Judul: Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in Raw Milk from Peternakan Sapi Perah Pondok Ranggon
Abstrak: Penggunaan antibiotik berlebih dapat menyebabkan resistansi antibiotik pada ternak yang dapat disebarkan ke manusia dan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi bakteri Escherichia coli dan Staphylococcus aureus dari susu segar dan mengetahui sifat resistansinya terhadap antibiotik. Pengujian diawali dengan isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri berdasarkan SNI 2897:2008 tentang Metode Pengujian Cemaran Mikroba dalam Daging, Telur dan Susu, serta Hasil Olahannya dan dilanjutkan dengan pengujian resistansi antibiotik menggunakan metode Kirby-Baurer. Antibiotik yang digunakan yaitu golongan β-laktam, aminoglikosida, makrolida, fluorokuinolon, antagonis asam folat, kloramfenikol, tetrasiklin dan cephems. Dari 36 sampel susu segar didapatkan 16 sampel (25 isolat) positif tercemar E. coli dan 13 sampel (13 isolat) positif S. aureus. Sebanyak 24/25 isolat E. coli resistan terhadap 15 jenis antibiotik dan 13/13 isolat S. aureus resistan terhadap 14 jenis antibiotik. Sebanyak 20/25 isolat E. coli telah mengalami multidrug resistance antibiotic dengan pola yang paling sering ditemui yakni penisilin-aminoglikosida-tetrasiklin-kloramfenikol. Sebanyak 8/13 isolat S. aureus mengalami multidrug resistance dengan pola yang paling sering ditemui yakni penisilin-aminoglikosida-fluorokuinolon. Bakteri yang telah mengalami resistansi antibiotik dapat menjadi ancaman bagi kesehatan ternak, kesehatan lingkungan, keamanan pangan dan kesehatan masyarakat., Overuse of antibiotics can cause antimicrobial resistance in livestock which can spread to humans and the environment. This study aimed to isolate Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk and determined their antibacterial susceptibility. Bacterial isolation and identification based on SNI 2897:2008 about Metode Pengujian Cemaran Mikroba dalam Daging, Telur dan Susu, serta Hasil Olahannya were followed up with an antibacterial susceptibility test using the Kirby-Baurer method. The antibiotics used in this study are β-lactam, aminoglycoside, macrolide, fluoroquinolones, folic acid antagonist, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and cephems Out of 36 raw milk samples, 16 samples (25 isolates) were contaminated with E. coli and 13 samples (13 isolates) were contaminated with S. aureus. As many as 24/25 of E. coli isolates were resistant to 15 types of antibiotics and 13/13 of S. aureus isolates were resistant to 14 types of antibiotics. As many as 20/25 of E. coli isolates were multidrug-resistant with penicillin-aminoglycoside-tetracycline-chloramphenicol as the most common pattern and 8/13 of S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant with penicillin-aminoglycoside-fluoroquinolone as the most common pattern. Antimicrobial resistance can be a threat to animal health, environmental health, food safety, and public health.
Keyword: antimicrobial resistance, Escherichia coli, raw milk, Staphylococcus aureus

Judul: Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Raw Milk in Kebon Pedes, Bogor
Abstrak: Resistansi antibiotik muncul dan menyebar secara global, mengancam kemampuan untuk mengobati penyakit menular dan menjadi ancaman kesehatan global. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui terjadinya resistansi antibiotik pada Escherichia coli (E. coli) yang diisolasi dari susu mentah di Kebon Pedes, Bogor. Resistansi antibiotik E. coli dalam susu dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi 23 sampel susu mentah curah dari peternakan sapi perah di Kebon Pedes, Bogor. Isolasi dan identifikasi E. coli merujuk pada SNI 2897: 2008 tentang Pedoman Analisis Laboratorium pada Pemeriksaan Kontaminasi Mikroba pada Daging, Telur, dan Susu dalam yang dikeluarkan oleh Badan Standardisasi Nasional Indonesia. Resistansi terhadap enam antibiotic, yaitu amoksilin, streptomisin, siprofloksasin, tetrasiklin, kolistin, dan penisilin G, diuji menggunakan metode difusi cakram Kirby-Bauer berdasarkan standar Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) pada tahun 2018. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa 62 dari 207 isolat (29.95%) isolat ditemukan positif E. coli. E. coli menunjukkan resistansi terhadap antibiotik, yaitu penisilin G (95.2%), streptomisin (84.3%), kolistin (76.9%), amoksisilin (74.2%), dan tetrasiklin (62.5%). 77.42% isolat E. coli positif resistan terhadap lebih dari tiga kelas antibiotik, yang dikenal sebagai multi-drug resistant (MDR), dengan sebagian besar pola AML-S-TE-CT-P (amoksisilin, streptomisin, tetrasiklin, kolistin, dan penisilin G). Kehadiran E. coli yang resistan terhadap antibiotik dalam susu mentah dapat menyebabkan masalah serius pada kesehatan manusia.
Keyword: Escherichia coli, multi-drug resistant, resistansi antibiotik, susu, Escherichia coli, multi-drug resistant, resistansi antibiotik, susu

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4