Judul: Productivity and Cost of Timber Extraction in  Privat Forests with Manual Systems and Motorcycles in Probolinggo
Abstrak: Hutan rakyat merupakan hutan yang dibagun di atas lahan yang dibebani hak milik. Penyaradan kayu di hutan rakyat menggunakan system manual dan sistem sepeda motor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis produktivitas dan biaya penyaradan kayu menggunakan system manual (dipanggul) dan sepeda motor di hutan rakyat. Penelitian ini dilakukan di hutan rakyat Koperasi Alas Mandiri (KAM) dan Koperasi Bromo Mandiri (KBM) yang bermitra dengan PT Kutai Timber Indonesia (KTI) di Probolinggo. Data yang dikumpulkan meliputi waktu kerja, produktivitas dan biaya. Data waktu kerja diperoleh melalui analisis video, sementara data produktivitas diperoleh melalui pengukuran langsung di lapangan dan data biaya diperoleh melalui wawancara dan pengutipan dari laporan/dokumen koperasi hutan rakyat dan PT KTI. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produktivitas penyaradan di KAM 1 sebesar 1,8 m3/Jam, KAM 2 sebesar 0,4 m3/Jam, dan KBM sebesar 0,6 m3/Jam. Biaya total penyaradan kayu di KAM 1 sebesar Rp6.514,1/m3, KAM 2 sebesar Rp31.111,1/m3, dan KBM sebesar Rp53.581,6/m3., Privat forests are forests that are built on land that is burdened with property rights. Skidding of wood in community forests uses a manual system and a motorcycle system. This study aims to analyze the productivity and cost of skidding wood using a manual system and motorbikes in private forests. This research was conducted at the private forest Cooperative Alas Mandiri (KAM) and Cooperative Bromo Mandiri (KBM) in partnership with PT Kutai Timber Indonesia (KTI) in Probolinggo. The data collected includes working time, productivity, and costs. Data on working time was obtained through video analysis, while productivity data was obtained through direct measurements in the field and cost data was obtained through interviews and citations from reports/documents of the private forest cooperative and PT KTI. The results showed that skidding productivity in KAM 1 was 1.8 m3/hour, KAM 2 was 0.4 m3/hour, and KBM was 0.6 m3/hour. The total cost of skidding wood in KAM 1 is Rp6,514.1/m3, KAM 2 of Rp31,111.1/m3, and KBM Rp53.581.6/m3.
Keyword: Biaya penyaradan, Hutan rakyat, Penyaradan, Produktivitas, Fixed Cost, Private forest, Productivity, Skidding

Judul: Working Time, Productivity, and Costs of Skidding Using Human Power in Kostajasa Private Forest
Abstrak: Hutan rakyat di Indonesia telah menjadi tulang punggung bagi industri kayu dan ekonomi pedesaan selama puluhan tahun. Proses pemanenan hutan rakyat melibatkan berbagai tahapan, yaitu penebangan, pembagian batang, penyaradan, pemuatan, serta pengangkutan. Kegiatan Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sistem penyaradan kayu, waktu kerja, produktivitas, dan biaya penyaradan kayu di hutan rakyat Kostajasa Kabupaten Banyumas, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Metode pengumpulan data meliputi pengukuran waktu kerja, volume kayu yang disarad, jarak sarad, dan biaya penyaradan. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase waktu kerja efektif di hutan rakyat Kostajasa adalah 85,76%, sedangkan waktu tidak efektif sebesar 14,24%. Produktivitas kerja penyaradan bervariasi dari 0,47 – 4,38 m3/jam. Biaya penyaradan kayu bervariasi dari Rp3.805/m3 - Rp28.369/m3. Jarak sarad dan volume kayu memiliki pengaruh nyata terhadap produktivitas penyaradan kayu dengan menggunakan tenaga manusia dengan nilai R2 sebesar 76,8%.
Keyword: Working time, Skidding, Productivity, Cost

Judul: Studi Kasus Diagnosis Pencitraan Gangguan Saluran Pencernaan Atas Anjing Schnauze
Abstrak: The aim of this study was to learn the role of diagnostic imaging to define the diagnose of the upper gastrointestinal tract disorder of the Schnauzer. The information from the owner (anamneses) stated that the dog has been vomiting for a year, sometimes containing blood. There might also be a possibility that it had eaten a corpus alineum. This study case covered physical examination, hematology and blood chemical analysis, radiography, ultrasonography, and endoscopy performed. Physical examination showed weight loss and anorexia. Hematology and blood chemical analysis showed an increase in lymphocyte, haemoglobin (Hb), haemotocrit (Hct), ureum, creatinine, alanin aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Abdominal radiograph showed no abnormality in the abdominal organs. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a hyperechoic mass on the stomach mucosal surface. The mass forms an acoustic shadowing at the ventral. The acoustic shadowing in the stomach may be caused by an accumulation of gas or foreign object such as bone. Endoscopy showed that there was inconsistency of stomach mucosa surface, foamy bile fluid in the stomach, ulcers, and erosion of the stomach mucosal surface. Based on the endoscopy performed, the animal was clearly diagnosed with chronic gastritis accompanied by stomach ulcer and erosion.
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