Judul: Variasi Regional dalam Pola Makan Monyet Ekor Panjang dan Faktor Ekologi yang Mempengaruhinya
Abstrak: Dietary composition and activity budgets are important aspects of primate ecology, and habitat quality often affects them and makes a regional variation in the behavior of target species. This study describes the variations in activity budgets and dietary habits of free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in original habitats through a web-based survey. Then, the relationships between the behavioral aspects and geographical/ environmental variables were analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation. Activity budgets of the macaques were stable regardless of the habitats, except for social behavior which showed a positive correlation with elevation. Percentages of primary foods (fruits, seeds, flowers, and leaves), on the other hand, were stable across habitats, while of non-primary foods (fungi, soil, and others) showed negative relationships with temperature. In several study sites, percentages of anthropogenic diets were remarkably higher. The lack of regional variations in activity and primary dietary composition is likely due to higher food availability in the tropical habitat, which is contrasting to those in the macaques inhabiting temperate regions that show drastic behavioral plasticity in response to regional variation in food environment. Percentage of fungi and soil showed positive relationship with human population, which is likely to contribute to neutralize nutritional compounds obtained from anthropogenic foods.
Keyword: Activity budgets, Daily Behavior, Feeding Behavior, Food habits, Food Preference, Meta-analysis, Regional variation

Judul: Daily Activity and Feeding Ecology of Long-tailed Macaque (Macaca fascicularis) in Alas Purwo National Park, East Java, Indonesia
Abstrak: Food availability is an important factor affecting the feeding strategy of animals. Primate species in habitats with greater human activity should employ unique strategies to use both natural and human food resources. This study described behavioral aspects of free-ranging long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) inhabiting Alas Purwo National Park, East Java, Indonesia. The activity budgets, dietary compositions, vertical usages, and ranging patterns of the macaques were recorded between October 2021 and March 2022 and examined the difference between day types and the relationships between these variables and the plant phenology index (a proxy of natural food availability) or the number of visitors (a proxy of human food availability). Using the scan sampling method (5-min scans with 15-min intervals), the macaques had been recorded consumed human foods (53.9%) than natural foods (42.5%). Several clear effects of human foods on behavioral aspects were showed: the macaques reduced moving and increased social activity in response to the number of visitors. The macaques consumed human food more, frequently used ground and sub-canopy strata, and their home range became smaller when the number of visitors increased. In contrast, the phenology index showed no significant relationships with macaques' behavioral aspects. This result implied that the relative importance of human provisioning on macaque behavior was much greater than that of natural foods. In order to decrease the risk of human-macaque conflict and zoonotic transmission, regulation of provisioning would be necessary.
Keyword: activity, food, macaque, provisioning food, ranging, visitor

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4