Judul: Limbah Pemanenan Kayu dan Faktor Eksploitasi di IUPHHK-HA PT. Diamond Raya Timber, Provinsi Riau
Abstrak: Diamond Raya Timber forest company lies on Semenanjung Bagan Siapiapi which is a region biosfer heritage. To meet the criteria and indicators PHPL (sustainable production forest management) as well as the fifth principle (forest stewardship council), the company must do identification, calculation, and monitoring the waste of wood harvesting. The amount of waste used as the determination basis the value of factor exploitation so that can be conducted emphasis and reduction the waste of harvesting wood efficiently. This research aimed to know volume, percentage, and scatter of waste occurring in logging compartment, skidding way, log yard and hauling way as the result of harvesting activity, and knowing the value of exploitation factor in Diamond raya timber forest company. Logging waste is defined as stump, stem, upper stem and branches in diameter at least 30 cm. The data retrieval is performed on a compartment of example 6 (100 m x 100 m) with 3 sample plots in manual compartment and 3 sample plots in mechanical compartment. Logging waste of wood harvesting manually and mechanically most occur in logging compartment. The Volume of waste produced on average tree is felled in the compartment of manual entirely going on in that amounting to slash compartment 7,81 m3/ha. The Volume of waste produced on average tree is felled in the compartment of mechanical of 19.75 m3/ha, made up of waste in the compartment of slash of 16.9 m3/ha, and waste in the TPn of 2.85 m3/ha.The waste which occurred in manual compartment is smaller than mechanical compartment. It can be shown from the manual compartment using manpower to perform all harvesting activities from logging, skidding, landing and transporting, while in mechanical compartment most using mechanical power. The average of waste in mechanical compartment is larger because of chainsaw operator error in determining falling direction, logging, cutting and division of stem or can be caused by logfisher operator in skidding. Percentage of waste based on total waste volume in manual compartment is 100% occurring in logging compartment. Meanwhile, percentage of waste in mechanical compartment is namely 85,57% occurring in logging compartment and 14,43% in log yard. The magnitude of a factor of exploitation in compartment manual (0.83) while in compartment mechanical (0,71), amounting to it indicates that waste is at the compartment manual is less than with the waste which resides in compartment mechanical
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Judul: Limbah pemanenan kayu, faktor eksploitasi dan karbon tersimpan pada limbah pemanenan kayu di IUPHHK-HA PT. Indexim Utama, Kalimantan Tengah
Abstrak: Forest was one of renewable natural resource. One of mostly used resource was wood. Thus to change it into economically valued, its need to exclude it from forest that named by wood harvesting. Wood harvesting activity could cause any problem such as wood harvesting waste. Total of waste could be used as an estimation base of exploitation factors value. Necromass was essential component of carbon storage and have to be measured to obtain accurate carbon storage. Total of necromass will affect the carbon storage potential of forest. This research was supposed to calculate waste volume that occurred on felling area, TPn (temporary wood collecting site) and TPK (final wood collecting site), to analyze factors that affect waste volume, to estimate value of exploitation factor, and to estimate total of storaged carbon on wood harvesting waste. Waste on this research was in form of stump, non-branched stem, upper stem and branch with minimum diameter 30 cm. Data were collected from 10 sample plots with 100 m x 100 m dimension. Effect of slope, tree felling intensity, basal area and feller skill to waste volume were analyzed by using multilinear regression model. Exploitation factor was calculated by using waste percentage approach and also felling index, skidding index, and hauling index approaches. Logging waste sample was collected in 3 repetitions by using 5 cm stem cross section of each trees part. Necromass in this research was calculated by using volume approach. Necromass and necromass carbon were obtained from laboratory analysis result. Average waste volume was 46,57 m3/ha. Wood harvesting waste mostly occurred in felling area. Waste on felling area was amounted 29,20 m3/ha, while at TPn amounted 1,17 m3/ha and at TPK amounted 0 m3/ha. Waste at felling area mostly caused by chainsaw operator’s mistake in logging, stem cutting and bucking. Waste at TPn was in form of log deformed by hole, crack and crooked, while at TPK wasn’t found any waste from researched stems. Waste percentage of non-branched stem based on logged trees was 25,16 %. Most significant factors that affect waste volume variance were trees basal area of logged tree and tree felling intensity. Total of exploitation factor based on waste percentage approach was 0,7484, while based on felling index, skidding index, and hauling index was 0,7484. Storaged carbon of wood harvesting waste was 13,91 ton C/ha, that including stem carbon amounted 10,76 ton C/ha, stomp carbon amounted 2,26 ton C/ha, and branch carbon amounted 0,89 ton C/ha.
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Judul: Enteric Collibacillosis Pada Anak Babi Baru Lahir: Patogenesa dan Perubahan-Perubahan Patologisnya
Abstrak: Diare disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri Escherichia coli pada anak-anak babi baru lahir yang peka terhadap en terotoksin produk bakteri tersebut. Dikenal sebagai colibacillosis. Patogenesa dari colibacillosis anak babi baru lahir adalah (1) infeksi oleh E. coli patogen, (2) proliferasi E. coli di lumen usus halus, (3) produksi dan pelepasan enterotoksin, dan (4) aktifitas toksin pada usus halus. Dalam proses proliferasi, adanya antigen pili K88 sangat penting karena memungkinkan bakteri perlekatan dengan epitel mucosa usus halus. mengadakan Setelah ko lonisasi dan proliferasi segera toksin dilepaskan. Akti- fitas toksin menginduksi sekresi yang berlebihan dari u- sus sehingga banyak cairan yang dikeluarkan ke lumen usus. Hal ini mengakibatkan banyak cairan dan elektrolit hilang sehingga timbul diare, dehidrasi dan asidosis yang sering menyebabkan kematian. Perubahan-perubahan patologis yang umum adalah dis tensi usus halus, dilatasi lambung dan infark pada kurva- tura mayor. Perubahan-perubahan histologis yang terjadi adalah enteritis hemorrhagica acuta, oedem dan kongesti pembuluh darah di lamina propria, akumulassi leukosit inti polimorf, sel monosit, dan inti sel mengalami piknosis Thrombus pada vena dan degenerasi serta desquamasi sel epitel usus….
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