Judul: Subchronic Toxicity Test of Soursop Leaf Endophytic Fungi Ethyl Acetate Extract Against Rats Kidney Function on Day 30th and Day 60th
Abstrak: Ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak berpotensi sebagai obat herbal kanker payudara. Uji toksisitas subkronis dilakukan untuk mendeteksi efek toksik setelah pemberian sediaan terhadap hewan coba. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi pengaruh ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak terhadap gejala klinis, bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, dan fungsi ginjal tikus Sprague Dawley pada hari ke-30 dan hari ke-60. Parameter yang diuji yaitu gejala klinis, bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, kadar BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen), dan kadar kreatinin serum darah tikus. Tikus sebanyak 40 ekor dibagi menjadi empat kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok yang diberikan ekstrak secara oral dengan dosis 20, 80, dan 240 mg/kg BB. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bobot badan tikus memiliki rata-rata 155,25- 170,10 g, konsumsi pakan tikus rata-rata 16,20-20,40 g, kadar BUN tikus rata-rata 9,11-17,51 mg/dL, kadar kreatinin tikus rata-rata 0,90-1,30 mg/dL. Pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak tidak berpengaruh terhadap gejala klinis, bobot badan, dan konsumsi pakan ketiga kelompok dosis, serta terhadap fungsi ginjal pada kelompok dosis 20 dan 80 mg/kg BB., Soursop leaf endophytic fungi extract has potential as a breast cancer herbal medicine. Subchronic toxicity test was carried out to detect toxic effects after administration of the extract to experimental animals. This study aimed to detect the effect of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi on soursop leaves on clinical symptoms, body weight, feed consumption, and kidney function of Sprague Dawley rats on the 30th and 60th days. The parameters tested were clinical symptoms, body weight, feed consumption, BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) levels, and rat blood serum creatinine levels. The 40 rats were divided into four groups, namely the control group, the group that was given the extract orally at doses of 20, 80, and 240 mg/kg BW. The results showed that the average body weight of rats was 155,25-170,10 g, the average rat's feed consumption was 16,20-20,40 g, the average BUN levels of rats were 9,11-17,51 mg/dL, the average creatinine level of rats is 0,90-1,30 mg/dL. The administration of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi of soursop leaves had no effect on clinical symptoms, body weight, and feed consumption in the three dose groups, as well as on kidney function at doses of 20 and 80 mg/kg BW.
Keyword: BUN levels, creatinine levels, endophytic fungi, extract, soursop leaf

Judul: Effect of Soursop Leaf Endophytic Mold Extract on Rat Liver Condition in Subchronic Toxicity Test
Abstrak: Ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas antikanker payudara. Tahapan uji toksisitas subkronis perlu dilakukan agar ekstrak tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai obat. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis perubahan atau efek toksik akibat pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak selama 30 hari terhadap kondisi hati tikus berdasarkan pengukuran bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, kadar aspartat aminotransferase (AST), dan kadar alanin aminotransferase (ALT) tikus. Sebanyak 40 ekor tikus betina dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok yang terbagi atas kelompok kontrol (tidak diberi ekstrak), kelompok yang diberi ekstrak secara peroral dengan dosis 20 mg/kg BB, dosis 80 mg/kg BB, dan dosis 240 mg/kg BB. Pemberian ekstrak dilakukan setiap hari selama 30 hari. Pemberian ketiga dosis uji tidak berefek toksik terhadap hati yang ditunjukkan dengan tidak adanya pengaruh signifikan pemberian ekstrak terhadap bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, kadar AST, dan kadar ALT tikus., Ethyl acetate extract of endophytic mold from soursop leaf has been shown to have anti-breast cancer activity. Subchronic toxicity testing needs to be done so that the extract can be used as medicine. This study aimed to analyze the changes or toxic effects due to administration of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic mold of soursop leaves for 30 days on the liver condition of rats based on measurements of body weight, feed consumption, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels of rats. A total of 40 female rats were grouped into four groups which were divided into a control group (not given the extract), a group given the extract orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW, a dose of 80 mg/kg BW, and a dose of 240 mg/kg BW. The extract was administered every day for 30 days. The administration of the three test doses had no toxic effect on the liver as indicated by the absence of a significant effect of the extract on body weight, feed consumption, AST levels, and ALT levels of rats.
Keyword: aminotransferase, daun sirsak, ekstrak, kapang endofit, toksisitas subkronis

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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