Judul: Literature Study of Adding Alternative of Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Broiler Chicken Productivity
Abstrak: Ayam broiler merupakan salah satu produk pangan yang umum dikonsumsi masyarakat Indonesia. Salah satu hal yang dilakukan untuk menjaga tingginya produktivitas ayam broiler adalah dengan menggunakan bahan imbuhan pakan Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP), namun penggunaannya telah dilarang oleh pemerintah Indonesia karena dapat menyebabkan penyebaran bakteri patogen yang kebal obat dari ternak ke manusia. Banyak Kajian telah dilakukan untuk mencari alternatif AGP, dalam studi ini yang akan dikaji adalah sinbiotik, kunyit, temu ireng, jahe merah, Chitosan oligosaccharide dan L-Arginine. Metode yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah literature review, dengan tujuan menyampaikan hasil bahan-bahan pengganti AGP tersebut terhadap pertambahan bobot badan dan rasio konversi ransum ayam broiler dengan menyampaikan kembali serta menginterpretasikan hasil kajian-kajian terkait. Bahan-bahan yang telah dikaji menunjukkan bahwa beberapa bahan pengganti AGP yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan perlakuan kontrol, bahkan perlakuan kontrol positif-nya.
Keyword: Antibiotic growth promotor, ayam broiler, rasio konversi ransum, pertambahan bobot badan, Antibiotic growth promotor, body weight gain, broiler chicken, feed conversion ratio

Judul: Literature Study of Carbohydrase and Phytase Enzymes as Antibiotic Growth Promoter Substitutions in Broiler Chickens
Abstrak: Penggunaan Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) pada pakan cenderung memberikan dampak negatif bagi kesehatan masyarakat. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, beberapa enzim sudah diteliti sebagai pengganti AGP untuk memberikan efek yang sama tanpa memberikan efek negatif. Studi ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas enzim karbohidrase dan fitase yang dapat dijadikan substitusi AGP pada ayam broiler. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian menggunakan situs pencarian karya ilmiah seperti “Google Scholar” dan “ScienceDirect”. Data yang diperoleh dari metode penelusuran tersebut, masing-masing sebanyak tujuh enzim karbohidrase dan fitase. Berdasarkan studi pustaka yang dilakukan, efek yang diberikan enzim karbohidrase diantaranya meningkatkan performa dan menurunkan viskositas pencernaan serta memperbaiki penampilan ayam broiler berumur muda. Selain itu, enzim fitase menimbulkan adanya peningkatan performa dengan pemanfaatan fosfor yang baik pada ayam broiler., The use of Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) in feed tends to have a negative impact on public health. Based on this, several enzymes have been studied as substitutes for AGP to give the same effect without having negative effects. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of carbohydrase and phytase enzymes which can be used as AGP substitution in broiler chickens. The method used in this research is using scientific paper search sites such as "Google Scholar" and "ScienceDirect". The data obtained from the tracing method consisted of seven carbohydrase and phytase enzymes respectively. Based on the literature study conducted, the effects of carbohydrase enzymes include increasing performance and reducing digestive viscosity as well as improving the appearance of young broilers. In addition, phytase enzymes lead to an increase in performance with good phosphorus utilization in broiler chickens.
Keyword: AGP, ayam broiler, fitase, karbohidrase, performa, AGP, broiler chickens, carbohydrase, performance, phytase

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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