Judul: Community-based coral reef  management in small islands: a social capital analysis
Abstrak: Human activities including bomb and poison fishing and coral mining have threatened Indonesian coral reefs. Many programs have been promoted to alleviate the problem. The focus of social capital’s contribution to sustainable coral reef resource use has been given little attention. Social capital that defined as trust, norms of reciprocity, and networks is argued to facilitate the formation of collective action and institution, which may contribute to sustainable coral reef resource use. The study is carried out in five islands in South Sulawesi and analyses the state of coral reef, destructive fishing, and fishery sustainability. Three dimensions of social capital (i.e. bonding, bridging and linking social capital) are assessed, including the impact of social capital investment. It discusses institutional analysis of community-based institutional arrangements. Further, a simulation experiment of an agent-based modelling is made to understand dynamic impact of social capital on destructive fishing and fishery. Results show that bonding, bridging and linking social capital affect the formulation and enforcement of rules and institution at local level. Social capital investment – through networks, capacity and institution building – is a necessary condition for coral reef management, but not sufficient. Enforcing local rules requires credible commitment, but is difficult to attain because of the problem of fit between rules and resource system. When the community capacity and institution are weak, destructive fishing are proliferated, because social norms are not sufficiently strong to prevent widespread individual opportunism. The study recommends three aspects to achieve sustainable coral reef management: (1) to promote multi-scale governance that can link up different levels of management organization; (2) to improve fishers’ welfare through fulfillment of basic needs, to avert the use of destructive fishing tools for economic reason; (3) to increase disparities of fish price and production costs between fishing using destructive gears and those that do not.
Keyword: Terumbu karang, Coral reef ecosystems, Social capital, Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA)

Judul: Strategi pengembangan partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengelolaan areal perlindungan laut berbasis masyarakat di Kabupaten Administrasi Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta
Abstrak: In the last two decades, coral reef ecosystem in Kepulauan Seribu has shown a significant degradation. Coral reef ecosystem condition was considered as poor to fair with average live coral cover of 32,69 % in 2004, while in 2007 it was reduced to 31,33%. Rapid development, population increase and climate change are threatening coral reef resources, while communities continue to seize potentials in using or modifying resources for their livelihood and welfare. Starting in 2004, the local government established Community Based–Marine Protected Area (CB–MPA) in village of Panggang Island, followed by other four villages within the Kepulauan Seribu District. It is expected that co–management approach may encourage community responsibility over activities affecting coral reef ecosystem and natural resources. Sharing of responsibilities and authorities between local fisher community and government should emphasize on the community participation in CB–MPA management. Community participation in CB–MPA management in Kepulauan Seribu is considered unsatisfactory due to interactions of several factors. Given this fact, the objectives of this research are as follows: (1) to analyze fisher community participation in managing CB–MPA in Kepulauan Seribu and (2) to analyze the determinant factors influencing community participation in managing CB–MPA in Kepulauan Seribu and (3) to design strategy of community participation improvement in managing CB–MPA in Kepulauan Seribu. This study showed that level of community participation in performing co–management of CB–MPA in Kepulauan Seribu was low and passive throughout all participation phases. Factors affecting low community participation were indicators related with community organization ability, ranging from managerial, social and technical ability; also related with low community motivation, that are motivation to conserve the resources, raise income and gain credibility acknowledgement. The lack of community organization ability and community motivation was influenced by quality of CB–MPA management where indicators related with compatibility of program conception, program communication approach and intensity of extension agent roles. Managerial ability representing by community organization as CB–MPA facilitators was considered as the most significant indicator affecting the low community participation. Community organization plays important role during the process of co–management, however community organization is duty–bound to build their managerial capacity and independency. Both conditions are prerequisites for upholding role of community organization as primary facilitator in CB–MPA program implementation. The other indicator was social ability, that is ability to elaborate constructive interaction between different community groups and with other stakeholders from different background or institution. The findings showed the managerial and social ability of community organizations in managing CB-MPA were low. Awareness in conserving natural resources was the most significant indicator affecting community motivation to participate in CB–MPA management. This factor related to emotional bond between the community who yield benefits from the environment with existing resources. The second indicator of community motivation with positive influence to community participation was to raise income. Most of community groups in Kepulauan Seribu are dependent on the existence of natural resources as primary support which secure their economic and domestic needs. Maintaining natural capacity of fishery–marine resources will secure the source of livelihood for Kepulauan Seribu community, thus may develop as motive to secure the source of income. Low quality
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Judul: Pengaruh Konsentrasi Yeast dan Jenis Emulsifier pada Frozen Dough
Abstrak: Frozen dough adalah produk adonan beku yang diproses dengan menggunakan teknologi air blast freezer dengan suhu (-30°C). Adonan dari frozen dough memiliki keuntungan antara lain dapat diproduksi secara sentralisasi, mudah dalam distribusi atau transportasi, dan umur simpan produk lebih panjang. Kelemahan frozen dough yaitu penurunan retensi gas CO2 selama proofing dan penurunan volume potongan roti akibat kematian sel-sel khamir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang formulasi frozen dough dan proses produksi dari awal hingga akhir serta untuk mengetahui pengaruh yeast dan jenis emulsifier dalam pembuatan roti dari frozen dough. Penelitian dilakukan dalam tiga tahap yaitu penelitian tahap pertama, kedua, dan ketiga. Penelitian tahap pertama untuk menentukan formulasi dan proses pembuatan roti manis, penelitian tahap kedua untuk menentukan formulasi dan proses pembuatan roti manis dari frozen dough, dan penelitian tahap ketiga untuk melakukan analisis adonan yang telah dibekukan dalam air blast freezer dan analisis produk dari frozen dough. Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi analisis pada adonan dan produk akhir. Analisis pada adonan yaitu potensi pengembangan adonan, volume spesifik adonan, dan analisis ekstensograf, sedangkan analisis pada produk roti yaitu analisis bread firmness, volume spesifik adonan, analisis warna crust dan crumb dengan chromameter, dan uji organoleptik. Hasil formulasi terpilih untuk pembuatan produk roti manis meliputi bahan-bahan sebagai berikut tepung terigu (100 g), air es (40-50g), yeast (1-2g), garam (1-2g), gula pasir (20-25g), susu bubuk (2-4g), telur (10-15g), lemak (10- 15g), dan bread improver (1-1.5g). Produk yang dihasilkan dari formulasi tersebut memiliki rasa aroma susu yang khas dan teksturnya lembut. Hasil analisis diperoleh potensi pengembangan adonan roti manis yaitu pada menit ke-50 sampai menit ke-160. Volume spesifik adonan roti manis yaitu sebesar 29.60 ± 0.5657 cm3 / 30 gram adonan. Berdasarkan uji ekstensograf, maksimum resistensi peregangan adonan roti manis pada menit ke-45 sebesar 657.5 BU menjadi 410 BU pada menit ke-135, sedangkan ekstensibilitas adonan pada menit ke-45 sebesar 16.6 cm menjadi 14.2 cm pada menit ke-135. Untuk analisis produk roti manis, nilai bread firmness sebesar 0.496 gf, volume spesifik roti sebesar 160.50 ± 0.7071 cm3 / 30 gram adonan, warna crust dengan nilai L sebesar 45.19, nilai a sebesar 18.27, dan nilai b sebesar 27.03. sedangkan nilai L untuk warna crumb sebesar 77.95, nilai a sebesar -1.54, dan nilai b sebesar 27.69.Hasil uji organoletik (uji hedonik) pada 25 orang panelis tidak terlatih dengan skala penilaian 5 tingkat (1= sangat tidak suka. 2= tidak suka, 3= netral, 4= suka, 5= sangat suka ) diperoleh level of acceptance sebesar 3.40, dengan nilai rata-rata aroma sebesar 3.24, tekstur sebesar 3.38, rasa keseluruhan 3.44, aftertaste 3.52. Hasil formulasi untuk frozen dough terdiri dari tepung terigu (100g), air es (60-65g), yeast (4,4.5, 5 g), garam (1-2g), gula pasir (20-25g), susu bubuk (2- 4g), lemak (10-15g), emulsifier A atau B (0.3g), dan antioksidan (100-200 ppm). Kombinasi antara konsentarsi yeast dan jenis emulsifier menghasilkan 6 formulasi 4 perlakuan adonan. Keseluruhan perlakuan disimpan dalam freezer suhu -20°C selama 0 hari, 7 hari, 14 hari, dan 21 hari. Proses pembuatan frozen dough sendiri dimulai dari penimbangan bahan, kemudian pencampuran bahan menjadi adonan, resting, pembekuan adonan dalam air blast freezer, penyimpanan beku dalam freezer. Apabila frozen dough diubah
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