Judul: Perancangan Primer Spesifik untuk Mendeteksi Dini Jamur Pangan Ektomikoriza Pelawan
Abstrak: Pelawan mushroom (Heimioporus sp.) is an edible ectomycorrhiza which has significant economical value. The fruiting bodies of the mushroom are firstly developed in the symbiosis system in the mature host plant. The existence of the mycelia in the rhizoplane of the host plant in seedling stage need to be detected to ensure successful colonization of targeted fungi in mature host plant. Therefore, specific primer is needed for early detection. In this experiment, five sequences of ITS rDNA of pelawan mushroom (JPA, JB, JPC, JPD, and JPE) were successfully obtained which size of 743-745 bp and their bases variation was below 3,3%. The five sequences however, had a significant variation when they were compared with other ITS rDNA sequences of pelawan mushroom collection of the Mycology Division and RCBB-IPB laboratory (JPPK, JPPM, and JPPX). Therefore, the primers were designed into two different groups. The first group was primers designed based on ITS rDNA sequences of fruiting body of JPA-JPE. They were PelAF1-Pel5.8SR1 (±230 bp), Pel5.8SF2-PelAR2 (±320 bp), and PelAF1-PelAR2 (±650 bp). The second group was primers designed based on ITS rDNA sequences of fruiting body of JPPK-JPPX. They were PelBF1-Pel5.8SR1 (±180 bp), Pel5.8SF2-PelBR2 (±260 bp), and PelBF1-PelBR2 (±560 bp). The specificity of the designed primers were tested against fungal DNA of Mortierella sp., Penicillium sp., Hypoxylon sp., Fusarium sp., Glomerella sp., Volvariella sp., and Ganoderma applanatum (IPBCC.10.658) as well as DNA from both groups of pelawan mushroom. The results indicated that primers PelAF1-PelAR2 was specific to the first group and primers PelBF1-PelBR2 was specific to the second group of pelawan mushroom, but the other primers could amplify all or some of the fungal DNA tested.
Keyword: ectomycorrhiza, edible pelawan mushroom, Heimioporus sp, ITS rDNA, specific primer

Judul: Perancangan Primer untuk Pengembangan Sistem Deteksi Berbasis PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) pada Ganoderma spp
Abstrak: Ganoderma spp. has been known a pathogenic fungus for palm oil. The aim of this research was to design specific primers and test it to Ganoderma spp. in order to obtain new detection system base on PCR method. Two pairs of primers were designed successfully; Gan-ITS12 primer derived from ITS region and β-Gan primer derivied from β-tubulin region. This two pairs primers were used to identified DNA from mycellia Ganoderma spp. from two different sample sources i.e IPBCC with code 10.658 (GIPB) and three different of Ganoderma sp. from Lombok (Glom1, Glom2, Glom3). The result indicates both Gan-ITS primer and β-Gan primer can amplify Ganoderma spp. on species and genus level respectively. Specifity of primers were tested to DNA from Basidiomycota group and non-Basidiomycota group. The results showed this two pairs primer can not amplification DNA from Basidiomycota group. But, this primers can amplified non-Basidiomycota groups even with more than one band formed.
Keyword: Ganoderma sp., ITS, PCR, β-tubulin

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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