Judul: Rasio Molar dan Konsentrasi Katalis Methyl Ester Sulfonic Acid pada Proses Sintesis Gliseril Ester
Abstrak: Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel industry production which still can be further processed into more value-added products. The example is the utilization of glycerol by means of esterification between glycerol and oleic acid with methyl ester sulfonic acid (MESA) catalyst, producing glyceril ester. The purpose of this study was to obtain the conditions of esterification with variable factors were molar ratio between oleic acid and glycerol and the concentrations of added MESA catalyst. Before esterification, crude glycerol was purified by adding 5% (v/v) phosphoric acid 85%, producing glycerol with ±80% glycerol content. Furthermore, glycerol was then esterified with supply of nitrogen, at temperature of 180 °C, and the stirring speed of 400 rpm for 90 minutes. The best combination of molar ratio and concentration of catalyst MESA is on ratio molar 0,8:1 (glycerol : oleic acid) with 0,5% added of catalyst MESA. Esterification on that condition produced glyceryl ester with the yield of 79,55%, density 0,940 g/cm3, acid value 44 mg KOH/g sample, viscosity 90 cP (30 oC), kinematic viscosity 49,04 cSt (40 oC), flash point 206 oC, pour point -1,5 oC, and boiling point 105 oC.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), glyceryl ester, esterification, MESA, glycerol

Judul: Pengaruh Konsentrasi Katalis Methyl Ester Sulfonic Acid Terhadap Sifat Fisikokimia Gliserol Ester Oleat yang Dihasilkan
Abstrak: Glycerol is a by-product from palm olein biodiesel industry which could be value-added to obtain various products. One of the alternatives is to modify glycerol become glycerol ester oleat. Before processing, glycerol was first refined using 5% (v/v) phosphoric acid 85%. The refinery showed that glycerol content was increased from 49% to 80%. Glycerol was then esterified with oleic acid and catalyst methyl ester sulfonic acid (MESA) to obtain glycerol ester. Esterification was conducted at 240°C and nitrogen atmosphere using 200 rpm of mixing for 90 minutes. The best catalyst concentration used in esterification process is at 0,5% and resulting glycerol ester oleat with acid number 48,07 mg KOH/g sample, density of 0,9124 g/cm3, viscosity 68,32 cP (25°C), kinematic viscosity 36 cSt (40°C), flash point 230°C and pour point -15°C.
Keyword: glycerol ester, glycerol

Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan