Judul: Studies on Body Morphometrics of Terns (Laridae) Through Principal Component Analysis and Minimum Distance D2-Mahalanobis
Abstrak: The diversity of animal body size is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study used 168 specimens of Terns. Terns is a small tribe of sea birds that spread widely all over the world. Terns specimens used were A. m. worcesteri, A. s. pileatus, C. h. javanica, S. a. sinensis, S. a. anaethetus, S. b. cristatus, S. f. nubilosa and S. s. sumatrana. The purpose of this research was to study the relationship of morphometric dissimilarity of the body size. Also it studied the body size and shape of Terns observed. T2-Hotelling showed that the body size of the terns observed was significant (P<0,01). The result of Principal component analysis showed that body size and shape of the terns observed were significant from each other, although they were in one genus. The wing length is a size discriminator of all Terns observed; while shape discriminator diverses of each species observed. Data cluster of S. b. cristatus grouped on right in cluster chart, however S. a. sinensis grouped on the left in the cluster chart. Data cluster of six other species are grouped in the middle of the cluster chart. The results showed that Terns can be classified into two major groups namely A and B by D2-Mahalanobis. Group A included S. a. anaethetus, S. f. nubilosa, S. b. cristatus, C. h. javanica, S. s. sumatrana, A. m. worcesteri and A. s. pileatus. Group B consisted of only one species of S. a. sinensis.
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Judul: Ketidakserupaan Morfometrik, Ukuran dan Bentuk Tubuh pada Burung Air
Abstrak: Burung air merupakan salah satu kekayaan alam Indonesia. Mereka dapat berfungsi sebagai indikator kesehatan lahan basah dan lingkungan. Penurunan jumlah populasi burung air baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung terjadi sebagai akibat perburuan liar dan pembangunan yang tidak terencana. Penangkaran merupakan salah satu upaya untuk menghindari penurunan jumlah populasi burung air. Dukungan berupa informasi tambahan mengenai karakteristik morfometrik melalui ukuran-ukuran linear tubuh yang dapat menunjang keberhasilan suatu penangkaran; diperlukan untuk tujuan penelitian. Salah satu famili burung air adalah Ardeidae. Penelitian ini mempelajari ukuran-ukuran tubuh spesies burung air yang meliputi Bambangan Kuning (Ixobrychus sinensis) sebanyak 62 ekor, Bambangan Merah (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus) sebanyak 18 ekor, Bambangan Hitam (Ixobrychus flavicollis) sebanyak 20 ekor, Kokokan Laut (Butorides striatus) sebanyak 10 ekor, Blekok Sawah (Ardeola speciosa) sebanyak 10 ekor, Kowak Malam Kelabu (Nycticorax nycticorax) sebanyak 13 ekor, Kuntul Kecil (Egretta garzetta) sebanyak 6 ekor dan Kuntul Kerbau (Bubulcus ibis) sebanyak 11 ekor. Ukuran linear tubuh yang diamati meliputi panjang sayap natural (X1), panjang sayap maksimal (X2), panjang ekor (X3), panjang tarsus (X4), panjang paruh (X5), rentang sayap (X6) dan panjang tubuh (X7). Uji T2-Hotelling digunakan untuk membedakan ukuran antara dua spesies pada delapan spesies yang diamati. Jarak minimum D2-Mahalanobis digunakan untuk menentukan ketidakserupaan morfometrik, sedangkan Analisis Komponen Utama digunakan untuk menentukan ukuran dan bentuk tubuh diantara delapan spesies burung air yang diamati.
Keyword: Yellow Bittern (Ixobrychus sinensis), Black Crowned Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), Cinnamon Bittern (Ixobrychus cinnamomeus), Black Bittern (Ixobrychus flavicollis), Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis), body length, vector eigen

Judul: Detoxification of Cassava’s Acid Hydrolyzate by Activated Carbon Method for Bioethanol Production
Abstrak: Cassava is one of natural resources for carbohydrate that also available for bioethanol production. Starch and fibers hydrolysis maybe conducted on acid condition. The restriction in acid hydrolysis is 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) and furfural formation, which inhibit yeast fermentation. This study applied two stages of detoxification, which are overliming and activated carbon adsorption methods for lowering HMF and furfural concentrations. In order to obtain tolerable amount in sugar solution, detoxification by activated carbon adsorption was done by concentration of 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10% and duration of contact are 30 45 and 60 minutes. The results showed that overliming method decreased HMF and furfural concentrations 34.38% and 60.81%, respectively. Overliming followed by 5% activated carbon adsorption for 30 minutes produced the best sugar solution which has a lower HMF and furfural concentrations by 72.03% and 89.11%, respectively. Adsorption constants of HMF and furfural by 5% activated carbon were 0.044 g/min and 3,7 x 10-5 g/min, respectively. The concentration of ethanol produced was 5.00% (b/v) or 63.22% higher than obtained from detoxification by neutralization (NH4OH) which produced ethanol only 3.06%.
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