Judul: The Effect of Economic Complexity of Trade Approach on GHG Emissions in G20 Countries: Environmental Kuznets Curve Model
Abstrak: Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkualitas tidak hanya meningkatkan ukuran ekonomi suatu negara, namun juga meningkatkan kapabilitas dari sumber daya manusia dan pengembangan variasi teknologi yang digunakan dalam proses produksinya. Dinamika perkembangan semua faktor tersebut dapat dijelaskan oleh Economic Complexity Index (ECI). Banyak negara mengakselerasi pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui optimalisasi sektor industri, akan tetapi sektor tersebut masih didominasi oleh energi tak terbarukan seperti minyak bumi dan batu bara sehingga menyebabkan peningkatan emisi gas rumah kaca (GRK) yang terdiri atas emisi karbon dioksida (CO2), metana (CH4), nitrogen dioksida (N2O). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ECI terhadap emisi GRK dalam pendekatan Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) dengan menggunakan metode analisis panel kointegrasi jangka panjang yaitu Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) dan Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) pada 18 negara anggota G20 sejak 1995-2020. Hasil penelitian dikategorikan menjadi tiga bagian yaitu full sample, negara maju, dan negara berkembang. Variabel ECI dalam pendekatan EKC menunjukkan pengaruh dalam menurunkan emisi, variabel energi terbarukan berpengaruh negatif untuk full sample dan negara maju, sedangkan berpengaruh positif pada negara berkembang. Selanjutnya, variabel Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) pada full sample dan negara maju berpengaruh negatif, sedangkan berpengaruh positif terhadap emisi pada negara berkembang. Temuan analisis titik balik (turning point) untuk setiap negara hasilnya berbeda-beda agar ECI mampu menurunkan emisi. Implikasi kebijakan dari hasil tersebut yaitu perlu adanya komitmen bersama dalam meningkatkan ECI yang didukung dengan investasi hijau dan adopsi teknologi ramah lingkungan.
Keyword: Emisi gas rumah kaca, energi terbarukan, EKC, FMOLS DOLS, kompleksitas ekonomi

Judul: Pengaruh Dimensi Ekonomi, Sosial dan Lingkungan terhadap Tingkat Emisi Gas Karbon Dioksida di Negara G20
Abstrak: Pertumbuhan ekonomi menjadi orientasi dalam mengevaluasi kemajuan perekonomian dengan proksi Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Pertumbuhan ekonomi memiliki peran terhadap penurunan kualitas lingkungan akibat aktivitas produksi yang menghasilkan output emisi gas rumah kaca. Gas CO2 merupakan emisi terbesar terhadap komposisi gas rumah kaca di atmosfer. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hipotesis Environmental Kuznets Curve serta menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi tingkat emisi gas CO2 di kawasan Negara G20. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel 19 negara G20 pada tahun 1991-2016 dengan metode analisis kuantitatif pendekatan fixed effect model yang diboboti oleh cross section weight. Hasil regresi menunjukkan bahwa kurva EKC terbukti pada kawasan Negara G20. Variabel GDP per kapita, keterbukaan perdagangan, dan konsumsi energi berpengaruh signifikan positif meningkatkan jumlah emisi gas CO2. Variabel luas kawasan hutan dan Indeks Pembangunan Manusia berpengaruh signifikan dan negatif terhadap tingkat emisi gas CO2, sedangkan dummy protokol kyoto tidak berpengaruh signifikan tetapi koefisiennya bernilai negatif terhadap tingkat emisi gas CO2., Economic growth is the orientation in evaluating economic progress with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) proxy. Economic growth has a role in reducing environmental quality due to production activities that produce greenhouse gas emissions. CO2 gas is the largest emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This study aims to analyze the Environmental Kuznets Curve. hypothesis and analyze the factors that influence the level of CO2 gas emissions in the G20 countries. This study uses panel data from 19 G20 countries in 1991-2016. The method used in this research is a quantitative analysis using a fixed effect model approach which is weighted by cross section weight. The results of regression show that the EKC curve is relevant in the G20 countries. The variables GDP per capita, trade openness, and energy consumption have a significant positive effect on increasing the amount of CO2 gas emissions. The variable of forest area and HDI have a significant and negative effect on the level of CO2 gas emissions, while the Kyoto protocol dummy has no significant effect but the coefficient is negative on the level of CO2 gas emissions.
Keyword: CO2 emissions, Economic growth, Environmental Kuznets Curve, Fixed effect model

Judul: Studi sistematika  Oreophryne Boettger, 1895Sulawesi (Anura: Microhylidae)
Abstrak: The cross frogs, genus Oreophryne Boettger, 1895 are most diverse in the mainland of New Guinea and adjacent islands, to the Wallacea region in the Moluccas, Sulawesi, and the Lesser Sunda Islands, even marginally to the Oriental region in Bali and to the southern Philippine Islands. In Sulawesi, this taxon consists of three species but has rarely been reported since their original descriptions and remained unstudied in both taxonomical work and molecular study. This research aims to evaluate the taxonomic status of the cross frogs in Sulawesi based on morphology and estimate the phylogenetic using the 16S rRNA gene. The phylogenetic tree was reconstructed under Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses. We used the specimens of Sulawesian Oreophryne which were stored at the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB). A total of about 19 morphological characters were measured by a digital caliper and ocular micrometer to the nearest 0.01 mm. The phylogenetic tree shows that the three nominal species of Oreophryne from Sulawesi are clearly clustered. Correspondingly, the phylogenetic analysis supports the recognition of a new taxon, Oreophryne sp. However, the phylogenetic relationships between Oreophryne within Wallacea remain unresolved. Consequently, further systematic analysis along with additional sequences from the type locality is necessary to clarify the interspecific relationship among this region. We examined the morphology of 50 voucher specimens of Sulawesian Oreophryne. The validity of O. celebensis, O. variabilis, and O. zimmeri was confirmed in this study, but still the latter remains to be established. The three nominal species examined here were not collected from the type locality, so additional specimens, either in the type locality, new locations, or in other areas on this island are needed to evaluate the taxonomic status of these species deeply. Moreover, the unnamed species from the highland of the Mekongga mountains differ morphologically and genetically from all previously described Sulawesian Oreophryne. This distinct species will increase the number of cross frogs in Sulawesi to four species, all of which are endemic.
Keyword: frog, morphology, Oreophryne, phylogenetic, Sulawesi, systematics