Judul: Pembuatan Arang Aktif Tempurung Kelapa Sawit Sebagai Adsorben Dalam Pemurnian Biodiesel
Abstrak: Palm shell is one of solid waste from palm oil industries. To increase the added value and to reduce solid waste palm shell can be converted as activated charcoal. Application of activated charcoal could be done for purification process of biodiesel. Production of activated charcoal could be made through carbonization process at temperature of 450oC for five hours. The charcoal was soaked for 24 hours with the activator agent such as phosphoric acid activated with concentration of 15% and charcoal which was not soaked with phosphoric acid. Both of the charcoals were activated at temperature of 800oC with the variation time of 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The best quality of activated charcoal was the activation charcoal which were not soaked and activation time. The best quality of activated charcoal was the activation charcoal which were not soaked and activation time for 120 minutes with yield value of 56.5%, water content of 2.45%, volatile matter of 10.66%, ash content of 6.83%, fix carbon of 82.51%, adsorptive capacity of iodine 878.31mg/g, adsorptive capacity of benzene of 20,14%, and pH of 9.42. Crystalinity of activated charcoal of 39.89 %. Activated charcoal had been the standard of Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 06-3730-1995. The ability of the best activated charcoal would be applicated for purification of biodiesel. Adding 3% of activated charcoal was better for purification of biodiesel so that was earned acid value of 0.22 mg KOH/g, pureness of 65.43%, pH of biodiesel of 7.29.
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Judul: Utilization of Palm Shell Activated Charcoal as an Adsorbent on Biodiesel Dyes.
Abstrak: Adsorpsi zat warna pada biodiesel menggunakan arang aktif dari cangkang kelapa sawit dikaji dalam penelitian ini. Arang diaktifkan secara fisik pada suhu 800 °C selama 1 jam. Pencirian arang aktif yang dilakukan meliputi kadar air, kadar abu, daya adsorpsi terhadap iodin, daya adsorpsi terhadap biru metilena, memberikan hasil yang cukup baik bila dibandingkan dengan SNI, dan topografi permukaan menggunakan mikroskop elektron payaran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan arang aktif memberikan kondisi optimum pada bobot adsorben 0.5 g selama 45 menit dengan nilai kapasitas dan efisiensi adsorpsi berturut-turut sebesar 103.64 mg/g dan 20.80%. Konsentrasi zat warna biodiesel turun dari 10 000 ppm menjadi 7 919.72 ppm, sedangkan angka setana biodiesel meningkat sebesar 9.85% dari 51.2 menjadi 56.8. Adsorpsi cangkang sawit menunjukkan model isoterm Freundlich sehingga diasumsikan terjadi secara multilayer atau banyak lapisan.
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Judul: Socioeconomic and psychological variables influencing household debt
Abstrak: The overall objective of this study was to examine factors influencing total debt, total debt payment, and patterns of debt payments. The study examined the impacts of both psychological (credit attitudes and perception of future income) and socioe- conomic variables on total debt, total debt payment and patterns of debt payments. A conceptual model for this study was developed by incorporating the theory of borrower risk, the economic and psychological economic theory of borrowing, and the results of previous studies. This model identifies socioeconomic and psycholog- ical variables that influence total debt, total debt payment, and patterns of debt payments. Socioeconomic variables included in the model are gender, race, mari- tal status, employment status, household size, age, education, and household assets. Psychological variables are credit attitudes toward the use of credit, and perception of future income. This study used data from the 1989 Survey of Consumer Finances. The survey was sponsored by the Federal Reserve in cooperation with some other federal agencies. Data for the survey were collected by the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan between August 1989 and March 1990. dst ...
Keyword: Gender