Judul: Detection of Beta Lactam Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli from Pig Slaughterhouse Floors in Tanggerang City
Abstrak: Kejadian resistansi antibiotik di Indonesia menjadi masalah yang serius tetapi tingkat resistansi dan gen penyandi resistansinya belum banyak dilaporkan, termasuk yang bersumber dari tempat pemotongan babi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam pada Escherichia coli yang diisolasi dari lantai tempat pemotongan babi di Kota Tangerang. Keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam dideteksi menggunakan real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 80% isolat memiliki setidaknya satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam. Sebanyak 40% isolat mengandung lebih dari satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam. Gen blaTEM, blaCTX-M, dan blaCMY2 dideteksi pada isolat dengan prevalensi secara berurut sebesar 60%, 40%, dan 30%. Tingginya prevalensi gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam pada E. coli dari lantai berpeluang menjadi sumber penyebaran resistansi antibiotik melalui lingkungan yang tercemar.
Keyword: antibiotik, Escherichia coli, resistansi, beta laktam

Judul: Detection of Beta Lactam Antibiotic Resistance Gene in Escherichia coli from Effluent of Pig Slaughterhouse in Tangerang City
Abstrak: Pesatnya perkembangan industri peternakan babi menyebabkan penggunaan antibiotik sebagai obat dan bahan tambahan pakan semakin meningkat. Penyalahgunaan antibiotik hewan menyebabkan munculnya gen resistansi antibiotik secara cepat pada hewan yang selanjutnya mempercepat perkembangan resistansi bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam pada Escherichia coli (E. coli) yang diisolasi dari efluen tempat pemotongan babi di Kota Tangerang. Keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam dideteksi dengan menggunakan quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 80% isolat memiliki setidaknya satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam. Gen blaTEM, blaCTX-M, dan blaCMY-2 dideteksi pada isolat dengan prevalensi secara berurutan sebesar 60%, 50%, dan 30%. Sebanyak 40% isolat mengandung lebih dari satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam. Tingginya prevalensi gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam berpotensi menjadi sumber penyebaran resistansi antibiotik ke lingkungan yang dapat berdampak pada kesehatan masyarakat., The rapid development of the pig farming industry has led to the increasing use of antibiotics as medicine and feed additives. Misuse of animal antibiotics causes the emergence of antibiotic resistance genes rapidly in animals which in turn accelerates the development of bacterial resistance. This study aimed to detect the presence of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from pig slaughterhouse effluent in Tangerang City. The presence of beta lactam antibiotic resistance genes was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results showed that 80% of the isolates had at least one beta-lactam antibiotic resistance gene. The blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaCMY-2 genes were detected in isolates with a prevalence of 60%, 50%, and 30%, respectively. As many as 40% of the isolates contained more than one beta lactam antibiotic resistance gene. The high prevalence of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes has the potential to become a source of spread of antibiotic resistance to the environment which can have an impact on public health.
Keyword: antibiotik, babi, beta laktam, E. coli, efluen

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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