Judul: Systematic Review: Commercial Sterilization Process for Products with Gravy in Retort Pouch Packaging
Abstrak: Pengembangan produk berkuah siap santap dalam retort pouch didasari oleh keinginan masyarakat untuk mendapatkan produk yang cepat disantap, tahan pada suhu ruang, mudah dibawa, dan tidak cepat rusak. Pada umumnya, pembuatan produk berkuah dalam retort pouch dilakukan dengan menyiapkan bahan utama, menyiapkan kuah, memasukkan kedua bahan ke dalam kantong, dan melakukan sterilisasi. Parameter yang perlu dilihat dalam proses termal produk berkuah adalah karakteristik retort pouch, karakteristik produk, dan karakteristik proses (alat yang digunakan dan kondisi proses). Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan cara telaah pustaka dengan memasukkan berbagai kata kunci ke dalam mesin pencarian jurnal. Seleksi dan pengujian rujukan menghasilkan data sekunder sebanyak 12 artikel. Telaah pustaka menunjukkan proses sterilisasi produk menggunakan suhu, tekanan, dan bobot isi yang setara, retort pouch yang stabil setelah melalui proses termal, nilai F0 yang di atas standar minimal, terdapat perubahan mutu fisik seperti warna dan tekstur, dan terdapat perubahan mutu kimia selama penyimpanan 6 bulan. Jenis perangkat retort yang digunakan juga berpengaruh pada efisiensi penetrasi panas. Perangkat retort steam air terbukti memberikan penetrasi panas yang lebih baik daripada perangkat retort water immersion., The development of ready-to-eat products with gravy in retort pouches is based on the public's will to get a product that is quick to eat, able to withstand room temperature, easy to carry, and does not quickly deteriorate. In general, the making process of products in gravy in retort pouches is done by preparing the main ingredients, preparing the gravy, putting both ingredients into the pouch, and conducting sterilization. The parameters that need to be looked at in the retort process of products in gravy are retort pouch characteristics, characteristics of the product, and characteristics of the process (utilized tools and the process condition). This research was carried out by means of a literature review by entering various keywords into a journal search engine. Selection and testing of references yielded secondary data of 12 articles. Literature review showed that the product sterilization process used equivalent temperature, pressure, and weight of contents, the retort pouch was stable after going through the retort process, the F0 value was above the minimum standard, there were changes in physical quality such as color and texture, and there were changes in chemical quality during 6 months of storage. The type of retort device used also influenced the heat penetration efficiency. Steam-air retort devices were proven to provide better heat penetration than water immersion retort devices.
Keyword: chemical quality, curry, physical quality, products with gravy, retort pouches

Judul: Heat Resistance Characteristics of Retort Pouch Packaging at Sterilization Temperature
Abstrak: Salah satu proses pengolahan untuk memperpanjang umur simpan daging yaitu sterilisasi dalam kaleng. Penggunaan kemasan kaleng memiliki kelemahan yaitu memerlukan investasi yang besar untuk fasilitas produksi, transportasi, dan penyimpanannya, sehingga perlu dikembangkan produk sterilisasi dalam retort pouch. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan tipe kemasan yang aman dan sesuai untuk produk sterilisasi di CV XYZ. Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu mengidentifikasi sifat fisik kemasan retort pouch sebelum dan sesudah sterilisasi, menguji total migrasi, dan menentukan jenis kemasan terbaik. Analisis dilakukan dengan Independent-Samples T Test, ANOVA, dan scoring pada kriteria pengujian. Kemasan jenis aluminium retort memiliki nilai ketebalan dan kuat tarik paling tinggi serta WVTR yang paling rendah. Besar kekuatan pengeliman dan elastisitas paling baik diperoleh pada kemasan nylon retort. Nilai migrasi total pada ketiga jenis kemasan di bawah batas maksimal standar yaitu 10 mg/dm2 dengan migrasi total terendah dicapai kemasan retort pouch jenis ONy/CPP. Penentuan kemasan retort pouch terbaik sebagai rekomendasi untuk industri sebagai pengemas produk olahan daging yaitu kemasan retort pouch jenis aluminium retort., One of the processing to extend the shelf-life of meat is sterilization in cans. The use of can packaging have weaknesses, such as requires a large investment in production facilities, transportation, and storage so it is necessary to develop sterilization product in retort pouches. This study aims to determine the packaging that is safe and suitable for the development of sterilization products in CV XYZ. The stages of the research are identifying the physical properties of the retort pouch packaging before and after sterilization, overall migration and determining the best type of packaging. The analysis was carried out using the Independent-Samples T Test, the ANOVA variance test, and scoring on the test criteria. The aluminum retort type packaging has the highest thickness and tensile strength values and the lowest WVTR value. The best sealing strength and elasticity value were obtained in nylon retort type packaging. The total migration value in three types of packaging has a result below the standard maximum limit of 10 mg/dm2 with the lowest total migration value achieved by ONy/CPP type. Determination of the best retort pouch packaging as a recommendation for the industry is aluminum retort type packaging.
Keyword: ketahanan panas, migrasi total, retort pouch, sterilisasi komersial

Judul: Penentuan Nilai Eigen dan Vektor Eigen dari Matriks Tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz dengan Pendekatan Polinomial Chebyshev
Abstrak: The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix can be determined by finding its characteristic polynomials. The characteristic polynomials of a tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz matrix is shown to be closely connected to polynomials which satisfy the Chebyshev recurrence relationship. If the order of the matrix is odd, then the eigenvalues are found explicitly in terms of the Chebyshev zeros and the eigenvectors are found in terms of the polynomials satisfying the recurrence relationship. For even ordered matrices, the situation is more complicated. The problem in these cases is that although the Chebyshev recurrence formula is still applied, its initial values are not generating Chebyshev polynomials
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