Judul: The Acute Toxicity of Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) of Male California Papaya Leaves (Carica papaya L.) Infusion in Mice
Abstrak: Pepaya (Carica papaya L) merupakan tanaman yang berpotensi untuk dijadikan sebagai obat beragam penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui toksisitas ekstrak daun pepaya California jantan pada mencit betina menggunakan metode penentuan nilai lethal dose 50 (LD50), pengaruhnya pada organ tubuh mencit, dan konsentrasi ekstrak daun pepaya yang paling efektif. Penelitian ini menggunakan 20 mencit galur DDY yang terbagi ke dalam 4 kelompok perlakuan, yaitu kelompok kontrol (pemberian akuades) dan kelompok perlakuan yang diberikan infusa daun pepaya California jantan dengan dosis 5, 10, dan 15 g/kg BB secara per oral. Variabel yang diamati adalah mortalitas, gejala klinis, respons fisiologis, bobot badan, dan bobot relatif organ. Pengujian toksisitas akut LD50 menunjukkan bahwa infusa daun pepaya California jantan termasuk ke dalam sediaan yang bersifat praktis tidak toksik. Pemberian infusa daun pepaya California jantan sampai dengan dosis 15 g/kg BB tidak menyebabkan gejala toksisitas, seperti gejala klinis yang bersifat patologis, perubahan makroanatomi organ, maupun kematian. Selain itu, pemberian infusa juga memiliki efek terhadap peningkatan dan penurunan bobot badan, walaupun tidak signifikan. Infusa daun pepaya California jantan dengan dosis 10 g/kg BB terbukti paling efektif dalam meningkatkan pertambahan bobot badan secara normal dan tidak menimbulkan sifat toksik., Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a plant that has the potential to be used as a medicine. This study was conducted to determine the toxicity of male California papaya leaf extract in female mice using the lethal dose 50 (LD50) method, to observe its effect on organ shape, and to determine the most effective concentration. This study used 20 DDY mice which were divided into four groups; control (aquadest) and treatment groups with different infusion at dose 5, 10, and 15 g/kg BW orally. Variables observed were mortality, clinical symptoms, physiological response, body weight, and relative organ weights. Based on the LD50 acute toxicity test showed that the male California papaya leaf infusion was included in a practically non-toxic preparation. Administration of male California papaya leaves infusion up to a dose of 15 g/kg BW did not cause symptoms of toxicity, such as pathological clinical symptoms, abnormalities in organ macroanatomy, or death. In addition, infusion also has an effect on increasing and decreasing body weight, although it is not significant. Infusion of male California papaya leaves at a dose of 10 g/kg BW was proven to be the most effective in increasing normal body weight and did not cause toxic.
Keyword: daun pepaya california jantan, infusa, mencit, nilai LD50, uji toksisitas akut, acute toxicity test, infusion, LD50 value, male California papaya leaves, mice

Judul: The Acute Toxicity of Green Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.) Infusion in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Daun sirih hijau (Piper betle L.) banyak digunakan masyarakat sebagai tanaman herbal. Kandungannya dipercaya dapat menjadi obat alternatif dalam mengatasi berbagai masalah penyakit. Salah satu manfaatnya yaitu tanaman ini memiliki kemampuan sebagai antibakteri. Kurangnya informasi mengenai kemanan dari daun sirih hijau (Piper betle L.), sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih mendalam. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menentukan tingkat toksisitas akut dari infusa daun sirih hijau pada mencit dengan nilai LD50 dan memberikan informasi ilmiah mengenai tingkat keamanan daun sirih hijau. Sebanyak 20 ekor mencit dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok. Kelompok kontrol diberi akuades, sedangkan kelompok perlakuan diberi infusa daun sirih hijau dengan dosis 5, 10, dan 15 g/kg BB. Pengamatan dilakukan selama 14 hari, kemudian diamati mortalitas, pengamatan fisiologis, dan gejala klinis. Parameter lain yang diamati yaitu bobot badan serta bobot organ absolut dan relatif (jantung, hati, ginjal, limpa, usus, dan paru-paru) mencit. Data dianalisis menggunakan one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan uji Tukey. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pemberian infusa daun sirih hijau tidak menyebabkan kematian sehingga dapat disimpulkan nilai LD50 >15 g/kg BB dan termasuk dalam kategori praktis dan tidak toksik., Green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) are widely used by the community as a herbal plant. One of the benefits is that this plant has the ability to act as an antibacterial. Lack of information about the safety of green betel leaf, so more indepth research is needed. This study was conducted to determine the acute toxicity level of the infusion of green betel leaf on mice with a value of LD50. A total of 20 mice were divided into 4 groups. The control group was given aquades, while the treatment group was given infusions of green betel leaf at doses of 5, 10, and 15 g/kg BB. Observations were made for 14 days, then observed mortality, physiological observations, and clinical symptoms. Other parameters observed were body weight, absolut organ weights and relative organ weights (heart, liver, kidneys, spleen, intestines, dan lungs) in mice. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests. The results showed that the infusion of green betel leaves did not cause death so that it can be concluded that the value of ld50 >15 g / kg BB and belongs to the category of practical and non-toxic.
Keyword: daun sirih hijau, mencit, nilai LD50, uji toksisitas akut, acute toxicity test, green betel leaf, LD50 value, mice

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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