Judul: Formulasi TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem) menggunakan ILP (Integer Linear Programming)
Abstrak: TSP is a journey of salesman f?om his origin town (place) to visit n-cities (places) only at once, then return to his origin town (place) with a minimum total distance. Its purpose is to minimize the operating expense that is released by the company. Vehicle route at TSP in the form of a Hamiltonian cycle, that is closed path containing all nodes at the graph which representing a network walk. Its problem is to determine a journey route which is feasible (possibly can be passed by) in such a way the vehicle travelled distance passed the route is minimum.
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Judul: Penyelesaian Traveling Salesman problem Menggunakan Algoritme Simulated Annealing
Abstrak: Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) sering kali dimanfaatkan untuk menyelesaikan berbagai permasalahan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, salah satunya adalah kegiatan distribusi. TSP dapat diselesaikan dengan metode eksak maupun melalui metode pendekatan. Namun penyelesaian TSP berukuran besar dengan metode eksak cenderung memakan waktu yang sangat lama. Maka dari itu terdapat beberapa metode yang dikembangkan untuk permasalahan TSP ini. Pada karya ilmiah ini, akan dilakukan penyelesaian terhadap permasalahan TSP menggunakan metode pendekatan Simulated Annealing (SA) dan metode eksak Branch and Bound. Terdapat tiga permasalahan TSP yang akan diselesaikan. Permasalahan pertama terdiri dari 25 node, permasalahan kedua terdiri dari 40 node, dan permasalahan ketiga terdiri dari 68 node. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa iterasi dan waktu eksekusi yang dibutuhkan metode SA jauh lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan metode eksak. Namun selisih jarak yang dihasilkan metode SA dengan metode eksak masih relatif besar pada kasus II dan III yaitu 5,5% dan 7,6%., Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) is often used to solve various problems in daily life, one of which is distribution activities. TSP can be solved by an exact method or an approach method. However, the large cases tends to take a very long time to solve using the exact method. Therefore, there are several methods developed for this problem. In this manuscript, the exact method used to solve TSP is Branch and Bound and for the approach method using the metaheuristic Simulated Annealing (SA) method. There are three cases that will be resolved. The first case consists of 25 nodes, the second case consists of 40 nodes, and the third case consists of 68 nodes. The results obtained show that the iteration and the execution time required by the SA method is much less than the exact method. However, the difference between the distance produced by the SA method and the exact method was still relatively large in the second case and the third case, that is 5,5% and 7,6%.
Keyword: Branch and Bound, Simulated Annealing, Traveling Salesman Problem

Judul: Kemampuan adaptif kerang bulu anadara antiquata di perairan tercemar logam berat : aspek biokinetik, ekobiologi, histologi, dan molekuler
Abstrak: The ark cockles Anadara antiquataare wide spread in Indonesia seawater, and able to live in the sediment, that are the sites of anthropogenic heavy metals deposits. A. antiquatacould not avoid the exposures ofheavy metals from surrounding environment, because of their limited mobility, and filter feeding mechanism. Muara Bama Panimbang, and Banten Bay Bojonegara in the Province of Banten, has been contaminated by heavy metals exceeding the quality standard. Panimbang areahas beenknown to have high diversity of bivalves species, thus become the center of bivalves inthe Province of Banten. A. antiquata in both location have not been exploited yet, so their economic valuesstilllow enough.Scientific information about A.antiquataarealso relatively limited, so it is interesting to study their potency,both for economical and ecological purposes. This research aimed to:1)identified the ability of mercury bioaccumulation and depuration onA. antiquata using radioactive tracer, 2) identified the effect of mercuryinduction to the histological structures of A. antiquatagills, 3) identified the ecobiological characteristics of A. antiquata in natural habitats that contaminated by heavy metals, and 4) characterizedthe metallothionein (MT)protein and gene ofA. antiquataby mercury induction. Biokinetic approachedwithradiotracer applicationhas beenconducted, to identify the capacity of mercury bioaccumulation and depurationonA. antiquata in laboratory. The results showed that smaller cockles (10-20 mm) accumulatedhigherconcentration of mercury than bigger cockles (35-45 mm). The increaseofmercury concentration in water affected the increasingof BCF values in both groups, until steady state conditions reached. Increased concentrations of mercury in water, were increased the mercuryefflux,and body contentsin both groups, but decreased the uptake rates in bigger cockles. Based on the models, lowest concentrations of dissolve mercury(0.0025 ppm) caused the highest BCF values in both groups. The steady state conditions would reachedin 15 dayson smaller cockles, andin 13 daysonbigger cockles. The mercuryelimination rates during depuration, showed no significant differences on both groups. The mercurybiological half-times in A. antiquataranged in 3.49 – 7.42 depuration days. The mercuryconcentration 0.0025; 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02 ppm have been induced for six days, to study its impact to the gills histological structures. Gills tissue samples were taken on day 2, 4, and 6 of exposures. The results showed,combination ofsix days exposuresand four mercury concentrationsdid not caused serious damages to the gills of A. antiquata.The damages appearedwerehyperplasia and necrosis, but in general,the treatmentscombinations showed no significant differences to the histological structures of gills. These facts supportsthe adaptive ability ofA. antiquata in mercury contaminated environment. The study results in natural habitat (Panimbang and Bojonegara)showed that A. antiquatawere well adaptedin heavy metals contaminated water.The shell length range in Panimbang were 8.05 - 24.65 mm (average 18.696 ± 5.946 mm), while in Bojonegara ranged 16.85 - 51.85 mm (average 25.87 ± 8.593 mm). The index of Meat Yieldsresults showed that 58.38% samples inPanimbang,and 53.85% samples inBojonegara,categorizedin moderate class, that reflectedthe ability to stored organic compounds reservesfor growth and reproduction, although they lived incontaminated environment. The Pb contents in cocklesbody ranged between 0.125-2.50 ppm; Cd contents ranged 0.125-17.60 ppm, and Hg ranged 0.02-0.3 ppm.The heavy metals contents in cocklesat Bojonegara was higher than Panimbang. The molecular studyhas beenidentifiedthe metallothionein (MT) proteinfrom hepatopancreas, and the MT gene from gills of A. antiquata.
Keyword: Anadara antiquata, heavy metals bioconcentration factor, metallothionein, ecobiology