Judul: Analysis of Anatomical, Secretory Structure, and Histochemical of Kembang Bulan Medicinal Plant
Abstrak: Kembang bulan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemslay) A. Gray) merupakan tumbuhan semak tahunan yang memiliki banyak manfaat dalam bidang kesehatan, lingkungan, dan pertanian. Di bidang kesehatan, daun kembang bulan dimanfaatkan sebagai obat anti-inflamasi, analgesik, diabetes, malaria, sakit perut, diare, luka, memar, infeksi kulit dan radang. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi struktur anatomi, struktur sekretori dan menguji kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terdapat di dalamnya. Organ tumbuhan yang diamati meliputi daun, batang, dan akar. Pengamatan anatomi dan struktur sekretori dilakukan dengan membuat sayatan paradermal dan transversal. Uji histokimia yang dilakukan meliputi uji alkaloid, fenol, lipofilik, terpenoid, dan flavonoid. Analisis struktur anatomi daun menunjukkan sel epidermis daun dengan dinding sel yang berlekuk, dan tipe stomata anomositik pada kedua permukaan. Struktur sekretori yang terdapat pada tumbuhan ini berupa tiga macam trikoma kelenjar uniseriat, trikoma kapitat dan saluran sekretori. Uji histokimia pada helai daun kembang bulan menunjukkan adanya akumulasi senyawa metabolit sekunder pada ketiga trikoma kelenjar uniseriat, trikoma kapitat dan sel idioblas berupa senyawa alkaloid, fenol, lipofilik, terpenoid, dan flavonoid. Pada batang, senyawa metabolit sekunder terakumulasi pada trikoma kelenjar uniseriat dan trikoma kapitat berupa senyawa alkaloid, fenol, lipofilik, terpenoid, dan flavonoid. Pada akar, senyawa metabolit sekunder terakumulasi pada saluran sekretori yang tersebar di sekeliling xilem dan di dinding xilem berupa senyawa fenol dan lipofilik., Kembang bulan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsley) A. Gray) is a perennial shrub that has many benefits in health, environment and agriculture. In the health sector, the leaves of kembang bulan are used as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diabetes, malaria, stomachache, diarrhea, and inflammation. This study aimed to determine anatomical structure, secretory structure and content of secondary metabolite compounds contained there in. Plant organs observed include leaf, stems, and roots. Observation on anatomical and secretory structure were carried out by making microscopic preparations of paradermal and transversal sections. The histochemical tests that were carried out included alkaloid, phenol, lipophilic, terpenoid, and flavonoid tests. Anatomical structure analysis of leaves show the shape of leaf epidermal cells with curved cell walls, and anomocytic stomata type on both surfaces. The secretory structures found in this plant are in the form of three kinds of trichomes of the uniseriate glands, trichomes of capitat and secretory duct. The histochemical test on the leaves of kembang bulan show the accumulation of secondary metabolites in the three uniseriate gland trichomes, capitate trichomes and idioblast cells in the form of alkaloids, phenols, lipophilic, terpenoids, and flavonoids compounds. In the stem, secondary metabolites accumulate in uniceriat gland trichomes and capitate trichomes in the form of alkaloid, phenol, lipophilic, terpenoids, and flavonoid compounds. In the roots, secondary metabolites accumulate in the secretory duct that are around the xylem and on the xylem walls in the form of phenol and lipophilic compounds.
Keyword: Anomocytic, flavonoid, glandular trichomes, secondary metabolite

Judul: Analysis of Anatomical Structure, Secretory Structure, and Histochemical Test of Dwarf Pennywort (Hydrocotyle sibthorphioides)
Abstrak: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpoides) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang sering dikonsumsi sebagai lalapan. Studi fitokimia melaporkan tanaman ini mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa alkaloid, terpenoid, dan fenol, namun lokasi akumulasinya pada jaringan tanaman belum diketahui. Struktur sekretori pada tanaman ini juga belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis struktur anatomi, struktur sekretori, dan lokasi senyawa metabolit sekunder pada jaringan tanaman pegagan embun. Pada tanaman ini stoma dijumpai pada helai daun, tangkai daun dan stolon. Tipe stoma bervariasi, yakni anisositik, parasitik, diasitik, dan anomositik. Struktur unik berupa kumpulan stomata ditemukan epidermis adaksial daun. Tangkai daun dan stolon memiliki endodermis yang tidak mengalami lignifikasi. Struktur sekretori yang ditemukan pada tanaman ini adalah sel idioblas, saluran sekretori, dan trikoma multiseriat. Sel idioblas pada semua organ dan trikoma multiseriat mengakumulasi senyawa lipofilik, flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid, dan fenol. Berkas pembuluh pada tangkai daun mengakumulasi senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid, seskuiterpen, monoterpen, dan fenol juga terdeteksi pada berkas pembuluh tangkai daun. Berkas pembuluh pada stolon mengakumulasi senyawa lipofilik, alkaloid, monoterpen, seskuiterpen, dan fenol. Senyawa flavonoid golongan flavonon dan flavon ditemukan pada jaringan tumbuhan pegagan embun., Dwarf pennywort (Hydrocotyle sibthorpoides) is a is often consumed as raw greens. Phytochemical studies report that this plant contains secondary metabolites in the form of alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenols, but the location of their accumulation in plant tissues is still unknown. The secretory structure of this plant has also not been reported. This study aims to analyze the anatomical structure, secretory structure, and location of secondary metabolites in the plant tissue of dwarf pennywort. In this plant stomata are found on the leaf blade, petiole and stolons. Stoma types are varied, including anisocytic, parasitic, diacytic, and anomocytic. A unique structure in the form of a group of stomata is found in the adaxial epidermis of leaves. The petioles and stolons have a non-lignified endodermis. The secretory structures found in this plant are idioblast cells, secretory ducts, and multiseriate trichomes. Idioblast cells in all organs and multiseriate trichomes accumulate lipophilic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenols. Flavonoids, alkaloids, sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes, and phenols were detected in petiole bundles. Vascular bundles in stolons accumulate lipophilic compounds, alkaloids, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and phenols. Flavonoid compounds in the form of the flavonones and flavones were found in this plant tissues.
Keyword: diterpenoid, histokimia, idioblas, sekretori, stolon, histochemistry, secretory, idioblast

Judul: Approximation of the Median of Poisson Distribution Using the Relation of Poisson-Gamma Distribution
Abstrak: A major drawback of median is that median cannot usually be defined in closed form, even in the cases where their distribution functions are known. This study gives an approximation of the closed form for the median of the Poisson distribution by using the relation of Poisson-Gamma distribution. The approximation uses elementary techniques based on the monotonicity of certain sequences involving tail probabilities of the Poisson distribution and the Central Limit Theorem. Furthermore, a closed form expression for the mean absolute deviation 􀜧|􀜰􀰒 􀵆 􀜯􀝁􀝀􁈺􀜰􀰒􁈻| is also studied. The median is relevant because of the fact that it minimizes the mean absolute deviation of a Poisson random variable (􀜰􀰒􁈻 by considering median as central tendency.
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