Judul: Biologi dan perilaku pemangsaan curinus coeruleus mulant ( coleoptera : coccinellidae ) pada heteropsylla cubana crawford ( homoptera : psyllidae )
Abstrak: Curinus coeruleus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) dimasukkan ke Indonesia untuk pengendalian biologi pada kutu loncat lamtoro, Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Homoptera: Psyllidae). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencatat daur hidup, perilaku, dan keperidian C. coeruleus pada H. cubana. Daur hidup, perilaku, dan keperidian C. coeruleus diamati selama satu generasi yang dipelihara dalam laboratorium di Bogor (ketinggian 250 m). Lama waktu mulai dari peletakan telur sampai imago keluar dari pupa rata-rata 33.9 hari. Rata-rata stadium telur 6.9 hari, larva instar pertama 3.5 hari, instar kedua 3.0 hari, instar ketiga 3.5 hari, dan instar keempat 10.2 hari, serta pupa 6.5 hari. Perilaku kanibalisme terlihat pada kehidupan C. coeruleus jika dipelihara secara bersama-sama. Kanibalisme terjadi oleh larva dan imago pada telur, larva, pupa, dan imago. Masa praoviposisi rata-rata 14.9 hari, dan lama peletakan telur rata-rata 79.8 hari. Jumlah telur tiap imago betina rata-rata 547.4 butir dalam kelompok, rata- rata 9.3 butir, atau masing-masing.
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Judul: Kemampuan Pemangsaan Predator Curinus Coeruleus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae) Pada Berbagai Kepadatan Populasi Telur Kutu Loncat Lamtoro Heteropsylla cubana Crawford (Homoptera: Psyllidae)
Abstrak: Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan pe- mangsaan serta jumlah pemangsaan maksimum dari larva dan imago predator Curinus coeruleus terhadap berbagai kepa- datan populasi telur kutu loncat lamtoro Heteropsylla cu- bana. Kepadatan populasi telur yang dicobakan pada larva instar pertama dan kedua adalah 20, 40, 60, dan 80 butir telur, sedangkan pada larva instar ketiga, keempat, imago jantan, dan imago betina adalah 200, 400, 600, dan 800 bu- tir telur kutu loncat lamtoro. Kemampuan pemangsaan setiap tiga jam antara larva instar pertama dan kedua pada kepadatan populasi 20 butir telur tidak menunjukkan perbedaan. Pada kepadatan populasi 40, 60, dan 80 butir telur, kemampuan pemangsaan larva instar pertama tidak menunjukan perbedaan dengan kemam- puan pemangsaan larva instar kedua pada kepadatan populasi 40 butir telur. Kemampuan pemangsaan setiap tiga jam dari larva instar kedua pada kepadatan populasi 40, 60, dan 80 butir telur berbeda nyata. Pada kepadatan populasi 200 butir telur, kemampuan pemangsaan setiap tiga jam antara larva instar ketiga, keempat, imago jantan dan imago betina tidak menunjukkan perbedaan. Pada kepadatan populasi 400, 600, dan 800 bu- tir telur, kemampuan pemangsaan setiap tiga jam pada lar- va instar ketiga tidak menunjukkan perbedaan dengan kemam- puan pemangsaan larva instar keempat, imago jantan, dan imago betina pada kepadatan populasi 400 butir telur. Kemampuan pemangsaan setiap tiga jam dari imago jantan pada kepadatan populasi 600 dan 800 butir telur tidak me- nunjukkan perbedaan dengan kemampuan pemangsaan larva ins- tar keempat dan imago betina pada kepadatan populasi 600 butir telur, tetapi pada kepadatan populasi 200, 400, dan 600 butir telur, jumlah telur yang dimangsa oleh imago jantan menunjukkan perbedaan. Kemampuan pemangsaan setiap tiga jam larva instar keempat dan imago betina pada kepadatan populasi 200, 400, 600 dan 800 butir telur berbeda nyata…dst
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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