Judul: Pengaruh Pendidikan dan Kesehatan terhadap Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Indonesia
Abstrak: Ketimpangan pendapatan masih menjadi permasalahan di Indonesia. Faktor yang memengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan adalah perbedaan produktivitas dalam masyarakat serta fasilitas pendidikan dan kesehatan tidak memadai. Pendidikan dan kesehatan merupakan faktor penting bagi sumberdaya manusia yang memiliki peranan dalam meningkatkan produktivitas untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup masyarakat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan kondisi ketimpangan pendapatan, pendidikan dan kesehatan serta menganalisis faktor dari pendidikan dan kesehatan yang memiliki pengaruh terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis data panel dengan model Fixed Effect Model (FEM) dan analisis deskriptif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel rata-rata lama sekolah, tingkat pengangguran terbuka dan anggaran kesehatan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Variabel angka harapan hidup berpengaruh positif signfikan, PDRB tidak memiliki pengaruh terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan serta anggaran kesehatan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia.
Keyword: education, health, income inequality, panel data

Judul: Impact of Gender Equity and Employment Opportunities on  Income Inequality in Indonesia
Abstrak: Ketimpangan pendapatan merupakan permasalahan penting dalam pembangunan ekonomi. Suatu negara dengan ketimpangan pendapatan yang tinggi akan mengalami inefisiensi dalam distribusi aset, inefisiensi ekonomi, dan terganggunya stabilitas sosial dan ekonomi. Indonesia menjadi salah satu negara yang mengalami ketimpangan pendapatan, bahkan pada tahun 2020 tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan Indonesia mengalami peningkatan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kondisi ketimpangan pendapatan dan menganalisis pengaruh kesetaraan gender, upah minimum, pengangguran, dan investasi asing terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia selama periode 2010-2020. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif, tipologi Klassen, dan analisis data panel. Hasil estimasi data panel menunjukkan bahwa pembangunan dan pemberdayaan gender, upah minimum, dan tingkat pengangguran secara signfikan berpengaruh negatif terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan. Sedangkan pengaruh yang disebabkan investasi asing terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan secara signifikan adalah positif., Income inequality is an important problem in economic development. A country with high income inequality will be inefficient in the distribution of assets, economic inefficiency, and disruption of social and economic stability. Indonesia is one of the countries experiencing income inequality, even in 2020 the level of Indonesia's income inequality has increased. This study aims to describe the condition of income inequality and analyze the effect of gender equality, minimum wages, unemployment, and foreign investment on income inequality in Indonesia during the period 2010-2020. The analysis method in this study are descriptive analysis, Klassen typology, and panel data analysis. The results of the panel data estimation show that gender development and empowerment, minimum wages, and unemployment rates have a significant negative effect on income inequality. Meanwhile, foreign investment has a positive and significant effect on income inequality.
Keyword: employment opportunities, gender, income inequality, panel data

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable