Judul: Identification Antioxidant Compounds of Jernang Extract From Rattan Friut Daemonrops acehensis R. using Metabalomic based LC-MS/MS
Abstrak: Jernang merupakan resin yang banyak digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional karena memiliki beberapa aktivitas biologis, salah satunya sebagai antioksidan. Salah satu spesies penghasil jernang adalah Daemonorops acehensis Rustiami. Tanaman ini banyak ditemukan di Aceh, tetapi belum ada penelitian yang melaporkan senyawa aktif antioksidan ekstrak jernang dari buah D. acehensis menggunakan pendekatan metabolomik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif antioksidan ekstrak jernang dari buah D. acehensis menggunakan pendekatan metabolomik berbasis liquid cromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LCMS-MS). Jernang dari buah rotan diekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol p.a, etanol 70%, etanol 50%, etanol 30%, dan air. Aktivitas antioksidan ditentukan menggunakan metode difenil pikrilhidrazil. Metabolit dalam ekstrak jernang diidentifikasi menggunakan LCMS/MS. Setiap ekstrak didiskriminasi menggunakan analisis data multivariat principal component analysis (PCA), dan senyawa antioksidan diprediksi menggunakan orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Ekstrak jernang memiliki IC50 yang berkisar antara 52,40±4,35 hingga 662,72±37,86 mg/L. Ekstrak etanol 70% memiliki aktivitas antioksidan paling tinggi, sedangkan air paling rendah aktivitas antioksidannya. Analisis LC-MS/MS berhasil mengidentifikasi secara putatif sebanyak 31 metabolit, yang terdiri atas 25 metabolit golongan flavonoid, 4 metabolit golongan kalkon, dan 2 metabolit golongan fenolik. PCA berhasil mengelompokkan metabolit berdasarkan pelarut pengekstraksinya, sedangkan model OPLS-DA mampu mengklasifikasi metabolit menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu aktif dan tidak aktif antioksidan. Terdapat enam metabolit yang diprediksi berpotensi sebagai antioksidan dari ekstrak jernang, yakni nordrakorodin (1), drakorodin (2), 2,4-dihidroksi-5-metil-6-metoksikalkon (7), (2S)-5-metoksiflavan-7-ol (14), (2S)-5-metoksi-6-metilflavan-7-ol (17), dan 1 senyawa unknown. Keenam metabolit tersebut memiliki nilai p <0,05, log2 fold change >1, dan variable influence on projection >1 yang menujukkan bahwa metabolit tersebut berpengaruh signifikan terhadap aktivitas antioksidannya., Jernang is a dragon blood resin that coats the rattan fruit and is widely used in traditional medicine because it has several biological activities, such as antioxidant. One of the species that produces jernang is Daemonorops acehensis. This plant is commonly found in Aceh, but no studies are reported on the active antioxidant compounds jernang extract from D. acehensis fruit using a metabolomic approach. This study aims to identify the active antioxidant compounds jernang extract from D. acehensis fruit using an liquid cromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based metabolomics approach. Jernang was extracted using the maceration method with p.a ethanol, 70% ethanol, 50% ethanol, 30% ethanol, and water as solvents. Antioxidant activity was determined using the diphenyl picrylhydrazyl method. Metabolites in jernang extract were identified using LC-MS/MS. Each extract was discriminated using principal component analysis (PCA), and antioxidant compounds were predicted using orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). Jernang extract has an IC50 ranging from 52,40±4,35 to 662,72±37,86 mg/L, where 70% ethanol extract has the highest antioxidant activity, while water has the lowest antioxidant activity. LC-MS/MS analysis putatively identified 31 metabolites, consisting of 25 metabolites from the flavonoid group, 4 metabolites from the chalcone group, and 2 metabolites from the phenolic group. PCA succeeded in classifying metabolites based on the extraction solvent, while the OPLS-DA model classified metabolites into two groups, namely active and inactive antioxidants. Six metabolites are predicted to be potential antioxidants from jernang extract, namely nordracorhodin (1), dracorhodin (2), 2,4- dihydroxy-5-methyl-6-methoxychalcone (7), (2S)-5-methoxyflavan-7-ol (14), (2S)-5-methoxy-6-methylflavan-7-ol (17), and 1 unknown compound. The six metabolites had p
Keyword: DPPH, resin jernang D. acehensis, UHPLC Q-Orbitrap HRMS

Judul: The Potential of Jernang Extract as a Source of Antioxidant Compounds and Sunscreen Activity
Abstrak: Jernang (dragon blood) merupakan zat ekstraktif yang melapisi buah rotan dari genus Daemonorops. Indonesia diketahui sebagai penghasil jernang terbesar di dunia. Namun, rendemen ekstraksi jernang konvensional rendah serta limbah ekstraksi yang belum dimanfaatkan maksimal. Penelitian pendahuluan menunjukkan ekstrak hasil ekstraksi jernang dengan etanol 70-100% pada nisbah bahan ekstraksi dengan pelarut (NBP) 1:5, 1:10, dan 1:15 potensial dikembangkan sebagai sumber antioksidan dan tabir surya alami. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan rendemen, aktivitas antioksidan, aktivitas tabir surya, dan kadar fenolik total (KFT) ekstrak hasil ekstraksi buah Daemonorops sp (BD) dan limbah pengolahan jernang (LPJ) dengan pelarut etanol-air pada konsentrasi etanol (KE) 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, dan 100% pada NBP 1:5, 1:10, dan 1:15, serta menganalisis kondisi ekstraksi optimum berdasarkan nilai rendemen, aktivitas antioksidan, aktivitas tabir surya dan KFT ekstrak tersebut. Penelitian ini terdiri dari penyiapan bahan baku, ekstraksi, penentuan kadar air, rendemen, menguji aktivitas antioksidan dengan metode DPPH, aktivitas tabir surya dengan penentuan Sun Protection Factor (SPF), dan KFT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan interaksi antara KE dengan NBP berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap rendemen, aktivitas antioksidan, tabir surya, dan KFT ekstrak BD maupun LPJ. Semakin tinggi KE dan NBP menghasilkan rendemen ekstrak BD dan LPJ yang semakin tinggi. Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi dari ekstrak BD (kuat) dan LPJ (sangat kuat) hasil ekstraksi dengan etanol 100% dan nisbah 1:15 (BD) dan 1:5 (LPJ). Nilai aktivitas tabir surya ekstrak BD dan LPJ tertinggi pada konsentrasi etanol 100% dan nisbah 1:10 (BD) dan 1:15 (LPJ) tergolong kedalam kategori ultra proteksi. Kondisi ekstraksi optimum BD dan LPJ berdasarkan nilai rendemen, aktivitas antioksidan, tabir surya, dan KFT dari pengujian ekstrak adalah penggunaan etanol 100% dan nisbah 1:15 kecuali pada aktivitas tabir surya BD pada nisbah 1:10 dan antioksidan LPJ pada nisbah 1:5. Ekstrak yang dihasilkan prospektif untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut., Jernang (dragon blood) due to the extraction of extractive substances that coat rattan fruit from the genus Daemonorops. Indonesia is known as the largest producer of jernang in the world. However, the yield of conventional jernang extraction is low and the extraction waste has not been utilized optimally. Preliminary research shows that the extract obtained from the extraction of jernang with ethanol 70-100% at the ratio of extraction to solvent (NBP) 1:5, 1:10, and 1:15 has the potential to be developed as a source of antioxidants and natural sunscreens. The purpose of this study was to determine the yield, antioxidant activity, sunscreen activity, and total phenol content (TPC) of extracts extracted from Daemonorops sp fruit (BD) and jernang processing waste (LPJ) with ethanol-water solvent at a concentration of ethanol (CE) 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100% at various ratios with solvents 1:5, 1:10, and 1:15, and analyzed the optimum extraction conditions based on yield value, antioxidant activity, activity sunscreen, and the TPC extract. This research consisted of raw material preparation, extraction, determination of water content, yield, testing of antioxidant activity by DPPH method, sunscreen activity by determination of Sun Protection Factor (SPF), and TPC. The analysis results showed that the interaction between CE and at various ratios with solvents
Keyword: Daemonorops sp, DPPH, Total Phenolic Content, Sun Protection Factor

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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