Judul: Desain Pengomposan Limbah Sludge dan Abu Ketel Industri Pulp and Paper di PT. Tanjungenim Lestari
Abstrak: Limbah padat berupa sludge yang berasal dari Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) PT. Tanjungenim Lestari Pulp and Paper ditimbun dengan sistem landfill dengan kuantitas mencapai 30 ton/hari. Karakteristik sludge menunjukkan bahwa adanya unsur hara yang baik untuk tanaman, teknologi pengomposan menjadi alternatif dalam penanganan dan pengolahan limbah tersebut. Pada proses pengomposan diperlukan campuran bahan yang mengandung karbon lebih tinggi. Abu ketel menjadi alternatif bahan campuran karena belum ada pemanfaatan limbah tersebut di pabrik sebanyak 33,7 ton/hari. Abu ketel memiliki kandungan karbon yang lebih tinggi dari sludge. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis karakteristik limbah sludge dan abu ketel, formulasi bahan pengomposan dan kualitas kompos, dan merancang penerapan pengomposan skala industri. Pengomposan dilakukan menggunakan metode windrow dan pembalikan secara berkala dengan formulasi 5 kg limbah terdiri dari 3,03 kg sludge dan 1,97 kg abu ketel. Parameter yang diamati selama proses pengomposan yaitu kadar air, suhu, pH, dan C/N rasio. C/N rasio awal yang ditetapkan yaitu 30 dan produk akhir kompos memiliki nilai C/N rasio sebesar 16,44-17,74, kadar air 42,52 %, dan suhu 28,7oC setelah dilakukan pengomposan selama 32 hari. Hasil dari percobaan skala laboratorium kemudian dijadikan dasar dalam penerapan pengomposan skala pilot 5.000 kg dan skala industri 50.000 kg.
Keyword: Boiler Ash, C/N Value, Composting, Sludge, Solid Waste

Judul: Co-composting Process Engineering Design of Sludge and Boiler Ash PT Tanjungenim Lestari Pulp and Paper using Windrow Composting Method.
Abstrak: PT Tanjungenim Lestari Pulp and Paper menghasilkan limbah sludge (30 ton/hari) dan abu ketel (33,3 ton/hari). Penanganan limbah saat ini menggunakan metode sanitary landfill. Salah satu alternatif pemanfaatan limbah adalah melalui proses co-composting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik sludge dan abu ketel, mendesain teknik proses co-composting dan menganalisis mutu produk kompos berdasarkan SNI-7847:2012. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian faktor tunggal dengan metode windrow composting berskala 500 kg dan menggunakan komposter kayu berukuran panjang 100 cm, lebar 80 cm, dan tinggi 70 cm. Rasio C/N awal ditetapkan senilai 30, komposisi bahan senilai 2:1 (sludge 333 kg : 167 kg abu). Co-composting dilakukan selama 32 hari dengan pembalikan setiap 3 hari sekali. Fase termofilik tercapai dengan suhu 51 oC. Karakter fisik kompos sesuai dengan SNI-7847:2012, dengan warna hitam dan aroma seperti tanah. Kadar air akhir kompos adalah 46,31%, pH kompos 6, dan rasio C/N produk kompos 15,64. Kompos tidak mengandung Coliform fecal dan Salmonella sp. Kandungan logam berat kompos berada dibawah baku mutu. Bobot akhir produk kompos sebesar 365,5 kg dengan rendemen 69,5%., PT Tanjungenim Lestari Pulp and Paper produced sludge waste (30 tons/day) and boiler ash (33.3 tons/day). The current waste management method used sanitary landfill. One alternative for waste utilization was through the co-composting process. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of sludge and ash, design co-composting process engineering, and analyze the quality of compost product based on SNI-7847:2012. This study was a single-factor research using the windrow composting method on a scale of 500 kg and used a wooden box composter with dimensions of length 100 cm, widht 80 cm, height 70 cm. The initial C/N ratio was set at 30, the material composition of 2:1 (sludge 333 kg : 167 kg ash). Co-composting was carried out for 32 days with turning every 3 days. The thermophilic phase was reached at a temperature of 51 oC. The physical characteristics of the compost complied with SNI-7847:2012. With a black color and soil-like aroma. The final moisture content of the compost was 46.31%, the pH was 6, and the C/N ratio of the compost product was 15.64. The compost did not contain Coliform fecal and Salmonella sp. The heavy metal content of the compost was comply to the quality standards. The final weight of the compost product was 365.5 kg with a yield of 69.5%.
Keyword: abu ketel, co-composting, sludge, windrow

Judul: A Continuous Vaccination Strategy in the SVIR Epidemic Model
Abstrak: Vaccination is conducted to minimize the spread of a disease. The vaccination is usually done several times within a fixed time interval. In the SVIR model, it is assumed that individuals do not get immediate immunity following a vaccination program. So according to process of vaccination on SVIR model, there are two strategies, i.e. the continuous vaccination strategy (CVS) and the pulse vaccination strategy (PVS). In this study, only the CVS strategy in epidemic model SVIR is considered. Results of the study indicate that dynamics of the CVS system depends on the basic reproductive number. If the basic reproductive number is less than one, then the disease-free fixed point is asymptotically stable. It means that the disease will eventually disappear from the population. Conversely, if the basic reproductive number is greater than one, then the endemic fixed point is asymptotically stable, which means that the disease will remain exist in the population. Simulation result shows that the vaccination would minimize the spread of disease by reducing the basic reproductive number. If the time for the vaccinated recipients to obtain the immunity, as well as a possibility of vaccinated recipients to be infected are neglected, then the disease will be eradicated. This condition is called an over-evaluating effect of vaccination.
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