Judul: Pengaruh Penambahan Senyawa Merkaptan Pada Karet Alam (Hevea Brasiliensis) Dalam Fasa Padat
Abstrak: Natural rubber had increasing viscosity while in transportation process and storage. This natural phenomenon called hardening, storage hardening, the process that happen in storage caused by cross bonding reaction in poly isoprene molecular chain with the aldehide that condense in non rubber substances or in rubber polymer chain. This symptom give disadvantages for consumer in processing rubber based products. To overcome this problem, the addition of rubber viscosity stabilizer could block the form of cross bonding on rubber molecular chain Stabilized viscosity rubber demand by the consumers because with the stabilized viscosity the premastication process is unnecessary, this process consumed 33-35% of the total energy needed to make rubber compound. Processing without the premastication will increase almost twice of the capacity in compound mixing. Besides it will also increase the consistency in compund mixing and viscosity of the rubber compound. The effect will reduce the scrap amount in processing rubber based product. The purpose of this research is to learn the effect of rubber viscosity stabilizer addition to the rubber stability with the variation of Cureo TS addition dosage, extruder temperature and time variation. The Cureo dosages that were used are 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. The main research designated to find the effect of Cureo TS addition on temperature addition (100oC, 120oC, 140oC) and time (3 minute, 4 minute, 5 minute) to the rubber stability. The test that done were chemical characteristics includes Po (Early Plasticity) and Pa (End Plasticity); PRI (Plasticity Retention Indeks); dan ASHT (Accelerated Strorage Haredening Test). The phisical characteristics test wit the Mooney viscosity test. Until now there no riset about the addition of Cureo TS as a stabilizer in rubber. The decision on using Cureo TS as stabilizer because it can react with the carbonyl group whether with the aldehide or keton. Reaction between merkaptan with the carbonyl group happen in two steps. The early product of the reaction is the hemi merkaptal or hemi merkaptol will react with the merkaptan group,either it is spontaneously or using catalyst to produce merkaptal or merkaptol. Rubber particle in latex contain aldehid group that bound to the cis-poly isoprene chain of rubber. The aldehid group in rubber expected to reacted with the merkaptan group that ussually added to rubber as peptizer. The aldehid group will react with merkaptan and form hemi merkaptal. Hemi merkaptal will react with merkaptan and form merkaptal. In the making of stabilized viscosity rubber, merkaptan usually contained in peptizer with the trade name Cureo TS. If in the rubber processing peptizer used as softener than the indirect use of peptizer could make the rubber stabile because the tiol group will blockade the aldehid group to form tioacetal, so there will be no gel forming. This will cause the rubber viscosity no increasing while in storage so the rubber becomes stabile. From the data it was found that from all treatment the Po number between 43 until 53. While the Po number for control are between 46.5 until 53. This number show that the Po number decrease compare with the control. The decreasing of Po number
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Judul: Pemanfaatan Karet Alam Sebagai Aditif Pada Mortar Untuk Meningkatkan Mutu Jalan Semen Beton
Abstrak: Nowadays, natural rubber consumption in Indonesia is relatively low. By diversification of natural rubber uses as additional mixture for concrete road is expected to increase its consumption. At this time, concrete road doesn’t use latex, so it will less flexible and susceptible to crack. Also this matter can’t make concrete road comfortable to use. Therefore, with admixture of latex to the cement may be able to increase flexural strength. The objectives of this research were to know type and dose of stabilizing agent for suitable admixture of latex and cement, and to know the effect of type of latex and rubber dose as additional mixture for mortar. This research consisted of two steps. First step was preliminary research which used type (Emal, Emulgen and Casein) and dose (1, 3, 5 and 7%) of stabilizing agents to determine a suitable admixture of latex and cement. Second step was main research where the effects of latex on mortar was determined. Types of latex tried were Centrifuge Latex (LP), Double Centrifuge Latex (LDS) and Deproteinized Natural Rubber Latex (LDPNR). Rubber doses of 0 (control), 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 were used. When latex was mixed with cement, it agglomerated. Therefore, suitable type and dose of stabilizing agent was needed. The best stabilizing agent was Casein of 7% because it could maintain the setting time to almost 210 minutes. This combination was used in main research. The highest initial weight was obtained from LDS, i.e. 261.25 g, whereas final weight, i.e. 266.70 g. Rubber dose of 1% gave the highest initial weight, i.e. 268.70 g and final weight, i.e. 272.83 g. Final weight would be heavier than initial weight. The more rubber dose used in mixture mortar, the less weight of mortar produced. Mortar added by latex showed lighter weight than its control. LDS gave a significant effect on mortar’s compressive strength, whereas LDPNR didn’t have significant effect. LDS gave the highest compressive strength, i.e. 176.60 kg/cm2. Rubber dose of 1% gave the highest compressive strength, i.e. 200.67 kg/cm2. The more rubber dose used, the less compressive strength of mortar produced. LDS gave highest flexural strength than LP and LDPNR, i.e. 33.62 kg/cm2. Rubber dose of 1%, i.e. 36.77 kg/cm2 gave the highest flexural strength. LDS dose of 7% gave the highest flexural strength, but its compressive strength was low. Therefore, to produce strong and flexible mortar could be used LDS with dose of 1%.
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Judul: Ornithonyssus Bursa (Berlese, 1888) Famili Macronyssidae yang Menyerang Unggas Dan Penaggulangannnya
Abstrak: Ornithonyssus bursa adalah tungau penghisap darah pada unggas di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Tungau ini relatif kecil, dengan panjang tubuh antara 700-1000 mikron dan lebarnya 250-490 mikron. Tubuhnya bulat berwarna coklat kekuningan sebelum menghisap darh dan berwarna merah setelah menghisap darah dari induk semangnya.
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