Judul: Streptomyces-Alginate Formula as Maize Plant Growth Promoter and Its Rhizosphere Microbiome Profile Analysis
Abstrak: Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) adalah kelompok mikroba yang mengkolonisasi lapisan rizosfer dan secara kolektif memfasilitasi peningkatan pertumbuhan dan kesehatan tanaman sebagai biostimulan, biofertilizer, dan bioprotektan. PGPR dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif dalam mengurangi penggunaan pupuk kimia sintetis. Streptomyces dikenal memiliki aktivitas pemacu tumbuh tanaman dengan menghasilkan hormon pertumbuhan, membantu proses pelarutan fosfat, dan menambat nitrogen bebas. Streptomyces tersebut dapat diformulasikan dengan bahan pembawa seperti alginat untuk melindungi bakteri dari cekaman lingkungan saat diaplikasikan di lapangan. Formulasi menggunakan alginat lebih mudah dalam hal penyimpanan dan pemindahan, lebih tahan lama, biodegradable dan non-toksik bagi organisme lainnya. Namun, penelitian terkait formulasi Streptomyces menggunakan alginat, pengaplikasian, dan pengaruhnya terhadap tanaman jagung serta mikrobiom rizosfer jagung belum pernah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi formulasi Streptomyces rizosfer dengan alginat sebagai pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman jagung dan menganalisis pengaruh aplikasi formula tersebut terhadap mikrobiom rizosfer tanaman jagung. Penelitian dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan yaitu: peremajaan dan produksi biomassa isolat, formulasi Streptomyces menggunakan alginat, uji viabilitas formula, aplikasi formula pada tanaman jagung, pengambilan sampel dan isolasi DNA mikrobiom rizosfer, serta analisis mikrobiom rizosfer berbasis NGS. Lima isolat Streptomyces (ARJ14, ARJ16, ARJ28, ARJ32 dan ARJ34) digunakan pada penelitian ini dan diremajakan pada medium molase-ekstrak khamir. Kelima isolat tersebut diformulasikan dengan bahan pembawa alginat 2% dengan metode ekstrusi sehingga terbentuk manik alginat. Formula ARJ28 memiliki viabilitas yang terbaik selama 10 minggu penyimpanan pada suhu ± 27 °C, yaitu 5,1 x 107 cfu/g pada minggu ke-10. Perlakuan formula ARJ28 menghasilkan rata-rata tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, bobot basah dan bobot kering terbaik jika dibandingkan dengan perlakuan lainnya dan kontrol, yaitu masing-masing sebesar 117,73 cm, 1,32 cm, 71,67 g dan 9,57 g. Rata-rata jumlah daun terbanyak terdapat pada tanaman jagung yang diberi perlakuan formula ARJ14, yaitu 10,67. Pemberian formula Streptomyces ARJ28 menyebabkan persentase kelimpahan relatif mikroba dari filum Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Crenarchaeota, Bacteroidota, Myxococcota, Patescibacteria dan Verrucomicrobiota pada rizosfer jagung meningkat dibandingkan dengan perlakuan formula ARJ34 maupun kontrol positif dan negatif. Rizosfer jagung yang diberi perlakuan formula ARJ28 memiliki kelimpahan genus Sphingomonas, Candidatus Nitrosotalea, dan Bradyrhizobium tertinggi. Taksa tersebut diketahui memiliki anggota dengan aktivitas pemacuan pertumbuhan tanaman dan diduga berperan dalam pertumbuhan tanaman jagung yang diberi formula ARJ28., Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) are a group of microbes that colonize the rhizosphere and collectively facilitate the improvement of plant growth and health as biostimulants, biofertilizers and bioprotectants. PGPR can be an alternative in reducing the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers. Streptomyces is known to have plant growth-promoting activity by producing growth hormones, helping the phosphate solubilization process, and fixing free nitrogen. Streptomyces can be formulated with carrier materials such as alginate to protect bacteria from environmental stress when applied in the field. Formulations using alginate are easier in terms of storage and transfer, more durable, biodegradable and non-toxic to other organisms. However, research related to Streptomyces formulations using alginate, its application, and its effects on maize plants and the maize rhizosphere microbiome has never been carried out. This study aims to evaluate the formulation of Streptomyces rhizosphere with alginate as a growth promoter of maize plants and to analyze the effect of the application of the formula on
Keyword: alginate, formula, maize, microbiome, PGPR, Streptomyces

Judul: Formulasi Aktinomiset Rizosfer dan Aplikasinya sebagai Pemacu Tumbuh Tanaman Jagung
Abstrak: One of the beneficial microorganisms in plant growth is actinomycetes. Actinomycetes are gram-positive bacteria that mostly inhabit the soil and can act as a source of antibiotics, pathogen controllers, and plant growth-promoting agents by being explored through bioformulation. This study aimed to formulate rhizosphere actinomycetes using peat as a carrier material and apply the formula to promote the growth of corn plants. The method used consisted of rejuvenation and observation of the morphology of actinomycetes isolates, formulation and testing of formula viability, and formula application. The rejuvenation results of four actinomycetes isolates with the codes ARJ 16, ARJ 28, ARJ 32, and ARJ 34 which were observed macroscopically showed that the isolates had white and gray colors while microscopic observations showed that the isolates had the same mycelia, namely spirals. The four rhizosphere actinomycetes formulas with peat carrier material were able to maintain viability at 16 weeks ranging from 107-108 CFU g-1. The rhizosphere actinomycete formula can significantly increase the growth parameters of maize plants including plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight. The F34 formula containing ARJ 34 isolate was the treatment with the best effect in increasing the growth of corn plants during the vegetative period.
Keyword: aktinomiset, formulasi, pemacu tumbuh, PGPR

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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