Judul: Akses kepada kredit formal dan kesuksesan usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah di Sulawesi Tengah, Indonesia
Abstrak: Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) have an important role in Indonesia economy with the share in the numbers of the firms reaches 99.99 percent. Central Sulawesi is one of province in Indonesia which also has many MSMEs engaged in agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. Access to credit is one of major problems hampering MSMEs development in Central Sulawesi since only 39.33 percent of MSMEs in the research area which had access to credit in 2001-2007. This research is aimed to analyze the determinant of access to formal credit of non-agricultural MSMEs in Central Sulawesi and to determine the role of access to credit to the success of MSMEs. We use panel data from household’s survey of STORMA project in 2001, 2004, and 2007. There are two models are used in this research namely logit model (non-linear panel data model) and OLS model (linear panel data model). Each models are extended by panel data models i.e. pooled, population average (Pa), fixed effects (FE), and random effects (RE) model. Based on the evaluation of the four models and the result of the Hausman specification test for the FE and RE model, we decided to use random effects model for both analysis. Econometrics results from random effects show that the significance factors influencing access to credit are education, value of asset, and age of the owners. Whilst the result from random effects OLS model proves that formal credit limit has positive roles in the success of MSMEs in Sulawesi Tengah. On the other hand, informal credit limit is not statistically significance influencing the profit because of the inability of the informal lenders to provide amounts of credit as needed by the firms. Besides the formal credit limit, other variables which also significantly influence MSMEs’s profit are age of the owners and main Income from business.
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Judul: Peranan kredit mikro dan kecil terhadap kinerja usaha kecil dan ekonomi wilayah di Provinsi Jawa Tengah
Abstrak: Development of the Indonesian economy can not be separated from the role of micro and small enterprises. This strategic role can be seen from the number of enterprise units, providing employment opportunities, as well as the contribution of the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP). Hence efforts to develop and strengthen the potential of small enterprises at the local level should be able to form strong and independent local economic entity by improving the role of micro and small credits. The objectives of the research were, (1) to analyze the influence of micro and small credits on small enterprises performance, (2) to analyze the influence of micro and small credits from microfinance institutions on the regional economy, and (3) to formulate the policies for development of micro and small credits that can promote the performance of small enterprises. This research used an econometric analysis in the form of simultaneous equation towards two models, (1) the model of small enterprises economic consists of eight behavioral equations and three identity relationships, and (2) the model of credit and regional economy linkage consists of eleven behavioral equations and two identity relationships. Estimation for structural equation parameters used the method of Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS). The research conclusions are as follows: (1) the micro and small credits have an influence on the enterprise revenue, which is the main performance indicator of small enterprises, (2) the micro and small credits taken by these small enterprises will increases with the reduced interest rates, which in turn will increase the enterprise capital, the use of raw materials, fuel and labor, and finally increase the enterprise revenue, (3) the micro and small credits from cooperatives and commercial banks as well as from rural banks have only a little influence each on the GRDP in the manufacturing and trade sector as well as the services sector as a proxy of regional economy. Nevertheless the micro and small credits from rural banks and cooperatives can not be showed significantly influence in GRDP of agriculture sector, and (4) the simultaneous combination of policies with an increased credits taken by small enterprises, increased selling price of product, and expansion of product marketing areas will bring about the greatest increase in a row on: enterprise capital, enterprise revenue, enterprise income, and the use of raw materials.
Keyword: micro credits, small credits, small enterprise, enterprise performance, gross regional domestic product, econometric model

Judul: Development of DNA Vaccine Encoding Glycoprotein of Koi Herpes Virus Using Local Isolate.
Abstrak: The aim of this research was to develop DNA vaccine of Koi Herpesvirus in carp. Glycoprotein gene originated from ORF 25 KHV virus that is 1.8 kbp in size, is a potential gene in DNA vaccine construction. The sequencing and similarity analysis of the gene using BLAST software showed that this gene is a GP25 gene and was found to be very similar (99%) to GP25 of KHV virus from the USA and Israel. When this GP25 gene was ligated with pGEMT Easy (pT, 3 kbp in size) vector, plasmid size was increasing up to 5 kb. Following this, a digestion of pT-GP25 plasmid using Sal I enzyme was applied resulted in a GP25 fragment (1.8 kbp). Subsequently, pAct-D6 with a size of 8.5 kbp was also cut using the same enzyme to eleminate a D6 gene with a size of 1.6 kbp. GP25 gene was then ligated with pAct resulted a pAct-GP25 plasmid with a size of 8.8 kbp. As there was only one restriction site applied, ligation can be occurred in two different directions. Thus, in order to determine the plasmid with the desired direction PCR analysis was carried out, and plasmid with the right direction was the one that sized approximately 2.1 kbp (no. 6, 17 and 20). High level of GFP gene expression was detected in all tissues analyzed, i.e. kidney, gil, spleen, and muscle 24 hours after injection which indicated that β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka could be active in common carp. Although not as high as on 24 hours, expression was still detected until day 7 and disappeared after day 28 post injection indicating that pAct-GFP can be remained and β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka can be active in muscle, gills and kidney at least a week after injection. The result of RT-PCR analysis on pAct-GP25 injected common carp showed that GP25 gene expression can be detected 14 days after injection in all tissues observed. The expression level differences between GFP and GP25 genes possibly related to the primer sensitivity on annealing process to cDNA template and the size of PCR targeted DNA fragment, as smaller PCR targeted product will be easier to be amplified than a bigger one. The length of PCR targeted DNA with GP25 primer was 1.8 kbp whereas GFP gene was 0.6 kbp.The challenge test on common carp results showed that all unvaccinated and negative control (not infected with KHV) was alive until the end of the experiment. Whereas, the survival of fish vaccinated with a dose of 12.5 was ranged from 60.9 and 96.7%. In relation to the activity of β-actin promoter that was used in this DNA vaccine, gene expression was occured 24 hours after vaccination and remained until 2 weeks. The control fish that was not injected by GP25 showed no GP25 expression either in the observed tissues or organs and resulted in a lower survival, i.e. 23.3%. The challenge test results has indicated that the fish vaccinated with GP25 at doses of 7.5 and 12.5 μg/100μL were able to produce KHV glycoprotein in their body which would be
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