Judul: Pertumbuhan karang lunak Lobophytum strictum hasil transplantasi pada sistem resirkulasi dengan kondisi cahaya berbeda
Abstrak: Karang lunak merupakan bagian dari ekosistem terumbu karang yang dianggap penting dan merupakan komponen kedua terbesar sesudah karang batu serta mempunyai peranan yang penting dalam ekologi terunbu karang, seperti memberikan kontribusi pada pembentukan terumbu (Manuputty, 2002). Penelitian karang lunak telah banyak dilakukan terutama penelitian tentang kandungan bioaktif yang terdapat dalam karang lunak. Mengingat banyaknya peranan karang lunak yang dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan senyawa bioaktif masih berasal dari alam maka pengendalian stok di alam perlu dilakukan secara optimal. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan untuk tetap menjaga kelestariannya adalah melakukan transplantasi dengan fragmentasi buatan.
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Judul: Pertumbuhan karang lunak Sinularia dura hasil transplantasi pada sistem resirkulasi
Abstrak: Karang lunak Sinularia dura dapat dijadikan sebagai bioaktif untuk berbagai jenis bidang seperti kesehatan, makanan dan lain sebagainya (Khalesi, 2008). Oleh karena itu, jika hanya mengambil stok karang dari alam saja akan membuat persediaan karang tersebut akan habis dan juga akan membuat ekosistem terumbu karang menjadi tidak seimbang. Salah satu cara untuk menjaga kelestarian karang agar tetap seimbang dan terhindar dari kepunahan yaitu dengan kultur karang dengan cara transplantasi. Kultur karang lunak yang ada di alam memiliki beberapa kendala seperti terjadinya sedimentasi dan pengontrolan yang agak sulit seperti perubahan suhu yang tidak menentu, gangguan oleh predator. Transplantasi karang lunak pada bak terkontrol yang memiliki beberapa kelebihan seperti tidak adannya sedimentasi, gangguan oleh predator lain, dan lebih efektif dalam pengontrolan, pengamatan.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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