Judul: Pelepasan parasitoid Diadegma eucerophga Horstm (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) untuk pengendalian hama Plutella xylostella linn (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae) di pertanaman kubis kakaskasen Tomohon Sulawesi Utara
Abstrak: Tujuan peneltian ini adalah (1) mempelajari biologi P. xylostella populasi Sulawesi Utara pada daun kubis, (2) mempelajari biologi D. eucerophaga pada P. xylostella populasi Sulawesi Utara, dan (3) mempelajari daya pencar dan tingkat parasitasi D. eucerophaga terhadap P. xylostella populasi Sulawesi Utara pada pertanaman kubis. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kakaskasen Tomohon, Kabupaten Minahasa, Propinsi Sulawesi Utara. Penelitian berlangsung sejak bulan Februari sampai dengan bulan Oktober 1990. Serangga D. eucerophaga yang dipergunakan diperoleh dari Lenbang, Bandung dan serangga P. xylostella diperoleh dari daerah Tomohon. Untuk keperluan pembiakan masal diperlukan kotak berukuran 50 x 50 x 50 cm dan untuk peneli- tian diperlukan kotak silinder berukuran diameter 12 cm dan tinggi 15 cm…dst
Keyword: Plutella xylostella, Diadegma eucerophga, Biological control

Judul: Parasitisasi ulat Kubis PLutella xylostella L. Diadegma eucerophagan Horstm. (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) Di Kecamatan Pacet, Cianjur, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Praktek lapang bertujuan untuk mengamati tingkat parasitisasi Plutella xylostella oleh D. eucerophaga dan faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi populasi kedua serangga tersebut, dan dilakukan di Kecamatan Pacet, Cianjur, Jawa Barat sejak 9 April sampai 9 Juni 1984. Pengamatan dilakukan dengan cara mengumpulkan pupa di lapang dan kemudian dipelihara di laboratorium. Jumlah dan waktu keluarnya imago parasit dan ngengat dicatat. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan bahwa tingkat parasitisasi pada bulan April dan Mei 1984 rata-rata 74,6: persen. Angka ini tidak berbeda dengan hasil pengamatan pada tahun 1975/76, tetapi lebih rendah dari hasil pengamatan pada tahun 1951/52. Di Pacet, tingkat parasitisasi P. xylostella oleh D. euceropha- ga tidak dipengaruhi oleh pemakaian insektisida selama periode 1975/ 76. sampai dengan 1984. Curah hujan tidak berpengaruh terhadap tingkat parasitisasi, te- tapi berpengaruh terhadap mortalitas pupa. Hiperparasit yang termasuk famili Balophidae hidup pada parasit Diadegma eucerophaga, tetapi jumlahnya sangat rendah.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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