Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite

Judul: Analysis of increasing ext reme weather intensity in Jabota (Jakarta, Bogor, Tangerang) Period 1980 - 2008
Abstrak: spaces. This changes causes rising of air temperatures and hence increasing frequent events of extreme weather. Based on research in Taiwan, China and Japan, its have been proven that the existence of rising temper ature and frequent extreme weather were caused by land use changes. Daily observed data from Meteorological Stations around urban area of Jabota during the period 1980-2008 was used to determine the increase of air temperature and the frequency of extreme weather events. Besides the surface air temperature, the upper air temperature data period 1988-2008 was also analysed data to examine the increase of air temperature at particular layer. Further, hourly weather data of 2003-2008 from Meteorological Stasion Curug has been used as an example to analyze the time shifts of maximum air temperature and the time of thunderstorms occurrence. The analysis resulted an increase in average temperature in the latest period; increasing frequency of temperatures above 34° C, the increasing frequency of extreme precipitation at some months, especially in the rainy and transition seasons; the increasing frequency of thunderstorms occurrence, the increase of average upper air temperature, especially at surface layer up to 500 mb layer. The results also showed that the maximum temperature occurrence at certain months in dry and transition season to 02: 00 pm and the mostly hour of thunderstorms occurrence was 03: 00 to 05: 00 and from 07: 00 to 08: 00 pm.
Keyword: 

Judul: Proses fermentasi Fed-Batch untuk produksi dekstranase dari isolat bakteri Streptococcus sp. B7
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan teknik fermentasi pada produksi enzim dekstranase dari isolat bakteri Streptococcus sp B7 dengan mempergunakan sistem fermentasi fed-batch. Fermentasi fed-batch produksi dekstranase dilakukan pada fermentor kapasitas 2 liter dengan laju penambahan substrat 19 ml/jam dengan waktu fermentasi 3 kali 24 jam. Perlakuan yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah pH dan kecepatan putaran. Perlakuan pH dilakukan pada pH 7 dan pH 8, sedangkan kecepatan putaran yang digunakan adalah 300 dan 500 rpm. Aktivitas relatif tertinggi dari semua perlakuan dicapai pada fermentasi dengan kecepatan putaran 500 rpm pada pH 8 yang mencapai 920 U/ml. Hasil terbaik ditinjau dari parameter kinetik terten- tu adalah sebagai berikut: produksi 920 U/ml, produktivi- tas 16.43 U/ml/jam, aktivitas spesifik 17.78 U/mg pro- tein, Yp/x 696.97 U/g sel dan produktivitas spesifik 12.45 U/g sel/jam.
Keyword: