Judul: Pengaruh Surplus Primer, Tingkat Pajak, dan Investasi Publik terhadap Modal dan Utang Publik dalam Model Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
Abstrak: Economic growth of a country is stable if the state economic growth is sustainable. It means that public capital and public debt of economic are in balance. In this work, the influence of three factors into two components, there are public capital and public debt. The factors are the influence of the primary surplus, the tax rate, and the public investment. The economic growth model studied was assumed in such a way that the primary surplus of GDP ratio is a positive linear function of the public debt. A simulation conducted in this study is divided into three cases i.e,: the effect of the primary surplus to public capital and public debt, the effect of the tax rate on public capital and public debt, and the effect of public investment on public capital and public debt. The simulation results showed that stable economic growth rate occurred when all of these three factors increased. The increase causes the public debt get decreased even reached the situation with no public debt and public capital increased. As a consequence, the public capital can be used for public investment.
Keyword: public debt, tax rate, primary surplus, public capital, public investment

Judul: Pengaruh Komposisi Pengeluaran Pemerintah dan Tingkat Pajak terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dalam Model Neoklasik
Abstrak: Long-term economic growth is a reflection of economic prosperity of a country. Government manages the fiscal policy to increase economic growth. The main purpose of this scientific work is to study the effect of government spending composition and tax rate, which are parts of fiscal policy, towards economic growth in long-term equilibrium or steady state. In the neoclassical model, the economy of a country will reach the steady state if the capital per capita reaches a stable level, with the assumption, government can influence the private capital accumulation through the tax rate, and influences the public capital accumulation through the government spending composition. The simulation section of this paper shows the effect of tax rate and government spending composition towards economic growth are not monotonic. Moreover, tax rate and government spending composition can optimize the rate of economic growth.
Keyword: 

Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship