Judul: Case  study  of  fatty  degeneration  in  the  bird  of  paradise  (paradisaeidae  minor)
Abstrak: Paradisaeidae minoryang dikenal dengan nama burung cendrawasih adalah satwa yang dilindungi dan banyak digunakan sebagai salah satu contoh satwa ciri khas Indonesia sehingga burung cendrawasih sering dikonservasikan di kebun binatang ataupun pusat konservasi lainnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji kejadian degenerasi lemak pada organ hati dan ginjal burung cendrawasih. Burung cendrawasih kuning kecil Paradisaeidae minor dinekropsi untuk pengambilan organ hati dan ginjal. Setelah itu, organ hati dan ginjal difiksasi dalam Buffered Neutral Formalin 10% selama 48 jam untuk pembuatan preparat histopatologi. Selanjutnya preparat histopatologi diberi pewarnaan HE (Hematoksilin dan Eosin) dan PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff). Hasil dari pewarnaan HE yaitu adanya degenerasi lemak pada organ hati dan ginjal. Pada pewarnaan PAS, vakuol-vakuol yang ada pada tubulus di organ hati dan ginjal tidak terwarnai yang menandakan bahwa vakuol tersebut adalah lemak.Gangguan dalam sintesis atau sekresi dalam tubuh dapat menyebabkan akumulasi lemak di hepatosit atau peningkatan trigliserida dalam darah yang mengakibatkan deposisi lemak pada organ hatidan ginjal. Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS) dapat disebabkan akibat defisiensi biotin., Paradisaeidae minor, known as the bird of paradise is a protected species and generally known as Indonesia special attraction, so this bird is often conserved in zoos or other conservation centre. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of fatty degeneration in the liver and kidney of birds of paradise. Small yellow bird of Paradise (Paradisaeidae minor) was necropsied for organs sampling. Afterwords, the liver and kidneys were fixed in Neutral Buffered Formalin 10% during 48 hours of making preparations for histopathology. Furthermore, given the histopathological preparations HE staining (hemotoxylin and eosin) and PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff). The result of HE staining are fatty degeneration of the liver and kidneys. In PAS staining, vacuoles existing in the cytoplasm of kidney tubules and hepatocytes were not stained, suggesting that these vacuoles are actually fatty cells. Disruption in the synthesis or secretion in the body may lead to the accumulation of fat in hepatocytes or elevated trigylcerides in the blood resulting in deposition of fat in the liverand kidneys. Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS) might be due to deficiency of biotin or other nutrients.
Keyword: burung cendrawasih, degenerasi lemak, ginjal, hati, FLKS

Judul: Identification and Antimicrobial Resistance Test of Gram-Negative Rod-Shaped Bacteria in Birds of Paradise (Paradisaeidae sp.)
Abstrak: Resistansi terhadap antibiotik merupakan kondisi ketika antibiotik menjadi tidak efektif untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Hal ini menjadi masalah kesehatan global yang serius karena mengakibatkan infeksi yang sulit diobati. Oleh karena itu, pentingnya pemahaman resistansi bakteri yang dapat ditemukan pada burung cendrawasih dianggap sebagai salah satu langkah untuk melindunginya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan bakteri yang terkandung dalam 4 sampel feses burung cendrawasih dengan 3 jenis spesies yang berbeda, serta mengetahui golongan antibiotik yang resistan maupun sensitif terhadap bakteri tersebut. Sampel diambil dari Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) Jakarta Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan media MacConkey Agar, kemudian isolat diidentifikasi dengan pewarnaan Gram dan uji biokimia. Uji resistansi antibiotik dilakukan dengan metode Kirby-Bauer terhadap 7 antibiotik. Hasil identifikasi bakteri pada burung cendrawasih yang berasal dari TMII menunjukkan adanya Citrobacter sp., yang ditemukan pada sampel feses burung cendrawasih kuning kecil (Paradisaea minor), Klebsiella sp., yang ditemukan pada sampel feses burung cendrawasih belah rotan (Cicinnurus magnificus) dan cendrawasih merah (Paradisaea rubra), serta Serratia sp., yang ditemukan pada sampel feses burung cendrawasih merah. Seluruh isolat yang dilakukan uji resistansi bakteri menunjukkan bahwa antibiotik trimethoprim-sulfametoksazol memiliki efektivitas yang paling baik dibandingkan antibiotik yang lainnya., Antibiotic resistance is a condition when antibiotics become ineffective in inhibiting growth of bacteria. This is a serious global health problem because it causes infections that are difficult to treat, hence the importance of understanding bacterial resistance found in birds-of-paradise is one step to protect it. This study aims to determine the bacteria contained in 4 feces samples of 3 different species of birds-of-paradise, as well as to identify antibiotics that are both resistant and sensitive to the identified bacteria. Samples were taken from Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) East Jakarta. This study used MacConkey Agar medium, then isolates were identified by Gram-staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic resistance test was carried out using Kirby-Bauer's method with 7 antibiotics. The results of bacterial identification in birds-of-paradise originating from TMII showed the presence of Citrobacter sp., from fecal sample of lesser bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea minor), Klebsiella sp., which was found in the feces samples of magnificent bird-of-paradise (Cicinnurus magnificus) and red bird-of-paradise (Paradisaea rubra), and lastly Serratia sp., which was found in the feces sample of the red bird-of-paradise. All bacterial isolates tested for 7 antibiotics showed that antibiotic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole had better effectiveness compared to the other antibiotics.
Keyword: bakteri Gram negatif, cendrawasih, Enterobacteriaceae, resistansi antibiotik, uji biokimia

Judul: Two Sector Economic Growth Model in Discrete Time
Abstrak: Economic growth is a condition in the economy that is reflected in the increase of goods and services produced within the community. The purpose of this thesis is to study two sectors economic growth model in discrete time proposed by Zhang (2007). The model involves an economic society with two commodities produced, i.e. capital goods and consumption goods. Both goods are produced with capital and labor as independent variables. The production function is the Cobb-Douglas function. This model shows that the dynamic system has a unique equilibrium solution. Based on some simulations, it has been shown that an increased propensity to save will increase per capita capital and output.
Keyword: