Judul: Karakteristik Fermentasi Silase Daun Singkong (Manihot esculenta Crantz) dengan Aditif Gliserol dan Ekstrak Tanin Chesnut
Abstrak: Cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) productivity has a big potential to be valuable protein supplement for ruminant. However, due to the abundant availability when crop, cassava leaves requires a storage technology to maintain its nutritious composition. The one of better way is by ensilage. The ensiling process of cassava leaves required additives because its low content of WSC. Additives used in this present study were glycerol and chesnut tannin extract. Meta-analysis of glycerol supplementation in vitro did to support the hypothesis regarding of glycerol usage to substitute energy source as silage additives. This study aimed to evaluate the glycerol supplementation on rumen fermentation characteristics in vitro by quantitatively meta-analysis, to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of cassava leaves silage with glycerol and chestnut tannin extract additives during ensilage and in vitro gas production. Meta-analysis quantitatively was applied to 13 experiments and 42 treatments dealing with glycerol supplementation in ruminant. Data were estimated by linear regression of each parameter and analyzed by general linier model procedure with glycerol levels as fixed effect. Data for both fermentation characteristics of cassava leaves silage and its in vitro gas production were analyzed using analysis of variance then significant means were separated using Duncan multiple range F-test. Cassava leaves was ensiled using four different types of additive on the laboratory-scale silo. They were control (without additive, S0), glycerol 3% DM (SG), chesnut tannin 3% DM (ST), and mix of glycerol 3% DM and chesnut tannin 3% DM (SGT). Parameters on meta-analysis and in vitro gas production study were in vitro digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics and total gas production. Parameters on silage study were nutrient composition, organic acids and N-NH3 concentration. Glycerol supplementation on meta-analysis quantitatively did not affect the in vitro digestibility and total VFA. Total VFA insignificantly showed propiogenic characteristics. It significantly decreased molar proportion of acetate and iso-valerate. In contrast, molar proportion of propionate, butyrate and valerate significantly increased, and thus the ratio of acetate to propionate became declined linearly. Methane production decreased linearly although the total gas production significantly increased as an increasing levels of glycerol supplementation but showed low enteric methane and no effect for microbial protein production. Every single cassava leaves silages in present study showed well-preserved quality depended on high concentration of lactic acid, not detected butyric acid, low concentration of N-NH3 although the pH value slightly higher. In addition, the well-preserved quality also supported by a low reduction of OM content (about 0.2%) and not changed CP content in silage between week 0 and 4. Rumen fermentation characteristics of cassava leaves silage by in vitro gas production showed an increasing IVOMD and total VFA production between week 0 and 4, but the silage treatment was not significant on each week. Glycerol as silage additive at week 0 showed propiogenic properties but not appeared on SG and SGT week 4. Contrary, the main properties of chesnut tannin was shown on in vitro gas production of ST and SGT week 4 that reduced proportion of N-NH3 and iso-acid production related to amino acid degradation. Based on results, it can be concluded that meta-analysis
Keyword: chesnut tannin, glycerol, in vitro, Manihot esculenta Crantz, silage

Judul: Performa Ruminansia Kecil yang Diberi Daun Singkong (Manihot  esculenta) dengan Pengolahan Berbeda : Kajian Pustaka
Abstrak: Daun singkong tersedia secara melimpah dan mempunyai kandungan protein kasar yang cukup tinggi yaitu berkisar 20%. Pemanfaatan daun singkong terkendala dengan zat anti nutrien yang terkandung di dalamnya yaitu asam sianida sehingga perlu adanya teknologi dan upaya pengolahan seperti pembuatan silase atau pengeringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis performa ruminansia kecil yang diberi pakan daun singkong dengan pengolahan berbeda dengan pendekatan review kuantitatif, sebanyak 32 literatur dari tahun 2010-2020 diperoleh 72 data perlakuan yang ditabulasi pada microsoft excel 2019. Parameter pada penelitian dilakukan dengan uji deskriptif dan menggunakan uji regresi linier serta kuadratik. Parameter tersebut meliputi pertambahan bobot badan, konsumsi bahan kering, kecernaan bahan pakan, dan efisiensi pakan. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukan bahwapemberian pakan daun singkong dengan olahan kering pada taraf 50% meningkatkan pertambahan bobot badan (P≤0,05, R2 = 0,195) dan kecernaan bahan organik pada taraf daun singkong 60% (P≤0,01, R2 = 0,528). Pemberian pakan daun singkong dengan olahan silase pada ternak ruminansia kecil pada taraf 60% menurunkan konsumsi bahan kering (P≤0,01, R2 = 0,807). Efisiensi pakan relatif sama dengan pemberian daun singkong kering maupun dalam bentuk silase. Daun singkong olahan kering dapat digunakan sebagai campuran pakan ruminansia kecil dengan taraf pemberian optimal sebesar 60%, sedangkan olahan silase dapat diberikan dengan taraf optimal 20%., Cassava leaves are available in abundance amount and contain of 20% crude protein. Utilization of cassava leaves is constrained by the anti-nutritional content, cyanide acid. This toxic compound needs to be reduced using processing such as silage or drying. This study aims to analyze the performance of small ruminants fed cassava leaves with different processing with a quantitative review approach. The study using 32 national or international journal articles from 2010-2020. The data was tabulated in Microsoft Excel 2019. The body weight gain, dry matter intake, feed digestibility, and feed efficiency were measured in this study. Those variable measured were analyze using by descriptive analysis and regression tests with linear and quadratic approach. The results of the regression analysis showed that feeding dry-processed cassava leaves at a level of 50% increased body weight gain (P≤0.05, R2 = 0.195) and organic matter digestibility at a level of 60% cassava leaves (P≤0.01, R2 = 0.528). Feeding cassava leaves silage to small ruminants at a level of 60% decreased dry matter consumption (P≤0.01, R2 = 0.807). The feed efficiency was similar among treatments. The dry-processed cassava leaves can be used as a mixture of feed for small ruminants with an optimal feeding rate of 60%, while the processed silage can be used at optimal level of 20%.
Keyword: cassava leaves, drying, ruminants, silage

Judul: Teknik penentuan posisi bintang berdasarkan pelat foto overlapping
Abstrak: Bintang adalah salah satu objek langit yang menarik untuk diamati. Untuk itu, pengetahuan tentang posisi bintang sangat diperlukan. Posisi bintang di langit dapat dihitung melalui foto bintang. Fotografi astronomi atau astrometri merupakan ilmu yang mempelajari metode untuk menentukan posisi bendabenda langit seperti bintang berdasarkan pelat foto (Kamp, 1967). Sebuah pelat foto berisi citra bintang-bintang yang sudah diketahui posisinya berdasarkan katalog dan citra bintang-bintang yang belum diketahui posisinya. Posisi bintang yang ada di katalog dinyatakan dengan (a,3). Bintang yang belum diketahui posisinya lebih banyak jumlahnya daripada bintang yang sudah diketahui posisinya. Citra bintang pada pelat foto berupa sebuah titik dalam bentuk tetap. Posisinya pada pelat merupakan hasil pengukuran pada bidang kartesius dan dinyatakan dengan (1;,fl). Hasil pengukuran tersebut kemudian direduksi menjadi koordinat terukur (x,y). Hubungan antara (a,3) dan (x,y) didekati dengan sebuah deret dengan konstanta-konsranta deret merupakan konstanta pelat. Nilai konstanta pelat diperoleh dengan menggabungkan hasil pengukuran posisi bintang pada masing-masing pelat menjadi sebuah persamaan normal (Jefferys, 1963). Hasil akhir dari gugus persamaan normal tersebut dijabarkan dalam bentuk nOlasi matriks partisi dan berupa sebuah sistem persamaan linier Ax = b di mana A adalah matriks jarang, dan x merupakan konstanta pelar yang akan dicari nilainya. Untuk menyelesaikan sistem persamaan linier terse but digunakan metode transformasi given. Konstanta pelat yang sudah diperoleh dengan menyelesaikan sistem persamaan linier di atas, kemudian disubtitusi ke sebuah persamaan untuk memperoleh posisi bintang yang tidak tercantum dalam katalog. .
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