Judul: Telaah Metabolit Sekunder dan Inhibisi Ciplukan, Alang-Alang, Pandan, dan Pepaya terhadap Aktivitas Enzim Pengonversi Angiotensin.
Abstrak: Hipertensi adalah suatu keadaan ketika terjadi peningkatan tekanan darah, baik pada tekanan darah sistolik atau pun tekanan darah diastolik. Salah satu cara mengatasinya, ialah menggunakan tanaman obat yang dapat menghambat aktivitas enzim pengonversi angiotensin (ACE). Beberapa tanaman yang dapat digunakan di antaranya ialah, ciplukan (Physalis angulata), alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica), pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius), dan pepaya (Carica papaya). Penelitian ini bertujuan menelaah kandungan golongan senyawa metabolit sekunder melalui uji fitokimia dan daya inhibisi dari keempat tanaman tersebut serta satu kelompok genus dan familinya terhadap aktivitas ACE dari berbagai literatur untuk mengevaluasi potensinya sebagai antihipertensi. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, tanaman pandan dan pepaya diketahui mengandung alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, tanin, dan steroid. Berdasarkan telaah literatur dari tahun 2009 hingga 2020, tanaman ciplukan, alang-alang, pandan, dan pepaya mengandung alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, triterpenoid, steroid, dan tanin, serta diketahui dapat menginhibisi kinerja ACE baik secara in vitro maupun secara in vivo.
Keyword: alang-alang, angiotensin converting enzyme, ciplukan, pandan, pepaya

Judul: Inhibition of Pegagan (Centellaasiatica) and Tempuyung (Sonchusarvensis) Extracts towards Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Activity
Abstrak: Pegagan dan tempuyung merupakan tanaman obat yang berpotensi sebagai antihipertensi. Ekstrak tanaman ini diteliti daya inhibisinya terhadap aktivitas enzim pengubah angiotensin I (ACE) secara in vitro. Penelitian dilakukan pada kondisi optimum menggunakan ekstrak tunggal dengan konsentrasi 50, 100, dan 150 ppm serta ekstrak gabungan dengan komposisi tertentu. Hasilnya dibandingkan dengan kaptopril sebagai kontrol positif. Uji inhibisi ACE dengan ekstrak tunggal pegagan dan tempuyung 50 ppm menghasilkan daya inhibisi paling tinggi yaitu 54% dan 31%. Esktrak gabungan pegagan tempuyung menghasilkan daya inhibisi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan ekstrak tunggal pegagan, yaitu 45% berbanding 54%. Kaptopril memiliki daya inhibisi yang paling tinggi dibandingkan ekstrak tunggal maupun gabungan, yaitu 88%. Kata Kunci: Inhibisi ACE, kaptopril, pegagan, tempuyung, Pegagan and tempuyung are medicinal plants potential as antihypertension. Extracts of these plants were investigated towards angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition activity in vitro. The study was conducted at the optimum condition by using 50,100 and 150 ppm of single extract concentration, and combined extracts with specific compositions. The results were compared with captopril as positive control. Inhibition test of ACE with single extracts showed that 50 ppm pegagan and tempuyung have the highest inhibition of 54% and 31%. The combined extracts of pegagan and tempuyung showed lower inhibition than single pegagan extract, i.e. 45% versus 54%. Captopril still indicated the highest inhibition (88%) as compared to single or combined extracts. Key words: ACE inhibition, captopril, pegagan, tempuyung
Keyword: Inhibisi ACE, kaptopril, pegagan, tempuyung

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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