Judul: Kloning Gen Protease Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines YR64 ke dalam Escherichia coli
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengklon gen protease Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines YR64 yang sifat-sifat proteasenya telah diketahui, ke dalam Escherichia coli (E. coli). Vektor yang digunakan dalam proses kloning adalah pBluescript dan pBBRlMCS2. Untuk plasmid pBluescript digunakan E. coli XL1 Blue sebagai inang, sedangkan untuk pBBRlMCS2 digunakan E. coli JM107.
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Judul: Karakterisasi protease dari Escherichia coli yang membawa sisipan DNA Xanthomonas campestris pv glycines
Abstrak: Xanthomonas campestris pv g/ycines (Xcg) .· lebih dikenal sebagai ba eri patogen pada tanaman. lnfeksi bakteri ini pada daun menyebabkan pembesaran sel-sel, terutama pada jaringan mesofil, sehingga membentuk bisul pada permukaan daun. Bakteri ini disamping menyebabkan penyakit bisul ternyata mempunyai sifat menguntungkan, yaitu: menghasilkan gum xanthan, xanthomonadin, amilase, endoglukanase, poligalakturonat liase dan protease. Penelitian Xcg telah dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dan Biokimia, Pusat Antar Universitas, Bioteknologi, lnstitut Pertanian Bogor, penekanan penelitian pada sifat-sifat patogenisitas dan penanggulangannya. Xcg yang diisolasi dari Pulau Jawa, dilaporkan mempunyai kemampuan menghasilkan protease lebih besar dari pada kelompok Bacillus sp. Xcg 1 FL dan Xcg YR64 yang diisolasi dari Cibadak, Sukabumi, dan Darmaga, Bogor, me unjukkan aktivitas protease yang paling tinggi dibandingkan dengan koleksi Xcg lainnya...dst
Keyword: Xanthomonas campestris pv glycines (Xcg), cloning gene, characterization protease, and identification/verification.

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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