Judul: Mempelajari Spesifitas Esterifikasi Enzim Lipase Candida antartika dalam Lingkungan Mikroakueus
Abstrak: Umumnya diketahui bahwa enzim akan menunjukkan aktivitas katalisisnya dalam keadaan akueus. Namun adanya air yang digunakan sebagai pelarut ini menghambat aplikasi enzim dalam kegiatan beberapa industri. Hal ini karena air bukan mempakan pelarut yang baik bagi kebanyakan senyawa-senyawa organik.
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Judul: Mempelajari stabilitas termal enzim lipase candida antartica dan phizomucor michei dalam pelarut hezane, toluene dan benzene
Abstrak: Enzim telah banyak diaplikasikan sebagai biokatalis pada proses-proses industri seperti industri pangan, kimia dan farmasi. Namun salah satu kendala dari aplikasi enzim pada proses industri adalah harganya yang relatif mahal dan stabilitasnya yang rendah (mudah rusak) khususnya di lingkungan industri yang pada umumnya menerapkan penggunaan suhu reaksi yang tinggi. Pemakaian suhu tinggi ini menimbulkan masalah besar pada proses enzimatis karena enzim pada umumnya bersifat labil oleh panas. Oleh karena itu perlu dikembangkan suatu teknologi untuk mengawetkan dan menjadikan enzim lebih stabil sehingga proses-proses enzimatis dapat dilakukan secara lebih ekonomis dan mempunyai daya saing yang lebih tinggi, khususnya jika dibandingkan dengan proses-proses sejenis yang non enzimatis. Beberapa penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa enzim mampu memperlihatkan aktivitas katalitiknya dalam pelarut organik (lingkungan mikroakueus) dan bahkan stabilitas enzim pada pelarut tersebut menjadi meningkat (Klibanov, 1989; Hariyadi, 1995). Oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pelarut organik yaitu: hexane, toluene, dan benzene, yang mempunyai perbedaan polaritas, terhadap stabilitas termal enzim lipase Candida antartica dan Rhizomucor miehei. Analisis stabilitas termal lipase dilakukan dengan menggunakan model denaturasi ordo pertama (Greco jr. et al., 1993). Parameter stabilitas termal dinyatakan sebagai konstanta laju denaturasi (ka), waktu paruh denaturasi (11/2), dan energi deaktivasi Arrhenius (Ea). Melalui penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa pelarut organik yang baik digunakan untuk meningkatkan stabilitas termal kedua enzim lipase, yaitu lipase Candida antartica dan Rhizomucor miehei, adalah pelarut yang paling hidrofobik yaitu hexane dengan nilai log P 3.5. Penggunaan hexane dapat secara nyata menurunkan laju denaturasi (ka) enzim, meningkatkan waktu paruh denaturasi (11/2), dan meningkatkan energi deaktivasi Arrhenius (E).
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite