Judul: Proses Produksi Karaginan Skala Pilot Plant dari Rumput Laut Kappaphycus alvarezii dan Pemetaan Potensinya
Abstrak: Kappaphycus alvarezii is one of the seaweeds from Rhodophyceae class, better known as Eucheuma cottonii. Its potential development in Indonesia is quite large and it is a producer of carrageenan. Carrageenan is a polysaccharide compound that can be extracted with water or high temperature alkali to form a gel. Commercially, this product is obtained in semi refined carrageenan and refined carrageenan forms. Important parameters in commercial process of carrageenan extraction that will affect the quality of the resulted carrageenan are the concentration of solvent, the ratio of seaweed to solvent, temperature and extraction time. The objectives of this research were: (1) to obtain the optimal alkali treatment process condition to produce alkali treated cottonii (ATC) at laboratory scale, (2) to obtain an extraction process condition using water after alkali treatment to produce refined carrageenan (RC) at pilot plant scale (3) to map the potency of Kappaphycus alvarezii in order to develop the production process of carageenan at pilot plant scale. This research was conducted in several steps. First, the proximate content of the seaweed was analysed. Afterwards, the optimation process in ATC processing was conducted, under these conditions; alkali concentration (6-8%), temperature (70-80oC) and time (1-2 hours). Further step was the optimation of extraction process using water after alkali treatment in RC processing at pilot plant scale. The extraction process selected were the ratio between material (seaweed) and solvent (water) (1:20-1:35), temperature (85-95 oC), and time (2-4 hours). The quality parameters of ATC products were analysed using yield test and gel strength, whereas for RC products, the quality parameters were analysed with yield, water content, ash content, acid-insoluble ash content, sulphate content, gel strength, viscosity and whiteness. Statistical method used was DX 7.0 RSM Box-Behnken. As the final step of this research, a mapping of K. alvarezii potency was conducted to develop pilot plant scale production process of carageenan using the Principal Component Analysis method. Based on RSM Box-Behnken Design, it was known that the concentration of KOH, temperature and time, were significantly influenced the ATC response value. The relationship between variables and ATC yield response can be expressed by Y = -0.97A + 6.59B – 1.79C – 0.05B2 equation, while gel strength can be expressed by Y = 29030.24A + 1488.61B – 521.90C – 406.91AB – 64.50AC – 1984.79A2 + 344.21C2 + 28.02A2B equation. The optimal response of ATC was 92.8%, with process conditions of 6% KOH, temperature at 78.67°C and 1 hour duration. At these conditions, RC yield and gel strength obtained were 38.72% and 1105.31 g/cm2, respectively. The optimum process conditions to produce RC in pilot plant scale were at seaweed and water ratio of 1:25.22, 85.80°C, and 4 hours. At these conditions, the RC yield was 31.74%, the moisture content was 10.69%, the ash content was 30.52%, the acid insoluble content was 0.21%, the sulphate content was 17.12%, the gel strength was 1833.37 g/cm2, the viscosity was 27 cP and the whiteness was 74.8. Further, process technology of carrageenan production was used as a reference in mapping the potential area in developing carrageenan production process at pilot plant
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Judul: Analysis of growth rate amd carrageenan quality of Kappaphycus alvarezii planted at diffrent depths
Abstrak: Kappaphycus alvarezii is one type of red algae that has a distribution and productivity were affected by physical and chemical factors of water, such as current, temperature, salinity, nutritional contents (nitrate and phosphate) and light intensity for photosynthetic process. In each layer of water, there are differences nutrient content and other physico-chemical conditions that can affecting performance of the growth of algae. The main determinant of the growth rate and quality of carrageenan K. alvarezii and other algae is photosynthetic. The process of photosynthesis going well when the intensity of light received optimal, while the excess of the exposure will result thallus become pale, white or loss of pigment. Lack of light intensity received by K. alvarezii will impact on the ability of photosynthesis thus negatively impacting the growth rate and quality of carrageenan. Primary pigment in algae to absorb light for photosynthesis are chlorophyll-a. In anticipation of the limitations of light and other adaptations, red algae (K. alvarezii) forming other pigments is called phycoerythrin. The function of phycoerythrin is as a pigment complement in optimization of capture the sunlight. This study was aimed to determine the abundance of photosynthetic pigments and growth performance of K. alvarezii planted at different depths. This experiment was used K. alvarezii strain Tambalang merah as seeds with an average weight of ±100 g for each unit. K. alvarezii were planted at five different depths, which are 15 cm (K, Control), 50 (A), 100 (B), 150 (C) and 200 cm (D), each subsequent treatment repeated four times, in order to obtain 20 units of treatment. Seaweed is planted during the planting period (45 days), and then further were analyzed the productivity. The measurement of quality of carrageenan was done by dried seaweed extract as much as 40 g obtained from each unit to obtain flour carrageenan treatment. The sample was made pale by immersion for ±24 hours and then blended. Extraction was conducted by boiling the samples using a perssure cooker at 120 ºC for 15 minutes, with a ratio of 1 g of sample: 30 ml of fresh water. Furthermore, the samples were pressured at a temperature of 90-95 ºC for 2 hours until forming the gel. Cellulose separation process conducted by filtration using nylon mesh size of 300 mesh. The filtrate obtained was precipitated by using isopropanol in the ratio 1:2. The precipitate obtained by drying oven dried at a temperature of 70-80oC to form sheets of dried carrageenan. Dried carrageenan made of flour and were analyzed the quality. Parameters observed in this experiment include: chlorophyll-a (Jeffrey and Humphrey 1975); phycoerythrin (Evans 1988); daily growth rate (Dawes 1981); weights harvest; percentage of dry weight; yield of carrageenan (SNI 2012); levels of sulfate (FMC corp. 1977); gel strength (FMC corp. 1977); viscosity (AOAC 1995), and water content (AOAC 1995). Data obtained from observations of all parameters analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significant difference test (LSD) respectively on the real level of 5%.
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Judul: Ornithonyssus Bursa (Berlese, 1888) Famili Macronyssidae yang Menyerang Unggas Dan Penaggulangannnya
Abstrak: Ornithonyssus bursa adalah tungau penghisap darah pada unggas di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Tungau ini relatif kecil, dengan panjang tubuh antara 700-1000 mikron dan lebarnya 250-490 mikron. Tubuhnya bulat berwarna coklat kekuningan sebelum menghisap darh dan berwarna merah setelah menghisap darah dari induk semangnya.
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