Judul: Body Weight and Organ Profile of Mice in Subchronic Toxicity Test of Bidara Laut (Strychnos ligustrina) Extract and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Phosphate Combination as Antimalarial
Abstrak: Tingginya kasus malaria di Indonesia menandakan tingginya kebutuhan sediaan antimalaria. Plasmodium sp. diketahui resisten terhadap sebagian obat yang sudah ada. Penggunaan kombinasi ekstrak air bidara laut dan dihidroartemisinin- piperakuin fosfat (DHP) terbukti efektif sebagai antimalaria. Uji toksisitas subkronis oral selama 28 hari dilakukan untuk mengetahui efek toksik yang reversibel atau kumulatif dari penggunaan kombinasi antimalaria terhadap profil bobot badan dan organ. Sebanyak 150 ekor mencit galur DDY dibagi menjadi kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok perlakuan, dan kelompok satelit. Mencti diamati hingga dua minggu setelah pemberian sediaan dihentikan. Data dianalisis menggunakan uji One-Way ANOVA-Duncan dan uji Kruskal-Wallis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kombinasi sediaan antimalaria tidak menimbulkan efek toksik signifikan terhadap limpa, otak, jantung, paru-paru, dan gonad pada dosis efektifnya. Sediaan kombinasi antimalaria dosis efektif tidak memengaruhi bobot badan mencit, namun berpotensi memiliki efek toksik yang reversibel pada hati, ginjal, dan lambung., High cases of malaria in Indonesia indicates the high demand of antimalarial drug. Plasmodium sp. has developed resistence to few available drugs. The use of bidara laut aqueous extract and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine phosphate (DHP) combination has been proven effective as antimalarial drug. Subchronic toxicity test was conducted for 28 days to determine reversible or cumulative toxic effect of the antimalarial combination to organ and body weight profile. A total of 150 mice strain DDY were grouped into negative control group, treatment groups, and satellite groups. Mice was observed until two weeks after treatment. Collected data was analysed using One-Way ANOVA-Duncan and Kruskal-Wallis test. This research showed the antimalarial combination did not cause significant toxic effect to spleen, brain, heart, lungs, and gonads on effective dosage. Effective dose of antimalarial combination did not affect mice body weight. However, effective dose had potential to cause reversible toxic effect on liver, kidney, and stomach.
Keyword: body weight, DHP, organ, subchronic toxicity, Strychnos ligustrina

Judul: Differential Leukocyte Percentage of Mice After Infection of Plasmodium Berghei Treated with Combination of Strychnos ligustrina Extract and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Phosphate (DHP)
Abstrak: Plasmodium berghei merupakan hemoprotozoa yang menyebabkan penyakit malaria pada mencit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak bidara laut dan dihidroartemisinin piperakuin fosfat (DHP) terhadap persentase diferensial leukosit mencit yang diinfeksi Plasmodiium berghei. Penelitian ini menggunakan 100 ekor mencit yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yang terdiri atas kelompok kontrol, kelompok infeksi, kelompok yang diobati dengan 0,2 ml DHP 2%, kelompok yang diobati dengan 0,2 ml ekstrak bidara laut 3%, dan kelompok yang diobati dengan kombinasi 0,1 ml DHP 2% dan 0,1 ml ekstrak bidara laut 4%. Obat dan perlakuan diberikan setelah parasitemia mencapai 5% atau enam hari setelah infeksi (s.i). Ulas darah dibuat setiap dua hari sekali sampai 20 hari s.i. Parameter yang diamati adalah persentase parasitemia, penghambatan, dan diferensial leukosit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian kombinasi ekstrak bidara laut dan DHP memengaruhi persentase parasitemia, penghambatan, neutrofil, limfosit, dan monosit. Persentase parasitemia mengalami penurunan menuju normal dimulai hari ke-6 s.i. persentase penghambatan mengalami peningkatan dari ke-6 sampai dengan hari ke-14 s.i. Persentase neutrofil dan limfosit mulai kembali normal dari hari ke-6. Persentase monosit meningkat dari hari ke-2 sampai dengan hari ke-10 s.i. persentase eosinofil dan basofil tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh setelah pemberian perlakuan. Pemberian kombinasi ekstrak bidara laut dan DHP menunjukkan hasil yang tidak berbeda dibandingkan dengan pemberian tunggal ekstrak bidara laut dan DHP., Plasmodium berghei is a hemoprotozoa that causes malaria in mice. This study aimed to determine how a combination of Strychnos ligustrina extract and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine phosphate (DHP) affected the differential leukocyte percentage in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. In this study, 100 mice were divided into five groups, i.e., healthy mice, infected-untreated mice, mice receiving the standard drug treatment with 0.2 ml DHP 2%, mice receiving the standard drug treatment with 0.2 ml S. ligustrina extract 3%, and mice receiving a combination of treatments (0.1 ml DHP 2% and 0.1 ml S. ligustrina extract 4%). Treatments were initially started after reaching 5% of parasitemia or six days post-infection (p.i). Blood smears were made every two-day until 20 p.i. The parameters were observed for the percentage of parasitemia, growth inhibition, and differential leukocyte percentage. The findings demonstrated that DHP and S. ligustrina extract had an effect on neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte numbers as well as the percentage of parasitemia and inhibition. The percentage of parasitemia decreased to normal starting on the 6th day p.i. The percentage of growth inhibition increased from the 6th to the 14th day p.i. The percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes starting recovery on the 6th day p.i. The percentage of monocytes increased from the 2nd to the 10th day p.i. No effects of the treatments on the percentage of eosinophils and basophils. The combination S. ligustrina extract show no significantly different compared to the single administration of S. ligustrina extract and DHP.
Keyword: DHP, differential leukocytes percentage, mice, Plasmodium berghei, Strychnos ligustrina extract

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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