Judul: Penampakan Biofilm Escherichia Coli Enteropatogen Menggunakan Light microscope dan Scanning Electron Microscope
Abstrak: Escherichia coli enteropatogen (EPEC) merupakan balderi penyebab utama penyakit diare pada anak-anak di negara berkembang. Kemampuan kolonisasi EPEe dipengaruhi oleh kemampuan bakteri tersebut dalam membentuk biofilm dan kemampuan bakteri membentuk biofilm berkolerasi positif dengan tingkat virulensinya. Status biofilm bakteri dapat diketahui penampakannya dengan mengamatinya pada electron microscope dan light microscope. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati dan membuktikan penampakan biofilm EPEe menggunakan light microscope dan scanning elecJron microscope (SEM). Isolat EPEe K1.1 dan 12.3 diuji pembentukan biofilmnya dengan menginkubasi bakteri dalam adherence test medium dengan kecepatan lebih dari 200 rpm selama 24 jam. Setelah biofilm dari EPEC terbentuk, suspensi bakteri diambil kemudian dipreparasi untuk diamati penampakannya dengan menggunakan light microscope dan SEM.
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Judul: karakterisasi Biofilm Pada escherichia coli Enteropatogen
Abstrak: Escherichia coli Enteropatogen (EPEC) merupakan bakteri penyebab penyakit diare pada bayi dim anak-anak di negara berkembang. Secara in vitro, bakteri EPEC Kl.l, D4.4, 12.5 dan RBl.2 mampu membentuk biofilm pada substrat kaca. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan karakterisasi biofilm pada EPEC yang diisolasi dari penderita diare. Sebanyak 30 isolat EPEC diuji pembentukan biofilmnya dengan menginkubasi bakteri dalam adherence lest medium dengan kecepatan 200 rpm selama 24 jam. Biofilm yang terbentuk ditentukan konsentrasi proteinnya dengan metode Bradford. Karakterisasi di lakukan pada 7 isolat dengan menguji pembentukan biofilm pada berbagai pH dan suhu. Visualisasi lipopolisakarida dan protein dalam biofilm masing-masing menggunakan SDS poliakrilamid 15 dim 12.5%.
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm