Judul: Development of seed vigour testing method using single count of radicle emergence for true seed of shallots (Allium ascalonicum B.).
Abstrak: Seed vigour is one of the seed parameters that determines the quality of seed for successful crop production. Looking into the complexity of the situation, the ISTA congress of 1995 adopted the definition of seed vigour as "the sum total of those properties of the seed which determine the level of activity and performance of the seed or seed lot during germination and seedling emergence". Seed deterioration resulting from production and storage factors are the major cause of the differences in seed vigour that results in low seedling emergence in both the laboratory and in the field, hence a loss in seed vigour The experiment was conducted at IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University) to develop a seed vigour testing method for the true seed of shallots (TSS) using single counts of radicle emergence (RE) that can be used to estimate and predict the germination percentage of normal seedlings in the laboratory and field emergence. The research was conducted in three phases with experiment 1; determination of a single count for RE, experiment 2 was done to verify the RE method on naturally deteriorated seed stored under two different conditions for a period of 6 months, and experiment 3 was done to improve RE through seed invigoration. TSS of two varieties were used in this study i.e. Bima and Trisula harvested on 4th and 10th October 2018 cropping season respectively. Four seed lots from Trisula and five seed lots from Bima were artificially made by exposing the seeds to accelerated aging treatment and used in experiment 1. The second and third experiment used Trisula (92.0% germination), harvested on 3rd November 2018. Seed lots were artificially made which consisted of nine seed lots for experiment 1. Seed lots were germinated at two different temperatures i.e. 20±1℃ and 25±1℃. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with a repeated measurement for RE and randomized complete block design (RCBD) for seedling vigour in the field with four replicates. Results showed that a single count of RE at 68 or 72 hours for seed lots germinated at 20±1℃ or 25±1℃ respectively were able to predict germination percentage in the laboratory 12 days after sowing and field emergence 14 days after sowing. Regression and correlation analysis values for a single count of RE were predictive to germination percentage with r = 0.891 and R 2 = 0.951 for seed lots germinated at 20±1℃ or r = 0.924 and R2 = 0.875 for seed lots germinated at 25±1℃ which were all significant. RE further predicted mean germination time (MGT) r = -0.543 and R2 = 0.801 (p < 0.05) for seed lots germinated at 20±1℃ or r = -0.818 and R2 = -0.553 for seed lots germinated at 25±1℃. Furthermore, RE was predictive to field emergence (FE %) with r = 0.953 and R2 = 0.909 (p<0.05) and r = 0.865 and R2 = 0.732 (p<0.01) for seed lots germinated at 20±1℃ or 25±1℃ respectively. Results further indicated that RE was able to separate seed lots of TSS that deteriorated naturally for a period of six
Keyword: Field emergence, germination, invigoration, vigour index, viability

Judul: Development of a Radicle Emergence-Based Vigor  Evaluation Method for Long Bean (Vigna sinensis L.) Seeds Using Digital Image  Processing
Abstrak: Uji pemunculan radikula adalah metode alternatif yang menjanjikan untuk pengujian vigor benih secara cepat. Pengolahan citra digital merupakan suatu teknologi yang dapat digunakan dalam identifikasi mutu benih menggunakan metode pemunculan radikula yang lebih akurat dan waktu yang efisien. Penelitian bertujuan mengembangkan metode uji cepat vigor benih yang lebih efisien dan akurat dengan metode pemunculan radikula (radicle emergence) menggunakan pengolahan citra digital pada benih kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis L.). Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Fisiologi dan Kesehatan Benih, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura (AGH), Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, pada bulan Oktober 2023 hingga Januari 2024. Penelitian ini menggunakan pengujian yang didasarkan pada tolok ukur daya berkecambah (DB), indeks vigor (IV), potensi tumbuh maksimum (PTM), kecepatan tumbuh (KCT), rataan waktu pemunculan radikula (MRET), serta pengujian vigor pada cekaman salinitas 0,35% dan 0,7%. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak satu faktor dengan empat ulangan dengan suhu perkecambahan 25 ± 2 . Penelitian menggunakan sepuluh varietas benih kacang panjang dan pengamatan uji pemunculan radikula dilakukan mulai jam ke 46 hingga jam ke 58 setelah tanam. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pengolahan citra digital dapat digunakan secara efektif pada uji pemunculan radikula untuk pengujian vigor benih kacang panjang. Uji pemunculan radikula berkorelasi kuat positif dengan tolok ukur daya berkecambah, indeks vigor, dan kecepatan tumbuh, serta berkorelasi negatif dengan tolok ukur rataan waktu pemunculan radikula. Periode perkecambahan paling cepat yang dapat digunakan untuk pengujian uji pemunculan radikula adalah 52 jam. Penelitian ini menunjukkan potensi uji pemunculan radikula sebagai metode yang dapat diandalkan dan efisien untuk pengujian vigor benih kacang panjang, terutama ketika dikombinasikan dengan teknologi pengolahan citra digital., Radicle emergence test is a promising alternative method for rapidly evaluating seed vigor. Digital image processing is a technology that can be used to identify seed quality using the radicle emergence method that is more accurate and time efficient. This study aimed to develop an accurate and efficient radicle emergence method for long bean (Vigna sinensis L.) seed testing. The research was conducted at the Seed Physiology and Health Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture (AGH), Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University, between October 2023 and January 2024. The study utilized tests that were based on benchmarks such as germination, vigor index (VI), maximum growth potential (MGP), germination speed, mean radicle emergence time (MRET), and vigor testing under 0.35% and 0.7% salinity stress. The study used a one-factor randomized complete group design with four replications with a germination temperature of 25 ± 2?. The study used ten varieties of broad bean seeds and the observation of radicle emergence test was conducted from hour 46 to hour 58 after sowing. This study found that digital image processing can be effectively used in conjunction with the radicle emergence test for seed vigor testing on long-bean seeds. The radicle emergence test showed strong positive correlations with germination, vigor index, and growth rate, and a negative correlation with mean radicle emergence time. The earliest possible germination period for radicle emergence assays was 52 hours. This study demonstrates the potential of the radicle emergence test as a reliable and efficient method for vigor testing of broad bean
Keyword: correlation, germination period, vigor, viability

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf