Judul: Akses kepada kredit formal dan kesuksesan usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah di Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia
Abstrak: Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have an important role in Indonesia economy with the share in the numbers of the firms reaches 99.99 percent. Central Sulawesi is one of province in Indonesia which also has many MSMEs engaged in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Access to credit is one of major problems hampering MSMEs development in Central Sulawesi since only 39.33 percent of MSMEs in the research area which had access to credit in 2001-2007. This research is aimed to analyze the determinant of access to formal credit of non-agricultural MSMEs in Central Sulawesi and to determine the role of access to credit to the success of MSMEs. We use panel data from household’s survey of STORMA project in 2001, 2004, and 2007. There are two models are used in this research namely logit model (non-linear panel data model) and OLS model (linear panel data model). Each models are extended by panel data models i.e. pooled, population average (Pa), fixed effects (FE), and random effects (RE) model. Based on the evaluation of the four models and the result of the Hausman specification test for the FE and RE model, we decided to use random effects model for both analysis. Econometrics results from random effects show that the significance factors influencing access to credit are education, value of asset, and age of the owners. Whilst the result from random effects OLS model proves that formal credit limit has positive roles in the success of MSMEs in Sulawesi Tengah. On the other hand, informal credit limit is not statistically significance influencing the profit because of the inability of the informal lenders to provide amounts of credit as needed by the firms. Besides the formal credit limit, other variables which also significantly influence MSMEs’s profit are age of the owners and main Income from business.
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Judul: Efektivitas Penyaluran Kredit Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) Sektor Agribisnis Nasabah BRI Unit Ciampea Bogor
Abstrak: Micro, small, andmedium enterprises (MSMEs) is one area of business that has the potential to increase economic growth and national development. Lack of capital was one of the factors that constraint the development of MSMEs. Bank is a financial institution that can help people to overcome limitations with loan capital in the form of credit. The purpose of this study was analyze the system, effectiveness, and effect of credit to MSMEs income. Observations and interviews were conducted with 45 respondents as BRI Unit Ciampea agribusiness customers with proportional method and purposive sampling. The result was credit distribution shows effective assessment based on the trend of increasing credit funds and the proportion of the number of customers agribusiness sector in 2010-2012 as well as the percentage of credit arrears and NPL respectively 2.16 and 3.65 were still in ideal conditions for bank finance. In addition, changes in revenue and income respondents after receiving loans increased respectively by 27.51% and 28.25% from the previous. Changes in the amount of revenue and income that the respondent has exceeded estimates change that revenue and income of respondents increased 20% every year.
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Judul: Development of DNA Vaccine Encoding Glycoprotein of Koi Herpes Virus Using Local Isolate.
Abstrak: The aim of this research was to develop DNA vaccine of Koi Herpesvirus in carp. Glycoprotein gene originated from ORF 25 KHV virus that is 1.8 kbp in size, is a potential gene in DNA vaccine construction. The sequencing and similarity analysis of the gene using BLAST software showed that this gene is a GP25 gene and was found to be very similar (99%) to GP25 of KHV virus from the USA and Israel. When this GP25 gene was ligated with pGEMT Easy (pT, 3 kbp in size) vector, plasmid size was increasing up to 5 kb. Following this, a digestion of pT-GP25 plasmid using Sal I enzyme was applied resulted in a GP25 fragment (1.8 kbp). Subsequently, pAct-D6 with a size of 8.5 kbp was also cut using the same enzyme to eleminate a D6 gene with a size of 1.6 kbp. GP25 gene was then ligated with pAct resulted a pAct-GP25 plasmid with a size of 8.8 kbp. As there was only one restriction site applied, ligation can be occurred in two different directions. Thus, in order to determine the plasmid with the desired direction PCR analysis was carried out, and plasmid with the right direction was the one that sized approximately 2.1 kbp (no. 6, 17 and 20). High level of GFP gene expression was detected in all tissues analyzed, i.e. kidney, gil, spleen, and muscle 24 hours after injection which indicated that β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka could be active in common carp. Although not as high as on 24 hours, expression was still detected until day 7 and disappeared after day 28 post injection indicating that pAct-GFP can be remained and β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka can be active in muscle, gills and kidney at least a week after injection. The result of RT-PCR analysis on pAct-GP25 injected common carp showed that GP25 gene expression can be detected 14 days after injection in all tissues observed. The expression level differences between GFP and GP25 genes possibly related to the primer sensitivity on annealing process to cDNA template and the size of PCR targeted DNA fragment, as smaller PCR targeted product will be easier to be amplified than a bigger one. The length of PCR targeted DNA with GP25 primer was 1.8 kbp whereas GFP gene was 0.6 kbp.The challenge test on common carp results showed that all unvaccinated and negative control (not infected with KHV) was alive until the end of the experiment. Whereas, the survival of fish vaccinated with a dose of 12.5 was ranged from 60.9 and 96.7%. In relation to the activity of β-actin promoter that was used in this DNA vaccine, gene expression was occured 24 hours after vaccination and remained until 2 weeks. The control fish that was not injected by GP25 showed no GP25 expression either in the observed tissues or organs and resulted in a lower survival, i.e. 23.3%. The challenge test results has indicated that the fish vaccinated with GP25 at doses of 7.5 and 12.5 μg/100μL were able to produce KHV glycoprotein in their body which would be
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