Judul: Growth Performance Evaluation of Belgian Blue  Cattle and Their Crossbred in Indonesian Livestock Breeding Centers
Abstrak: Performa pertumbuhan merupakan salah satu ciri yang harus diperhatikan dan dievaluasi dalam program persilangan. Penelitian ini mengevaluasi performa pertumbuhan sapi Belgian Blue yang baru diintroduksi atau diperkenalkan dan disilangkan dengan sapi lokal (Brahman, Friesian Holstein, dan Peranakan Ongole). Hasil penelitian menujukan data performa pertumbuhan dari 151 ekor sapi Belgian Blue (BB, n=9), BB x Brahman (BB-B, n=94), BB x Friesian Holstein (BB-FH, n=24), dan BB x Kelas Ongole (BB-OG, n=24) dikumpulkan untuk dianalisis. Pengaruh genotipe yang berbeda diuji dengan menggunakan analisis varian satu arah, dilanjutkan dengan uji jarak berganda Duncan. Parameter yang dianalisis adalah berat badan (BB), lingkar dada (CC), panjang badan (BL), dan tinggi bahu (SH) saat lahir, umur sapih (205 hari), dan umur satu tahun (365 hari). Analisis komponen utama dilakukan untuk mengetahui ciri pengenal spesifik antar genotipe. Hasilnya, sapi BB yang memiliki genotipe BW, CC, dan BL lebih unggul saat dilahirkan dibandingkan dengan genotipe persilangan. Namun, keunggulan keunggulan ini tidak bertahan dalam masa penyapihan dan pemeliharaan tahunan. Analisis PCA menunjukkan bahwa ciri khusus sapi BB, BB-B, dan BB-FH masing masing adalah BB saat lahir, BW205+CC205, dan BL205. Temuan ini penting untuk pengembangan dimasa depan dan kebijakan program persilangan sapi Belgian Blue di Indonesia., Growth performance is one of the characteristics that should be considered and evaluated in a crossbreeding program. This study evaluated the growth performance of newly introduced Belgian Blue cattle and their crossbred to local cattle (Brahman, Friesian Holstein, and Ongole Grade). In this study, the growth performance data of 151 heads of Belgian Blue (BB, n=9), BB x Brahman (BB-B, n=94), BB x Friesian Holstein (BB-FH, n=24), and BB x Ongole Grade (BB-OG, n=24) were collected for analysis. The effects of different genotypes were tested using one-way variance analysis, followed by Duncan's multiple range test. The parameters analyzed were body weight (BW), chest circumference (CC), body length (BL), and shoulder height (SH) at birth, weaning (205 days), and yearling (365 days). The principal component analysis was performed to find the specific identifier characteristic among the genotypes. As a result, BB cattle's BW, CC, and BL were superior at birth compared to the crossed genotype. However, these excellences did not persist in weaning and yearling. The PCA analysis showed that the identifier characteristics for the BB, BB-B, and BB-FH cattle were BW at birth, BW205+CC205, and BL205, respectively. These findings are essential for future development and crossbreeding program policy of the Belgian Blue cattle in Indonesia.
Keyword: Belgian Blue, crossbreed, Indonesia, lokal, ternak

Judul: Embryo Development in Different Cattle Breeds in BET Cipelang Bogor
Abstrak: Peningkatan populasi dan kualitas genetik yang baik dapat dicapai yaitu dengan melakukan penerapan bioteknologi reproduksi seperti transfer embrio (TE). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis tingkat perkembangan embrio pada berbagai rumpun sapi, seperti belgian blue (BB), peranakan ongole (PO) dan persilangannya (BB x PO). Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Balai Embrio Ternak (BET) Cipelang, Bogor. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa embrio layak transfer, degeneratif, dan oosit tidak dibuahi tidak berbeda nyata (P>0,05) antar rumpun sapi. Persentase embrio layak transfer (ELT) sapi BB 5,57±6,13 (72,22%), PO 7,41±8,60 (65,97%), dan BB x PO 4,00±4,00 (42,86%). Persentase embrio degeneratif (EDG) dan unfertilized (UF) tertinggi dihasilkan rumpun BB x PO (19,64% dan 37,50%), PO (16,23% dan 17,80%), dan BB (12,96% dan 14,81%). Jumlah embrio lebih banyak dihasilkan dari kornua uteri kanan dibanding sebelah kiri pada semua rumpun sapi yang diamati. BB (59,26% kanan, 40,74% kiri), PO (58,64% kanan, 41,36% kiri), dan BB x PO (71,43% kanan, 28,57% kiri). Perkembangan embrio hasil superovulasi secara in vivo tidak berbeda antar rumpun sapi yaitu BB, PO, dan BB x PO., Increasing population and good genetic quality can be achieved by applying reproductive biotechnology such as embryo transfer (ET). The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of embryo development in various types of cattle, such as belgian blue (BB), ongole cross (PO), and their crosses (BB x PO). This study used secondary data from Livestock Embryo Center (BET) Cipelang, Bogor. The result showed that transferable, degenerative embryos and unfertilized oocytes were not significantly different (P>0.05) between cattle breeds. The percentage of transferable embryos (ELT) of BB cows was 5.57±6.13 (72.22%), PO 7.41±8.60 (65.97%), and BB x PO 4.00±4.00 (42.86%). The highest percentage of degenerative embryos (EDG) and unfertilized (UF) was produced by BB x PO (19.64% and 37.50%), PO (16.23% and 17.80%), and BB (12.96% and 14.81%) breeds. More embryos were obtained from the right uterine horns than the left in all observed cattle breeds. BB (59.26% right, 40.74% left), PO (58.64% right, 41.36% left), and BB x PO (71.43% right, 28.57% left). The in vivo superovulated embryo development did not differ between cattle breeds, namely BB, PO, and BB x PO.
Keyword: belgian blue, embryo, ongole cross, reproduction technology

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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