Judul: Delignifikasi Limbah Tanaman Jagung Menggunakan Kalsium Hidroksida.
Abstrak: Since the 90’s, lignocelluloses began aggressively to become a source of energy by researcher of the world. In Indonesia, the actual potential for the development of this material is quite good if viewed from its energy needs. In addition, the supply for this material is relatively abundant, one of which is corn stover. The production of corn stover is about 18.9x1013 ton/year. Although, lignocellulose is relatively abundant, its utilization requires special treatment because of the complex structure of celluloses, hemicelluloses, and lignins. Various treatments have been developed included physical, biological, or chemical. One of the treatments is delignification with lime to minimize damage to the celluloses and hemicelluloses. This study aims to determine the effect of lime addition, water addition, heating temperature, and heating time on delignification, and to find the best condition in the delignification process of corn stover with lime. The experimental result shows that significant factor in delignification is heating temperature, whereas lime addition, water addition, and heating time did not have significant influence in delignification. In the tested range also has detected the existence of curvature, and obtained the equation: LR * = − 0.24197 + 0.007951 x3 – 5.3∙10-5 x3 2. The best condition of this process is estimated at 74.6 oC, with lignin removal is 0.055 g/g corn stover, delignification level is 0.25, and delignification selectivity is 0.40.
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Judul: Biodelignifikasi Limbah Tanaman Jagung Menggunakan Kapang Pelapuk Putih Phanerochaete chrysosporium
Abstrak: Lignocellulose is the major structural component of plants which represents a major source of renewable organic renewable. Lignocellulose composed of three major components. They are cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Corn stover is lignocellulosic material which have large potential for the development future products. Corn stover consists of cellulose (36,81%), hemicelluloses (27,01%), lignin (15,70%), ash (6,04%) and other material (14,44%). Lignin is complexs macromolecules. Lignin is further linked to both hemicelluloses and cellulose forming. Lignin acts as a barrier for hydrolysis of cellulose. Biodelignification is use technologies with enviromentall-friendly such as biology system, use advantages from organisms to separated cellulose fiber from lignin. Some white-rot fungi has used to lignin degradation. The most commonly utilized fungus is the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The goal of this research is to determine of effects, temperature, and fungus addition to to find the best condition in the bidelignification process of corn stover with Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The lowest number for temperature and fungus addition were consecutively 30oC and 2,5 ml. While for the highest number were consecutively 70oC and 10 ml. Methods that was used to know the best condition was response surface method. The experimental result shows that significant factor in biodelignification is temperature. The best condition from corn stover biodelignification is estimated 30oC, 10 ml fungus addition. In this condition, corn stover contents from 1,671 gram lignin, 1,868 gram hemicellulose, and 2,514 gram α-cellulose, with beginning weight before biodelignification is 10 gram (dry). So that condition to produce lignin removal 11,73 % (0,222 gram), α-cellulose removal 24,59 % (0,82 gram) and hemicelllulose removal 32,44 % (0,897 gram).
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Judul: Studi kasus migran pedagang kaki lima di pasar Senen, Jakarta Pusat
Abstrak: Sejak Jakarta menjadi ibukota negara RI, Jakarta tidak pernah sepi dari arus migrasi penduduk. Masuknya para migran ke Jakarta disebabkan karena pertumbuhan fisik yang nyata, yaitu dari pembangunan gedung perkantoran, fasilitas hiburan dan lainnya, memberi daya tarik bagi orang bukan penduduk Jakarta. Termasuk di antara migran adalah kaum golongan kecil yang berasal dari kalangan sirkuit bawah desa. Alasan utama migrasi di sirkuit bawah, yaitu khususnya yang akhirnya bekerja sebagai pedagang kaki lima di Pasar Senen ini pindah ke Jakarta, adalahJakarta menawarkan kesempatan kerja bagi siapa saja yang mau bekerja. Karena di desa tak ada pekerjaan yang dapat menampung golongan muda, kaum migran meninggalkan desa menuju Jakarta. Pola migrasi masuk ke Jakarta tidak dipengaruhi oleh kemungkinan golongan muda mampir di kota-kota kecil sebelum tiba di Jakarta. Keberanian dan tekad bulat meninggalkan desa asal didorong pula oleh sumber cerita tentang Jakarta (saudara/kenalan) yang juga mengalami bahwa setiba di Jakarta mereka akan langsung bekerja. Pendidikan rendah, tidak memiliki ketrampilan, orang petani/buruh tani, merupakan bagian kecil latar tua belakang sosial migran pedagang kaki lima. Memperoleh pekerjaan apa saja asal halal pada mulanya, tempat tinggal dimana saja, modal kecil dan pendapatan harian yang rendah juga mewarnai hidup para migran pedagang kaki lima di Jakarta. Namun sekalipun demikian mereka tetap hidup, bahkan dapat mengirim uang ke desa asal, pulang ke desa minimum setahun sekali dan sedikit-sedikit mampumenabung. Bekerja sebagai pedagang kaki lima sudah ditekuni selama lebih dari lima tahun bahkan ada yang lebih dari tujuh tahun. Inipun dimulai setelah minimum selama dua tahun migran mengerjakan apa saja di Pasar Senen: yang penting dapat uang dan bisa hidup di Jakarta. Bahkan modal membuka usaha kaki lima diperoleh dari selama bekerja mula-mula itu. untuk pengumpulan upah Sekalipun terdapat kenaikan tingkat kehidupan sosial di kota dibandingkan dari desa, kaum migran pedagang lima di Pasar Senen ini tetap berada bawah kota. di kaki bawah sirkuit Ikatan-ikatan baru di kota hampir tidak terjadi kecuali ikatan-ikatan kedaerahan yang terus dipertahankan.
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