Judul: Desain Model Penilaian Udang Ekspor Berbasis Jaminan Mutu dan Keamanan Pangan
Abstrak: As a shrimp exporting country, Indonesia is still facing quality and food safety problems. Shrimp certification system as the policy conducted by the government to assure the implementation of quality and food safety did not perform well yet due to rejection of some exported shrimps from major importing countries. In this research, system approach was used to solve the problems by developing asessments models. The aim of this research is to develop Quality and Food Safety Assurance based-Assessment Model for Exported Shrimps in a software application. Assessment models were developed for several shrimp units in shrimp chain business involved in the implementation of quality and food safety assurance based on quality and food safety standards from government policy and international standards. There are six assessment models that were developed: (1) assessment model for shrimp ponds, (2) assessment model for shrimp fishing units or vessels, (3) assessment model for shrimp importers, (4) assessment model for shrimp collection units, (5) assessment model for shrimp processing units, and (6) assessment model for shrimp analytical laboratories. Shrimp Assessment System 1.0 (ShASy 1.0) is the name of application software had been designed to implement the assessment models. ShASy 1.0 could evaluate the implementation of quality and food safety standards and determine the result (GOOD or NOT GOOD) based on its deviation. ShASy 1.0 was tested and worked properly through the verification models. The actual data for verification models were collected from Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Indonesia. The average deviation of quality and food safety implementation from verification results are 72.49% in shrimp ponds, 5% in shrimp importers, 61.54% in shrimps collection units, 20.47% in shrimp processing units, and 62.5% in shrimp analytical laboratories. The results show the lack implementation of quality and food safety assurance in all shrimps units especially in units which had high average deviation value such as shrimp ponds, collection units and analytical laboratories. There is no policy implemented for quality and food safety assurance in shrimp fishing units up till now. Based on verification, several recommendations are given to the government to improve shrimp certification system such as policies and tools for implementing certification in shrimp fishing units and shrimp collection units, standards adjustment for traditional shrimp ponds certification, tightening supervision for certified shrimp processing units, competency improvement for shrimp analytical laboratories, and holding various socialization and training programs for shrimp units.
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Judul: Mengelola risiko ekonomi produk hasil perikanan pada pasar global berdasarkan kajian risiko keamanan pangan
Abstrak: The export of fishery products is a source of national revenue for Indonesia. However, these commodities are often rejected by the export destination countries because they do not meet food safety requirements. Some examples of food safety hazards that has caused rejection include pathogenic bacteria, heavy metal, and veterinary drugs. Several interventions have been identified as efforts to prevent export refusal. Risk analysis framework supported by the concept of food safety objectives can be applied to determine the effectiveness of these prevention efforts. This work aimed to develop mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of export rejection of fishery products due to food safety hazards. In particular, the objectives of this research were: 1) to obtain a risk ranking of food-hazard pairs that have caused export rejection, 2) to identify the handling of rejected products, risk factors and possible mitigation for export refusals, 3) to estimate the risk of rejection and develop risk mitigation strategies to achieve food safety objectives by using quantitative risk assessment. The first step of the research has successfully produced a priority list of food -hazard pairs that must be followed up by risk managers. During this step, risk ranking approaches by the Food and Agriculture Organization was used. In addition to health impacts, food–hazard pairs were also evaluated based on economic impacts, using the rejection data from three importing countries: the United States, the European Union and Japan, as well as export and reimport data from Indonesian Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. The top priority for food–pathogen pairs were shrimp–Salmonella spp. and tuna–Salmonella spp. Meanwhile, the highest priority for food and chemical pair was tuna-histamine. Follow-up actions, in the form of a risk mitigation formulation was recommended for those pairs. The development of risk mitigation was conducted through risk factors identification in food processing units in the second step. In this study, a qualitative survey method was employed to identify measures conducted by producers in handling of the rejected products. Furthermore, risk factors in the production process were identified, and possible mitigation were determined as preventive measures. Several activities carried out by producers in dealing with the rejected products, include: laboratory analysis, product transportation to Indonesia, product repair, re-export, conversion to animal feed, and destruction in Indonesia. Informants at this study acknowledged the high cost of those measures, thus emphasizing the importance of preventive measures. In the preparation of prevention efforts, identification of risk factors was carried out for three main commodities of fishery products: shrimp, tuna and cephalopod. Contamination of pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, and food contact materials were the common risk factors in those three commodities. Risk mitigation included the application of hygiene and sanitation as well as rapid production process, the procurement of raw materials from environment unpolluted by heavy metals, and the use of safe food packaging. In addition, there were specific risk factors. For example, the formation of histamine in tuna which can be prevented by the application of hygiene, sanitation, and cold chain. Another example was excessive veterinary drug residue in shrimp which can be avoided by ensuring the prudent
Keyword: Exported food refusals, Food safety objectives, Quantitative risk assessment, Risk factors, Risk ranking

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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