Judul: Duodenal Histopathology of Pediatric Rat (Rattus norvergicus)&#160;Fed with Orange Juice (Citrus sinensis)
Abstrak: This research investigates the impact of orange juice consumption on the histological structure of the duodenum, a critical site for nutrient absorption and digestion. Focusing on pediatric animals, orange juice (with a pH of 3) was administered to post-weaning rats aged 4 weeks to 6 weeks at dosages ranging from 0g/kg BW to 20g/kg BW over two weeks. Duodenal histopathology was assessed, focusing on parameters such as the quantity of crypts of Lieberkuhn, as well as the length, height, width, and depth of villi (measured in µm). Anatomical pathology examination included measurements of the length and width of the duodenum (also in µm), as well as the color mean (OD). The research findings indicate no significant changes in histopathology or anatomy pathology of the duodenum. This suggests that young individuals can adapt to acidic challenges without compromising gastrointestinal health. These findings offer reassurance regarding the short-term consumption of acidic orange juice (with a pH of 3) with minimal risks to intestinal integrity, both during growth and development.
Keyword: acidic changes

Judul: Uji Toksisitas Akut Sari Buah Jeruk (Citrus sinensis) pada Tikus (Rattus norvegicus) Pediatri
Abstrak: Sementara ini, belum ada standar pengujian keamanan sediaan untuk pediatri manusia menggunakan hewan pediatri. Penelitian ini mengadopsi standar uji toksisitas akut (dengan tikus dewasa) di tikus pediatri menggunakan sari buah jeruk. Sari buah jeruk merupakan produk turunan jeruk yang umum dikonsumsi oleh anak-anak karena rasanya yang enak serta kandungannya yang bermanfaat bagi kesehatan. Pengamatan dilakukan pada bobot badan, fisiologi, serta makropatologi organ 20 ekor tikus berumur 3 minggu. Penelitian ini diharapkan mampu menggambarkan keamanan sari jeruk pada pediatri dan menjadi standar pengujian toksisitas akut untuk pediatri. Sari jeruk diperas secara manual dari buah jeruk manis. Tikus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan yaitu kelompok kontrol dan 4 perlakuan dosis sari buah jeruk (5, 10, 15, 20 g/kg BB). Tikus diberi perlakuan melalui rute oral pada hari pertama, diamati selama 14 hari, dan dinekropsi pada hari ke-14. Pemberian sari jeruk hingga dosis 20 g/kg BB tidak menyebabkan kematian tikus pediatri. Selain itu, tidak ditemukan perbedaan signifikan pada bobot badan, frekuensi nafas, denyut jantung, suhu rektal, dan tampilan makroanatomi lima organ penting tikus pediatri. Hasil yang didapatkan pada penelitian ini serupa dengan temuan National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (O’Neil et al. 2003) yang menyatakan bahwa konsumsi 750 mL sari jeruk (±21 g/kg BB) menunjukkan efek positif pada remaja. Metode pada penelitian ini dapat membuktikan bahwa sari buah jeruk bersifat aman untuk pediatri sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai acuan untuk uji toksisitas akut dengan hewan pediatri., Currently, there is no available standard for testing the safety of preparations for human pediatrics using pediatric animals. This study adopts a standard acute toxicity test (using adult rats) on pediatric rats using orange juice. Orange juice is an orange derivative product that is commonly consumed by children because it tastes good and contains health benefits. Body weight, physiology, and organ macropathology of 20 rats (3 weeks old) were observed. It is hoped that this research will be able to describe the safety of orange juice in pediatrics and become a standard for acute toxicity testing using pediatric animals. The orange juice is squeezed manually from sweet oranges. Rats were divided into 5 treatment groups, namely the control group and 4 treatments with doses of orange juice (5, 10, 15, 20 g/kg BW). Rats were treated via the oral route on the first day, observed for 14 days, and necropsied in the 14th day. Administration of orange juice up to a dose of 20 g/kg BW did not cause any death on pediatric rats. There were also no significant differences found in body weight, respiratory frequency, heart rate, rectal temperature, and macro-anatomical appearance of five important organs in pediatric rats. The results obtained in this study are similar to the findings of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (O’Neil et al. 2003) which stated that consumption of 750 mL of orange juice (±21 g/kg BW) showed positive effects in young adults. The method in this research can prove that orange juice is safe for pediatrics so that it can be used as a reference for acute toxicity tests using pediatric animals.
Keyword: pediatri, sari buah jeruk, uji toksisitas akut

Judul: Pricing of Lookback Options with Floating Strike Price Using The Monte Carlo Method
Abstrak: Opsi lookback adalah opsi yang payoff-nya bergantung pada harga saham terbesar atau harga saham terkecil yang dicapai selama masa berlaku opsi. Opsi lookback dikatakan dengan floating strike price jika nilai dari strike price sebesar harga saham pada saat jatuh tempo. Nilai hampiran opsi lookback ditentukan dengan metode Monte Carlo, sedangkan nilai eksak didapat dari nilai simulasi terbesar yang mampu dihitung oleh komputer. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, nilai galat relatif yang dihasilkan semakin kecil dengan semakin bertambah banyaknya simulasi yang dilakukan, sehingga metode Monte Carlo untuk menghitung harga opsi lookback dengan floating strike price konvergen ke nilai eksaknya., Lookback option is an option whose payoff depends on the maximum or minimum of the asset price reached during the option period. The lookback option is said to be a floating strike price if the value of the strike price is equal to the stock price at maturity. The value of the lookback option is determined by the Monte Carlo method, while the exact value is obtained from the largest simulation value that the computer can compute. Based on the calculation results, the resulting relative error value get smaller with the increasing number of simulations performed. Therefore, the Monte Carlo method to calculate the price of the lookback option with the floating strike price converges to the exact value.
Keyword: lookback option, floating strike price, Monte Carlo method, convergent