Judul: El Niño Modoki dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Perilaku Curah Hujan Monsunal di Indonesia
Abstrak: This study aims to investigate El Niño Modoki phenomenon and its influence to the monsoonal rainfall behavior over Indonesia. The study is also intended to identify the differences between the El Nino Modoki and the well-known El Nino events, referred in this study as Conventional El Niño. By using correlation analysis, it is shown that the El Nino Modoki Index, known as EMI, is strongly correlated with SST anomaly index in Nino-4 region. The correlation coefficient value is 0.57, which is higher than the EMI’s correlations with other SST anomaly indices from different Nino regions, i.e. Nino-1.2, Nino-3 and Nino-4. Temporal analysis on both Nino-4 index and EMI by using Power Spectral Density shows a different strength in the temporal cycle of both indices, where Nino-4 data demonstrates a strong 4-5 year interannual cycles, while EMI is dominated by 6–8 years cycles. This is consistent with the result of Wavelet analysis that indicates four years interannual cycles of Nino-4 index and nearly decadal (~10 years) cycles of EMI data. The composite of seven El Nino Modoki events in 1986/87, 1990/91, 1992/93, 1994/95, 2002/2003, 2004/2005, and 2009/2010, generally shows that the El Nino Modoki events indicated by the raise of EMI exceeding its defined threshold usually occurred from July to March. It is shown by clear characteristics of growing phase starting from March or April until January, and continued by decreasing phase around February. Based on the results of regression analysis, the El Nino Modoki strongly influence monsoonal rainfall over Sumbawa Besar, Makassar, and Banjar Baru during both June-July-August (JJA) and September-October-November (SON) periods, over Lampung only during JJA, and Indramayu during SON. The use of EMI which includes information about the SST anomaly around Indonesia led to a significant cross-correlation values between monsoonal rainfall anomaly and EMI with only maximum of one month lag time.
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Judul: El Niño Modoki dan Dampaknya terhadap Keragaman Curah Hujan Pulau Jawa (Studi Kasus: Kabupaten Indramayu)
Abstrak: Indonesian farmers are currently struggling to face drought probles in the region of rice barn, one of which is Indramayu District located int he Java Island. One of main factors of the drought is perceived that there is warm pool concentrated in the middle of Pacific Ocean the so-called El Niño Modoki. However, its impacts to Indonesia region did not much investigated yet. Hereby, it is necessary to do analysis of the impact of El Niño and El Niño Modoki on Indonesia’s rainfall variability. The study focused on rainfall over 5 areas in Indramayu District, i.e. Bondan, Indramayu, Krangkeng, Anjatan, and Cikedung. Wavelet analysis of sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) data Niño 3.4 and El Niño Modoki Index (EMI) along period of January 1979-December 2013 resulted differences in temporal characteristics. The composite rainfall anomalies, SSTA, anomalies of horizontal wind speed at altitude of 850hPa, and the Walker Circulation in the spatially El Niño and the El Niño Modoki years analyzed by GrADS software showed a decline trend of rainfall in the Java Islad along September-October to November (SON). Seasonal rainfall prediction model in the 5 observated areas using CPT software resulted the highest value of the principal component (PC) coefficient with high negative of EMI predictor variables in the SON season, which meant that the current El Niño Modoki caused a decline of rainfall in related season where the biggest influences occured in the Cikedung District (-0.53 ), while the PC coefficient with Niño 3.4 as variable also had high negative value in the SON season with the greatest influences occured in the Krangkeng District (-0.58).
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Rainfall, El Niño Modoki, El Niño, GrADS, CPT

Judul: Synthesis of Chicken Eggshells-Based β-Tricalcium Phosphate Bioceramics and Their Biocompatibility Test as A Tooth Filler
Abstrak: Preservation of alveolar bone following tooth extraction is an important step in dental practices before dental implant placement. This study reported synthesis of β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramics and its biocompatibility test as a tooth filler to maintain the desired alveolar ridge dimension and stimulate the bone healing processes in the area of tooth loss. β-TCP bioceramics was resulted directly from precipitation of calcinated chicken eggshells as calcium source and phosphoric acid. The corresponding β-TCP was mixed with chitosan 2% to get β-TCP pellet for biocompatibility testing. Biocompatibility testing of β-TCP on lower incisor was performed in rabbits and sheep as animal model. In this study, the x-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles showed that 1000 oC calcinated chicken eggshells correspond to calcium oxide (CaO). There was also transformation phase of CaO into Ca(OH)2 observed after more than three months stored. The XRD profiles proved that obtained β-TCP bioceramics by precipitation has the same pattern with that of reference data base and commercial β-TCP. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were completely consistent with the result of crystallization processes observed by XRD measurements. Moreover, the purity of the product shown by the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) resulted in Ca/P ratio of 1.48 which was closed to that of standard β-TCP ceramics. The repeatable XRD peaks patterns and FTIR spectra obviously showed the sample reproducibility. Sheep’s alveolar socket that is filled with the corresponding β-TCP demonstrated the expected results. The x-ray radiograph of sheep’s jaw indicated no change on mesio-distal of the edentulous area. Moreover, the histological results were completely consistent with the x-ray radiograph and macroscopic result which is proved by the formation of new bone. In the contrary with sheep’s result, histological results showed no tooth growth on rabbit proved by the presence of lipid and collagen on the extraction site. This result did not correspond to the x-ray radiograph and macroscopic results that demonstrated the tooth growth and erupted tooth. It is clear that the corresponding β-TCP could minimize the bone loss and maintain the dimension of alveolar ridge.
Keyword: β-tricalcium phosphate, chicken eggshells, rabbit, sheep, tooth filler