Judul: Production of Yolk Immunoglobulin Anti-Excretory/Secretory (E/S) of Fasciola gigantica to Laying Hens
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari metode produksi antibodi antiekskretori/ sekretori (E/S) Fasciola gigantica pada ayam petelur. 10 ekor ayam dibagi atas 2 kelompok, setiap kelompok terdiri dari 5 ekor ayam. Kelompok pertama diimunisasikan dengan antigen E/S Fasciola gigantica asal kerbau dan kelompok ke-2 diimunisasikan dengan antigen E/S Fasciola gigantica asal domba. Dosis imunisasi tersebut sebanyak 150 μg/ekor. Minggu pertama imunisasi dilakukan melalui intravena tanpa adjuvant. Satu minggu setelahnya (minggu kedua), semua ayam diinjeksikan antigen kombinasi dengan adjuvant komplet dengan perbandingan 1:1 melalui subkutan. Minggu ke-3 hingga minggu ke-6 semua ayam diimunisasi dengan mengkombinasikan antigen dengan adjuvant inkomplet. Telur di koleksi setiap hari. Serum dan kuning telur di uji agar gel presipitation (AGPT) untuk mendeteksi ada atau tidaknya antibodi yang terbentuk. Hasil AGPT menunjukkan bahwa ayam yang diimunisasi dengan antigen asal kerbau lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan ayam yang diimunisasi dengan antigen asal domba. Ayam yang diimunisasikan dengan dengan E/S F.gigantica asal kerbau, antibodi pada serum dan kuning telur ditemukan berturutturut pada minggu ke-9 dan ke-10 setelah imunisasi pertama. Berbeda dengan ayam yang diimunisasikan dengan dengan E/S F.gigantica asal domba, antibodi pada serum dan kunig telur ditemukan berturut-turut pada minggu ke-10 dan ke- 11 setelah imunisasi pertama.
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Judul: Produksi Antibodi Poliklonal Antiekskretori/Sekretori (E/S) Fasciola gigantica Isolat Asal Domba Dan Kerbau Pada Kelinci
Abstrak: The research was designed to study method of polyclonal antibody (Ig G) anti-Excretory/Secretory (E/S) Fasciola gigantica production in rabbit. Two antigens of E/S Fasciola gigantica (E/S Fasciola gigantica from buffalo and E/S Fasciola gigantica sheep) were immunized to rabbit, at dose level 150 μg/animal. Freund’s adjuvant added to antigen with the equal volume (1:1). The first immunization was done intravenous (i.v) without adjuvant. Second immunization were gave subcutaneous (s.c) with combination of antigen-Freund’s adjuvant complete. The third until sixth immunizations were done subcutaneous (s.c) with combination of antigen-Freund’s adjuvant incomplete. Blood samples were collecting every one week after the third immunization. To evaluated antibody anti Excretory/Secretory (E/S) Fasciola gigantica development, the sera tested using Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT). The result showed that the rabbit immunized by E/S protein of Fasciola gigantica from sheep, able to develop antibody faster (4 weeks post infection) than the rabbit which immunized by E/S protein of Fasciola gigantica from buffalo (12 weeks post infection). In the same time, cross reactivity between antigens appear from the antibody that produced from each rabbit.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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