Judul: Performance of Cattles Given Ration Containing Palm Oil Waste (Quantitative Study)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara kuantitatif performa sapi pedaging yang diberi ransum mengandung limbah kelapa sawit (pelepah sawit, bungkil sawit, dan kombinasinya). Penelitian dilakukan melalui kajian kuantitatif berdasarkan artikel penelitian yang dipublikasi di jurnal ilmiah. Pengumpulan data yang diperlukan, diperoleh dari 10 jurnal terakreditasi nasional dan 4 jurnal internasional bereputasi. Analisis yang dilakukan terhadap data yang diperoleh adalah perhitungan persamaan regresi linier, perhitungan persamaan regresi nonlinier sederhana, dan perhitungan koefisien determinasi (R2 ). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan pelepah sawit pada ransum sapi meningkatkan pertambahan bobot badan (PBB) dan regresi yang signifikan (P<0,05) . Nilai kecernaan pelepah sawit masih pada rentang kecernaan yang baik. Level pemberian optimum pelepah sawit yaitu 39,84% dalam meningkatkan PBB sapi. Pemberian bungkil sawit pada ransum sapi juga meningkatkan PBB dengan nilai regresi yang sangat signifikan (P<0,01), dan level optimum pemberian sebesar 13,98%. Namun demikian, peningkatan level pemberian bungkil sawit dapat meningkatkan konsumsi PK dan KcPK. Penambahan kombinasi pelepah sawit dan bungkil sawit memperlihatkan hasil regresi tidak signifikan terhadap PBB sapi (P>0,10)., This study aims to assess quantitatively the performance of beef cattle fed a ration containing palm oil waste (palm frond, oil palm cake, and their combination). The research was conducted through quantitative studies based on research articles published in scientific journals. The required data collection was obtained from 10 nationally accredited journals and 4 reputable international journals. The analysis carried out on the data obtained is the calculation of the linear regression equation, the calculation of nonlinear regression, and the calculation of the coefficient of determination (R2 ). The results showed that the addition of palm fronds to the cattle ration increased body weight gain and had a significant regression (P<0.05). The digestibility value of the palm fronds is still in a good digestibility range. The optimum level of palm fronds giving was 39.84% in increasing body weight gain of cattle. Oil palm meal on cattle rations also increased body weight gain with a very significant regression value (P<0.01), and the optimum level of giving oil palm meal was 13.98%. Increasing the level of oil palm meal can increase the consumption of crude protein and crude protein digestibility. The addition of a combination of palm fronds and oil palm meal showed a not significant regression results for body weight gain of cattle (P>0.10).
Keyword: cattle performance, oil palm cake, oil palm frond, palm waste

Judul: Kajian Pustaka Kecernaan in vivo Ransum Berbasis Sabut Sawit Olahan
Abstrak: Tumbuhnya industri kelapa sawit berdampak pada peningkatan jumlah limbah yang dihasilkan. Limbah berupa sabut sawit (SS) dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti rumput dalam ransum ternak ruminansia. Sebelum diberikan ke ruminansia, SS perlu diolah secara kimiawi ataupun biologis untuk merombak ikatan lignoselulosanya agar kecernaan pakan meningkat. Kajian pustaka ini bertujuan menganalisis efisiensi pengolahan SS sebagai pakan sumber energi diamati kecernaannya di dalam rumen secara in vivo. Data pengolahan kimiawi SS diambil dari dua jurnal, internasional dan nasional, sedangkan data pengolahan biologis diambil dari skripsi. Pengolahan kimiawi (amoniasi), urea 4% dicampur dengan SS, biomassa ini digunakan sebanyak 50% dalam ransum dan diperoleh 56.47% kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK). Pengolahan biologis, SS digunakan sebagai media tanam jamur pelapuk putih (JPP) berupa Ganoderma lucidum dan Pleurotus ostreatus. Biomasanya digunakan sebanyak 15% dalam ransum, diperoleh KcBK sedikit lebih tinggi dari pengolahan kimiawi, yaitu 58.28%. Penggunaan JPP memberikan nilai tambah berupa efek yang lebih baik terhadap lingkungan dan terhadap kesehatan ternak ruminansia mengingat JPP memiliki senyawa aktif sebagai imunomodulator., The growing of oil palm industries has consequently increased the amount of waste produced. Waste in the form of palm pressed fiber (PPF) which can be used as substitute for grass in ruminant rations. Before being given to ruminants, PPF needs to be treated chemically or biologically to break down its lignocellulosic bonds to increase digestibility. This literature review aims to analyze the efficiency of processing PPF as energy feed source, observed its digestibility in the rumen in vivo. The data on chemical treatment of PPF was taken from two journals, international and national, while the data of biological treatment was taken from theses. Chemical treatment (amoniation), 4% urea was mixed with PPF, 50% of this biomass used in ration has obtained 56.47% of dry matter digestibility (DMD). Biological treatment, PPF was used as growing medium for white rot fungi (WRF), Ganoderma lucidum and Pleurotus ostreatus. The 15% biomass used in ration, the DMD obtained is slightly higher than chemical treatment, which is 58.28%. The use of JPP provides added value in the form of a better effect for environment and ruminants health considering that JPP has active compounds as immunomodulators.
Keyword: amoniation, in vivo, palm pressed fibre, ruminant feed, white rot fungi

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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