Judul: Exploration of Protein from Black Soldier Larvae (Hermetia illucens) using Trans-Proteomic Pipeline
Abstrak: Kebutuhan akan protein kian meningkat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Larva lalat tentara hitam (BSF) telah banyak dipelajari terkait kemampuan bio-konversinya serta optimalisasi kultur biakannya; sementara itu, pengetahuan terkait informasi genetik serta proteomiknya masih terbatas. Studi ini bertujuan mengevaluasi metode hidrolisis berdasarkan jumlah protein bervariasi, identifikasi protein yang memiliki efektivitas di bidang biomedis, serta rekomendasi metode hidrolisis yang menghasilkan jumlah protein biomedis terbanyak. Larva BSF dihidrolisis dengan empat perlakuan berbeda menggunakan enzim tripsin dengan waktu inkubasi 3, 5, dan 7 jam dan enzim papain dengan durasi inkubasi 5 jam. Kemudian dianalisis menggunakan LC-MS/MS diikuti dengan analisis trans-proteomic pipeline. Metode hidrolisis yang menghasilkan jumlah protein terbanyak dan bervariasi adalah metode yang menggunakan enzim papain dengan waktu inkubasi selama 5 jam (150 protein), diikuti oleh metode dengan tripsin 7 jam (127 protein), tripsin 3 jam (95 protein), serta tripsin 5 jam (68 protein). Protein dalam hidrolisat larva BSF yang memiliki efektivitas di bidang biomedis meliputi protein Nazo, autophagy-related protein 13, coronin, protein yellow, cytochrome P450, dan kolagen. Rekomendasi metode hidrolisis untuk menghasilkan protein dengan efektivitas biomedis terbanyak adalah tripsin 3 jam., The demand for protein has kept increasing in recent years. Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae have been studied for their bioconversion and optimization of medium culture; meanwhile, there is still limited knowledge of genetic and proteomic information from these larvae. This study aims to explore the proteomic information from BSF larvae and evaluate the hydrolysis methods based on the amount of protein produced and the number of unique proteins. The BSF larvae were hydrolyzed with four different treatments using trypsin incubated for 3, 5, and 7 hours and using papain incubated for 5 hours. Then, they were analyzed using LC-MS/MS, followed by trans-proteomic pipeline analysis. The hydrolysis method that has the highest number of identified proteins was papain incubated for 5 hours (150 proteins), followed by trypsin incubated for 7 hours (127 proteins), trypsin for 3 hours (95 proteins), and lastly, trypsin for 5 hours (68 proteins). Several proteins from BSF larval hydrolysate that have biomedical effectivity include Nazo protein, autophagy-related protein 13, coronin, yellow protein, cytochrome P450, and collagen. The recommended hydrolysis method to produce the highest number of proteins with biomedical effectivity was trypsin incubated for 3 hours.
Keyword: Hermetia illucens, hidrolisat protein, trans-proteomic pipeline

Judul: Characterization of Black Soldier Fly Larvae Protein for Functional Food
Abstrak: Black Soldier Fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) is wasp-like fly that is useful to manage extensive amounts of animal manure. BSF is not a mechanical vector of disease as adult BSF do not feed and survive merely on fat stores from their larval stage. BSF and their larvae has gained intensifying attention within these past few years due to their high contents of protein and lipid that may result in a high-value feed ingredient and potential uses in many applications. Indonesia is a country with rapid population growth, economic development, and urbanization. However, Indonesia also possesses nutritional problems such as malnutrition in children. Therefore, demands for quality food arises. As demands arise, meat and dairy production should also be increased. However, the increase in meat and dairy production will then lead to the substantial increase in demand for protein-rich animal feeds. Hence, alternative protein-rich food and feed that is economically viable such as those sourced from BSF is needed. However, the study regarding the extraction and characterization of protein from BSF for its utilization in functional food are not done yet. This research aims to (1) characterize the protein profile of BSF larvae and (2) identify the digestibility of protein extracted from BSF larvae. This research was conducted in two stages: first and second stage research. First stage research was aimed to characterize the isolated BSFL protein. Second stage research was aimed to conduct the in-vitro simulated digestion of BSFL protein and determining its eligibility for functional food. Data processing was done using one-way ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) protein in this research had 73.46 ± 0.20% protein content. Through SDS-PAGE analysis, BSFL protein showed thick bands at 35 kDa and below, indicating the presence of low molecular weight protein/peptides that refers to the glutelin proteins. BSFL protein hydrolysed with external digestive enzymes showed 97.48 ± 0.04% digestibility. Whey protein isolate as a protein control in the human in-vitro digestion process showed 97.84 ± 0.03% digestibility. Hence, comparing with the digestibility of whey protein isolate, BSFL protein can be regarded as a good protein. The digested BSFL protein no longer displayed protein bands above 15 kDa in the SDS-PAGE analysis indicating its high digestibility. BSFL extract contained internal enzyme with an α-amylase activity of 48.93 ± 1.57 U/ml, pepsin activity of 2.04 ± 0.005 U/ml, and pancreatin activity of 1.65 ± 0.006 U/ml. The in situ internal enzyme activity was also observed in the zymogram analysis. Upon zymogram analysis, BSFL internal enzyme exhibited activity at 50-75 kDa and under 25 kDa. BSFL protein hydrolysed with BSFL internal enzyme displayed 44.1 ± 0.21% digestibility, still leaving protein bands at 35, 25, and 15 kDa. Overall, experimental data suggested the exceptional potencies of BSFL protein as food alternative protein source as it was well digested by external digestive enzyme.
Keyword: Black Soldier Fly Larvae, functional food, protein, in-vitro digestion, enzyme

Judul: Hubungan Ciri-Ciri Pribadi dan Perilaku Kepemimpinan Kepala Desa dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan Desa
Abstrak: Undang-Undang No. 5 Tahun 1979 menetapkan Kepala Desa sebagai pejabat pemerintahan tertinggi didesa. Diantara Kepala Desa terdapat perbedaan-perbedaan dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, karena berbedanya ciri - ciri pribadi yang mempengaruhi perilaku kepemimpinan Kepala Desa. Ciri - ciri pribadi adalah suatu ciri atau sifat seseorang yang bersumber dari unsur keturunan (hereditas) dan berkembang sesuai dengan keadaan lingkungannya. Perilaku kepemimpinan adalah tindak-tanduk seseorang dalam mengarahkan,membimbing dan mendorong orang lain agar bertingkah laku sesuai dengan yang dikehendakinya.
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