Judul: The c apability of Wood Rot Fungus JPA Isolate and Trichoderma sp. S2-2 in Degradation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches to Produce Cellulose.
Abstrak: Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) are a lignocellulosic waste which commonly found in oil palm refining process. OPEFB abundant waste can be used to get the biorefinary products that have added value. The objectives of this study was to determine the capability of wood-rot fungus JPA isolate and Trichoderma in degradation of OPEFB and to determine the growth of the two fungal isolates on OPEFB that has been composted. The experiment consisted of two topics. The first topic consisted of four treatments of inoculations, i.e. the substrate was inoculated with JPA isolate (JPA); with Trichoderma sp. S2-2 (T); and with both isolates (JPA + T). On the 4th treatment, the substrate was inoculated with JPA isolate. After 4 weeks of incubation, the substrate was inoculated with Trichoderma sp. S2-2 [(JPA) + T]. As control, OPEFB was not inoculated with either JPA isolate or Trichoderma sp. S2-2. On second topic, 4 piles of OPEFB (40 kg/pile) were inoculated with commercial decomposer. They were then composted for 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks, respectively, under natural conditions. As control, OPEFB was not composted. The degraded OPEFB was inoculated with either JPA isolate or Trichoderma sp. S2-2, it was then incubated for 35 days. The results of the first topic showed, that the substrate inoculated with JPA+T produce the highest decrease of dry weight (20.54%). After degradation, from the lowest to the highest of lignin contents were the smooth part of JPA+T (20.83%); JPA (21.85%); rough part of JPA+T (23.93%); T (24.93%); (JPA)+T (29.15%); and control (30.89%) respectively, while from the lowest up to the highest of cellulose contents were T (31.90%), followed by the rough part of JPA+T (33.77%); smooth part of JPA+T (40.4%); JPA (43.33%); (JPA)+T (45.51%); and control ( The results of the second topic showed, that after degradation using commercial decomposer for control, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks of composting, the lignin contents of OPEFB were 39.64, 27.76, 13.66, 12.41 and 10.68%, respectively, while the cellulose contents were 51.21, 38.60, 27.78, 23.34 and 23.34%, respectively. 51.21%). The lowest to the highest of C/N ratio were smooth part of JPA+T (28.24%); JPA (30.44%); rough part of JPA+T (30.46%); (JPA)+T (30.67%); T (34.76%) and control (49.21%) respectively. JPA isolate colonized OPEFB for 6 weeks of composting and 25 days after incubation, whereas Trichoderma sp. S2-2 colonized OPEFB for 8 weeks of composting and 20 days after incubation. Wood rot fungus JPA isolate and Trichoderma sp. S2-2 have a capability in degradation of oil palm empty fruit bunches to obtain cellulose as a raw material to produce value-added products .
Keyword: degradation, oil palm empty fruit bunches, Trichoderma sp. S2-2 wood rot fungus

Judul: Composting of Palm Oil Midrib-leaf with Different Biodecomposter and used as Ameliorant
Abstrak: The number of palm oil midrib-leaf wastes generated is increasing in line with the growth of palm oil production. Midrib buildup on the sidelines of palm oil plantations, especially in side off lines on several palm oil estates has the potential to become a den / host for pests and diseases. Palm oil midrib-leaf contains high lignin and cellulose that requires a long time to be able to decompose completely. Efforts to speed up and maximize the composting palm oil midrib-leaf waste with using biodecomposter expected to minimize organic matter transported from the field at harvest time. Trimming leaves can even be returned to the field in the form of materials ready used to maintain the stability of soil organic matter after going through the process of decomposition. The objective of study were to identify indigenous microbe isolates, to compare the rate of composting and to identify influence of using compost toward growth and caisin yield (Brassica rapa). This experiment was done in Laboratory of Soil Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science and Land Resources and Cikabayan Teaching Farm in IPB Dramaga Bogor. Microbe identification was held in IPB Culture Collection (IPBCC). Analysis of soil nutrients and compost materials were conducted at the Laboratory of Soil Fertility, Soil Science and Land Resources Department. Chlorophyll analysis was done in the Laboratory of Molecular Marker Spectrophotometry and stomatal observation was carried out at the Microtechnic Laboratory of Agronomy and Horticulture Department (AGH). Stages of the study were lasted from October 2012 to August 2013. This study consisted of three experiments. The first, microbe exploration was used as biodecomposter. The results obtained show that indigenous biodecomposter produce the number of colonies twice more than commercial biodecomposter. According to identification result, indigenous microbe derived from the natural weathering of oil palm estate is a type of fungi Trichoderma asperellum. The second, composting of palm oil midrib-leaf. Treatment 1 (B0) shredded palm oil midrib-leaf + cow manure by 10%; treatment 2 (B1) shredded palm oil midrib-leaf + cow manure by 10% + commercial biodecomposter; treatment 3 (B2) shredded palm oil midrib-leaf + cow manure by 10% + indigenous biodecomposter. The experimental design used was one factor Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 treatment levels. Based on the variables observed like temperature, the ratio C / N, the degree of acidity (pH), volume shrinkage, the physical condition of the compost materials and compost nutrient analysis show that the rate of composting of indigenous biodecomposter is higher than commercial biodecomposter up to 8 weeks after application of biodecomposter. This indicates that the treatment of indigenous biodecomposter is more effective than commercial biodecomposter, because cellulose destroyer microbial isolates which is in it comes from the same environment with the composted material. The third experiment, the compost use produced as organic caisin ameliorant. There are four media treatments namely M0 (soil media without compost); M1 (soil media + compost B0 without biodecomposter); M2 (soil media + compost B1 with indigenous biodecomposter); M3 (soil media + compost B2 with commercial biodecomposter). Composts derived from palm oil midribleaf waste which had been composted with
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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