Judul: Pengaruh Pendidikan dan Kesehatan terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Indonesia
Abstrak: Ketimpangan pendapatan masih menjadi permasalahan di Indonesia. Faktor yang memengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan adalah perbedaan produktivitas dalam masyarakat serta fasilitas pendidikan dan kesehatan tidak memadai. Pendidikan dan kesehatan merupakan faktor penting bagi sumberdaya manusia yang memiliki peranan dalam meningkatkan produktivitas untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan kondisi ketimpangan pendapatan, pendidikan dan kesehatan serta menganalisis faktor dari pendidikan dan kesehatan yang memiliki pengaruh terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis data panel dengan model Fixed Effect Model (FEM) dan analisis deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel rata-rata lama sekolah, tingkat pengangguran terbuka dan anggaran kesehatan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Variabel angka harapan hidup berpengaruh positif signfikan, PDRB tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan serta anggaran kesehatan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia.
Keyword: education, health, income inequality, panel data

Judul: Analisis Peran Pendidikan Dalam Mengatasi Ketimpangan Distribusi Pendapatan Indonesia
Abstrak: Income inequality is one of the major development problem that can be solved through development of human resources. It was done by improving the quality of human capital through education. This study aims to explain the income inequality and the development of education in Indonesia and also to analize the role of education towards the reduction of income inequality by using panel data method. The data of this study includes 33 provinces in Indonesia during the years 2006 until 2011 is using variables : gini index, average length of school, the number of dropouts by level of education, GDP per capita, the ratio of government expenditure from education sector, and labor productivity. This study finds that school enrollment rates, average length of schools, the number of school dropouts in senior and junior high school, and GDP per capita have positive effect whereas other variables have negative effect with income inequality. The government needs to create the educational curriculum that can improve the skills thus economic independence and social welfare can be increased.
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Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable