Judul: Phosphate Adsorption on Nanoclays Extracted from A Volcanic Tuff According to Langmuir, Freundlich, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, and Dubinin-Radushkevich Models
Abstrak: Sebagai terapan Ilmu Eko-Kimia Tanah dan Mineralogi Tanah, reaksi jerapan sering dimanfaatkan dalam proses dan pengembangan teknik pengelolaan lingkungan dan adsorbennya, antara lain dalam remediasi perairan eutrofik akibat pengayaan fosfat. Dari bahan tuf volkan yang melimpah di Indonesia dapat diekstraksi fraksi kleinano dengan ukuran partikel <200 nm, yang antara lain terdiri atas mineral aluminosilikat XRD-amorfus alofan dan imogolit. Kleinano yang terekstraksi memiliki permukaan reaktif silanol dan aluminol dengan sifat muatan bergantung-pH, sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai adsorben alami fosfat jika proses ekstraksinya dikondisikan asam. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan membandingkan karakteristik jerapan fosfat kleinano bermuatan positif hasil ekstraksi tuf volkan G. Salak berdasarkan model isotermal Langmuir, Freundlich, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), dan Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R). Bahan tuf volkan diambil pada lapisan ke-3 (tv3) dari profil Andisol di lereng G. Salak, Bogor. Kleinano (kn3) diekstraksi menurut prosedur Patent USA nomor US 2010/0187474 A1 (Lo 2010) yang dimodifikasi dengan penambahan perlakuan HCl hingga larutan ekstraksi ber-pH 4.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dengan waktu ekuilibrasi 48 jam, aplikasi model Langmuir dan D-R masing-masing menghasilkan jerapan maksimum 460.78 mg P/g kn3 (nilai qe Langmuir; dua-tapak) dan 439.66 mg P/g kn3 (nilai qe D-R; tapak heterogen). Model D-R juga menghasilkan parameter E (0.63 kJ/mol, energi transfer adsorbat fosfat dari larutan ke permukaan adsorben kleinano). Nilai E <8 kJ/mol mengindikasikan terjadinya jerapan secara fisik, non-spesifik, atau elektrostatik. Aplikasi model BET menghasilkan jerapan fosfat 111.11 mg P/g kn3 pada tapak pertama (nilai qmono BET; multi-tapak). Nilai qmono dapat diinterpretasikan sebagai kadar fosfat yang terjerap secara kimia, spesifik, atau pertukaran ligan. Model Freundlich menghasilkan konstanta empirik 0.28 (1/n Freundlich) yang mengindikasikan kn3 merupakan adsorben bermutu tinggi (1/n 0.3 ‒ 0.5). Keunggulan model Langmuir dan D-R keduanya menghasilkan parameter jerapan maksimum. Keunggulan model Freundlich adalah penggunaan persamaan sederhana dan menghasilkan parameter 1/n pengindikasi mutu adsorben, sedangkan model BET adalah penggunaan asumsi jerapan multi-tapak, pelibatan data kadar fosfat awal dan saat kesetimbangan dari larutan uji jerapan ke dalam model, dan menghasilkan kapasitas jerapan pada tapak pertama yang lebih tepat, sebagai qmono. Keempat model disarankan untuk diaplikasikan dalam pengujian suatu adsorben, karena masing-masing memiliki keunggulan spesifik. Namun model yang paling sesuai dengan data hasil penelitian ini adalah model linier Langmuir karena menghasilkan R2 tertinggi, yaitu 0.90 (tapak pertama) dan 0.99 (tapak kedua)., As an application of Soil Eco-Chemistry and Soil Mineralogy, adsorption reactions are often utilized in the process and development of environmental management techniques, such as remediation of eutrophic waters due to enrichment of nutrients, particularly phosphates. From the volcanic tuff materials that are abundant in Indonesia, it can be extracted nanoclay fraction with a particle size of <200 nm, which among others consists of XRD-amorphous aluminosilicate minerals, allophane and imogolite. The extracted nanoclay exhibits reactive surfaces, silanol and aluminol, with pH-dependent charge characteristics, therefore it can be utilized as a natural phosphate adsorbent if the extraction process is conditioned acidic. This research was aimed at to analyzing and comparing phosphate adsorption characteristics of positively charged nano-clays (nc3) extracted from volcanic tuff (vt3) of Mt. Salak based on Langmuir, Freundlich, BET, and D-R isothermal models. The nanoclays were extracted by applying US Patent procedure No. US2010/0187474 A1
Keyword: isothermal, natural adsorbent, multilayers adsorption, two-layers adsorption

Judul: Extraction of Nano Fraction from Volcanic Tuff of Mount Salak, West Java and Its Phosphate-adsorption Characterization
Abstrak: Nanoscience and nanotechnology is currently growing very rapidly. In 2003, Abidin (2003 in Sugiarti et al.,2010) discovered the chemical structure of nanoball allophane and nanotube imogolith so that these two clay minerals, previously considered to be amorphous, are now known as crystalline with nano dimension (<5 nm). Therefore, these pH-dependent charged allophane and imogolith pose high specific surface area and adsorption capacity of anions such as P and cations such as NH4. However, research publication on the potential use of allophane and imogolith from volcanic soils of Indonesia as natural nanomaterial in non-agricultural application is difficult to find. This study was aimed at to: (1) explore, select and extract nano fraction from volcanic tuff materials of Central Java and West Java, (2) know the phosphate adsorption characteristic of the selected nano fraction, and (3) study its usage prospects in phospahte contaminated (waste) water treatment process. Based on geology maps, exploration and sampling of the volcanic tuff material was carried out in 15 points that spread from Tawangmangu, Central Java to Bogor, West Java, in February 2010. The nano fraction sample preparation, extraction and phosphate-adsorption characterization were carried out in the Lab. Soil Chemistry and Soil Fertility, Dep. Soil Science and Land Resource, IPB in March-July 2010. Based on dispersion test, nano fraction containing volcanic tuffs were selected and extracted with the following steps: dispersion in a 1 L-cylinder at pH-4 or pH-10 placed in an ultrasonic apparatus [15 min], sedimentation [20 hours], separation of the top 10 cm solution [containing nano and clay fractions], flocculation with NaCl, redispersion, separation of the nano fraction (which did not settled, <0.2 μm) from the clay fraction (which settled, <2 μm) by mean of centrifugation [3500 rpm, 15 min], flocculation and washing the excess NaCl using dialysis membrane, dilution with distilled water [250 cc] and gravi-metrically determination of the amount of the nano and clay fractions. The Langmuir isothermal P-adsorption characterization was done by adding solutions containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg P/L. The P concentration at equilibrium was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer at λ 660 nm. From 1 g of volcanic tuff of M. Salak, Bogor, West Java, it could be extracted 0.71 mg positively charged nano fraction and 1.52 mg clay fraction only by applying the simple principle of dispersion at pH-4 and flocculation. The nano fraction was more effective than the clay one in adsorbing P with an average of 27-58% and 15-32%, respectively, of the initial P concentration with a range up to 15.63 mg P/L. The P adsorption effectiveness increased with the increasing ratio of fraction:solution or the weight of fraction used. The positively charged nano fraction extracted from volcanic tuff of M. Salak was found prospective to be used as a flocculant in P contaminated (waste) water treatment.
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Judul: igenvalues and Eigenvectors of Tridiagonal Matrix with Non Constant and Recurrent Diagonal Entries.
Abstrak: Matriks tridiagonal adalah suatu matriks yang mempunyai entri-entri bernilai nol kecuali pada diagonal utama, di bawah diagonal utama (subdiagonal) dan di atas diagonal utama (superdiagonal). Entri pada diagonal utama tidak konstan dan berulang. Setiap entri pada matriks tridiagonal ini adalah bilangan kompleks. Dalam karya ilmiah ini, akan dibuktikan 3 teorema untuk menentukan nilai eigen dengan 2 kasus dan 1 teorema untuk menentukan vektor eigen. Teorema pertama menentukan polinomial karakteristik dari matriks tridiagonal. Polinomial karakteristik dari matriks tridiagonal tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan nilai eigen pada teorema kedua dan ketiga serta menentukan vektor eigen pada teorema keempat
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