Judul: Alkali Pretreatment Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dengan Microwave Heating pada Produksi Bioetanol
Abstrak: Pretreatment lignoselulosa adalah kunci pemanfaatan biomassa yang efisien dalam produksi bioetanol. Pemilihan NaOH sebagai pelarut pada proses pembuatan bioetanol menggunakan microwave didasari oleh nilai momen dipol yang tinggi sehingga kemampuan untuk menyerap gelombang lebih baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi NaOH dan lama waktu pemaparan microwave terhadap pembebasan selulosa dari lignin (degradasi lignin) dan membandingkan hasil uji lignin dan selulosa sebelum dan setelah pretreatment. Tandan kosong terlebih dahulu digiling hingga ukuran 60 mesh kemudian direndam dalam larutan NaOH dengan level konsentrasi 0.5 M, 0.75 M, dan 1 M. Kemudian diberi pemaparan microwave 1250 W dengan empat level waktu 6, 9, 12, 15 menit. Hasil variasi pretreatment diuji menggunakan metode Chesson-Datta dan dianalisis menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Pemberian larutan NaOH dan pemaparan microwave mampu menurunkan persentase lignin dan hemiselulosa serta meningkatkan persentase selulosa. Namun secara statistik peningkatan konsentrasi NaOH dan lama pemaparan microwave hanya berpengaruh nyata pada hemiselulosa. Lama waktu pemaparan gelombang microwave dan konsentrasi NaOH yang terbaik adalah 12 menit dan 1 M. Perbandingan data setelah pretreatment dengan data kontrol menunjukan bahwa metode pretreatment ini mampu memenuhi syarat pretreatment lignoselulosa. Hasil pengujian metode SNI dengan Metode Chesson-Datta berbeda, terutama lignin dan komponen lain-lain. Perbedaan hasil yang didapatkan tersebut, disebabkan oleh ketidakmampuan metode Chesson-Datta dalam melarutkan selulosa dari lignin secara sempurna dan tidak adanya koreksi abu.
Keyword: Alkali pretreatment, Bioetanol, Pretreatment microwave

Judul: Delignifikasi Kulit Singkong sebagai Bahan Baku Bioetanol dengan Metode Alkali dan Pemanasan Microwave
Abstrak: Indonesia menduduki peringkat keempat sebagai negara produsen singkong terbesar dengan jumlah produksi sebesar 20 juta ton per tahun. Sebanyak 15-20% per kilogram singkong merupakan limbah berupa kulit singkong yang mengandung pati dan memungkingkan untuk dikonversi menjadi alternatif energi seperti bioetanol. Proses produksi bioetanol dilakukan melalui tahap pretreatment/delignifikasi, hidrolisis, fermentasi, dan pemurnian. Proses pretreatment dilakukan untuk mendapatkan kandungan selulosa yang akan digunakan dalam proses hidrolisis. Pretreatment dapat dikombinasi seperti penggabungan metode secara fisika (pemanasan microwave) dan kimia (larutan alkali). Penggunaan metode alkali dan pemanasan microwave akan meningkatkan kadar selulosa dan menurunkan kadar lignin yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan metode yang lain. Larutan alkali yang digunakan yaitu NaOH karena memiliki sifat yang sesuai apabila dikombinasikan dengan pemanasan microwave. Delignifikasi dilakukan dengan memberikan variasi konsentrasi NaOH 0,5 M, 0,75 M, dan 1 M dan variasi lama waktu paparan panas microwave 5, 10, dan 15 menit. Hasil variasi pretreatment diuji secara statistik menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap. Secara statistik, peningkatan konsentrasi larutan NaOH dan lama waktu paparan panas microwave memberikan pengaruh nyata untuk kandungan selulosa dan lignin. Konsentrasi NaOH dan waktu paparan microwave terbaik adalah 1 M dan 15 menit. Perbandingan data sebelum dan setelah pretreatment menunjukkan bahwa metode tersebut memenuhi syarat pretreatment lignoselulosa., Indonesia is the fourth-largest producer of cassava with a total production of 20 million tonnes per year. Up to 15-20% per kilogram of cassava is waste in the form of cassava peel, which contains starch and allows it to be converted into alternative energy such as bioethanol. The process of bioethanol production is carried out by stages of pretreatment/delignification, hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification. The pretreatment process is carried out to obtain the cellulose content that will be used in the hydrolysis process. Pretreatment can be combined, for example by combining physical (microwave heating) and chemical (alkaline solution) methods. Using alkaline methods and microwave heating will increase cellulose content and reduce lignin content which is better than other methods. The alkaline solution used is NaOH because it has suitable properties when combined with microwave heating. The delignification was carried out by varying the concentration of 0,5 M, 0,75 M and 1 M NaOH and the exposure time to microwave heat was 5, 10 and 15 minutes. The results of the pretreatment variation were tested statistically using a complete block design. Statistically, the increase in the concentration of the NaOH solution and the duration of exposure to microwave heat had a significant effect on the cellulose and lignin content. The best NaOH concentration and microwave exposure time were 1 M and 15 minutes. Comparison of the data before and after pretreatment shows that the method meets the requirements of lignocellulosic pretreatment.
Keyword: alkaline, bioethanol, cassava peel, delignification, microwave heating

Judul: Ragam jenis ektoparasit burung tekukur (Streptopelia chinensis) dan burung puter (Streptopelia bitorquata) di penangkaran
Abstrak: Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove are the bird species that are easily raised in captivity. Nevertheless, good management is required to successfully breed and raise the birds in captivity; otherwise, the condition may endanger the sustainability of the two bird species. Information on ectoparasites on the bodies of this bird as well as their captivity breeding has not been available, although admittedly taking ectoparasites from these bird families has much been done so that a research is obviously needed. This study aimed to find out various kinds of Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove ectoparasites and to learn various kinds of parasitic insects around the Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove cages. The study was conducted from April to June 2010. The methods of data collection included the general condition of the location, collection of ectoparasites specimens, processing and specimens identification. The data analysis was done descriptively and tabulated with the degree of infestation. The kinds of ectoparasites from the class of insects found in the body of Spotted dove were Goniocotes sp. and Columbicola columbae of phthiraptera order and Pseudolynchia canariensis of diptera order, and arachnida class, that is, tungau from the pterolichidae family. In terms of ectoparasites, Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove were similar, except that Javan turtle dove had no Pseudolynchia canariensis. Goniocotes sp. and Columbicola columbae were mallopaga order (biting lice) and were obligate. The kinds of parasitic insects in the vicinity of Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove cages were from the Ordo Diptera. The diptera classified as parasites included Anopheles, Culex, Psychodidae, Culicoides and Simulium, most of them vectors of disease. The presence of ectoparasites was closely related to how a breeding place is managed.
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