Judul: Karakterisasi Ekson dan Intron 7, 8, 9 Gen Endo-β-1,4-glukanase pada Rayap Coptotermes curvignathus
Abstrak: Rayap mampu mendegradasi selulosa karena adanya endo-β-1,4-glukanase rayap. Rayap Coptotermes curvignathus adalah spesies rayap yang banyak ditemukan di Indonesia. Rayap ini merupakan hama penting dengan kemampuan mencerna kayu yang tinggi. Gen endo-β-1,4-glukanase rayap C. curvignathus (CcEG) belum memiliki data genomik lengkap. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi ekson dan intron 7, 8, 9 gen endo-β-1,4-glukanase pada rayap C. curvignathus (CcEG). Ekstraksi DNA menggunakan metode CTAB yang dimodifikasi. Alignment nukleotida dan asam amino dilakukan antara endo-β-1,4-glukanase rayap C. curvignathus (CcEG) hasil penelitian ini dengan endo-β-1,4-glukanase rayap C. formosanus (CfEG) dan Nasutitermes takagoensis (NtEG). Ekson 7, 8, 9 dan intron 7, 8 CcEG masing-masing berukuran 165, 140, 214, 503 dan 546 pb. Ekson 7, 8, dan 9 CcEG panjangnya sama dengan ekson yang sama pada gen endo-β-1,4-glukanase rayap C. formosanus (CfEG) dan homolog 99%. Hasil deduksi ekson 7, 8, 9 CcEG sebanyak 172 asam amino putative dan masuk dalam kelompok Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 9 (GHF 9). Intron 7 dan 8 CcEG berbeda panjang dan posisi dengan intron 8, 9 gen endo-β-1,4-glukanase rayap Nasutitermes takasagoensis (NtEG). Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi dasar untuk penelitian mengenai karakterisasi enzim selulase rayap C. curvignathus.
Keyword: Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae, cellulase enzyme, Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 9 (GHF)

Judul: Characterization of Exon-Intron 1, 5, 6 Endo-β-1,4-glucanase Genes of Termites Coptotermes curvignathus.
Abstrak: Limbah pertanian yang mengandung selulosa dapat diolah menjadi bioetanol. Konversi selulosa menjadi bioetanol memerlukan enzim selulase. Selulase yang dihasilkan rayap mampu mendegradasi selulosa. Rayap Coptotermes curvignathus mampu mendegradasi selulosa karena enzim selulase yang disandikan oleh gen endo-β-1,4-glukanase. Sekuen gen endo-β-1,4-glukanase rayap C. curvignathus (CcEG) dari penelitian sebelumnya belum lengkap dikarakterisasi, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan melengkapi karakterisasi gen endo-β-1,4-glukanase pada rayap C. curvignathus. Metode yang digunakan adalah ekstraksi DNA menggunakan metode CTAB yang dimodifikasi, amplifikasi DNA, dan sekuen DNA. Hasil amplifikasi ekson 1, 5, 6 CcEG berukuran 46, 79, dan 163 pb, sedangkan intron 1, 5, dan 6 secara berurutan sebesar 483, 725, dan 274 pb. Sekuen DNA Ekson 5 CcEG hasil penelitian ini melengkapi penelitian sebelumnya dengan jumlah nukleotida yang berada pada posisi yang sama (overlap) sebanyak 26 pb. Ukuran panjang ekson 1, 5, dan 6 CcEG sama dengan C. formosanus (CfEG) masing-masing yaitu 46, 178, dan 163 pb. Komposisi GC ekson CcEG sebesar 50.3% pada ekson sedangkan pada intron sebesar 43.3%. Intron 1, 5, dan 6 CcEG diawali dengan basa GT dan diakhiri AG. Hasil analisis deduksi gen endo-β-1,4-glukanase ekson 1, 5, dan 6 CcEG menghasilkan 94 asam amino putative dengan metionin sebagai awal asam amino, dan termasuk kelompok Glycosyl Hydrolase Family 9 (GHF9). Analisis BLAST dan jarak genetik CcEG terhadap C. formosanus (CfEG), Reticulitermes speratus (RsEG), dan Nasutitermes takasagoensis (NtEG) menunjukkan tingkat kekerabatan yang tinggi dengan CfEG. Hasil karakterisasi gen endo-β-1,4-glukanase pada rayap C. curvignathus.diharapkan dapat menjadi informasi dasar penelitian in vitro karakterisasi enzim selulase rayap tersebut.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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