Judul: Pemanfaatan Teknik End-Point PCR untuk Deteksi Bakteri Pengkode Gen Tyrosine Decarboxylase (TDC) pada Ikan Jenis Scombridae.
Abstrak: Bakteri penghasil enzim Tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC) dapat dijumpai pada ikan yang telah mengalami kemunduran mutu. Enzim TDC dapat mengubah tirosin menjadi tiramin. Kandungan tiramin yang tinggi dapat menimbulkan efek toksik. Deteksi bakteri penghasil tiramin dapat dilakukan dengan metode molekuler menggunakan teknik PCR karena pengujiannya lebih cepat dan sensitif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi gen TDC dan 16S rRNA berdasarkan urutan basa nukleotida melalui metode bioinformatika. Tahapan penelitian yang digunakan yaitu kultivasi bakteri, isolasi DNA bakteri menggunakan CTAB 2% dan kit isolasi DNA komersial, pengukuran kualitas dan konsentrasi DNA, amplifikasi DNA, sekuensing, dan identifikasi spesies. Isolat DNA bakteri yang berhasil didapatkan yaitu dari sampel hasil kultivasi. Sampel yang berhasil diamplifikasi oleh gen TDC adalah tuna hasil kultivasi (BE) menggunakan kit TIANamp Genomic DNA. Hasil amplifikasi diperoleh dengan berat molekul 825 pb dan teridentifikasi sebagai spesies Carnobacterium sp.
Keyword: amplifikasi, isolasi, kultivasi, TDC, TTC

Judul: Karakterisasi Gen hdc Pengkode Histidin Dekarboksilase Isolat Bakteri Ikan Tongkol dan Tenggiri dengan Metode Berbasis PCR
Abstrak: Ikan tongkol (Euthynnus sp.) dan tenggiri (Scomberomorus commersonii) merupakan jenis ikan yang berasal dari famili Scombridae sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan Scombrotoxin. Informasi genetika dari sejumlah bakteri yang diduga memiliki histidin enzim dekarboksilase untuk pendeteksian histamin sejak dini diperlukan sebagai langkah awal untuk mewujudkan marka molekuler serta alat pendeteksi histamin sejak dini dalam bentuk kit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memperoleh isolat bakteri yang berpotensi menghasilkan enzim histidin dekarboksilase pada ikan tongkol dan tenggiri; memperoleh ekstrak genom DNA bakteri dari isolat ikan tongkol dan tenggiri; karakterisasi molekuler isolat bakteri dari ikan tongkol dan tenggiri; serta karakterisasi gen pengkode histidin dekarboksilase pada isolat DNA bakteri. Penelitian ini terdiri dari beberapa tahapan, yaitu isolasi dan karakterisasi bakteri dengan menggunakan metode cawan gores dan pewarnaan Gram, ekstraksi DNA bakteri dengan metode CTAB 10%, pengukuran konsentrasi DNA menggunakan spektrofotometer, amplifikasi DNA dengan teknik PCR, elektroforesis, dan uji formalin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolat bakteri yang berasal dari bahan baku merupakan kelompok bakteri Gram negatif dengan bentuk umum batang, hanya satu sampel yang berbentuk bulat (TL 6B). Konsentrasi DNA bakteri yang diperoleh berkisar antara 48-1488 μg/ml dengan rasio 1,67-2,34. Hasil visualisasi produk PCR dengan primer 106 dan 107 menunjukkan hasil negatif, sehingga memperkuat dugaan bahwa bahan baku (ikan) yang digunakan mengandung formalin.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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