Judul: Five Essays on Building Energy Efficiency and Policies in Indonesia
Abstrak: Indonesia's energy demand is increasing as a result of growth in infrastructure and economy. As energy demand grows, opportunities for energy efficiency also expand in various sectors in Indonesia. The green retrofitting is an exception despite the vast opportunity, and Indonesia has multimillion-dollar energy efficiency potential. Nevertheless, only a tiny percentage of this available potential can be attained. Under technological innovation, retrofitting in building sectors is technically feasible and economically viable. New technologies could increase building energy efficiency and energy saving, where some of the techniques needed for retrofitting are already available in the market. However, acceptance among business owners varies across the building, industrial and commercial sectors. It is due to a lack of awareness about the savings potential of the best available technologies (one of the barriers). Hence, the government needs to help and incentivize new energy-saving companies (ESCOs) to enter the building energy efficiency sector. These incentives are necessary to overcome the paradox of the energy gap and let the ESCO enter the building energy performance program. With the explanation above, the author undertakes this study to learn more about the strategy of the ESCO to gain opportunities and open new markets in the building energy efficiency sector. It can be done by promoting the use of environmentally friendly technology equipment that ultimately aims to keep its performance growing on an ongoing basis. New opportunities that ESCO can do are to offer a Product Service System (PSS) business model in the form of Energy Saving Agreement (ESA) or Energy Saving Performance Contract (ESPC), which is known as the "retrofit" contract. Hence, the purpose of this research are as follow: 1) Investigate ESCO's confidence and tapping potential in energy efficiency business sectors, 2) To explore the retrofit practices and retrofit financing, 3) To investigate the decomposition Factors of Energy Consumption in Indonesia and Forecasting Energy Intensity, and 4) To analyze and evaluate the driving factors of carbon emissions in Indonesia. This dissertation consists of five independent essays. The dissertation explores the relationship between energy consumption, building energy efficiency (BEE) Industry, energy saving, energy conservation services company or energy service company (ESCO), and energy-economic growth relationships. This dissertation helps understand how market barriers are the main problem and affect the organization's energy efficiency development behavior. Understanding the market drivers and nature of the energy efficiency development and the consequences, its new PSS business model, the value of the investment, and new intelligent financing options will benefit all the participants. Energy efficiency retrofitting is viable in Indonesia. However, non-market and market barriers in implementing energy-saving vary across sectors. Thus, again, the energy efficiency retrofitting remains an anomaly. Indonesia requires a comprehensive set of government policies to spurs the building energy efficiency industry and avoid the "energy gap." Moreover, Indonesia will receive many benefits as a result of its building energy efficiency. By supporting the energy service companies and introducing new funding scheme rules in the building energy efficiency industry, the government will ensure and reduce the demand for energy consumption. It helps eliminate the need for new coal-fired power plants, reducing the
Keyword: Building energy-efficiency, Business Model Innovation, Energy Service Company, Government Measure, Product Service System

Judul: The study of electrical energy conservation management for planning and controlling at PT. PHE.
Abstrak: The purpose of this paper is to address the issue of electrical energy consumption through case studies as a sample of buildings on a PT. PHE. This study analyzes energy consumption profile, Energy Consumption Intensity (ECI), electricity quality, building envelope systems, HVAC, lighting systems, energy conservation opportunity and energy conservation management. This study uses energy audit method, ECI analyze, energy conservation opportunity, financial assessment and feasiblity study of energy conservation. The result of this study indicated that the consumption of electrical energy in PT. PHE tended to decline in 2012. The average of electricity consumption amounted to 446,191 kWh with an average cost each month of 355,288,895 rupiah. ECI values was 12.45 kWh/m2/month, it is quite efficient category. The electricity quality systems generally meet the standard. Except the maximum value of current unbalance and harmonics are higher than standard, that are caused by an unbalance of the load factor at the transformer 2. Both of the energy audit on the overall transfer thermal value 29.45 kWh/m2 and HVAC systems are accordance with the Indonesian National Standard. But energy efficiency still can be upgraded simply by turning on the air conditioning or chiller mechine 1 hour before work and turn off 30 minutes before the end of working hours. The estimate cost saving of this implementation is 260,231,400 rupiah. Energy audit of lighting systems shows the power intensity of lighting which still meet with standards. However, the intensity of illumination is lower than standard. Therefore, the recommendation to retrofitting TL 36 watt with 18 watt tube LED, TL 18 watt with LED 9 watt tube, PLC 14 watt with 9 watt LED, turning off the lights in the lobby when outside lighting is sufficient. If the recommendations are implemented, it will save an amounted cost 128,922,300 rupiah per year. In order towards profitable energy conservation investment, it is recommended to invest with internal corporate capital. this energy conservation program must be supported by energy management systems. The tools utilized to analyzed energy management model is a matrix of energy management. It has six main pillars consisting of policy and system, organization of energy, motivation, information systems, and investment promotion. Based on the results of research, the status of implementation of SME in PT . PHE is at level 1 .
Keyword: energy conservation management, energy audit, energy efficiency

Judul: Approximation of the Median of Poisson Distribution Using the Relation of Poisson-Gamma Distribution
Abstrak: A major drawback of median is that median cannot usually be defined in closed form, even in the cases where their distribution functions are known. This study gives an approximation of the closed form for the median of the Poisson distribution by using the relation of Poisson-Gamma distribution. The approximation uses elementary techniques based on the monotonicity of certain sequences involving tail probabilities of the Poisson distribution and the Central Limit Theorem. Furthermore, a closed form expression for the mean absolute deviation 􀜧|􀜰􀰒 􀵆 􀜯􀝁􀝀􁈺􀜰􀰒􁈻| is also studied. The median is relevant because of the fact that it minimizes the mean absolute deviation of a Poisson random variable (􀜰􀰒􁈻 by considering median as central tendency.
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