Judul: Sistem Pengelolaan dan Kontribusi Hutan Rakyat Terhadap Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Petani (Kasus di Kecamatan Jatirogo, Kabupaten Tuban, Propinsi Jawa Timur)
Abstrak: Sistem pengelolaan hutan rakyat di Kecamatan Jatirogo masih sederhana dan belum menggunakan teknik silvikultur dengan baik. Kegitan pengelolaan yang dilakukan adalah penanaman yang bibitnya berasal dari penghijauan maupun swadaya masyarakat. Kegiatan pemeliharaan berupa penyulaman, penyiangan, pemupukan, wiwil/pemangkasan, penjarangan tegakan dan perlindungan hutan rakyat. Pemanenan dilakukan dengan menggunakan daur butuh atau apabila sangat memerlukan saja digunakan sendiri atau dijual dalam bentuk pohon berdiri. Sedangkan pemasaran dilakukan oleh tengkulak yang mendatangi petani atau diundang oleh petani melalui jasa tukang tunjuk. Kontribusi pendapatan dari hutan rakyat terhadap pendapatan total rumah tangga petani sebagai berikut: untuk strata I adalah 1.13%; untuk strata II adalah 18.30% dan untuk strata III adalah 5.38%. Pendapatan dari hutan rakyat di Kecamatan Jatirogo secara keseluruhan memberikan kontribusi terhadap pendapatan total sebesar 6.12%. Petani di Kecamatan Jatirogo belum dapat melakukan usaha hutan rakyat menurut prinsip kelestarian yang baik sehingga hasil hutan rakyat belum memberikan pendapatan yang layal dan kontinu.
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Judul: Kontribusi Pengelolaan Hutan Rakyat Terhadap Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Petani dan Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Hutan Rakyat. (Studi di Desa Babakanreuma, Kecamatan Sindangagung, Kabupaten Kuningan, Propinsi Jawa Barat)
Abstrak: According to Hardjanto (2000), income of community forest farmers in Java are still positioned as a by product and incidental. Range of income is not more than 10 % of total revenue and sought simply. It shows that the contribution of community forest have not become the foundation of households subsistence, so it is necessary to conduct a study about how is the contribution of community forests management to total household income and it’s feasibility, especially in the Village Babakanreuma, District Sindangagung, Kuningan Regency, West Java Province. The purpose of this study was to identify the system of community forests management and marketing, knowing the contributions community forests management to households total income as well as examine the linkage of effectiveness of community forests area to the households total income and to determine the feasibility of it’s businesses. Determination of the respondents conducted using stratified random sampling method in which the respondents were 36 people obtained from the slovin formula. This study uses a qualitative approach that conducted by survey method using questionnaire and supported by quantitative techniques. The results shows that the contribution of community forests management to the households income has been very visible, reinforced by the magnitude of the contribution value that become higher and increasing in strata. So that the farmers land area of community forest significantly affected their household income. From the data obtained, in 1st strata , the resulting contribution is Rp. 2,208,333.00 per year (7.79%), 2nd strata is Rp 3.800.000,00 per year (11.98%), and 3rd strata is Rp 5.500.000,00 per year (13.00%). Management of community forests is feasible to run on all three strata. These statements are based on the amount of NPV (Net Present Value) that is not negative, BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) is greater than one and the IRR (Internal Rate of Return) is greater than the prevailing rates. NPV values in strata I, II and III is Rp 6.378.880,00; Rp 14.134.803,00 and Rp 3.985.918.00. Community forests management systems at the sites are still modest. The harvesting is still based on needs and not according to the Sengon plant cycle which is the staple in this village. The timber marketing is only done by a contract system or the middleman (tengkulak) / buyer and furthermore become the responsibility of the middleman / buyer it self.
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Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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