Judul: Prevalensi Dan Karakterisasi Molekuler Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (Imnv) Di Sentra Budidaya Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus Vannamei) Di Propinsi Banten
Abstrak: Udang vaname Pasifik (Litopenaeus vannamei) merupakan udang hasil introduksi yang berkembang baik dan memasyarakat di Indonesia sebagai spesies udang budidaya alternatif selain spesies udang lokal, udang windu (Penaeus monodon) dan udang jerbung (P. merguensis). Saat ini udang vaname telah dibudidayakan secara komersil hampir di seluruh propinsi di Indonesia. Penyakit myonecrosis menjadi satu di antara empat penyakit virus signifikan yang menyerang industri budidaya udang vaname di Indonesia: taura syndrome virus (TSV), white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), dan infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV). Wabah myonecrosis pada udang vaname berkontribusi pada turunnya produksi udang di Indonesia dan dunia. Myonecrosis disebabkan oleh infectious myonecrosis virus yang termasuk ke dalam famili Totiviridae, berbentuk icosahedral, diameter 40 nm, merupakan virus dsRNA dengan panjang 8223 – 8230 bp. Pola infeksi IMNV bersifat persisten, kronis dan progresif. Deteksi IMNV dini secara molekuler diperlukan untuk penanganan lebih lanjut untuk mencegah kerugian dan penyebaran penyakit yang lebih luas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi secara dini menggunakan metode real time PCR (qRT-PCR) dan menduga prevalensi IMNV di Banten serta karakterisasi molekuler isolat IMNV lapang Banten. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret – Juni 2015. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di 24 tambak aktif di empat sentra budidaya udang vaname di Propinsi Banten. Deteksi IMNV pada sampel subklinis menunjukkan metode qRT-PCR mampu mendeteksi secara dini infeksi myonecrosis pada udang vaname. Delapan sampel menunjukkan hasil positif IMNV dengan jumlah salinan 3.44 – 24.72 salinan IMNV/μl. Limit deteksi qRT-PCR hingga <101salinan/μl sedangkan metode RT-PCR memiliki limit deteksi 102 – 103 salinan/μl. Prevalensi IMNV secara keseluruhan di Propinsi Banten adalah 33.3% sedangkan prevalensi di masing-masing sentra budidaya udang vaname yaitu Kota Serang 0%, Kabupaten Serang 0%, Kabupaten Tangerang 14.3% dan Kabupaten Pandeglang 100%. Hasil pairwise comparison sekuens nukleotida parsial ORF1 (fragmen 740 – 1118) isolat Brazil dan isolat lapang Banten memiliki persentase kemiripan 97.9 – 99.2% dan sekuens asam amino menunjukkan persentase kemiripan 99.2 –100%. Hasil pairwise comparison isolat Indonesia dan isolat lapang Banten memiliki persentase kemiripan 98.9 – 99.7% dan sekuens asam amino menunjukkan persentase kemiripan 98.4 –100%. Percabangan pohon filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi diversifikasi genetik antara IMNV Indonesia dan Brazil. Analisis filogenetik juga menunjukkan terjadi variasi pada isolat Indonesia yang masing-masing berkembang membentuk cabang tersendiri terpisah dari kelompok isolat Brazil.
Keyword: prevalensi, IMNV, Litopenaeus vannamei, real time PCR, filogenetik

Judul: Pengembangan Teknik real time RT-PCR Dan Karakterisasi Molekuler Untuk Deteksi Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV) pada Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei).
Abstrak: Myonecrosis infection in Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) causes decline in total shrimp production in Indonesia over the past six years. Myonecrosis infections caused by viruses of the family Totiviradae, size 40 nm, a dsRNA virus, has 7560 nucleotides with a pattern of chronic infection, persistent and progressive infection. Early detection IMNV on Whiteleg shrimp cultivation is necessary for further handling. This study aimed to develope qRT-PCR assay for IMNV, spesifically to detect characterize of local IMNV isolates, determine the limit of detection and diagnostic sensitivity of the assay, and clone the ORF1 gene fragment into plasmid. Whiteleg shrimp samples were collected from farms in Lampung and Situbondo during April to October 2012. Clinical signs of infection myonecrosis were loss of transparency in the muscle tissue and necrosis of the 6th abdominal segment, which indicate early stages of myonecrosis infection. Nucleotide sequence analyses clone of Lampung and Situbondo isolates obtained in this study in comparison to Brazil (GenBank accession no.AY570982) and previous Indonesian isolated showed 99% similarity on average. Detection of IMNV utilizing qRT-PCR techniques resulted in the limit detection of 101 copies RNA per μl total RNA for qRT-PCR (TaqMan probe and IQ Real) and 103 copies RNA per μl total RNA for nested RT-PCR method. Investigation on diagnostic sensitivity of PCR techniques done on number clinical and sub clinical samples showed that qRT-PCR are more sensitive than nested PCR. Both IQ RealTM and TaqMan probe have comparable sensitivity in IMNV detection indicating that this in house developed qRT-PCR test could be used as alternative methods to IQ RealTM kit in Indonesia. Recombinant DNA plasmid containing IMNV ORF1 gene fragment was constructed. This IMNV plasmid could serve as a continuous source fragment ORF1 RNA for preparation of positive control for the the developing IMNV detection techniques by real time RT-PCR.
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Judul: Katalis Eterifikasi Gliserol Berbasis Poli–(asam stirena sulfonat) dari Limbah Styrofoam.
Abstrak: Styrofoam waste can be converted to poly–(sulfonate styrene acid) (PSSA) that can be used as catalyst. The objective of this research is to get PSSA that can catalyze the etherification of glycerol and benzyl alcohol. The styrofoam waste was converted to PSSA by reacting with H2SO4 98% (as sulfonation agent) and P2O5 (as sulfonation catalyst) at 40 °C for 6 hours. Characterizations of PSSA included functional groups, sulfonation levels, water swelling, and thermal stability. The yield of PSSA was 40-55%. The success of sulfonated polystyrene was shown by –SO3H group absorption at 1157.29 cm-1. Etherification of glycerol and benzyl alcohol using PSSA catalyst was conducted at 110 °C for 12 hours. The conversion in producing mono–benzyl ether glycerol was 8.10%, 1,3–dibenzyletherglycerol 2.60%, and dibenzyl ether 9.80%. Therefore, the PSSA can be used as etherification catalyst.
Keyword: benzyl alcohol, etherification, glycerol, polystyrene, PSSA