Judul: The Effect of Mannanase and Cellulase Combination in Palm Kernel Meal Base Diet on the Growth of Common Carp Cyprinus carpio Juvenile
Abstrak: This experiment was conducted to study the effect of combination of mannanase and cellulase enzymes at a dose of 0,1% in the feed which made of Palm Kernel Meal (PKM) as an alternative raw material for the feed of common carp Cyprinus carpio. This study was divided into two experimentals : digestibility and growth. PKM were subjected to indirect digestibility experiments and chromium oxide (Cr2O3) at level 0,5% was used as tracer. The faeces were daily collected 30 – 60 minutes after feeding for 14 days. Dry matter and protein were used as digestibility parameters. Five experimental diets containing isoprotein (30,00%) and isoenergy (400,00 kcal GE/Kg) were used for treatments of growth performance of common carp juvenile. The treatment of experiments were A, contain 0,1% mannanase; B, 0,1% mannanase : cellulase, 0,075 : 0,025; C, 0,1% mannanase : cellulase, 0,050 : 0,050; D, 0,1% mannanase : cellulose 0,025 : 0,075; and E without enzyme addition. Completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replicates was used in this experiment. Common carp with an average weight of 5.77 ± 0.45 g kept in aquariums of 50x30x40 cm3 with density were ten fish each aquarium and fed tested diet at satiation for 50 days of culture period. Parameters evaluated were feed consumption, relative growth, survival rate and feed convertion. The results showed that fish fed diet A, B, C and D had higher protein digestibility compare to fish fed diet E. However, fish fed diet E had no difference growth response compare to the rest. It is concluded that PKM can be used directly to common carp juvenile feed without supplementation of mannanase and cellulase enzymes.
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Judul: Evaluasi biji kapuk (Ceiba petandra Gaertn) berdasar kecernaan, enzimatik, gambaran darah, histologi dan kinerja pertumbuhan sebagai alternatif bahan baku pakan ikan mas (Cyprinus carpio L)
Abstrak: This research was conducted to evaluate kapook seed (Ceiba petandra Gaertn) as plant feedstuff on digestibility, enzymatic activity, blood parameter, histology and growth performance of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. This experiment was conducted at three stages. The first stage of the research was done to known the digestibility of kapook seed meal in vitro. Kapook seed meal (KSM) at the levels of 0%, 7%, 28%, 50%, 72%, 93% and 100% was used as substrates, and pure enzymes of protease 34.5 IU, lipase 10 IU, and amylase 14.4 IU were used as hydrolyzer. The substrate was incubated for one hour at the temperature of 37 oC. The results of in vitro experiment showed that the digestibilty rate of protein, lipid and carbohydrate was reach to a maximum level at the KSM concentration of 50%, and the digestibility rate of protein, lipid and carbohydrate was reduced to the level of 37.57%, 46.15%, and 65.78% when KSM concentration was increased from 50 to 100%. It is concluded that the maximum concentration of KSM without any reduction effect on digestibility rate was 50%. The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the digestibility and enzyme activity of common carp fed diet containing different levels of kapook seed meal, either 0% , 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50% KSM, respectively. For indirect digestibilty measurement, 0.5% of Cr2O3 was used as a tracer. The results showed that the digestibility of total, energy, protein, lipid and carbohydrate decreased along with the increasing of KSM levels in the diets. The activity of amylase was higher compared to protease and lipase activities in all KSM levels in the diets, but its rate was reduced along with the increasing of KSM levels in the diet. The third experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different level of kapook seed on histology, blood parameters, accumulation anti nutritional factors in liver and kidney, and growth performance of common carp. All the methods of this experiment were the same as those on the second experiment. The result showed that the increasing of KSM levels in the diets increased the concentration of gossypol (FG) and cyclopropenic acid (ALS) in blood and organs increased as the KSM levels in the diet were increased. The desaturation of unsaturated fatty acid was found in all fish fed KSM diets. All growth performance indicators such as feed consumption, feed convertion ratio, protein and lipid retention, survival rates, and daily growth rate were decreased as a consequence of the inclusion of KSM in the diets. It is concluded that KSM contained 0.32% of FG and 1.57% of ALS can not be used as raw materials for stomachless fish like common carp.
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Judul: Teknik penentuan posisi bintang berdasarkan pelat foto overlapping
Abstrak: Bintang adalah salah satu objek langit yang menarik untuk diamati. Untuk itu, pengetahuan tentang posisi bintang sangat diperlukan. Posisi bintang di langit dapat dihitung melalui foto bintang. Fotografi astronomi atau astrometri merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari metode untuk menentukan posisi bendabenda langit seperti bintang berdasarkan pelat foto (Kamp, 1967). Sebuah pelat foto berisi citra bintang-bintang yang sudah diketahui posisinya berdasarkan katalog dan citra bintang-bintang yang belum diketahui posisinya. Posisi bintang yang ada di katalog dinyatakan dengan (a,3). Bintang yang belum diketahui posisinya lebih banyak jumlahnya daripada bintang yang sudah diketahui posisinya. Citra bintang pada pelat foto berupa sebuah titik dalam bentuk tetap. Posisinya pada pelat merupakan hasil pengukuran pada bidang kartesius dan dinyatakan dengan (1;,fl). Hasil pengukuran tersebut kemudian direduksi menjadi koordinat terukur (x,y). Hubungan antara (a,3) dan (x,y) didekati dengan sebuah deret dengan konstanta-konsranta deret merupakan konstanta pelat. Nilai konstanta pelat diperoleh dengan menggabungkan hasil pengukuran posisi bintang pada masing-masing pelat menjadi sebuah persamaan normal (Jefferys, 1963). Hasil akhir dari gugus persamaan normal tersebut dijabarkan dalam bentuk nOlasi matriks partisi dan berupa sebuah sistem persamaan linier Ax = b di mana A adalah matriks jarang, dan x merupakan konstanta pelar yang akan dicari nilainya. Untuk menyelesaikan sistem persamaan linier terse but digunakan metode transformasi given. Konstanta pelat yang sudah diperoleh dengan menyelesaikan sistem persamaan linier di atas, kemudian disubtitusi ke sebuah persamaan untuk memperoleh posisi bintang yang tidak tercantum dalam katalog. .
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