Judul: The Effect Of Selenium, Methionine And Iodine Supplementation On Growfh And Intelligence Of Young Rats Derived From Rats With Iodine Deficiency
Abstrak: Gangguan Akibat Kekurangan Iodium yang masih merupakan salah satu masalah utama gizi masyarakat Indonesia dan masalah utama gizi masyarakat dunia perlu segera dipecahkan (DepKes RI, 1998; WHO, 1995). Iodotironin-5'-deiodinase tipe I yang mengatalisasi perubahan T 4 menjadi T 3 dan glutation-peroksidase yang masing-masing mengandung selenium dan sistein, sangat berperan dalam sintesis dan diferensiasi protein (Combs and Combs, 1986; Arthur et al., 1993; Combs, 1999). Informasi tersebut menunjukkan bahwa selenium, metionin, dan iodium diduga sating berinteraksi mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan kecerdasan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan dosis suplementasi selenium, metionin, dan iodium yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dan kecerdasan optimum anak tikus dari induk kekurangan iodium. Penelitian terdiri dari dua percobaan. Percobaan pertama yang dilaksanakan dari bulan Nopember 1996 sampai Juni 1997, menggunakan tikus keturunan galur wistar umur 95 hari yang diberi ransum basal cukup enerji tetapi kurang protein dan kurang iodium. Rendahnya tingkat reproduksi (78%) dan tingkat kelangsungan hidup (70%) serta tingginya angka kematian (22%) anak tikus pada percobaan pertama mendorong dilaksanakannya percobaan kedua. Percobaan kedua yang dilaksanakan dari bulan Nopember 1997 sampai Juni 1998, menggunakan tikus keturunan galur wistar umur 95 hari yang diberi ransum basal cukup enerji dan cukup protein tetapi kurang iodium., The objective of this research is to study the effect of selenium, methionine and iodine supplementation on optimal growth and intelligence of young rats derived from rats with iodine deficiency. This research was conducted at the Diponegoro Unit Research Station, Ministry of Health, 6 Salemba Jakarta, from November 1996 until June 1997 (Exp 1) and Nopember 1997 until June 1998 (Exp 2). Recent but unequivocal finding suggested that the effective utilization of iodine depended on the selenium-containing enzyme Type I Iodothyronine-5' -Deiodinase, IOI, and thus utilization of iodine was influenced by selenium status. Selenium and methionine are two essential component of ID-I; therefore in this research selenium, methionine and iodine were supplemented in the diet. The research comprised of two experiments: 1) the experimental rats were fed diets containing adequate energy but low protein and low iodine (Exp I), 2) the experimental rats were fed diets containing adequate energy and protein but low iodine (Exp 2). Exp 2 was conducted due to the low productivity (78%) and high mortality (22%) of the young rats in Exp 1. A complete randomized design with three factorial treatments i.e. three supplementation levels of selenium (0.000, 0.046, 0.092 ppm), methionine (0, 350, 700 ppm) and iodine (0.000, 0.153, 0.306 ppm), with three replicates for each treatment; therefore there were 27 combination of treatment diets in each experiment. There were two control groups in Exp 1: A negative control group fed basal diet with no supplementation, and a commercial group fed commercial diet. There were three control groups in Exp 2: A negative control group fed basal diet with no supplementation, a commercial control group fed commercial diet and a positive control group fed basal diet supplemented with selenium, methionine and iodine according to the requirement level. The wistar derived rats used in these experiments were fed commercial diets since they were born. By the age of 95 days the rats were fed basal diet.
Keyword: Rat, Selenium, Methionine, Iodine, Supplement, Deficiency, Growth, Intellegence

Judul: Meta Analisis Suplementasi Selenium pada Pakan Ikan Air Tawar
Abstrak: Penambahan feed supplement pada pakan sangat penting dalam meningkatkan metabolisme tubuh dan sistem imun organisme akuatik. Salah satu jenis feed supplement yang dapat digunakan yaitu mineral selenium. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengevaluasi berbagai data suplementasi selenium pada pakan ikan air tawar melalui meta analisis. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui database literatur, yaitu Science Direct (https://www.sciencedirect.com/) dan Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/). Sebanyak 27 referensi dengan 125 unit perlakuan memenuhi syarat untuk dianalisis. Data menjadi sasaran meta-analisis berdasarkan metodologi model campuran (mixed effect model) yang mempertimbangkan dosis selenium sebagai efek tetap dan studi yang berbeda sebagai efek acak. Berdasarkan metode statistik meta analisis yang digunakan maka diperoleh persamaan regresi linier dan kuadratik, suplementasi selenium pada pakan ikan air tawar menghasilkan peningkatan terhadap bobot akhir, PBT (pertambahan bobot tubuh), JKP (jumlah konsumsi pakan), dan REP (rasio efisiensi protein) yang signifikan (P<0,05). Pengaruh suplementasi selenium pada pakan menunjukkan tren positif pada parameter pertumbuhan. Kemudian aktivitas enzim GPx pada organ hati serta kandungan hemoglobin dan HDL yang meningkat dalam darah ikan menunjukkan nilai yang lebih tinggi secara signifikan (P<0,05) terhadap ikan kontrol dengan tren positif. Namun, suplementasi selenium dapat menurunkan kandungan globulin, LDL dan kolesterol dengan signifikan (P<0,05). Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa suplementasi selenium organik pada kisaran 0,60 hingga 7,32 mg/kg pakan dapat meningkatkan kesehatan dan pertumbuhan ikan air tawar., The use of a selenium-based feed supplement is essential for increasing the body metabolism and the immune system of aquatic organisms. This study aims to analyze and evaluate various data on selenium supplementation in freshwater fish feed by meta-analysis. The data used in the study were secondary data obtained from the literature database, specifically Science Direct (https://www.sciencedirect.com/) and Wiley Online Library (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/). A total of 27 references containing 125 treatment units were found eligible for analysis. The data were subjected to a meta-analysis utilizing a mixed-effect model methodology that considered selenium dose as a fixed factor and different studies as a random variable. Using linear and quadratic regression equations, selenium supplementation in freshwater fish feed resulted in the significantly increased FBW (final body weight), WG (weight gain), FI (feed intake), and PER (protein efficiency ratio) (P<0,05). The effect of selenium supplementation to feed showed a positive trend on these growth parameters. Then, the activity of the GPx enzyme in the liver and the increased hemoglobin, globulin, and HDL content in the blood of fish exhibited a favorable trend with significantly higher value (P<0,05) compared to control fish. However, selenium supplementation could significantly reduce LDL and cholesterol levels (P<0,05). This study concluded that organic selenium supplementation in the range of 0,60 to 7,32 mg/kg feed could improve freshwater fish’s health and growth.
Keyword: Freshwater Fish, Growth, Health Status, Meta-Analysis, Selenium

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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