yang telah banyak dikenal oleh manusia terutama di kawasan Asia. Kangkung memiliki beberapa nama sebutan antara lain swap cabbage, water spinach, dan kangkong. Pengolahan tanaman kangkung air di Indonesia dilakukan dengan cara pengukusan, perebusan, maupun penumisan yang menghasilkan makanan berupa tumisan, lalapan, dan pecel. Mengingat pemanfaatan kangkung air sebagai bahan pangan sering digunakan secara pengukusan, maka perlu dilakukan kajian mengenai pengaruh pengukusan terhadap kandungan gizi tanaman, salah satunya mineral. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sifat mikroskopis jaringan tanaman kangkung air meliputi jaringan daun, batang, dan akar, mengetahui kandungan gizi tanaman kangkung air sebelum dan setelah proses pengukusan dan mengetahui pengaruh pengukusan terhadap kandungan mineral tanaman kangkung air. Sifat mikroskopis jaringan tanaman kangkung air pada bagian batang berbentuk bulat dan terdapat banyak rongga udara, anatomi batang terdiri atas epidermis, parenkim sentral, xylem, floem, dan korteks. Daun berbentuk segitiga, memanjang, bentuk garis atau lanset, rata atau bergigi. Daun tersusun atas jaringan epidermis, palisade, bunga karang, epidermis bawah dan jaringan pengangkut. Anatomi akar terdiri atas rhizodermis, korteks, pembuluh angkut, parenkim sentral. Komposisi kimia daun dan batang kangkung air segar memiliki kadar air (85,64 % dan 85,04 %), kadar abu (0,54 % dan 0,56 %), kadar lemak (0,21 % dan 0,19 %), kadar protein (3,10 % dan 3,23 %), dan kadar serat kasar (1,16 % dan 1,17 %). Selama proses pengukusan hanya kadar protein yang mengalami peningkatan komposisi kimia menjadi (4,04 % dan 4,13 %). Selainnya mengalami penurunan yang cukup signifikan. Kandungan mineral makro yang terdapat pada daun dan batang kangkung air segar dan kukus adalah Kalsium (Ca) 42,00 mg/100g dan 47,00 mg/100g; Fosfor (P) 29,00 mg/100g dan 31,00 mg/100g, Magnesium (Mg) 10,373 mg/100g dan 21,956 mg/100g, Kalium (K) 247,00 mg/100g dan 217,00 mg/100g dan Natrium (Na) 56,00 mg/100g dan 48,00 mg/100g. Proses pengukusan yang dilakukan terhadap tanaman kangkung air menyebabkan kenaikan kandungan mineral makro pada kalsium, fosfor dan magnesium. Sedangkan proses pengukusan yang dilakukan terhadap tanaman kangkung air menyebabkan penurunan pada kalium dan natrium Kandungan mineral mikro yang terdapat pada daun dan batang kangkung air segar dan kukus adalah Besi (Fe) 19,00 mg/100g dan 16,00 mg/100g, Seng (Zn) 1,1154 mg/100g dan 1,0905 mg/100g, dan Tembaga (Cu) 0,9420 mg/100g dan 0,9802 mg/100g. Proses pengukusan yang dilakukan terhadap tanaman kangkung air menyebabkan penurunan kandungan mineral mikro pada besi dan seng sedangkan pada tembaga mengalami peningkatan tidak signifikan. Perubahan tersebut disebabkan terjadinya berubahnya karakter fisik dari tanaman serta hilangnya kandungan air.
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Judul: Penggunaan Teorema Homeomorphy 2-Manifold dan Teorema Euler Poincare pada Torus 𝑇�� dan Simplicial Complex 𝐾��
Abstrak: Two dimensional topological spaces are said to be homeomorphic if they have the same topological invariant, where one of topological invariant used is an Euler characteristic. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem and Euler Poincare’s Theorem are used to distinguish two topological spaces. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem uses Euler characteristic to identify two dimensional topological spaces. Euler Poincare’s Theorem is an alternative way to find Euler characteristic with Betti number, which is topological invariant as well. The objective of this paper is to investigate the homeomorphism of torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾�����. Topological space torus and simplicial complex 𝐾����� have the same Euler characteristic, which is two. Based on Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem topological space torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾����� is homeomorphic.
Keyword: simplicial, torus, Euler, homeomorphism, topology