Judul: Resistensi terhadap antibiotik pada escherichia coli flora normal usus manusia
Abstrak: Antibiotik sudah lama digunakan untuk pengobatan atau sebagai zat aditif pada pakan ternak dan pembasmi penyakit pada tanaman. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak rasional dapat menyebabkan resistensi terhadap antibiotik pada mikroorganisme. Resistensi terhadap antibiotik pada Escherichia coli flora normal usus manusia dapat menjadi ancaman bagi kesehatan masyarakat terutama jika terjadi perpindahan gen-gen yang resisten terhadap antibiotik pada mikroorganisme lain yang memasuki saluran pencernaan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui tingkat resistensi terhadap antibiotik yang terjadi pada Escherichia coli flora normal pada usus anak baru lahir, anak di bawah umur tiga tahun, anak di bawah umur lima tahun, dan orang dewasa. Contoh diambil dari feses masing-masing kelompok sebanyak 10 orang. Contoh dimasukkan ke dalam larutan NaCl 0,85% lalu diisolasi dengan menggunakan media eosin methylen blue (EMB). Isolat bakteri berwarna hijau kilap logam dari contoh diperbanyak pada media agar luria (LA) lalu diidentifikasi dengan menggunakan uji gram, uji indol, merah metil, Voges Proskauer dan Sitrat sesuai Bergey's Manual of Systematology Bacteriology. Escherichia coli flora normal menunjukkan uji positif terhadap indol, merah metil dan uji negatif terhadap Voges Proskauer dan Sitrat. Uji resistensi terhadap antibiotik dilakukan dengan menggunakan cakram antibiotik berdasarkan metode Kirby-Bauer. Jenis antibiotik yang digunakan meliputi ampisilin, basitrasin, kloramfenikol, eritromisin, tetrasiklin, dan vankomisin. Antibiotik basitrasin menunjukkan tingkat persentase resistensi tertinggi rata-rata mencapai 95% pada semua kelompok umur. Escherichia coli flora normal sensitif terhadap antibiotik kloramfenikol dan tetrasiklin, rata-rata mencapai tingkat 71,25% pada semua kelompok umur.
Keyword: antibiotik

Judul: Gambaran Resistensi Escherichia coli Asal Feses Sapi Australia Terhadap Beberapa Jenis Antibiotika.
Abstrak: Bakteri Escherichia coli adalah bakteri normal yang ada di dalam saluran pencernaan. Bakteri ini dapat menjadi agen predisposisi penyakit gastrointestinal pada sapi. Antibiotik sering digunakan dalam pengobatan bakteri ini. Selain itu, antibiotik juga sering digunakan dalam imbuhan pakan pada sapi Australia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui resistensi bakteri Escherichia coli yang ada pada isolat feses sapi asal Australia terhadap antibiotika eritromisin, seftazidim, sefpodoksim, norfloksasin, dan tetrasiklin. Pengujian resistensi Escherichia coli terhadap antibiotik dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar yang didasarkan pada hubungan ukuran zona hambat dan sensitivitas bakteri. Hasil yang diperoleh kemudian dibandingkan dengan Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Escherichia coli memiliki tingkat resistensi yang bervariasi terhadap antibiotik. Tingkat resistensi paling tinggi ditunjukkan oleh bakteri E.coli terhadap eritromisin, yaitu sebesar 90%. Resistensi dari antibiotik tetrasiklin dan norfloksasin masing-masing sebesar 40% dan 20%. Antibiotik seftazidime dan sefpodoksim masih aman dalam penggunaan karena hasil menunjukkan sensitif 100%.
Keyword: antibiotik, Escherichia coli, resistensi

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite