Judul: Rainfall estimation based on geostationary (MTSAT-1R) and microwave imager (TRMM) satellite: Case study DAS Citarum
Abstrak: This research used blended satellite which are geostationary satellite (MTSAT-1R) and TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI). The analyze is based on the MTSAT-1R canal 1R1 with spatial resolution (0.05o x 0.05o) for brightness temperature and TMI with hourly temporal resolution. The research focussed which covered 462 pixels for Citarum Water Catchment Area. TMI is good enough to estimate the precipitation because using microwave to estimating volume of cloud but for temporal scale is not good enough. Assumed wind movement, atmosphere stabilization, and topography are ignored. The relationship analysis between the brightness temperature from MTSAT-1R and the rainfall from TMI have been conducted in this research. There is a relation between brightness temperature and rainfall. Decreasing of brightness temperature is comparable by increasing of precipitation. In the modified exponential regression between two variable, the equation is formed Rainfall estimation = a.e(b/cloud brightness temperature) with determination coefficient 0,71. Then, this modification is used to estimate the precipitation. The result showed that there is an overestimate between estimation data and field measurement data. Increasing quality of data followed by the higher time dimension data (daily, 5 days, 10 days). The ratio test produce calibration factor 0.5 that can reduce overestimate data. This methods are having advantages in spatial and temporal scales as geostationary. In order to increase the accuracy, the validation of data needs to be done by completing the TMI with other parameter and sources and also taking the topography of area into consideration.
Keyword: 

Judul: Evaluasi Curah Hujan GSMaP dan TRMM TMPA dengan Curah Hujan Permukaan Wilayah Jakarta – Bogor
Abstrak: Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multi-Satellite Precipitation Analysis (TRMM TMPA) are global measured precipitation projects using satellite combination (blended) technique of infrared sensor and microwave sensor. This research having purpose to evaluate GSMaP and TRMM data with Surface rainfall data in various topographies (beach, level-land, mountainous region, and The whole area) and temporal variation (daily, 10days, and monthly) in Jakarta-Bogor area. The evaluation is done using visual and statistical comparison method (correlation coefficient, MAE, RMSE, and Mann-Whitney Test). The evaluation result of daily and 10days of GSMaP in all area studies showing a pattern didn’t follow the Surface rainfall (r<0.20), while TRMM daily rainfall data in beach area and The whole having r>0.60 and the Mann-Whitney test shows TRMM doesn’t have significant difference with surface rainfall data. 10days TRMM rainfall in all region, except mountainous region, shows TRMM rainfall can follow surface rainfall pattern (r>0.77). Monthly GSMaP data comparison to surface rainfall showing correlation more than 0.60 on beach and land area can be applied, by using correction equation, because GSMaP rainfall data always lower than surface data. The monthly TRMM rainfall data can be applied in all studies area because the pattern is suitable to surface rainfall data (maximum correlation is 0.98). Error identification shows that there is warm rain and high variation on land surface emission especially in mountainous area causing either GSMaP and TRMM cannot follow the surface rainfall data. GSMaP correction equation in beach region, shows the parameter that affect error are surface temperature and specific humidity in 850mb, while at region II, III, and The Whole there is no local parameter which has influence. TRMM correction equation in region III(mountainous area), shows local parameter which has an influence to accurate of this TRMM is surface pressure, wind 850mb, interaction of meridional wind and surface slope, air temperature 850mb, soil humidity in 10-200cm, and skin temperature.
Keyword: 

Judul: Embriogenesis ikan buta (Astyanax fasciatus)
Abstrak: Ikan buta Astyanax fasciatus adalah spesies ikan unik dari famili Characidae yang menempati perairan dalam gua di Wilayah La Cueva Chica-San Luis Potasi-Mexico. Ikan ini memiliki mata yang tereduksi (Blind Cavefish) dan warna kulit merah muda, pucat serta mengkilap.
Keyword: