Judul: Analysis and development direction of smallholder cocoa plantation in Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra Province
Abstrak: Cocoa demand as industrial raw materials continues to increase, both in domestic and overseas markets. This causes the cocoa price is quite high and relatively stable. Due to the role and its potential, a cocoa as one of promising plantation commodities which can be developed to support regional development in Padang Pariaman Regency. Padang Pariaman Regency is the second largest producer of cocoa in West Sumatra with a total area of 13,312 ha plantation in 2011 with a production of 15,540 tons. Seen from productivity, Padang Pariaman Regency has the highest cocoa productivity compare with other cities in West Sumatra, which is 1.17 tons/ha. Considering the potential development of cocoa in Padang Pariaman Regency, research and analysis needs to be done so that people do not plant cocoa in locations that do not comply with the criteria for crops growth (biophysical), spatial and economic aspects. It required guidance for people in choosing the right location in order to obtain maximum yields. In addition, feasibility factor, market aspect and factors that influence development of cocoa plantations according to stakeholders are also need to be considered. The objectives of this reseach are: (1) to analyze potential location for development of cocoa plantations based on biophysical aspects, environment and availability of land, (2) to analyze financial feasibility of cocoa plantation on each of the land suitability classes, (3) to analyze the chain, margin trading system and market integration of cocoa commodity in Padang Pariaman regency, (4) to analyze factors that influence development of cocoa plantations in Padang Pariaman regency according to stakeholders, (5) to arrange development direction of smallholder cocoa plantation in Padang Pariaman Regency. The experiment was conducted for 6 (six) months, from April to September 2013 in the Padang Pariaman Regency. Research activities consist of: preparation, field data collection, processing and analysis of data and writing of the thesis. This study uses primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through direct observation in the field by using questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data and maps obtained from the relevant agencies. The analysis methods used in this study are analysis of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), financial analysis, margin analysis, marketing chains and market integration, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results show that potential area for development of smallholder cocoa plantations based on biophysical aspects and land availability area in Padang Pariaman Regency is 51,342 ha, while not potential/suitable land is 2,754 ha. Locations of potential area presented in the map form. The results of financial analysis show that cocoa plantations in the Padang Pariaman Regency feasible to be developed, seen from values of Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). NPV value is positive of Rp 45,094,495 in S2 land suitability class and Rp 35,985,486 in S3 land suitability class. Meanwhile, BCR values obtained are 7.23 and 5.07, respectively. IRR exceeds the existing interest rate (12%), which illustrates that the interest rate up to 40.45% for S2 class and 33.39% for S3 class smallholder cocoa plantation in Padang Pariaman Regency still provide benefits to
Keyword: cocoa, development direction, financial feasibility, land suitability

Judul: The Regional Economic Model for Cocoa Beans Commodity of Central Sulawesi Province
Abstrak: The aim of the study was to develop a model for the economy of Central Sulawesi Province that bases on cocoa beans commodity Methods of analysis used were R/C ratio, significance test, production function, scale analysis, price efficiency analysis, game theory, logit model, S-C-P model, marketing margin analysis, fixed effect model, constant market share, shift share analysis, Gini ratio, and Theil Index. Data used were time series data 1985 – 2008 by regency about cocoa, population, prices and consumer price index, GDRP, income and its distribution, GDP and population of Malaysia and USA. Furthermore primary data were used too. It was taken by purposive and un-proportional stratified random sampling technique, so that 160 farmers and 46 traders were interviewed. The study developed a model for Sulteng economy that bases cocoa beans commodity. Based on the model, the effect of demand side has been dominated growth of the region economy. On the contrary, in the world economic crisis, the supply side can be traded on. The study recommended (i) program of empowerment for farmers in field of market information; (ii) program of development for marketing institutional of cocoa beans at farm level; (iii) the export volume of cocoa beans to Malaysia shall be increased, so the subsidy policy for factor inputs indirectly like in the Cocoa Gernas Program shall be maintained until condition of farmers stand alone financially; (iv) the economic growth that was pushed by supply side shall be increased by planning of regional economic growth that base cocoa beans. The planning will empty into a training program of cultivation technology, time after cocoa harvest (pascapanen), and cocoa institutional. Finally, some continuation studies that will be made compulsory are (i) participatory research for model development of the cocoa marketing institutional at farm level; (ii) experimental research (game theory) for verifying institutional conclusions of this study; (iii) simulation study that will refer to natural resources (agro-ecology); and (iv) revision study for the regional economy model of cocoa beans that was developed in this study, especially block model II.
Keyword: model ekonomi, ekonomi wilayah, komoditi kakao biji, sulawesi tengah

Judul: Infectious laryngo tracheitis pada unggas
Abstrak: Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis merupakan penyakit pada unggas yang disebabkan oleh virus yang mempunyai sasaran saluran pernapasan bagian atas Penyebab penyakit Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis Univers (ILT) adalah virus yang termasuk kelompok virus Herpes sering disebut Tarpeia avium. Virus tersebut tersusun dari inti asam deoksi ribonukleat yang dilengkapi dengan pembung- kus yang merupakan derivat dari lemak serta mempunyai garis tengah antara 195-250 nano meter. Pada temperatur kamar virus tersebut dapat bertahan selama 15 hari dalam keadaan tanpa pengawetan. Virus penyebab Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis mempunyai kepekaan terhadap zat kimia golongan pelarut lemak seperti: phenol dan kresol. Induk semang definitip penyakit Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis adalah ayam, tetapi burung merak, itik dan kalkun pernah dilaporkan dapat terinfeksi. Mammalia dan golongan rodensia merupakan hewan yang tahan terhadap infeksi penyakit ini. Pada manusia penyakit Infectious Laryngo Tracheitis diduga mempunyai hubungan dengan timbulnya gangguan neuralgia yang bersifat sub-akut akibat infeksi virus Herpes jenis lain yang disebut virus Sub-acute Myelo Optico Neuropathi (virus SMON).
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