Judul: Profil Bakteri Rumen In Vitro dengan Pemberian Kombinasi Ekstrak Lerak (Sapindus rarak) dan Mikroenkapsulasi Minyak Nabati
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kombinasi ekstrak lerak (Sapindus rarak) dengan mikroenkapsulasi minyak wijen dan minyak kanola pada populasi bakteri rumen dalam fermentasi in vitro. Penelitian dirancang menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 6 perlakuan dan 3 kelompok sebagai ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari R0 (kontrol/pakan ternak:konsentrat = 70:30), R1 (R0 + ekstrak lerak 1 mg mL-1), R2 (R1 + minyak wijen 10%), R3 (R1 + 10% minyak wijen terenkapsulasi), R4 (R1 + 10% minyak kanola), R5 (R1 + 10% minyak kanola terenkapsulasi). Komposisi bahan pelapis yang digunakan dalam produk mikroenkapsulasi adalah 50% maltodekstrin dan 50% gum arab. Cairan rumen diperoleh dari tiga ekor sapi jantan kastrasi Peranakan Ongole berfistula. Parameter yang diamati adalah profil bakteri pada inkubasi 4 jam dengan menggunakan Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penambahan kombinasi ekstrak lerak dan minyak wijen maupun minyak kanola proteksi maupun tidak diproteksi sangat nyata (P<0.01) menurunkan populasi total bakteri dan penggunaan mikroenkapsulasi nyata (P<0.05) meningkatkan populasi bakteri Anaerovibrio lipolytica. Namun demikian, penambahan kombinasi ekstrak lerak dan minyak wijen maupun minyak kanola tidak nyata mempengaruhi konsentrasi DNA, populasi total bakteri menggunakan media gliserol, populasi Butiryfibrio fibrisolvens, Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, dan Ruminococcus albus. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan kombinasi ekstrak lerak dan mikroenkapsulasi minyak wijen maupun minyak kanola dapat menghambat pertumbuhan total bakteri tetapi menstimulasi pertumbuhan bakteri pendegradasi lemak dan tidak mengganggu pertumbuhan bakteri pendegradasi serat.
Keyword: ekstrak lerak, mikroenskapsulasi, minyak kanola, minyak wijen, profil bakteri

Judul: Profil Asam Lemak Rumen In Vitro dengan Pemberian Kombinasi Ekstrak Lerak (Sapindus rarak) dan Mikroenkapsulasi Minyak Nabati.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh kombinasi ekstrak lerak (Sapindus rarak) dengan mikroenkapsulasi minyak wijen dan minyak kanola pada profil asam lemak rumen dalam fermentasi in vitro. Penelitian dirancang menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) dengan 6 perlakuan dan 3 kelompok sebagai ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari P0 (ransum kontrol/rasio hijauan:konsentrat = 70:30), P1 (P0 + ekstrak lerak 1 mg mL-1), P2 (P1 + minyak wijen 10%), P3 (P1 + 10% mikroenkapsulasi minyak wijen), P4 (P1 + 10% minyak kanola), P5 (P1 + 10% mikroenkapsulasi minyak kanola). Komposisi bahan pelapis yang digunakan dalam produk mikroenkapsulasi adalah 50% maltodekstrin dan 50% gum arab. Cairan rumen diperoleh dari tiga ekor sapi jantan Peranakan Ongole berfistula. Parameter yang diamati adalah profil asam lemak pada inkubasi 8 jam. Data dianalisis menggunakan sidik ragam (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan kombinasi ekstrak lerak dan 10% mikroenkapsulasi minyak wijen (P3) ataupun 10% mikroenkapsulasi minyak kanola (P4) tidak mempengaruhi profil asam lemak rumen. Asam lemak tak jenuh dalam minyak wijen mengalami penurunan sebesar 28.79%, sedangkan minyak kanola asam lemak tak jenuh turun sebesar 13.29% selama proses pembuatan mikroenkapsulasi. Sementara itu, proses mikroenkapsulasi meningkatkan asam lemak jenuh dalam minyak wijen sebesar 28.82%, dan asam lemak jenuh minyak kanola sebesar 13.29%.
Keyword: asam lemak tak jenuh, ekstrak lerak, mikroenskapsulasi, minyak kanola, minyak wijen

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite