Judul: Carbohydrate, protein and lipid production of microalgae in a raceway pond system: use of fertilizer combinations of ZA-NaNO3 and SP36-K2HPO4as N and P nutrient source
Abstrak: Microalgae is a photosyinthetic unicellular microbe which able to convert sunlight, water, carbon dioxide and nutrients to biomass. Since its biomass contains high grade of carbohydrate and lipid, microalgae is a potential source of biofuel. The objectives of this research were to identify 4 selected microalgae strains, to determine the optimum combination of technical grade ZA-NaNO 3 and SP36-K2HPO4 as the N and P nutrient source for cultivation of the strains at laboratory scale, and to evaluate the effects of the optimum combination of the N and P nutrient source on carbohydrate, protein and lipid production of each strain at field scale in a raceway pond system. The results showed that microalgae ICBB 9111 strain is Synechococcus sp., while ICBB 9112, ICBB 9113, and ICBB 9114 are Chlamydomonas sp. The highest carbohydrate was produced by Synechococcus sp. ICBB 9111 (43.90 % dry weight, DW) at 50 % ZA, 50 % NaNO3 and 100 % SP36, 0% K2HPO4 treatment. The highest protein was produced by Chlamydomonas sp. ICBB 9114 (29.09 % DW) at 50 % ZA, 50 % NaNO3 and 100 % SP36, 0 % K2HPO4 treatment. The highest lipid was produced by Chlamydomonas sp. ICBB 9113 (32 % DW) at 50 % ZA, 50% NaNO3 and 50 % SP36, 50% K2HPO4treatment.
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Judul: Produksi lipid dan karbohidrat ganggang mikro asal sawah dan perairan tawar yang dikultivasi pada skala lapang
Abstrak: Production of bioenergy as an alternative for oil fuel requires biomass as raw material. With an extremely rapid growth rate, microalgae is potential to be developed as a source of bioenergy by extracting lipids and carbohydrates from its biomass. This research was initiated by a laboratory-scale cultivation of 4 isolates of microalgae (ICBB 9111, ICBB 9112, ICBB 9113, and ICBB 9114) in 50 ml medium with 5 different concentrations, i.e. 0.75 times the standard media M4 composition (0.75 M4), M4, 1.25 M4, 1.50 M4, and 1.75 M4. The composition of M4 standard media (g/L): 1.5 NaNO3, 0.049 K2HPO4, 0.0366 MgSO4, 0.0271 CaCl2, 0.006 citric acid, 0.006 Fe-ammonium citrate, 0.001 EDTA, 0.02 Na2CO3 and 1 ml micro nutrient with composition (g/L): 2.86 H3BO3, 0.1485 MnCl2, 0.1245 ZnSO4, 0.0506 Na2MoO4.2H2O, 0.0506 CuSO4, and 0.043 CoCl2.6H2O. The laboratory scale growth-rates of microalgae at different compositions of standard media were varied. Based on the results of analysis of variance, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, and growth chart, the optimum medium for the field-scale cultivation were 0.75 M4 for microalgae ICBB 9112 and ICBB 9114, and M4 for microalgae ICBB 9111 and ICBB 9113. The growth rate of microalgae at field scale was faster than those at laboratory one. The average biomass productivity of microalgae ICBB 9111, ICBB 9112, ICBB 9113, and ICBB 9114 after cultivated for 2 days at field scale were, respectively, 0.28, 0.21, 0.26, and 12.32 g/L. The highest lipid production was produced by isolate ICBB 9114 (32% w/w) at 0.75 M4 medium, and the highest carbohydrate production was obtained from isolate ICBB 9113 (44% w/w) at M4 media. This result indicates that when the microalgae lipid production is high, the corresponding carbohydrate production is lower and vice versa.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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