Judul: Pemodelan Nilai Opsi Tipe Eropa
Abstrak: Option is the right to sell or buy a specified quantity of some underlying asset by paying a specified exercise price, on or before an expiration date. There are two basic types of options, calls and puts. A call option is the right to buy and a put option is the right to sell the underlying asset. There are two types of options according to its execution time, i.e. American and European options. American options can be exercised at any time the holder wishes until the expiration date, while European options can only be exercised on the expiration date. Modelling of option price usually is done analytically by determining solution of differential equation that is satisfied by the price of derivative asset, known as Black-Scholes equation. Because option price is a reflection of present value of expectation of difference between the exercise price and the stock price at expiration date, so it is necessary to study the option price through the concept of present value, as an alternative way to model the option price. The result of this study shows that modelling of option price using differential equation method and present value approach give the same option price. Furthermore the results of ilustration give informations about the relation of the option price with its parameters as follow: First, increase in the current stock price causes the call option price also to increase, while the put option price, on the contrary, will decrease. Second, increase in the exercise price causes the call option price to decrease, while the put option price will increase. Third, the longer the expiration time the call option price will be higher, while the put option price doesn’t have the same tendency, but it depends on other parameters. Fourth, increase in the interest rate causes the call option price to increase, while the put option price will decrease. Finally, increase in the volatility causes the price of both call option and put option will increase.
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Judul: European Option Pricing Using the Monte Carlo Method and the Finite Difference Method
Abstrak: Harga opsi Eropa umumnya dihitung menggunakan model Black-Scholes. Model ini dapat digunakan ketika asumsinya terpenuhi. Perdagangan opsi pada kenyataannya tidak memenuhi beberapa asumsi, sehingga model Black-Scholes tidak dapat memberikan solusi analitik untuk harga opsi. Hal ini menjadi alasan dibutuhkannya metode numerik untuk menghitung harga opsi Eropa. Pada penelitian ini digunakan dua metode numerik, yaitu metode Monte Carlo yang menghitung harga opsi dengan melakukan simulasi harga saham dan metode beda hingga yang melakukan diskretisasi pada persamaan diferensial parsial. Karya ilmiah ini memeriksa kekonvergenan untuk tiap metode. Selanjutnya, diperiksa pengaruh dari beberapa parameter terhadap harga opsi menggunakan metode beda hingga. Waktu jatuh tempo opsi dengan harga opsi memiliki hubungan yang berbeda untuk kondisi tertentu dan volatilitas harga saham berbanding lurus dengan harga opsi., European option prices are generally calculated using the Black-Scholes model. This model can be used when the assumptions are fulfilled. In fact, options trading does not fulfill several assumptions so the Black-Scholes model cannot provide an analytical solution for option prices. This is the reason for the need of numerical methods to calculate European option prices. This study uses numerical methods such as the Monte Carlo method which calculates option prices by simulating stock prices and the finite difference method which performs discretization on partial differential equations. This paper examines the convergence for each method. Next, we examine the effect of several parameters on the option price using the finite difference method. The expiration time of the option and the option price has a different relationship for certain conditions and the volatility of the stock price is directly proportional to the option price.
Keyword: European option, finite difference method, Monte Carlo method, option

Judul: Bakteri Flora Paling Umum Ditemukan Di Rongga Mulut Python Retikulatus Liar
Abstrak: Reticulated python is a non-venomous snake native to South and Southeast Asia. It is the world's longest snake. The purpose of this literature review study is to investigate the common bacterial flora found in oral cavity of the reticulated python. The data for this case study was obtained from several articles, journals, books and credible websites. Based on existing data, there are a wide variety of bacteria in the oral cavity of free-living reticulated pythons. The majority of the organisms were Gram-negative. Pseudomonas spp. were the most commonly isolated bacterial species, being found in 50% of the snakes sampled, and was followed by Staphylococcus sciuri.
Keyword: Reticulated python, snake bites, bacterial flora, oral cavity, microbiology