Judul: Deteksi Substrat Dasar Perairan dan Integrasi Ikan Demersal di Perairan Delta Payung, Sumatera Selatan
Abstrak: Delta Payung merupakan delta yang berada di muara sungai Musi Sumatera Selatan. Delta sendiri terbentuk akibat adanya endapan di muara sungai. Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh data volume backscattering strength (SV) ikan demersal dan substrat dasar melalui data nilai hambur balik yang diperoleh dengan metode akustik split beam. Survei pada penelitian ini berbentuk linear yang mengelilingi pesisir delta. Didapati hasil (Sv ) ̅ substrat sebesar-17,41 dB dengan nilai SV minimum dan maksimum -20,23 dB dan -14,8 dB. Nilai (Sv) ̅ ikan demersal adalah -53,02 dB dengan nilai minimum -58,41 dB dan nilai maksimum -55,19 dB. Sebaran waktu ikan demersal dibagi menjadi interval waktu petang dan waktu malam. Deteksi ikan tertinggi berada di Interval waktu malam. Sebaran spasial ikan demersal paling tinggi berada dibagian utara delta. Hal ini karena adanya mangrove yang menjadi habitat benthos., The Payung Delta is a delta located at the mouth of the Musi River, South Sumatra. The delta itself is formed due to sediment at the mouth of the river. This research aims to obtain backscattering strength (SV) volume data for demersal fish and bottom substrate through backscatter value data obtained using the split beam acoustic method. The survey in this research is linear in shape surrounding the coast of the Payung Delta. It was found that the (Sv ) ̅ substrate was -17.41 dB with minimum and maximum SV values of -20.23 dB and -14.8 dB. The (Sv ) ̅ value of demersal fish in this study was -53.02 dB with a minimum value of -58.41 dB and a maximum value of -55.19 dB. The time distribution of demersal fish is divided into evening and night time intervals. The highest fish detections were in the night time interval. The spatial distribution of demersal fish is highest in the northern part of the delta. This is because there are mangroves which are benthos habitat.
Keyword: Fish, Spasial distribution, Substrate, Temporal distribution, Volume backscattering strength

Judul: Pengukuran dan analisis nilai hambur balik akustik untuk klasifikasi dasar perairan dan hubungannya dengan makrozoobentos di Delta Mahakam
Abstrak: Riverbed substrate is a one of potential abiotic resources. It is useful as habitat, foraging area, and spawning area for most aquatic organisms (Susanto 2000). Riverbed has a very complex substrate composition from small sized substrate into rocky substrate. Over exploitation makes the quality and composition of bottom waters changed. Research on aquatic habitats are usually based on a sampling basis using a corer or a van veen grabber (Romimohtarto and Juwana 2009). But it is not time efficient, covering only narrow area and can be applied only in limited location. One of method that can help to overcome this deficiency is using hydroacoustic technology. Hydroacoustic technology is a technology which used to detect underwater objects by using sound propagation. Acoustic classification system of bottom substrate can predict the substrate type and its geotechnical properties. Hydroacoustic also has been widely used in various applications including marine geology, civil engineering, military science, and fisheries (Lambert et al. 2002; Richardson et al. 2002). This technology is able to provide information regarding the relief of the bottom, fish density, direction and movement of fish, as well as the type of bottom substrate in a relatively rapid and extensive reach. Sea bottom has characteristic in reflecting and scattering sound waves as well as the waters of the sea surface. The resulting effect is more complex due to the nature of the sea floor that is composed of diverse elements ranging from hard rock to soft clay and layers that have different compositions (Urick 1983). Some initial researches on aquatic habitats in Indonesia have been conducted by Manik et al. (2006) using the measurement of surface backscattering strength (SS) of Quantitative Echo Sounder (QES) and the SS value for identification of fish habitat, Pujiyati (2008) which using hydroacoustic method for relationship analysis between bottom substrate types with fish demersal community, Harahap (2010) in quantification of the value of bottom acoustic backscatter using multibeam echosounder, and Allo (2011) which applying the method of Manik et al. (2006) for the quantification and characterization of acoustic backscattering of bottom habitat in the Seribu island. This study was conducted in two phases. The first phase is collection of field data and the second is data processing and analyzing phase. Acoustic data collected were using hydroacoustics instrument SIMRAD EY60 120 kHz frequency and recorded by ER60 software. Sampling substrate was conducted at 9 stations acoustic data recording. Analysis of acoustic data include the value of SV E1, SV E2, and SS. Analysis of the substrate data include the percentage of the fraction (sand, silt, clay), and macrozoobenthos (density, diversity, dominance). Analysis of the relationship between acoustic values, the fraction of the substrate, and macrozoobenthos are using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that the type of substrates that are found on sites are sand, muddy sand, sandy mud, and mud. Based on the value of SS for sand (- 12.97 dB), muddy sand (-13.96 dB), sandy mud (-17.14 dB and -15.64 dB), and mud (-30.87 dB to -19.25 dB). It shows also that sand has a high substrate roughness, hardness, and
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Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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