Judul: The Macroeconomic effects of goverment expenditure in ASEAN plus Three
Abstrak: Fiscal policy is one of the goverment policy to increase growth in a reasonable level. The impact of fiscal policy shock has different effect on each country around the world. The effect of goverment spending shocks led to increase growth in USA but decrease growth in Germany, as reflected by the decline in private investment. This study aims to analize the effect of goverment expenditure in ASEAN plus Three, by using vector error correction model (VECM), impulse respone function (IRF), forecasting error variance decomposition (FEVD) and pass-through effect.
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Judul: Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pengeluaran Pemerintah Indonesia (
Abstrak: Indonesia is one of the ASEAN countries are experiencing economic growth every year. In 2008 when the current world financial crisis GDP growth in Indonesia has decreased at least compared to other ASEAN countries. This is because the amount of consumption of Indonesia has a major influence on the economy of Indonesia. Economic growth in Indonesia is directly proportional to the Indonesian government spending. Indonesia government spending has increased every year. Increased government spending each year Indonesia Indonesia's economy even cause the budget deficit. Where government spending is greater than government revenues. Government revenue derived from the tax could not afford the amount of government spending. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between economic growth in Indonesia by the Indonesian government expenditure and also analyzes the factors that influence the increase in government spending in Indonesia. The method of analysis used in this study is a method of VAR and VECM. The variables used in this study is variable spending (G), economic growth (GW), exchange rate (ER), inflation (INF), investment (INV), net exports (NE), and tax revenue (TR). The time period used in this study was the period/year 1984 to 2011. Based on this research, in the short term tax revenue, exchange rate, inflation has a positive, but not significant. While variable net exports and GDP growth has a positive and significant. In the long term variable rate (ER), net exports (NE) and GDP growth (GW) and a significant negative effect on government spending. While the inflation variable has a positive and significant impact on government spending. IRF outcome variables that describe the response of macroeconomic variables such as inflation, exchange rates, investment, GDP growth, net exports or the balance of trade, tax revenue to government spending shocks. The results show that a variant FEVD government spending predominantly explained by the variable itself from the beginning of the period until the end of the period. FEVD results also showed that the variables that contributed greatly to shocks in government spending is the exchange rate, inflation and GDP growth in the country of Indonesia.
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Judul: Konstruksi dan Seleksi Mutan Isolat Pichia spp. Toleran Cekaman Oksidatif dan Osmotik Untuk Optimasi Produksi Bioetanol
Abstrak: Lignoselulosa merupakan biomassa organik yang tersusun dari polimer selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin. Komponen gula terbesar pada lignoselulosa adalah gula pentosa dan heksosa. Dalam penelitan sebelumnya telah diketahui bahwa Pichia spp. merupakan kelompok khamir yang mampu mengonversi gula pentosa maupun heksosa menjadi etanol melalui proses fermentasi. Cekaman oksidatif dan osmotik yang terjadi saat proses fermentasi, dapat menghambat viabilitas khamir untuk produksi etanol. Teknik mutasi adaptif merupakan salah satu cara konstruksi khamir mutan agar toleran terhadap cekaman oksidatif dan osmotik yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengonstruksi dan menyeleksi mutan Pichia spp. yang resisten terhadap cekaman oksidatif dan osmotik, serta menganalisis kemampuannya dalam memproduksi etanol menggunakan substrat gula pentosa (xilosa) dan heksosa (glukosa). Konstruksi mutan dilakukan dengan teknik mutasi adaptif terhadap 3 isolat Pichia spp. tipe liar E, R, dan T. Teknik mutasi adaptif menghasilkan 11 isolat mutan yaitu E2, E3, E5, R1, R2, R4, R7, T4, T8, T9, dan T10. Proses seleksi 11 isolat mutan melalui metode spot test menghasilkan 2 isolat mutan terpilih yaitu E5 dan R7, yang resisten terhadap cekaman oksidatif (H2O2) dan osmotik (NaCl) tinggi. Selama proses fermentasi 54 jam, produksi etanol dari substrat glukosa oleh isolat Pichia spp. mutan E5 dan R7 mencapai 107.5% (v/v) dan 99.7% (v/v) atau lebih tinggi 18.5% dan 1.79% dari masing-masing tipe liarnya. Produksi etanol dari substrat xilosa hanya dihasilkan oleh isolat Pichia spp. mutan E5 dan R7, yaitu 6.51% (v/v) dan 3.55% (v/v).
Keyword: lignoselulosa, bioetanol, fermentasi, mutasi adaptif, Pichia spp..