Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri pada Sampel Tanah di Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SPR) Desa Cikolelet, Kecamatan Cinangka, Kabupaten Serang, Banten.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri Gram positif dan Gram negatif pada sampel tanah Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SPR) di Desa Cikolelet, Kecamatan Cinangka, Kabupaten Serang, Banten. Sebanyak 14 sampel tanah diambil menggunakan alat soil ring sample dengan teknik pengambilan sampel acak. Kegiatan isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri dilakukan dengan metode kultur, pewarnaan Gram, uji biokimia, dan uji API 20E. Bakteri Gram positif yang teridentifikasi pada sampel tanah di SPR Desa Cikolelet adalah Clostridium botulinum, Actinomyces naeslundii, Staphylococcus spp., dan Micrococcus luteus Biovar II. Adapun bakteri Gram negatif yang teridentifikasi pada sampel tanah di SPR Desa Cikolelet adalah Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. liquefaciens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Enterobacter cloacae, Ochrobactrum anthropi, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bakteri Clostridium botulinum dan Enterobacter cloacae merupakan bakteri yang bersifat patogen pada kerbau, sedangkan bakteri Actinomyces naeslundii, Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus luteus Biovar II, Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. liquefaciens, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Ochrobactrum anthropi, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa merupakan bakteri patogen oportunistik yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada ternak ketika kondisi kekebalan menurun.
Keyword: API 20E, Gram positif bakteri, Gram negatif bakteri, identifikasi, isolasi, kerbau, Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat, tanah

Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Gram Negatif dari Sampel Tanah di Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SPR), Kabupaten Muara Enim, Sumatera Selatan
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri Gram negatif dari sampel tanah di Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SPR) di dua desa, yaitu Desa Harapan Jaya dan Desa Saka Jaya, Kabupaten Muara Enim, Sumatera Selatan. Sampel tanah diambil menggunakan alat soil ring sample dengan teknik random sampling. Hasil kultur bakteri pada media agar kemudian diidentifikasi menggunakan API 20E. Bakteri Gram negatif yang teridentifikasi pada sampel tanah di SPR Desa Harapan Jaya adalah Citrobacter freundii, Serratia odorifera, Enterobacter cloacae, Salmonella enterica ssp. arizonae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio alginolyticus, dan Aeromonas hydrophila. Sedangkan bakteri Gram negatif yang teridentifikasi pada sampel tanah di SPR Desa Saka Jaya adalah Salmonella enterica ssp. arizonae, Pseudomonas luteola, Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bakteri Salmonella enterica ssp. arizonae merupakan bakteri Gram negatif yang bersifat patogen, sedangkan bakteri lainnya merupakan bakteri Gram negatif oportunistik patogen yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit pada ternak saat kondisi kekebalan menurun.
Keyword: API 20E, bakteri Gram negatif, identifikasi, Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SPR), tanah

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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