Judul: Hidrolisis Pati Palma Menggunakan α-Amilase
Abstrak: Today, carbohydratesmostly supplied fromcerealand tuber crops.Even thoughit many other sources of starch for industrial rawmaterials, one of them is palm trees. To explore it’s possibility, thusneedinformation on the physico-chemical properties and processing technology of the starch. The objective of this study were to examine the correlation between starch as substrate and types of enzymes, it’s also to know attack action pattern of the enzyme to glycosides linkages in the starch. Hydrolysis of starch used bacterial α-amylase, porcine pancreatin α-amylase, glucoamylase, dextrozymes, and monitored the changes on the value of DE (dextrose equivalent) and DP (degree of polymerization). The values giveinformation aboutthe types of hydrolysis products and starch digestibility by pancreatin amylasefrom some kind of palm starch. The result showed the palm starches are normal starch with 20.04-26.67% of amylose contents. All palm starches can be utilized as substrates for raw material for starch hydrolysates industry. Completed hydrolysis of palm starch enzymatically produced average 􀜦􀴤􀴤􀴤􀜲􀴤2.23-2.62 and􀴤􀜦􀴤􀴤􀜧􀴤38.27-44.9 for bacterial α-amylase, and average􀴤􀜦􀴤􀴤􀜲􀴤 2.28-3.31 and 􀴤􀜦􀴤􀴤􀜧􀴤30.27-43.91for pancreatin α-amylase.Onthe stage of saccharification, dextrozyme more effective than glucoamylasefor debranching of α-1,6-glycosides linkages so that result value of DEgreater than glucoamylase with the average 􀜦􀴤􀴤􀴤􀜧􀴤95.74-98.81 and􀴤􀜦􀴤􀴤􀜲􀴤 1.01-1.04 for dextrozyme, and average 􀜦􀴤􀴤􀴤􀜧􀴤94.65-98.21and􀴤􀜦􀴤􀴤􀜲􀴤 1.02-1.06 for amiloglukosidase.Palm starch from Arenga pinnatahas a digestibilityvaluehigherthanothertypes ofpalmstarch.
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Judul: Hidrolisis Pati Palma Menggunakan Pullulanase dan β-Amilase
Abstrak: Palm trees are unexplored carbohydrate sources that wiidely spread in Indonesia. Palm starches are still under utilized since lacked information about their pysico-chemical properties. Hydrolysis of these starches are the right application without concerning their characteristics. This research investigated the starches from five types of palm trees, namely Metroxylon sago (commersial sago), Metroxylon sp. (sagu rumbia), Arenga pinnata, Arenga microcarpa (sagu baruk), and Caryota mitis; and the hydrolysis of palm starches by using degrading enzymes, i.e. pullulanase and β- amylase. The result showed that palm starches are normal starch which contain17-21% of amylose or 83-79% of amylopectin which differed in branch-chain lengths, and caused typical products from each type of palm. Pullulanase as debranching enzymes, cleaveged the starch to produce DP 13.9- 20.8 of Short-Chains Amylose (SCA). The starch contained 22.2-38.8% of β-limit dextrins as the residue of β-amylolysis. Simultaneous hydrolysis by using β-amylase and pullulanase mainly produced maltose for all starch with DP of 1.7-2.9.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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