Judul: Interesterifikasi Enzimatik dengan Lipase pada Campuran Minyak Sawit Merah dan Minyak Kelapa untuk Menghasilkan Bahan Baku Spreads Kaya β-Karoten
Abstrak: Untuk memperbaiki sifat fisik produk spreads minyak sawit merah, diperlukan campuran dengan minyak kelapa yang mempunyai asam lemak jenuh dan berantai sedang melalui proses interesterifikasi enzimatik. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan formulasi sawit merah dan minyak kelapa hasil interesterifikasi enzimatik yang memiliki karakter yang paling mendekati profil spreads komersial dan kandungan karoten yang tinggi. Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan adalah (1) Karakteristik kimia bahan baku (minyak sawit merah dan minyak kelapa) meliputi analisis kadar air, kadar asam lemak bebas, bilangan peroksida, bilangan iod, total karotenoid, dan komposisi asam lemak, (2) Penentuan rasio campuran bahan baku minyak sawit merah yaitu: neutralized red palm oil (NRPO); red palm olein (Rpo); dan red palm stearin/red palm olein 50:50 b/b (Rps/Rpo) dan minyak kelapa(CNO) pada interesterifikasi enzimatik dengan kondisi reaksi optimal (dosis enzim 10% b/b, suhu 60 °C, kecepatan agitasi 200 rpm, dan waktu empat jam), (3) Karakterisasi sifat fisikokimia produk interesterifikasi enzimatik dari bahan baku terpilih, meliputi kadar air, asam lemak bebas, slip melting point (SMP), total karotenoid, solid fat content (SFC), dan sifat kristalisasi lemak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakter kadar air, bilangan iod, total karotenoid, dan komposisi asam lemak bahan baku NRPO, Rpo, Rps/Rpo dan CNO sesuai untuk proses interesterifikasi enzimatik, kecuali karakter asam lemak bebas dan bilangan peroksida yang masih agak tinggi. Interesterifikasi enzimatik cenderung menghasilkan produk dengan nilai SMP dan profil SFC lebih tinggi, perubahan total karotenoid yang tidak signifikan, serta ukuran kristal menjadi lebih besar. Interesterifikasi enzimatik mengakibatkan perubahan yang sangat signifikan pada sifat fisik perlakuan dari bahan baku NRPO dan Rpo, serta kedua bahan baku ini mempunyai total karotenoid cukup tinggi. Formulasi (Rps/Rpo)/CNO dengan rasio 75:25, 77,5:12,5 dan 82,5:17,5 b/b memiliki karakter fisik yang paling mendekati bahan baku margarin IE ritel dan industri, dengan nilai SMP sudah termasuk ke dalam kisaran SMP spreads komersial yaitu 32,63; 33,60 dan 34,86 °C. Setelah proses interesterifikasi enzimatik total karotenoid hanya turun 1,85; 2,97 dan 2,93% (363,16; 378,21 dan 392,81 ppm menjadi 356,43; 366,72 dan 381,32 ppm), dan profil SFC pada suhu 20, 30 dan 40 °C mirip dengan profil SFC bahan baku margarin IE ritel dan industri.
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Judul: Produksi Bahan Baku Spreads Kaya β-karoten Berbasis Minyak Sawit Merah Melalui Interesterifikasi Enzimatik Menggunakan Reaktor Batch
Abstrak: Interesterification of red palm oil (red palm olein/RPO and red palm stearin/RPS) and coconut oil (CNO) blends of varying proportions using a nonspecific immobilized Candida antartica lipase (Novozyme 435) was studied for the production of spread base. The interesterification reaction was held in a batch-type reactor. Two substrate blends were chosen for the production of spread base: 77,5:22,5 and 82,5:17,5 (RPO/RPS:CNO, by weight) through enzymatic interesterification in three different reaction times (2, 4, and 6 hours). RPO/RPS ratio was 1:1. Interesterification reactions were studied at 60oC at constant weight ratio (10%) of Novozyme 435. The reaction was carried out at steady agitation (200 rpm). The interesterified blends were evaluated for their physical characteristics (solid fat content/SFC and slip melting point/SMP) and chemical characteristics (moisture content, free fatty acid/FFA content and carotene retention). The results showed that all of the interesterified mixtures have a lower SFC and SMP values compared with the initial mixtures. SMP values and SFC increased in a longer reaction. SMP values were ranging from 30,8oC to 34,9oC. The moisture content and FFA content increased in a longer reaction. Carotene retentions were ranging from 74,80% to 81,08%. This study indicated that interesterified products have desirable physical properties for possible use as spread base rich in carotene.
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Judul: Implementation of Spatio-Temporal Change Query in Relational Database.
Abstrak: Geographic object changes in various views. Object changes are recorded using a model of static storage. No historical connection between old version data and new version data has been built. For that, a storage model of spatio-temporal queries that can analyze spatio-temporal changes has been developed. The object changes the geometry are grouped according to the taxonomy of Spatio-Temporal Pattern Change. This research has been able to apply the query patterns change including born, expand, merge, contract, split, normal and die. This query based on geometric (area) changes. The implementation of spatio-temporal change queries represents an object changes continuously with easy, change detection is done by comparing two versions of data. Keyword: spatio-temporal change query, spatio-temporal change pattern.
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