Judul: Pembuatan Biogas Dari Sampah Buah-Buahan Melalui Fermentasi Aerobik Dan Anaerobik
Abstrak: Solid wastes and energy crisis are created by high growing rate of people. An alternative solving for both problems is biogas technology. Municipal waste can be proceed into biogas and fertilizer by biogas technology. In general, the process of conventional biogas technology has long time about 40 days (in tropical countries) and 100 days (in subtropical countries). The main goal of the research was to shorten the retention time of biogas production by combining its aerobic and anaerobic processes with optimized environmental condition (temperature) and substrate composition (C:N ratio) in anaerobic phase. Hydrolysis and acidogenesis were set in aerobic phase, while asetogenesis was set in anaerobic phase. Fruits waste were set into pre-treatment, minimized waste size between 1-2 cm2 and water addition (1: 1). The mixed ingredients was added by E~ microorganism culture and took into digester to start aerobic process. After 5 days, the process was stopped then substrate took to anaerobic digester to produced biogas (methano~enesis). Anaerobic process was set at different temperatures (30,35 and 40 C) and C:N ratios (20,25 and 30). The beginning of water content and C:N ratio of substrate were 86,24 % and 70,32: 1. Respectively, in aerobic process substrate was degraded by microorganism into simple compound. This process can be analyzed by C:N ratio change of total solid (TS), total volatile solid (TVS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), volatile fatty acid (VF A) and acidity degree (pH). Methanogenesis (anaerobic process) was monitored by the volume of biogas produced and analyzed COD, VF A and pH. The optimum of production rate and volume ofbiogas produced was achieved by treatment in 35°C temperature and 30: 1 C:N ratio, which biogas has produced 26,5 ml in the ftrst day and 42,5 ml biogas in the end of biogas production with the highest production rate was 9,6 mVday. It showed that activity of methanogenic microbe was optimum in that treatment condition.
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Judul: Desain proses produksi biogas dari jerami padi dan sampah pasar dengan sistem fermentasi media padat
Abstrak: The purpose of this research were to design of fermentation process for converting rice straw and organic waste from traditional market to produce biogas, to know influence of aeration, to obtain the best feed addition in fermentation, and to obtain characteristic of product (digestate and leachate) from fermentation process. Beef cattle manure as substrate was inoculated to anaerobic digestion. Laboratory experiments using 10 l digester were performed in batch mode. The operating temperature was mesophilic condition (35-40oC). Fermentation rice straw with feed addition 75% new feeds and 25% digestate could produce 42.2 l gas/kg VS higher than fermentation rice straw from all new feeds (28.1 l gas/kg VS) and fermentation from 50% new feeds and 50% digestate (15.8 l gas/kg VS). While fermentation waste market from all new feeds could produce 51.8 l gas/kg VS higher than fermentation with feed addition 75% new feeds and 25% digestate (39.7 l gas/kg VS) and fermentation from 50% new feeds and 50% digestate (31.1 l gas/kg VS). The cumulative volume of biogas produced was used to measure the biodigester performance. The research gave the kinetic parameters of biogas production for rice straw i.e. biogas production rate constants (Rmax), maximum biogas production (A), and minimum time to produce biogas (λ) were 1.37-2.07 (l/kg VS.day), 15.82-42.25 (l/kgVS), and 0.4-2.0 days, respectively. While the organic waste from market gave the kinetic parameters U, A, and λ of 1.58-3.55 (l/kgVS.day), 31.09-51.84 (l/kgVS), and 0.2-1.2 days, respectively.
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Judul: Kupu-kupu papilionids (Insecta: Lepidoptera) di Sulawei Selatan: diversitas dan morfologi sayap
Abstrak: Kupu-kupu papilionids merupakan kupu-kupu yang memiliki ukuran sayap yang lebar, warna cerah dan terdapat “ekor” di bagian ujung sayap metathotaks. Beberapa spesies kupu-kupu memiliki distribusi yang luas di Indonesia, tetapi terdapat beberapa kupu-kupu endemik di Pulau Sulawesi. Saat ini, jumlah spesies kupu-kupu papilionids makin menurun yang disebabkan oleh aktivitas manusia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui jumlah spesies dan individu kupu-kupu papilionids, pola warna sayap, dan struktur warna sayap kupu-kupu. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari-April 2015. Sampling dilakukan dalam tiga wilayah, yaitu Cagar Alam Leang-leang, Cagar Alam Pattunuang dan Taman Wisata Bantimurung selama tiga bulan. Daerah sampling meliputi hutan sekunder, area persawahan dan taman wisata. Pengamatan dilakukan pada pagi hari (08.00-12.00 WITA) dan siang hingga sore hari (pukul 13.00-16.00 WITA). Pengamatan tersebut meliputi jumlah spesies dan individu kupu-kupu, tumbuhan berbunga, dan faktor lingkungan. Dalam penelitian ini diperoleh 21 spesies dari 1,077 individu kupu-kupu papilionid. Jumlah spesies dan individu kupu-kupu terbanyak ditemukan di Taman Wisata Bantimurung (18 sp., 459 ind), diikuti oleh Cagar Alam Leangleang (18 sp,, 348 ind) dan Cagar Alam Pattunuang (17 sp., 275 ind. Genus Papilio merupakan kupu-kupu yang paling sering ditemukan selama pengamatan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pola warna sayap kupu-kupu papilionids, terutama kupu-kupu genus Papilio, mengikuti gabungan venasi sayap dan model The Nymphalid Ground Plan (NGP). Sebagian besar, warna sayap berada pada bagian tengah hingga ke bagian batas luar (border). Pola warna sayap tampak berbeda-beda, terutama pola warna yang terdapat di bagian venasi sayap. Hal ini diakibatkan oleh struktur sisik sayap. Struktur sisik sayap mempunyai dua tipe, yaitu rectangular dan triangular, yang tersusun seperti genteng rumah. Sisik sayap memiliki struktur yang dapat mengontrol pantulan dan penyerapan cahaya ultraviolet (UV). Kupu-kupu papilionids dapat memiliki warna sayap yang sama dengan kupu-kupu papilionids lainnya, namun tiap spesies memiliki struktur sisik sayap yang berbeda.
Keyword: Keanekaragaman, papilionids, identifikasi, warna sayap, sisik sayap