Judul: The Impact of Farmer Group Membership on Indonesia’s Chili Farming Income, The Impact of Farmer Group Membership on Indonesia’s Chili Farming Income
Abstrak: Cabai rawit merupakan salah satu komoditas strategis nasional, namun memiliki risiko harga yang tinggi dan produksinya fluktuatif. Sebagai akibatnya pendapatan petani cabai rawit juga bersifat fluktuatif. Kelompok tani menjadi salah satu upaya untuk menghadapi risiko tersebut. Mengingat kelompok tani berfungsi sebagai kelas belajar, wahana kerja, serta unit produksi bagi petani. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak keanggotaan kelompok tani terhadap pendapatan usahatani cabai rawit. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari Survei Rumah Tangga Usaha Tanaman Hortikultura Tahun 2014 dengan jumlah 18.049 rumah tangga usahatani. Pengolahan data dilakukan secara kuantitatif, melalui metode deskriptif dan propensity score matching (PSM). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerimaan, biaya, dan pendapatan petani cabai rawit anggota kelompok tani lebih tinggi dibandingkan petani yang bukan anggota kelompok tani. Keanggotaan kelompok tani berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan biaya dan berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap penerimaan dan pendapatan petani., Cayenne pepper, one of the national strategic commodities has fluctuating price and production risks. As a result, income of cayenne pepper farmers is also fluctuating. Farmer groups which function as learning classes, work platforms, and production units for farmers are few of many efforts to deal with the issue mentioned. This research aims to analyze the impact of farmer group membership on the cayenne pepper farming income. The data used is secondary data from Horticultural Crop Household Survey 2014 with total of 18.049 households. The data processing is carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative data analysis using descriptive and quantitative methods using propensity score matching (PSM). Study results showed farmers who are farmer group members have higher incomes, costs, and revenues compared to farmers who are not farmer group members. Farmer groups membership impact on higher costs as well as significant positive effect towards farmer’s incomes and revenues.
Keyword: cayenne pepper, farmer group, farmer’s income, propensity score matching

Judul: The Role of the Bernard Farmer Group in the Performance of Cayenne Pepper Farming in Pangalengan District, Bandung Regency.
Abstrak: Kelompok tani dapat menjadi wadah untuk memperoleh pengetahuan dan penyelesaian masalah pertanian. Salah satu kelompok tani yang membantu memecahkan masalah dan memberdayakan petani adalah Kelompok Tani Bernarddi Desa Warnasari, Kecamatan Pangalengan, Kabupaten Bandung. Kelompok TaniBernard membantu para petani anggotanya dalam kegiatan usahatani cabai rawit hingga pemasaran. Namun, dinamika peran Kelompok Tani Bernard mengalami penurunan selama 2 periode terakhir, yaitu 2021–2022 (periode 1) dan 2022–2023(periode 2). Pembayaran yang tertunda oleh Kelompok Tani Bernard sehingga menyebabkan beberapa petani anggota memilih pemasaran ke pasar induk atau pengepul, pertemuan dan pelatihan berkurang, serta tidak ada kontrak yang mengatur antara petani dengan Kelompok Tani Bernard. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran Kelompok Tani Bernard dalam kinerja usahatani cabai rawit dan menganalisis pendapatan petani cabai anggota pada periode 1 dan 2. Untuk menggambarkan karakteristik kegiatan usahatani, metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Kinerja usahatani cabai petani anggota, dilakukan dengan analisis pendapatan dan analisis R/C. Besaran pengaruh peran Kelompok Tani Bernard terhadap pendapatan petani diuji dengan paired t-test. Peran Kelompok Tani Bernard berpengaruh terhadap biaya usahatani, pendapatan petani, dan R/C rasio usahatani cabai rawit. Kata kunci: biaya usahatani, kelompok tani, pendapatan usahatani, R/C, Farmer groups can be a place to gain knowledge and solve agricultural problems. One farmer group that helps solve problems and empower farmers is the Bernard Farmer Group in Warnasari Village, Pangalengan District, Bandung Regency. The Bernard Farmer Group assists its member farmers in cayenne pepper farming activities up to marketing. However, the dynamics of the Bernard Farmer Group's role has decreased during the last 2 periods, namely 2021-2022 (period 1) and 2022-2023 (period 2). Delays in payment by the Bernard Farmer Group caused some member farmers to choose marketing to wholesale markets or collectors, reduced meetings and training, and the absence of contracts between farmers and the Bernard Farmer Group. This study aims to analyze the role of Bernard Farmer Group in the performance of cayenne pepper farming and analyze the income of member chili farmers in period 1 and 2. To describe the characteristics of farming activities, the research method used is descriptive analysis. The performance of member farmers' chili farming is done by income analysis and R/C analysis. The magnitude of the influence of the role of Bernard Farmer Group on farmers' income was tested with a paired t-test. The role of the Bernard Farmer Group affects farming costs, farmer income, and the R/C ratio of cayenne pepper farming. Keywords: farming costs, farmer groups, farm income, R/C
Keyword: farming costs, farmer groups, farm income, R/C

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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