Judul: The impact of beef self-sufficiency policy on economic performance of livestock subsector in Indonesia
Abstrak: Beef cattle have a strategic role in the Indonesian economy. In addition to its contribution to GDP and employment in the livestock sub-sector, the beef is also one source of animal protein. Beef consumption tends to increase over time. However, the growth of domestic beef production is slower than the growth in consumption. This has led to the increasing import. In this regard, the government has set self-sufficiency policy to encourage the growth of beef cattle and beef production. This study is aimed to: 1) analyze the impact of beef self-sufficiency policies on national beef production and performance in livestock subsector, 2) evaluate the impact of beef self-sufficiency policies on producer and consumer welfare in Indonesia and foreign exchange savings, and 3) forecasting production and demand for beef within the framework of achieving beef self-sufficiency in Indonesia. This study used econometric model with simultaneous equations and utilized time series data from 1990 – 2011 periods. Based on order condition criteria, this model is over identified. Parameter estimation used Two Stages Least Squares method. Simulation results showed that technological improvements through increasing doses of Artificial Insemination (AI), increased breeder cattle imports, and the subsidies policy of interest rate on bank loans will encourage beef cattle production and domestic beef production as well as lower import feeder cattle and beef imports. Increased beef cattle production will encourage GDP and employment in the livestock subsector. Import restrictions policy on feeder cattle and beef will increase domestic beef production but reduce the population and beef cattle production, resulting in lower GDP and employment in the livestock subsector. Combination of policies in order to achieve beef self-sufficiency will increase the social welfare and save foreign exchange. Combination policies have not been able to achieve beef self-sufficiency in Indonesia in 2014. Indonesia is expected to achieve beef self-sufficiency in 2021. Gradually imports restrictions on feeder cattle and beef and was followed by an increase in technology and the provision of breeder cattle have positive impact on the beef industry and livestock sector and the achievement of beef self-sufficiency in Indonesia.
Keyword: beef, performance of livestock subsector, self-sufficiency, welfare

Judul: The Potential of and Challenges for the Indonesian Beef Self-Sufficiency Programme.
Abstrak: Over the last decade there has been a change in the global food system, including the livestock sector. Growing population, higher incomes, increasing urbanisation and shifting food preferences contribute to rising demand for animal food products, particularly in developing countries. In response, the Indonesian government promoted the beef self-sufficiency programme, largely motivated by revitalisation programmes in agriculture, fisheries and forestry, introduced in 2005. This paper examines the potential of and challenges for the Indonesian beef self-sufficiency policy, and aims to discuss the importance of improving productivity in the beef sector by encouraging investment in research and development, as well as improving efficiency along the supply chain. The findings suggest that achieving beef self-sufficiency through the improvement of productivity would help poverty reduction and encourage business diversification in the agriculture and livestock sectors.
Keyword: ivestock sector, beef self-sufficiency programme, productivity.

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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