Judul: Pembuatan Makanan Bayi Bentuk Kering dari Tepung Terigu, Sorgum dan Kedelai
Abstrak: Diteliti pengaruh formulasi, sorgum dan penyimpanan terhadap mutu tepung makanan bayi. Pembuatan makanan bayi dilakukan seperti pada pembuatan biskuit dengan penambahan "leavening agent" dan mentega putih. Biskuit digiling sehingga produk akhir berbentuk tepung. Sorgum dan kedelai dipilih sebagai sumber energi dan sumber protein karena dapat diproduksi secara lokal dan harganya relatif murah.
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Judul: Mempelajari Pembuatan Makanan Bayi (Strained Baby Food) Dari Buah Pepaya, Pisang dan Jambu biji Dengan Menggunakan Berbagai Bahan Pengikat
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat formulasi ma- kanan bayi dengan menggunakan bahan dasar buah yaitu peра- ya, pisang, dan jambu biji dengan bahan pengikat beras dan kedelai, beras dan susu skin, serta tapioka dan susu skim. Fembuatan formula diarahkan untuk mencapai kadar protein minimal 8 persen, karena diinginkan produk digunakan se- bagai makanan tambahan. Pada pengolahan makanan bayi, buah dihancurkan menja- di bubur buah, dicampur dengan bahan pengikat yang sudah berbentuk bubuk atau tepung, kemudian dikeringkan memakai pengering drum. Produk diamati dengan analisa sifat fisik, kimia, mikrobiologi, dan organoleptik. Kekentalan dan tingkat kecerahan (L) produk dipenga- ruhi oleh jenis bahan pengikat. Produk berisi tapioka dan susu skim memiliki nilai L yang tertinggi. Rekonstitusi terbaik untuk produk berisi pisang dan jambu biji adalah pada perbandingan produk:air = 1:2, sedangkan untuk produk berisi pepaya pada 1:3. Beberapa hasil analisa kimia produk dibandingkan de- ngan standar dari "Protein Advisory Group" (PAG), antara lain kadar abu produk kurang dari 5 persen basis kering. Dari hasil analisa serat kasar diketahui produk yang ...
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Judul: Identifikasi Molekuler Kompleks Spesies Himantura uarnak (Batoidea: Dasyatidae) di Indonesia.
Abstrak: Stingrays are one of the cartilaginous fish, apart of sharks and skates, and one of Indonesia's fishery resources. Almost of elasmobranch fishes are economically important fish. The refined products and live specimens of this fish are a lot of traded. Himantura uarnak, H. undulata and H. leoparda are stingray species in Himantura and Dasyatidae family, which are the most popular stingrays in Indonesia waters. The stingrays are major target species were used as a consumable product and trading products. Levels of species diversity of cartilaginous fish in Indonesia are very high, and also Indonesia is listed as one of the countries that use elasmobranch resources the highest in the world. Generally, this study aims to identify each species of H. uarnak species complex through molecular approaches. While specifically, this study aims to estimate the evolutionary process of species divergence and to determine the relationship between species. The methods were used in this study included field sampling, sample collection, and specimen identification, collection of genetic samples, analysis of genetic samples and data analysis . Size polymorphism nuclear DNA markers (intron EPIC) were used. Polymorphism alleles translated into genotypes and alleles frequency of five introns loci. The results of Bayesian analysis and Correspondence Analysis (CA) produced informative diagram of the population structure showed 4 different clusters. Cluster 1 and 4 were H. leoparda, Cluster 2 indicated as H. undulata and the Cluster 3 was H. uarnak. Cluster 1 was a variant of Cluster 4, in this time called as H. leoparda var.1. Separation of four clusters according to nuclear DNA need to be proved by mitochondria DNA maker by cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (cyt b). Molecular approaches were using mitochondrial DNA gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b produced 4 main groups (Group I, II, III and IV). Both of these molecular approaches showed each individual of groups were in consistent clade and the main group. Hence the H. uarnak species complex in Indonesian waters were divided into 4 main groups, and each was a particular species. The Group I and IV were the two group species that have been released as H. leoparda and Group I was H. leoparda var. 1 identified as cryptic species. Group II was one individual who grouped as H. undulata. Group III was one of other group that identified as H. uarnak and in accordance with the morphological characteristic through spotting pettern. Morphological approach to identified the stingrays of Himantura uarnak species complex clearly less accurate than the molecular approaches. Morphological approach should not be used to identify a species complex in stingrays without helped by other approaches.
Keyword: Himantura uarnak species complex, intron EPIC, cyt b, COI, spotting pattern