Judul: Analysis of Rice Market Integration in Indonesia.
Abstrak: Beras merupakan komoditas pangan strategis dan termasuk barang inelastis yang memiliki permintaan tinggi di sepanjang tahun. Namun produksi yang bergantung pada musim tanam mengakibatkan harga komoditas beras menjadi tidak stabil sehingga terjadi selisih harga yang besar antara harga di tingkat petani produsen dan harga di tingkat konsumen akhir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola pergerakan harga gabah-beras dan menganalisis integrasi pada pasar beras Indonesia. Analisis integrasi dilakukan dengan Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa harga gabah lebih fluktuatif dibandingkan dengan harga beras eceran maupun beras grosir dan kebijakan pemerintah mengatur harga beras efektif menstabilkan harga gabah bulanan. Hasil analisis VECM menunjukkan bahwa antara pasar produsen dan pasar grosir tidak terjadi integrasi jangka panjang dan terintegrasi dalam jangka pendek. Antara pasar produsen dan pasar eceran tidak terintegrasi dalam jangka panjang maupun jangka pendek. Antara pasar grosir dan pasar konsumen terintegrasi baik dalam jangka panjang maupun jangka pendek., Rice is a strategic food commodity and an inelastic goods that have high demand throughout the year. However, rice production that depends on the growing season causes the price of rice to become unstable, resulting in a large price difference between the farmers price and the consumer price. This study aims to determine the pattern of grain-rice price movements and analyze the integration that occurs in Indonesian rice markets. Integration analysis was analyzed using Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The analysis showed that grain price was more volatile than the retail and wholesale rice prices and the government's policy to regulate rice prices is effective in stabilizing monthly grain prices. The analysis result showed that the market integration in producers markets and wholesale market are not integrated in the long-term, but they are integrated in the short-term. There no integration between the producers and consumers in long or short-term. The wholesale markets and retail markets are integrated well in the long-term and short-term.
Keyword: rice price, market integration, VECM

Judul: Analisis Spread Harga Gabah dan Beras, serta Integrasi Pasar dan Komoditas
Abstrak: The stable and affordable rice price is one of the components that well contributed to the food security in Indonesia. One of the rice problems is related to its price spread, farmer as a rice producer want to get high rice price, and the other hand consumer want to get low rice price. Government intervention, especially Bulog, is needed how to help maintain a good price for consumer and producer. But, many parties had been expected that this role was decreased. It had been showed by the price spread that increased since 1998. The objectives of this paper are to analyze the price movement of paddy and rice in the farmer, wholesaler, and consumer level, as well as the type of price spread between paddy and rice in various islands and big cities in Indonesia; analyze the factors that influence the price spread between paddy and rice; and identify the rice market integration, both spatial and vertical analysis. The quantitative approaches, especially the vector error correction model, were used to answer those objectives. From the result, it can be concluded that paddy price in the farmer level is more volatile than rice price in the consumer and wholesaler level. Moreover, the rice price in the various islands and big cities in Indonesia when Bulog’s function as LPND is more volatile than the status as Perum. But, the other way, the national paddy price is more stable when Bulog’s status as Perum. It shows that rice policy stands up for the consumers and sellers than the producers or farmers. Price spread between paddy and rice was increasing from time to time, but the price fluctuation in the Perum period is better than LPND period. There is long run relationship between total of rice purchase, total of paddy purchase, Government Purchasing Price (HPP) for rice, Government Purchasing Price (HPP) for paddy, premium oil price, international price, exchange rate and price spread of paddy and rice. Result of market integration analysis shows that retail price in 12 big rice markets, as well as wholesale price in 4 big ports in Indonesia was not fully integrated. Besides that, vertical market integration of rice in Indonesia was founded, but with asymmetric price. Response of price change in the consumer level was transmitted to the farmer level imperfectly.
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Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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