Judul: Solving a Capacitated Arc Routing Problem Using Path Scanning Heuristic with Efficiency Rule
Abstrak: Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP) merupakan salah satu bentuk permasalahan penentuan rute transportasi yang melibatkan graf dengan sisi tak berarah. Tujuan dari graf CARP adalah melayani semua permintaan pelanggan yang berada pada sisi graf dengan sejumlah kendaraan berkapasitas homogen yang memulai dan mengakhiri perjalanannya di sebuah depot. Salah satu metode heuristik yang dapat digunakan untuk menentukan solusi terbaik graf CARP adalah algoritme path scanning. Metode ini mengarahkan kendaraan yang sedang beroperasi agar melayani sisi terdekat yang belum dilayani sampai sisa kapasitas kendaraan tidak mencukupi untuk melayani sisi berikutnya. Dalam perkembangannya, algoritme path scanning dimodifikasi dengan menambahkan kriteria pembangkit aturan (triggering criteria) dan aturan efisiensi. Penambahan komponen tersebut bertujuan membatasi pemilihan sisi yang belum dilayani ketika sisa kapasitas kendaraan mencapai batas tertentu sehingga solusi dapat lebih optimal. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan algoritme path scanning dengan aturan efisiensi lebih baik daripada algoritme path scanning perdana. Kata kunci: aturan efisiensi, CARP, graf, metode heuristik, path scanning, Capacitated Arc Routing Problem (CARP) is one of the transportation problems which involves a graph with undirected arcs. The objective of CARP is to service all of the customers’ demands located on the edges of the graph with a fleet of homogenous vehicles with limited capacity that starts and ends its routes at a depot. One of the heuristic methods that can be used to gain the best solution of the CARP is the path scanning algorithm. This method let the current operating vehicle to service the nearest unserviced edge until the remaining vehicle capacity is not sufficient enough to service the next unserviced edge. Several years later, the path scanning algorithm has been modified by adding a triggering criteria and an efficiency rule. The aim of these additional components is to restrict the next unserviced edge to be serviced by the vehicle when the remaining vehicle capacity has reached a certain load threshold, so that the solution could be more optimal. The result shows that the path scanning algorithm with efficiency rule has a better performance than the first path scanning algorithm. Keywords: CARP, efficiency rule, graph, heuristic method, path scanning
Keyword: CARP, efficiency rule, graph, heuristic method, path scanning

Judul: Penyelesaian Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem Menggunakan Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure
Abstrak: Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is a variation of Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), which is intended is the problem to determine the route of vehicle with increasing its capacity. The goal of CVRP is either to minimize the mileage or delivery time of shipping product. In this paper, the CVRP problem will be solved by using a heuristic method, namely Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedure (GRASP).This method has two phases, firstly is determining the initial solution and secondly is improving the quality of the solution. Determination of initial solution was carried out by classifying customers into groups and then designing the routes to minimize distances. Further, the initial solutions are improved by using the 2-opt method. The application of CVRP is showed as an ilustration in determining the minimum distance route of bread product delivery.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), 2-opt method, VRP, GRASP, heuristic method, CVRP

Judul: Influenza Specific Immunoglobulin Y Purification from Egg Yolk with Sodium Chloride Precipitation Method
Abstrak: Imunoglobulin Yolk (IgY) yang terdapat dalam kuning telur telah banyak dimanfaatkan untuk imunoterapi dan imunodiagnostik. Salah satu kendala dalam pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur adalah pemisahan Ig dengan lemak, sehingga teknik pemurnian Ig selalu berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur dengan metode pengendapan menggunakan sodium chloride (NaCl) serta melakukan karakterisasi IgY spesifik influenza. Sodium chloride dipilih karena bahan kimia ini relatif murah, ramah lingkungan, dan tidak merusak imunoaktivitas IgY. Kuning telur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari telur ayam layer yang divaksinasi dengan vaksin influenza Flubio® yang berisi virus Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 dan B/Washington. Pemurnian IgY hanya dilakukan pada kuning telur yang mengandung antibodi spesifik influenza. Deteksi keberadaan antibodi spesifik influenza ditentukan dengan uji agar gel presipitasi (AGP) dan metode enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Konsentrasi IgY hasil pemurnian dihitung dengan spektrofotometer dan karakterisasi protein dilakukan dengan metode Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Konsentrasi protein dari hasil pemurnian IgY memiliki nilai rata – rata 50,403 mg/mL. Hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan enam pita protein, yaitu struktur IgY utuh (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), rantai berat IgY (66,54 kDa), Fab ( 47,65 kDa), rantai ringan IgY (21,85 kDa), dan β-livetin (36,74 kDa). IgY hasil pemurnian masih dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza berdasarkan uji ELISA. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemurnian IgY menggunakan metode pengendapan NaCl dapat memurnikan IgY dengan struktur utuh, meskipun masih ada dua protein tidak spesifik hasil pemurnian. IgY yang dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza mengindikasikan prospek pemanfaatannya untuk pencegahan influenza dan imunodiagnostik., Yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) contained in egg yolk has been widely used for immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. One of the obstacles in IgY purification from egg yolk is separating Ig from fat, so that IgY purification techniques are always developing. This study aimed to purify IgY from egg yolk using sodium chloride (NaCl) precipitation method and to characterize influenza-specific IgY. Sodium chloride was chosen because this chemical is relatively unexpensive, environmentally friendly, and does not impair IgY immunoactivity. The egg yolks used in this study were collected from layer eggs vaccinated with the Flubio® influenza vaccine, which contains the Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 and B/Washington viruses. IgY purification was only carried out on egg yolks containing influenza specific antibodies. The presence of influenza-specific antibodies was determined by the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The purified IgY concentration was determined using spectrophotometer, and protein characterization was performed using the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. Protein concentration from purification has a mean value of 50,403 mg/mL . SDS-PAGE result showed six protein bands, namely intact IgY structure (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), IgY heavy chain (66,54 kDa), Fab (47,65 kDa), IgY light chain (21,85 kDa), and β-livetin (36,74 kDa). The purified IgY still able to bind with influenza antigen based on the ELISA test. The results of this study indicate that purification of IgY using the NaCl precipitation method can purify IgY with intact structure, although there are still two unspecific proteins in the purification results. The resulting IgY can bind to influenza antigens indicating the
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, influenza, egg yolk, purification, sodium chloride