Judul: Karakteristik Pengomposan Limbah Padat Pasar Tradisional dengan Sistem Natural Static Pile
Abstrak: Traditional market solid waste consists of various unsellable vegetables and fruits as well as other organic or inorganic materials. Amount of solid waste generated from traditional markets in Bogor City was about 330 m3 per day. Approximately 70% of solid waste are transported, but the remaining (30%) were not transported and were accumulated at the market, causing pollution and mal odors in the environment. This is due to the composition of solid waste i.e 90% organic and 10% inorganic. Solid waste can be proccessed to become compost, so it has an add value. The composting of organic solid waste can be done with simple technology and has two advantages i.e. producing compost and reducing environment pollution. The purpose of this study were to identify and characterize the traditional market solid waste, to compost traditional market solid waste, and to analyze the characteristics of the generated compost, comparing with SNI 19-7030-2004. The traditional market were Kebon Kembang market, Bogor Baru market, Merdeka market, Jambu Dua market, Gunung Batu market, Sukasari market and Padasuka market. This study consisted of three stages. The first stage was to identify the composition of solid waste and its characteristics, by conducting sample test in Laboratory of Technology and Environmental Management at Department of Agroindustrial Technology IPB. The second stage, composting 6 m3 of traditional markets organic solid waste and goat manure with natural static pile systems in composting house Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering IPB. The third stage was to analyze the characteristics of the compost at the Soil Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Bogor. The results showed that the average of solid waste from seven traditional markets in Bogor City was 115 m3/day, with composition of 90% organic (103.5 m3) and 10% inorganic (11.5 m3). Specific gravity (density) of organic solid waste is 242 kg/m3, and of goat manure is 342 kg/m3. The characteristic analysis results showed that organic solid waste of traditional markets have a high water content (90% of wet weight) and potential for composting. Periode of composting was 56 days and required an are of 6.5 m2. Conclusions of this research was 90% of the solid waste from traditional market was organic and potential to be composted. The organic solid waste of traditional market mixed with goat manure can be composted, and the compost product can fulfill the standard criteria in SNI 19-7030-2004.
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Judul: Konversi sampah organik pasar dengan sistem fermentasi media padat menjadi biogas dan pupuk organik.
Abstrak: In 2010 Indonesia produced 200 thousand tons of waste everyday. It causes problems for the society and for environment. The purposes of this research are to design and get an optimal process condition for solid medium fermentation to convert organic waste from traditional market into bioenergy and organic fertilizer, to characterize biogas, digestate, and leachate. The experiments were conducted with 1.5 L and 10 L reactors . Composition of organic waste from traditonal market that gave higest volume of biogas are banana leaf 7.5%, cornhusk 24.2%, bitter melon 14.8%, cabbage 19.9%, chicory 6.2%, water spinach 8.0%, mustard 8.0%, carrots 11.5% (w/w). It produced 4500 ml biogas/kg biomass and the maximum production was reached within 17 days. This equal to biogas production of 37.63 ml biogas/gram VS. Fermentation process in 10 liter reactor with adition of 75% feed, 50% of feed, and 100% feed produced 12378 ml, 10908 ml, and 16707 ml biogas, respectively leachate consists nitrogen 473-4500 ppm, phosphat 47-150 ppm, and COD 8333-12500 mg/l, while the digestate consists of carbon 28-49%, nitrogen 0.7-1.7%, phosphat 0.2-0.4%, and COD 16000-18000 mg/kg. Concentration of methane in biogas is still low and hence futher experiments needed to increase methane concentration. Keywords : organic waste, biogas, digestate, leachate, solid state fermentation
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Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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