Judul: Pemanfaatan Bakteri Streptococcus mutans sebagai Perapuh Gigi Seri pada Tikus Putih
Abstrak: Rat incisor keeps growing along with rat’s life. Rat incisor can be controlled by gnawing, however it may bring disadvantages to human such as plant cultivation damage and household tool. The strenght of rat’s teeth is high, so they can consume something hard. Usage of Streptococcus mutans as rat incisor fragility agent is one of the ways to solve this matter. S. mutans can be examined 4 treatment, i.e. control, 3x104, 3x106, and 3x108 cfu/ml and different period of time, i.e. 4 and 8 days. The variable which observed are hardness of the rat incisor and preference of consumption to paddy and pellets. In this experiment, the bacteria decreases the hardness of rat incisor and consumption to paddy in all consentration. Consumption to pellets increased after the application but it’s not appropriate during application. Interaction of those factors is the longer S. mutans given to the rat, the more fragility will happen to rat incisor and will impact to the paddy consumption, except control and 3x108cfu/ml. Decreasing of paddy consumption could be taken place between 46.8% to 59.4%.
Keyword: consumpsion., bactery teeth fragility, incisor hardness

Judul: Potensi Antibakteri Campuran Propolis Trigona spp dan Garam  Kelapa Terhadap Streptococcus mutans
Abstrak: Karies gigi merupakan masalah kesehatan yang umum terjadi di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia. Faktor yang paling banyak menyebabkan karies gigi adalah plak gigi. Bakteri yang dominan dalam plak gigi adalah Streptococcus mutans. Salah satu bahan antibakteri kariogenik yang biasa dipakai dalam pasta gigi saat ini adalah fluor. Penggunaan pasta gigi berfluor dapat menimbulkan fluorosis yaitu pelemahan email gigi bila dipakai dalam konsentrasi yang berlebihan. Propolis dan garam kelapa merupakan bahan alami yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri pengganti fluor. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri dari campuran propolis dan garam kelapa dan membandingkan keefektifannya dengan antibakteri NaF yang terdapat dalam pasta gigi komersial. Uji aktivitas antibakteri S. mutans dilakukan dengan metode hitungan cawan yaitu penghitungan jumlah bakteri yang tumbuh di media sampel dalam cawan petri. Propolis kasar diekstrak dengan alkohol 70% dan didapatkan rendemen sebesar 8.52%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa campuran propolis 6.25% dan garam kelapa 1 M mempunyai kemampuan paling besar sebagai antibakteri dan dapat menghambat S. mutans lebih baik daripada NaF 0.3%. Keefektifan campuran tersebut terhadap NaF 0.3% sebesar 203.88%.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite