Judul: The impact of fiscal transfer on poverty in Indonesia : a policy simulation analysis
Abstrak: Poverty has always been a serious prob lem until now, and it is closely related with economic growth and income distribution. Various efforts have been conducted to solve these problems. Fiscal decentralization policy in the form of fiscal transfers may be one of the government policies that ar e directly or indirectly expected to have any impact on poverty in Indonesia. Generally, the study is aimed to analyze (1) factors affecting poverty, and (2) the impact of fiscal transfers on poverty in Indonesia. The model of fiscal transfers and poverty that is designed consists of 6 blocks : fiscal, output, labor, per capita expenditure, income distribution, and poverty. The analysis uses an econometric approach with a simultaneous equations model that is consists of 20 structural equations and 7 ident ity equations. The model is estimated using the 2SLS method and the impact of transfer fiscal is analysed using simulation.
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Judul: Impact of fiscal capacity on regional economy and sectoral poverty in Indonesia: a policy simulation analysis
Abstrak: Poverty alleviation is an important agenda of national economic development in Indonesia. In order to accelerate the achievement of economic development goals, Indonesian government has been implementing fiscal decentralization policy since 2001. The policy was successful in increasing the rate of economic growth, but the income inequality became larger so that the poverty rate and the proportion of poor people in agricultural households has been increased. The implementation of fiscal decentralization policy in Indonesia which is focused on fully shifting expenditure assignment from central government to local government has lead to higher local expenditures as local governments strategies to increase their economic growth. However, the revenue assignments authority is limited so that fiscal capacity is low. As a result, the fiscal deficit is overcome by transfer General Allocation Fund (DAU) from the central government and also the local financial structures are mostly depend on DAU. Previous studies found the flypaper effect phenomenon as greater response of local governments in the use of budget sourced from DAU than those from original local revenue (PAD). Accordingly, if flypaper effect occurred in local expenditures with no great impact on poverty reduction then great role of DAU on local financial structure could not accelerating poverty alleviation. Therefore, fiscal capacity should be increased. The objective of this study is to analyze impact of fiscal capacity increasing on fiscal performance, sectoral economic performance, sectoral poverty rates, income inequality, and proportion of poor people in agricultural households by using a model of simultaneous equations system with province and regencies aggregate panel data in 23 provinces during 2005-2011 and Two Stage Least Squares (2SLS) estimation method. The impact analysis of policy simulations is performed on historical period of 2006-2011 and forecast period of 2013-2015. Several important findings are: (1) fiscal capacity influences agriculture and infrastructure expenditures as important factors for agricultural growth and asphalt road infrastructure which further give high effects in reducing poverty rates, income inequality, and proportion of poor peopole in agricultural households; (2) fiscal capacity of local taxes is influenced by per capita Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) and local private investment; (3) fiscal capacity of tax-revenue sharing is influenced by GDRP of non-agricultural sectors which are potentially increasing individual income tax (PPh) as the main source of tax revenue sharing; and (4) the alternative policies of the increasing of local agricultural and industrial expenditures larger than the increasing of trade expenditure, increasing of local portion from tax revenue sharing, and increasing of private direct investments mainly in agricultural provinces will increase fiscal capacity and give great impact on the improvement of fiscal performance, economic performance, and sectoral poverty which are indicated by higher fiscal autonomy rate, sectoral GDRP rate, and sectoral employment rate as well as lower sectoral headcount index, Gini Index, and proportion of poor people in agricultural household. Therefore, to achieve greater local economic growth, lower poverty rates, lower income inequality, and lower proportion of poor people in agricultural households as well as to achieve poverty targets on national development agenda RPJMN 2014 in the amount of 8-10 % and MDGs 2015 in the
Keyword: fiscal capacity, economic growth, income inequality, sectoral poverty

Judul: Karakteristik Kimia dan Spektrum Ekstrak Pigmen Bunga Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm) dan Lengkuas Merah (Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum)
Abstrak: Bunga kecombrang dan lengkuas merah memiliki warna bunga merah yang menarik, namun informasi mengenai karakteristik kimia dan spektrum ekstrak pigmen nya masih minim. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi karakteristik kimia dan spektrum ekstrak pigmen kecombrang dan bunga lengkuas merah. Sampel diekstraksi menggunakan pelarut metanol 70% yang diasamkan dengan metode ekstraksi sonikasi. Ekstrak pigmen bunga dianalisis senyawa fitokimia kualitatif, total fenolik, total antosianin monomerik, total flavonoid, aktivitas antioksidan metode DPPH dan FRAP, pengaruh variasi pH dan penyimpanan terhadap warna dan spektrum dan pemisahan serta identifikasi senyawa pigmen dominan menggunakan TLC dan LC-MS/MS. Data dianalisis secara statistik dengan uji t tidak berpasangan dan uji deskriptif. Kedua ekstrak pigmen bunga mengandung senyawa fitokimia yaitu flavonoid, saponin dan tanin, dengan senyawa terpenoid, steroid dan alkaloid tidak terdeteksi. Kandungan total fenolik, total antosianin monomerik, total flavonoid dan aktivitas antioksidan metode FRAP tertinggi dimiliki oleh ekstrak pigmen bunga lengkuas merah yaitu sebesar 57,74 ± 4,53 mg GAE/g bunga segar bk, 0,10 ± 0,00 mg Cy-3- gE/g bunga segar bk, 9,34 ± 0,74 mg QE/g bunga segar bk dan 27,96 ± 2,91 mg AAE/g bunga segar bk. Ekstrak pigmen bunga kecombrang memiliki nilai IC50 yang lebih kecil yaitu 24,99 ± 0,31 mg/L. Variasi pH dapat mempengaruhi warna ekstrak pigmen kedua jenis bunga, di mana terjadi perubahan warna dari merah, tidak berwarna, ungu dan kuning pada variasi pH 1-14. Ekstrak pigmen bunga lengkuas merah memiliki kestabilan warna yang unik pada pH 6 dan 8, yaitu memiliki kemampuan mempertahankan warna merahnya selama 9 hari pengamatan. Profil spektra ekstrak pigmen bunga kecombrang memiliki dua puncak penyerapan maksimum yaitu 278 – 279 nm dan 512 nm. Pada ekstrak pigmen bunga lengkuas merah memiliki tiga puncak penyerapan yaitu 266 – 267 nm, 348 – 349 nm dan 513 – 514 nm. Pemisahan komponen senyawa pigmen ekstrak bunga kecombrang menggunakan TLC menghasilkan sebanyak 5 bercak (spot) dengan nilai Rf 0,53 diprediksi merupakan sianidin-3-glukosida. Pada ekstrak pigmen bunga lengkuas merah menghasilkan sebanyak 7 bercak (spot) dengan nilai Rf 0,43 diprediksi merupakan sianidin. Senyawa penyusun warna dominan pada ekstrak pigmen bunga kecombrang teridentifikasi dengan produk massa ion 287 m/z dan 449 m/z adalah senyawa sianidin-3-glukosida. Senyawa penyusun warna dominan pada ekstrak pigmen bunga lengkuas merah teridentifikasi dengan produk massa ion 287 m/z, 449 m/z dan 595 m/z adalah senyawa sianidin-3-rutinosida. Ekstrak pigmen bunga lengkuas merah secara kuantitatif mengandung senyawa fitokimia yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan ekstrak pigmen bunga kecombrang. Kedua ekstrak pigmen menunjukkan karakteristik senyawa pigmen antosianin kelompok sianidin yang tidak terasilasi dan tidak terkopigmentasi.
Keyword: antosianin, bunga kecombrang, bunga lengkuas merah, fitokimia, spektrum