Judul: Biodegradation of lignocelulosic of palm oil frond (Elacis guineensis) by phanerochaete chrysosporium as antioxidant and feedstuff for ruminant
Abstrak: Lignocellulose is the major component of biomass, it consists of three types of polymers, cellulose, hemicelllose and lignin that are stongly intermeshed and chemically bonded by non-covalent force and by covalent cross linkages. Phanerochaete chrysosporium was widely used to delignify agriculture waste product and improve biodegradation of the substrate as animal feed. This research was conducted to determine the optimum fermentation time of lignin and fermented palm oil frond with Phanerochaete chrysosporium based on the amount of phenolic compounds produce, its antioxidant activity and fiber digestibility in ruminant ration. The first experiment, palm oil frond and lignin (extraction of palm oil frond) were inoculated with P. chrysosporium and incubated at room temperature for 0, 4, 8, 10 and 12 days. For each incubation time, two replications were employed. The phenolic compounds in the supernatant was determined by GC-MS and antioxidant activity test of lignin and palm oil frond fermented products using the method of α,α-Diphenyl-β-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The second experiment was conducted to study the interaction between inoculant doses and time of fermentation with Phanerochaete chrysosporium on pH, water activity, fiber components and nutrient. This research was done based on completely randomized design with 2 factor as treatments. The first factor was inoculant doses : 105cfu/ml, 106cfu/ ml, and 107 The third experiment was carried out to increase the use of palm oil fronds as a substitute material for Napier grass through biodegradation process with Phanerochaete chrysosoporium. A randomized completelyblockdesign with four treatments and four replications was used. The treatments were ration 1 (R1) containing 60% Napier grass, ration 2 (R2) containing 40% Napier grass and 20% fermented palm oil frond, ration 3 (R3) containing 20% Napier grass and 40% fermented palm oil frond, ration 4 (R4) containing 60 % fermented palm oil frond. Forty percent concentrate was included in all treatment rations. Parameters measured were in vitro digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber, NDF, and ADF. N-NH3 and TVFA concentration, number of celllulolitic bacteria and protozoa rumen and antioxidant activity in the rumen. cfu/ml, the second factor was length of fermentation : 10, 15, and 20 days. Results showed that longer incubation time (up to day 10) of oil palm frond increased the percentage of inhibition with89.411% inhibitionrate and antioxidant activity was declined at 12 days of incubation. Similar pattern was obtained from fermented lignin with 92.108% inhibition rate for 10 days fermentation.On day 10 fermentation, the main components of phenolic compounds resulted from lignin degradation included 2.6dimethoxy phenol, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, vanillin acid and syringic aldehid and those from fermented oil palm frond included syringic acid, 2.6dimethoxy phenol, hidroxy benzaldehyd, methoxy phenol, and syringic aldehid.Dose of 107cfu/ml inoculant and 10 days time of fermentation were most effectivelyreducing lignin (47.79%), NDF (40.16%), ADF (40.93%), Cellulose (35.69%), Hemicellulose (36.90%), lignin degradation (49.47%), the ratio of cellulose to lignin (1.35). There was no interaction between inoculant doses and time of fermentation on fermented palm oil frond dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and BETN. In vitro experiment showed that incresing level of fermented palm oil frond in
Keyword: antioxidant, lignin, palm oil frond, phanerochaete chrysosporium, biodegradationbbbbb

Judul: Evaluasi Komponen Serat Hasil Biofermentasi Pelepah Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) dengan Phanerochaetae chrysosporium pada Dosis Inokulan dan Lama Fermentasi yang Berbeda
Abstrak: Oil palm frond (OPF) is a crop residue which containing high fiber, so that if it is used as animal feed, it can decrease the digestibility. Biofermentation with Phanerochaetae chrysosporium is a way to solve this problem. This research aimed to evaluate the interaction between inoculant dose and the length of fermentation with P. chrysosporium on pH, water activity (aw), and fiber components. This research used factorial completely randomized design (3x3). The first factor was inoculant doses: 105 CFU ml-1, 106 CFU ml-1, and 107 CFU ml-1, while the length of fermentations (10, 15, 20 days) as a second factor. The results showed that there ware interaction between two factors to fiber components, but interaction was not detected between two factors to pH and aw. Combination of 107 CFU ml-1 inoculant dose with 10 days fermentation were the most effective to decrease NDF, ADF, hemicelluloses, lignin, and cellulose of OPF.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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