Judul: Genetic transformation of indica rice by crIA(b) and cryIB gene using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to obtain yellow stem borer resistance (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker.)
Abstrak: Serangkaian penelitian telah dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mendapatkan padi indica yang tahan hama penggerek batang melalui introduksi gen cryLA(b) dan cryLB ke dalam kalus embriogenik dengan menggunakan teknik Agrobacterium tumelaciens.
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Judul: The effectiveness of transgenic rice containing cry gene to control the rice yellow stemborer Scirpophaga incertulas (walker) (Lepidoptera: pyralidae)
Abstrak: " Penggerek batang padi merupakan salah satu hama utama pada pertanaman padi di Indonesia. Tanaman padi transgenik tahan penggerek batang padi adalah salah satu cara alternatif untuk mengendalikan hama ini. Namun demikian tanaman transgenik ini masih diperdebatkan terutama mengenai potensi pengaruhnya terhadap lingkungan, diantaranya terhadap musuh alami. Penelitian dengan tujuan: (1) mempelajari tingkat keefektifan padi Rojolele transgenik terhadap hama penggerek batang padi kuning Scirpophaga incertulas; (2) mempelajari perkembangan pradewasa dan kemampuan hidup predator Verania lineata pada padi Rojolele transgenik; (3) mempelajari populasi serangga nontarget pada pertanaman padi Rojolele transgenik telah dilakukan pada November 2007-Oktober 2009. Penelitian ini di lakukan di laboratorium dan rumah kaca Biologi Molekuler Tanaman, Pusat Penelitian Bioteknologi-LIPI, Cibinong-Bogor serta di Kebun Percobaan Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi Pusakanegara, Kabupaten Subang, Jawa Barat. Penelitian keefektifan padi Rojolele transgenik terhadap hama penggerek batang padi kuning S. incertulas dilakukan dalam 3 tahap, yaitu tahap in vitro, in planta, dan lapangan terbatas. Materi penelitian yang digunakan terdiri atas 6 galur padi Rojolele transgenik, yaitu galur 4.2.3-28-15-2-7 dan 4.2.4-21-8-16-4 yang mengandung fusi dua gen cry (cryIB-cryIAa), galur 3R9-8-28-26-2 dan 3R7-8-15-2-7 yang mengandung gen mpi::cryIB, galur T9-6.11-420 yang mengandung gen cryIAb melalui teknik penembakan, galur DTcry (Azygous) yaitu segregan yang mengalami proses kultur jaringan dan tidak mengandung gen cry (null), dan galur DTcry-13 yang mengandung gen cryIAb melalui Agrobacterium, serta tanaman padi bukan transgenik yang meliputi varietas Rojolele, Cilosari, dan Ciherang.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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