Judul: Feed Source Potential Plants to Carrying Capacity Beekeeping Habitat (Apis dorsata) in Belitung District
Abstrak: Apis dorsata bee is one species of bee that produces honey. This species cannot be separated from the availability of plants that serve as a source of feed, namely nectar and pollen. The higher the potential of bee feed, the more bees produce honey because of the large availability of feed. These factors have the most important value in the carrying capacity of Apis dorsata bees. The development of the beekeeping business in the Belitung Regency causes an increase in the bee population, which will negatively impact if it is not accompanied by the availability of plant habitat as a source of feed. Therefore, information about the distribution pattern, abundance, and diversity of pollen and nectar-producing plants in the Belitung Regency needs to be known. Based on this background, this study aims to identify the composition, diversity, spatial distribution patterns, plant associations, influential environmental variables, and the potential area of nectar and pollen-producing plants as the carrying capacity of A. dorsata habitat. The diversity of plant species that produce nectar and pollen data was obtained from farmer information and direct observations. The spatial distribution pattern of nectar and pollen-producing plants and vegetation analysis using the purposive sampling method. Observation of the composition structure of the Apis dorsata habitat was made using a combination of observational plots between the method of pathways and nesting plots. The distance for each transect is 3 km. The profile diagram was created by determining the location in the sunggau group (labun) with a size of 20 × 20 m2 (400 m2 ). Habitat characteristics data is determined based on abiotic environmental factors: air temperature, humidity and light intensity, pH, and soil moisture. The collection of abiotic parameter data was carried out at every single sub-station on four repeats of each transect. Determination of habitat potential using MaxEnt v3.4.0 software using species presence data and environmental variables. The results showed 55 potential plant feed species for Apis dorsata, 40 species of nectar-producing, 40 species of pollen-producing, and 26 species of nectar and pollen-producing species. The level of species diversity (H') in Perpat Village is classified as medium to high with a value of (2.92 - 3.02). Kembiri Village is classified as moderate to high with a value of 2.57 - 3.09. From both locations, the diversity index in Perpat Village is classified as higher in all growth phases. The value of species dominance (C) from both locations in Perpat Village was more dominated by several species than in Kembiri Village. The value of species-level (E) in Perpat Village has a higher value where the higher the value of leveling, the more stable the species diversity in the community. Other research results showed that the association index value in Perpat Village is meager at 36.7% compared to 45.9% in Kembiri Village. Only a tiny percentage showed a very high degree of association in the first location at 18.3% and the second at 12.1%. The distribution of plants in Perpat Village and Kembiri di lokasi pertama sebesar 18,3% dan lokasi kedua sebesar 12,1%. Persebaran tumbuhan di Desa Perpat dan Desa
Keyword: habitat modeling, rafter, spatial distribution, vegetation analysis, vegetation profiles

Judul: Regional Development Plan Based on Beekeeping Activity in Cianjur Regency
Abstrak: Forestry development policy-based natural resources provide benefits to the development of non-timber forest products through social forestry activities, including beekeeping business. Beekeeping businesses have considerable opportunities to be developed in the community. It is because of the demand of honey is increasing for variety of needs. Furthermore, Indonesia also has the potential of natural resources to support the beekeeping development business. One of the potential areas for beekeeping development is Cianjur Regency, where it has been cultivated since 2006. The type of honey bee which cultivated is Apis mellifera, with an average production of 3-4 tons/year. However, the main problem encountered beekeeping activities in this regency is limited bee forage resources. This limitation and migratory behaviour of Apis mellifera are causing herding activity of the bees in certain months must be herded out of Cianjur to increase honey production. As an effort to overcome this problem, Cianjur Regency Government through the Forestry and Plantation Agency has been developing a Participatory Business Plan (PBP) to build a Tourism Bees Park. The basic concept of PBP is implementing an integrated beekeeping, through the development of bee forage resources, honey bee product processing and diversification of honey bee product in one location without herding activity outside Cianjur. Geographic information systems (GIS) have the ability to create a model framework for land suitability evaluation (Elsheikh et al. 2013) and develop habitat suitability models through a multi-criteria evaluation approach and integrate it with expert knowledge (Store and Jokimaki 2003). GIS approach is applied in this research to determine the land suitability for beekeeping. Moreover, through the analysis of land suitability for beekeeping by considering physical, social and financial aspect, this research is expected to provide direction plan for integrated beekeeping development in Cianjur. The objectives of this research are: (1) to analyze the beekeeping land suitability, considering the land suitability for bee forage plants and the habitat suitability for honey bee; (2) to analyze beekeeping financial; (3) to analyze public opinion about beekeeping, and (4) to formulate the development plan based on beekeeping activity. The selection of bee forage plants in this research are based on the time of flowering, pollen or nectar production, deployment, advantages and disadvantages in terms of cultivation. In this study, land suitability classification use the FAO (1976) clasification, which is not suitable order (N) just using 1 class. These consist of 4 classess: very suitable (S1), suitable (S2), marginally suitable (S3), and not suitable (N). The results of land suitability analysis for bee forage resources indicate that the land suitability classes for kapok S3 and N, while rubber and rambutan have suitability classes S1, S2, S3 and N. In addition, land suitability classes for corn consists of S3 and N; kelengkeng S2, S3 and N; Calliandra has suitability classes S and N. Each land unit has a variety of combinations of land suitability classes, which are 2-6 types of suitable bee forage resources per land unit. The percentage of Cianjur Regency area that very suitable to be used as a honey bee habitat is 22.94 % (83,030 ha), 33.44 % (121,034 ha)
Keyword: Apis mellifera, beekeeping

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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