Judul: Keefektifan ekstrak tiga jenis tumbuhan terhadap Paracoccus marginatus dan Tetranychus sp. pada tanaman jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.)
Abstrak: Broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides which can cause some undesirable side effects, are commonly used by Jatropha curcas farmer. Thus, safe and effective alternatives need to be developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of extracts of three plant species, i.e. Piper retrofractum (fruits, direct extraction with ethyl acetate [EtOAc]), Tephrosia vogelii (leaves, direct extraction with EtOAc), and A. indica (seeds, sequential extraction with n-hexane, EtOAc, and methanol), to control Paracoccus marginatus and Tetranychus sp. on J. curcas. Based on LC50 and LC95 values, in general all test extracts were slightly more toxic to P. marginatus and Tetranychus sp. in the tests with residue-on-glass method than with leaf-residue method. In leaf-residue tests, P. retrofractum extract was about 3.3 to 8 times more toxic to P. marginatus (LC50 0.12%) and 1.3 to 21 times more toxic to Tetranychus sp. (LC50 0.22%) than the other test extracts. In residue-on-glass tests, P. retrofractum extract was about 2 to 6.8 times more toxic to P. marginatus (LC50 0.12%) and 6.8 to 11.7 times more toxic to Tetranychus sp. (LC50 0.18%) than the other test extracts. In greenhouse experiments on potted J. curcas, the treatment with P. retrofractum extract reduced the population of P. marginatus by 92.8% compared with control and that of Tetranychus sp. by 98%. This population reduction was better than or comparable with that in the treatment with a synthetic insecticide imidacloprid (78% and 94.7% reduction, respectively). The pest population reduction in the treatment with T. vogelii hexane A. indica extracts was much lower than that in the treatment with imidacloprid.
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Judul: Keefektifan tiga jenis insektisida nabati terhadap kutu putih papaya Paracoccus marginatus dan keamanannya terhadap kumbang predator Curinus coeruleus
Abstrak: Paracoccus marginatus merupakan hama penting yang relatif baru di Indonesia dengan daya merusak yang tinggi. Di tempat asalnya, populasi hama P. marginatus dapat ditekan dengan baik oleh berbagai jenis musuh alaminya. Di Indonesia, saat ini musuh alami yang ada belum dapat menekan peningkatan populasi hama P. marginatus hingga tingkat yang tidak merugikan. Oleh karena itu penggunaan insektisida nabati dari bahan tumbuhan seperti Tephrosia vogelii (kacang babi, Leguminosae), Cinnamomum multiforum (Lauraceae), dan Annona squamosa (srikaya, Annonaceae) yang telah diketahui memiliki aktivitas insektisida terhadap hama lain dapat menjadi alternatif untuk menekan populasi P. marginatus. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui keefektifan ekstrak daun T. vogelii, ekstrak biji A. squamosa, dan minyak atsiri daun C. multiforum, serta campuran ketiga bahan nabati tersebut terhadap hama P. marginatus dan keamanannya terhadap larva kumbang predator C. coeruleus. Tiga jenis insektisida nabati diuji pada dua taraf konsentrasi, yaitu 0.5% dan 1% (w/v) untuk ekstrak daun T. vogelii dan ekstrak biji A. squamosa, serta 1% dan 2% (w/v) untuk minyak atsiri daun C. multiforum. Komposisi dua macam campuran masing-masing ekstrak T. vogelii 0.25% + ekstrak A. squamosa 0.25% + minyak atsiri C. multiforum 0.5% (Campuran 1) dan campuran 2 mengandung komponen yang sama yang konsentrasinya masing-masing dua kali dari campuran 1. Setiap bahan insektisida nabati dicampur dengan pelarut metanol, Solvesso R-100, dan pengemulsi Tween-80 (9:1:5) kemudian diencerkan dengan akuades sampai volume tertentu sesuai konsentrasi yang diuji, dengan insektisida berbahan aktif imidakloprid 0.1% sebagai pembanding. Pengujian keefektifan insektisida nabati tersebut dilakukan terhadap P. marginatus dengan metode semprot daun, semprot serangga, dan semprot serangga pada daun, serta pengujian keamanannya terhadap larva predator C. coeruleus. Ekstrak daun T. vogelii, ekstrak biji A. squamosa, dan minyak atsiri daun C. multiflorum serta campuran ketiga bahan nabati tersebut cukup potensial digunakan untuk mengendalikan hama kutu putih pepaya P. marginatus. Perlakuan insektisida nabati uji dengan metode penyemprotan serangga pada daun lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan metode semprot daun atau semprot serangga saja. Ketiga jenis insektisida nabati uji aman terhadap larva predator C. coeruleus. Sementara itu, insektisida pembanding imidakloprid selain efektif terhadap kutu P. marginatus juga beracun terhadap larva predator C. coeruleus sehingga harus digunakan dengan sangat hati-hati, bila diperlukan.
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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