Judul: Activity of chitooligomers produced by enzymatic hydrolisis upon proliferation of lymphocyte and cancer cells
Abstrak: Local chitin waste from crab industries can be used as a source for production of chitooligomers which has important biological activity. The aims of this research were to evaluate activities chitooligomers produced by enzymatic hydrolysis upon proliferation of lymphocyte and cancer cells. The chitosanase enzyme was obtained from thermophilic bacterium Bacillus licheniformis MB2 isolated from Tompaso Manado. The medium for producing the enzyme contained 1% colloidal chitosan and the enzyme was harvested after seven days of incubation at 55oC, The free cell supernatant were heated at 60 oC for 20 minutes. The heat stable protein enzyme was coagulated with 80% saturated ammonium sulphate and purified using hydrophobic interaction chromatography with butyl sepharose gel. The enzyme of 0.005, 0.0085, 0.10 dan 0,17 IU/mg chitosan were use on 1% soluble chitosan substrate with 85 and 90 % degree deacetylation to produce chitooligomers through incubation at one and three hours. The reaction products were analyzed and fractionated using HPLC. The effect of chitooligomers hidrolysate on normal cells and cancer cells was evaluated using lymphocyte cells previously isolated from human blood and cancer cells line : KR4 (lymphablastoid B), K-562 (chronic myelogenous leukimia), HeLa (epythel carcinoma cervix), and A549 (lung carcinoma ). The inhibition of cancer cells proliferation was visualized by spectrophotometer after addition of MTT reagent. At concentration of 17 ìg/ml the chitooligomers inhibited the cancer cells KR4 by 12.27%, K562 by 20.58%, HeLa by 31.72%, and A549 by 22.70%. In general, hidrolysate and fractionated chitooligomers (trimer to hexamer) showed better anticancer activity than 2-Bromo deoxy uridine used as positive control at similiar concentration. The inhibition 60% of lymphocyte cells was found when treated with chitooligomers hidrolysate from chitosan with 70% degree deacetylation. Fractionated chitooligomers (trimer to hexamer) 20% inhibited the lymphocytes. However, chitooligomers hidrolysate from chitosan with 85 and 90% degree deacetylation enhanced lymphocyte proliferation about 184.54%. K562, HeLa and A549 cancer cells treated with chitooligomers appeared to undergo apoptosis by 35%, 27%, and 8% respectively as shown by fluorescent microscopy. Disrupted membrane was found on cells treated with chitooligomers as observed by scanning electron mycroscope.
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Judul: Aktivitas Biologi Oligomer Hidrolisat Kitin yang Diproduksi Menggunakan Enzim Kitinase dari Isolat SSA2B4.1 (Bacillus cereus SW41) pada Sel Limfosit dan Sel Lestari Kanker.
Abstrak: Local chitin waste from crab industries can be used as a source for production of oligomer which has important biological activity. The aims of this research were to evaluate activities of oligomer produced by enzymatic hydrolysis upon proliferation of lymphocytes and cancer cells. the chitinase enzyme was obtained from thermophilic bacterium Bacillus cereus SW41 isolated from South Sulawesi. The medium for producing the enzyme contained 1% colloidal chitin and the enzyme was harvested after four days of incubation, the free cell supernatant were heated at 60oC for 20 minutes. The heat stable protein enzyme was coagulated with 30% saturated ammonium sulphate and purified using hydrophobic interaction chromatography with butyl sepharose gel. The enzyme of 0,005, and 0,0085 IU/mg chitinase were use on 1% chitin colloidal substrate. the reaction products were analyzed and fractionated using HPLC. Cytotoxic assay to determine the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) was done by BSLT method. The effect of oligomers hidrolyzate on lymphocyte proliferative activity and inhibition of cancer cells were conducted by MTT method. The oligomer hidrolyzate proceed by with or without lyophilization at concentration of 62,5 and 125 μg/ml were able to increase lymphocytes proliferation (3-22%). Antiproliferation activity of oligomer chitin hydrolyzate was detected in all tested cancer cell lines with the highest activity occurred in MT2 cell ranging from 17-48% followed by Raji Cell (17-43%), and HeLa cell (5-33%). Based on cell mentioned above, we concluded that oligomer chitin hydrolyzate could be use as an anti cancer cell proliferation and farther study is needed to develop before commercially use.
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Judul: Pola Pernikahan Masyarakat Batak Karo di Perantauan
Abstrak: Pernikahan adalah budaya yang tidak akan pernah berhenti, pernikahan akan terjadi secara berkelanjutan Dasarnya, karena pernikahan merupakan kebutuhan biologis manusia. Indonesia adalah negara yang kaya akan budaya dan etnis. Setiap suku di Indonesia mempunyai tata cara/adat istiadat dalam pelaksanaan pernikahan itu sendiri. Begitupun dengan suku Batak karo yang mempunyai sendiri tata cara pelaksanaan pernikahan. Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman Karo Banyak masyarakat yang merantau ke berbagai daerah di Indonesia, salah satunya Bogor berjalan-jalan. Masyarakat Karo yang merantau ke wilayah Bogor pada umumnya akan berusaha melakukan adaptasi ke negara tempat tinggal baru. Keadaan ini juga terjadi pada perkawinan Karo dalam pola adaptasi di Bogor. Namun adaptasi pernikahan masyarakat Karo di Bogor berupaya menjaga nilai-nilai budaya Karo dan sakralisme perkawinan. Mereka do Karo Dimodifikasi pada pola perkawinan, dengan tetap menjaga nilai budaya pernikahan.
Keyword: Weddings Karo, Adaptation marriage patterns, Attitudes