Judul: Penggunaan zat antimikroba untuk penanggulangan mastitis
Abstrak: Fenyebab utama mastitis adalah mikroba, oleh sebab i tu untuk penanggulangannya dipergunakan zat antimikroba. Sumber infeksi pada kejadian mastitis pada sapi perah terutama adalah lingkungan. maka didalam penanggula- ngannya selain dilakuka, pengobatan pada sapi penderita juga sumber infeksi pada lingkungan harus dimusnahkan. Pengobatan mastitis pada sapi perah dapat dipakaian tibiotika dan kemoterapetika. Penicillin dan Streptomycin saat ini kurang efektif untuk pengobatan mastitis, tetapi campuran Ampicillin dan Uloxacillin memperlihatkan daya kerja yang lebih baik. Untuk membasmi sumber infeksi di lingkungan dapat di pergunakan disinfektan dan sanitizer. Disinfektan yang biasa digunakan di perusahaan susu ndalah Nahypochlorit, sedangkan sanitizer yang cukup baik adalah waOH 4%. Untuk mengetahui antimikroba mana yang efektif dalam pengobatan mastitis maka uji kepekaan antimikroba terha dap bakteri-bakteri penyebab mastitis akan sangat membantu. Teknik tentang cara penentuan antibiogram suatu anti mikroba dapat ditempuh dengan cara pengenceran, cara cakram dan cara penipisa: Cara cakram adalah cara yang mudah dan sering dilakukan di laboratoium. ...
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Judul: Uji Sensitivitas Antibiotik Beberapa Bakteri Penyebab Mastitis.
Abstrak: Salah satu kesuksesan pengobatan mastitis pada sapi perah yaitu melalui penggunaan antibiotik secara tepat. Penggunaan antibiotik secara tidak rasional dan tidak sesuai prosedur menyebabkan terjadinya resistensi antibiotik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji sensitivitas beberapa bakteri yang diisolasi dari susu sapi yang menderita mastitis klinis terhadap berbagai antibiotik. Bakteri-bakteri yang terisolasi dan teridentifikasi yaitu Yersinia sp., Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp., Pseudomonas diminuta, Enterobacter aerogenes, Alcaligenes sp., Serratia sp., Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, dan Bacillus sp.. Bakteri S. aureus, Pseudomonas sp., E. aerogenes, dan E. coli diuji sensitivitasnya terhadap antibiotik ampisilin, karbenisilin, sefalotin, eritromisin, gentamisin, tetrasiklin, dan trimetoprim dengan metode disk diffusion test Kirby-Bauer. Berdasarkan hasil uji sensitivitas, semua bakteri yang diuji telah menjadi bakteri yang multiresisten. Escherichia coli resisten terhadap semua antibiotik yang diuji; S. aureus dan E. aerogenes masih sensitif terhadap gentamisin, tetrasiklin, dan trimetoprim; sedangkan Pseudomonas sp. hanya sensitif terhadap gentamisin.
Keyword: bakteri, mastitis, resistensi antibiotik

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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