Judul: Penyelesaian masalah manajerial dengan metode iterasi kebijakan pada discounted markov decision prosesses
Abstrak: The aim of this paper is to solve a amanagement problem in advertising and production that have been formulated into a stochastic model of the decision-making system. The Decision-making technique used in this paper is the Markov decision process with policy iteration method. To determime the optimal policy, it employed the discounted-return policy improvement algorithm that uses a discount factor equal to 0.9 for each case. In the case of advertising, the manufacturers will use RCTI as a promotion media when their product sales are low and Indosiar when they have a good sales. When they have satisfied sales, they use SCTV as media promotion. In the case of production management, farmers must keep the fishes in the pond at least 2 tons when they harvest their fishes.
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Judul: Kontrol Optimum pada Masalah Periklanan
Abstrak: Advertising is a form of communication and promotion of goods or services. It aims to convey the information in form of a message through the media and persuade that generate responses from audiences. A company must pay some additional cost to make advertising. Thus, it generates new problems, because in general a company will attempt to maximize the profit. It is necessary to find a right advertising policy from the company to allocate their advertising budget with some constraints. This paper discusses the sales-advertising response model that emphasizes the relationship between advertising costs and sales levels. The advertising models used in this paper are V-W model and Contagion model. Advertising problem is formulated in a form of optimal control problem which involves the S-shaped response function as a form of application for the solutions of profit maximization problem. The optimum control problem is solved using Pontryagin’s maximum principle. Then, fixed points of the models are analyzed. From V-W and Contagion models it can be concluded that if the cost of advertising is constant then it will be obtained a constant level of sales, so that obtained constant profits rate is over time. Involvement of S-shaped response function produced three fixed points, i.e. stable node, saddle and unstable spiral. The simulation results show that at the beginning, the company has not advertised, there is no incentive for the company to produce. Then, after the company begins to advertise, the level of benefits is still very small even resulted in a negative value at Contagion model. The reason is because it costs too much while the sales rate can not cover the costs of making advertising. At third fixed point, the rate of return insulated and enlarged from time to time as long as a company is still productive.
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Judul: Karakteristik Anatomi Skelet Kepala Buaya senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii).
Abstrak: Buaya sepit atau senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii) merupakan jenis buaya asli Indonesia yang berhabitat di sungai-sungai Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan juga pedalaman Sulawesi. Salah satu ciri khas buaya senyulong adalah bentuk moncong yang runcing dan sempit, namun hingga saat ini informasi mengenai struktur skelet kepala buaya senyulong sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik anatomi skelet kepala buaya senyulong yang dikatikan dengan fungsi dan perilakunya. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksploratif dengan melakukan pengamatan, pencatatan, dan pengambilan gambar dari skelet kepala buaya senyulong. Skelet kepala berukuran panjang 70 cm, lebar 29 cm, dan tingggi 17 cm dengan permukaan kasar pada os nasale, os frontale, os maxilla, os mandibula, os lacrimale, os jugale. Jumlah gigi pada buaya ini sebanyak 78 buah, terdiri dari 4 buah gigi premaxila, 16 buah gigi maxila, dan 19 buah gigi mandibula. Pada regio orbitalis ditemukan dua pasang fenestrae temporales yang berkembang baik. Fenestra supratemporale merupakan lubang oval yang membentang di sepanjang os parietale. Fenestra infratemporale berbentuk segitiga dan dibatasi oleh os squamosum, os postorbitale, os jugulare, dan os quadratum. Os mandibula hewan ini mempunyai symphysis mandibularis yang panjang yaitu garis yang melintang di corpus mandibulae. Secara fungsional ukuran symphysis mandibularis berkaitan dengan adaptasi hewan terhadap diet makan.
Keyword: kepala, moncong, Tomistoma schlegelii