Judul: Literature Review on Uric Acid Level Analysis Using Voltammetry Techniques
Abstrak: Asam urat merupakan produk akhir dari metabolisme purin. Deteksi asam urat dalam tubuh menjadi penting karena kadar asam urat yang tidak normal berkaitan dengan beberapa penyakit. Untuk itu, prinsip deteksi asam urat, teknik voltammetri, dan elektrode kerja yang digunakan untuk deteksi asam urat perlu dipelajari. Asam urat dapat dideteksi secara enzimatik maupun nonenzimatik. Teknik voltammetri, seperti cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, dan stripping voltammetry dapat digunakan untuk deteksi asam urat. Modifikasi pada elektrode yang digunakan sangat diperlukan untuk meningkatkan performa analitik seperti sensitivitas dan selektivitasnya. DPV menjadi teknik terbaik untuk pengukuran asam urat karena sensitivitasnya yang tinggi, dibuktikan dengan limit deteksinya yang rendah, yakni 0,009 μM. Elektrode karbon tercetak-layar yang dimodifikas i kobalt oksida/grafena oksida menjadi elektrode terbaik untuk mengukur asam urat karena sensitivitasnya yang tinggi dengan limit deteksi yang rendah, yaitu 0,013 μM., Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism. Detection of uric acid in the body is important because abnormal uric acid levels are associated with several diseases. For this reason, the principles of uric acid detection, voltammetric techniques, and working electrodes used for uric acid detection using voltammetric techniques need to be studied. Uric acid can be detected enzymatically and nonenzymatically. Voltammetry techniques, such as Cyclic Voltammetry, Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV), Square Wave Voltammetry, Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV), and Stripping Voltammetry can be used to detect uric acid. Modifications to the electrodes used are needed to improve analytical performance such as sensitivity and selectivity. DPV is the best technique for measuring uric acid because it has high sensitivity as evidenced by its low detection limit of 0.009 μM. The screen-printed carbon electrode modified by cobalt oxide/graphene oxide is the best electrode for uric acid measurement because of its high sensitivity with a low detection limit of 0.013 μM.
Keyword: electrode, uric acid, selectivity, sensitivity, voltammetry

Judul: Application of Graphene Oxide/Poly(3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) Based Electrode for Noninvasive Uric Acid Sensor
Abstrak: Deteksi asam urat sangat diperlukan untuk memantau kadar asam urat dan mencegah penyakit yang ditimbulkannya. Pada penelitian ini, sensor elektrokimia berbasis elektrode karbon kaca (GCE) termodifikasi komposit grafena oksida (GO) dan poli(3,4-etilenadioksitiofena):poli(stirenasulfonat) (PEDOT:PSS) dikembangkan dan diaplikasikan untuk mengukur asam urat dalam larutan standar dan urine manusia. Kinerja elektrokimia GO/PEDOT:PSS/GCE diselidiki menggunakan teknik voltammetri pulsa diferensial (DPV). Pada kondisi optimalnya, GO/PEDOT:PSS/GCE menunjukkan kinerja analitik yang baik dengan rentang linear pada konsentrasi 10–200 μM dengan sensitivitas 0,0757 μA μM-1, serta limit deteksi dan kuantifikasi berturut-turut 5 μM dan 10 μM. Selain itu, sensor yang diusulkan menunjukkan stabilitas dan reprodusibilitas yang baik dengan selektivitas yang tinggi terhadap senyawa interferens. Elektrode yang dimodifikasi berhasil digunakan untuk menentukan kadar asam urat dalam sampel urine manusia dan menghasilkan data pengukuran yang tidak berbeda nyata dengan hasil pengukuran kit komersial EasyTouch., Uric acid detection becomes essential to monitor uric acid levels and prevent the disease it causes. In this study, an electrochemical sensor based on the modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with graphene oxide (GO) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) composite was developed and applied to measure uric acid (UA) in standard solutions and human urine. The electrochemical performance was investigated using the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) technique. Under the optimum condition, GO/PEDOT:PSS/GCE shows good linearity in the concentration range of 10–200 μM with a sensitivity of 0,0757 μA μM-1, detection and quantitation limit of 5 μM and 10 μM, respectively. Moreover, this proposed UA sensor exhibits good stability and reproducibility with excellent selectivity against interference. The modified electrode was applied to analyze uric acid (UA) levels in human urine samples, yielding no significant difference from the measurement results of EasyTouch commercial kits.
Keyword: electrochemistry, graphene oxide, PEDOT: PSS, uric acid, urine sample

Judul: Etno-ornitologi Burung Kancilan Flores (Pachycephala nudigula nudigula Hartert 1897) pada Masyarakat Lio di Taman Nasional Kelimutu
Abstrak: Bare-throathed whistler is one of several wild birds in Kelimutu National Park (TNKL) that is believed to have correlation with Lio Community‟s belief. The estimation of Bare-throated whistler‟s population in Kelimutu National Park was about 186.41-1668.07 individual by the density about 0.0389-0.3481 ind/ha with the sex ratio 6.2:1 that spreaded on area with height of 1100 – 1600 masl. The characteristic of Bare-throated whistler‟s habitat is a natural forest with various canopy level, high plant species diversity and high density. The habitat characteristics related to the availability of food in the form of insects, cover, safety and a nesting site. Generally the most of Lio community knew the existence of Bare-throated whistler directly or from their parents‟ stories. The perceptions of Lio Community to the Bare-throated whistler‟s existence is generally support the conservation efforts. The perceptions construct the Lio Community‟s atitude that tend to be conservative to the existence of Bare-throated whistler. The attitude shown by their behavior that not cathing the Bare-throated whistler from the TNKL‟s area or the outside. The attitude have an important role to the existence of Bare-throated whistler in Kelimutu National Park‟s area.
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