Judul: Potensi penghambatan enzim asetilkolinesterase oleh ekstrak air jintan hitam (Nigella Sativa L.) sebagai anti-Alzheimer
Abstrak: Jintan hitam (Nigella sativa L.) memiliki potensi sebagai obat herbal anti- Alzheimer namun belum terdapat informasi ilmiah terkait khasiat ekstrak air jintan hitam sebagai anti-Alzheimer. Penghambatan aktivitas enzim Asetilkolinesterase (AChE) merupakan salah satu pengobatan anti-Alzheimer. Penelitan ini bertujuan menguji aktivitas ekstrak air jintan hitam sebagai inhibitor enzim AChE. Ekstraksi jintan hitam dilakukan dengan variasi suhu untuk mengamati jumlah rendemen yang diperoleh. Simplisia diekstraksi dengan diseduh pada suhu 28, 40, 60, dan 80 ˚C selama 15 menit serta direbus (100 ˚C) selama 30 menit. Kandungan fitokimia ekstrak diuji secara kualitatif. Efek inhibisi enzim AChE diukur dari jumlah tiokolin yang dihasilkan menggunakan spektrofotometer (metode Ellman). Senyawa spesifik dalam ekstrak diidentifikasi dengan studi pustaka hasil analisis menggunakan LC-MS. Semua ekstrak mengandung kuinon, glikosida, alkaloid, fenolik, tanin, dan saponin sedangkan flavonoid hanya dimiliki oleh ekstrak 100 ˚C. Kenaikan suhu tidak meningkatkan jumlah rendemen. Ekstrak 80 ˚C menghambat aktivitas enzim AChE sebesar 11.86%(p=2) walaupun tergolong rendah dibandingkan donepezil HCl (97.73%). Senyawa yang kandidat sebagai inhibitor AChE adalah kuinon, glikosida, alkaloid, dan fenolik.
Keyword: water extract, black cumin, AChE, anti-alzheimer

Judul: Molecular Docking of Black Cumin Active Compound to Inhibits Cholinesterase Enzyme in the Development of Alzheimer’s Therapy
Abstrak: Asetilkolinesterase (AChE) dan Butirilkolinesterase (BChE) merupakan dua jenis enzim kolinesterase yang berperan dalam penurunan kadar asetilkolin sebagai gejala khas penyakit alzheimer. Jintan hitam memiliki beragam senyawa aktif yang berpotensi menghambat aktivitas kedua enzim. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis interaksi beberapa senyawa aktif penting dari jintan hitam dalam menghambat aktivitas kedua enzim. Senyawa uji terbaik dipilih berdasar analisis sifat kemiripan obat yang memenuhi kriteria dalam bioavailabilitas, toksisitas dan aspek farmakokinetik sebagai obat. Analisis penambatan molekul dilakukan dengan perangkat lunak komputer PyRx Virtual Screening dan YASARA Structure. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 7 dari 25 senyawa uji diduga memiliki aktivitas penghambatan pada enzim AChE dan BChE. Senyawa nigelicin berpotensi sebagai inhibitor terbaik AChE (ΔG -7,74 kcal/mol; %BSS 69,23%). Senyawa nigelidin berpotensi sebagai inhibitor terbaik BChE (ΔG -6,73 kcal/mol; %BSS 33,33%). Ikatan inhibitor dan enzim pada keduanya didominasi interaksi hidrofobik dengan cincin aromatik berjajar. Kedua senyawa tergolong kelompok alkaloid jintan hitam yang berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai herbal terapi alzheimer., Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are two types of cholinesterase enzyme that plays important role in reducing acetylcholine as a symptom of alzheimer. Black cumin has a variety of active compounds and the potential to inhibit the activity of both enzymes. This study aims to analyze interaction of some crucial active compounds of black cumin in inhibiting AChE and BChE enzymes. Active compounds selected through drugs-likeness analysis that in compliance with bioavailability, toxicity and pharmacocinetics aspect. Docking simulation doing by the Pyrx Virtual Screening software and the YASARA Structure software. As a result, 7 of the 25 analyze compounds have the potential to inhibit activity of both enzymes. Nigelicin is the best compound that inhibits AChE (ΔG -7,74 kcal/mol; %BSS 69,23%). Nigelidin is the best compound that inhibits BChE (ΔG -6.73 kcal/mol; %BSS 33,33%). Both inhibitor and enzyme complex dominated by hydrophobic with lined aromatic structure. Both compounds are classified as alkaloid of black cumin that potential as alzheimer’s therapy.
Keyword: alzheimer’s disease, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, black cumin, molecular docking

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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