Judul: Studi Perilaku Bersuara Owa Jawa (Hylobates Moloch Audebert, 1798) Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak, Provinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: The Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798) is a endemic primate of Java. This species dependent on high continous canopy in low land and mountain rain forests. Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP) has the largest primary rain forest left on Java and regarded as the remaining stronghold for Javan Gibbon. One of their special charactheristic is calling behavior that have several functions like spacing among groups. The aims of the research are to knowing daily activities patterns and types of vocal bouts in Javan Gibbon also to identified the factors that influenced their calling behavior. The research can be considered as an action to perfecting informations in population management of Javan Gibbon and in the interest of ecotourism activities at GHSNP. The research was conducted in Cikaniki to Citalahab for two months from July until August 2008. The equipments were used are camera, binocular, dry-wet thermometer, microphone, SAFA Z300 digital recorder, range finder, tallysheet and stationery. The objects are two groups of Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798). Monitoring was done with scan sampling method and to collecting data used continous recording method. Spectogram from Spectogram 16 software used for analysing acoustic data. Daily activities of Javan Gibbon consist of four primary activities that are eating, moving, resting and social activities such as grooming, playing and calling with mean active time 11 hours. Calling behavior happened all day in their active time, but mostly around 10:00–11:00 AM. This species used total of 25 different calling trees with average height 23 meters and they are often using Rasamala (Altingia excelsa). Body postures while Javan Gibbon calling are sitting, hanging, jumping and standing. Five types of vocal bouts are female song bout, male song bout, harassing call bout, border conflict call bout and infant call bout. Female song bout were heard in the morning around 07:00-08:00 AM with mean duration seven minutes and acoustic frequency 0-3 KHz. Mean duration of male song bout is 12 minutes and 36 seconds with the acoustic frequency 0-1,6 KHz. Harassing call bout mostly heard around 10:00-11:00 AM with mean duration 15 seconds and acoustic frequency 0,4-1,3 KHz. Mean duration of border conflict call bout is 12 minutes with acoustic frequency 0-6,5 KHz. Infant call bout given as a response when the infant needed protection from their mother. It has mean duration eight seconds with acoustic frequency 5,2-8,1 KHz. Conclusions from this research are Javan Gibbon have four primary activities that consists of eating, moving, resting and social activities with mean duration of active time 11 hours and calling time of Javan Gibbon most happened on 10:00 AM. Five types of vocal bouts are female song bout, male song bout, harassing call bout, border conflict call bout and infant call bout. Factors that influenced of calling behavior are size of group, existence number of neighbouring group, weather, food resources, threatened and disturbing habitat.
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Judul: Aktivitas Harian dan Perilaku Menelisik (Grooming) Owa Jawa (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798) di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak, Provinsi Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Javan Gibbon (Hylobates moloch Audebert, 1798) was a Javan endemic primate, can be found in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park (GHSNP). Population of this species has been declining and, therefore, population and habitat management was needed. Research on daily activity and grooming will contribute to the conservation effort of this species. Grooming is a social activity that has double functions. Data on grooming and daily activities of Javan Gibbon is needed to obtain baseline data that could be used as a consideration for population and habitat management in GHSNP and as reference for ecotourism development. Research was carried out at Resort of Cikaniki – Citalahab Research Station. Equipments used were binocular, camera, range finder, phi band, compass, temperature logger and rain gauge. Observed objects were group A and group B of Javan Gibbons. Observation was done by scan sampling, focal animal sampling, ad libitum sampling, creating tree profile diagram, conducting temperature measurement and rainfall measurement. Data were analyzed and presented through graphs, tables and descriptive. Daily activity of Javan Gibbon was approximately 11 hours, from 06.20 - 17.25 WIB. The dominant daily activity was feeding (36,1%). Grooming behaviour of Javan Gibbon was divided into two types: autogrooming (scratch and self grooming) and allogrooming. Autogrooming behaviour was more frequent (600 times) than allogrooming (333 times). Autogrooming and allogrooming behaviour mostly performed in the morning. Autogrooming occurred at interval 1 to 30 seconds, while allogrooming occurred in interval 31 to 60 seconds. Feet was the most frequent groomed part (scratch 23,5% and self grooming 46,6%) in autogrooming behaviour, while allogrooming mostly performed at the back (43,6%). Sitting position was the most frequent used position in autogrooming (scratch 92,2% and self grooming 96,1%) and allogrooming (67,6%). There were 322 trees for grooming from 47 species. Dominant grooming tree was Rasamala (71 trees), with dominant family from Fagaceae (75 species) and dominant tree architecture was Attims (121 trees). Factors that affect grooming behaviour were sex, age class, weather, species and height of tree, active time duration, and disturbance (other group or human). Habitat and population management need to be done continuously through maintenance of grooming trees, forest area protection, limitation of human activity, cooperation with various stakeholders and also conservation education related to Javan Gibbon. The best observaton time of grooming activity was in morning between 07.00 -11.00 WIB.
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Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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