Judul: Escherichia coli strain 275-Specific Bacteriophage Isolated from Ciliwung River in Bogor, West Java.
Abstrak: Infeksi Saluran Kemih (ISK) adalah infeksi yang banyak disebabkan oleh Escherichia coli, salah satunya Escherichia coli strain 275. Bakteri ini diketahui memiliki resistensi terhadap antibiotik, sehingga dalam penanganannya menjadi kurang efektif. Alternatif untuk mengurangi kasus resistensi bakteri ialah terapi bakteriofag. Bakteriofag menginfeksi secara spesifik sel bakteri target dengan memanfaatkan sistem metabolismenya. Sumber bakteriofag ditemukan di habitat sel bakteri inang, diantaranya terdapat di aliran sungai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengisolasi bakteriofag spesifik Escherichia coli strain 275 penyebab ISK dari Sungai Ciliwung di Bogor, Jawa Barat. Isolat fag CK 1 dan CK2 berhasil diisolasi pada titik tengah sungai Ciliwung. Filtrat sampel bakteriofag disiapkan lalu diuji menggunakan metode Double Layer Agar (DLA) dan diindikasikan dengan munculnya plak, selanjutnya dilakukan purifikasi fag. Fag dihitung menggunakan rumus Plaque Forming Units (PFU) pada pengenceran fag 10-4 hingga 10-6 dengan rataan 17,7 x 107 PFU/mL. Uji efektivitas bakteriolitik menggunakan metode spektrofotometer pada kultur Escherichia coli strain 275 dengan fag (kontrol positif) dan tanpa fag (kontrol negatif) yang diamati tiap 1 jam selama 8 jam. Hasil efektivitas fag CK1 dan CK2 menunjukkan efektivitas tinggi pada jam ke-3 dan seterusnya. Efektivitas fag CK1 dan CK2 memiliki tingkat virulensi yang tinggi sesuai dengan jumlah titernya., Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) is an infection that is mostly caused by Escherichia coli, one of it is Escherichia coli strain 275. An alternative to reduce cases of antibiotics resistant-bacterium is bacteriophage therapy. Bacteriophages infect specific target bacterial cells by utilizing their metabolic system. Sources of bacteriophages are found in the habitat of host bacterial cells, including the river. The aim of this study was to isolate the specific bacteriophage Escherichia coli strain 275 that causes UTI from the Ciliwung River in Bogor, West Java. The CK 1 and CK2 phage isolates were isolated at the midpoint of the Ciliwung river. Bacteriophage sample filtrate was prepared then tested using the Double Layer Agar (DLA) method and indicated by the appearance of plaque, then phage purification was carried out. Phages were calculated with an average of 17.7 x 107 PFU / mL. The bacteriolytic effectiveness test used spectrophotometer method with phage (positive) and without phage (negative) which were observed every 1 hour for 8 hours. The results of the effectiveness of CK1 and CK2 phages showed high effectiveness at the 3rd hour onwards. The effectiveness of CK1 and CK2 phages had a high virulence level according to the number of titers.
Keyword: Bacteriophages, Escherichia coli strain 275, Phages

Judul: Bacteriophage isolasion of Escherichia coli strain C15
Abstrak: Infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) merupakan infeksi dengan prevalensi terbesar kedua setelah infeksi pernapasan. Infeksi tersebut sebagian besar ditangani menggunakan antibiotik, sehingga diperlukan penanganan alternatif, salah satunya adalah bakteriofag. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi bakteriofag spesifik E. coli strain C15. Bakteri inang dilakukan reidentifikasi dan diukur waktu pertumbuhannya. Sampel sumber bakteriofag dikoleksi dari tiga tempat, yaitu TPA IPB, salah satu pembuangan sampah di IPB dan tanah kandang kuda IPB. Hasil isolasi bakteriofag kemudian dipurifikasi dan dikuantifikasi menggunakan metode double layer. Bakteriofag hanya berhasil diisolasi pada sampel tanah kandang kuda IPB, karena kondisi dua tempat yang lain tidak mendukung kehidupan bakteri inang. Plak bakteriofag yang diperoleh memiliki ukuran yang berbeda-beda, sehingga menunjukkan terdapat beberapa jenis bakteriofag yang berhasil diisolasi. Ukuran yang berbeda tersebut dipengaruhi oleh tingkat difusi, tingkat adsorpsi, panjang periode laten, serta banyaknya bakteriofag yang keluar dari sel. Kuantifikasi menunjukkan bahwa bakteriofag yang diisolasi sebanyak 3,42 x 107 PFU/mL., Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection with the second biggest prevalence in the world after a respiratory infection. Alternative precaution is needed to avoid the overuse of antibiotics, and one of them is the utilization of bacteriophage. This study aims to isolate bacteriophage specific E. coli strain C15. Reidentification was done to the host bacteria, as well as growth measurement. The soil sampled at three locations namely TPA IPB, one of garbage disposals at IPB, and horse stable of IPB were used as bacteriophage source. Isolated bacteriophage then was purified and quantified using the double-layer method. Bacteriophage was managed to get isolated only from the soil of horse stable of IPB, due to the environmental condition of the two former sources that were less supportive to the life of the host bacteria. Bacteriophage’s plaques appeared to be distinctive in size from each other, indicated that there are different kinds of bacteriophages. Those differences in the size of plaques apparently are affected by diffusivity, adsorption rate, latent period, and burst size of bacteriophage. Quantification showed that isolated bacteriophage is 3,42 x 107 PFU/mL.
Keyword: antibiotic, Escherichia coli, double layer, ISK, resistance

Judul: Sintesis dan Pencirian Natrium Titanat (Na2Ti2O4(OH)2) Berbahan Dasar Titanium Dioksida
Abstrak: TiO2 can be utilized as basic material for synthesis of sodium titanate (Na2Ti2O4(OH)2). This research was purposed to synthesize and characterize sodium titanate from TiO2 rutile powder as a basic material. Sodium titanate was synthesized by hydrothermal process at temperature 130 °C by mixing TiO2 rutile powder with 5 M and 10 M NaOH solution, then each was calcinated at temperature 700 °C. The energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that sodium titanate has been successfully synthesized. This result was also supported by functional group analysis with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrofotometer showing the existence of Ti-O-Na vibration band at 989.42 cm-1. The formation of sodium titanate was depend on the reaction condition such as temperature, reaction time, and NaOH concentration. Scanning electron microscope image indicated that sodium titanate synthesized at 130 °C in 20 hours reaction time with 10 M NaOH had crystal size of 99.37 nm.
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