Judul: Sintas Isolat Lokal Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) dalam Susu Skim Selama Pengeringan, Penyimpanan dan Rekonstitusi
Abstrak: Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) is an emerging opportunistic pathogen associated with necrotizing enterocolitis, septicemia, bacteremia, and meningitis in neonates, particularly those who are premature or immunocompromised. Contaminated powder infant formula (PIF) has been linked to such outbreaks. Cronobacter spp. is relatively more resistant to osmotic stress and desiccation than other Enterobacteriaceae. This pathogen is known to survive at least for two years in PIF having low water activity (aw). The objective of this study was to determine the effects of spray drying and storage humidity (50%, 70%, and 90%) on the survival of a heat resistant local isolate Cronobacter spp. in skim milk and their viability upon reconstitution at various water temperatures. Survival of Cronobacter spp. during spray drying was determined by comparing the number of bacteria before and after spray drying. Viability of Cronobacter spp. in spray dried milk was observed for 3 month, during which Cronobacter spp. were periodically enumerated on TSA-YE agar. At the same intervals, spray dried milk containing Cronobacter spp. was reconstituted with water at room temperature (27 °C) and 50 °C. The number of Cronobacter spp. after reconstitution was enumerated and compared to the number of surviving Cronobacter spp. in milk prior to drying. In addition water activity (aw) and moisture content of the dried skim milk were also determined. Spray drying process resulted in 4.19 log CFU/g reduction of Cronobacter sp.YRc3a. Decrease in aw of skim milk after drying and during storage resulted in an increased survival of Cronobacter sp.YRc3a upon reconstitution at 50 °C. The logarithmic reduction of Cronobacter sp.YRc3a during reconstitution before drying were significantly higher (0.64 log) than after drying (0.35 log). Increase in survival upon reconstitution was also observed during storage at various humidity, ranging from 0.161 to 0.203 log. During 3 month storage period, Cronobacter sp. YRc3a survived better in dried skim milk at 70% humidity with only 0.21 log reduction in viable counts. Storage of dried skim milk at 50% and 90% humidity accelerated the rate of Cronobacter sp.YRc3a, resulting in decline of viable count for approximately 3 log cycles.
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Judul: Survival dan pertumbuhan Cronobacter sakazakii dan Lactobacillus selama rekonstitusi susu formula
Abstrak: Cronobactersakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii) is an emerging foodborne pathogenassociated with powdered infant formula(PIF). The bacterium has been known to cause necrotizing enterocolitis(NEC), meningitis, and sepsis in neonates, especially to those born prematurely and or with low birth weight. C.sakazakiicould be found and survive in PIFas a residual contamination during drying or filling (after pasteurization process) and reconstitution practice in household or hospitals.Recently, somePIF product is being added with Lactobacillus as probiotics, therefore the reconstitution temperature may affect both the Lactobacillus and C. sakazakii. The objectives of this study are to study (1)the influence of various temperature of the water (30, 50, and 70oC) used for reconstitution on (a) the survival and growth of C. sakazakii in PIF, (b) the survival and growth of C. sakazakii and Lactobacillus R23 present together in PIF, and (2) to determine selective enumeration media of C. sakazakii and Lactobacillus R23 when both are present in PIF. A preliminary study was conducted for rapid screening of six isolates to obtain two heat tolerant C. sakazakii isolates by using heat treatment at 54oC for 32 minutes. The main study was evaluation of survival and growth of C. sakazakii YR c3a in PIF followingreconstitution at the above temperatures in the absence or presence of Lactobacillus R23 for up to eight hours. C. sakazakii YR c3a and DES b7b were selected as the more heat tolerant. Reconstitution at 30 and 50 oC did not influence survival and growth of C. sakazakii for up to 8 h hang time.Two log reductionsof C. sakazakii occurred in PIF reconstituted with water at 70oC.At 30 oC, presence of Lactobacillus R23 in PIF also did not affect the survival and growth of C. sakazakii upon reconsitution at irrespective of the initial load ratio. Meanwhile presence of Lactobacillus did not affect C. sakazaki upon reconstitution at 50 oC when the ratio of LactobacillusR23 : C. sakazakiiYR c3a was 1:1, but growth of C. sakazakii YR c3a decreased following reconstitution when ratio of the two bacteria was 103:1.Reconstitution at 70 oC reduced the number of C. sakazakii YR c3a and DES b7b by 2.51 and 2.48 log CFU/ml, respectively. In PIF containing Lactobacillus, regardless of the ratio, Lactobacillus R23 and C. Sakazakii YR c3adecreased for up to <1,00 log CFU/ml and to 1,40 log CFU/ml, respectively. Following reconstitution at this temperature, the growth of C. sakazakiiYR c3a started tobe observed 4 h afterward while Lactobacillus R23 started to increase 2 h afterward.
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Judul: Tree berdiameter lima adalah graceful
Abstrak: This manuscript presents some proofs that every tree of diameter five is graceful. A graceful tree is a graph which has a graceful labelling. This labelling assigns absolute difference of connected vertices, such that the resulting edge labels are mutually distinct. There are three theorems to be considered. First theorem proves that every tree of diameter four is graceful. Second theorem proves that every tree of diameter five is graceful or nearly graceful. The third theorem improves the second theorem and shows that every tree of diameter five is nearly graceful, which can be transformed into graceful using some certain patterns.
Keyword: Graf, Pelabelan graceful, Bogor Agricultural University, Institut Pertanian Bogor, IPB