Judul: Sindrom Down di Kabupaten Purwakarta, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Sindrom down adalah gejala pada manusia yang memiliki kelainan fisik dan mental. Sindroma Down (DS) dijumpai di beberapa kota di Indonesiaseperti di Kabupaten Purwakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keberadaan Sindrom Down di Kabupaten Purwakarta, Jawa Barat. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengamati anak sindrom Down di 2 SLB Negeri, mencatat jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, dan IQ nya. Ibu Anak sindrom Down diwawancaraiusianya ketika melahirkan anak DS, usia menikah, pendidikan, pekerjaan, jumlah anak dan urutan anak sindrom downdalam keluarga, proses persalinan, riwayat keturunan dalam keluarga, dan pengetahuan ibu tentang sindroma down. Di Kabupaten Purwakarta , anak sindroma down laki-laki lebih banyak dari pada anak perempuan, bersekolah di SLB Negeri sebagian besar masih di tingkat Sekolah Dasar (SD) dan tidak banyak di tingkat SMP dan SMA. IQ anak sindroma down berkisar 20 – 39 (Imbesil) dan 40 – 54 (Moron). Urutan dalam keluarga anak sindrom merupakan anak sulung, atau anak tunggal, atau anak terakhir, dengan jumlah anak dalam keluarga 1-14 anak. Walau pun dijumpai ibu berusia 29 dan 32 tahun saat melahirkan anak sindroma down tetapi kebanyakan berusia ≥ 33 tahun, dan menikah pada usia berkisar 17 – 39 tahun, pada umumnya tidak bekerja atau ibu rumah tangga. Proses pesalinan anak sindrom down pada umumnya normal dan ibu belum tahu akan melahirkan anak sindrom Down.
Keyword: cacat mental dan fisik, usia ibu, IQ, SLB, persalinan

Judul: Sindrom Down di Sekolah Luar Biasa (SLB) Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah.
Abstrak: Sindrom Down merupakan gejala ketidak normalan fisik dan mental pada manusia. Kromosom penderita sindrom Down berjumlah 47 karena trisomi kromosom nomor 21 (trisomi 21). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan membahas keberadaan anak sindrom Down sebagai murid di SLB Kota Semarang. Metode yang digunakan meliputi wawancara langsung dengan orang tua dari murid sindrom Down di 8 SLB yang menerima anak sindrom Down yaitu SLB Kota Semarang yang berjumlah 80 orang serta mencatat nilai IQ anak sindrom Down. Anak sindrom Down di Kota Semarang kebanyakan dilahirkan oleh ibu yang berusia berkisar 35-39 tahun (34%), akan tetapi ibu muda usia 20-24 tahun (5%) juga melahirkan anak sindrom Down. Pada umumnya anak sindrom Down merupakan anak bungsu dalam keluarga (78%). Nilai IQ anak sindrom Down termasuk ke dalam retardasi mental sedang (moron) atau berat (imbesil).
Keyword: mongolisme, IQ (Intelligence Quotient), sindrom Down, usia ibu melahirkan, trisomi

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable