Judul: Determination of Heat Adequacy in Sterilization of Lamb Curry in Retort Pouch Packaging Using Pressure Cooker at CV XYZ
Abstrak: Penggunaan kemasan kaleng sebagai kemasan pangan sterilisasi komersial gulai domba yang disterilisasi menggunakan panci presto dengan sumber panas kompor gas di CV XYZ kurang efisien secara waktu dan biaya karena harganya yang mahal dan kemampuan penetrasi panas yang kurang baik. Retort pouch dapat menjadi kemasan alternatif yang menghemat biaya dan waktu karena kemampuan pindah panasnya lebih besar dibandingkan kaleng dan harganya lebih murah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan retort pouch sebagai kemasan produk gulai domba dengan menentukan waktu pemanasan yang dibutuhkan agar produk mencapai kondisi steril komersial. Penelitian dibagi menjadi tiga tahapan, yaitu uji distribusi panas, uji penetrasi panas, dan perhitungan biaya variabel untuk penggunaan kedua jenis kemasan. Hasil uji distribusi panas menunjukkan bahwa penyusunan vertikal merupakan penyusunan yang paling optimal. Berdasarkan hasil uji penetrasi panas, waktu holding selama 60 menit saat sterilisasi gulai domba kemasan retort pouch dapat memenuhi standar pangan steril komersial. Namun dengan memperlama waktu tunda pembukaan katup uap menjadi 30 menit, maka waktu holding dapat dikurangi menjadi 49 menit. Selain itu, kemasan retort pouch juga tidak akan pecah pada semua percobaan waktu tunda. Jika membandingkan penggunaan kedua kemasan dari waktu sterilisasi dan biaya, penggunaan kemasan retort pouch dapat menghemat biaya produksi dibandingkan kemasan kaleng, namun membutuhkan waktu sterilisasi yang lebih lama., The use of cans as commercial sterilization food packaging for lamb curry, which is sterilized using a pressure cooker with gas stove heat source at CV XYZ is less efficient in time and cost because of the high price and poor heat penetration ability. Retort pouches can be an alternative packaging that saves costs and time because their heat transfer capacity is greater than cans and they have cheaper price than cans. This study aims to develop a retort pouch as packaging for lamb curry products by determining the heating time required for the product to reach a commercially sterile condition. This research is divided into three stages, namely heat distribution test, heat penetration test, and calculation of variable costs for the use of both types of packaging. The results of the heat distribution test show that the vertical arrangement is the most optimal. Based on the results of the heat penetration test, the holding time of 60 minutes when sterilizing the lamb curry in retort pouch packaging can meet commercial sterile food standards. However, by extending the delay time for opening the steam valve to 30 minutes, the holding time can be reduced to 49 minutes. In addition, the retort pouch packaging will also not break in all the time delay trials. When comparing the use of the two packages in terms of sterilization time and cost, the use of retort pouch packaging can save production costs compared to canned packaging but requires a longer sterilization time.
Keyword: Heat adequacy test, Pressure cooker, Retort pouch

Judul: Pre-Treatment dalam Proses Sterilisasi Gulai Domba Menggunakan Kemasan Retort Pouch di CV. XYZ
Abstrak: Proses sterilisasi komersial dalam pengolahan pangan bertujuan untuk membunuh mikroba dan spora dalam kemasan hermetis sehingga dapat memperpanjang umur simpan produk pangan. Salah satu kemasan pangan steril komersial adalah retort pouch. Produk yang dikemas dengan retort pouch memiliki resiko pecah yang tinggi selama sterilisasi, sehingga perlu dilakukan proses perlakuan pendahuluan (pre-treatment). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan perlakuan pendahuluan berupa lama waktu perebusan daging dan suhu kuah yang tepat terhadap daya tahan kemasan dan mutu gulai setelah sterilisasi dalam kemasan retort pouch pada CV. XYZ. Pre-treatment yang diberikan dalam penelitian ini berupa suhu kuah gulai pada saat pemasukan ke dalam kemasan yaitu 60oC, 70oC, dan 80oC serta pre-treatment berupa lama waktu perebusan daging yaitu 5 dan 10 menit. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah pengamatan terhadap daya tahan kemasan, uji tekstur daging menggunakan Texture Analyzer, dan uji sensori menggunakan metode uji rating hedonik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh kombinasi pre-treatment tidak berpengaruh terhadap daya tahan kemasan. Tekstur daging yang lebih empuk didapatkan pada pemberian pre-treatment berupa lama waktu perebusan daging 10 menit. Berdasarkan hasil uji sensori, secara keseluruhan panelis cenderung menyukai seluruh sampel dan rerata skor hedonik yang didapatkan tidak berbeda nyata satu sama lain., The commercial sterilization process in food processing aims to kill microbes and spores in hermetic packaging so as to extend the shelf life of food products. One of the commercial sterile food packaging is retort pouch. Products packaged in retort pouches have a high risk of breaking during sterilization, so it is necessary to carry out a pre-treatment process. The purpose of this study was to determine the pre-treatment in the form of length of time to boil the meat and the appropriate temperature of the sauce on the durability of the packaging and the quality of the curry after sterilization in retort pouch packaging on CV. XYZ. The pre-treatment given in this study was in the form of the temperature of the curry sauce at the time of entry into the package, namely 60oC, 70oC, and 80oC and the pre-treatment in the form of boiling time of meat was 5 and 10 minutes. The analysis carried out was observing the durability of the packaging, testing the texture of the meat using a Texture Analyzer, and sensory testing using the hedonic rating test method. The results showed that all pre-treatment combinations had no effect on the durability of the packaging. The softer texture of the meat was obtained when the pre-treatment was given in the form of a 10-minute boiling time. Based on the results of the sensory test, overall the panelists tend to like the entire sample and the average hedonic scores obtained are not significantly different from each other.
Keyword: retort pouch, lamb curry, pressure cooker, sterilization, pre-treatment

Judul: Tree berdiameter lima adalah graceful
Abstrak: This manuscript presents some proofs that every tree of diameter five is graceful. A graceful tree is a graph which has a graceful labelling. This labelling assigns absolute difference of connected vertices, such that the resulting edge labels are mutually distinct. There are three theorems to be considered. First theorem proves that every tree of diameter four is graceful. Second theorem proves that every tree of diameter five is graceful or nearly graceful. The third theorem improves the second theorem and shows that every tree of diameter five is nearly graceful, which can be transformed into graceful using some certain patterns.
Keyword: Graf, Pelabelan graceful, Bogor Agricultural University, Institut Pertanian Bogor, IPB