Judul: Analysis of Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Compounds from Moringa Oleifera Leaves Using Density Functional Theory
Abstrak: Perubahan gaya hidup dan pola makan manusia telah meningkatkan risiko penyakit degeneratif akibat oksidasi berlebihan dan pembentukan radikal bebas. Radikal bebas ini berhubungan dengan penyakit serius seperti aterosklerosis, diabetes, dan kanker. Antioksidan dari tanaman, seperti flavonoid dalam daun kelor (Moringa Oleifera) yaitu quercetin, myricetin dan kaempferol, dapat menghambat kerusakan oksidatif ini. Analisis sifat aktivitas antioksidan diperlukan untuk mengetahui senyawa flavonoid mana yang paling efektif dalam pembersihan radikal bebas. Metode perhitungan komputasi DFT dapat menjadi solusi dalam studi teoritis untuk menganalisis sifat tersebut, dengan fungsi exchange-correlation B3LYP dan basis set def2/SVP. Perhitungan yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah optimasi molekul, frekuensi vibrasi, dan single point energy yang dilakukan pada fase gas dan fase pelarut air dengan nilai parameter pelarut air diambil dari model CPCM (Conductor-like Polarizable Continuum Model) pada Software ORCA 5.2.0 sebagai pelarut implisit (Implicit Solvent). Efektifitas antioksidan dianalisis berdasarkan tiga mekanisme interaksi senyawa flavonoid, yaitu HAT, SET-PT, dan SPLET dengan memperoleh nilai terendah dari parameter-parameter termodinamika berupa BDE, IP+PDE, dan PA+ETE pada ketiga mekanisme tersebut. Selanjutnya, dianalisis nilai perhitungan parameter reaktivitas global dengan nilai HOMO dan LUMO yang diperoleh dari perhitungan single point energy dari ketiga senyawa flavonoid tersebut pada fase gas dan fase pelarut air. Sifat antioksidan yang baik ditandai dengan nilai energi gap (?E) yang kecil, electronegativity(?) yang tinggi, potensial kimia (µ) yang lebih positif, hardness (?) yang rendah, softness (s) yang tinggi, electrophilicity (?) yang besar, nucleophilicity (e) yang kecil, energi ionisasi (IE) yang rendah, dan afinitas elektron (EA) yang tinggi. Kata kunci: antioksidan, DFT, CPCM, Quercetin, Myricetin dan Kaempferol, Human lifestyle and dietary habits have increased the risk of degenerative diseases due to excessive oxidation and the formation of free radicals. These free radicals are associated with serious diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer. Plant-based antioxidants, such as the flavonoids quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol found in Moringa Oleifera leaves, can inhibit this oxidative damage. Analyzing the antioxidant activity properties is necessary to determine which flavonoid compounds are most effective in free radicals scavenging. Computational DFT calculations can be a solution in theoretical studies to analyze these properties, using the B3LYP exchange-correlation function and def2/SVP basis set. The calculations performed in this study include molecular optimization, vibrational frequencies, and single point energy, conducted in both gas phase and aqueous solvent phase, with the aqueous solvent parameters taken from the CPCM (Conductor-like Polarizable Continuum Model) model in ORCA 5.2.0 software as the implicit solvent. Antioxidant effectiveness is analyzed based on three interaction mechanisms of flavonoid compounds, namely HAT, SET-PT, and SPLET, by obtaining the lowest values of thermodynamic parameters such as BDE, IP+PDE, and PA+ETE in these three mechanisms. Furthermore, the global reactivity parameters are analyzed with HOMO and LUMO values obtained from single point energy calculations of the three flavonoid compounds in both gas phase and aqueous solvent phase. Good antioxidant properties are indicated by a small energy gap (?E), high electronegativity (?), more positive chemical potential (µ), low hardness (?), high softness (s), large electrophilicity (?), small nucleophilicity (e), low ionization energy (IE), and high electron affinity (EA). Keywords: Antioxidant, DFT, CPCM, Quercetin, Myricetin dan Kaempferol
Keyword: Antioksidan, antioxidant, DFT, CPCM, Quercetin, Myricetin, Kaempferol, Teori Fungsi Kerapatan

Judul: Utilization of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract in Various Meat Processed Products
Abstrak: Tanaman kelor banyak mengandung berbagai senyawa penghambat radikal bebas, seperti senyawa fenolik (asam fenolik, flavonoid, kuinon, kumarin, lignan, stilbenes, tanin), senyawa nitrogen (alkaloid, amina, betalain), vitamin, terpenoid (termasuk karotenoid), dan beberapa vitamin (B1, B2, B3, C, dan D) yang dapat berperan sebagai antioksidan. Tujuan kajian pustaka ini adalah mengkaji pemanfaatan ekstrak daun kelor (Moringa oleifera) pada berbagai produk olahan daging sebagai sumber antioksidan terhadap sifat fisik, kimia, mikrobiologi, dan sifat sensorisnya. Pelarut yang diamati pada proses ekstraksi daun kelor, yaitu pelarut polar, semipolar, dan non polar. Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi yang diukur menggunakan metode DPPH terdapat pada ekstrak yang menggunakan pelarut etanol dengan sampel daun kelor segar sebanyak 30 g yang menghasilkan angka IC50 sebesar 22,18 ppm dengan teknik maserasi. Sampel daun kelor kering sebanyak 20 g yang diekstrak dengan metanol juga menghasilkan angka IC50 yang tinggi, yaitu sebesar 49,30 ppm dengan teknik maserasi. Produk olahan daging yang diberi penambahan ekstrak daun kelor mengalami peningkatan dan penurunan pH, peningkatan aktivitas antioksidan dan kadar protein, penurunan kadar lemak dan nilai TBARS, serta peningkatan tingkat kesukaan panelis jika bau langunya dinonaktifkan., Moringa oleifera contains free radical inhibiting compounds, such as phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, quinones, coumarin, lignans, stilbenes, tannins), nitrogen compounds (alkaloids, amines, betalain), vitamins, terpenoids (including carotenoids), and some other vitamins (B1, B2, B3, C, dan D). The purpose of this literature review is to review the potential use of Moringa oleifera leaf extract in processed meat products as a source of antioxidants for its physicochemical, microbiological and sensory properties. The solvents observed in the moringa leaf extraction processed were polar, semipolar, and non-polar. The highest antioxidant activity measured using the DPPH method was found in using ethanol solvent with 30 g of fresh Moringa oleifera leaf samples which resulted IC50 as big as 22,18 ppm with maceration techniques. Methanol solvent 3 with 20 g of dry Moringa oleifera samples which resulted IC50 as big as 49,30 ppm with maceration techniques. The meat products have changes in pH, increased antioxidant activity and protein content, decreased fat content and TBARS value, and changes in sensory properties if the odor is disabled.
Keyword: extract, moringa, utilization, product, meat

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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