Judul: Activity of propolis as antibacteria in two different concentrations to cow's rumen liquid.
Abstrak: Microbial resistance and antibiotic residue finding on cattle’s product as antibiotic synthetic usage has been giving the idea to look for alternative to substitute antibiotic synthetic. Propolis is one of new alternative medicine that can be used as natural antibiotic. Propolis containing antibacterial agent causes propolis can be used as growth promoter in human and cattle. Acidity of rumen atmosphere will expectedly inhibit propolis activity before entering intestine. Based on that case, propolis needs to be added filler material and capsule. This research was purposed to antibacterial activity Trigona spp. propolis to cow’s rumen liquid through in vitro. Antibacterial activity determination was done by difusi sumur method. Propolis product has been extracted by ethanol 70% and produce rendemen 10.622%. Result of this research showed that capsule which has been used can not hold the releasing of propolis active substance but the capsule can be applied to cover taste and smell of propolis. Capsule 4% and 2% size 1, 2% size 00 and Merk-X propolis can be used to cattle but capsule 4% size 00 and ampicillin can not be used., Ditemukannya resistensi mikroba dan residu antibiotik pada produk ternak akibat penggunaan antibiotik sintetik telah mengilhami pencarian produk alternatif penggantinya. Propolis merupakan alternatif baru obat yang dapat digunakan sebagai antibiotik alami. Kandungan antibakteri dalam propolis menyebabkan propolis dapat digunakan sebagai pemacu pertumbuhan baik pada manusia ataupun ternak. Lingkungan rumen yang asam ditakutkan akan menghambat kerja propolis sebelum mencapai usus, oleh sebab itu sediaan propolis perlu ditambahkan bahan penyalut dan kapsul. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji aktivitas antibakteri propolis Trigona spp. terhadap cairan rumen sapi secara in vitro. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode difusi sumur. Propolis yang dihasilkan diekstrak menggunakan etanol 70% dan menghasilkan rendemen sebesar 10.6228%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kapsul yang digunakan ternyata tidak mampu menahan lepasnya senyawa aktif propolis tetapi kapsul dapat diaplikasikan untuk melindungi rasa dan bau propolis. Kapsul 4% dan 2% ukuran 1, 2% ukuran 00 dan propolis Merk-X dapat diaplikasikan ke sapi tetapi tidak untuk kapsul 4% ukuran 00 dan ampisilin.
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Judul: Antibacterial Activity of Microencapsulation of Trigona spp. Propolis Pandeglang after Following Exposure to Cattle Rumen Fluid.
Abstrak: The use of antibiotics to overcome diarrhea in cattle causes some problems related to microbe resistence and antibiotic residue. The alternative solution is using natural antibiotic like propolis. Aim of this research is study the effect of propolis microencapsulation on release time of propolis following exposure to cattle rumen fluid. Trigona spp. Propolis used on this research collected from Pandeglang, West Java. Propolis was extracted with maseration method. Then, condensed extract propolis was microencapsulated using maltodextrin as filler. Concentration of propolis were 2% and 4%. The mixture was dried using vaccum drying method. Then, propolis microcapsule was put into hard gelatine capsule size 00 and 1. Capsules were then tested with endurance test to cattle rumen. After that, antibacterial activity of propolis was tested using well diffusion method. Rendement of propolis extract produced is 8.81%. Propolis microcapsule has brown-yellow colour. Antibacterial activity of propolis was still detected until 24 hour after cattle rumen fluid treatment. Microencapsulation of propolis has a potency to slow down release of propolis active compounds in cattle rumen. The effective value of the highest inhibition compared to propolis X-brand on 227 mg of capsule size and propolis 4% is 160.69%.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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