Judul: Mempelajari Aktivitas Protease Bacillus licheniformis Galur Gibson NCTC 10341 Pada Fermentasi Terkontrol Menggunakan Limbah Cair Tahu
Abstrak: Dalam percobaan ini dilakukan perbandingan aktivitas protease Bacillus licheniformis yang ditumbuhkan pada media limbah cair tahu dengan penambahan glukosa sebagai sumber karbon dan kasein sebagai sumber nitrogen. Penambahan mineral dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruhnya terhadap aktivitas protease yang dihasilkan. B. lichenifonnis yang digunakan ditumbuhkan pada suhu 37 OC dalam fermentor Biostat M dengan pengaturan kondisi fermentasi sebagai berikut : pH 7.0 - + 0.05, aerasi 0.4 l/menit (setara 0.26 vvm), dan agitasi 400 rpm.
Keyword: 

Judul: Aktivitas enzim (Bacillus licheniformis) selama fermentasi pada media limbah cair tahu ber-pH alkalis
Abstrak: Bacillus licheniformis dapat menghasilkan enzim ekstraselular, salah satunya adalah protease. beberapa Didalam penelitian ini dipergunakan limbah cair tahu yang diberi penambahan sumber karbon ampas tapioka, molase, pati terlarut, dan glukosa serta sumber nitrogen kamir peragi sebagai komponen media fermentasi B. licheniformis. Ampas tapioka ternyata merupakan sumber karbon terbaik dibandingkan dengan yang lainnya, karena aktivitas enzim yang dihasilkannya paling tinggi. Aktivitas tertinggi (0.686 U/ml) dihasilkan pada kon- sentrasi ampas tapioka 8 persen dengan lama fermentasi 24 jam pada limbah cair tahu dengan pH alamiahnya, yaitu 5.92, sedangkan pada limbah cair tahu ber-pH alkalis (9.00) akti- vitas tertinggi (0.133 U/ml) dicapai setelah fermentasi berlangsung selama 12 jam. Penambahan kamir peragi sebagai sumber nitrogen yang dikombinasi dengan ampas tapioka ternyata tidak meningkatkan aktivitas protease, malahan aktivitasnya lebih rendah bila dibandingkan dengan yang hanya ditambahkan ampas tapioka saja, yaitu dari 0.133 U/ml menjadi 0.016 U/ml. Protease yang ditambahkan kobalt dengan konsentrasi 2 mM ternyata menaikkan aktivitas sebesar 305 persen. Bila dibandingkan dengan mangan dan seng, kobalt merupakan logam yang paling efektif untuk menaikkan aktivitas protease. Protease dari Bacillus licheniformis pada fermentasi tersebut mempunyai pH optimum 6 dan 11, sehingga tergolong dalam protease yang mendekati netral dan alkali. Suhu optimum dicapai pada 70°C. Pada suhu ini dianalisa ketahanan panas enzim. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa penambahan kobalt pada konsentrasi 6 mM dapat mempertahankan stabilitas enzim selama waktu inkubasi 30 menit, setelah itu aktivitas enzim menurun drastis sampai waktu inkubasi mencapai 50 menit. Penambahan sorbitol pada konsentrasi 0.1 persen dapat mempertahankan aktivitas protease yang disimpan pada suhu +4°C selama 22 hari, aktivitas yang dihasilkan 0.071 U/ml….
Keyword: 

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite