Judul: Eksternalitas Negatif Pencemaran Sungai Kampar Akibat Kegiatan Penambangan Emas Tanpa Izin (PETI)
Abstrak: One of the natural resources utilization can be conducted from mining sector, both in a legal and illegal. One of the mining common conducted by the society is Gold Mining without Authorization (PETI). Generally, people conduct the PETI activity in a river, that will bring negative impacts such as water and soil contamination, also have negative damage both healthy and the ecosystem of resources. PETI has been threaten for people life which utilize river as the place to fulfill their daily needs. This research has been conducted to determine the negative externality perceived by the people through Kampar River contamination as the impact of illegal golden mining activities. The specific objective of this research was to describe the PETI activity in Kampar River, to identify the negative externality perceived by the people through river contamination as the impact of PETI activity, and to estimate PETI eligibility to pay for the eradication of Kampar River contamination. The method used in this research was the descriptive analysis and estimate the value of Willingness to Pay (WTP) by the miner with the CVM approaching method. The sampling conducted by purposive sampling method from people lived around Kampar River, PETI miner and stakeholder. The result of this research showed that PETI activity had been conducted since 2008 with the total miner of 150 people. PETI effect the negative externality perceived by the people live around Kampar River. The miners were eligible to pay the cost for the eradication of river contamination. The average estimated value of WTP in small scale miner was Rp 34 999 per mining per person and big scale miner was Rp 50 000 per mining per person. There were 4 factors affect the amount of WTP value there were age, revenue level, family responsibility number and time for the miner stayed
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Judul: Peranan Kelembagaan Dalam Pelestarian Lingkungan Hidup
Abstrak: The gold mining without licence (PBTI) is an activity of gold mining, done by the local comnunity without a legal mining licence from the qualified ollicial. The development and activity of PZTI increase every year and lead to environmental impact, therefore the effectivity of the institution's role in handling out PETI is very much nccdcd. The purposes of this study are to know the function, authority, and efrectivity of the institution in handling out PETI, and to find out the change of social economic's community nearby tile location of PETi. This study was carried out in March until June 1998 in the province of We.st Kalimantan. Thc method of this study is descriptive. Rcspondcnts were sclectcd by using purposive sampling technique, as many as 32 respondents, consisting of government ofricizls, gold miners wihtout licence, the labourers of PE'1'1 and the local community nearby the location of PETT. The result of this study shows that there hasn't any government institution yet, that lms a function, authority, and responsibility for PETI. The handling of PETI is carried out by PETT's control team, the membership of which consists of the element inter related government officials. 'The PETl's control team is not effective enough in carryiug out its tasks and functioniat. lt is can be seen fi.oin the failure of the PETI's elucidation, founding, monitoring, and ordering practices. The everage of PETI's development and environmental demage lead to the annual increase of PETT. The, amount of PETT increases by 3,l percent a year ; absorbed iabourers increme by 27,6 percent a pear ; the volume of excavated soil and sand increases by 10,8 percent a year ; the liking area that is de~nagedin creases by S,3 percent year ; and the uusig of Mercurie (T-Tg) which spreads out and polluted the environment increases by 6,2 percent a year. The social economic of the local community nearby the location of PETI changes, too. The less effectiveness of this PETI's control team in handling out of PelP is influenced by some factors, i.e : the location of PETI, ordering operation, licence procedure, law enforcement, financing, and working contract activity or mining authority.
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Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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