Judul: Analysis of Bekasi City flood reduction using Bekasi Hulu watershed management
Abstrak: One major river flowing through Bekasi City is Bekasi river. Total extent of the Bekasi Hulu watershed is about 39,045.0 ha. In 2002 with rainfall of 250 mm in 8 hours caused water flood about 138 ha resident area in 2-3 days in Bekasi City, more extremely in 2005 with rainfall only 127 mm for 6 hours caused flooded in 164 ha resident area in 3 days. This evidence showed that flood problem in Bekasi City becomes worse, and seem to be more horrifying in the future. Therefore, the flood problems need an extremely great attention. The objectives of this research were (1) analysis watershed condition; (2) analyze the causes of flood over Bekasi City from the perpective of hydrology and hydraulic; (3) plan of Bekasi Hulu watershed management to reduce flood risk in Bekasi City. To obtain the purposes of this research, the method of analysis are devided into five main subjects i.e: (1) analysis of watershed condition using SCS method; (2) hydrology analysis using hydrology modeling HEC-HMS; (3) analysis of river flow capacity using hydraulic modeling HEC-RAS; (4) analysis of the economic looses in flooded area and (5) developing plan of scenarios to reduce flood risk. There are four scenarios to overcome the flood problems: (1) adopting government plan 2010; (2) managing Bekasi Hulu watershed area with conservation tillage; (3) building water retarded structure entire of watershed and (4) combination of second and third scenarios. The research results show that river flow capacity only 462 m3/s is not enough to flow the discharges. Prediction of land use changing in 2020 show that within 10 years return period, the discharge become 735,63 m3/dt. The economic losses due to direct and indirect losses in flooded area is about 39 billion rupiahs for 10 years return period discharge (620,3 m3/dt). Based on research results, the losses could be reduced by managing Bekasi Hulu watershed area with conservation tillage and build water retarded structure. It will reduce 31.01 % of the discharge to 427.96 m3/s that below to the river flow capacity in 462 m3/s.
Keyword: Land use changing

Judul: Modeling of Flood for Land Use Management (Case Study of Ciliwung Watershed)
Abstrak: Floods are one of the major disasters affecting many countries in the world year after year. It is an inevitable natural phenomenon occurring from time to time in all rivers and natural drainage systems. It causes damage to lives, natural resources and environment as well as the loss of economy and health. Floods represent complex problems because of its variety. Therefore, this variety cannot be studied or controlled only by one or two specific methods. The objectives of this research are to understand the process of flood events and its interaction with hydrometeorological components, to develop flood model for watershed management and to determine the effect of land use change to watershed discharge which indicates flood event. The research consists of four processes those are 1) Data Preparation, 2) Model Development, 3) Model Simulation and 4) Model Calibration and Validation. Data preparation was conducted for two kinds of data namely spatial data and tabular data. Model developed as numerical model of the hydrology of a river basin system. This model includes the response of watershed to precipitation, the actions of the river network as water flows through the river, the effect of land use changes, and the effect of engineering structures to the watershed. Model simulated by change land use as an input. Model calibrated by using water level data of field measurement in year 1996 and model validated by using water level data of field measurement in year 2000. The result of this reseach showed how the process based modeling is useful to model hidrological processes over the watershed. Precipitation is the main input for hidrology simulation and land use change gives the effect of water level in the watershed. The model which is built in this research can be used to evaluate runoff from different land use areas. For assessing the hydrological effects of land use changes on floods, three hypothetical scenarios, namely urbanization, deforestation and afforestation scenario, were considered made. It was found from the model simulation that the urbanization scenario has the higest negative impact on increasing water level. Deforestation has the second largest negative impact, while afforestation causes positive impact shown by decreasing water level. The result indicated that the urbanization produce the highest peak flow, followed by the deforestation and afforestation scenario. The simulated water level for the present land use is 84 cm, for the urbanization scenario 135 cm, deforestation scenario 92 cm, and afforestation scenario 59 cm. Accordingly, the urbanization scenario increases the peak discharge by 61%, the deforestation scenario increase 15%, and afforestation decrease by 19%.
Keyword: 

Judul: Anatomi otot daerah manus monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis)
Abstrak: Macaca fascicularis dinamakan monyet ekor panjang karena ukuran ekornya panjang, kira-kira sama dengan panjang bagian kepala dan badannya (Napier dan Napier, 1967), selain itu M. fascicularis disebut juga "crab-eating monkey" karena kepiting merupakan salah satu jenis pakan yang paling disukai oleh monyet ini. Satwa primata merupakan hewan yang cocok sebagai hewan model untuk manusia karena kedekatan hubungan filogenetis serta kemiripan anatomis, fisiologis, biokimiawi dan respon farmakologisnya dengan manusia dibandingkan hewan percobaan lainnya (Sajuthi, 1984). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui susunan otot daerah manus beserta origo dan insersionya guna melengkapi data dasar anatomi otot pada M. fascicularis. Penelitian ini menggunakan enam kaki depan kiri dan tiga kaki depan kanan M. fascicularis yang telah diawetkan dalam formalin 10%. Pengamatan yang dilakukan meliputi morfologi dan susunan masing-masing kelompok otot lengkap dengan origo dan însersionya, kemudian membandingkan dengan literatur mengenai morfologi dan susunan otot daerah manus tangan manusia. Hasil pengamatan morfologi luar sebeluın dilakukan penguakan kulit terlihat bagian dorsal kaki depan monyet ekor panjang ditutupi oleh rambut yang berwarna coklat kehitam-hitaman. Sedangkan bagian distal tidak ditumbuhi rambut, berkulit tebal, mempunyai bungkul-bungkul yang terbagi dengan jelas dan mempunyai gambaran sidik telapak dan jari. Otot-otot mamus M. fascicularis terdiri atas tiga kelompok otot yaitu kelompok thenar, hypothenar dan palmar. Kelompok otot thenar terdiri atas empat otot yaitu m. abductor pollicis brevis, m. opponens pollicis, m. flexor pollicis brevis dan m. adductor pollicis. Keempat otot pada kelompok thenar ini berbeda origonya dengan manusia. Musculus abductor pollicis brevis pada M. fascicularis berorigo di os navicularis dan os sesamoideum. Pada manusia kedua tulang ini tidak ada. Pada manusia otot ini berorigo pada retinaculum flexorum, bungkul os scaphoideum, os trapezium dan berkas tendo dari m. abductor pollicis longus. Musculus opponens pollicis pada M. fascicularis berorigo di ligamentum carpi transversum dan tendo dari m. abductor pollicis longus. Pada manusia otot ini berorigo pada retinaculum flexorum dan bungkul os trapezium, Musculus flexor pollicis brevis pada M. fascicularis dan manusia terbagi menjadi dua caput yaitu caput superficial dan caput profundal. Kedua caput pada M. fascicularis memiliki origo yang berbeda dengan manusia. Caput superficial pada M. fascicularis berorigo di ligamentum carpi transversum, sedangkan caput profundal berorigo di proksimal os metacarpal II sisi radial dan os trapezoideum sisi ulnar. Pada manusia, caput superficial berorigo pada retinaculum flexorum dan os trapezium, sedangkan caput profundal pada os trapezoideum dan os capitatum. Musculus adductor pollicis pada M. fascicularis dan manusia terbagi menjadi dua caput yaitu caput obliquus dan caput transversum. Kedua caput pada M. fascicularis memiliki origo yang berbeda dengan manusia. Pada M. fascicularis, caput obliquus berorigo pada os trapezoideum sedangkan caput transversum berorigo pada proksimal os metacarpal II dan III. Pada manusia, caput obliquus berorigo pada os capitatum dan proksimal os metacarpal II dan III, sedangkan caput transversum berorigo pada os metacarpal III dan beberapa serabutnya akan bersatu dengan m. adductor pollicis caput obliquus dan m. interossea palmaris 1…dst
Keyword: