Judul: Aktivitas Antioksidan Fraksi Ekstrak Etanol Angkak Dengan Metode 1,1-Difenil-2-Pikrilhidrazil
Abstrak: Angkak merupakan produk fermentasi beras oleh Monascus purpureus yang mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder seperti pigmen, monakolin K, dan isoflavon yang berpotensi sebagai antioksidan. Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi dari fraksi ekstrak etanol angkak menggunakan metode 1,1 difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Ekstrak etanol kasar angkak difraksinasi menggunakan pelarut organik yang berbeda polaritasnya, yaitu n-heksana, diklorometana, etil asetat, dan air. Uji fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa, ekstrak etanol angkak mengandung flavonoid, alkaloid, dan saponin. Kandungan senyawa fenolik total paling tinggi terdapat pada fraksi diklorometana dengan nilai 8.82 mg GAE/g dan kandungan senyawa flavonoid yang tertinggi adalah fraksi etil asetat dengan nilai 23.37 mg QE/g. Fraksi etil asetat angkak berpotensi sebagai antioksidan yang kuat dengan penghambatan radikal DPPH tertinggi dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 12.82 mg/L.
Keyword: aktivitas antioksidan, angkak, fraksinasi, polaritas

Judul: Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol dan Fraksi Bekatul dengan Metode 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil
Abstrak: Bekatul adalah bagian kulit beras yang dihasilkan pada proses penggilingan padi. Bekatul mengandung komponen bioaktif seperti tokoferol, tokotrienol, orizanol, β-karotein, serat, asam lemak, protein dan vitamin. Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan aktivitas antioksidan, kandungan total fenolik dan flavonoid yang terdapat pada ekstrak etanol bekatul dan fraksi-fraksinya. Ekstraksi bekatul dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 95% dan selanjutnya difraksinasi dengan pelarut n-heksana, diklorometana, etil aseat, dan air. Nilai rendemen tertinggi terdapat pada ekstrak etanol bekatul sebesar 4,94%. Hasil uji fitokimia pada ekstrak kasar menunjukkan bahwa bekatul mengandung senyawa alkaloid, tanin, saponin, flavonoid, dan steroid. Aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi terdapat pada ekstrak etanol bekatul dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 29,27 μg/mL dan termasuk antioksidan kuat. Kadar total fenolik tertinggi terdapat pada fraksi air yaitu sebesar 34,76 mg GAE/g, sedangkan kadar total flavonoid tertinggi pada fraksi n-heksana yaitu sebesar 40,82 mg QE/g.
Keyword: bekatul, fraksinasi, fenolik, flavonoid, DPPH

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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