Judul: Independensi Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) di tengah Kepentingan Donor
Abstrak: The top-down development approach has been failed in bringing prosperity to Indonesia. The model of development approach by the NGO become an alternative model of development before. But this approach is also not free from problems, the indicator is from rapid development of NGOs cannot reduce the poverty in Indonesia. Each development agencies including NGOs cannot be separated from the various interests. Form of interest relationship happens between NGOs and Donors.This study would like to answer the question that is donors infleunce of the independence of NGOs. In order to answer the research question, the writer is using qualitative method. The financial arrangement network, action, interest, motives and NGOs ideology are the main focus of this study. Two NGOs are observed, namely Lembaga Kajian untuk Transformasi Sosial (LKTS) and Lembaga Pertanian Sehat (LPS). The first NGO is more dependent to international donor where as the second is more dependent to local donor. The first NGO is working at region wide, while the second on local level. This study resulted that LKTS and LPS were dependent in the financial aspect. LKTS was also dependent in action aspects but LPS was independent in this aspect. The NGOs differences were in independences financial aspects and the action. They appeared on the characteristics of the donor, where LKTS collect funds from foreign donors with a greater interest agenda while LPS collect funds from the community in a participatory management of the trust to LPS. In addition, Factors that affected the independence of NGOs to the characteristics of donors were the change that also influenced by internal factors, namely: 1. Militancy of NGOs’ ideology, 2. Fund, 3. NGOs Achievements be the strength variabel in negotiations. Shifting in NGOs Ideology orientation was not directly caused by the donor, but because of the greater increased in financial needs. This occured because of the NGOs’ increasing demand activities (Operational Costs, developing events, staff, and other budget support). Needs should be fulfilled by NGOs to be able to maintain its existence. In the development perspective, NGOs did not necessarily become a social movement organization which realised the dream of success bottom up approach. NGOs that had established its first platform as an independent institution from outside interests and the interests of a civil (civil sphere) appeared to have the problem in dependency on the donor in the field of financial and actions. In addition, NGO had also experienced in shifting ideology orientation.
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Judul: Independensi Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) di tengah Kepentingan Donor
Abstrak: Pendekatan pembangunan top down dinilai telah gagal dalam membawa kesejahteraan bagi Indonesia. Model pendekatan pembangunan oleh LSM menjadi alternatif dari model pembangunan sebelumnya. Tetapi pendekatan ini juga tidak bebas dari masalah, Indikasinya adalah pesatnya perkembangan LSM tidak menghasilkan penurunan kemiskinan di Indonesia. Setiap agen pembangunan termasuk didalamnya LSM, tidak lepas dari berbagai kepentingan. Bentuk hubungan kepentingan diantaranya hubungan antara LSM dan donor. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui apakah kepentingan donor memberi pengaruh pada independensi. Untuk menjawab rumusan permasalahan penelitian, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif. Fokus penelitian ini adalah pada jejaring donor, aksi, kepentingan, motif, dan ideologi LSM. Dua LSM yang diteliti adalah Lembaga Kajian untuk Transformasi Sosial (LKTS) dan Lembaga Pertanian Sehat (LPS). LKTS lebih dependen dengan donor internasional sementara LPS dependen dengan donor lokal. LKTS berskala regional dan LPS berskala lokal. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa LKTS dan LPS dependen dalam aspek finansial. LKTS juga dependen dalam aspek aksi tetapi LPS independen dalam aspek ini. Perbedaan independensi LSM pada aspek finansial dan aksi di atas muncul dari karakteristik donor, dimana LKTS menghimpun dana dari donor asing dengan agenda kepentingan yang lebih besar dan LPS menghimpun dana masyarakat secara partisipatif dengan kepercayaan pengelolaan kepada LPS. Faktor yang mempengaruhi independensi LSM selain karakteristik donor, perubahan juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor internal juga dimana 1. Militansi ideologi LSM, 2.Kemapanan LSM dalam dana, 3. Kemapanan Kinerja LSM (Prestasi LSM) menjadi variabel kekuatan dalam negosiasi. Pergeseran orientasi ideologi LSM tidak disebabkan langsung oleh donor, tetapi karena meningkatnya kebutuhan finansial yang semakin besar. Kebutuhan ini terjadi karena meningkatnya aktifitas LSM (Biaya Operasional, pegembangan kegiatan, Staf, Anggaran pendukung lainnya). Kebutuhan tersebut perlu dipenuhi oleh LSM untuk bisa mempertahankan eksistensinya. Dalam perspektif pendekatan pembangunan, LSM tidak serta merta menjadi organisasi gerakan sosial yang mampu mewujudkan mimpi kesuksesan pendekatan bottom up. LSM yang memiliki platform awal berdiri sebagai lembaga yang independen dari kepentingan luar dan membawa kepentingan sipil (civil sphere) ternyata mempunyai masalah ketergantungan pada donor di bidang finansial dan aksi. Selain itu LSM juga mengalami pergeseran orientasi ideologi.
Keyword: NGO, Lembaga Kajian Transformasi Sosial, Lembaga Pertanian Sehat, Empowerment, Local participation, LSM

Judul: Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Made of Eggshells Through A Hydrothermal Method
Abstrak: Biphasic Calcium Phosphate mixed of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate. A hydrothermal method of synthesizing by mixing CaO as calcium source and (NH4)2HPO4 as phosphate source with distilled water. CaO got from calcination process made of eggshells. All samples were synthesized using hydrothermal reactor then followed by sintering process. The molar ratio of Ca and P for all samples was 0.5 M : 0.3 M. Hydrothermal temperature and sintering temperature were variated they are 250 ºC, 300 ºC for hydrothermal and 800 ºC, 900 ºC, 1000 ºC for sintering, higher treatment temperature, tricalcium phosphate appears. Final results of synthesis were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared. X-ray Diffraction patterns was ecompared with database Join Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards and found tricalcium phosphate and hydoxyapatite.
Keyword: biphasic calcium phosphate, hydrothermal, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate