Judul: Pembuatan Cider Timun Suri (Cucumis meli L.)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari cara pengolahan produk fermentasi yaitu pembuatan cider, serta pengaruh penambahan jenis dan konsentrasi starter, serta dan lama aging terhadap mutu cider yang dihasilkan. Kadar alkohol cider bervariasi tergantung pada jenis dan konsentrasi starter. Kadar alkohol tertinggi dipero- leh dengan penggunaan starter dari ragi roti dengan konsentrasi starter 10 persen. Lama aging berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan ester cider. Cider yang disukai adalah cider dengan kadar alkohol rendah. Total asam dan kadar vitamin C akan menurun selama aging berlangsung, sedangkan Kadar alkohol, gula pere- duksi, total padatan terlarut, akan meningkat pada awal aging, dan relatif konstan setelah hari ke-15. Kadar ester dan pH relatif meningkat selama aging, sedangkan kejernihan relatif konstan selama aging….
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Judul: Pemanfaatan pulp kopi untuk pembuatan minimum "Cider"
Abstrak: Cider pulp kopi adalah minuman hasil fermentasi sari pulp kopi yang mempunyai rasa manis keasam-asaman dan mengan- dung sedikit alkohol. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah pulp kopi, gula pasir dan khamir Saccharomyces cereviceae. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari cara pembu- atan cider pulp kopi dan menentukan kondisi proses yang baik, sehingga diperoleh produk minuman baru yang disukai. Pembuatan cider pulp kopi dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap, yaitu perebusan, pemerasan, penyaringan, pencampuran, sterilisasi, inokulasi, fermentasi, pasteurisasi dan klari- fikasi. Ada tiga tahap penelitian yang dilakukan. Hasil pe- nelitian dua tahap pertama, kondisi yang baik dalam pembuat- an cider pulp kopi adalah konsentrasi sari pulp kopi 3 persen, penambahan nutrien yaitu ammonium sulfat sebanyak 0.33 gram per liter. dan diinokulasi dengan Saccharomyces cerevi- ceae. Pada penelitian tahap ketiga dilakukan 3 perlakuan yaitu konsentrasi gula yang ditambahkan mempunyai 3 taraf yaitu 15, 20 dan 25 persen. Suhu inkubasi mempunyai 2 taraf yaitu 25-28°C dan 30-33°C. Lama fermentasi adalah 3, 4 dan 5 hari. Parameter yang diamati antara lain kadar alkohol, kadar gula pereduksi, total asam dan uji organoleptik. Ran- cangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Leng- kap dengan percobaan faktorial dua kali ulangan. Analisis cider pulp kopi menghasilkan kadar alkohol 4.144-9.9122 persen yang diperoleh dari perlakuan konsentra- si gula 15%, suhu inkubasi 30-33°C dan lama fermentasi 3 hari serta dari perlakuan konsentrasi gula 25%, suhu inkubasi 25- 28°C dan lama fermentasi 3 hari. Kadar gula pereduksi 1.435- 6.248 persen yang diperoleh dari perlakuan konsentrasi gula 15%, suhu inkubasi 25-28°C dan lama fermentasi 4 hari serta dari perlakuan konsentrasi gula 25%, suhu inkubasi 30-33°C dan lama fermentasi 3 hari…dst
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Judul: Identifikasi Molekuler Kompleks Spesies Himantura uarnak (Batoidea: Dasyatidae) di Indonesia.
Abstrak: Stingrays are one of the cartilaginous fish, apart of sharks and skates, and one of Indonesia's fishery resources. Almost of elasmobranch fishes are economically important fish. The refined products and live specimens of this fish are a lot of traded. Himantura uarnak, H. undulata and H. leoparda are stingray species in Himantura and Dasyatidae family, which are the most popular stingrays in Indonesia waters. The stingrays are major target species were used as a consumable product and trading products. Levels of species diversity of cartilaginous fish in Indonesia are very high, and also Indonesia is listed as one of the countries that use elasmobranch resources the highest in the world. Generally, this study aims to identify each species of H. uarnak species complex through molecular approaches. While specifically, this study aims to estimate the evolutionary process of species divergence and to determine the relationship between species. The methods were used in this study included field sampling, sample collection, and specimen identification, collection of genetic samples, analysis of genetic samples and data analysis . Size polymorphism nuclear DNA markers (intron EPIC) were used. Polymorphism alleles translated into genotypes and alleles frequency of five introns loci. The results of Bayesian analysis and Correspondence Analysis (CA) produced informative diagram of the population structure showed 4 different clusters. Cluster 1 and 4 were H. leoparda, Cluster 2 indicated as H. undulata and the Cluster 3 was H. uarnak. Cluster 1 was a variant of Cluster 4, in this time called as H. leoparda var.1. Separation of four clusters according to nuclear DNA need to be proved by mitochondria DNA maker by cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b (cyt b). Molecular approaches were using mitochondrial DNA gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome b produced 4 main groups (Group I, II, III and IV). Both of these molecular approaches showed each individual of groups were in consistent clade and the main group. Hence the H. uarnak species complex in Indonesian waters were divided into 4 main groups, and each was a particular species. The Group I and IV were the two group species that have been released as H. leoparda and Group I was H. leoparda var. 1 identified as cryptic species. Group II was one individual who grouped as H. undulata. Group III was one of other group that identified as H. uarnak and in accordance with the morphological characteristic through spotting pettern. Morphological approach to identified the stingrays of Himantura uarnak species complex clearly less accurate than the molecular approaches. Morphological approach should not be used to identify a species complex in stingrays without helped by other approaches.
Keyword: Himantura uarnak species complex, intron EPIC, cyt b, COI, spotting pattern