Judul: Pengaruh Rasio Etanol dan Air serta Konsentrasi NaOH pada Pemurnian Mono-Diasilgliserol
Abstrak: Mono-diacylglycerol (MDAG) is an emulsifier which can be obtained by esterifying glycerol and free fatty acids. Esterification result still contain FFA and TAG fraction that can degrade the quality of MDAG. Therefore, to eliminate the FFA and TAG fractions, needs to be purified by ethanol and water extraction method and saponification using NaOH. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of NaOH and the ratio of ethanol and water to the purification process.The process began by adding hexane to the sample with a ratio of 1:5. Then, NaOH 0,1N was added to the samples as much as 6ml, 30ml for NaOH 0,01N and without adding NaOH. Then samples extracted with ethanol and water with different volume ratio (50:50,75:25). Samples filtered using Whatman number 41 to obtain pure M-DAG. The best product derived from NaOH 0,1N treatment with ethanol and water ratio of 50:50. The result showed that the addition of NaOH with ratio of ethanol-water affect M-DAG purity. M-DAG produced with the yield of 39,68%, pH value of 6, emulsion stability of 72% for 12 hours, width area from MAG is about 5063 unit, 4255 unit for DAG, and 10065 unit for TAG+ALB, free fatty acid level by 13,62%, melting point 520C, has a white colour, dry texture, and odorless.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), M-DAG, free fatty acids, emulsifier

Judul: Pengaruh Saponifikasi pada Pemurnian Mono-Diasilgliserol Hasil Reaksi Gliserol dan PFAD
Abstrak: Mono-diacylglycerol is produced by esterification reaction between glycerol and PFAD. Esterification reaction produce a mixture of MDAG, free fatty acid (FFA), and triacylglycerol (TAG). FFA and TAG can decrease performance of MDAG as emulsifier, so purification is needed to decrease the number of ALB and TAG. The purpose of this research was to get product of pure MDAG emulsifier that have the best quality and highest yield. Purification was doing by saponification process and then extracted by hexane. That method used saponification with NaOH 1 N at various volume addition (Without NaOH, 1ml, 2 ml, 3 ml, and 4 mL) and continued by product characterization. The result showed that the saponification reaction affect MDAG purity. So, the best product was without 1ml NaOH 1N treatment. That condition produced rendemenofs 31.54% with composition of MAG 26.80%, DAG 30.46%, and TAG-ALB 42.74%, FFA 8.88%, melting point 53oC, pH 5, emulsion stability 84%, dry texture, no odor, and white color.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), saponification., free fatty acid, MDAG

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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