Judul: Perencanaan Sistem Distribusi Air Bersih di Desa Pulosari, Kecamatan Pengalengan, Kabupaten Bandung - Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Water is a basic requirement in daily life. Without water, humans are not able to carry out their daily activities. In an effort to distribute clean water to the community, the pipe system could be utilized. In designing the pipe system, the things that need to be taken into account are the amount of capacity and speed of the flow of a fluid through a system of pipelines and other things required in terms of planning. The population of Pulosari on RW 05, 06, 11 and 14 in 2012 is 2950 persons. The purpose of this research is designing a clean water distribution system by utilizing the raw water source of the reservoir in Pulosari village, Pengalengan sub district, Bandung district - west java. The main parameters that need to be evaluated is the pipe, discharge, pressure, and headloss. The main parameters that need to be evaluated is the geometric pipe, discharge, pressure, and headloss. This research was conducted with the primary and secondary data collection which is then proceeded with data analysis using the Epanet 2.0 software. From measurement performed, during rainy season flowing water to a reservoir only reachedto 1,37 LPS, For that required planning distribution system better namely by increasing the capacity of a building intake so as to discharge distributed to a reservoir will increase the size of 4,5 LPS, Discharge is able to meet the needs of water until 2022 year. HGL acquired value is above the soil surface so as to produce a positive residual head, this causes the water can flow from the reservoir into the water tank. Besides the new design of the pipe is needed on the distribution networks of water from the reservoir into the sump by replacing the pipe diameter of 1.5 inches to 2 inches to enlarge the flow which occurred in the distribution network.
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Judul: Design of Spring Water Catchment Building and Water Distribution System at Kalikajar Village, Wonosobo Regency
Abstrak: Kecenderungan pertambahan penduduk di Desa Kalikajar menunjukkan peningkatan kebutuhan air bersih. Penyediaan air air bersih belum optimal karena faktor geografi dan penurunan debit pada musim kemarau. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk merencanakan bangunan penangkap mata air dan jaringan pipa distribusi air bersih di Desa Kalikajar. Data yang digunakan berupa jumlah penduduk, kebutuhan air, dan debit mata air. Proyeksi jumlah penduduk dihitung dengan metode aritmatika, geometrik, eksponensial, dan logistik, sedangkan kebutuhan air bersih dihitung berdasarkan SNI 19-6728.1-2002. Jumlah penduduk yang mencapai 5328 jiwa pada tahun 2050 menyebabkan peningkatan kebutuhan air bersih 9.68% dan kebutuhan air domestik mencapai 4.63 L/detik. Debit mata air mencapai 10.80 L/detik. Bangunan penangkap mata air dirancang dengan Tipe B dan 3 reservoir dirancang dengan kapasitas tampungan 7 m3. Distribusi air direncanakan dengan sistem gravitasi, karena beda elevasi antara mata air dan desa lebih dari 10 m, dengan menggunakan pipa PVC berdiameter 100 – 150 mm, sepanjang 11843 m. Desain dapat diterapkan karena memenuhi persyaratan yang berlaku., The population growth in Kalikajar Village shows the increasing of water demand. Clean water availability is not optimal due to geographical factors and discharge reduction during the dry season. This research was conducted to design spring water catchment building and water distribution system at Kalikajar Village. The data of population, water demand, and water spring discharge were utilized in this research. The population growth was calculated using arithmetic, geometric, exponential, and logistic method, while water demand is calculated based on SNI 19-6728.1-2002. The population growth that reaches 5328 people in 2050 resulted in increasing water demand of 9.68% and domestic water demand reaches 4.63 L/s. The water spring discharge average was 10.80 L/s. The water spring catchment building was designed with Type B and 3 reservoir was designed with capacity of 7 m3. The water distribution was designed with gravitation system, because the elevation difference between the spring and the village is more than 10 m by using PVC pipeline with diameter of 100 – 150 mm and total length of 11843 m. The design meets the requirement standard and can be implemented.
Keyword: distribution system, reservoir, spring water

Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship