Judul: Tipologi Kecamatan berdasarkan Karakteristik Fisik, Sosial, dan Aksesibilitas serta Keterkaitannya terhadap Penggunaan Lahan di Kecamatan Cianjur dan Sekitarnya
Abstrak: Tipology is a study of classiffication types with spesific characteristics. Region has different characteristics, with that differences a region can be divided into several typologies. The difference characteristic on each typology will cause differences of land use proportion on each typology. The aim of this research are to make sub-district typology based on physical characteristic, social, and acsesibility, to analyse the actual land use/cover in 2010, to examines the asosiation between sub-district typology through the land uses proportion and studying the similarity of land use on the spatial pattern. The used method are cluster analysis to make a sub-district typology, visual interpretation to determine the actual land use and overlap to determine the asosiation between sub-district typology through the land use proportion, and comparison of the space utilization to determine the similarity of the land use and the spatial pattern. Sub-district typology based on physical characteristic, social, and acsesibility is divided to seven typologies. This study have 98.812 ha area, with the largest land use are 29.207 ha (29,56 %) of plantation and 28.028 ha (28,36 %) of paddy field. Each typology has a different land use proportion. The land use pattern in each typology is influenced by the characteristic of each sub-district typology, so each typology have a different land use pattern. Sub-district that have the highest level of similarity between land use proportion and spatial pattern are Sukaluyu and Mande, alterable similarity are Cianjur and Cilaku Sub-district, and land use that have difference with the spatial pattern are Cibeber and Cipanas Sub-district.
Keyword: sub-district typology, physical characteristics-social-acsesibility, land use

Judul: The typology of desa hutan rakyat (forest private villages): a case in Ciamis District
Abstrak: Management of private forest possesses specific characteristics that differ from state owned forest management. Therefore, the characteristics of desa hutan rakyat using typology approach were studied. The objective of this study was to determine private forest spatial distribution type, characteristics and types of desa hutan rakyat. This study was conducted in Ciamis District covering 363 villages. The analysis was performed on the basis of statistical data of private forest area and field data measurent and observation. The typology was developed based upon biophysical and socio-economic factors by the method of clustering analysis. There are six biophysical factors i.e. non rice field-land use, road density, distance to state forest area, distance to main road, land capacity, land configuration, and three of socio-economic factors i.e. population the spatial distribution pattern of private forest is clumped. The characteristic of private forest stand composition consist of three patterns, namely agroforestry, monoculture and polyculture. The result also shows that eight of all factors in typology determination have correlation in amount of 0.2 to 0.5 with the existence of private forest. The only factor that has no correlation with private forest area is the distance to main road. The clustering analysis produced two distinct desa hutan rakyat types, namely high potential area and low potential area types. The best variables for clustering of those desa hutan rakyat are the principle component analysis derived from eight correlated variables (non rice field land use, road density, distance to state forest area, land capacity, land configuration, population density, permanent home, and productive age population) with overall accuracy 64%. Those typologies of the desa hutan rakyat are as a preliminary information that can be used for long-term planning activities.
Keyword: Clustering analysis, desa hutan rakyat, spatial distribution pattern, principle component analysis, typology, Forest Private Villages, Ciamis District, high potential area, low potential area

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable