Judul: Karakteristik Residu Garam Rumput Laut Cokelat sebagai Bahan Baku Sediaan Body Scrub
Abstrak: Pembuatan garam berbahan baku rumput laut cokelat menghasilkan residu berbentuk butiran yang dapat menggantikan fungsi silika pada body scrub. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan karakteristik residu garam rumput laut cokelat (RGLC) serta aplikasinya sebagai bahan baku sediaan body scrub dan menentukan karakteristik body scrub. Krim body scrub terbuat dari campuran fase minyak dan fase air dengan penambahan RGLC konsentrasi 3, 5 dan 7%. RGLC memiliki kadar abu 28.81-30.64%, mengandung mineral kalsium (Ca) sebesar 33.16-49 mg/g serta positif mengandung senyawa alkaloid, saponin, dan steroid. Body scrub terpilih yaitu produk dengan penambahan RGLC S. polycystum 7% (S7), P. minor 7% (P7), dan kombinasi 3% (K3). Karakteristik ketiga produk tersebut yaitu kisaran pH 6.8-7.4, emulsi stabil, mampu mempertahankan kelembaban kulit, total mikroba berkisar 6.047×10-4-45×10-4 CFU/mL, lebar sebaran 2.75-5.12 cm serta kapasitas antioksidan yaitu 37.33-58.55 μM/g (metode CUPRAC) dan 120-197 μM/g (metode FRAP). Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa karakteristik RGLC memiliki potensi sebagai bahan baku sediaan body scrub.
Keyword: body scrub, P. minor, residu, S. polycystum

Judul: Characteristics of Seaweed Salt Residue Sargassum polycystum and Coffee Dregs as Raw Materials for Body Scrubs
Abstrak: Kosmetik tersedia dalam berbagai sediaan, salah satunya yaitu dalam sediaan body scrub yang mengandung butiran kasar yang bersifat sebagai pengampelas (obrasiver). Pembuatan body scrub dari residu rumput laut Sargassum polycystum dapat ditambahkan dengan ampas kopi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan karakteristik residu garam rumput laut cokelat Sargassum polycystum dan ampas kopi serta menentukan pengaruh penambahan ampas kopi terhadap karakteristik body scrub berbahan baku residu garam rumput laut Sargassum polycystum 7%. Penambahan ampas kopi dengan konsentrasi (0; 1; 2; 3%) pada body scrub. Produk terpilih yaitu body scrub yang ditambah residu garam rumput Sargassum polycystum 7% dan ampas kopi 3% (SA 7:3). Nilai pH dari produk terpilih adalah 6,76 dan daya sebar pada 3,57 cm. Uji stabilitas emulsi menunjukkan bahwa krim dalam keadaan stabil. Aktivitas antioksidan dari produk terpilih dengan metode 1.1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) adalah 55,54 ppm dan Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) 78,84 (µM/g). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pada body scrub mempunyai kelembaban yang baik untuk kulit., Cosmetics are available in various preparations, one of which is a body scrub that contains coarse grains which act as a sandpaper (obrasiver). Make a body scrub from the residue of Sargassum polycystum seaweed can be added with coffee grounds. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the salt residue of Sargassum polycystum brown seaweed and coffee grounds and to determine the effect of the addition of coffee grounds on the characteristics of a body scrub made from 7% Sargassum polycystum seaweed salt residue. Addition of coffee grounds with a concentration (0; 1; 2; 3%) to the body scrub. The selected product was a body scrub with 7% Sargassum polycystum grass salt residue and 3% coffee grounds (SA 7:3). The pH value of the selected product was 6.76 and the dispersion was 3.57 cm. The emulsion stability test showed that the cream was in a stable state. The antioxidant activity of the selected product using the 1.1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method was 55.54 ppm and the Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) was 78.84 (µM/g). The results showed that body scrubs have good moisture for the skin.
Keyword: body scrub, coffee grounds, Sargassum polycystum

Judul: Analisis Model Pandemik dan Prepandemik Avian Influenza pada Populasi Manusia
Abstrak: Avian influenza is a viral disease caused by a virus within the subtype of H5N1 in which its transmission caused by birds or human. In human population, transmission process of avian influenza is discussed in the model called: bird model, prepandemic model and pandemic model. The bird model has two equlibrium points. These are saddle disease free equilibrium and stable endemic equilibrium. The endemic equlibrium occurred when the reproduction number of avian influenza is greater than one. In the endemic equilibrium, avian influenza may infect both bird and human. The prepandemic model has two equilibrium points. These are avian influenza dominant equilibrium and human influenza dominant equilibrium. The human influenza dominant equilibrium occurred when the reproduction number of human influenza is greater than one. The pandemic model has one pandemic equlibrium. The human influenza pandemic occurred when the ratio of human influenza invasion, pandemic invasion and the reproduction number of human influenza is greater than one, respectively. The avian influenza pandemic occurred when the ratio of human influenza invasion, pandemic invasion is less than one and the reproduction number of avian influenza greater than one, respectively.
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