Judul: Formulasi sediaan obat kumur berbahan dasar gambir (Uncaria gambier Roxb)
Abstrak: Mouth sanitary is something that important for human, especially on daily social intercourse. On healthy human, mouth foul that happened usually originate fiom inside of mouth caused food residue decaying by bacteria which exist in mouth cavity. Some solution to contend mouth foul caused by various diseases in mouth is by using antibacterial mouthwash which can kill or obstruct the plaque maker bacteria, especially Streptococcus mutans bacteria. Gambier is rubber essence which extracted fiom gambier leaves (Uncaria gambier Roxb) by pressure method (Amos, et al, 2004). Gambier with two main components that are catechin and cathecutannic acid, has an astringent effect, antibacterial, pharmacological and other toxic properties. But the exploration of gambier advantages still not optimal. Gambier uses as a mouthwash preparation is one of the efforts in gambier advantages exploration. Additionally, gambier mouthwash will be able to replace the commercial mouthwash which usually contain high enough of alcohol. Mouthwashes with alcoliol content of 25% or more have been implicated in mouth, tongue and throat cancers about 50% (Brooking and Zaman, 2005).
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Judul: Formulasi Obat Kumur Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb)
Abstrak: Gambier (UI/CClria gambir Roxb) is rubber essence which extracted from gambier leaves by pressure method (Amos et aI., 2004). Gambier with two main component that is catechin and catechutannic acid, have an astringent effect, antibacterial, pharmachological properties, and other toxics. That properties makes gambier often used medicine and pharmacy industry, leather tanning industry, and others. Though gambier have a lot of uselfulness, the exploration of gambier advantages still not optimal yet. Use gambier to be mouthwash preparation is one of the effort in exploration of gambier advantages, Gambier mouthwash will be able to replace the commercial mouthwash which contain alcohol and others syintetic chemicals, Mouthwash with an alcohol content of 25% or more have been implicated in mouth, tongue, and throat cancers about 50% (Brooking, 2000), The aim of this research is to get the best formulation of gambier mouthwash which can be inhibit to Streptococcus J17ulans growth and accepted by consumen by organoleptic test. Analysis which conducted at gambier mouthwash cover the examination of antibacterial activity, pH, viscosity, microbiology (total microbe) and organoleptic test which includes transparency, color, aroma (odor), taste and overall. Commercial herbal mouthwash was used as comparator. This research has resulted formulation of gambier mouthwash own the pH about 6.02-6.11, while pH of comparator is equal to 6.14, Viscosity of gambier mouthwash is about 1.85-1.93 cP, while the comparator having viscosity equal to 1.34 cr. Antibacterial activity has showed by diameter of zone of iIlhibilion is equal to 34.05-34.35 ml11, control ° 111m (none zone of inhibition), while the comparator equal to 28.55 mm. Formulation of gambier mouthwash and \.nmparator own the same total microbe, that is 0 co!ony/ml. Result of the manner analysis has showed that the variation of gambier concentration has not influence the antibacterial activity and pH value, but influence the viscosity of gambier mouthwash. Result of organoleptic test which includes transparency, color, taste and overall has indicate that gambier tnol1thwash which most accepted by the consumer is formulation of gambier mouthwash with the gambier concentration 0,2%.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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