Judul: In Silico Study: The Potential of Kaffir lime leaves  (Citrus hystrix) as an Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) in Broiler  Chickens
Abstrak: Ayam broiler merupakan ternak yang rentan terinfeksi mikroorganisme pa togen, sehingga banyak peternak menggunakan Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP). AGP merupakan imbuhan pakan yang diberikan untuk memacu pertum buhan dan memperbaiki saluran pencernaan, namun kini sudah dilarang penggunaannya. Pelarangan AGP menyebabkan peralihan penggunaan imbuhan pakan seperti imbuhan pakan fitogenik. Daun jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix) mem iliki senyawa aktif metabolit sekunder sehingga berpotensi untuk dijadikan im buhan pakan fitogenik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis potensi senyawa ak tif daun jeruk purut dengan melihat berbagai aktivitas biologi dan kemampuan dalam menghambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus menggunakan metode in silico. In silico merupakan metode komputasi yang digunakan untuk memprediksi kiner ja senyawa aktif suatu bahan. Senyawa aktif yang diperoleh berasal dari jurnal terindeks scopus, kemudian dilakukan pencarian kode SMILES, nilai probable activity (Pa), dan prediksi interaksi antara senyawa aktif dengan protein bakteri E.coli dan S.aureus. Hasil yang didapatkan yaitu 143 senyawa aktif memiliki kode SMILES dan 96 dari 143 senyawa aktif memiliki nilai Pa 0,300 pada ak tivitas antibakteri, antioksidan, penghambat glikosiltransferase peptidoglikan, antiinfeksi, imunomodulator, dan antiinflamasi sehingga berpotensi sebagai alter natif AGP. Daun jeruk purut juga mampu menghambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus secara in silico., Broiler chickens are livestock that are susceptible to infection with pathogenic microorganisms, so many farmers use Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP). AGP is a feed additive given to stimulate growth and improve the digestive tract, but its use is now prohibited. The prohibition of AGP has led to a shift in the use of feed additives such as phytogenic feed additives. Kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix) have active secondary metabolite compounds that have the potential to be used as phytogenic feed additives. This study aims to analyzing the potential of the active compounds and the activity kaffir lime leaves by looking at various biological activities and abilited E. coli and S. aureus bacteria using the in silico method. In silico is a computational method used to predict the performance of the active compound of a material. The active compounds were obtained from scopus indexed journals, then searched for the SMILES code, probable activity (Pa) values, and predicted interactions between the active compounds and the proteins of E.coli and S.aureus bacteria. The results obtained were 143 active compounds had SMILES code and 96 of 143 active compounds had a Pa 0,300 value for antibacterial, antioxidant, peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase inhibitor, anti-infective, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory so that it has the potential to be used as an alternative to AGP. Kaffir lime leaves are also able to inhibit E. coli and S. aureus bacteria in silico.
Keyword: antibiotik growth promoter, in silico

Judul: Effectivity of lime leaves (Citrus sp.) in inhibiting E. coli and S. aureus: A Meta-Analysis
Abstrak: Ayam broiler merupakan ternak yang rentan terinfeksi mikroorganisme patogen, sehingga banyak peternak menggunakan Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP). AGP merupakan imbuhan pakan yang diberikan untuk memacu pertumbuhan dan memperbaiki saluran pencernaan, namun kini penggunaan AGP sudah dilarang Pelarangan AGP menyebabkan peralihan penggunaan imbuhan pakan seperti imbuhan pakan fitogenik. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai imbuhan pakan fitogenik alternatif AGP adalah daun jeruk. Daun jeruk memiliki senyawa aktif metabolit sekunder. Banyak studi in vitro melaporkan tentang aktivitas daun jeruk terhadap bakteri E.coli dan S. aureus. Kedua bakteri tersebut umum ditemukan pada ayam broiler yang dapat mengganggu kesehatan dan performa ayam broiler. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengintegrasikan berbagai studi agar diperoleh informasi yang komprehensif mengenai aktivitas daun jeruk terhadap bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus dengan studi meta-analisis. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan studi daun jeruk dari berbagai spesies, asal, metode ekstraksi, dan metode uji antibakteri yang berbeda dan membandingkan perlakuan daun jeruk dengan kontrol dalam menghambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus dengan melihat diameter zona hambat. Tahap pertama yang dilakukan yaitu mengintegrasikan 45 studi tentang uji daun jeruk terhadap bakteri E. coli dan 24 studi tentang uji daun jeruk terhadap bakteri S. aureus. Studi tersebut berasal dari Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, dan Crossref melalui software Publish or Persish. Artikel yang didapatkan kemudian diseleksi menggunakan software Mendeley dengan melihat judul dan abstrak. Data yang diperlukan dalam penelitian ini adalah kontrol dan perlakuan eksperimen (penambahan daun jeruk) yang meliputi nilai rerata, jumlah sampel, dan standar deviasi. Artikel yang memenuhi syarat tersebut kemudian ditabulasi dengan MS Excel 2010 dan dianalisis menggunakan software OpenMee dengan nilai effect size menggunakan Hedge’s d. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daun jeruk sebagai imbuhan pakan fitogenik alternatif AGP efektif dalam menghambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus. Kemampuan daya hambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus dipengaruhi oleh perbedaan spesies daun jeruk, asal daun jeruk, dan metode ekstraksi, sedangkan perbedaan level dan metode uji antibakteri tidak berpengaruh terhadap daya hambat bakteri E. coli dan S. aureus. Ekstrak daun jeruk pada konsentrasi rendah 5 mg/ml sudah mampu menghambat bakteri E. coli, sedangkan dalam menghambat S. aureus memerlukan konsentrasi terendah 50 mg/ml., Broiler chickens are livestock that are susceptible to infection with pathogenic microorganisms. so that many breeders use antibiotic growth Promoter (AGP). AGP is a feed additive that is given to stimulate growth and improve the digestive tract, but now the use of AGP has been banned. The AGP ban has caused a shift in the use of feed additives such as phytogenic feed additives. One of the plants that has the potential to be used as an alternative phytogenic feed additive to AGP is citrus leaves. Citrus leaves have active secondary metabolites. Many studies in vitro reported on the activity of lime leaves against E. coli and S. aureus. Both of these bacteria are commonly found in broiler chickens which can interfere with the health and performance of broiler chickens. Therefore, this study aims to integrate various studies in order to obtain comprehensive information on the activity of lime leaves against E. coli and S. aureus with
Keyword: Escherichia coli, lime leaf, meta-anaysis, Staphylococcus aureus

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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