Judul: Efficiency Analysis of Rose Farming in Central Java Province
Abstrak: Provinsi Jawa Tengah merupakan provinsi dengan nilai produksi mawar tertinggi kedua di Indonesia. Namun, produksi yang tinggi tersebut ternyata tidak diimbangi dengan tren produktivitas yang positif dan tingkat pendapatan yang tinggi pula. Permasalahan tersebut diduga berkaitan dengan efisiensi usahatani. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi produksi mawar dan tingkat efisiensi teknis, alokatif, dan ekonomi usahatani mawar di Jawa Tengah beserta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhinya. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) serta penurunan biaya dual. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa hanya tiga variabel yang berpengaruh secara nyata terhadap produksi mawar di Jawa Tengah, yaitu adalah luas lahan, jumlah tanaman, dan pupuk kimia. Selain itu, ditinjau dari tingkat efisiensinya, usahatani mawar di Jawa Tengah sudah dikatakan efisien secara teknis namun belum dikatakan efisien secara alokatif dan ekonomi dengan nilai rata-rata efisiensi teknis, alokatif dan ekonomi masing-masing sebesar 0,82; 0,33; dan 0,28. Faktor-faktor sosial ekonomi yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap inefisiensi teknis adalah sumber bibit, bantuan usaha, dan kemitraan. Sedangkan untuk variabel-variabel yang berpengaruh nyata terhadap inefisiensi alokatif dan ekonomi adalah proporsi sumber pembiayaan sendiri, proporsi hasil panen untuk dijual, dan kemitraan., Central Java is the province with the second-highest rose production value in Indonesia. However, this high production is not accompanied by a positive trend in productivity and a high level of income. The issue is assumed to be related to farming efficiency. This study aims to analyze the factors that influenced the production of roses and the level of technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies of rose farming in Central Java along with the factors that influenced them. This study employed Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) and dual cost reduction methods. The findings of this study indicate that only three variables had a significant effect on rose production in Central Java, namely land area, number of plants, and chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, in terms of the level of efficiency, rose farming in Central Java had been said to be technically efficient but had not been considered to be efficient in terms of its allocation and economic factors with an average score of technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies of 0.82, 0.33, and 0.28. Socio-economic factors that significantly affected technical inefficiency were the source of seeds, business assistance, and partnership. Meanwhile, the variables that had a significant effect on allocative inefficiency and economic inefficiency were the proportion of self-financing sources, the proportion of crops for sale, and partnerships.
Keyword: Dual cost, Efficiency, Rose farming, Stochastic frontier

Judul: Production Efficiency Analysis of White Jasmine Flower (Jasminum Sambac) farming in Maribaya Village, Kramat District, Tegal Regency
Abstrak: Bunga melati putih di Desa Maribaya merupakan produksi bunga melati terbesar di Kecamatan Kramat. Desa Maribaya merupakan desa yang berpotensi untuk budidaya bunga melati karena sebagian besar penduduknya bermata pencaharian sebagai petani bunga melati. Hal ini didukung dengan kondisi lahan yang cocok untuk melakukan budidaya melati, namun produktivitas bunga melati di Desa Maribaya mengalami penurunan. Hal tersebut diduga akibat pengalokasian faktor input-input produksi yang belum efisien baik dari faktor internal maupun eksternal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi produktivitas usaha tani bunga melati di Desa Maribaya (2) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi biaya produksi usaha tani bunga melati di Desa Maribaya (3) menganalisis efisiensi teknis, alokatif, dan ekonomi usaha tani bunga melati di Desa Maribaya (4) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi inefisiensi bunga melati di Desa Maribaya. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah fungsi produksi dan biaya produksi stochastic frontier Cobb-Douglas metode maximum likelihood estimation dan efek inefisiensi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi meningkatkan produktivitas bunga melati meliputi jumlah bibit, jumlah pupuk anorganik, pestisida, dan tenaga kerja serta faktor yang memengaruhi meningkatkan biaya produksi yaitu produktivitas melati, harga sewa lahan, harga pupuk anorganik, harga pestisida, dan upah tenaga kerja. Rata-rata nilai efisiensi teknis sudah efisien, namun secara efisiensi alokatif dan ekonomi belum efisien. Variabel sosial ekonomi pada inefisiensi teknis tidak ada yang berpengaruh signifikan, sedangkan variabel sosial ekonomi pada inefiensi ekonomi berpengaruh signifikan, yaitu pendidikan formal dan pengalaman usaha tani., White jasmine flowers in Maribaya Village are the largest jasmine flower production in Kramat District. Maribaya village is a village with the potential for jasmine flower cultivation because most of the residents make a living as jasmine flower farmers. This is supported by land conditions that are suitable for jasmine cultivation, but the productivity of jasmine flowers in Maribaya Village has decreased. This is thought to be due to the inefficient allocation of production input factors from both internal and external factors. This study aims to (1) analyze the factors that affect the productivity of jasmine flower farming in Maribaya Village (2) analyze the factors that affect the production costs of jasmine flower farming in Maribaya Village (3) analyze the technical, allocative, and economic efficiency of jasmine flower farming in Maribaya Village (4) analyze the factors that affect jasmine flower inefficiency in Maribaya Village. The method used in the study was the production function and production cost of the Cobb-Douglas frontier stochastic method of maximum likelihood estimation and inefficiency effects. The results of the analysis show that the factors that influence increasing the productivity of jasmine flowers include the number of seedlings, the amount of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and labor as well as factors that influence increasing production costs, namely jasmine productivity, land rental prices, inorganic fertilizer prices, pesticide prices, and labor wages. The average value of technical efficiency is already efficient, but in terms of allocative and economic efficiency it is not yet efficient. Socioeconomic variables on technical inefficiency have no significant effect, while socioeconomic variables on economic inefficiency have a significant effect, namely formal education and farm business experience.
Keyword: stochastic frontier analysis, floriculture, maximum likelihood estimation, productivity

Judul: Peluang Partikel Plasma Berada Pada Dimensi Debye Akibat Gangguan Gelombang Elektromagnetik dengan Menggunakan Persamaan Schrödinger
Abstrak: The solution of Schrodinger equations with plasma Coulomb potential in spherical coordinat results solution wave function and energy plasma particle. Electron probability density at Debye length with thermal effect same as ion, which indicates plasma in neutral state. Electromagnetic waves perturbation of an electric field given to result wave function perturbation system. The probability density of plasma particle due to electromagnetic waves perturbation is the largest when an electromagnetic waves frequency 1.41 times the plasma frequency .
Keyword: Schrödinger, plasma, electromagnetic wave