Judul: Integression of opaque-2 gene into downy mildew resistance lines, utilizing Marker Asisted Selection (MAS) in developing hybrid maize
Abstrak: Jagung bermutu protein tinggi (QPM= Quality Protein Maize) merupakan salah satu sumber protein nabati yang diperlukan oleh manusia dan ternak monogastric karena mengandung gen mutan opaque-2 yang mengekspresikan peningkatan lisin dan triptofan pada endosperma menjadi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan jagung normal. Kendala pengembangan QPM di Indonesia adalah semua koleksi QPM yang ada rentan penyakit bulai. Pemanfaatan marka molekuler sebagai alat bantu seleksi (MAS = Marker Assisted Selection) untuk mengintrogresikan gen mutan opaque-2 ke galur elit resisten terhadap Peronosclerospora maydis dapat mempercepat pembentukan populasi atau hibrida QPM komersial yang resisten terhadap penyakit tersebut. Tujuan akhir yang ingin dicapai pada penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan kandidat varietas jagung hibrida QPM, resisten terhadap penyaki bulai dan hasil tinggi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam empat bagian percobaan. Penelitian pertama: Pendugaan ragam dan model genetik karakter ketahanan terhadap P. maydis. Dibuat masing-masing 7 macam populasi (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1, BC1P2 dan F3) dari set persilangan CML161 x MR10 dan CML161 x Nei9008 kemudian diinokulasi dengan konidia P. maydis secara semi buatan, menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa ketahanan penyakit bulai dikendalikan oleh gen-gen yang bersifat kuantitatif dan tingkat ketahanannya secara nyata diperankan oleh aksi gen-gen aditif, dominan dengan pengaruh interaksi epistasis komplementer pada set persilangan MR10 x CML161 dan interaksi epistasis duplikat pada set persilangan Nei9008 x CML161.
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Judul: Modifikasi Pati Sagu dengan Teknik Heat Moisture Treatment (HMT) dan Aplikasinya dalam Memperbaiki Kualitas Bihun
Abstrak: Maize is a strategy commodity in the development of Indonesian agriculture and economic since it’s multifunction as food and feed. However, maize crop cultivated by farmer at the present time is lack for the low protein quality. Therefore a breeding program for improving protein quality is essential to be conducted, especially for lysine and tryptophan. The objectives of this research are to identify and select QPM lines which are tolerant to downy mildew (Peronoscelrospora maydis) and soil acidity. Genetic material used was derived from a cross breeding between QPM lines (SK-1_QPM) and lines which is resistant to downy mildew and tolerance to acidic soil (SMRG). The research was conducted in four stages. The first stage was development of F2 population and identification of opaque-2 gene in F1 population using SSR specific marker phi057, conducted in ICERI Molecular laboratory from February until March 2008. The second stage was screening of F2 population selected using SSR marker to downy mildew, conducted at Maros Experimental Station from June until August 2008 and arranged in Augmented Design. The third stage was the screening of F2 population selected using SSR marker to alumunium toxicity in nutrient solution containing 10 ppm Al3+ and haematoxylin, conducted at ICERI Plant Breeding Laboratory from July until September 2008 and was arranged in Randomized Complete Design with two replications. The fourth stage was evaluation of F2 population on the acidic soil, conducted in Barambai Experimental Station, South Kalimantan from July until November 2008 and was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with two replications. The research result showed that there were 210 F2 plants carrying opaque-2 gene from the F2 population analysed, subsequently they were evaluated separately to downy mildew (Peronosclerospora maydis), alumunium toxicity (in the nutrient solution), and soil acidity. The evaluation for resistance to downy mildew revealed 19 plants were very resistant, 53 resistant plants, 62 moderately-resistant plants, and 76 susceptible plants. Evaluation at seedling stage to alumunium toxicity resulted 3 very tolerant plants, 5 tolerant plants, 12 moderately- tolerant plants, and 24 susceptible plants. None of the plants being analysed showed resistance to downy mildew and also tolerance to aluminium toxicity. Furthermore, we found one resistant to downy mildew and tolerant to aluminium toxicity, 5 plant moderately resistant and moderately tolerant, and 5 plant suceptible to both stresses. Evaluation of F2 population tolerance to soil acidity indicated that in general, maize character showed different responses. The principle component analysis (PCA) was clustering the tolerance genotypes to soil acidity into four clusters, namely 60 very tolerant plants, 55 tolerant plants, 47 moderately- tolerant plants, and 59 susceptible plant. There were 4 plants that very resistant to downy mildew, very tolerant to soil acidity and also have higher yield than Bima-2, Bima-3 and SMRG. Moreover, there were 5 tolerant plants, 7 moderately tolerant plants, and 27 susceptible plants to downy mildew and soil acidity.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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