Judul: Effects of Insecticide and Three Adjuvants on Bee Tetragonula laeviceps Smith (Apidae: Meliponini)
Abstrak: Pengendalian kimia menggunakan insektisida adalah salah satu bagian dari strategi pengendalian yang umum digunakan pada tanaman budi daya. Hal ini menyebabkan serangga non-target, seperti lebah, dapat terpapar insektisida dan adjuvan saat melakukan aktivitasnya. Beberapa penelitian menyebutkan bahwa insektisida dan adjuvan dapat menyebabkan mortalitas pada lebah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh insektisida dan adjuvan terhadap lebah Tetragonula laeviceps dalam aspek ketertarikan serta mortalitasnya. Pengujian ketertarikan dilakukan dengan uji olfaktori dengan aroma uji insektisida BI (b.a. bifenthrin 25 g/l), adjuvan MI (b.a. polyether modified trisiloxane ≥ 75%), adjuvan AG (b.a. alkil aril poliglikol eter 400 ml/l), dan adjuvan LO (b.a. tridecyl ethoxylate dan fatty amine 672 g/l). Pengujian mortalitas dilakukan dengan uji dermal (aplikasi topikal dan residu) serta uji oral pada lima taraf konsentrasi secara tunggal dan majemuk. Berdasarkan uji ketertarikan, T. laeviceps lebih tertarik pada AG dibandingkan BI, MI, dan LO (p-value < 0,01). AG dan LO secara tunggal bersifat tidak toksik bagi lebah berdasarkan klasifikasi EPA. MI menunjukkan ketertarikan lebah yang rendah, tetapi memiliki tingkat mortalitas yang tinggi pada uji tunggal dan majemuk (uji dermal dan uji oral). Oleh karena itu, penggunaan insektisida dan adjuvan dalam kegiatan budi daya di lapangan harus mempertimbangkan kelestarian populasi lebah., Chemical control by using insecticides is a part of control strategies commonly used in cultivated crops. It can cause harm to non-target insects, for instance, bees, to be exposed to insecticides and adjuvants during their activities. Several studies mention that insecticides and adjuvants can cause mortality in bees. This study aimed to determine the effect of insecticides and adjuvants on Tetragonula laeviceps bees in terms of attraction and mortality. Attraction testing was done by an olfactory test with the test aroma of insecticide BI (b.a. bifenthrin 25 g/l), adjuvant MI (polyether-modified trisiloxane ≥ 75%), adjuvant AG (alkyl aryl polyglycol ether 400 ml/l), and adjuvant LO (tridecyl ethoxylate and fatty amine 672 g/l). Mortality testing was conducted by dermal test (topical and residual application) and oral test at five concentration levels singly and compounded. Based on the attraction test, T. laeviceps was more attracted to AG than BI, MI, and LO (p-value < 0.01). AG and LO singly were non-toxic to bees based on EPA classification. MI showed low bee attraction but high mortality in both single and compound tests (dermal and oral). Therefore, the use of insecticides and adjuvants in field cultivation activities must consider the sustainability of bees.
Keyword: bifenthrin, dermal testing, oral exposure, stingless bee

Judul: Effect of Spinetoram and Two Types of Adjuvants on Tetragonula laeviceps Smith (Apidae: Meliponini)
Abstrak: Tetragonula laeviceps Smith merupakan salah satu jenis lebah tanpa sayap yang memiliki potensi tinggi menjadi penyerbuk tanaman. Namun, penggunaan insektisida pada tanaman yang kurang tepat dapat mengancam keberadaan lebah, yaitu menurunkan populasi lebah. Selain itu, penambahan adjuvan pada formulasi insektisida dapat berpengaruh terhadap tingkat toksisitas suatu insektisida. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh insektisida dan dua jenis adjuvan terhadap ketertarikan dan mortalitas T. laeviceps. Olfaktometer tabung-Y digunakan dalam pengujian ketertarikan lebah terhadap aroma insektisida spinetoram 120 g/l (SPT), adjuvan quercetin 0,15 ppm (PST), dan alcohol ethoxylate 80% (EML). Pengujian mortalitas dilakukan dengan tiga metode aplikasi, yaitu topikal, residu, dan oral dengan masing-masing lima taraf konsentrasi yang berbeda, baik secara tunggal maupun majemuk. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian, lebah T. laeviceps tertarik terhadap aroma adjuvan PST, adjuvan EML, dan insektisida SPT dengan tingkat ketertarikan berturut-turut sebesar 46,7; 42,2; dan 11,1% pada respon olfaktori. Persentase kematian lebah T. laeviceps pada aplikasi insektisida SPT tunggal dengan konsentrasi 30 ppm secara oral mencapai 100%. Sementara itu, persentase kematian lebah T. laeviceps pada aplikasi adjuvan PST (60000) dan EML (8000) ppm secara topikal mencapai lebih dari 90%. Insektisida SPT yang ditambahkan adjuvan PST dan EML dapat menyebabkan mortalitas masing-masing sebesar 100 dan 90% pada konsentrasi 15 dan 3,6 ppm. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penambahan adjuvan PST dan EML ke dalam insektisida SPT berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas lebah T. laeviceps dengan meningkatkan toksisitas insektisida SPT, sehingga dapat berbahaya bagi serangga bermanfaat seperti lebah., Tetragonula laeviceps Smith is a type of stingless bee that has high potential as a plant pollinator. However, inappropriate use of insecticides on plants can threaten the existence of bees by reducing the bee population. Apart from that, the addition of adjuvants to insecticide formulations can affect the level of toxicity of an insecticide. This study aimed to determine the effect of insecticides and two types of adjuvants on the attractiveness and mortality of T. laeviceps. A Y-tube olfactometer was used to test attractiveness of bees to the aroma of the insecticide spinetoram 120 g/l (SPT), adjuvant quercetin 0,15 ppm (PST), and alcohol ethoxylate 80% (EML). Mortality testing was carried out using three application methods, topical, residual and oral application with five different concentration levels each, either singly or in compound. Based on the test results, T. laeviceps bees were attracted to the aroma of adjuvant PST, adjuvant EML, and SPT insecticide with an attractiveness level of 46,7; 42,2; and 11,1% in olfactory response. The death percentage of T. laeviceps bees in a single oral application of SPT insecticide with a concentration of 30 ppm reached 100%. Meanwhile, the death percentage of T. laeviceps bees on topical application of adjuvant PST (60000) and EML (8000) ppm reached more than 90%. SPT insecticide added with PST and EML adjuvants can cause mortality of 100 and 90% respectively at concentrations of 15 and 3,6 ppm. The results of this study indicate that the addition of PST and EML adjuvants to SPT insecticides affects the mortality of T. laeviceps bees by increasing the toxicity of SPT insecticides, so they can be dangerous for beneficial insects such as bees.
Keyword: attractiveness, dermal, oral, olfactory response, toxicity

Judul: Implementasi Algoritme Enkripsi Advanced Encryption Standard secara Paralel dengan GPU NVIDIA CUDA
Abstrak: Processor streaming architecture in GPU has provide general purpose computation which have its own potential to help CPU with its parallel computation capability. One example of supported processor streaming architecture is Fermi which is developed by NVIDIA. Furthermore, NVIDIA has developed its own software development kit namely CUDA, which can integrate many popular existing programming languanges such as C++ for GPU-based parallel computation. This research focus on the implementation of parallel AES algorithm with GPU and analyze the performance result of the implementation in two different NVIDIA devices, namely NVIDIA GeForce GT220 and NVIDIA Quadro 600. In general, the performance of parallel GPU computation is better than sequential computation for large data input. It is obtained that the maximum speedup of NVIDIA GeForce GT220 in 8 MB input is 89.3 with 180% efficiency. Higher speedup of 101.6 can be obtained by NVIDIA Quadro 600 with the same input size with around 100% efficiency.
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