Judul: Pengendalian Penyakit Busuk Bulir Bakteri (Burkholderia glumae) Menggunakan Bakteri Filosfer Asal Padi
Abstrak: Burkholdria glumae adalah bakteri yang menyebabkan penyakit busuk bulir bakteri (bacterial grain rot) dan hawar pada padi di persemaian (seedling rot). Pengendalian menggunakan bakteri filosfer merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk mengendalikan penyakit ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan isolat bakteri yang diisolasi dari filosfer padi sebagai agens pengendali B. glumae penyebab busuk bulir bakteri. Antagonisme bakteri filosfer terhadap B. glumae secara in vitro dilakukan menggunakan metode plate diffusion. Penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri patogen di dalam benih dan pengaruh bakteri filosfer terhadap perkecambahan benih padi diuji dengan teknik perendaman benih. Uji penghambatan bakteri filosfer in planta di rumah kaca dilakukan dengan teknik penyemprotan padi fase pemunculan malai. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan untuk pengujian antagonisme dan pengaruh bakteri filosfer terhadap perkecambahan benih adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL), sedangkan pengujian penghambatan bakteri filosfer di rumah kaca digunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat dari delapan isolat bakteri yang bersifat antagonis terhadap B. glumae. Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi secara molekuler melalui sekuensing gen 16S rRNA diketahui bahwa empat isolat tersebut adalah Bacillus aerius BFR 153, Pseudomonas parafulva BFR 217, P. cremoricolorata BFR 183, dan Delftia tsuruhatensis BFR 75. B. aerius BFR 153 menunjukkan penghambatan paling tinggi terhadap B. glumae pada pengujian in vitro dan perlakuan benih. Perlakuan P. parafulva BFR 217, P. cremoricolorata BFR 183, dan D. tsuruhatensis BFR 75 pada benih dapat meningkatkan bobot segar kecambah. Aplikasi bakteri filosfer saat tanaman memasuki masa generatif tidak dapat menekan keparahan penyakit busuk bulir bakteri dan tidak dapat meningkatkan karakter agronomis tanaman di rumah kaca.
Keyword: Bacillus aerius, bacterial grain rot, Delftia tsuruhatensis, pengendalian hayati, pengendalian hayati, Pseudomonas sp.

Judul: Seleksi Bakteri sebagai Agens Hayati Burkholderia glumae dan Pembiakannya pada Air Kelapa
Abstrak: Burkholderia glumae merupakan penyebab penyakit busuk bulir padi (bacterial grain rot) dan hawar bibit (seedling blight). Pemanfaatan bakteri agens hayati merupakan alternatif pengendalian yang dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan penyakit tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan isolat bakteri agens hayati sebagai pengendalian B. glumae penyebab penyakit busuk bulir padi serta memanfaatkan air kelapa sebagai media alternatif untuk perbanyakan bakteri agens hayati. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 5 tahapan, meliputi seleksi bakteri agens hayati terhadap B. glumae, uji pertumbuhan bakteri agens hayati pada media air kelapa, uji keefektifan filtrat bakteri agens hayati yang ditumbuhkan pada media air kelapa terhadap B. glumae, uji penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri pada benih padi, dan uji fitotoksitas media alternatif terhadap perkecambahan benih padi. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Data hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat empat isolat bakteri bersifat antagonis terhadap B. glumae. Empat isolat tersebut adalah Chromobacterium sp. T5-1118, Pseudomonas fluorescens P12, Pseudomonas fluorescens P24, dan Ralstonia picketti TT47. Chromobacterium sp. merupakan bakteri agens hayati yang memiliki persentase penghambatan terbesar dibandingkan dengan bakteri lainnya. Chromobacterium sp. dapat tumbuh pada media air kelapa dan memiliki potensi antagonis yang baik dalam menekan perkembangan patogen B.glumae dan tidak bersifat fitotoksitas terhadap tanaman padi. Chromobacterium sp. yang ditumbuhkan pada media alternatif air kelapa (P1) memiliki daya hambat yang tidak berbeda nyata dengan media King’s B (100). Bakteri ini dapat menekan keberadaan B. glumae pada benih padi sebesar 59.12%.
Keyword: busuk bulir bakteri, Chromobacterium sp, media alternatif, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Ralstonia picketii

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite