Judul: Karakteristik Anatomi Skelet Kepala Buaya senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii).
Abstrak: Buaya sepit atau senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii) merupakan jenis buaya asli Indonesia yang berhabitat di sungai-sungai Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan juga pedalaman Sulawesi. Salah satu ciri khas buaya senyulong adalah bentuk moncong yang runcing dan sempit, namun hingga saat ini informasi mengenai struktur skelet kepala buaya senyulong sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik anatomi skelet kepala buaya senyulong yang dikatikan dengan fungsi dan perilakunya. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksploratif dengan melakukan pengamatan, pencatatan, dan pengambilan gambar dari skelet kepala buaya senyulong. Skelet kepala berukuran panjang 70 cm, lebar 29 cm, dan tingggi 17 cm dengan permukaan kasar pada os nasale, os frontale, os maxilla, os mandibula, os lacrimale, os jugale. Jumlah gigi pada buaya ini sebanyak 78 buah, terdiri dari 4 buah gigi premaxila, 16 buah gigi maxila, dan 19 buah gigi mandibula. Pada regio orbitalis ditemukan dua pasang fenestrae temporales yang berkembang baik. Fenestra supratemporale merupakan lubang oval yang membentang di sepanjang os parietale. Fenestra infratemporale berbentuk segitiga dan dibatasi oleh os squamosum, os postorbitale, os jugulare, dan os quadratum. Os mandibula hewan ini mempunyai symphysis mandibularis yang panjang yaitu garis yang melintang di corpus mandibulae. Secara fungsional ukuran symphysis mandibularis berkaitan dengan adaptasi hewan terhadap diet makan.
Keyword: kepala, moncong, Tomistoma schlegelii

Judul: Karakteristik Anatomi Skelet Apendikular Buaya Senyulong (Tomistoma schelegelii)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik anatomi skelet apendikular buaya senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii) sebagai sistem lokomosi yang dikaitkan dengan fungsi dan perilakunya. Anatomi skelet kaki buaya senyulong dipelajari dengan melakukan pengamatan dan pengukuran pada tulang-tulang penyusun ekstremitas dan bidang persendian. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada kaki depan, os scapula dan os coracoidea bertaut dan membentuk cavitas glenoidalis, os humerus lebih melengkung ke medial, olecranon pada os ulna tidak berkembang, dan di ekstremitas distal os radius terdapat facies articularis radiale yang luas untuk bersendi dengan os carpi radiale. Pada kaki belakang, os coxae bertaut dengan os sacrum, os pubis berhubungan dengan ossa gastralia, di distal os femoris tidak ditemukan os patella, di daerah tarsi, os astragalus dan os calcaneus membentuk sendi gerak. Skeleton manus dan pedis memiliki struktur yang mirip, tetapi digit V pada kaki belakang rudimenter. Struktur skelet apendikular tersebut memungkinkan buaya untuk melakukan gerakan berjalan, berenang, serta melindungi organ dan membantu respirasi.
Keyword: ekstremitas, Tomistoma schlegelii, skelet kaki

Judul: Efforts to Control and Prevent Pathogenic Infection of Multi-Drug Resistant Organism (MDRO) of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Clone Using Alcohol-Base Hand Rub.
Abstrak: The pandemic that is occurring caused both by COVID-19 (currently occurring) as well as the clone of the methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the previous period has really threatened human life. This condition requires materials that can break the chain of transmission from human to human and from the environment to human. An alcohol-based antiseptic (hand rub/hand sanitizer) often contains ethanol, isopropanol or n-propanol, or a combination of two of these types. Alcohol has an excellent germicidal activity in vitro against gram-positive and gram-negative vegetative bacteria (including multidrug-resistant pathogens such as MRSA and VRE) as well as viruses. Hand rub/hand sanitizer products are declared good if they have formulation stability, no irritation effect when they are used and are able to kill pathogens more than 90%. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of alcohol-based hand rub with WHO-based-standard formulation based on the stability of the formulation, the risk of irritation and the ability to kill bacteria. Hand rub/hand sanitizer was made by modifying the levels of the WHO formula with a hygiene procedure for 500 ml/bottle with the composition: Ethanol 96%; H2O2 3%; Glycerol 98%; and Aqua Sterile ad 500ml. Assessment on the presence of rancidity, clarity, discoloration, final alcohol content and skin irritation risk was done to know the quality of product formulation. A bacterial Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was used to assess the percentage of bacterial killing power. The selected bacteria were bacteria commonly found in the hospital environment. The results of formulation stability from four variants of level modification showed that MD.4 has good stability compared to other formulation modifications. The results of the percentage kill test against MRSA showed that the percentage kill is 99.90% at 1st, 2nd, and 5th minute. The selected manufacturer's product also showed the same percentage kill value at 1st, 2nd, and 5th minute. The results of percentage kill test showed that the effective value for each contact time is ≥ 90%. The SEM observations showed that MD.4 hand rub effect in the form of MRSA cell lysis. The LC50 test, it is known that MD.4 hand rub value is 620 ppm while softaman (control) is 114 ppm. In terms of irritation risk, twenty-three selected subjects were generally well tolerated in use.
Keyword: hand rub, hand sanitizer, ahmad Subhan, percentage kill bacteria, MRSA, WHO