Judul: Differentiation of Porcine and Bovine Gelatin and Their Admixture Using SPME-GCMS Method and Multivariate Analysis
Abstrak: Gelatin merupakan produk hidrolisis parsial dari kolagen. Bahan baku gelatin sebagian besar berasal dari kulit babi, kulit sapi, tulang babi, dan tulang sapi. Gelatin dibedakan dengan memanfaatkan salah satu sifat gelatin, yaitu aroma khas berupa komponen volatil yang berasal dari bahan bakunya. Sampel dianalisis menggunakan metode solid phase microextraction (SPME) dan gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) serta analisis multivariat. Hasil analisis multivariat principle component analysis (PCA) dan partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) menunjukkan bahwa sampel gelatin babi dan gelatin sapi dapat terklasifikasi dengan baik. Namun, sampel gelatin campuran tidak dapat terklasifikasi dengan baik. Hasil analisis senyawa volatil penanda yang berpengaruh pada pengklasifikasian kelas gelatin babi ialah 3-tetradekun-1-ol, 1,1,2-trimetilsikloundekana, (E)-2-dodeken-1-al, 8-hidroksi-2,2-dimetil-dek-5-en-3-on, dan (E)-2-undeken-1-ol. Senyawa volatil penanda yang berpengaruh pada pengklasifikasian kelas gelatin sapi ialah 1-pentakosena, 3,7-dimetildekana, N-(1-feniletil)formamida, 5-metiltetradekana, dan heksil sianoasetat., Gelatin is a product of partial hydrolysis of collagen. Most of the raw materials for gelatin come from pork skins, cow skins, pork bones, and cow bones. Gelatin can be differentiated by using one of the gelatin's characteristics: distinctive aroma originated by volatile components of the raw material. The samples were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and multivariate analysis. The results of the principal component analysis (PCA) dan partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) showed that the samples of porcine gelatin and bovine gelatin could be classified well. However, the mixed gelatin samples could not be classified properly. The volatile marker compounds that affected the classification of porcine gelatin classes are 3-tetradecyn-1-ol, 1,1,2-trimethylcycloundecane, (E)-2-dodecen-1-al, 8-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-dec-5-en-3-one, and (E)-2-udecen-1-ol. The volatile marker compounds that affected the classification of bovine gelatin classes are 3,7-dimethyldecane, N-(1-phenylethyl)formamide, 5-methyltetradecane, and hexyl cyanoacetate.
Keyword: gelatin, GC-MS, SPME, volatilomics

Judul: Identifikasi dan Pencirian Fisikokimia Gelatin dari Tulang Sapi dan Babi
Abstrak: Gelatine is a derivative product of protein isolated from collagen tissue of animal skins and bones. In this study, gelatines were isolated from bovine and porcine bones, identified and characterized for their physicochemical properties including proximate, viscosity, pH, and mineral contents, as well as functional group and characteristic amino acids composition analysis. Bovine and porcine gelatine isolates were not obtained in crystal form as their standard forms, which affected viscosity and gelling abilities of the gelatines. Low yield of gelatine isolates were due to the high remaining phosphorus content, causing incomplete collagen extraction. Functional group analysis showed the existence of amide A (3438 cm-1), amide I (1651 cm-1), and amide II (1454 cm-1) characterizing the functional groups bovine gelatine isolate. However, the existence of amide III (1245 cm-1) still showed the structure of unhydrolized tropocollagen. Analysis of characteristic amino acids composition showed higher glysine amount in bovine gelatine than that in porcine.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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