Judul: Determination of Bond Prices for Some Parameter Values.
Abstrak: A bond is a security that is issued in connection with a borrowing arrangement. The borrower issues (i.e. sells) a bond to the lender for some amount of cash. The arrangement obligates the issuer to make specified payments to the bondholder on specified dates. When the bond matures, the issuer repays the debt by paying the bondholder the bond’s par value (equivalently, its face value). An investor considering the purchase of a bond is usually not quoted a promised rate of return. Instead, the investor must use the bond price, maturity date, and coupon payments to infer the return offered by the bond over its life, which is called the yield to maturity. The relationship between yield to maturity and bond price were proved by Malkiel in his theorems. He showed how yield to maturity and bond prices movements depend on coupon rate, the time to maturity, and the existing yield to maturity. In this paper we prove the Malkiel theorems using simple algebra. The proofs will give a better understanding about the relationship of the movements in yield to maturity and bond prices. Keywords: bond prices, yield to maturity, Malkiel theorems.
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Judul: Penetapan harga Zero Coupon Bond menggunakan perluasan model Cox-Ingersoll-Ross
Abstrak: Interest rate is one of important factors that used to adopt investment decisions. One of investment types is the bond. In reality, the interest rate must not negative. This research, introduces an interest rate model which is an extended of the Vasicek model, that is the Cox- Ingersoll-Ross (CIR) model. In CIR model, the drift and volatility are constant. To approach the reality, in the Extended CIR model, drift and volatility become a function of time. The extended of the CIR model can be used to determine bond prices. The aim of this research is to determine and analyze the zerocoupon bond prices using the extended CIR model. Simulations that are given will illustrate the zero-coupon bond prices in some variation of maturity dates and interest rates. Bond prices is inversely related to interest rates and maturity dates period. If interest rates rise, the bond prices will decline. Moreover, if the maturity dates period become longer, the bond prices will be smaller.
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Judul: Konstruksi Vektor Rekombinan untuk Mengedit Gen Lanceolate Menggunakan Sistem CRISPR/Cas9 pada Tanaman Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum L.).
Abstrak: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR associated 9 protein (CRISPR/Cas9) adalah salah satu alat untuk mengedit genom yang baru-baru ini telah berhasil digunakan untuk berbagai tanaman. Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum L.) adalah tanaman model yang ideal untuk menguji sistem CRISPR/Cas9 dalam pengeditan gen karena ketersediaan metodologi transformasi yang efisien dan ketersediaan urutan genom yang berkualitas tinggi, dan mempunyai genom diploid. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuat konstruksi vektor rekombinan yang membawa oligonukleotida gRNA untuk memutasikan gen lanceolate (LA) pada tanaman tomat. Gen lanceolate merupakan gen yang terlibat dalam pembuatan daun majemuk pada tomat. Supresi gen LA akan membuat daun majemuk berukuran besar berubah menjadi daun tunggal berukuran kecil. Oligonukleotida gRNA berhasil disisipkan ke dalam vektor pRGEB32 sehingga memperoleh vektor rekombinan. Vektor rekombinan ini berhasil diintroduksikan ke dalam Escherichia coli DH5α dan dipindahkan ke dalam Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 menggunakan metode triparental mating. Koloni PCR mengonfirmasi bahwa oligonukleotida gRNA berhasil disisipkan ke dalam pRGEB32 dan A. tumefaciens LBA4404 mengandung plasmid rekombinan ini.
Keyword: gen lanceolate, pengeditan gen, sistem CRISPR/Cas9, Solanum lycopersicum L., vektor rekombinan