Judul: Metabolomic Analysis of Selaginella spp. (Selaginellaceae) and its Potential as Medicinal Plants
Abstrak: Selaginella merupakan salah satu marga tumbuhan paku dari suku Selaginellaceae yang memiliki keragaman spesies yang tinggi di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Selaginella memiliki potensi dan manfaat yang cukup besar terutama dalam bidang kesehatan, khususnya dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai tumbuhan obat. Namun, informasi metabolit pada Selaginella spp. masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis metabolit pada Selaginella spp. yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai obat dan dapat digunakan sebagai pembeda antar spesies. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi preparasi sampel, ekstraksi sampel, analisis kandungan metabolit dengan LC-MS/MS, dan analisis data. Analisis metabolomik meliputi identifikasi metabolit menggunakan perangkat lunak MZmine 3.1.0 beta, analisis profil metabolit, klaster heatmap, dan analisis gugus menggunakan MetaboAnalyst 5.0. Hasil analisis menunjukkan sebanyak 113 metabolit terdeteksi pada tiga spesies Selaginella yang diamati. Analisis gugus berdasarkan ciri metabolit mengelompokan seluruh individu menjadi 3 kelompok sesuai dengan spesiesnya. Metabolit Selaginella willdenowii lebih mirip Selaginella ornata dibandingkan dengan Selaginella plana. Beberapa senyawa yang terdeteksi memiliki manfaat penting dalam bidang pangan, kesehatan, dan kecantikan. Senyawa aloeresin a, naringin, rhoifolin, isoschaftoside, isovitexin 2''-oarabinoside, 4-vinylphenol, dan isofraxidin merupakan kandidat penanda kimia pada Selaginella plana. Senyawa velutin, aspalathin, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, gardenin a, catechol, dan n-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamide merupakan kandidat penanda kimia pada Selaginella ornata. Senyawa kapakahine b, dihydrojasmonic acid, linoleic acid, alantoic acid, menaquinone, dan nandrolone merupakan kandidat penanda kimia pada Selaginella willdenowii., Selaginella is a genus of Pteridophyta from the Selaginellaceae which has high diversity in tropical and subtropical areas. Selaginella has considerable potential and benefits, particularly it can be used as a medicinal plant. However, information on metabolites in Selaginella spp. is still limited. This study aimed to analyze the metabolite compounds in Selaginella spp. which can be used as medicine and as a biomarker to differentiate among species. The research methods included sample preparation, sample extraction, analysis of metabolite content by LC-MS/MS, and data analysis. The metabolomic analysis included the identification of metabolites using MZmine 3.1.0 beta software, analysis of metabolite profiles, and cluster analysis using MetaboAnalyst 5.0. The results of the analysis showed that as many as 113 different metabolites were detected in the three Selaginella species. Metabolite based cluster analysis grouped all individuals into 3 groups according to the species. Selaginella willdenowii metabolites are more similar to Selaginella ornata than Selaginella plana. Some of the metabolites detected have important benefits for food, health, and beauty. Aloeresin a, naringin, rhoifolin, isoschaftoside, isovitexin 2''-o-arabinoside, 4- vinylphenol, and isofraxidin compound are candidate chemical markers in Selaginella plana. Velutin, aspalathin, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde, gardenin a, catechol and n-(1,1-dimethyl-3-oxobutyl)acrylamide compound are candidate chemical markers in Selaginella ornata. Kapakahine b, dihydrojasmonic acid, linoleic acid, alantoic acid, menaquinone, and nandrolone compound are candidate chemical markers in Selaginella willdenowii.
Keyword: cluster analysis, heatmap, LC-MS/MS, metabolite

Judul: Biodiversity, Ethnobotany, and Antioxidant Ability of Selaginella spp. from Halimun-Salak Mountain National Park (TNGHS).
Abstrak: Biodiversity and ethnobotany of Selaginella were studied in Halimun-Salak Mountain National Park (TNGHS) to describe the diversity and the use of Selaginella as medicinal plant. The diversity study of Selaginella was done by exploring Selaginella at 6 sampling points. The ethnobotany study of Selaginella was done by interviewing respondents at the villagers around Bunder Mountain, Citalahab Sentral, and Kasepuhan Adat Banten Kidul. There were eight species Selaginella found in TNGHS which were S. willdenovii, S. ornata, S. plana, S. intermedia, S. involvens, S. alutacia, S. subalpina and one species that has not been identified yet. The first two species were found dominantly in this location. The community in the location of study called Selaginella as paku rane. At the villages around Bunder mountain and Citalahab Sentral, Selaginella is also called as rande. The plant was traditionally used as fresh vegetables, postnatal and wound treatment, and body fitness maintenance. Antioxidant ability of Selaginella was tested by performing hydroxyl radical scavenging activity based on Fenton reaction. Three species of Selaginella were tested their hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. S. plana was the most potential species as an antioxidant followed by S. ornata and S. willdenovii. The crude extract of S. plana showed the best antioxidant activity at concentration of 75 μg/ml. Key words: Selaginella, biodiversity, ethnobotany, antioxidant, Halimun-Salak Mountain National Park (TNGHS)
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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