Judul: Proses Produksi Karaginan Skala Pilot Plant dari Rumput Laut Kappaphycus alvarezii dan Pemetaan Potensinya
Abstrak: Kappaphycus alvarezii is one of the seaweeds from Rhodophyceae class, better known as Eucheuma cottonii. Its potential development in Indonesia is quite large and it is a producer of carrageenan. Carrageenan is a polysaccharide compound that can be extracted with water or high temperature alkali to form a gel. Commercially, this product is obtained in semi refined carrageenan and refined carrageenan forms. Important parameters in commercial process of carrageenan extraction that will affect the quality of the resulted carrageenan are the concentration of solvent, the ratio of seaweed to solvent, temperature and extraction time. The objectives of this research were: (1) to obtain the optimal alkali treatment process condition to produce alkali treated cottonii (ATC) at laboratory scale, (2) to obtain an extraction process condition using water after alkali treatment to produce refined carrageenan (RC) at pilot plant scale (3) to map the potency of Kappaphycus alvarezii in order to develop the production process of carageenan at pilot plant scale. This research was conducted in several steps. First, the proximate content of the seaweed was analysed. Afterwards, the optimation process in ATC processing was conducted, under these conditions; alkali concentration (6-8%), temperature (70-80oC) and time (1-2 hours). Further step was the optimation of extraction process using water after alkali treatment in RC processing at pilot plant scale. The extraction process selected were the ratio between material (seaweed) and solvent (water) (1:20-1:35), temperature (85-95 oC), and time (2-4 hours). The quality parameters of ATC products were analysed using yield test and gel strength, whereas for RC products, the quality parameters were analysed with yield, water content, ash content, acid-insoluble ash content, sulphate content, gel strength, viscosity and whiteness. Statistical method used was DX 7.0 RSM Box-Behnken. As the final step of this research, a mapping of K. alvarezii potency was conducted to develop pilot plant scale production process of carageenan using the Principal Component Analysis method. Based on RSM Box-Behnken Design, it was known that the concentration of KOH, temperature and time, were significantly influenced the ATC response value. The relationship between variables and ATC yield response can be expressed by Y = -0.97A + 6.59B – 1.79C – 0.05B2 equation, while gel strength can be expressed by Y = 29030.24A + 1488.61B – 521.90C – 406.91AB – 64.50AC – 1984.79A2 + 344.21C2 + 28.02A2B equation. The optimal response of ATC was 92.8%, with process conditions of 6% KOH, temperature at 78.67°C and 1 hour duration. At these conditions, RC yield and gel strength obtained were 38.72% and 1105.31 g/cm2, respectively. The optimum process conditions to produce RC in pilot plant scale were at seaweed and water ratio of 1:25.22, 85.80°C, and 4 hours. At these conditions, the RC yield was 31.74%, the moisture content was 10.69%, the ash content was 30.52%, the acid insoluble content was 0.21%, the sulphate content was 17.12%, the gel strength was 1833.37 g/cm2, the viscosity was 27 cP and the whiteness was 74.8. Further, process technology of carrageenan production was used as a reference in mapping the potential area in developing carrageenan production process at pilot plant
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Judul: Ultrasound-Assisted Depolymerization of Carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii Hydrolysis by Marine Endophytic Fungi RS6A
Abstrak: Kappaphycus alvarezii merupakan spesies rumput laut penghasil kappakaragenan. Karagenan merupakan polisakarida yang terbentuk dari unit Dgalaktosa dan 3,6-anhidrogalaktosa yang dihubungkan oleh ikatan α-1,3 dan β-1,4- glikosidik. Proses hidrolisis K. alvarezii dilakukan secara enzimatis dengan memanfaatkan kapang RS6A sebagai penghasil enzim selulase untuk mengekstrak karagenan. Penelitian bertujuan menentukan waktu ultrasonikasi yang optimal dalam proses depolimerisasi karagenan. Perlakuan diberikan pada proses depolimerisasi dengan perbedaan waktu ultrasonikasi (0, 30, 60 dan 90 menit). Viskositas karagenan diukur menggunakan viskometer Brookfield, yang kemudian digunakan untuk menghitung bobot molekul melalui persamaan Mark-Houwink. Nilai viskositas dan bobot molekul yang diperoleh bervariasi antara 3.73-6.13 cP dan 35.58-52.15 kDa, serta memiliki korelasi terbalik dengan waktu ultrasonikasi. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan ultrasonikasi efektif menurunkan bobot molekul dalam proses depolimerisasi. Perlakuan terpilih diperoleh ultrasonikasi selama 30 menit dengan kesesuaian standar sesuai SNI dan FAO., Kappaphycus alvarezii is a species of seaweed that produces kappacarrageenan. Carrageenan is a polysaccharide formed from D-galactose and 3,6- anhydrogalactose units which linked by α-1,3 and β-1,4 glycosidic bonds. The hydrolysis process of K. alvarezii was carried out enzymatically by fungus RS6A as a cellulase enzyme producer to extract carrageenan. This study aims to determine the optimal ultrasonication time in the carrageenan depolymerization process. Treatment was given on depolymerization process with differences in ultrasonication time (0, 30, 60 and 90 minutes). Carrageenan viscosity was measured using Brookfield viscometer, which was then used to calculate the molecular weight by Mark-Houwink equation. The viscosity and molecular weight values varied between 3.73-6.13 cP and 35.58-52.15 kDa, and had an inverse correlation with the ultrasonication time. These results indicate that ultrasonication was effective in reducing molecular weight in the depolymerization process. The selected treatment was obtained by ultrasonication for 30 minutes with conformity to standards according to SNI and FAO.
Keyword: depolimerisasi, hidrolisis enzimatis, karagenan, ultrasonikasi., carrageenan, depolymerization, enzymatic hydrolysis, ultrasonication.

Judul: Ornithonyssus Bursa (Berlese, 1888) Famili Macronyssidae yang Menyerang Unggas Dan Penaggulangannnya
Abstrak: Ornithonyssus bursa adalah tungau penghisap darah pada unggas di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Tungau ini relatif kecil, dengan panjang tubuh antara 700-1000 mikron dan lebarnya 250-490 mikron. Tubuhnya bulat berwarna coklat kekuningan sebelum menghisap darh dan berwarna merah setelah menghisap darah dari induk semangnya.
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