Judul: Evaluasi Program Pemberdayaan Anak Jalanan: Proyek Pembinaan Mental/Spiritual dan Material
Abstrak: Krisis berkepanjangan yang berawal dari krisis ekonomi telah menimbulkan krisis pada diiumensi kehidupan. Sebagai akibatnya kuantitas dan kualitas masalah sosial cenderung meningkat, contohnya masalah anak jalanan. Anak jalanan merupakan kelompok yang banyak menghadapi masalah menyangkut masalah pribadi sehari-hari di jalanan, perkawanan, pekerjaan dan lain-lain. Disamping itu kehidupan anak jalanan sering pula dianggap negatif dan kehadiran mereka dipandang sebagai permasalahan sosial masyarakat kota. Dalam mengatasi permasalahan di atas maka lahirlah program pemberdayaan anak jalanan yang terdiri dari proyek pembinaan mental spiritual dan material yang dilaksanakan oleh yayasan Gessang Ghosiaary di Kotamadya Bogor pada tahun 1999.
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Judul: Penilaian anak jalanan terhadap pelayanan rumah singgah dan hubungannya dengan perilaku mereka
Abstrak: Krisis moneter yang berlangsung di Indonesia sejak pertengahan tahun 1997 telah memporak-porandakan seluruh aspek kehidupan bangsa terutama sendi-sendi perekonomian bangsa. Kemiskinan akibat krisis ekonomi yang berkepanjangan diyakini juga telah mengakibatkan meningkatnya eksploitasi terhadap anak. Fenomena ini terutama terjadi di daerah urban dan menyebabkan munculnya anak jalanan. Upaya untuk mewujudkan perlindungan dan kesejahteraan anak jalanan dengan memenuhi hak-haknya yang dirumuskan di dalam UU No.4 tahun 1979 tentang Kesejahteraan Anak dan UU No.23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak. Realisasi dari peraturan negara ini adalah dengan dilaksanakannya rumah singgah untuk anak jalanan. Rumah singgah adalah suatu wahana yang dipersiapkan sebagai perantara antara anak jalanan dengan pihak-pihak yang akan membantu mereka. Rumah singgah memiliki beberapa fungsi, yaitu sebagai tempat pertemuan, pusat asesmen dan rujukan, fasilitator, rehabilitasi-kuratif, perlindungan, pusat informasi, akses terhadap pelayanan sosial, dan resosialisasi.
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Judul: Price Discrimination Analysis of Butter in the German Market
Abstrak: Germany is the largest producers of butter among other countries in the EU. The trend of butter production in Germany increase steadily during 2010 – 2013. In 2013, butter production in Germany reach to 491 460 tons and German’s butter production amounted to 25% of the EU butter production. So, Germany has an advantage in butter production compared with other countries in the EU. The advantage in butter production and stock availability of butter strongly supports the development of food industry in Germany. However, there were fluctuations in the average price of butter in Germany during 1999-2010 and it was occurred from year to year. Fluctuation of butter prices can affects business risk, the competition of butter producers, and economic surplus of consumers in the German butter market. One of the strategies which can be done by producers and retailers to survive in the competition is establish right price strategy, such implement price discrimination strategy. Price discrimination strategy aims to get consumer surplus, to increase profits, and to face business competition. The main objective of the study is to analyze butter price discrimination in German market. In detail, objectives of this study are: first, to analyze the necessary conditions (market power, different demand elasticity, and preventing arbitrage) of occurrence in price discrimination of butter products in the German market through structure analysis, second, to analyze demand function of butter products based on types of retail store in Germany, third, to analyze price discrimination of butter products based on regions in Germany, and fourth, to analyze price difference of butter products across types of retail store in Germany. The result shows that the three necessary conditions (market power, different demand elasticity, and preventing arbitrage) for the occurrence of butter price discrimination in the German retail market are fulfilled. The butter industry in Germany has an HHI value of 1 635 and the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4) index reached 71%, which indicates that the German butter industry has either a moderate level of market concentration and an oligopoly market structure with some dominant firms. The oligopoly butter market structure in Germany is dominated by four producers of butter, are: Irish Dairy Board, Campina, Sachsenmilch, and Arla Foods. Market power in an oligopoly is also greatly influenced by some main producers who also produce private label products. We can conclude that the three demand curves (hypermarket, supermarket and discounter) have a negative slope or downward shape (progressive decrease from the upper left to the lower right). This condition is in accordance with the theory of demand that price and quantity have the opposite relationship. The slope of the demand function in the hypermarket is -3.701, -2.883 in the supermarket, and -5.517 in the discounter (largest value of discounter indicates that it is the most elastic of the retail stores). We also can conclude that on the demand side, butter consumption is not discriminating along the demand curve (price and quantity) across regions in Germany. On the supply side, producers and retailers are not discriminating in regards to butter prices across regions in Germany. The mean
Keyword: price discrimination, butter, semi and double logarithm model, the German market