Judul: Pengaruh Pengeluaran Pemerintah pada Investasi Infrastruktur dan Pendidikan terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Jangka Panjang
Abstrak: Economic growth is the development of economic activities leading to the increase of goods and services within community. Government expenditure is one of the factors that affect the rate of economic growth, it is financed through tax revenues. This paper discusses two types of government expenditures which affect long-term economic growth. The first type is government expenditures on infrastructure investments, such as roads, airports, ports, research, and development. In the second type, the government expenditures are invested on technology, such as investment on education. The tax rate that maximizes economic growth is affected by the elasticity of public capital in the first type of government expenditures, while the second type is affected by the elasticity of private capital. Simulation results show that the second type of government expenditure produces higher economic growth rate than the first type.
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Judul: Dampak Pengeluaran Pemerintah Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia
Abstrak: Dalam pendekatan pengeluaran, salah satu unsur yang dapat meningkatkan pendapatan nasional adalah pengeluaran pemerintah (government expenditure). Pengeluaran pemerintah untuk pembangunan fisik maupun modal manusia sangat diperlukan dalam mendukung perekonomian Indonesia. Kebijakan fiskal harus terus ditingkatkan melalui anggaran pembangunan. Pengeluaran pemerintah untuk pembangunan relatif kecil setiap tahunnya dibandingkan dengan pengeluaran lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak pengeluaran pemerintah terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi komponen utama (Principal Component Regression). Hasil dari penelitian ini, tahun 1979 sampai 2013 menunjukan variabel pengeluaran pemerintah untuk pendidikan, kesehatan, transportasi, pertanian, irigasi, telekomunikasi, permukiman, pertahanan, energi dan lingkungan hidup berpengaruh positif secara signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Pemerintah sebaiknya terus meningkatkan anggaran untuk pembangunan, terutama untuk energi, pertanian dan transportasi yang memiliki pengaruh paling besar terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia.
Keyword: Economic growth, Fiscal policy, Government spending, Principal component regression, Gross domestic product, Principal component regressia, Consumption, Investment, Governemt Expenditure, Government

Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship