Judul: Deteksi dan identifikasi bakteri yang terbawa benih padi IR 64 yang terkena penyakit garis merah bakteri (Bacterial Red Stripe)
Abstrak: Isolat bakteri yang dideteksi berasal dari benih padi IR 64 yang tanamannya memperlihatkan gejala BRS. Metode penelitian dimulai dari mendeteksi bakteri dengan mengada- kan isolasi.., kemudian bakteri diidentifikasi, diinokulasi- kan dan reisolasi. Sebelum diisolasi, benih sakit mendapat dua macam per- lakuan, yaitu dikupas kulitnya (beras) dan tidak dikupas (gabah). Masing-masing perlakuan didesinfestasi dengan empat cara, yaitu dicuci dengan alkohol, NaOCl, air menga- lir dan dengan air steril. Pada benih sakit yang didesinfestasi dengan NaOCl dan alkohol, tidak didapatkan bakteri yang virulen, sedangkan pada pencucian benih dengan air mengalir dan air steril, didapatkan bakteri yang bersifat virulen, dan termasuk ge- nus Pseudomonas...
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Judul: Identifikasi beberapa isolat bakteri yang berasal dari tanaman padi varietas IR 64
Abstrak: Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi beberapa isolat bakteri yang berasal dari tanaman padi varietas IR 64. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Laboratorium Bakteri Patogen Tumbuhan dan rumah kaca, Jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor, mulai bulan Januari 1994 sampai dengan September 1994. Inokulum bakteri yang digunakan diperoleh dari daun padi yang menunjukkan gejala penyakit di kebun petani desa Sindang Barang dan kebun percobaan Cikeumeuh, Bogor. Dari 11 isolat yang diperoleh dari kedua tempat terse- but ternyata hanya 5 isolat (D3C, D₁B, X12, WA, WB) yang diduga patogen. Metode yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah: isolasi, inokulasi, reisolasi dan identifikasi. Isolasi bakteri dari daun yang bergejala dilakukan dengan metode penggoresan suspensi bakteri. Inokulasi bakteri pada tanaman dilakukan dengan cara: pengguntingan, penempelan dan penyemprotan. Reisolasi bakteri patogen dilaksanakan dengan cara mengisolasi patogen tersebut dari daun yang menimbulkan gejala. Identifikasi isolat-isolat bakteri ini dilaksanakan dengan: uji Gram, hipersensitivitas, oksidatif-fermentatif, hidrolisis pati, fluoresens pada medium King's B, pewarnaan kapsul, bentuk sel, hidrolisis gelatin, aktivitas oksidase, warna koloni pada medium Nutrien Agar. Hasil dari identifikasi yang dilakukan adalah: isolat D3C diduga patogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzicola, isolat D₁B Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, isolat X12 dan WA Pseudomonas fuscovaginae dan isolat WB Pseudomonas avenae.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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