Judul: Female Reproductive Biology and Application of Artificial Insemination in Banteng (Bos javanicus d’Alton 1823)
Abstrak: The banteng (Bos javanicus d'Alton 1823) is one of the original Indonesian germplasms to be developed and conserved, and is considered endangered wildlife according to the IUCN Red List (IUCN 2010). The population of wild banteng has declined in many countries. The population decline is caused by illegal hunting, habitat destruction, and the spread of domestic animal-derived diseases. To increase the banteng population in the wild, various efforts are needed, including the use of artificial insemination (AI) reproductive technology. The breeding success of an animal species depends on several interrelated factors, one of which is the reproductive organs factor. Information on the reproductive biology of the Banteng as an ancestor of the Bali cattle is still very limited and poorly known, and knowledge of mating management in the Banteng is still lacking. Basic knowledge of ovarian characteristics related to the estrous cycle and monitoring methods are therefore very important for the success of a mating process. This research was extensively conducted between the monitoring of the reproductive cycle and the changes in the condition of the reproductive organs, namely by monitoring the reproductive cycle using ultrasound (USG). This study consists of 3 experiments. The first experiment aims to describe the characteristics of vaginal cytology and during estrus cycle and observe the clinical signs of estrus Banteng. Two healthy, sexually mature and fertile Banteng females from Taman Safari Indonesia were used for this study. Observation of clinical estrus symptoms and vaginal swabs were performed three times a week and for 5 consecutive days before and after estrus. The obtained vaginal swabs were then stained with Giemsa 0.24%. The epithelial cells obtained were parabasal, intermediate, superficial, and keratinized. Superficial cells are very dominant compared to other cells when estrus occurs, which corresponds to 50.20%, followed by keratinized cells with 38.51%, while other epithelial cells decreased, namely intermediate cells 26.82% and parabasal cells 13.44% for 3 estrus cycles. Readiness to be mounted by a bull or other female banteng at the time of oestrus is the most obvious clinical sign, and vaginal cytology procedures can be used to determine the oestrus cycle of banteng. The second experiment aimed to investigate the use of artificial insemination (AI) techniques based on the results of ultrasonic examination of the reproductive organs of the Banteng. Use of 2 female banteng in Taman Safari Indonesia, Cisarua, Bogor. Habituation to facilitate data collection. Optimal timing for reproduction is determined by examining the reproductive organs using ultrasound (USG) to detect changes in the uterus and ovaries and monitor clinical signs. Examination of follicle size and changes in the uterus of each banteng was performed on days -1, 0, and +1 for 3 oestrus cycles. Insemination is performed 2- 3 times during oestrus until ovulation occurs. The behavior of the banteng is easy to handle, they feel safe, calm and comfortable in the service box. The mean follicle size of the two Banteng females Andini and Uchi was 1.09 ± 0.02 cm on day -1, 1.31 ± 0.02 cm on day 0, and 1.33 ± 0.03 cm on day +1. Artificial insemination was
Keyword: banteng, vaginal cytology, artificial insemination, follicle size

Judul: Karakteristik Spermatozoa Banteng Jawa (Bos javanicus) Asal Epididimis dan Ejakulat
Abstrak: Banteng (Bos javanicus d’Alton 1832) adalah satwa liar yang dilindungi di Indonesia. Banteng masuk dalam daftar International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List dengan status terancam punah (endangered). Pelestarian satwa liar yang dilindungi di Indonesia salah satunya adalah melalui upaya pelestarian di lembaga konservasi eksitu yakni Taman Safari. Kunci penting suatu lembaga konservasi adalah mengembangbiakkan atau melakukan usaha reproduksi satwa yang dipelihara. Banteng jantan di beberapa lokasi konservasi sangat sedikit dibandingkan dengan betina, sehingga menyebabkan tingginya kejadian inbreeding. Kualitas jantan, termasuk kualitas semen, merupakan salah satu satu faktor keberhasilan reproduksi. Morfologi dan morfometri spermatozoa merupakan salah satu parameter kualitas semen yang penting. Aspek tetrsebut telah dikaji dari berbagai spesies, dan menunjukkan keragaman antarspesies. Morfologi dan morfometri spermatozoa juga berdampak pada beberapa hal seperti kemampuan untuk dibekukan (freezability) dan ketahanan individu terhadap suhu tinggi. Analisis morfometri spermatozoa juga telah dikaitkan dengan fertilitas, inbreeding dan studi filogenetik. Berbagai teknik pewarnaan dan pemeriksaan telah digunakan untuk pemeriksaan morfologi dan morfometri spermatozoa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik morfologi dan morfometri spermatozoa asal epididimis dan ejakulat, serta mengkaji penggunaan masase transrektal sebagai metode koleksi ejakulat banteng. Hewan sampel berasal dari Taman Safari Indonesia, Cisarua, Bogor. Spermatozoa asal epididimis diperoleh dari banteng yang mati secara alami, sedangkan spermatozoa asal ejakulat berasal dari satu ekor banteng berumur ± 2.4 tahun. Koleksi spermatozoa asal ejakulat dilakukan dengan metode masase transrektal (M) dan kombinasi dengan vagina buatan (MVB) dengan interval satu minggu sekali. Sampel spermatozoa dibuat preparat ulas dan diberi pewarnaan Williams, kemudian dilakukan pengamatan morfologi dan morfometri spermatozoa. Spermatozoa banteng asal epididimis telah berhasil dikoleksi dalam penelitian ini. Spermatozoa asal ejakulat juga berhasil dikoleksi dengan metode masase transrektal (M) maupun metode kombinasi masase transrektal dengan vagina buatan (MVB) dengan lama habituasi sekitar 5 bulan. Metode MVB dapat dijadikan alternatif koleksi semen banteng apabila tidak tersedia betina maupun dummy. Total spermatozoa normal asal epididimis banteng mencapai 72.05±5.11%, sedangkan asal ejakulat dengan metode M dan MVB secara berturut-turut adalah 54.30±1.74% dan 57.45±3.87%. Berbagai jenis abnormalitas kepala, ekor spermatozoa serta teratoid form teramati pada spermatozoa asal epididimis maupun ejakulat. Rentang panjang, lebar, luas kepala, serta panjang ekor spermatozoa banteng berdasarkan penelitian ini secara berturut-turut adalah 9.88±0.01-9.88±0.02 μm, 4.91±0.00-4.94±0.01 μm, 38.12±0.05-38.35±0.11 μm2 dan 60.24±0.06-60.48±0.03 μm.
Keyword: banteng, epididimis, ejakulat, morfologi, morfometri, spermatozoa

Judul: Pembuatan Minuman Ringan Berkarbonat dari Teh
Abstrak: Teh merupakan minuman penyegar karena dengan meminumnya baik pada saat udara panas maupun dingin, orang akan merasa lebih segar. Selain memberikan kesegaran, teh juga telah ditemukan mencegah beberapa jenis penyakit.
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