Judul: Acoustic Wave Raypath in West and East Monsoon in North Natuna Sea
Abstrak: Perairan Natuna Utara merupakan bagian dari wilayah Indonesia yang dipengaruhi oleh angin muson Australia-Asia yang menyebabkan perbedaan musim yaitu Musim Barat dan Musim Timur. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan pola propagasi suara bawah air atau acoustic ray path pada kedua musim tersebut. Data yang digunakan diunduh dari laman marine.copernicus.eu terdiri atas data suhu, salinitas, kedalaman, dan kecepatan arus di dua stasiun yaitu Stasiun 1 (perairan dalam) dan Stasiun 2 (perairan dangkal). Data suhu, salinitas, dan kedalaman dikonversi menjadi data kecepatan suara yang kemudian digunakan menjadi data lingkungan pada metode bellhop menghasilkan ray path gelombang akustik pada Musim Barat dan Musim Timur. Pada Musim Barat pantulan acoustic ray path lebih rapat dibandingkan Musim Timur dan jangkauan acoustic ray path pada Musim Timur lebih jauh dibandingkan Musim Barat untuk setiap stasiun dan sudut half beam yang digunakan sebesar 5°, 15°, dan 30° untuk Stasiun 1, sedangkan Stasiun 2 sebesar 0,5°, 1°, dan 1,5°. Semakin kecil nilai sudut half beam yang digunakan, pancaran acoustic ray path semakin rapat dan sebaliknya untuk jangkauan acoustic ray path., North Natuna waters are part of the territory of Indonesia which is influenced by the Australia-Asia monsoon which causes different seasons, namely the West Season and the East Season. The purpose of this study was comparing the underwater sound propagation pattern or acoustic ray path in the two seasons. The data used was downloaded from the marine.coperniccus.eu page consisting of data on temperature, salinity, depth and current velocity at two stations, namely Stastion 1 (deep waters) and Stastion 2 (shallow waters). Temperature, salinity, and depth data are converted into sound speed data which is the used as environmental data in the bellhop methode to produce acoustic wave ray paths in the West and East Seasons. In the West Seasons the reflection of the acoustic ray path is denser than the East Seasons and the range of the acoustic ray path in the East Season is further than the West Season for each station and the half beam angles used are 5°, 15°, and 30° for Station 1, while Station 2 is 0,5°, 1°, and 1,5°. The smaller the value of the half beam angle used, the denser the acoustic ray path beam and vice versa for the acoustic ray path range.
Keyword: kecepatan suara, kedalaman, pola propagasi suara, salinitas, suhu, depth, salinity, sound propagation pattern (acoustic ray path), sound velocity, temperature

Judul: Analisis Propagasi Akustik Bawah Air di Selat Sunda
Abstrak: Selat Sunda terletak di antara Pulau Jawa dan Sumatera yang menjadi salah satu Alur Laut Kepulauan Indonesia (ALKI 1). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis propagasi akustik bawah air di perairan Selat Sunda bagian selatan pada Musim Peralihan 1 tahun 2020. Data diakses dari laman marine.copernicus.eu berupa data arus, suhu, salinitas, dan kedalaman di 4 stasiun yang berbeda dan diproses menjadi data lingkungan. Kecepatan suara akan diproses menggunakan formula Mackenzie menggunakan data suhu, salinitas, dan kedalaman. Model bellhop merupakan suatu metode beam tracing yang ditransmisikan melalui medium air laut menggunakan data lingkungan. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan adanya bermacam-macam propagasi suara yang terjadi pada setiap stasiun yang diamati akibat adanya faktor kedalaman transduser dan kedalaman perairan. Sudut half bim 5° dan 10° lebih merambat di dasar perairan karena gradien kecepatan suara negatif sedangkan pada pancaran half bim 15° menunjukkan adanya pancaran di permukaan dan dasar perairan. Semakin besar sudut beam maka jarak pancaran suara akan semakin menjauh, begitu juga sebaliknya., Sunda Strait located between Java and Sumatera and being one Indonesian Archipelagic Sea Lanes part. This study aimed to analyzing underwater acoustic propagation in the southern Sunda Strait waters during Transition Season 1 of 2020. Data was taken from marine.copernicus.eu website which were sea current, temperature, salinity, and depth in 4 different stations which will be processed into environment data. Speed of sound will be processed with MacKenzie formula using temperature, salinity, and depth data. Bellhop modelling is a beam tracing method which transmitted through sea water medium using environment data. At the study area found the presence of thermocline, halocline, and mixed layer. The simulation shows that there are various kinds of sound propagation occurred at each observed stations due to the transducer’s depth and water depth factor. At 5° and 10° half beam angle propagates more at the bottom because of negative speed of sound gradien whereas at 15° shows there is a propagation at the bottom and surface of waters. Greater the beam angle, the distance of the sound propagation will be further away and vice versa.
Keyword: bim, kecepatan suara, kedalaman, suhu, salinitas

Judul: Gene Editing  of Two Cyanide Synthesis-related Genes in Cassava using CRISPR/Cas9
Abstrak: Cassava (Manihot esculenta) contain toxic quantities of cyanogenic glucoside. Reducing the potentially toxic cyanogenic glucoside levels in cassava could be achieved by gene editing through Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats – CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), a high- precision genome editing technique in plants. Two cassava UDP- glucosyltransferase (UGT) paralogs, UGT85K4 and UGT85K5, are the genes catalyzing the synthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in plants. The study aimed to construct the CRISPR/Cas9 recombinant vector carrying single guide RNA (sgRNA) to edit UGT85K4 and UGT85K5 genes, and transform sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 construct into KU50 cassava calli. Five sgRNAs were designed, considering the on/off target efficiency score and GC content. Those sgRNAs were ligated into pRGEB32 plasmid and introduced to competent Escherichia coli DH5a. The PCR colony and DNA sequencing were performed to verify the sgRNA insert. The amplicons showed the expected band size of recombinant vector (180 bp). Based on sequencing results, only one sgRNA was successfully ligated into the plasmid that will be used to edit the UGT85K5 gene. The sgRNA CRISPR/Cas9 construct in pRGEB32 plasmid was successfully transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens and introduced into KU50 cassava calli through co-cultivation. The overgrowth of Agrobacterium occurred after the co-cultivation phase.
Keyword: CRISPR/Cas9, Cyanogenic glucoside, Gene editing, sgRNA