Judul: Management of Ecotourism Manta Rays (Manta spp.) in Nusa Penida Marine Protected Area
Abstrak: Pembentukan kawasan konservasi perairan bertujuan untuk mewujudkan pengelolaan sumberdaya ikan dan lingkungannya secara berkelanjutan. Perwujudan tujuan tersebut dapat dicapai melalui pengelolaan secara baik, terstruktur dan teroganisir agar memberikan manfaat secara ekologi dan ekonomi. Saat ini pemanfaatan kawasan konservasi terintegasi dengan pengembangan ekowisata bahari merupakan salah satu pilihan yang dapat merangkul mitra konservasi. Pada gilirannya model pengelolaan konservasi berbasis ekowisata tidak saja mampu melindungi keanekaragaman hayati tetapi juga dapat mendukung pengelolaan perikanan secara berkelanjutan dan meningkatkan ekonomi masyarakat di sekitar kawasan konservasi. Model ini sudah dikembangkan di Nusa Penida, Provinsi Bali. Objek yang dijadikan sasaran pada kawasan konservasi di Nusa Penida adalah pari manta. Atraksi kegiatan ekowisata bahari berbasis pari manta jenis tersebut sangat berperan dalam kegiatan pelestarian, perlindungan, perkembangan ekonomi masyarakat pesisir. Pemerintah telah menetapan Kawasan konservasi Perairan Nusa Penida sebagai Taman Wisata Perairan (TWP) melalui Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 24 tahun 2014 tentang pengelolaan Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Nusa Penida dengan luas 20.057 ha. Berdasarkan fakta pentingnya kawasan konservasi terhadap pari manta, penelitian ini merumuskan satu tujuan utama dan tiga tujuan khusus. Tujuan utama penelitian adalah merumuskan strategi pengelolaan wisata bahari dalam pengelolaan pari manta, Adapun ketiga tujuan khusus penelitian ini adalah: (1) menentukan kesesuaian dan daya dukung kawasan yang optimal terhadap wisata diving dan snorkeling ikan pari manta; (2) Mengukur tingkat pemahaman wisatawan terkait wisata diving dan snorkeling ikan pari manta; dan (3) menentukan peran serta stakeholders dalam pengembangan wisata diving dan snorkeling di dalam Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Nusa Penida. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Nusa Penida, lokasi pengamatan berada di 24 titik yang ada di sekitar kawasan dan merupakan lokasi diving maupun snorkeling yang ada di Nusa Penida. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah menggunakan analisis spasial untuk menentukan kesesuaian dan daya dukung kawasan ekowisata pari manta di Nusa Penida, analisis tingkat pemahaman wisatawan dengan menggunakan metode wawancara terhadap wisatawan yang datang ke Nusa Penida, analisis stakeholders dengan mengidentifikasi stakeholders terkait pengelolaan pari manta di Nusa Penida dan analisis GAP (Kesenjangan ) yaitu menganalisis kondisi saat ini dan kondisi yang diharapkan dengan membandingkan parameter stakeholders, ekologi dan wisatawan. Penelitian mengidentifikasi bahwa terdapat dua jenis pari manta (Manta spp.) di perairan Nusa Penida, yaitu manta karang (Manta alfredi) dan manta oceanic (Manta birostris), tetapi populasinya didominasi oleh manta karang (Manta alfredi). Pari manta merupakan hewan yang memiliki tubuh berukuran besar dan pemakan plankton (planktivor), ukuran tubuh manta oceanic lebih besar daripada manta karang. Pemerintah Indonesia telah mengeluarkan kebijakan perlindungan penuh terhadap pari manta melalui keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor 4 Tahun 2014 tentang ikan pari manta jenis Manta birostris dan Manta alfredi sebagai jenis ikan yang dilindungi dengan status perlindungan penuh pada seluruh siklus hidupnya dan/atau bagian-bagian tubuhnya. Sebagai upaya perlindungan pari manta dari kepunahan, Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Nusa Penida masih perlu dikelola lebih lanjut melalui strategi pengelolaan secara berkelanjutan dengan tujuan menjaga keberadaan pari manta tersebut dan memberikan kenyamanan kepada para wisatawan saat berinteraksi dengan pari manta. Hasil analisis spasial menunjukkan bahwa luas area yang sesuai untuk wisata diving 226,19 ha dengan nilai daya dukung 9.048 orang/hari dan wisata snorkeling 281,15 ha dengan nilai
Keyword: Spirulina, bioactive components, antibacterial, chitosan, nanoparticles

Judul: Kajian Manfaat Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Bagi Pengembangan Ekowisata Bahari (Studi Kasus Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Nusa Penida, Bali)
Abstrak: Development of Marine Protected Areas (MPA) aims to harmonize the economic needs of the community with the disire to consrve natural resources. Along with its development, Marine Protected Areas has been used for various purposes such as the place of research, environmental protection, preservation of species and genetic diversity, tourism activies, environmental education and protection of natural or cultural elements specific.. Nusa Penida is one of the candidate Marine Protected Areas in Indonesia and have been reserved by regulation of Regent of Klungkung Regency No. 12 of 2010. The status of the areas is a tourist park waters. One of reasons for to conservation reserve in Nusa Penida, becouse Nusa Penida have a specific organism/ endemic who can become an attraction for tourist such as : sunfish, manta rays, turtles and dolphins. This research was conducted in the Distric of Nusa Penida with four (4) location in the village of Nusa Penida such as Toyapakeh Village, Ped Village, Sakti Village and Jungut Batu Village. The four villages was selected becouse its development were directed to areas of tourist activities. The general objective of this study is to assess the benefit of Marine Protected Areas in Nusa Penida for the development of marine ecotourism by reviewing the benefits felt by the community who are in Nusa Penida, local community, government and private who become stakeholders in Marine Protected Areas and maintain the condition of the regions ecology. Results of this study showed that the ecological condition of coral reefs in particular was good category with coral mortality index range 0-0,01 at a depth of three meters and 0 – 0,025 at a depth of ten meters. Level of coral damage in Nusa Penida are very small or in others words there are no fundamental change from a live coral reef become the expanse of dead corals in Nusa Penida. Although the bioecology condition of Nusa Penida are categorized good until very good but not optimal in terms of management. It can be seen from percentage cover of coral communities that occur eac year are still up-down or unstable. Reef fish are found in Nusa Penida ± 576 species, consisting major fish, target fish, and indicators fish. Based on the anaysis of marine ecotourism suitability index, Nusa Penida appropriate for diving activities, snorkeling, and beach recreation. However, tourist visit to Nusa Penida already exceeded the carrying capacity of the area were 183.977 persons/year while the carrying capacity to the region around 177.755 persons/years. Characteristics of tourists visiting in Nusa Penida was very varied. the result showed that most travelers who visit in Nusa Penida was Australia (41,8%), American (10%) and Japan (9%). And the results obtained from 67 respondents, domestic and international tourist each country comes from Indonesia, America, England, Japan, Switszerland, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Australia, Denmark, Netherland, Canada and Colombia. Marine Protected Areas in Nusa Penida had been held fo more than three years. It can be seen from the public revenue after reserved conservation area in Nusa Penida was an increase of approximately 10% - 30%. Not only the local community
Keyword: Marine Ecotourism, Marine Protected Areas, Nusa Penida, and The Benefit of Marine Protected Area.

Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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