Judul: Potency Of Ginkgo Biloba Infusion As An Analgesic And Stamina Stimulator In Male Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Ginkgo biloba, a renowned botanical with a rich historical legacy in traditional medicine, has garnered significant attention in modern pharmacological research due to its diverse therapeutic properties. This research aims to synthesize current knowledge surrounding the analgesic and stamina-enhancing effects of Ginkgo biloba infusion. Ginkgo biloba, commonly known as maidenhair tree, is revered for its phytochemical composition, which includes flavonoids, terpenoids, and ginkgolides. This study aimed to observe the effectiveness of Gingko biloba leaves in capsule form infusion as an analgesic and stamina in various dose in a mice. A total of 20 male mice were used and each group consist of 5 mice. It was grouped into control, and Gingko biloba infusion at dose of 1, 2, and 4 g/kg BW. The analgesic and stamina test was conducted through tail flick test and swimming endurance test respectively. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Excel. Based on this research, the effective dose for analgesic test and stamina test is is 4 g/kg BW and 1 g/kg BW respectively. Gingko biloba have been proven to increase the analgesic effect and increase stamina stimulation, Ginkgo biloba adalah tumbuhan herbal yang terkenal dalam pengobatan tradisional dan telah menarik perhatian besar dalam penelitian farmakologi modern karena beragam sifat terapeutiknya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis pengetahuan terkini seputar efek analgesik dan peningkatan stamina dari infusa Ginkgo biloba. Ginkgo biloba, umumnya dikenal sebagai pohon maidenhair, karena komposisi fitokimianya, yang meliputi flavonoid, terpenoid, dan ginkgolida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas infusa daun Gingko biloba dalam bentuk kapsul sebagai analgesik dan stamina pada berbagai dosis pada mencit. Sebanyak 20 ekor mencit jantan digunakan dan masing- masing kelompok terdiri dari 5 ekor mencit. Sebanyak 20 ekor mencit jantan galur Deutschland Denken Yoken dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan mencit yang diberi infusa Gingko biloba dengan dosis 1, 2, dan 4 g/kg BB secara peroral. Uji analgesik dan stamina dilakukan masing-masing melalui uji analgesik (Tail flick test) dan uji stamina (Swimming endurance test). Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA). Berdasarkan penelitian, dosis efektif untuk uji analgesik adalah 4 g/kg BB dan 1 g/kg BB untuk uji stamina. Gingko biloba terbukti menimbulkan efek analgesik dan meningkatkan stamina
Keyword: Analgesic, Ginko Biloba, Tail immersion Tesy, Swimming Test

Judul: Effectiveness of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) Infusion as an Analgesic Effects and Stamina Enhancer in Male Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Kayu manis merupakan tanaman herbal yang memiliki beragam khasiat bagi kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari efektivitas infusa kayu manis sebagai analgesik dan peningkat stamina tubuh hewan. Penelitian ini menggunakan 20 ekor mencit jantan galur Deutschland Denken Yoken yang dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan dengan tiap kelompok terdiri atas 5 ekor mencit. Kelompok perlakuan dibagi menjadi kelompok mencit kontrol dan mencit perlakuan yang diberi infusa kayu manis dengan dosis 1, 2, dan 4 g/kg BB. Perlakuan dilakukan secara peroral dengan 3 kali ulangan dengan selang waktu satu hari. Pengujian pada uji analgesik dengan metode tail immersion flick test dan uji stamina dengan metode forced swim test. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian infusa kayu manis pada mencit jantan mampu memberikan efek analgesik pada dosis 4 g/kg BB dan mampu meningkatkan stamina pada dosis 2 dan 4 g/kg BB. Kesimpulan penelitian ini ialah kayu manis memiliki potensi sebagai analgesik dan peningkat stamina., Cinnamon is a herbal plant that has various health benefits. This research aims to study the effectiveness of cinnamon infusion on analgesic effects and to increase stamina for animals body. This study used 20 male mice of the Deutschland Denken Yoken strain which were grouped into 4 treatment groups with each group consisting of 5 mice. The treatment group was divided into control mice and treatment mice that were given cinnamon infusion at doses of 1, 2, and 4 g/kg BW. The treatment was carried out peroral with 3 repetitions with an interval of one day. The analgesic test uses the tail immersion flick test and the stamina test uses the forced swim test. The data obtained were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey test. The results of the study showed administrating cinnamon infusion to male mice was able to provide an analgesic effect at a dose of 4 g/kg BW and was able to increase stamina at a dose of 2 and 4 g/kg BW. The conclusion of this research is that cinnamon has the potential as an analgesic and stamina enhancer.
Keyword: kayu manis, stamina, analgesik, mencit, obat herbal

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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