Judul: Dampak Perubahan Harga Beras Dunia terhadap Kesejahteraan Masyarakat Indonesia pada Berbagai Kondisi Transmisi Harga dan Kebijakan Domestik
Abstrak: Rice is the main staple food in Indonesia. Rice self-sufficiency policy has become a government priority to ensure the availability of food at favorable prices for farmers. It has caused a distortion in Indonesian rice market. World rice prices fluctuate from year to year and increased sharply, especially in 2007 and early 2008. The high world price becomes an important issue in Indonesia due to the inelastic nature of rice commodity. The objectives of this study are (1) to analyze price transmission and rice market integration of world markets to domestic market, (2) to analyze the impact of changes in world rice price on producer and consumer welfare with different scenarios of price transmission, and (3) to analyze changes in world price and domestic policy (government purchases price policy, import tariffs and import quotas of rice) impact on producers and consumers welfare. Market integration and rice price transmission is analyzed by estimating the Ravallion model and calculate the Market Integration Index (MII). Effect of change in world rice prices on the community welfare in various price transmission and domestic policy conditions are analyzed with simulation of Indonesian rice market integration model. The results showed that Indonesia's rice market is integrated with the world rice market with very weak degree. Changes in world market prices are transmitted to the Indonesian rice market, but not perfect. Increase in world rice prices could lead to the increase of farmers’ welfare, while consumers’ welfare decreases. World prices change will give a higher impact on public welfare when the domestic rice market conditions increasingly integrated with world markets. HPP policy is effective in stabilizing domestic rice prices and protecting farmers. But the increase in import tariffs by 10 per cent has not been able to protect farmers from world prices decline. However, the policy of 1.57 million tons annual import quotas can reduce farmers welfare and improve consumers welfare and able to protect consumers from the increase in world prices. Therefore, the strategic role of rice commodity has lead to the importance of government intervention to maintain domestic rice prices.
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Judul: Dampak Kebijakan Harga Pembelian Pemerintah terhadap Kesejahteraan Produsen dan Consumen di Indonesia
Abstrak: Government Purchase Price Rice Policy is one of the important instruments in order to ensure national food security. The objectives of this research were to (1) analyze the factors that influence the supply and demand for rice in Indonesia, (2) to analyze the impact of the government purchase price rice policy on the producers’ and consumers’ welfare and, (3) to formulate alternative strategies that could ensure fair welfare distribution to both the producers and the consumers. Four policy alternatives set for the period 2002-2008 were simulated with econometric model of the Indonesian supply and demand of rice industry. Time Series secondary data 1980-2008, especially from BPS, Ministry of Agriculture and BULOG was rice quantitatively analyzed using a system of simultaneous equations econometric model. The econometric model is a simultaneous equations model consisting of eight behavioral equations and three identity equations. The Two Stages Least Squares (2SLS) method was used to estimate the parameters of the behavioral equations in the model. This study showed that the government price rice policy is good for increasing rice production but not the best policy for welfare and as a result the society as a whole is worse off. This study suggests that the government purchase price rice policy should be accompanied with other policies government programs like: (1) increased irrigated area and, (2) increased rice intensification through improved infrastructural development and, (3) high time food diversification is intensified to reduce overdependence on rice.
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Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf