Judul: Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Toksisitas Minyak Serai Dapur (Cymbopogon citratus) dengan Perlakuan Pemekatan pada Suhu Berbeda
Abstrak: Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is a species of the genus Cymbopogon that produces essential oils with a distinctive fragrance. Lemongrass oil can be an alternative choice of natural antibacterial agents during the Covid-19 pandemic in hand soap and hand sanitizer because it is easy to obtain and the price is affordable. Lemongrass essential oil is reported to contain many chemical compounds that contribute to its activity. Chemical compounds reported in lemongrass essential oil include β-mirsen, 3-undekuna, neral, geranial, nerol, geranil asetat and juniper camphor. Differences in the composition of chemical compounds in essential oils can affect the bioactivity of this essential oils. The differences in the composition of chemical compounds in lemongrass essential oil are influenced by several factors, including the treatment in the distillation process and after the distillation process. Evaluation of the effect of post-distillation temperature on the chemical components in lemongrass oil is an aspect that we need to work on as an effort to ensure its quality and efficacy. In this study, the procedure was started by distillation of lemongrass at a temperature of 100–105ºC for 3,5 hours and then stored in the refrigerator. As a comparison, commercial lemongrass oil was provided and then concentrated using a rotary evaporator at different temperatures, at 30, 40, and 50 ºC. There are five samples of lemongrass oil which are then ready to be analyzed. The toxicity test was carried out using the brine shrimp lethality test (BSLT). The results of the BSLT test showed that the five samples had an LC50 value of <1000 ppm. In addition to BSLT, antibacterial activity tests were carried out on lemongrass oil which included minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Antibacterial test was conducted against S. aureus and S. epidermidis by disc method. The result showed that lemongrass oil has very strong antibacterial properties against S. aureus and is in the strong category against S. epidermidis. Meanwhile, the MIC values of lemongrass oil without evaporation treatment was 1250 ppm and 625 ppm, respectively against S. aureus and S. epidermidis. The MBC values of the sample was 2500 ppm and 10000 ppm against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, respectively. While the MIC values of lemongrass oil concentrated at 40 ºC were 5000 ppm and 2500 ppm against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, respectively. The analysis of chemical composition using GC-MS shows that in lemongrass oil without evaporation treatment there are 13 compounds detected with the abundance of each compound > 1% while in lemongrass oil evaporated at 40 ºC for 11 compounds was detected. The main constituent in lemongrass oil was citral, neral and β-mirsen.
Keyword: antibacterial, BSLT, GC-MS, lemongrass

Judul: Isolasi, Identifikasi, dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Minyak Asiri  Daun dan Rimpang Temu Mangga (Curcuma mangga)
Abstrak: Minyak asiri temu mangga yang berasal dari Kebun BALITTRO Cibinong belum pernah diteliti. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi, mengidentifikasi kandungan senyawa kimia, dan menganalisis aktivitas antibakteri minyak asiri daun dan rimpang temu mangga. Minyak asiri diisolasi menggunakan metode distilasi uap. Kandungan senyawa kimia dalam minyak asiri diidentifikasi menggunakan kromatografi gas–spektrometri massa. Aktivitas antibakteri diuji dengan metode difusi cakram terhadap Escherichia coli dan Salmonella typhi. Rendemen minyak asiri daun temu mangga adalah 0,051% berdasarkan bobot kering sampel, sedangkan pada minyak asiri rimpang diperoleh 0,17% berdasarkan bobot basah sampel. Kesamaan senyawa kimia dalam kedua minyak asiri tersebut ialah humulena, 3,7,11-trimetil-2,6,10-dodekatriena-1-ol, isoaromadendrena epoksida, dan (E,E)-3,7-dimetil-10-(1-metiletiliden)-3,7- siklodekadiena-1-on. Minyak asiri daun dan rimpang temu mangga tidak menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri pada konsentrasi (500.000; 10.000; 5000; 2500) µg/mL terhadap E. coli dan S. typhi. Kata kunci: antibakteri, GC-MS, minyak asiri, temu mangga, Mango turmeric essential oils from BALITTRO Garden Cibinong have never been studied. This study aims to isolate and identify chemical compounds and analyze the antibacterial activity of mango turmeric leaves and rhizomes essential oils. Essential oils are isolated using the steam distillation method. The chemical compounds in essential oils were identified using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. The disc diffusion method determined the antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The yield of mango turmeric leaves essential oils was 0,051% based on the dry weight of the sample, while the rhizomes essential oil was 0,17% based on the wet weight of the sample. The chemical compounds that are the same in both essential oils are humulene, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10-dodecatriene-1-ol, isoaromadendrene epoxide, and (E,E)- 3,7-dimethyl-10-(1-methylethylidene)-3,7-cyclodecadiene-1-one. Mango turmeric leaves and rhizomes essential oils did not show antibacterial activity at concentrations (500.000; 10.000; 5000; 2500) µg/mL against E. coli and S. typhi. Keywords: antibacterial, essential oils, GC-MS, mango turmeric
Keyword: Antibakteri, GC-MS, Minyak Asiri, Temu Mangga

Judul: Sistem perencanaan pengembangan wilayah  : (Studi kasus Kabupaten Dati II Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur)
Abstrak: Pendekatan pembangunan wilayah diserahkan kepada Daerah Tingkat II, sesuai dengan UU No. 5 Tahun 1974 Tentang Pokok-pokok Pemerintahan di Daerah. Dengan meng- gunakan pendekatan perencanaan yang bersifat gabungan yaitu "top down" dan "bottom up". Dengan pembagian tugas, fungsi dan wewenang penyusunan perencanaan yang dilakukan oleh semua tingkat (multi level) dari tingkat kabupaten sampai desa. Kelemahan dalam sistem perencanaan adalah rendahnya kemampuan pembiayaan yang dapat disediakan oleh daerah dalam merealisasikan perencanaan. Masalah perencanaan yang masih dominan sektoral, ketidakmampuan administrasi, kekurangan manajer, teknisi-teknisi perencana. Serta masih banyak perencanaan di tingkat II hanya mengikuti yang dilakukan di tingkat pusat tanpa melihat potensi daerah. Sedangkan permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam pengembangan wilayah karena kurangnya penerapan konsep pengembangan wilayah. Tujuan studi ini adalah menelaah sistem perencanaan pengembangan wilayah. Hasil studi ini diharapkan dapat dijadikan bahan pertimbangan bagi perumusan perencanaan. strategis dan operasional..
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