Judul: Inokulasi Langsung Phyllosticta sp. Pada Bibit Cengkeh (Eugenia caryophyllata Thunb)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui patogenitas Phyllosticta sp. yang ditularkan secara langsung dari tanaman sakit ke tanaman sehat, dengan menggunakan bibit cengkeh tipe Zanzibar. Percobaan ini dilakukan di rumah kaca Ilmu Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, mulai bulan Oktober 1982 sampai dengan bulan Maret 1983. Dalam percobaan ini penularan dilakukan dengan menempelkan potongan daun dari tanaman sakit ke bagian daun tanaman sehat yaitu daun muda, agak muda dan daun tua, melalui permukaan daun atas dan bawah. Tanaman yang diimokulasi ada yang dilukai dan ada yang tidak, dengan perlakuan diberi kurungan plastik dan tanpa kurungan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan gejala serangan dan ada yang tidak, tetapi gejala yang ditimbulkan tidak seperti gejala yang ditimbulkan oleh patogen Phyllosticta. Pada Canaman yang diinokulasi ini ditemukan cendawan lain seperti Aspergillus, Botryodiplodia dan Pestalotia. Suhu dan kelembaban nisbi yang terdapat di rumah kaca berkisar antara 21 31 °C dan 48 - - 72%. Walaupun suhu disini berada dalam keadaan optimum untuk perkembangan patogen Phyllosticta, tetapi keadaannya kering/kurang lembab. Gejala yang tidak timbul kemungkinan karena pycnidia Phyllosticta yang ditempelkan pada tanaman sehat belum membentuk spora sehingga infeksi tidak terjadi.
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Judul: Beberapa cara penularan cendawan philosticta sp. pada tanaman cengkeh dan ketahanannya pada daun yang telah gugur
Abstrak: Cendawan Phyllosticta sp. diduga sebagai penyebab penyakit cacar daun cengkeh. Penyakit ini pada tahun 1981 mengakibatkan kerugian sekitar 18,75 milyar rupiah. Cendawan Phyllosticta sp. dapat menyebar dengan bantuan angin, serangga, alat-alat pertanian dan manusia. Dalam percobaan ini dilakukan tiga macam cara penularan ketanaman cengkeh. Cara penularan yang dilakukan adalah inokulasi langsung dari biakan murni, penempelan daun yang sakit dan penyemprotan suspensi spora. Selain itu untuk mengetahui ketahanan cendawan tersebut pada daun yang telah gugur, maka daun-daun yang terserang yang telah gugur dikumpulkan ke dalam pot plastik untuk diamati. Semua cara penularan yang dilakukan tidak menimbulkan gejala yang sama seperti gejala serangan cendawan Phylosticta. Piknidia cendawan Phyllosticta dapat bertahan pada daun-daun yang telah gugur. Cendawan kontaminan yang ditemukan baik pada biakan maupun pada tanaman cengkeh yang diinokulasi dengan cara penempelan daun sakit adalah Aspergillus dan Pestalotia.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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