Judul: Isolation and Selection of Bacillus spp. as Probiotic Candidates for Broiler Chickens.
Abstrak: Upaya peningkatan laju pertumbuhan ayam dapat dilakukan melalui aplikasi probiotik sebagai pengganti antibiotik. Probiotik dari Bacillus spp. memiliki spora yang stabil dalam jangka waktu lama pada produk komersial. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan menyeleksi Bacillus spp. asal tanah Jasinga sebagai kandidat probiotik pada ayam. Isolasi dilakukan dengan perlakuan panas sampel tanah pada suhu 80 oC selama 20 menit dan dilakukan pengamatan secara makroskopis dan mikroskopis. Metode selanjutnya meliputi uji hemolisis, aktivitas enzim protease, amilase, selulase, ketahanan garam empedu, uji antagonistik, sensitivitas antibiotik dan hidrofobisitas permukaan sel. Sebanyak 15 isolat berhasil diisolasi dari tanah asal Jasinga, dan 12 isolat berdasarkan pengamatan mikroskopik merupakan Bacillus spp. Sebanyak 6 isolat memiliki aktivitas gamma hemolisis dan memiliki kemampuan menghidrolis protein, pati, dan selulosa yang beragam. Isolat BTJ1.1, BTJ1.2, BTJ1.4, dan BTJ2.3 mengalami peningkatan jumlah log sel isolat pada lingkungan yang mengandung garam empedu 0,3%. Isolat BTJ1.1, BTJ1.2, dan BTJ2.3 mengindikasikan adanya aktivitas antimikroba, dan memiliki sifat yang sensitiv terhadap amoxicillin, tetracycline, rifampicin, namun ke empat isolat memiliki sifat yang resisten terhadap chloramphenicol. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa BTJ1.1 dan BTJ2.3 merupakan isolat terbaik yang berpotensi sebagai kandidat probiotik., Efforts to improve the growth rate of chickens can be achieved through the application of probiotics as an alternative to antibiotics. Probiotics derived from Bacillus spp. have spores that remain stable for extended periods in commercial products. This study aims to isolate and select Bacillus spp. from Jasinga soil as probiotic candidates for chickens. Isolation was carried out by subjecting the soil samples to heat treatment at 80 °C for 20 minutes, followed by macroscopic and microscopic observations. The next methode included hemolysis tests, protease, amylase, and cellulase enzyme activities, bile salt tolerance, antagonistic assays, antibiotic sensitivity, and cell surface hydrophobicity. A total of 15 isolates were successfully isolated from Jasinga soil, and based on microscopic observations, 12 isolates were identified as Bacillus spp. Six isolates exhibited gamma hemolysis activity and displayed diverse abilities to hydrolyze proteins, starch, and cellulose. Isolates BTJ1.1, BTJ1.2, BTJ1.4, and BTJ2.3 showed increased cell numbers an environment containing 0,3% bile salt. Isolates BTJ1.1, BTJ1.2, and BTJ2.3 indicated antimicrobial activity and were found to be sensitive to amoxicillin, tetracycline, and rifampicin, while all four isolates were resistant to Chloramphenicol. The conclusion of this research that BTJ1.1 and BTJ2.3 are the best isolate as potential probiotic candidate.
Keyword: antibiotics, bile salt, hydrolytic index, resistance, soil

Judul: Gambaran Sel Darah Putih dan Total Mikroba Ileum pada Broiler yang Diberi Air Minum Mengandung Probiotik Lactobacillus sp. dan Bacillus sp.
Abstrak: Penggunaan AGP (Antibiotic Growth Promoter) untuk memacu pertumbuhan dalam bidang peternakan sudah tidak diperbolehkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan mengevaluasi probiotik Lactobacillus sp. dan Bacillus sp. sebagai pengganti AGP (Antibiotic Growth Promoter) pada status kesehatan yang meliputi jumlah leukosit, diferensiasi leukosit, dan total mikroba di usus ileum ayam broiler. Probiotik Lactobacillus sp. dan Bacillus sp. adalah bakteri hidup yang dimasukkan ke saluran pencernaan ayam agar dapat menjaga ayam broiler tetap sehat dengan menjaga keseimbangan mikroflora dalam usus. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan 300 ayam broiler yang dibagi menjadi 3 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikan yakni P0 (kontrol), P1 (P0 + AGP (Zinc Bacitracin 0.04%), dan P2 (P0 + probiotik). Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Data dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Varians (ANOVA) oleh program perangkat lunak SPSS versi 20.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan probiotik Lactobacillus sp. dan Bacillus sp. larut air minum (P2) sangat signifikan (P <0.01) dapat meningkatkan populasi bakteri asam laktat dan total bakteri tetapi tidak mempengaruhi populasi bakteri Coliform dan Salmoneform di dalam usus ileum ayam broiler. Penggunaan probiotik larut air minum Lactobacillus sp. dan Bacillus sp. tidak memiliki efek signifikan (P> 0.05) pada jumlah leukosit dan diferensiasi leukosit tetapi masih dalam kisaran normal., The use of AGP (Antibiotics Growth Promoter) in animal husbandry the use of AGP in poultry farming has been banned since 2018. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics. as a subtitute of AGP on health status of broiler chicken which indicated by the number of leukocytes, differentiation of leukocytes, and total microbes in the ileal intestinal of birds. Probiotics that containing of Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. are live bacteria that are entered into the digestive tract to keep chikens healthy by maintaining the balance of intestinal microflora. In this research a total number of 300 chikens were randomly divided into 3 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were P0 (control), P1 (P0 + AGP (Zinc Bacitracin 0.04%), and P2 (P0 + probiotics). The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD). The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) by SPSS software program version 20.0. The results showed that the use of water soluble probiotics that contain Lactobacillus v sp. and Bacillus sp. (P2) very significantly (P<0.01) increased the population of lactic acid bacteria and total bacteria but it did not have an affect the population of Coliform and Salmoneform bacteria in the ileal intestinal of broiler chinkens. Then, the use of drinking water soluble probiotics had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the number of leukocytes and differentiation of leukocytes but still in the normal range.
Keyword: Broiler, probiotic, leukocytes, total microbes

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
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