Judul: Types, Distribution and Host Plants of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Indonesia.
Abstrak: Jumlah dan jenis lalat buah di Indonesia dilaporkan sebanyak 29 genus dari 280 spesies dan dapat terus bertambah. Jumlah spesies lalat buah yang banyak mengakibatkan potensi cukup tinggi investasi lalat buah pada tanaman hortikultura, khususnya buah-buahan. Investasi lalat buah mengakibatkan produk holtikultura gagal diekspor sehingga dapat mengganggu perdagangan di Indonesia dan internasional. Hal ini menjadi salah satu sebab penurunan ekspor buah dari Indonesia sebesar US$ 650 juta pada tahun 2017-2018. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah merangkum semua informasi terkait jenis, distribusi, dan spesies tanaman inang lalat buah yang telah dilaporkan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Februari-Agustus 2021 melalui metode kajian pustaka. Beberapa tahapan yaitu mengumpulkan data dari 78 literatur, menganalisis informasi yang diperoleh berdasarkan jenis, distribusi, dan tanaman inang lalat buah. Tahapan selanjutnya kesimpulan diambil dan dituangkan dalam bab hasil pembahasan. Berdasarkan laporan, Pulau Jawa, Sulawesi, dan Sumatera merupakan pulau-pulau dengan variasi spesies lalat buah terbanyak. Enam puluh empat lalat buah diantaranya bersifat sebagai hama. Jumlah tanaman inang yang dilaporkan sebanyak 50 famili yang terdiri atas 145 spesies. Tingginya jumlah spesies lalat buah dan kisaran inang yang luas di Indonesia, menunjukkan besarnya potensi kerusakan produk pertanian akibat serangan lalat buah. Lalat buah selain merusak produk pertanian secara langsung, hama ini juga dapat menjadi penghambat perdagangan ekspor. Maka dari itu, lalat buah perlu perhatian secara khusus dan serius. Strategi pengelolaan lalat buah dapat dirancang melalui informasi dasar taksonomi, sebaran, serta tanaman inang lalat buah., The number and types of fruit flies in Indonesia are reported as 29 genera of 280 species and can continue to grow. A large number of fruit flies generates a high potential of fruit fly investment in horticultural crops, especially fruits. Fruit fly infestment causes horticultural products to fail to be exported. So, it can disrupt trade in Indonesia and internationally. This is one reason for the decline in fruit exports from Indonesia by US$ 650 million in 2017-2018. The purpose of this study is to summarize all information regarding the species, distribution, and host plant species of fruit flies that have been reported in Indonesia. This research was conducted in February-August 2021 through the literature review method. Several step, collecting data from 78 literatures, analyzing the information obtained based on the type, distribution, and host plant of the fruit fly. The next step is the conclusion drawn and stated in the discussion results chapter. Based on the report, the islands of Java, Sulawesi, and Sumatra are the islands with the most variations of fruit fly species. Sixty-four fruit flies are indicated as pests. The number of reported host plants are 50 families consisting of 145 species. The high number of fruit fly species and the wide host range in Indonesia indicate the potential for damage to agricultural products due to fruit fly attacks. Fruit flies in addition to directly damaging agricultural products, these pests can also be an obstacle to export trade. Therefore, fruit flies need special and serious attention. Fruit fly management strategies can be designed through basic taxonomic information, distribution, and fruit fly host plants.
Keyword: checklist of fruit fly, distribution of fruit fly, fruit fly species, host range

Judul: Keanekaragaman, persebaran dan kunci identifikasi lalat buah (Diptera: Tephritidae) di Kabupaten Bogor dan sekitarnya
Abstrak: Fruit flies are the most important pests for many fruits and vegetables which cause quantitative and qualitative losses of production. Bogor and its surrounding area have many fruit fly host plants. The aim of this research was to investigate the diversity and distribution of fruit flies species and their hosts at Bogor and its surrounding area as well as constructing the identification key for found species. Fruit flies were collected at 119 sampling areas in Bogor and some places of Cianjur, Bekasi and Depok. Collection of samples were using 2 methods: host rearing and trapping. Modification of Lynfield trap and 2 attractants such as metil eugenol (ME) and Cue lure (CL) were used in the trapping. There were 18 species of fruit flies collected from traps and 23 host plants. Distribution, diversity and abundance of fruit flies was influenced by the diversity of host plants.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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