Judul: Inventarisasi predator kumbang ubi jalar, Cylas formicarius Fab. (Coleoptera:Curculionidae)
Abstrak: Cylas formicarius Fab. (KUJ) adalah hama ubi jalar yang paling penting. Usaha untuk mengembangkan teknik- teknik pengendalian hama tersebut secara hayati masih kurang dikembangkan. Salah satu agens pengendali hayati hama tersebut adalah predator. Penelitian ini bermaksud menginventarisasi predator imago KUJ di beberapa daerah penghasil ubi jalar di Jawa. Pengumpulan artropoda predator dilakukan dengan cara mengumpankan KUJ yang dikumpulkan di beberapa tempat (exposure method), dengan cara memikatnya mengunakan feromon kelamin sintetis. Untuk mengetahui atau menentu- kan peranan artropoda yang ditangkap terhadap KUJ, maka dilakukan uji pemangsaan. Artropoda yang berhasil dikumpulkan meliputi serangga dari famili Formicidae (Hymenoptera), Carabidae (Coleoptera) dan Forficulidae (Dermaptera), dan dua laba-laba (Araneida) dari famili Lycosidae dan Oxyopidae. Artropoda yang paling banyak mendatangi perangkap adalah serangga, yaitu semut. Semut Anoplolepis longipes Jerdon, Iridomyrmex anceps Mayr dan Pheidole sp. diketahui menyerang KUJ di lapang pada saat pengamatan. Artropoda lain yang ditemukan di sekitar perangkap tidak ada yang menyerang KUJ. Namun demikian, tidak ada artropoda yang memangsa KUJ pada uji pemangsaan dan tidak ada yang mempengaruhi peletakan telur serta kegiatan makan KUJ.
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Judul: Percobaan pemasangan feromon seks kumbang penggerek ubi jalar. Cylas formicarius. (Coleoptera : Curculionidae)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di lahan petani Desa Cibatok II, Kecamatan Cibungbulang, Kabupaten Bogor, Propinsi Jawa Barat. Pertanaman ubi jalar seluas 1 ha dibagi menjadi 20 petak. Perangkap berferomon diletakkan pada setiap petak yang dipilih secara acak dari 20 petak tersebut. Jumlah perangkap yang digunakan adalah 5 buah. Percobaan pemasangan feromon seks terbagi atas uji pendahuluan yang dilaksanakan pada tanggal 4 - 9 Desember 1989, dan uji lanjutan yang dilaksanakan pada tanggal 17 20 - Januari 1990. Pengamatan jumlah C. formicarius jantan yang tertangkap dilakukan setiap hari pada uji pendahuluan, sedang pada uji lanjutan pengamatan dilakukan setiap 2 jam pada waktu siang hari dan 12 jam pada waktu malam hari. Selama uji pendahuluan, jumlah kumbang jantan yang tertangkap selama 6 hari adalah 1771.2 ekor/perangkap. Pada uji lanjutan, jumlah kumbang yang tertangkap selama 4 hari rata-rata 204.75 ekor/perangkap pada malam hari, dan siang hari rata-rata 39.10 ekor/perangkap. Jumlah kumbang jantan yang tertangkap berbeda nyata antara malam hari dengan siang hari, begitu juga berbeda nyata antara pagi hari (06.00-12.00) dengan siang/sore hari (12.00-18.00). Feromon seks yang dikembangkan oleh AVRDC bekerja dengan baik yang dapat digunakan untuk monitoring dan dapat disarankan untuk mengendalikan Cylas formicarius.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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