Judul: Uji Komparasi Ransum Berbasis Informasi Status Nutrisi Sapi Perah Lokal Guna Peningkatan Produksi Susu dan Profitabilitas Usaha
Abstrak: Business of dairy cattle livestock in Indonesia still collided with the quantity of its product availability and quality. All this time, Indonesia is able to meet the 20% requirement of national milk consumption. Efforts to increase milk production in dairy cattle are often faced with the problem of feed, mainly in terms of compliance the needs of cattle nutrient. Problem of compliance the needs of nutrients in dairy cattle are caused by the use of nutrient needs and nutrient content of the raw material information are inaccurate. All this time, formulation of ration in Indonesia or other countries have still refered to the NRC (National Research Council), which the information contained less applicable to used in Indonesia due to differences in climate, animal genetic, availability of raw material, and animal requirement. This study attempted to utilize the local information was collected about nutritional status information of dairy cattle in Indonesia. This information contained was a collection of individual dairy cattle indentities in lowland areas to plateau areas in West Java with information about milk production and ration. Informations collected were about animal indentities (body weight, lactation period, month in milk, and body condition score), profile of blood metabolite, feed management, nutrient balance, formula ration, and milk production. This study aimed to compare local dairy farmer ration formula with National Research Council in producing higher feed efficiency and milk production. This study had two stages. The first stage was in vitro study of dairy farmer rations which have different of raw materials using (R3, R4, and R5) with NRC based ration (R2), and Demo Farm ration (R1). The variable of this stage were proximate composition, volatile fatty acid, ammonia, dry matter and organic matter digestibilities. The first stage used a randomized block design with five treatments, three groups of ruminals fluid, and three replications. The first stage showed that proximate composition, ammonia, volatile fatty acid, and dry matter digestibility of the five rations (R1, R2, R3, R4, dan R5) were significantly different (P<0.05). Nutrient composition and ferementability of R1, R2, and R3 were better than R4 and R5. These can be caused by VFA (R1: 118.69 mM, R2: 126.08 mM, R3: 124.07 mM, R4: 104.30 mM, and R5: 91.64 mM) and ammonia concentration (R1: 4.48 mM, R2: 4.66 mM, R3: 4.43 mM, R4: 3.91 mM, and R5: 3.91 mM) of R1, R2, and R3 were the highest among the rations tested and optimum for microbial growth in rumen, and dry matter digestibility were higher than other rations (R1: 67.54%, R2: 70.23%, R3: 68.57%, R4: 65.79%, and R5: 64.49%). The first stage result showed that R1, R2, and R3 were the best rations in nutrient composition and fermentability (ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations optimum to microbes growth and high digestibility), so the conclusion of study that those third ration were the best rations and should be compared by in vivo method. The second stage study used nine lactation cows which were carried out for seven weeks with two weeks preliminary period and five weeks for treatment. Second study used a randomized block design
Keyword: dairy cattle, milk production, profitability, ration test

Judul: Hubungan antara Produksi dan Kualitas Susu Sapi Perah dengan Faktor yang Mempengaruhi (Studi Kasus di Pondok Ranggon, Jakarta Timur)
Abstrak: Dairy cows are the large ruminants that mostly kept by Indonesian dairy farmers. The dairy farms of Indonesia located not only in the villages, but also in the urban areas, such as Pondok Ranggon in East Jakarta. Recent study was done to observe effect of technical factors on milk production and quality of dairy farms in Pondok Ranggon in East Jakarta. The parameters were environmental conditions, feeding patterns, animal conditions, lactation performance, and milk quality. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. To overcome less of roughage supply, farmers used agro-industry by products such as tofu waste, soybean waste, and rice bran. The averages of roughage, concentrate, tofu waste, soybean waste and rice bran that offered to the animals were 20,85±4,27; 0,67±0,73; 28,94±7,62; 2,26±4,51; and 0,01±0,09 kg/h/d, respectively. Under this feeding regime, the average milk produced was 9,28±3,22 kg/h/d. The averages of fat, lactose, protein, solid non fat, density of milk quality were 4,44%; 4,20%; 3,91%; 8,83%; and 1,032 g/ml. The relationship of milk production(Y) on roughage (X1), concentrate (X2), tofu waste (X3), soybean waste (X4) and rice bran (X5) was Y1=2,672X10,256 X20,014 X30,018 X4-0,008 X5-0,055. The influenced of age, number of lactation, lactation days, pregnancy and body weight on milk production and quality were also confirmed. It was concluded that maximum milk production in Pondok Ranggon was produced by the cows at 2,5 years age, in the first lactation, at the second months of lactation, from heavier cows, or in the non pregnant cows.
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Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf