Judul: Surface Run Off and Surface Erosion on Forest Land Melaleuca cajuputi ROXB With Various Soil and Water Conservation Measures at RPH Sukun, BKPH Sukun, KPH Madiun Perum Perhutani Unit II of East Java.
Abstrak: Erosi tanah (soil erosion) adalah proses perpindahan partikel tanah yang disebabkan oleh energi alami seperti angin serta air hujan dan merupakan gejala alam yang wajar dan terus berlangsung. Erosi alam melaju seimbang dengan laju pembentukan tanah sehingga tanah mengalami peremajaan secara berkesinambungan. Penggunaan lahan oleh manusia dapat meningkatkan laju erosi melebihi laju pembentukan tanah. Erosi tersebut perlu dikendalikan dengan tindakan konservasi tanah dan air (KTA). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tindakan KTA yang terbaik dalam penanaman kayu putih ditinjau dari laju aliran dan erosi permukaan. Penelitian ini dilakukan di BKPH Sukun, KPH Madiun Perum Perhutani Unit II Jawa Timur selama bulan Desember 2010 hingga Maret 2011. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa data curah hujan harian, aliran permukaan, erosi permukaan, berat jenis tanah, karakteristik lahan dan penggunaannya. Hasil pengukuran aliran dan erosi permukaan menunjukkan bahwa laju aliran dan erosi permukaan di lahan bertanaman kayu putih, yang dicampur dengan tanaman kacang tanah dan kedelai (plot 4) > lahan bertanaman kayu putih dengan menggunakan teras bangku (plot 1) > lahan bertanaman kayu putih, yang dicampur dengan tanaman jagung dan kemlandingan (plot3) > lahan bertanaman kayu putih, dan jagung dengan menggunakan teras gulud (plot2). Aliran dan erosi permukaan selama pengamatan 44 hari hujan di plot 4, plot 1, plot 3 dan plot 2 masing-masing adalah 2971,221 m3/ha dan 6,2352 ton/ha, 2929,378 m3/ha dan 6,0226 ton/ha, 2799,582 m3/ha dan 1,8167 ton/ha, 1384,071 m3/ha dan 1,2843 ton/ha. Berdasarkan uji beda dua nilai rata-rata laju aliran permukaan di keempat plot tersebut tidak berbeda nyata, sedangkan erosi permukaan di plot 4 tidak berbeda nyata dengan plot 1, tetapi berbeda nyata dengan plot 3 dan plot 2. Erosi di plot 3 tidak berbeda nyata dengan plot 2. Berdasarkan hasil pendugaan aliran dan erosi permukaan selama satu tahun menggunakan pendekatan regresi, laju aliran dan erosi permukaan di plot 4, plot 1, plot 3, dan di plot 2 masing-masing adalah 17370,97 m3/ha/thn dan 36,03 ton/ha/thn, 17295,72 m3/ha/thn dan 35,46 ton/ha/thn, 16291,23 m3/ha/thn dan 10,59 ton/ha/thn, 8269,77 m3/ha/thn dan 7,43 ton/ha/thn. Laju erosi permukaan tersebut berdasarkan kriteria tingkat bahaya erosi dengan solum tanah adalah 90 cm termasuk ringan dan sedang. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penanaman kayu putih yang dicampur dengan jagung dan menggunakan teras gulud berjarak 1–2 meter atau penanaman kayu putih dengan menggunakan tanaman jagung yang rapat dan kemlandingan merupakan praktik penggunaan lahan kayu putih terbaik dibandingkan dengan yang lainnya.
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Judul: Surface Run Off and Surface Erosion in Teak (Tectona grandis, L.f) Forest with Various Soil and Water Conservation Measures (Case Study : RPH Getas, BKPH Monggot, KPH Gundih Perum Perhutani Unit I Jawa Tengah).
Abstrak: Land use activities for a certain purpose without considering soil and water conservation principles could impact negatively on the productivity of land, as well as sedimentation, in the downstream area, and further flood and siltation of rivers and reservoirs. Therefore, reseraches on surface run off and soil surface erosion are necessary as inputs for land manager, to manage the the land to control surgace run-off and soil ersosion as well as`sedimentation. The research was conducted in the area of compartment no 59j, RPh Getas, BKPH Monggot, KPH Gundih Perhutani Unit I Central Java in period November 2010 - March 2011. The aim of this research is to obtain the best practice on teak planting based on surface run off and soil erosion rate. The Benefit of the research is to provide information to formulate policies of teak forest management. The result show that surface run off in plot 1 (teak, corn, and kmelandingan) > plot 4 (bench terraces) > plot 3 (ridge terraces) > plot 2 (ridge terraces), and surface erosion on plot 1 (teak, corn, and kemlandingan) > plot 3 (ridge terraces) > plot 4 (bench terraces) > plot 2 (ridge terraces). The rate of surface run off in each plots are 6734,39 m3/ha/year (plot 1), 2253,94 m3/ha/tahun (plot 2), 3103,44 m3/ha/year (plot 3), dan 3187,43 m3/ha/year (plot 4), while the rate of surface erosion in each plots are 3,11 ton/ha/year (plot 1), 1,01 ton/ha/year (plot 2), 2,26 ton/ha/year (plot 3) dan 2,54 ton/ha/year (plot 4). Based on the results of t-test, the average values of the surface run off of each plots are not significantly different (Vtp1 = Vtp2 = Vtp3 = Vtp4 dan Etp1 = Etp2 = Etp3 = Etp4). Tolarable erosion values in each plot ranges from 16-17 tonnes / ha / year. The result of erosion in each plot show that actual erosion in each plot is lower than tolarable erosion. Based on Erosion Hazard Index criteria published by the Ministry of Forestry, and soil solum of 60-90 cm the erosion of each plot is categorized as low. This Research concludes that, actual erosion in each plot is lower than tolarable erosion. The making of gulud terraces and bench terraces can reduce surface runoff and erosion, compared with plots that do not use the terrace. Based on criteria of surface rum off and surface erosion, the utilization of ridge terraces, is the best soil and water conservation measures in application of teak planting.
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Judul: Light Microscope Study of ConnectiveTissue in The Spleen of Common Rousette Bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus)
Abstrak: The spleen is the largest lymphoid organ. As a secondary lymphoid organ, in addition to its immune function, the spleen also has functions as blood filtration, storage, and hematopoiesis. The spleen has different morphologies between species that support different physiological functions, one of which is the difference in the structure of the capsule and trabeculae. Capsule and trabeculae of the spleen generally consist of connective tissue and smooth muscle. The thickness of smooth muscle composed together with connective tissue in the capsule and trabecula determines the function of the spleen that is divided spleen into three storage, defense, and intermediate. Bats are the reservoir of various zoonotic diseases. Bats are thought to have unique immune systems compared to other mammals but the characteristics of its immune organs such as the spleen have never been studied before. This study was conducted to examine the characteristics of capsulae and trabecula of the Common Rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus).
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