Judul: Identifikasi Bakteri Saluran Pencernaan Lumba-lumba Hidung Botol Indo-Pasifik (Tursiops aduncus)
Abstrak: This research was aimed to identify the bacteria which lived in the digestive tract of the indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). Anal swab samples were taken from 11 clinically healthy dolphins. These samples were cultured in the blood agar and MacConkey agar. The identification of the bacteria were based on series of tests i.e., colony and individual morphology, Gram stain characterisic, and standard biochemistry tests. At least, 14 genus of bacteria were identified such as Edwardsiella, Actinobacillus, Serratia, Enterobacter, Alcaligenes, Morganella, Proteus, Moraxella, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Listeria, and Bacillus. Serratia and Alcaligenes were the most common genus which were found in the digestive tract of the dolphin
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Judul: The Characterization of Microbiome Through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) Platform on Indo-Pasific Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops aduncus)
Abstrak: Mamalia laut merupakan memainkan peran penting dalam ekosistem laut, sebagai predator puncak, konsumen primer dan sekunder, serta sebagai indikator kesehatan ekosistem laut. Salah satu mamalia laut yang banyak ditemukan di Indonesia adalah lumba-lumba hidung botol Indo-Pasifik (Tursiops aduncus). Terlepas dari kepentingannya, terdapat beberapa hal yang menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan populasi lumba-lumba, salah satunya adalah infeksi penyakit yang disebabkan oleh mikroba patogen termasuk didalamnya virus, bakteri, dan jamur. Saat ini informasi mengenai mikrobioma pada mamalia laut khususnya lumba-lumba hidung botol Indo-Pasifik (T.aduncus) masih sangat terbatas, terutama informasi mengenai mikrobioma jamur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi profil mikrobima jamur pada lumba-lumba hidung botol Indo-Pasifik (T.aduncus) yang diambil pada saluran pencernaan lumba-lumba (lambung dan feses) dengan menggunakan platform Next Generation Sequencing (NGS). Hasil penelitian menunjukan Filum Ascomycota (12.233%, 85.46%) dan Basidiomycota (1.584%,11.06%) memiliki kelimpahan tertinggi pada saluran pencernaan lumba-lumba, hanya sedikit ditemukan filum Mortierellomycota (0.309%, 2.16%) dan Mucoromycota (0.188%, 1.31%). Hasil analisis Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) metagenomik, ditemukan kelimpahan relatif mikrobioma jamur pada lambung dan feses lumba-lumba hidung botol Indo-Pasifik (T.aduncus) didominasi oleh genus Aspergillus, diikuti Alternaria dan Malassezia. Aspergillus dominan terdapat pada sampel lambung, sedangkan Alternaria dan Malassezia lebih dominan terdapat pada sampel feses., Marine mammals play an important role in marine ecosystems as apex predators, primary and secondary consumers, and as indicators of the health of marine ecosystems. One of Indonesia's most common marine mammals is the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus). Regardless of its importance, several things cause a decline in the dolphin population, such as infectious diseases caused by pathogenic microbes, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Currently, information about the microbiome of marine mammals, especially the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T.aduncus) are still limited, especially information about the fungal microbiome. This study aimed to explore the profile of the fungal microbiome in the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T.aduncus) taken from the digestive tract of dolphins (stomach and feces) using the Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platform. The results showed that the phylum Ascomycota (12.233%, 85.46%) and Basidiomycota (1.584%, 11.06%) had the highest abundance in the digestive tract of dolphins. Only a few were found phylum Mortierellomycota (0.309%, 2.16%) and Mucoromycota (0.188%, 1.31). %). The metagenomic Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) analysis found the relative abundance of the fungal microbiome in the stomach and feces of the Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (T.aduncus) was dominated by the genus Aspergillus, followed by Alternaria and Malassezia. Aspergillus was dominant in gastric samples, while Alternaria and Malassezia were dominant in stool samples.
Keyword: Marine Mammals, Microbiome, Next Generation Sequencing (NGS), Tursiops aduncus

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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