Judul: The principles of animal welfare on the use of Southern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) at Macaca nemestrina Training Place, Pariaman Town
Abstrak: Beruk merupakan jenis monyet yang mempunyai ekor pendek seperti ekor babi, sehingga sering disebut pigtail monkey. Beruk termasuk ke dalam kategori Endangered oleh International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Salah satu pemanfaatan beruk dilakukan di tempat pelatihan beruk, Kota Pariaman. Beruk dilatih untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi rekan kerja di perkebunan kelapa. Pemanfaatan beruk sebaiknya tetap mengacu pada prinsip kesejahteraan hewan dimana satwa liar harus dipelihara pada lingkungan yang dapat memberikan pilihan bagi satwa untuk dapat berperilaku seperti di habitanya. Studi pustaka ini bertujuan mengetahui prinsip-prinsip kesejahteraan hewan dan dampaknya terhadap pemanfaatan beruk di tempat pelatihan beruk. Data yang dikumpulkan dianalisis dan dibandingkan dengan hasil penelitian lainnya secara naratif deskriptif. Prinsip lima kebebasan menjadi parameter kesejahteraan beruk yaitu bebas dari rasa lapar dan haus, bebas dari rasa tidak nyaman, bebas dari rasa sakit, luka dan penyakit, bebas dari rasa takut dan stress, dan bebas untuk mengekspresikan tingkah laku alamiah. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa pemenuhan prinsip kesejahteraan hewan pada pemanfaatan beruk di tempat pelatihan beruk masih belum memadai. Kesejahteraan hewan yang buruk dapat berdampak pada kesehatan dan pemeliharaan hewan tersebut, Macaca nemestrina (beruk) is a type of monkey that has a short tail like a pig-tailed. Therefore, it is often called by pigtail monkey. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) listed Southern pigtailed macaques into endangered category. One of the uses of Southern pig-tailed macaque was carried out at Beruk training place, Pariaman City. Southern pigtailed macaques were trained to be used as working partners in the coconut plantations. The use of Southern pig-tailed macaques should be appropriate where the wild animals must be kept in an environment that could provide choices for animals to behave the same as in their own habitat. This study aims to determine the principles of animal welfare and the use of Southern pig-tailed macaques at Beruk training place. The collected data will be analyzed and compared to the result of other studies by a descriptive narrative. The five freedoms of animal welfare will be a parameter of Southern pig-tailed macaques’ welfare, namely freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury and disease, freedom from fear and distress, and freedom to express normal behavior. The results of analysis showed that the principles of animal welfares in the use of macaques at beruk training place is not fulfilled. The lack of animal welfare could affect to the animals health and well being
Keyword: animal welfare, Macaca nemestrina, beruk training place

Judul: Positive Reinforcement Training sebagai Upaya Refinement Pemeriksaan Fisik Macaca nemestrina Usia Muda di Kandang Koloni
Abstrak: Beruk (Macaca nemestrina) merupakan satwa primata yang dapat berperan sebagai hewan model dalam penelitian biomedis. Penerapan kesejahteraan hewan dalam pemeliharaan dan penggunaan beruk dapat diterapkan melalui positive reinforcement training (PRT) sebagai upaya refinement dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan, termasuk mendukung tindakan pemeriksaan fisik. Penelitian ini bertujuan membentuk tingkah laku kooperatif pada beruk usia muda untuk memudahkan pelaksanaan pemeriksaan fisik. Penelitian dilakukan pada empat ekor beruk jantan di kandang koloni, dengan melakukan proses habituasi, temperament assessment (TA), pengamatan perilaku dengan metode focal sampling (FS), menggunakan novel object untuk mengidentifikasi potensi hewan untuk dilatih, dan PRT untuk membentuk perilaku yang mendukung pemeriksaan fisik berupa palpasi. Penilaian TA dilakukan untuk mengategorikan temperamen beruk sebagai temperamen open, moderate, dan inhibited sehingga dapat mengkaji potensi hewan untuk dilatih. Tahapan PRT meliputi enam tahap target training, dilanjutkan dengan dua tahap position training. Hasil TA menunjukkan bahwa dua ekor beruk memiliki temperamen open, satu ekor temperamen moderate, dan satu ekor temperamen inhibited. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tiga ekor beruk dengan temperamen open dan moderate berhasil mencapai tahap akhir PRT dan satu ekor beruk temperamen inhibited tidak berhasil menyelesaikan PRT. Namun, terlihat adanya inkonsistensi karena sifat beruk usia muda yang playful dan pengaruh faktor distraksi dari sekitar kandang., Pigtailed-macaque (Macaca nemestrina) is a nonhuman primate that is distributed in Southeast Asia. These primates serve as an animal model in biomedical research. Implementation of animal welfare in the care and use of this animal may be through positive reinforcement training (PRT) as a refinement for conducting physical examinations. The objective of this research was to form cooperative behavior in adolescent pigtailed macaques by PRT to facilitate the implementation of physical examinations without restraint. The study was performed on four adolescent male pigtail macaques housed in colony setting. The study comprised of a habituation process, behaviour observation using focal sampling and temperament assessment using novel objects to identify trainability of animals, and PRT to shape behavior that will support palpation examination without restraint. Temperament assessment categorized animals into open, moderate, and inhibited. The result showed that the temperaments of two were open, one was of moderate temperament, and one of inhibited temperament. The training stages in PRT include six stages of target training followed by two stages of position training. The study resulted in three macaques (of open and moderate temperament) completed all training stages where as one macaque (inhibited temperament) did not. The PRT process in adolescent macaques showed inconsistent progress, which may be due to the playful nature of pigtailed macaques at this age and other factors relevant to social grouping setting of the animals.
Keyword: kesejahteraan hewan, positive reinforcement training, refinement, pemeriksaan fisik, beruk

Judul: Pembuatan Film Tipis Cu2ZnSnS4 sebagai Lapisan Penyerap Cahaya pada Sel Surya Menggunakan Metode Elektrodeposisi
Abstrak: Thin film of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is an alternative semiconductor used as light absorber layer on solar cell. CZTS can replace silicon that commonly used as commercial semiconductor. The advantage of using CZTS as absorber layer is due to the abundance of its chemical composer on earth, and its high value of absorption coefficient. The absorber layer was made by using electrodeposition method on ITO glass substrates. The films were deposited at room temperature using potentiostatic mode with a potential of –1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes. After that, the films were annealed at two different temperatures, 180 ºC and 500 °C, for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, the polycrystalline thin film obtained fall into kesterite crystal phase. This type of crystal was obtained when the CZTS was annealed at 500 °C in H2S/N2 atmosphere. The value of optical band gap energy for the CZTS thin film was 2.2 eV with the film thickness about 1.228–6.366 μm. The sample of CZTS with electrodeposition time of 45 minutes and annealing temperature of 500 °C showed the best result and in conformity with absorber layers criteria for solar cells.
Keyword: semiconductor, ITO glass, CZTS thin film, electrodeposition