Judul: Melacak Jenis Bakteri di Dalam Mulut Kelelawar Codot Besar (Cynopterus titthaecheilus).
Abstrak: Kelelawar codot besar (Cynopterus titthaecheilus) merupakan kelelawar endemik dari Indonesia. Cynopterus titthaecheilus merupakan kelelawar pemakan buah yang hidup di sekitar manusia. Kelelawar pemakan buah mempunyai manfaat antara lain sebagai pelaku penyerbukan dan penyebar biji tanaman. Kelelawar dikenal sebagai salah satu inang pengganda dari beberapa virus, seperti virus Nipah dan virus Hendra. Tumpang tindihnya kebutuhan hidup antara manusia dan kelelawar menjadi penyebab mudahnya penularan zoonosis dari kelelawar ke manusia maupun ke hewan ternak. Zoonosis yang ditularkan oleh kelelawar yang sudah diketahui hanya berasal dari virus, penelitian tentang bakteri pada kelelawar masih sangat kurang sehingga kurang diperhatikan. Tujuan dari Penelitian ini adalah untuk melacak jenis bakteri di dalam mulut kelelawar Cynopterus titthaecheilus. Bakteri diambil langsung dari mulut tiga kelelawar yang terperangkap pada jaring kabut. Pengenalan bakteri dilakukan di laboratorium menggunakan panduan Manual Identification of Medical Bacteria. Hasil pengenalan mendapati 10 jenis bakteri berbeda dari tiga individu Cynopterus titthaecheilus, yaitu S. aureus, S. epidermidis, Peptococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Corynebacterium sp., Pasteurella sp., Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., Veillonella sp. dan Neisseria sp.
Keyword: bakteri, Cynopterus titthaecheilus, fungsi ekologi, kelelawar endemik Indonesia, zoonosis

Judul: Kajian morfofisiologi organ limpa kelelawar pemakan buah codot (Cynopterus sp.)
Abstrak: Kelelawar pemakan buah merupakan reservoir alami banyak penyakit zoonosis yang saat ini bermunculan. Kelelawar yang terinfeksi tidak menunjukkan gejala klinis dan dapat terinfeksi secara persisten. Karakter unik kelelawar mengindikasikan kelelawar memiliki aktivitas kekebalan yang tinggi untuk pertahanan terhadap virus walaupun dalam keadaan fisiologis. Aktivitas kekebalan yang tinggi dapat mempengaruhi ukuran organ limfoid secara umum dan berakibat pada produksi reactive oxygen species (ROS). Limpa merupakan salah satu organ limfoid terpenting yang memiliki fungsi strategis dalam eliminasi patogen dalam darah. Penelitan ini dilakukan untuk menyediakan data mengenai ukuran normal limpa serta menganalisa kadar malonaldehyde (MDA) dan super oxide dismutase (SOD) pada kelelawar pemakan buah codot liar genus Cynopterus. Rasio bobot limpa terhadap bobot badan Cynopterus adalah 0.4% dengan nilai jantan cenderung lebih besar dibandingkan betina. Kadar MDA limpa, yang menggambarkan produksi ROS, lebih tinggi dibandingkan kadar MDA hati. Jantan yang memiliki kadar MDA lebih tinggi daripada betina juga memiliki ukuran limpa yang lebih besar. Kadar ROS yang tinggi diketahui berdampak negatif, namun pada kelelawar hal ini dapat mendukung hematopoiesis yang diperlukan untuk terbang serta pertahanan tubuh kelelawar sebagai reservoir virus. Kadar MDA yang tinggi secara umum disertai dengan tingginya kadar SOD dapat menurunkan efek negatif stress oksidatif pada Cynopterus. Perbandingan kadar MDA dan SOD Cynopterus dengan tikus laboratorium (R. norvegicus) yang telah dikoreksi dengan laju metabolisme menunjukkan bahwa Cynopterus menghasilkan MDA dan SOD lebih rendah dibandingkan tikus laboratorium.
Keyword: Chiroptera, ekofisiologi, mammalia terbang, morfologi, stress oksidatif

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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