Judul: Constructing Joint Distribution of Hotspots, Precipitation, and Dry Spells Using Nested Archimedean 3-Copula
Abstrak: Letak Indonesia yang berada di sekitar ekuator membuat wilayah Indonesia rentan terhadap variabilitas iklim. El Nino Southern Oscilation (ENSO) menjadi salah satu fenomena yang sering dikaitkan dengan kebakaran hutan dan lahan di Indonesia. Jumlah kejadian kebakaran dapat diidentifikasi dengan hotspot. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi sebaran marginal dan mengonstruksi sebaran bersama antara hotspot, curah hujan, dan hari tanpa hujan menggunakan pendekatan nested Archimedean 3-copula berdasarkan metode Inference of Function for Margins (IFM) untuk setiap kondisi ENSO, yaitu El Nino, Normal, dan La Nina. Sebaran marginal variabel untuk setiap kondisi ENSO didapatkan melalui uji Anderson-Darling dengan memilih nilai p-value terkecil. Hasil fitting parameter copula menunjukkan bahwa copula Galambos adalah copula paling fit untuk semua kondisi ENSO. Hal ini berkaitan dengan karakteristik dari Galambos yang termasuk ke dalam copula nilai ekstrem. Nilai Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) untuk kondisi El Nino, Normal, dan La Nina berturut-turut yaitu 775.0118; 1292.6; dan 489.9048. El Nino menjadi kondisi dengan jumlah hotspot terbanyak, sedangkan pada kondisi La Nina jumlah hotspot relatif lebih sedikit., Indonesia's location around the equator makes the region vulnerable to climate variability. The El Nino Southern Oscilation (ENSO) is one of the phenomena often associated with forest and land fires in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the marginal distribution and construct the joint distribution of hotspots, precipitation, and dry spells using the nested Archimedean 3-copula approach based on the Inference of Function for Margins (IFM) method for each ENSO condition, namely El Nino, Normal, and La Nina. The marginal distribution of variables for each ENSO condition is obtained through the Anderson-Darling test by selecting the smallest p-value. The result shows that the Galambos copula is the best fit copula for all ENSO conditions. This is related to the characteristics of Galambos which is included in the extreme value copula. The Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC) values for El Nino, Normal, and La Nina conditions are 775.0118; 1292.6; 489.9048. El Nino is the condition with the highest number of hotspots, while La Nina conditions have relatively fewer hotspots.
Keyword: Copula, ENSO, Hotspot, Nested Archimedean, Precipitation

Judul: Analisis Sebaran Bersama antara Curah Hujan, Hari Tanpa Hujan,  ENSO, dan IOD Berbasis Partially Nested Archimedean 4-Copula
Abstrak: Penurunan suhu permukaan laut adalah dampak dari terjadinya fenomena Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) negatif dan fase hangat El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Hal tersebut secara tidak langsung berpengaruh kepada berkurangnya intensitas curah hujan. Oleh karena itu, kekeringan dapat terjadi dan menjadi pemicu kebakaran hutan dan lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membentuk sebaran bersama antara curah hujan, hari tanpa hujan, ENSO, dan IOD di Kalimantan. Data dikelompokkan berdasarkan kondisi musim yaitu musim kemarau dan hujan. Sebaran bersama dari seluruh data diperoleh setelah tiga kali pembentukan fungsi copula bivariat atau biasa disebut dengan partially nested Archimedean 4-copula. Parameter copula diestimasi berdasarkan metode Inference of Function for Margins (IFM). Hasil fitting parameter copula menunjukkan bahwa copula BB1 dan BB7 adalah copula yang paling cocok, masing-masing untuk membentuk sebaran bersama antar indikator pada musim kemarau dan hujan., The decrease in sea surface temperature is the result of the negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) phenomenon and the warm phase of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This indirectly affects in decreasing rainfall intensity (precipitation). Therefore, a drought can occur and trigger forest and land fires. This study aims to establish a joint distribution between precipitation, dry spells, ENSO, and IOD in Kalimantan. Data are grouped based on seasonal conditions, namely dry and rainy seasons. The joint distribution of all data is obtained after three times formation of a bivariate copula function or commonly referred to as partially nested Archimedean 4-copula. Copula parameters are estimated based on the Inference Function method for Margins (IFM). The result of fitting the copula parameter shows that copulas BB1 and BB7 are the most suitable copulas, respectively, to form a joint distribution between indicators in the dry and rainy seasons.
Keyword: ENSO, IOD, Kekeringan, Nested Archimedean Copula

Judul: Case Study of Gallbladder Mucocele and Treatment Used In Small Animals
Abstrak: Gallbladder mucocele (GM) is defined as distention of the gallbladder caused by an inappropriate accumulation or deposition of high concentrations of bile. The purpose of this case study is to study GM conditions in small animals and to report the clinical sign and characteristics of GM through the sonogram interpretation and blood chemistry test evaluation, and studies related to the therapy given and other treatments recommended. A 14-year-old Toy Poodle dog has been diagnosed with severe GM and cholecystitis. No pain signs were shown during the physical examination as asymptomatic is a common characteristic in the early stage of biliary related diseases. In this study Abdominal ultrasonography interpretation and blood chemistry evaluation was conducted in 2021-2022 and analyzed as a secondary data source. Ultrasonography results showed presence of hyperechoic, immobile deposits in gallbladder accompanied by wall thickening and enlarged in size, followed by a significant increase in the enzyme alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This study has summarized mainly the diagnosis and treatments of GM in small animals and suitable alternatives treatments were recommended to encounter the GM conditions in small animals. The effectiveness of combined therapy shows the positive impact on the patient, the condition of GM has been under control.
Keyword: ultrasound, gallbladder, biliary sludge, abdominal ultrasonography