Judul: Beberapa sifat jamur pewarna Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. dan kemungkinan pengendalian serangannya dengan bahan pengawet everwood
Abstrak: Salah satu faktor yang sering menurunkan mutu kayu khususnya kayu-kayu berwarna cerah adalah jamur blue stain. Kayu yang diserang oleh jamur tersebut akan berwarna kotor kehitam-hitaman atau kebiru-biruan, sehingga menurunkan mutu kayu. Suiverine Cartwright dan Findlay (1958) menyatakan bahwa blue stain pada kayu tropis kebanyakan disebabkan oleh jamur B. theobromae. Untuk mencegah hal ini diper- lukan proses pengeringan kayu yang cepat yang sering sukar dilakukan karena disamping meningkatkan biaya produksi juga kapasitas kilang pengering biasanya lebih kecil daripada kapasitas mesin gergaji. Oleh karena itu upaya pengawetan merupakan alternatif yang banyak dipilih oleh pengusaha industri perkayuan. Walau demikian pemilihan metode pengawetan tersebut perlu didukung oleh pengetahuan tentang sifat-sifat jamur pewarna yang menyerangnya. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, suatu penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui beberapa sifat jamur pewarna B. theobromae dan kemungkinan pengen- dalian serangannya dengan bahan pengawet Everwood. Pengamatan sifat-sifat jamur dilakukan secara mikroskopik dan makroskopik. Untuk pengujian keampu- han Everwood terhadap jamur pewarna dibuat contoh uji dari kayu karet segar tebang (fresh cut) yang bebas dari pewarnaan dengan ukuran 1,5 cm x 2,5 cm x 5 cm. Selanjutnya contoh uji diawetkan secara rendaman dengan berbagai tingkat konsentrasi bahan pengawet Everwood yaitu: 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, dan 6% selama satu menit dan diangin-anginkan selama satu jam sampai tidak ada lagi bahan pengawet yang menetes. Berat masing-masing contoh uji ditimbang sebelum dan sesudah proses pengawetan untuk mengetahui besarnya retensi. Semua contoh uji...
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Judul: Usaha pencegahan serangan jamur pewarna pada kayu pinus dan sengon dengan bahan pengawet impralit B1, Basimet 540, dan farmay plus d PT. Surya Sindoro Sumbing Wood Industry Wonosobo, Jawa Tengah
Abstrak: Penurunan mutu kayu karena serangan jamur pewarna me- rupakan suatu kerugian, karena permukaan kayu akan menjadi berwarna kotor kehitam-hitaman atau kebiru-biruan. Indus- tri pengolah kayu PT Surya Sindoro Sumbing Wood Industry yang mengolah kayu-kayu berwarna cerah seperti pinus dan sengon sering menghadapi masalah tersebut. Serangan jamur pewarna terjadi pada saat kayu ditumpuk dalam suatu ruang di bawah atap sebelum dikeringkan di dalam tanur. Penum- pukan sementara tersebut dilakukan karena kapasitas tungku pengering yang dimiliki perusahaan lebih kecil dibanding dengan kapasitas produksi penggergajiannya. Salah satu alternatif yang mungkin diterapkan untuk mencegah serangan jamur pewarna terhadap kayu selama waktu penumpukan adalah melalui pengawetan kayu (metode celup). Namun demikian sampai saat ini pihak pengelola perusahaan belum mengetahui jenis dan konsentrasi bahan pengawet yang layak digunakan. Berdasarkan pertimbangan tersebut telah dilakukan suatu uji coba pencegahan serangan jamur pewarna pada kayu gergajian basah dengan tiga jenis bahan pengawet yaitu: Impralit B1 (35.52% Boraks, 35.52% Asam Borat, dan...
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Judul: Financial Development and Income Inequality: Empirical Study in European Union and ASEAN+6 countries
Abstrak: High economic growth is needed to drive the economy, opening up more job opportunities and to attract investment. But economic growth alone is not enough to ensure that all communities get benefit from economic development. Some Asian countries such as South Korea, China, India and Indonesia experienced high economic growth but at the same time income inequality in these countries also rises. Income inequality increases in both developing and developed countries. High income inequalities bring negative impacts such as slower economic growth, rising unemployment and social problems. With the fact that income inequality increased globally and its negative impact on the economy, a strategy required to reduce it. One strategy that can boost economic growth while reducing the income inequality is financial development. Globalization gives us opportunity as well as threat. This encourages countries to establish economic integration in order to strengthen their position in the world. Countries in Southeast Asia also establish an organization known as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The cooperation extended trough Japan, China, South Korea, New Zealand, Australia, and India, as ASEAN +6. Globalization and regional economic integration is expected to promote economic development, including financial development through increased competition and access to the banking financial services. Various studies have shown a strong correlation between economic growth and financial development. In relation to the distribution of income, financial development influence individual economic opportunity. However, there is still a debate about the role of financial development in reducing income inequality related to who benefits most from financial development. Debate on the relationship between income inequality and financial development raises urgent questions for decision-makers about the role of government to improve the financial development that supports growth and reduces inequality, while maintaining economic and financial stability. Financial development in the framework of regional economic integration also requires the right government regulations related to financial openness. Policy should be adapted to the situation of the domestic economy as well as adaptable to other countries' policies. Therefore this study aimed to analyze the dynamics of the development of the financial sector and the income gap between developed countries and developing in the region that is economically integrated ASEAN +6 and the European Union. This study will also analyze the convergence of income inequality in the countries in the two regions. This study used data for the period 1991-2010 from 30 countries including 11 ASEAN +6 countries and 19 EU countries. These countries are Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Japan, China, South Korea, India, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, the UK, Sweden, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Descriptive analysis is used to provide an overview of financial development in the ASEAN +6 and the European Union. While the panel data regression analysis is used to examine the pattern of the relationship between income inequality and financial development and the degree of convergence of income inequality in the European Union and ASEAN +6. The result suggest there were convergence in income inequality with the convergence of income inequality in
Keyword: financial development, income inequality, economic integration