Judul: Fermentabilitas dan Kecernaan In Vitro Ransum  Yang Diberi Kursin Bungkil Biji Jarak Pagar (Jatropha Curcas L.) Pada Ternak Sapi dan Kerbau
Abstrak: Bungkil biji jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) merupakan salah satu produk ikutan dari pengolahan minyak jarak sebagai biodiesel. Pengolahan biji jarak menjadi biodiesel menghasilkan bungkil biji jarak pagar (BBJP) sebanyak 0,4 ton dari satu ton biji kering dan mengandung protein cukup tinggi yaitu berkisar 50-58 %. Namun beberapa zat antinutrisi dan racun yang terkandung dalam BBJP antara lain kursin, phorbolester, trypsin inhibitor, saponin dan tanin dapat mengganggu proses pencernaan jika diberikan pada ternak secara berlebihan. Kursin atau lektin merupakan fitotoxin yang memiliki molekul protein besar, kompleks dan sangat beracun yang secara spesifik berinteraksi dengan molekul gula (karbohidrat). Senyawa ini dapat mematikan sel dan bertanggungjawab besar sebagai katalis yang mempercepat kerusakan ribosom pada sel eukariotik, namun hal ini masih belum banyak dipelajari. Keragaman mikroba rumen diantara ternak ruminansia menghasilkan kemampuan toleransi yang berbeda terhadap zat antinutrisi dan racun. Adanya keragaman toleransi terhadap zat antinutrisi dan racun pada mikroba rumen ini, kemungkinan terjadi pula terhadap kursin BBJP. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui toleransi mikroba cairan rumen ternak ruminansia (sapi dan kerbau) terhadap kursin BBJP berdasarkan fermentabilitas dan kecernaan in vitro.
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Judul: Kajian in vitro mikroba rumen berbagai ternak ruminansia dalam fermentasi bungkil biji jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.)
Abstrak: Jatropha curcas L. is a leguminous tree belonging to Euphorbiaceaefamily. The plant is widely cultivated in Central and South America, Sout-Asia, India, and Africa. Waste of J. curcas L. oil processing is J. curcas meal that has potential use as protein source for ruminants. This is because J. curcas meal has high protein content (31-35%). However, it has negative effects due to the existence of curcin and fhorbolester antinutritions, lignin and also high in filter concentrations. Ruminants have the ability to degrade fiber diet, sepecially buffalo. There are also capable of adapting to antinutrition and toxin. This produces different effect on protect degradability, carbohydrate fermentation and microbial activity when using J. curcas meal.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite