Judul: Kemampuan Tiga Isolat Pseudomonas fluorescens sebagai Agen Antagonis untuk Mengendalikan Pseudomonas solanacearum E. F. Smith Penyebab Penyakit Layu Tanaman Tomat
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan tiga isolat P. fluorescens sebagai agens antagonis terhadap P. solanacearum penyebab penyakit layu tanaman tomat. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Bakteri Patogen Tumbuhan dan rumah kaca Jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Metode penelitian dibagi atas empat tahap, yaitu isolasi patogen, uji antagonisme in vitro, in vivo dan reisolasi. Patogen yang diisolasi kemudian diidentifikasi meliputi uji gram, oksidatif-fermentatif, akumulasi poli-beta hidroksibutirat, arginin dihidrolase, hidrolisis pati, virulensi dan reaksi hipersensitif pada tanaman tembakau. Hasil identifikasi menyimpulkan bahwa patogen tersebut adalah P. solanacearum E.F. Smith.
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Judul: Pengaruh antagonistik Trichoderma spp. terhadap perkembangan penyakit layu bakteri Pseudomonas solanacearum pada tanaman tembakau dan tomat
Abstrak: Penyakit layu bakteri P. solanacearum adalah salah satu penyakit tanaman yang berbahaya di daerah tropik dan subtropik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mikroba antagonistik terhadap P. solanacearum dan pengaruh Trichoderma spp. terhadap perkembangan penyakit layu pada tanaman tembakau dan tomat. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan tanaman tembakau Mc Nair 30 yang diperoleh dari Balittas Malang, dan tomat kultivar Gondol Hijau dari 5ubbalihor 5egunung. Isolat P. solanacearum asal tembakau (B064) dan tomat (B091) diperoleh dari Balittan Bogor. Pengujian antagonisme pada cawan petri bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh beberapa mikroorganisme terhadap pertumbuhan P- solanacearum. Pengamatan dilakukan berdasarkan ukuran dan bentuk zone hambatan atau pertumbuhan P- solanacearum setiap hari. ...
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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