Judul: Identification and extraction of Red Pigment of pathogenic bacteria to Stem Brown Planthopper (WBC)
Abstrak: Brown Planthopper Bar (BPH) is a dangerous and rebelliousness pests of rice. Discovery of red bacteria that can infect bph becomes very important, because the bph, as the piercing and sucking type insect mouth, was rarely infected by bacteria. This study was conducted to identify the bph red pathogenic bacteria, and to determine production and inhibition activity of red pigment. Bacterial phenotypes was perfomed using GN Microplate TM Biolog kit. Nukleotide sequence aligment of 16S rDNA was analyed with BlastN of the NCBI website. Phylogenetic Tree was contructed by PHYLIP version 3.6 program. The red bacterium was identified as Serratia marcescens . S. marcescens was sensitive to streptomycin with concentration of 25μg/ml and 50 μg/ml. Red pigment produced by S. marcescens was determined as prodigiosin. Prodigiosin in concentration of 150μg/ml able to suppress up to 30% the development a bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.
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Judul: Potential of Endophytic Fungi Originated for Rice and Grasses for Controling Brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).
Abstrak: Wereng cokelat adalah hama padi terpenting di Indonesia. Pengendalian wereng cokelat dapat dikembangkan dengan berbagai metode. Cendawan endofit berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol serangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui potensi cendawan endofit dalam mengendalikan wereng cokelat. Cendawan endofit diisolasi dari padi dan rumput-rumputan di sekitar Bogor. Sebanyak 12 isolat hasil isolasi, 7 isolat asal padi dan 5 asal rumput-rumputan. Berdasarkan hasil uji patogenisitas, terdapat 5 isolat adalah nonpatogen. Uji selanjutnya dengan menggunakan 4 isolat cendawan endofit, yaitu Acremonium sp., Nigrospora sp.1, Nigrospora sp.2, Nigrospora sp.3. Penggunaan cendawan Nigrospora sp.4 dari koleksi Klinik Tanaman sebagai kontrol positif. Benih padi direndam ke dalam suspensi konidia cendawan endofit selama dua jam dan diperam selama 24 jam. Bibit padi dipindahkan ke ember setelah tanaman berumur 3 minggu setelah semai. Bibit padi disemprot dengan suspensi cendawan endofit seminggu setelah tanam. Tujuh hari setelah inokulasi cendawan endofit, sebanyak 10 nimfa wereng cokelat instar satu diintroduksi ke tanaman padi dan diamati setiap hari selama 7 hari untuk mencatat kelangsungan hidup nimfa. Dalam percobaan lain, 5 pasang wereng cokelat dewasa diintroduksi ke tanaman padi (28 hari setelah tanam) dan diamati setiap minggunya selama 6 minggu. Semua isolat cendawan endofit yang diuji dalam percobaan ini menyebabkan kematian nimfa dan menurunkan populasi wereng cokelat., Brown planthopper (BPH) is the most important rice pest in Indonesia. We developed many methods to control this planthopper. Endophytic fungi have the potential as biocontrol agents of insects. This study aims to determine the potential of endophytic fungi in controlling BPH. Endophytic fungi were collected from rice and grasses in Bogor. A total of 12 isolates were isolated, 7 from rice and 5 from grasses. Based on test, 5 isolates were nonpathogenic. We used 4 of these isolates for the experiments, Acremonium sp., Nigrospora sp.1, Nigrospora sp.2, Nigrospora sp.3. We also used Nigrospora sp.4 from Klinik Tanaman collection as positive control. Rice seeds were dipped in endophytic conidia fungal suspension for two hours, and then ripened for 24 hours. Rice seedlings were transferred to the planting baskets 3 weeks after sowing. Rice seedlings were sprayed with endophytic fungal suspension a week after planted. Seven days after inoculation of endophytic fungi, 10 first-stage BPH nymphs were introduced and observed daily for 7 days to record nymphs survival. In the other experiment, 5 pairs of adult were introduced in to the rice plants (28 days after treatment) and observed weekly for six weeks. All of endophytic fungi isolates tested in these experiments caused nymphs death and population suppression of BPH.
Keyword: biological control, Nigrospora, population, resistent

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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