Judul: Income Distribution Inequality in West Sumatera and The Related Factors
Abstrak: Income distribution inequality is a problem that often becomes important due to its tendency to have an increase. Province of West Sumatera has relatively high economic growth, however, this province also experiencing an increase in Gini ratio value which means income distribution inequality. Income distribution inequality is feared to cause many problems, not only economical but also socio politic. Income distribution inequality in West Sumatera can be reduced by reduction of income distribution inequality in Regencies/Municipalities level due to regional autonomy. The objective of this research is to analyze income distribution inequality in Regencies/Municipalities level from 2006 to 2011. Moreover, this research also analyzes factors affecting income distribution inequality in West Sumatera. Analysis result using Gini ratio calculation suggests that income distribution inequality in Regencies/Municipalities level in West Sumatera from 2006 to 2011 tends to increase over the year. Panel data regression from 2006 to 2011 is used to obtain factors affecting income distribution inequality. Economic growth, government’s spending on personal expenditure and earthquake are proved to have negative effect on income distribution inequality, while industrial sector’s share towards GRDP (Gross Regional Domestic Product), workers on industrial sector, government’s spending on non-personal expenditure and population growth can reduce income distribution inequality in West Sumatera. As for policy recommendation from this research; First, The government to keep pursue economic growth which is based on equity through dominant contribution in industrial sector and government’s spending on development. Second, to push industrial sector especially in labor intensive part that is able to absorb more workers. Third, to provide adequate education and infrastructure to the people so that everyone has equal opportunity in getting income. Fourth, to focus more on increment of government’s spending on non-personal expenditure especially for social transfer and public spending. Fifth, to create more productive population growth program, such as initiating a program to have one college graduate from each poor family. Lastly, to prepare accurate assistance mechanism and social transfer in case of natural disaster. The affectivity of assistance and social transfer has to be sharpen through evaluation and monitoring.
Keyword: inequality, income distribution, West Sumatera

Judul: The Effect of Fiscal Policy on Income Inequality in Indonesia
Abstrak: Ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat yang direpresentasikan oleh rasio gini merupakan hal penting dalam mengukur pembangunan ekonomi. Ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di Indonesia cenderung berfluktuasi dari tahun 2010-2019. Namun disisi lain, kebijakan fiskal dari penerimaan daerah maupun pengeluaran daerah selalu meningkat di tahun yang sama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kebijakan fiskal dapat memengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat di Indonesia dari tahun 2010-2019. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder 33 provinsi Indonesia. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis data panel dinamis. Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengeluaran daerah yang dapat menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat adalah belanja kesehatan serta penerimaan daerah yang dapat menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat adalah Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD). Selain itu, pengeluaran daerah yang tidak dapat menurunkan ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat adalah belanja pendidikan. Sedangkan penerimaan daerah yang tidak berpengaruh terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan masyarakat adalah Dana Bagi Hasil (DBH)., Income inequality represented by the Gini ratio is an important factor in measuring economic development. Income inequality in Indonesia, measured by the Gini Ratio, from year 2010 – 2019 tend to fluctuate. In the other hand, fiscal policy from regional revenue and regional expenditure has increased in the same period. This study aims to find how fiscal policy can affect the income inequality in Indonesia from 2010-2019. The data used are secondary data from 33 provinces of Indonesia. The analysis used in this study is descriptive analysis and dynamic panel data analysis. The result of study showed that regional expenditure that can reduce income inequality is health expenditure and regional revenue that can reduce income inequality is Local Government Revenue (PAD). Moreover, the regional expenditure that can’t reduce income inequality is education expenditure. Meanwhile, regional revenue income that can’t affect income inequality is Revenue Sharing Funds (DBH).
Keyword: dynamic panel data, income inequality, Indonesia, regional expenditure, regional revenue

Judul: Sintesis Flavonol melalui 2’-Hidroksikalkon
Abstrak: Flavonol is a class of flavonoids commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Flavonol is very useful, especially in food sector and health. In this study, flavonol unsubstituted was successfully synthesized from an intermediate material 2’-hydroxychalcone. The 2’-hydroxychalcone was synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation method between o-hydroxyacetophenone and benzaldehyde using 4 different catalysts, namely KOH 60%, solid pellet of KOH-grinding technique, BF3-Et2O, and NaH in DMF. The KOH 60% was the best catalyst, giving the highest yield (57%). Afterward, the flavonol was synthesized in 1-stage oxidation cyclization of o-hydroxyacetophenone using Algar-Flynn-Oyamada (AFO) reaction, giving 76%. The flavonol total yield from 2’-hydroxychalcone was 43%. All synthesized products were characterized by their melting points and their spectra. The success of the synthesis flavonol opens the way to synthesis of useful flavonol derivatives such as quercetin and kaempferol.
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