Judul: Analisis Keragaman Gen Kalpastatin (Cast) Dan Kalpain-1 (Capn1) Terhadap Karakteristik Karkas Dan Daging Pada Sapi Bali
Abstrak: Sapi bali (Bos javanicus) sebagai sumber daya genetik ternak asli hasil domestikasi banteng (Bibos banteng) dan telah diakui oleh FAO sebagai salah satu bangsa sapi di dunia yang tersebar di seluruh Indonesia. Potensi yang dimiliki sapi bali belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal khususnya sebagai penghasil bibit dan produksi daging yang berkualitas (daging premium). Gen yang berperan penting terhadap karakteristik karkas dan daging adalah gen kalpastatin (CAST) dan kalpain-1 (CAPN1). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis ada tidaknya polimorfisme gen CAST dan CAPN1 pada sapi bali. Selain itu tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan variasi Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) gen CAST dan CAPN1 terhadap karakteristik karkas dan daging pada sapi bali. Sapi bali yang digunakan sebanyak 48 ekor dengan masing-masing 24 ekor jantan dan betina yang dipelihara di paddock yang sama dari BPTU-HMT Sapi Bali, Provinsi Bali. Keragaman SNP gen CAST pada ekson 15-16 dan gen CAPN1 pada ekson 5-6 diidentifikasi dengan metode direct-sequencing. Frekuensi alel, frekuensi genotipe, dan heterozigositas digunakan untuk menganalisis keragaman kedua gen tersebut. Keseimbangan genotipe dalam populasi dianalisis dengan uji keseimbangan Hardy-Weinberg (χ2) menggunakan program PopGen 1.32. Asosiasi keragaman genotipe gen CAST dan CAPN1 terhadap karakteristik karkas (TLD, TLP, TR, TLR) dan daging (MS dan PIMF) dianalisis menggunakan metode General Linear Model (GLM) dan diuji lanjut menggunakan Duncan Multiple Range Test dengan program SAS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada gen CAST ditemukan 25 SNP dan pada gen CAPN1 ditemukan 8 SNP yang bersifat polimorfik. Hasil asosiasi keragaman gen CAST terhadap karakteristik karkas ditemukan 20 SNP (c.100665A>G, c.100732T>C, c.100762C>G, c.100764A>G, c.100765T>A, c.100766T>G, c.100767T>G, c.100768T>G, c.100769T>G, c.100770A>T, c.100771G>A, c.100773C>G, c.100774T>C, c.100776C>T, c.100777T>C, c.100778G>T, c.100780A>C, c.100786C>T, c.100800G>A, c.100876G>A) nyata pengaruhnya (P>0.05) terhadap TR, namun tidak ditemukan SNP yang berasosiasi nyata terhadap karakteristik daging. Gen CAPN1 ditemukan 2 SNP yang berasosiasi nyata terhadap karakteristik karkas yaitu SNP c.3194C>T berasosiasi nyata terhadap TR dan SNP c.3379G>A berasosiasi nyata terhadap TLR. Selain itu ditemukan 2 SNP yang berasosiasi nyata terhadap karakteristik daging yaitu SNP c.3194C>T dan c.3424C>T berasosiasi nyata terhadap MS. SNP yang berasosiasi nyata berpotensi digunakan sebagai Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) khususnya pada sapi Bali.
Keyword: sapi bali, gen CAST, gen CAPN1, SNP

Judul: The Polymorphisms of Calpastatin Gene (CAST) and Its Association with Meat Characteristics and Growth Traits in Bali Cattle
Abstrak: Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) is known as one of Indonesian native cattle that domesticated from banteng. Bali cattle was registered by the Ministry of Agriculture of Republic Indonesia (325/Kpts/OT.140/1/2010) is native Indonesian cattle. High adaptability to the environment is one of the traits belong to bali cattle. As one of the local native cattle, bali cattle have the potential to produce high quality meat. One of the factors that affecting the meat quality is genetic factor. The calpastatin gene (CAST) is one of the genes that play an important role in meat quality. The aim of this study was to analyze the polymorphisms of SNP g.41139G>A in the CAST gene using PCR-RFLP and its association with meat charactheristics and growth traits in bali cattle. Bali cattle (n=52) in this study were from BPTU-HPT Sapi Bali Denpasar. Belgian Blue cattle (n=30) from BPTU-HPT Padang Mangatas, West Sumatra Province; Wagyu cattle (n=7) and Limousin cattle (n=14) from BET Cipelang, West Java Province; PO cattle (n=30) from VBC Kebumen were used as comparison. The SNP g.41139G>A polymorphisms on CAST gene were identified by the PCR-RFLP method. Allelic frequency, genotypic frequency, and heterozygosity were analyzed to find out the genetic diversity of bali cattle. The genetic equilibrium in the population was analyzed using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test (χ2) using the PopGen 1.32 program. The association of SNP g.41139G>A polymorphisms on CAST gene with meat characteristics (BFT, LDT, MS, and PIMF) using ultrasound method and growth traits (BW, WW, WT12, WT18, WT24, WT30, and ADG) were analyzed by the t test using SAS program 9.4. The SNP g.41139G>A on CAST gene was specific only found in bali cattle. The SNP g.41139G>A was polymorphic and produced GA genotype and GG genotype, while genotype AA was not found in bali cattle. The SNP g.41139G>A were monomorphic in the other Indonesian beef cattle (Belgian Blue cattle, Wagyu cattle, PO cattle, and Limousin cattle) because only found GG genotype. The results of the SNP association study of g.41139G>A on the CAST gene did not significantly effect with meat characteristics and growth traits in bali cattle., Sapi Bali (Bos javanicus) dikenal sebagai salah satu sapi asli Indonesia hasil domestikasi banteng. Sapi Bali telah ditetapkan oleh Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia (325/Kpts/OT.140/1/2010) sebagai sapi asli Indonesia. Sebagai salah satu sapi asli Indonesia, sapi Bali memiliki potensi sebagai penghasil daging yang cukup berkualitas. Salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi kualitas daging yaitu faktor genetik. Gen calpastatin (CAST) merupakan salah satu gen yang berperan penting terhadap karakteristik dan kualitas daging. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis keragaman SNP g.41139G>A pada gen CAST dengan menggunakan PCR-RFLP serta hubungannya dengan karakteristik daging dan pertumbuhan pada sapi Bali. Sapi Bali (n=52 ekor) yang digunakan berasal dari BPTU-HPT Sapi Bali Denpasar. Sebagai perbandingan digunakan sapi Belgian Blue (n=30 ekor) yang berasal dari BPTU-HPT Padang Mangatas, sapi Wagyu (n=7 ekor) dan Limousin (n=14 ekor) yang berasal dari BET Cipelang, sapi PO (n=30 ekor) dari VBC Kebumen. Karakteristik daging meliputi tebal lemak punggung (BFT), tebal Longissimus dorsi (LDT), marbling score (MS), dan persentase intramuscular fat (PIMF) diukur dengan menggunakan teknik ultrasonografi dan hasil ultasonografi dianalisis
Keyword: bali cattle, CAST gene, polymophisms, ultrasonography

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
Keyword: