Judul: Formulasi Konsorsium Rizobakteria Pelarut Fosfat dengan Bradyrhizobium japonicum sebagai Pupuk Hayati dan Aplikasinya pada Tanaman Kedelai
Abstrak: Phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria were known for their ability to convert insoluble form of phosphate to the accessible form. The use of rhizobacteria as biofertilizer is one of the most promising biotechnologies to improve plant production. This study was conducted to formulate phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria (Bacillus sp. Cr and Pseudomonas sp. Crb) coinoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Bj) and appliance them to soybean plant as biofertilizer. Pikovskaya medium containing tri-calcium phosphate at concentration of 0.5% was used to measure P-solubilizing ability of tested strains. Results revealed that Crb1 is the most powerful P-solublizer using tricalcium phosphate as a P source. It was also observed decreasing in pH along with the increasing of amount of soluble P ranged from -0.96 to -0.42 from initial culture during 72 hours. Isolates of the rhizobacteria (Crb and Cr) were grown in media containing skim milk and molases prior to formulation in peat as a carrier material. The combination of three strains produced 4 packages of inoculants. Each packages was tested for their viability and effectiveness on soybeans in the field. The number of bacterial population after 9 months of storage ranged from 7.5 x 106 to 5.8 x 108 cfu gr-1 of peats. Field experiment showed that treatments designed as F1+NPK and F3+NPK were significantly increased soybean plant growth and mineral uptake compared to untreated control and better than NPK treatment. While F1+NPK and F2+NPK were able to increase soybean productivity.
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Judul: Teknologi Formulasi Inokulan Rhizobakteria Pemacu Tumbuh dan Aplikasinya pada Tanaman Kedelai
Abstrak: Soybean production in Indonesia is being increased to fulfill national requirement. One of the solution that have been known is use biofertilizer as substitute of chemical fertilizer. Based on previous study, three strains of Pseudomonas sp. (Crb 3, Crb 17, Crb 68) and Bacillus sp. (Cr 24, Cr 44, Cr 66) were potential as plant growth promoter and biocontrol of root phytopathogenic fungi. In addition, Bradyrhizobium japonicum 11 was potential as a nitrogen fixation bacteria of soybean plants. The aims of this study are to formulate plant growth promoting rhizobacteria biofertilizers and to applicate biofertilizers on soybean plants. Those bacteria were formulated with carrier material such as peatsoil, zeolit, and kaolinit. The result of formulation was three forms of biofertilizers i.e. talc, powder, and granule. Then, those biofertilizers were applicated on soybean plants in green house. Based on statistical test result, N-Fo (S) III could enhance plant height and dry weight compared to control in sterile condition. In non-sterile condition, N-Rs (G) III and NRs (T) III could enhance four parameters of plant growth compared to control significantly. The increase of plant growth were more significant in non-sterile condition than in sterile condition.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite