Judul: Obsevasi perilaku berdasarkan umur pada lebah pekerja apis cerana
Abstrak: Honey bee division of labor is characterized by temporal age polyethism, in which young workers remain in the hive and perform task there, whereas old workers perform outside task. Behavior in the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) has been extensively studied. However, not complete data was found in A. cerana, the eastern honey bee. Hence, the aims of this study were (i) to explore age polyethism and other behavior types and (ii) variations behavior of A. cerana within 25 days. Two colonies of A. cerana were used in this study. The first colony observed was carried out on July 19 - August 13, 2007 and the second was observed on May 17 - June 10, 2008. Newly emerged bees from the two colonies were labeled on the bee thorax using different colors and numbers. Observation of honey bee behavior was performed from 06.00 am-06.00 pm within interval of two hours for 25 days. The age of the bees that performed a certain behavior as well as the behavior duration was analyzed. The result showed that young A. cerana worker performed ten indoor age polyethism i.e. cell cleaning , nursing brood, nursing queen, receiving nectar from incoming forager, orientation flight, building comb, brood capped, honey capped, food storer and removing debris behavior within 1-10, 3-9, 6-13, 3-14, 4-16, 6-18, 7-13, 5-12, 10-22, 12-23 days, respectively. A. cerana outdoor tasks were ventilating, guarding, and foraging within 8-19, 14-23, and 18-25 ages, respectively. Age bee variations and overlap behavior were observed in the cell cleaning, nursing queen, and brood capped, honey capped, food storer, removing debris, ventilating, and guarding behaviors. Orientation flight behavior showed specific pattern having peak time between 14.00-16.00. Two others specific pattern behaviors also shown in guarding and foraging behavior having peak time between 06.00-08.00 and 16.00-18.00. Other A. cerana activities observed were chewing cap while the bee emerge, walking, resting, cell inspection, grooming (autogrooming and allogrooming), clustering, and fanning on honey cell.
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Judul: Aktivitas apis cerana mencari polen dan identifikasi polen di perlebahan tradisional di Bali
Abstrak: Apis cerana is the most important Asian honey bee in traditional apiaries in West Bali Forest. The research aimed tot study the daily pollen collection activity of A. cerana and pollen identification from traditional apiaries in two villages around West Bali forest forest (Sumber Klampok and Melaya). On every 10 minutes, A. cerana which returning to the hive was counted with interval 20 minutes. Counting started at 05.20 and terminated at 18.30 h. Pollen was collected using pollen trap and then processed with acetolysis.The activity of A. cerana lasted for 12.5 h, was started at 05.50 and terminated at 18.30. A. cerana daily activities were varied among colonies. The peak pollen collection in Melaya occurred at 07.20-09.20 h which was earlier than that of in Sumber Klampok which occurred at 10.20-14.50 h. In general, the daily activity of A. cerana in Melaya represented the traditional apiaries in Bali. The daily activity of A. cerana in Sumber Klampok was more affected by weather than that of in Melaya. In all colonies, 19 pollen types from 12 families were found, and 3 types were unable to be identified. Coconut pollen (Cocos nucifera) and Leucaena leucocephala were dominantly collected in all colonies. Daily pollen collecting activities were correlated with number of pupae in colony
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Judul: Solusi Geometri Schwarzschild untuk Dimensi 4+1 dengan Invarian Rotasi Isotropik
Abstrak: Metrik Schwarzschild merupakan solusi eksak pertama dari persamaan medan Einstein dengan mangasumsikan metrik statik dan simetris. Metrik Schwarzschild yang ditemukan oleh Karl Schwarzschild masih dalam dimensi 3+1, namun seiring dengan teori-teori terbaru yang menunjukkan bahwa alam semesta tidak hanya di dimensi 3+1. Maka melalui penambahan dimensi, tujuan penelitian ini memperoleh solusi pada geometri Schwarzschild untuk dimensi 4+1 dengan memodifikasi koordinat bola yang invarian rotasi isotropik dan melalui penurunan rumus seperti koordinat bola, simbol Christoffel, dan tensor Ricci. Selain mendapatkan solusi ini, metrik Schwarzschild dimensi 4+1 dapat digunakan sebagai metrik dasar untuk memperoleh solusi blackhole dan wormhole pada dimensi 4+1. Hasil akhirnya, dengan memanfaatkan modifikasi koordinat bola, metrik Schwarzschild dapat dibentuk sehingga diperoleh solusi geometri Schwarzschild untuk dimensi 4+1.
Keyword: metrik Schwarzschild, persamaan medan Einstein, modifikasi koordinat bola, penambahan dimensi, invarian rotasi isotropik