Judul: Pricing of Lookback Options with Floating Strike Price Using The Monte Carlo Method
Abstrak: Opsi lookback adalah opsi yang payoff-nya bergantung pada harga saham terbesar atau harga saham terkecil yang dicapai selama masa berlaku opsi. Opsi lookback dikatakan dengan floating strike price jika nilai dari strike price sebesar harga saham pada saat jatuh tempo. Nilai hampiran opsi lookback ditentukan dengan metode Monte Carlo, sedangkan nilai eksak didapat dari nilai simulasi terbesar yang mampu dihitung oleh komputer. Berdasarkan hasil penghitungan, nilai galat relatif yang dihasilkan semakin kecil dengan semakin bertambah banyaknya simulasi yang dilakukan, sehingga metode Monte Carlo untuk menghitung harga opsi lookback dengan floating strike price konvergen ke nilai eksaknya., Lookback option is an option whose payoff depends on the maximum or minimum of the asset price reached during the option period. The lookback option is said to be a floating strike price if the value of the strike price is equal to the stock price at maturity. The value of the lookback option is determined by the Monte Carlo method, while the exact value is obtained from the largest simulation value that the computer can compute. Based on the calculation results, the resulting relative error value get smaller with the increasing number of simulations performed. Therefore, the Monte Carlo method to calculate the price of the lookback option with the floating strike price converges to the exact value.
Keyword: lookback option, floating strike price, Monte Carlo method, convergent

Judul: Penentuan Harga Opsi Lookback dengan Model Binomial: Studi Kasus PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk
Abstrak: Opsi lookback ialah salah satu opsi yang bergantung terhadap perjalanan harga saham, khususnya nilai minimum atau maksimum harga saham pada suatu periode waktu tertentu. Opsi ini terbagi menjadi dua tipe, yakni opsi lookback dengan floating strike dan opsi lookback dengan fixed strike. Karya ilmiah ini membahas penentuan harga opsi lookback secara numerik. Lebih khusus, pendekatan numerik yang digunakan dalam karya ilmiah ini ialah model binomial. Model binomial merupakan model sederhana yang digunakan untuk mengaproksimasi harga saham di masa mendatang, dengan mengasumsikan dua kemungkinan pergerakan harga saham yaitu harga saham akan naik atau turun. Model binomial one-step dapat diperluas menjadi model binomial multi-step dan dapat diterapkan pada model penentuan harga opsi dari PT Indofood Sukses Makmur Tbk…
Keyword: Fixed strike, Floating strike, Model binomial, Opsi lookback, Aset, Investasi, Vola tilitas

Judul: Duodenal Histopathology of Pediatric Rat (Rattus norvergicus)&#160;Fed with Orange Juice (Citrus sinensis)
Abstrak: This research investigates the impact of orange juice consumption on the histological structure of the duodenum, a critical site for nutrient absorption and digestion. Focusing on pediatric animals, orange juice (with a pH of 3) was administered to post-weaning rats aged 4 weeks to 6 weeks at dosages ranging from 0g/kg BW to 20g/kg BW over two weeks. Duodenal histopathology was assessed, focusing on parameters such as the quantity of crypts of Lieberkuhn, as well as the length, height, width, and depth of villi (measured in µm). Anatomical pathology examination included measurements of the length and width of the duodenum (also in µm), as well as the color mean (OD). The research findings indicate no significant changes in histopathology or anatomy pathology of the duodenum. This suggests that young individuals can adapt to acidic challenges without compromising gastrointestinal health. These findings offer reassurance regarding the short-term consumption of acidic orange juice (with a pH of 3) with minimal risks to intestinal integrity, both during growth and development.
Keyword: acidic changes