Judul: Biologi Penggerek Polong Etiella zinckenella Tr. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) pada Polong Kacang Hijau dan Kacang Panjang
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui biologi -E. zinckenella yang mencakup aspek morfologi serangga baik bentuk, warna, ukuran dari stadium telur sampai imago, perilaku, keperidian serta lama hidup serangga yang dipelihara pada polong kacang panjang dan kacang kijau. Metode yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini terdiri dari pembiakan mas&, pengamatan masa larva, pengamatan masa pupa dan pengamatan masa imago. Larva instar dan 2 dipelihara dengan cara memasukan larva ke dalam polong dan kemudian polong yang telah berisi larva tersebut ditutup dengan kain basah. Larva instar 3, 4 dan 5 dibiarkan masuk dengan sendirinya ke dalam polong. Larva setiap hari diamati bentuk, warna, ukuran, jumlah ganti kulit, masa lama setiap instar dan masa larva total . Pade masa pupa yang diamati ialah bentuk, warna, iikurai dan nasa pupa. Sedang pada masa imago dan masa telur yang diaaati ialah morfologi, masa pra kopulasi, masa pra peletakan telur, masa imago, keperidian, masa inkubasi telur dan daya tetas telur.
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Judul: Beberapa aspek bionomi serangga penggerek polong Etiella zinckenella (treitschke) (lepidoptera:pyralidae) pada kedelai (Glycine maz (L.) Merrill) varietas tidar dan tambora
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui beberapa aspek bionomi serangga hama penggerek polong Etiella zinckeneila pada tanaman kedelai varietas Tidar dan Tambora. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Ekologi Hama dan Rumah Kaca Jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap, dilanjutkan dengan uji beda nyata terkecil. Parameter yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah perilaku larva. tingkat kerusakan biji. preferensi peletakan telur pada bagian-bagian tanaman, preferensi peletakan telur pada polong berbulu dan polong tanpa bulu (polong normai yang bulu-bulunya dicukur). siklus hidup. keperidian imago betina dan fertilitas telur. Tambora. Pengamatan dilakukan pada Varietas Tidar dan Larva yang baru keluar dari telur diamatı perilakunya, berapa waktu yang diperlukan sebelum menggerek kedalam polong dan bagaimana aktifitas larva itu selama waktu tersebut. Tingkat kerusakan biji diperoleh dengan meng hitung persentase bagian biji yang dapat dirusak oleh satu larva.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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