Judul: Patomorfologi Terinduksi Doxorubicin Toksistas Testis Pada Tikus
Abstrak: Mangrove merupakan tumbuhan berkayu yang menempati habitat pada daerah yang tergenang air pasang secara periodik. Perubahan iklim yang sedang terjadi dikhawatirkan berdampak pada ekosistem mangrove yang ada di sekitar Kepulauan Karimun Jawa. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi serta memetakan variabel dan kerentanan SES mangrove di Pulau Kemujan dan Pulau Karimun, Kepulauan Karimun Jawa, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan November 2022 di Pulau Kemujan dan Pulau Karimun, Kepulauan Karimun Jawa, Kabupaten Jepara, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Pengambilan data dilakukan selama 20 hari. Data primer diperoleh melalui teknik metode participatory mapping dan participatory data collection. Keterkaitan variabel SES mangrove di Kepulauan Karimun Jawa, Provinsi Jawa Tengah memiliki hubungan yang kuat antara Resource Governance dengan Resource System. Keterkaitan variabel SES dan variabel kerentanan SES mengindikasikan bahwa masyarakat dan ekosistem mangrove di Kepulauan Karimun Jawa pada kategori rentan terhadap ancaman perubahan iklim., Doxorubicin, a well-known chemotherapy drug with cytotoxic effects on various cancer cells has raised concerns about its potential harm to normal tissues, especially the male reproductive system. This investigation examines the pathomorphological changes induced by doxorubicin in rodent testes. Male rats were divided into two groups: one received weekly intraperitoneal injections of doxorubicin at 4 mg/kg body weight for four weeks (total dose: 16 mg/kg), while the other received an equivalent volume of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution as a control. After the treatment period, the rats were euthanized, and their testes were carefully dissected for histopathological examination. The analysis revealed significant changes in the doxorubicin-treated group compared to the control group. These changes included seminiferous tubule degeneration, disruption of tissue architecture, and a decrease in spermatogenic cell populations, including spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids. These findings suggest that doxorubicin administration in rodents causes testicular toxicity through oxidative stress mechanisms. In summary, this study shows how doxorubicin affects rat testes, underscoring its potential harm to male reproductive health. More research is needed to find ways to prevent doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity.
Keyword: connectivity, Karimun Jawa, mangrove, social-ecological system, vulnerability

Judul: Efek Protektif Sari Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Terhadap Kejadian Toksisitas Testis Akibat Aplikasi Doxorubicin Pada Tikus.
Abstrak: Doxorubicin (DOX) adalah antibiotik golongan antrasiklin yang efektif terhadap berbagai jenis kanker. Namun, pemberian DOX secara terus-menerus dapat menimbulkan toksisitas pada beberapa organ salah satunya yaitu testis. Toksisitas DOX tersebut mengakibatkan proses spermatogenesis tidak lengkap. Antioksidan buah naga merah lebih tinggi dibanding buah naga putih karena adanya pigmen merah (antosianidin). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efek protektif sari buah naga terhadap kejadian toksisitas testis akibat aplikasi doxorubicin pada tikus. Penelitian ini menggunakan 18 ekor (galur Sprague- Dawley dan dikelompokkan menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol negatif (NaCl Fisiologis), kontrol positif (DOX), dan perlakuan DOX + Buah naga. Toksisitas pada testis diinduksi dengan menyuntikkan DOX secara intraperitoneal dengan dosis DOX 4 mg/kg BB sekali seminggu selama empat minggu dan sari buah naga merah dengan dosis 2 ml/500 gram tiga kali sehari selama empat minggu. Hasil penelitian pada kelompok kontrol negatif menunjukkan morfologi sel-sel testis yang normal, ditandai dengan lumen-lumen tubulus seminiferus testis yang berisi sel-sel spermatogonia, spermatosit, early spermatid, dan late spermatid. Pada perlakuan buah naga + DOX menunjukkan kondisi tubulus seminiferus dan jumlah spermatogonia, spermatosit, early spermatid, dan late spermatid yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol positif (DOX). Pemberian sari buah naga dapat memberikan efek protektif pada testis tikus akibat induksi DOX yang ditandai dengan adanya sel spermatogenik (spermatogonia, spermatosit, early spermatid dan late spermatid) tikus pada tubulus seminiferus yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok yang hanya diberi perlakuan DOX. Pemberian sari buah naga dapat menghambat toksisistas dokorubisin pada testis.
Keyword: doxorubicin, toksisitas testis, sari buah naga merah

Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm