Judul: Kualitas Semen di dalam Pengencer Tris dan Natrium Sitrat dengan Berbagai Sumber Karbohidrat dan Level Gliserol pada Proses Kriopreservasi Semen Rusa Timor (Cervus timorensis)
Abstrak: Permasalahan utama dalam kriopreservasi semen rusa, adalah motilitas yang rendah pasca pembekuan. Faktor ini sangat berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan Inseminasi buatan (IB) pada rusa. Saat ini sangat sulit untuk mendapatkan semen beku yang memenuhi standar minimal untuk IB pada rusa. Penyebab utamanya adalah belum ditemukannya bahan pengencer semen rusa yang dapat menjamin kebutuhan fisik dan kimia bagi spermatozoa, sehingga spermatozoa dapat mempertahankan kelangsungan hidupnya selama proses kriopreservasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Oktober 2003 sampai dengan bulan Juli 2004 di penangkaran rusa Pondok Gede, Bekasi dan Laboratorium Unit Rehabilitasi Reproduksi, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Hewan percobaan yang digunakan adalah 4 ekor rusa jantan dewasa dengan kisaran umur 3 - 4 tahun, mempunyai tubuh yang sehat, serta dalam kondisi berangga keras. Peralatan yang dipakai adalah elektroejakulator, mikroskop, perlengkapan pengenceran, pemeriksaan dan penyimpanan semen. Bahan pengencer yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah tris glukosa (TG), tris fruktosa (TF), natrium sitrat glukosa (NsG), dan natrium sitrat fruktosa (NsF), streptomisin, penisilin, akuadestilata, pewarna eosin-negrosin, KY jelly, nitrogen cair, alkohol, gliserol, serta obat anastesi Ilium Xylazineâ dan Ketamil Injectionâ (Prod. Troy Laboratories Pty Limited, Austria). Penampungan dan evaluasi semen dilakukan tiga minggu sekali dengan menggunakan elektroejakulator. Semen yang telah diperoleh dievaluasi secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Pemeriksaan makroskopis dilakukan segera setelah semen diperoleh meliputi volume, pH, konsistensi dan warna, sedangkan pemeriksaan mikroskopis meliputi: gerakan massa, konsentrasi spermatozoa, persentase motilitas, hidup, dan MPU. Hasil penelitian tentang penggunaan pengencer dengan sumber karbohidrat menunjukkan tidak terjadi interaksi antar perlakuan, tetapi masing-masing perlakuan memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P<0.05) terhadap beberapa parameter kualitas semen cair pada beberapa tahap evaluasi. Penurunan persentase motilitas, hidup, dan MPU pada semen cair yang disimpan selama 96 jam di dalam pengencer TG (masingmasing 41.43%, 16.74%, dan 15.13%), pengencer TF (masing-masing 50.00%, 37.84%, dan 38.57%), pengencer NsG (masing-masing 32.86%, 24.51%, dan 22.50%), dan pengencer NsF (masing-masing 39.57%, 28.51%, dan 25.19%). Hasil penelitian tentang penggunaan pengencer dengan level gliserol yang berbeda pada proses kriopreservasi menunjukkan tidak terjadi interaksi antar perlakuan, tetapi masing-masing perlakuan memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P<0.05) pada tahap ekulibrasi dan pasca thawing, dimana penambahan gliserol 10% ke dalam pengencer tris glukosa menghasilkan persentase motilitas, hidup dan MPU spermatozoa yang relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kombinasi jenis pengencer dan level gliserol yang lain (tris glukosa G15%, natrium sitrat glukosa G10%, dan natrium sitrat glukosa G15%). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang diperoleh maka dapat diambil simpulan: (1) Pengencer tris glukosa, natrium sitrat glukosa dan natrium sitrat fruktosa dapat dipakai untuk IB pada rusa Timor dengan menggunakan semen cair sampai penyimpanan 60 jam, sedangkan tris fruktosa sampai dengan penyimpanan 36 jam (2) penambahan glukosa ke dalam pengencer tris dan natrium sitrat cenderung lebih efektif dalam mempertahankan kualitas semen cair, (3) pengaruh jenis pengencer terhadap kualitas semen cair rusa Timor tidak dipengaruhi oleh jenis karbohidrat yang ditambahkan, (4) pengaruh jenis pengencer terhadap kualitas semen beku rusa Timor tidak dipengaruhi oleh dosis gliserol yang ditambahkan., (5) penambahan gliserol sebayak 10% ke dalam pengencer tris lebih efektif mempertahankan motilitas, daya hidup dan MPU semen rusa Timor pasca thawing dari pada penambahan gliserol 15%.
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Judul: Kriopreservasi Semen Kambing Peranakan Etawah (PE) Menggunakan Pengencer Tris-kuning telur dan Tris-soya dengan Modifikasi Karbohidrat dan Krioprotektan Berbeda
Abstrak: Artificial Insemination (AI) is known as a technology to improve the genetic quality of goats in Indonesia. AI in goat is still limited in its practical use; this is related to a variety of constraints, which one of those would be the guarded quality of frozen semen. The quality of frozen semen is determined by various factors, including the freezing techniques, the diluents and cryoprotectants. Buck frozen semen produced by AI centers usually use Tris-egg yolk (TEY) diluent. Egg yolk of animal origin has been recognized as a highly potential media allowing transfer microorganism to female tract through AI. Therefore, some research studies have been focusing to find another diluents using soy extract as an alternative of diluent. Preservation of buck semen using soy extract contains plant phospolipid has not been well studied. Dissacharide (trehalose) or trissacharide (raffinose) acts as an energy source as well as an extracellular cryoprotectants in diluents of frozen semen; these would aid in protecting the sperm during freezing process. Dimethylformamide (DMF) has smaller molecules than glycerol may act as a beneficial cryoprotectant when it is added into the diluents, showing a better effect in protecting the sperm membrane during freezing. This study was conducted in two steps: 1) Preserved liquid semen using tris-egg yolk (TEY) and tris-soya (TS) diluents with either trehalose and raffinose supplementation; 2) Produced frozen semen using TEY and TS with supplementation of the combination showing the best results in step 1. Both diluents used DMF and glycerol as the cryoprotectants. Semen were collected from three sexually mature bucks using artificial vagina, evaluated and divided into six aliquot treatment groups. Each of aliquot diluted with TEY and TS supplemented with 50 mM trehalose or raffinose, which contain 50x106 sperm concentration per 0.2 mL volume. All of them kept in refrigerator in 5°C. The progressive motility, viability and plasma membrane intact (PMI) were evaluated every 12 hours up to the time when only 50% of sperm display motility. The combination of trehalose or raffinose based showing the best results in analysis during the step 1 was added with TEY and TS diluents, supplemented with glycerol and DMF cryoprotectants in frozen semen process. Extended semen were kept in minitub straw, containing 100x106 sperm/0.25 mL. Equilibration time was 4 hours in 5°C, then freeze in N2 vaporated for 10 minutes in styrofoam box. The result showed that semen quality from three bucks were good, such as the average of volume was 1.29±0.21 mL, creamy and thick in consistency. The concentration was 3608.33±657.70x106/mL, motility was 77.78±2.56%, viability was 85.13±4.38%, PMI was 77.72±3.52% and abnormality was 7.51±2.88%. The motility of sperm kept in liquid semen diluents, TEY supplemented with trehalose or raffinose gave better result, it can be maintained sperm motility up to 50% for 72-84 hours, compared to TS diluent (48-60 hours) (P<0.05). TEY diluent supplemented with trehalose can maintained sperm motility longer (52.82±3.21%) for 84 hours, compared to raffinose supplementation (51.78±4.41%) and control (51.11±4.86%) for 72 hours. The viability of sperm evaluation showed 6-9% higher than sperm motility percentage, while the percentage of PMI gave similar percentage
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Judul: Analysis of Unequal Income Distribution with Cobb-Douglas Production Function
Abstrak: This paper studies the economic growth model by Moav (2002). Moav model shows the existence of unequal income distribution between low-income with high-income community. That kind of unequal income distribution is caused by uneven distribution of income. On this Moav model, there is one area called the threshold. Threshold becomes a benchmark to determining whether a society is categorized into low- or high- income community. The production function used in this paper is the Cobb-Douglas function. The dynamics of this model is described as difference equation of low-income, threshold, and high-income community. Simulation study on the model is carried out using Maple 13 and Mathematica 7.0 software. Overall, from the observed case, high-income community will reach a stable condition earlier, followed by the threshold, and then the low-income community.
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