Judul: DNA Extraction and Characterization of Salmonella‟s Lytic Bacteriophage Genome
Abstrak: Bacteriophages are ubiquitous in nature and are known to proliferate wherever their bacterial hosts exist. Their virion particles can exist independently outside the host, however all phages are need their host to propagate. Several phages are highly specific to host cell surface receptors and any slight changes in structure results in little or no interaction between the phage and its host. Salmonella‟s phage isolated from sewage water where their bacteria exist. Three isolated of phages (phages 15, 19 and 38) were used in this research that concentrated using three types of methods. PEG/ NaCl method was firstly used to concentrate the phages based on their molecular weight to precipitate the phage particles during centrifugation. The second method was Scraping Plaque method. In this method, overlay plaques were scraped and collected in SM buffer to get phage concentrates. Enrichment method was the last method used to concentrate the phages. Phage genome isolation was done using two methods i.e. EDTA/SDS and Proteinase K methods. The first method was done using DNase I to eliminate bacterial DNA followed by SDS/EDTA treatment to release phages DNA and phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol to extract the DNA. DNA was collected by isopropanol extraction. While in Proteinase K method, bacterial DNA was eliminated by DNase I and Proteinase K/SDS was used to degrade phages capsids and ethanol for DNA precipitation. The result showed that PEG/NaCl method resulted the highest phage concentration for phage 15 and phage 19, while scrapping method was the highest for phage 38. The quantity and purity of extracted DNA were low for PEG/NaCl and Scraping methods, while Enrichment method was higher indicated higher purity. Run on agarose gel electrophoresis of extracted DNA confirmed that Enrichment method results were the best while scraping and PEG/NaCl method was appeared smear background. Based on DNA genome size determination, the bacteriphages of Salmonella sp were comparable with other study of Salmonella phages. Phage P15 with genome size of 39,5 kb was close to phage epsilon15. Phage P19 with genome size of 41 kb was close to phage ST160. And phage P38 with genome size of 48,5 kb was close to phage Gifsy-1.
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Judul: Bacteriophage isolasion of Escherichia coli strain C15
Abstrak: Infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) merupakan infeksi dengan prevalensi terbesar kedua setelah infeksi pernapasan. Infeksi tersebut sebagian besar ditangani menggunakan antibiotik, sehingga diperlukan penanganan alternatif, salah satunya adalah bakteriofag. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi bakteriofag spesifik E. coli strain C15. Bakteri inang dilakukan reidentifikasi dan diukur waktu pertumbuhannya. Sampel sumber bakteriofag dikoleksi dari tiga tempat, yaitu TPA IPB, salah satu pembuangan sampah di IPB dan tanah kandang kuda IPB. Hasil isolasi bakteriofag kemudian dipurifikasi dan dikuantifikasi menggunakan metode double layer. Bakteriofag hanya berhasil diisolasi pada sampel tanah kandang kuda IPB, karena kondisi dua tempat yang lain tidak mendukung kehidupan bakteri inang. Plak bakteriofag yang diperoleh memiliki ukuran yang berbeda-beda, sehingga menunjukkan terdapat beberapa jenis bakteriofag yang berhasil diisolasi. Ukuran yang berbeda tersebut dipengaruhi oleh tingkat difusi, tingkat adsorpsi, panjang periode laten, serta banyaknya bakteriofag yang keluar dari sel. Kuantifikasi menunjukkan bahwa bakteriofag yang diisolasi sebanyak 3,42 x 107 PFU/mL., Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection with the second biggest prevalence in the world after a respiratory infection. Alternative precaution is needed to avoid the overuse of antibiotics, and one of them is the utilization of bacteriophage. This study aims to isolate bacteriophage specific E. coli strain C15. Reidentification was done to the host bacteria, as well as growth measurement. The soil sampled at three locations namely TPA IPB, one of garbage disposals at IPB, and horse stable of IPB were used as bacteriophage source. Isolated bacteriophage then was purified and quantified using the double-layer method. Bacteriophage was managed to get isolated only from the soil of horse stable of IPB, due to the environmental condition of the two former sources that were less supportive to the life of the host bacteria. Bacteriophage’s plaques appeared to be distinctive in size from each other, indicated that there are different kinds of bacteriophages. Those differences in the size of plaques apparently are affected by diffusivity, adsorption rate, latent period, and burst size of bacteriophage. Quantification showed that isolated bacteriophage is 3,42 x 107 PFU/mL.
Keyword: antibiotic, Escherichia coli, double layer, ISK, resistance

Judul: Rancangan balanced scorecard sebagai instrumen pengukuran kinerja PT Wirontono Baru
Abstrak: Penggunaan pendekatan Balanced scorecard sebagai suatu alternatif alat manajemen yang tepat yang dapat diterapkan pada sistem manajemen perusahaan agar mampu menghasilkan keunggulan kompetitif yang diharapkan serta mampu menghadapi segala perubahan yang terjadi dalam lingkungan bisnis saat ini.
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