Judul: Influence of Mechanical Stimulation on Elasticity of Bone Tissue Based Finite Element Method
Abstrak: The main component of bone is cortical and trabecular bone. Density of cortical bone is higher than the trabecular bone. Bone remodelling is the process of resorption and formation on the bone. Remodelling of the bone consists of four phases i.e. resorption, reversal, formation, and resting phase. One of the factors was mechanical stimulation of remodelling bone. This research aims to know the effect of mechanical stimulation on bone density and calculation the ultimate elasticity bone. This research consists of three stages, calculation stress, strain, and strain rate on the resting phase. Then, calculation density cortical and trabecular bone. The final stage is to calculate the ultimate elastisity of bones. On the phase reversal, the bone density is the lowest value. As a result of mechanical stimulation on the phase reversal will stimuli the formation of bone. Due to differences in the mechanical stimuli (standing and walking) an increase in stress, strain, and strain rate 35%. Due to changes of bone age (decrease of two decades), cortical stress increased by 1.47% to 2 %, the strain increased 3.22% to 4.93%, and the strain rate increased 3.92% to 3.98 %. While the increased stress trabecular on bone 0.68% to 0.81%, strain increases from 0% to 4.55 %, and the strain rate increased 1.41% to 7%. Using equation V. Klika and Marsik produced density the cortical and trabecular bone. The femur with modulo Young 17.9 MPa and force 1300 N obtained exactness trabecular againts results experiment 96.67% and in cortical 77.26%. The femur with modulo Young 17.9 MPa and force 1755 N obtained exactness trabecular againts results experiment 90.87% and in cortical 81.27%. The femur with modulo Young 17.184 MPa and force 1300 N obtained exactness trabecular againts results experiment 94.26% and in cortical 70%. On the phase inversal, bone density was minimum value so happen oscillation stain could active osteoblast and bone formation. Whereas, in phase rest where bone density is at the highest value that external pressure no impact on the strain. Cortical bone of femur ultimate elasticity (ultimate stress and strain) due to change in physiological activity (force 1300 to 1755 N) ultimate stress rise 5.75% and ultimate strain 6%.Whereas, due to age (two decade) ultimate stress drop at 14% and ultimate strain 15%.
Keyword: remodelling, mechanical stimulation, strain rate, density of bone, ultimate elastisity

Judul: Intradermal Irritation Test and Radiography Density of HA:Ce-Zn Bone Graft in Femoral Bone and Muscle of Sprague Dawley Rats
Abstrak: Bone graft HA:Ce-Zn merupakan implan berbahan baku gamping lokal yang diproduksi oleh Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi dan berpotensi untuk memperbaiki kerusakan pada tulang yang membutuhkan intervensi medis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji biokompatibilitas bone graft HA:Ce-Zn pada tikus galur Sprague Dawley melalui tahapan aklimatisasi, in vivo irritation test, implantasi dan pengambilan radiogram femur. Tahapan percobaan aklimatisasi, implantasi, dan pengambilan radiogram femur dilakukan pada 30 ekor tikus, sedangkan uji iritasi hanya dilakukan pada 12 ekor tikus dari total 30 ekor. Pengolahan data densitas radiogram dalam pengujian kinerja implan dilakukan menggunakan aplikasi ImageJ, Microsoft Excel, dan Statistical Product and Service Solutions. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan biokompatibilitas yang baik ditandai oleh tidak adanya reaksi iritasi berupa hipersensitivitas yang terjadi secara akut maupun kronis yang dicirikan dengan hilangnya nodul dalam kurun waktu 12 jam, dan tidak adanya reaksi kemerahan maupun kebengkakan selama 72 jam pengamatan. Hasil perhitungan densitas pada peri-implan tulang, peri-implan otot, implan, dan otot menunjukkan penurunan densitas yang tidak signifikan, sedangkan hasil perhitungan densitas pada tulang menunjukkan kenaikan densitas tulang yang tidak signifikan jika dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Penurunan densitas yang tidak signifikan menunjukkan tidak terjadinya peri-implantitis pada tulang maupun pada otot, low-rate resorption pada implan, dan redanya fase inflamasi pada otot. Semua kondisi tersebut konsisten dengan biokompatibilias bone graft HA:Ce-Zn yang baik. Kenaikan densitas tulang pascaimplantasi yang tidak signifikan menunjukkan kinerja dari implan yang belum optimal dalam menstimulasi pertumbuhan tulang. Analisis terhadap kinerja implan yang belum optimal mengarah pada tidak terjadinya bioadhesi antara granule bone graft HA:Ce-Zn dengan tulang., HA:Ce-Zn bone graft, an implant from local limestone produced by the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology and potential to treat bone fracture which requires medical intervention. This study aims to test the biocompatibility of HA:Ce-Zn bone graft in 30 Sprague Dawley rats through acclimatization, in vivo irritation test, implantation, and X-Ray (radio) imaging of the femur in 30, 12, 30, and 30 rats, respectively. The density data was processed using ImageJ, Microsoft Excel, and Statistical Product and Service Solutions software. The results showed good biocompatibility, which was characterized by the absence of irritant reactions or hypersensitivity that occurred either acutely or chronically. All nodules disappeared within 12 hours post in vivo irritation test, and no redness or swelling reactions occurred during 72 hours of observation. Density measurements on bone peri-implants, muscle peri-implants, implants, and muscles did not show a significant decrease in density indicating the absence of peri- implantitis in bone or muscle, low-rate resorption in implant, and subsiding of the inflammatory phase in muscle, respectively. All of these conditions are consistent with good HA:Ce-Zn bone graft biocompatibility. An insignificant increase of density was observed in implanted bone compared to the control group, indicating that bone growth stimulation was not optimally induced by the implant. The condition was plausibly caused by lack of a bioadhesion between granule of the HA:Ce-Zn bone graft and the bone.
Keyword: biocompatibility, bone graft, femur, HA:Ce-Zn, radiography density

Judul: Ornithonyssus Bursa (Berlese, 1888) Famili Macronyssidae yang Menyerang Unggas Dan Penaggulangannnya
Abstrak: Ornithonyssus bursa adalah tungau penghisap darah pada unggas di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Tungau ini relatif kecil, dengan panjang tubuh antara 700-1000 mikron dan lebarnya 250-490 mikron. Tubuhnya bulat berwarna coklat kekuningan sebelum menghisap darh dan berwarna merah setelah menghisap darah dari induk semangnya.
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