Judul: Tipologi Kecamatan berdasarkan Karakteristik Fisik, Sosial, dan Aksesibilitas serta Keterkaitannya terhadap Penggunaan Lahan di Kecamatan Cianjur dan Sekitarnya
Abstrak: Tipology is a study of classiffication types with spesific characteristics. Region has different characteristics, with that differences a region can be divided into several typologies. The difference characteristic on each typology will cause differences of land use proportion on each typology. The aim of this research are to make sub-district typology based on physical characteristic, social, and acsesibility, to analyse the actual land use/cover in 2010, to examines the asosiation between sub-district typology through the land uses proportion and studying the similarity of land use on the spatial pattern. The used method are cluster analysis to make a sub-district typology, visual interpretation to determine the actual land use and overlap to determine the asosiation between sub-district typology through the land use proportion, and comparison of the space utilization to determine the similarity of the land use and the spatial pattern. Sub-district typology based on physical characteristic, social, and acsesibility is divided to seven typologies. This study have 98.812 ha area, with the largest land use are 29.207 ha (29,56 %) of plantation and 28.028 ha (28,36 %) of paddy field. Each typology has a different land use proportion. The land use pattern in each typology is influenced by the characteristic of each sub-district typology, so each typology have a different land use pattern. Sub-district that have the highest level of similarity between land use proportion and spatial pattern are Sukaluyu and Mande, alterable similarity are Cianjur and Cilaku Sub-district, and land use that have difference with the spatial pattern are Cibeber and Cipanas Sub-district.
Keyword: sub-district typology, physical characteristics-social-acsesibility, land use

Judul: Analysis of Land Cover Changes and Local Sustainability Index in Cianjur Regency
Abstrak: Secara geografis Wilayah Cianjur berada di antara Jakarta dan Bandung. Kekuatan ekspansi perkotaan dari wilayah Jakarta Metropolitan Area dan Bandung Metropolitan Area telah mempengaruhi perubahan tutupan lahan dan perkembangan wilayah di Kabupaten Cianjur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengidentifikasi jenis tutupan lahan dan pola perubahan tutupan lahan; (2) menghitung nilai indeks keberlanjutan lokal (IKL) yang ditinjau dari 3 dimensi yaitu ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan di masing-masing desa; (3) menganalisis pola sebaran asosiasi spasial nilai indeks keberlanjutan lokal (IKL) untuk masingmasing dimensi; (4) menganalisis tipologi desa berdasarkan nilai IKL masingmasing dimensi ekonomi, sosial dan lingkungan dan luas pemukiman. Penelitian ini menggunakan data tutupan lahan, data potensi desa, dokumen kabupaten dalam angka dan peta administrasi Kabupaten Cianjur. Metode yang digunakan adalah Overlay, Factor Analysis (FA), Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) dan K-means cluster. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perubahan tutupan lahan lahan terbesar terjadi pada sawah dari 77270,4 ha pada tahun 2011 menjadi 48075,8 ha pada tahun 2021 dengan total penurunan luasan sekitar 29212,6 ha. Pertanian lahan kering mengalami penambahan luasan sangat besar sebanyak 43428,5 ha diikuti dengan pemukiman bertambah sebesar 4889,7 ha. Secara umum berdasarkan hasil IKL, IKL lingkungan kategori tinggi dan sangat tinggi mengalami penurunan jumlah desa, sedangkan IKL sosial dan ekonomi kategori tinggi dan sangat tinggi mengalami peningkatan jumlah desa. Desa-desa dengan kelestarian lingkungan tinggi dominan di WP selatan sedangkan desa-desa dengan kesejahteraan sosial dan pertumbuhan ekonomi tinggi terkonsentrasi di WP Utara yaitu Kecamatan Cianjur, Kecamatan Pacet dan Kecamatan Cipanas. Wilayah di Kabupaten Cianjur terbagi menjadi 4 klaster. Klaster 1 merupakan desa perkotaan; Klaster 2 merupakan desa yang sedang berkembang sosial dan ekonominya; Klaster 3 merupakan wilayah desa dengan kelestarian lingkungan tinggi; dan Klaster 4 merupakan desa tertinggal., Geographically, the Cianjur Regency is located between Jakarta and Bandung. The urban expansion of the Jakarta Metropolitan Area and the Bandung Metropolitan Area has influenced land cover and growth in Cianjur Regency. This research aims to (1) identify types of land cover and patterns of land cover changes; (2) calculate the local sustainability index (LSI) value in terms of 3 dimensions, namely economic, social, and environmental, in each village; (3) analyze the distribution pattern of spatial associations of local sustainability index (LSI) values for each dimension, and (4) analyzing regional typologies based on LSI values for each economic, social and environmental dimension and built up area. This research utilizes various data sources, including land cover data, village potential data (PODES), regency documents, and administrative maps of Cianjur Regency. The methods employed include overlay, Factor Analysis (FA), Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA), and K-means cluster. The research results show the most extensive land cover changes occurred in rice fields, from 77270.4 ha in 2011 to 48075.8 ha in 2021, with a total decrease in area of around 29212.6 ha. Dry agricultural land experienced a substantial increase of 43,428.5 ha, followed by an increase in built-up area of 4,889.7 ha. In general, based on the results of the LSI, environmental LSI in the high and very high categories experienced a decrease in the number of villages. In contrast, social and economic LSI in the high
Keyword: land cover, factor analysis, cluster analysis, local sustainabilty index

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable