Judul: Methane Emissions Reduction from Palm Oil Mill  Effluent through a Biogas Plant (Case Study: Tungkal Ulu Biogas Plant, Jambi)
Abstrak: Mayoritas industri kelapa sawit di Indonesia mengolah limbah cairnya atau Palm oil Mill Effluent (POME) menggunakan sistem kolam terbuka yang melepaskan gas metana dan berpotensi meningkatkan Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK). Salah satu upaya mencegah pelepasan gas metana dari sistem tersebut adalah pembangunan proyek methane recovery, melalui Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Biogas (PLTBg). Proyek PLTBg mendukung target pemerintah dalam menurunkan emisi GRK dan menghasilkan energi terbarukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengestimasi potensi emisi GRK dari POME sebelum adanya proyek PLTBg, (2) mengestimasi reduksi emisi GRK dari POME setelah adanya proyek PLTBg, dan (3) menganalisis kelayakan finansial proyek PLTBg. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) AMS III H dan analisis cashflow. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PLTBg Tungkal Ulu mereduksi emisi GRK sekaligus menguntungkan perusahaan. Emisi sebelum adanya PLTBg yang diestimasi dari 106.267 m3 POME adalah 44.767,80 t CO2e. Potensi reduksi emisi setelah adanya PLTBg berkisar 66,64%-74,26% pada tahun 2021-2030. Pada kurun waktu tersebut, proyek PLTBg layak secara finansial pada harga CER rendah dan tinggi. Skenario CER rendah menghasilkan nilai NPV, BCR dan IRR sebesar Rp 18,55 miliar, 1,19 dan 11,46% sedangkan CER tinggi menghasilkan nilai NPV, BCR dan IRR sebesar Rp 19,65 miliar, 1,21 dan 11,69%., Most palm oil industries in Indonesia treat Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) by using an open lagoon system that releases methane gas emissions and potentially increases Greenhouse Gases (GHGs). Biogas plant, a methane recovery project, becomes one measures to reduce such emissions. Biogas Plant projects support the government's target in reducing GHGs emissions and produces renewable energy. By focusing on the Tungkal Ulu Biogas, this study aims to (1) estimate the potential GHGs emissions prior the implementation of biogas plant project, (2) estimate the GHGs emissions reduction after the project implementation, and (3) to analyze the financial feasibility of the project. This study employes Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) method (i.e. the AMS III H) and cashflow analysis. The results showed that Tungkal Ulu Biogas Plant project can reduce GHGs emissions and can benefit the company. Based on 106,267 m3 of POME, GHGs emissions prior the project implementatation is 44,767.80 t CO2e. The potential GHGs emissions reduction ranges from 66.64% to 74.26% during 2021-2030. Financial analysis indicates that the project is feasible, at both low and high CER market prices. The low CER results in NPV, BCR and IRR values of 18,55 billion IDR, 1,19 and 11,46%, respectively, while high CER results in NPV, BCR and IRR values of 19,65 billion IDR, 1.21 and 11,69%, respectively.
Keyword: cashflow, CDM, GHGs, PLTBg, POME

Judul: Potential Reduction of Greenhouse Gases in Kawatuna Landfill Through Methane Gas Recovery Project
Abstrak: Pemerintah Kota Palu berencana menghidupkan kembali proyek pembangkit listrik tenaga biogas (PLTBg) di TPA Kawatuna yang sempat beroperasi pada tahun 2013. Informasi mengenai manfaat yang akan diperoleh dari sudut pandang ekonomi dan lingkungan adalah penting bagi pengambil keputusan. Salah satu manfaat lingkungan yaitu potensi reduksi emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) oleh proyek PLTBg. Manfaat ekonomi penting untuk diestimasi sebagai daya tarik finansial dari proyek, di antaranya berasal dari nilai potensi energi listrik yang dihasilkan dan penerimaan proyek dari Certified Emission Reduction (CER). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) mengestimasi potensi emisi GRK yang dihasilkan oleh TPA Kawatuna sebelum implementasi proyek pemulihan gas metana, (2) mengestimasi potensi reduksi GRK dari proyek tersebut, (3) menghitung potensi nilai CER yang dapat dihasilkan dari proyek tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode CDM AMS-III.G untuk mengestimasi potensi reduksi GRK dan menggunakan kuantitatif sederhana untuk mengestimasi nilai CER proyek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan melalui Skenario BAU pada tahun 2021, potensi emisi GRK sebelum adanya proyek adalah 16,148,74 t CO2e dan potensi reduksi GRK setelah adanya proyek mencapai 61,40% dari total emisi yang dihasilkan. Potensi penerimaan CER proyek pada tahun 2021 berkisar antara Rp 28.595.318 hingga Rp 72.329.334 dan total present value penerimaan CER pada tahun 2021-2030 mencapai Rp 563.358.389., The Palu City Government plans to reactivate the biogas power plant (PLTBg) project in Kawatuna landfill, which was operated in 2013. Both economic and environmental benefits of the project are important for decision makers. The environmental benefit include the potential reduction of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions by the project. The economic benefits are important to estimate as the financial attractiveness of the project, which include the electricity generated and revenue from Certified Emission Reduction (CER). This study aims (1) to estimate the potential GHGs emissions produced by the Kawatuna landfill before PLTBg project, (2) to estimate the potential GHGs emissions reduction due to the project, (3) to calculate the potential CER that can be obtained from the project. This study employs Clean Development mechanism (CDM) AMS-III.G method to estimate the potential GHGs reduction and a simple quantitative analysis to calculate the potential CER of the project. The results show that based on the BAU Scenario in 2021, the estimated baseline GHGs emissions is 16.148,74 t CO2e, the potential GHGs reduction after the project would reach 61,40% of the total GHGs emissions generated and the range of potential CER would be from 28.595.318 IDR to 72.329.334 IDR. From 2021 to 2030, total present value of CER would reach 563.358.389 IDR.
Keyword: CDM, CER, GHG Emissions, Kawatuna, PLTBg

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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