Judul: Biologi crocidolomia binotalis zeller ( lepidoptera : pyralidae ) pada tanaman kubis ( brassica oleraceae linnaeus var. capitata linnaeus ) dan sawi tanah ( nasturtium herophyllum BL. )
Abstrak: C. binotalis merupakan hama urutan kedua setelah Plutella xylostella Linnaeus yang dapat menggagalkan panen. Penelitian terhadap serangga tersebut dalam dasa warsa akhir-akhir ini banyak mengarah pada pengendalian hayati dan teknik jantan mandul, yang dalam hal ini memerlukan serangga dalam jumlah banyak. Untuk itu diperlukan pembiakan masal serangga yang mudah dengan biaya murah. Sawi tanah sebagai tumbuhan liar dan salah satu inangnya, mudah dan murah penanamannya, sehingga berpotensi untuk pemeliharaan secara masal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan biologi C. binotalis pada tanaman kubis dan sawi tanah. Benih kubis dibeli dari pasar dan benih sawi tanah diambil dari tumbuhan sawi tanah yang tumbuh secara liar. Serangga diperoleh dari laboratorium Seameo-Biotrop Bogor. Kubis dan sawi tanah ditanam pada media campuran tanah dan pupuk kandang (2:1). Larva yang diperoleh dipelihara pada kubis yang dibeli dari pasar sampai imago dan meletakkan telur, Larva yang keluar diambil sebanyak 40 ekor. Dua puluh larva dipelihara pada tanaman sawi tanah dan 20 larva dipelihara pada kubis sampai imago dan meletakkan telur yang diteruskan hingga tiga generasi.
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Judul: Biologi Dan Preferensi Oviposisi Crocidolomia Binotalis Zell (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) Pada Kubis, Sawi Tanah, Sawi Mostar Dan Petsai di Minahasa
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui biologi dan preferensi C. binotalis terhadap beberapa tanaman inang (kubis, sawi tanah, sawi, mostar dan petsai). Diduga terdapat perbedaan preferensi C. binotalis terhadap tanaman inang kubis, sawi tanah, sawi, mostar dan petsai. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Balai Penyuluhan Pertanian Kakaskasen Kecamatan Tomohon Minahasa berlangsung bulan Juni-Desember 1995. Sulawesi Utara, Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam tiga bagian, yakni : (1) Penelitian biologi C. binotalis pada inang, C. (2) binotalis Penelitian terhadap tentang lima jenis 5 jenis tanaman preferensi tanaman peneluran inang dan (3) Pembuatan neraca kehidupan C. binotalis pada tanaman- tanaman inang tersebut. Analisis statistik data biologi C.binotalis menggu- nakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), sedangkan preferensi C. binotalis dengan Rancangan Bujur Sangkar Latin (RBSL), jika Anova masing-masing rancangan berbeda antar perlakuan pada selang kepercayaan 0.05, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan uji BNJ. Analisis data neraca kehidupan C. binotalis, menggunakan pendekatan kurva bertahan hidup C. binotalis pada tanaman inang (kubis, sawi tanah, sawi, mostar dan petsai) serta harapan hidup (ex). Stadium telur C. binotalis yang dipelihara di labo- ratorium pada kubis sama dengan sawi tanah yaitu 3-7 hari, mostar 4-7 hari, sawi 3-8 hari sedangkan petsai 3-9 hari. Stadium larva pada kubis, sawi tanah, sawi, mostar dan petsai berturut-turut 15-18, 12-22, 14-18, 12-15 dan 11-14 hari. Stadium pupa berkisar 11-14 hari pada kubis, 10-16 hari pada sawi tanah, sawi 9-15 hari, mostar 8-13 hari dan petsai 7-13 hari. Lama hidup imago betina pada tanaman kubis, sawi tanah, mostar. sawi dan petsai berturut-turut 8-31, 10-25; 15-26, 10-29 dan 10-28 hari.......dst
Keyword: types of cabbage pests, control, place and time of research, biology

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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