Judul: Keefektifan embriogenesis in vitro kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. var. Tenera) dari eksplan daun muda, embrio zigotik matang dan bunga betina immature
Abstrak: Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is an important commercial crop for all the producer countries. It is the world‟s leading vegetable oil crop. In the last decade, the interest in palm oil as biofuel was eventually caused constraints on worldwide supply for edible palm oil. In addition, low production and lack of conventional seeds and seedlings are always observed from the potential producer countries. More than one hundred million of tissue culture plantlets are needed per year. Indonesia is the largest world producer country with about 23 million tons of palm oil per year. The study was carried out to find in short term the optimum medium for callus induction and somatic embryo formation from young leaves, mature zygotic embryo and immature female flower explants of oil palm (E.guineensis Jacq.) var.Tenera. Three different independent experiments related to explant sources of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) var. Tenera include young leaf, mature zygotic embryo and immature female flower explants isolated from 9 and 13 years old trees were investigated on somatic embryos production. These explants were inoculated onto solid modified MS and Eeuwens basal medium containing 107.41μM NAA and associated with 0, 22.62, 45.24 or 67.86 μM 2,4-D and onto another MS basal medium with high concentration 450μM picloram or 450 μM 2,4-D in the presence of 0,03% (w/v) activated charcoal to induce embryogenic calli. The percentage of oxidation was ranged from 25 to 100% for leaf explant and from 0 to 46.67% for zygotic embryo explant, while it was 100% for female flower explant. The level of contamination was varied from 1.11 to 100 % for leaf explant, from 0 to 35.56% for zygotic embryo explant, and 8.33 to 41.67% for female flower explant. After 28 weeks of culture, compact and pearly-white, globular callus was obtained from the leaf number five (L5). The media 2,4-D and NAA concentration (67.86 and 107.41μM) respectively combination was the optimal media for embryogenic callus induction, while the media containing only NAA (107.41μM) induced the highest percentage of calli formation (30.56%). After 36 weeks of culture, direct embryoids was obtained from leaf number six (L6) onto the media containing the combination of NAA (107.41μM) and 2,4-D (45.24 μM). According to zygotic embryo explant, the best result (7.90%) of embryogenic callus was achieved onto Eeuwens media containing NAA (107.41μM) after 28 weeks. Highest percentage (38.33%) of direct shoot development was also obtained from the same media NAA (107.41μM). For female flower explant no callogenesis was observed during the study period. After 4 subsequent subcultures onto the same medium with gradually reduction of auxin concentration, the embryogenic callus and embryoid cells from young leaves and mature zygotic embryo explants, failed to develop during the time require for this study.
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Judul: Induksi Embrio Globular pada Tanaman Aren (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr.)
Abstrak: Sugar palm is a monocot plant belong to the Arecaceae family economically valuable and have bright prospects to be developed for food products to bio-ethanol substituting fossil fuels. This plant is usually propagated generatively yet there are a few issues being faced such as a long reproductive cycle, long seed production and dormancy, low germination capacity, and uniform seedling growth. Non-conventional plant breeding through biotechnology is the best possible alternative solution to provide good quality seedlings in order to increase sugar palm productivity. Tissue culture through somatic embryogenesis method is a technique that can be used to induce abundant and relatively uniform somatic embryos from zygotic embryos. One of the key factors when using this method which is focused in this research is the role of plant growth regulators under the auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin groups. The objective of this study was to get the best media to produce somatic embryos from zygotic embryos of sugar palm. The obtained results are expected to be used for future sugar palm non-conventional breeding. This research was conducted at Tissue Culture Laboratory Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University from October 2012 to April 2013. It covers the embryogenic callus induction phase, globular embryo induction phase and globular embryos maturation phase. The first phase consisted six treatments with 2,4-D, NAA, and biotin combination aiming to induce callus formation from young zygotic embryos. In the second phase, callus obtained from the first phase were subcultured to 14 different treatments with various kinetin and TIBA combination. As for the third phase, explants which were obtained from the second phase were subcultured into media with or without GA3 combination. The variables which were observed were percentage and total sterile explants, percentage and total explants which induced callus formation, average percentage of callus coverage, percentage and total explants with base apocol smaller than haustorium, percentage and total pseudo roots, percentage and total explants which induced globular embryos, percentage and total alive and mature globular embryo clumps. Sterilization using NaOCl 1.575 % and alcohol 96 % was able to provide 50-85 % sterile explants. During callus induction phase, embryogenic callus were mostly formed at treatment A5 (MS + 3 mg l-1 2,4-D + 0.2 mg l-1 NAA + 100 mg l-1 biotin) which is 73.4 % after 8 weeks. All explants were able to form globular embryos on media B3 (callus A1 to media MS + 4 mg l-1 Kinetin), B6 (callus A1 to media MS + 1 mg l-1 Kinetin + 0.1 mg l-1 TIBA), B12 (callus A2 to media MS + 0.1 mg l-1 Kinetin + 1 mg l-1 TIBA), and B14 (callus A2 to media MS + 1 mg l-1 Kinetin + 1 mg l-1 TIBA) at 2 WAT during embryo globular induction phase. During embryo globular maturation phase, media C11 (globular embryo clumps B9 to media MS + 0.1 mg l-1 GA3) was able to induce 70.8 % mature globular embryo clumps.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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