Judul: Studi enkapsulasi Lactobacillus casei dan Bifidobacterium longum dengan teknik ekstrusi
Abstrak: Lactobacillus casei dan Bifidobacterium longum merupakan bakteri probiotik yang umumnya diaplikasikan sebagai starter kering probiotik untuk pangan. Proses pengeringan dalam pembuatan starter kering dapat menurunkan jumlah L. casei dan B. longum, oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan enkapsulasi. Teknik enkapsulasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah ekstrusi dengan maltodekstrin-alginat (1:3), pati sagu-alginat (1:3), maizena-alginat (1:3), dan kontrol skim-alginat (1:2) (b:b) sebagai bahan pengkapsul. Keempat bahan pengkapsul tersebut berpengaruh nyata terhadap nilai viabilitas, efisiensi enkapsulasi, jumlah sel pada beads basah dan beads kering, ketahanan sel setelah proses pengeringan, serta ketahanan sel L. casei dan B. longum terhadap kondisi pH rendah dan garam empedu. Berdasarkan nilai viabilitas L. casei dan B. longum, karakteristik matriks beads, jumlah sel pada beads basah dan beads kering, serta persentase ketahanan sel selama proses pengeringan, bahan pengkapsul maltodekstrin-alginat lebih baik dibanding pati sagu-alginat dan maizena-alginat, namun belum lebih baik dari bahan pengkapsul kontrol yaitu skim-alginat. Jumlah sel L. casei dan B. longum pada beads kering maltodekstrin-alginat adalah 4.69 ± 0.08 log CFU/g dan 5.32 ± 0.21 log CFU/g, sedangkan jumlah sel L. casei dan B. longum pada beads kering skim-alginat lebih tinggi yaitu 5.08 ± 0.07 log CFU/g dan 6.20 ± 0.16 log CFU/g.
Keyword: Bifidobacterium longum, Encapsulation, Lactobacillus casei, Probiotic, Starch, Starter, Food science, Drying process

Judul: Enkapsulasi Starter Yoghurt (Streptococcus thermophilus dan Lactobacillus bulgaricus) Menggunakan Bahan Pengisi Berbasis Pati
Abstrak: The viability of lactic acid bacteria (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus) in yoghurt is declined during storage. To prevent this condition we need giving protection by encapsulating the bacteria. Encapsulating had been doing by emulsion method. Emulsion method held by emulsify encapsulating material (maize resistant starch and maltodextrin) with vegetable oil (canola oil containing 0,5% tween 80%), with the equivalent of them 1:2:2. 0.1% (cultivated from beginning of log phage) an amount inoculums was added. Emulsion method which used in this research has been modified. The process of adding CaCl2 solution using syringe 23 G (0. 573mm) and 10 cm of the drop distance from alginate-oil solution. The separating held by using shaker during 24 hours and beads collected using filtration. The composition of encapsulating material and filler had been using are alginate 2%: high amylose corn starch 2%, alginate 3%: maltodextrin 1% and alginate 4%. Drying process of wet beads which produced in this method using oven 40oC during two hour. Then, the best encapsulating material had advanced tested based on quality and quantity. Quantity test held by comparising the yoghurt which produced from free cell and commercial starter (yoghurtmert). The best encapsulating material is alginate 3%: maltodextrin 1%. Encapsulating increase the viability of the bacteria 6.09x105cfu/g (on wet beads) and 2.56 x105cfu/g (on dry beads) as compared to free cell. Yoghurt which produced by alginate 3%: maltodextrin 1% is more sour than free cell, but less than commercial starter. The result of hedonic can be describe that yoghurt which produced by alginate 3%: maltodextrin 1% is not different from commonly consumed yoghurt.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite