Judul: Peran burung air liar dalam penyebaran virus avian influenza subtipe H5N1 di Cagar Alam Pulau Dua
Abstrak: Waterfowls such as ducks, muscovy, and swans are natural reservoir of influenza virus subtype H5N1. In natural reservoir, the AI virus is Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI). Instead of domestic waterfowls, wild waterbird species could also have a role in spreading AI subtype H5N1 virus. So far LPAI have been isolated from 105 species of wild birds, most of them were from Anseriformes and Charadiiformes order. Presumption that wild birds and migratory birds have a role in spreading AI virus, has not been proven until now because the intensive research has not been done. The mortality rate of wild waterbirds that reported in several countries, had not clearly explained the cause of death. The objectives of this research were (1) to estimate the seroprevalence of AI virus subtype H5N1 from residence wild waterbirds, in Pulau Dua Nature Reverse; (2) to identify the Mx gene as resistant anti viral gene from AI virus in wild waterbirds; (3) to identify the presence of AI virus subtype H5N1 on residence waterbirds in Pulau Dua Nature Reverse, also to observe the potential of wild waterbirds as reservoir for spreading AI virus subtype H5N1 The serological test to detect the presence of antibody antiviral AI virus subtype H5N1 was used to determine the exposure of AI virus subtype H5N1 among wild waterbirds in CAPD. Since antibody is the substance that appear in individual exposed when they are exposed by the strange antigen. The serosurveillans from wild waterbirds in CPAD had been done in 2008, 2010 and 2011. Serological test by Haemagglutinin-inhibition (HI) showed that six from nine species of residence wild waterbirds in CPAD produced antibody AI virus H5N1. It is explain that that those species were exposed by AI virus subtype H5N1 with low antibody titer. The low antibody titer can be caused by several factors such as AI virus exposure occurring indirectly, there was a small number of virus that exposure to wild waterbirds, the exposure time was very short, and the virus was low pathogenic. Indirect transmission occurred through the water as the source of drinking water for wild and domestic waterbirds, through saliva and nasal secretions and feces. Water as a media for transmission virus where there were interactions between wild waterbirds, waterfowls and domestic birds. Mx protein as part of dynamin super family (GTP ase) is a part of the innate immune system. Mx proteins were known to have the ability to inhibit the replication of various viruses. Mx protein coded by Mx genes that specifically anti-viral influenza in several animals. Mx gene was the one of the several genes that regulated myxovirus resistance. DNA of eight wild waterbirds species and three domestic birds (chicken, duck and Muscovy) around CAPD were examined by PCR using NE-F2 and NER2/ R primer obtaining PCR product with a length of 100 bp band. It indicated that most birds could have 100 bp band. These results explained that the Mx gene in residence wild waterbirds from CAPD could be the same as in the chicken, muscovy and duck. The results of PCR-RFLP in wild waterbirds and
Keyword: 

Judul: Kajian Persistensi dan Penularan Virus Avian Influenza di Peternakan Itik menggunakan Teknik Real Time RT-PCR
Abstrak: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been a major threat to poultry industry and human health in Indonesia over the past several years. The existence of backyard and free-range duck raising system has been hypothesized to play role in the disease circulation. This study investigated H5 virus infection and circulation occurring in three types of free-range duck farms in Indramayu District, West Java, Indonesia from September 2009 to March 2010. One hundred and eighty pairs of cloacal-oropharyngeal swab samples from sentinel ducks placed in six farms of the three farm types were collected every month for seven months period and screened in pools for influenza A virus. In addition to the sentinel ducks, 30 non-sentinel ducks were included at the first and the last sampling month. Of the total 648 pool samples collected for seven months, 91 pools (14%) were found influenza A positive at repeated events. The virus was more commonly found on type 1 farms followed by type 2 and 3 farms. The individual swab samples of influenza A positive pools were tested for H5 subtype. Of the total 91 pools of influenza A positive samples, 455 individual samples were tested for H5 subtype and 50 (11%) individual samples were found H5 positive. The H5 subtype was found at certain points of sampling time and was more commonly found in type 2 farms followed by type 1 and was not found on type 3 farms. The H5 virus was likely to be transmitted within duck farm but was unlikely to be maintained for a long time.
Keyword: 

Judul: Solusi Geometri Schwarzschild untuk Dimensi 4+1 dengan Invarian Rotasi Isotropik.
Abstrak: Metrik Schwarzschild merupakan solusi eksak pertama dari persamaan medan Einstein dengan mangasumsikan metrik statik dan simetris. Metrik Schwarzschild yang ditemukan oleh Karl Schwarzschild masih dalam dimensi 3+1, namun seiring dengan teori-teori terbaru yang menunjukkan bahwa alam semesta tidak hanya di dimensi 3+1. Maka melalui penambahan dimensi, tujuan penelitian ini memperoleh solusi pada geometri Schwarzschild untuk dimensi 4+1 dengan memodifikasi koordinat bola yang invarian rotasi isotropik dan melalui penurunan rumus seperti koordinat bola, simbol Christoffel, dan tensor Ricci. Selain mendapatkan solusi ini, metrik Schwarzschild dimensi 4+1 dapat digunakan sebagai metrik dasar untuk memperoleh solusi blackhole dan wormhole pada dimensi 4+1. Hasil akhirnya, dengan memanfaatkan modifikasi koordinat bola, metrik Schwarzschild dapat dibentuk sehingga diperoleh solusi geometri Schwarzschild untuk dimensi 4+1.
Keyword: metrik Schwarzschild, persamaan medan Einstein, modifikasi koordinat bola, penambahan dimensi, invarian rotasi isotropik