Judul: Integrated Oil Palm and Cattle in Riau Province : Economic and Sustainability Analysis
Abstrak: Smallholder oil palm plantations (PR) require special attention because they provide a living for over 2.66 million farming households. The productivity of oil palm varies between PR and large plantations. The productivity of PR palm oil is 3.44 tons/ha/year, which really is lower than the national productivity. PBN and PBS have annual rates of 3.81 tons/ha, 4.23 tons/ha, and 4.04 tons/ha, respectively. Efforts to encourage PR to increase oil palm productivity and income can be accomplished by implementing business diversification, especially with livestock. Farmers who have to use integrated agricultural practices, particularly smallholder oil palm plantations with cattle, can influence economic, social, and environmental conditions. In the context of developing integrated oil palm-cattle farming, it is essential to assess farming success in managing and going to generate value from the resources used. This study aims to: 1) analyze the technical and economic relationship between farming branches on oil palm-cattle integration in Riau Province; 2) analyze the determinants of the adoption of the oil palm-cattle integrated farming system in Riau Province and its impact on the use of external inputs and household labor allocation; and 3) analyze the sustainability status of oil palm-cattle integration in Riau Province. From February to July 2021, the study was conducted in five districts of Riau Province. The sample included 165 farmer households engaged in beef cattle farming activities that were integrated with oil palm plantations and 135 oil palm farmers who did not integrate. In 2020, cross section data will be collected using a questionnaire as a research instrument for farming data. The production function analysis is carried out using the stochastic frontier analysis method with the Cobb-Douglas production function model for oil palm farming and the stochastic input distance function for integrated farming. Analysis of the production function can calculate both efficiency and technical inefficiency. The logistic function measures the factors influencing adoption in two categories, namely integrated and non-integrated farming. The role of household workers and the market dependency ratio (MDR) of farming are indicators of internal input productivity. The sustainable value added (SVA) approach was used to analyze the sustainability of integrated oil palm-cattle farming, and the Linear Program was used to estimate farming optimally. The research showed that the integration of oil palm and cattle farming in Riau Province had not been carried out optimally. This is due to the fact that the only input resource used is livestock manure, which is used for fertilizing oil palm or for sale. Farmers do not provide animal feed that is expected to come from palm oil frond waste because farmers can still provide forage animal feed from natural grass. The number of plants, the use of labor outside the household, the use of pesticides, and the use of labor within the family all influence the use of production factors in oil palm farming. Non-integrated farmers, on the other hand, are only affected by the number of plants. Integrated oil palm-cattle farming is a profitable farming method that benefits the households of integrated smallholder oil palm plantation farmers. Integrated farmers benefit more than non-integrated farmers. Integration
Keyword: efisiensi teknis, dis-sinergi, input internal, komplementer, perkebunan kelapa sawit rakyat

Judul: The Role of Palm Oil Industry in The Economy of Riau Province: An Input-Output Analysis
Abstrak: Industrial sector has important role in the economy of Riau Province. It can be seen from its contribution to the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) which reaches 49,642.78 billion rupiah or about 26.84 percent of total Riau Province GRDP in 2011. One of the potential subsectors in industrial sector is palm oil industry. The high prospect of palm oil industry supported by the increased production and the export of palm oil that will positively impact the economic growth of Riau Province. The research objectives are to analyze the role of palm oil industry in the economy of Riau Province, to analyze the linkages of palm oil industry towards other sectors, to analyze the dispersion impact of palm oil industry to other sectors, to analyze the economic impact of palm oil industry in terms of multiplier effect in the economy of Riau Province, and to analyze the position of palm oil industry in the economy of Riau Province as a priority sector. The data used in this research is secondary data, namely Input-Output (I-O) Table of Riau Province in 2010 classification of 112 sectors and aggregated to 22 sectors. The data is obtained from Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (Bappeda), and other related institutions. In addition, data in this research is also obtained from many literatures and various sources that support the objectives of this research. Data is processed by utilizing Input-Output Analysis for Practitioners (IOAP) Complementary Version 1.0.1. and Microsoft Excel 2007. The results shows that palm oil industry has significant role in the economy of Riau Province. It can be observed from its position which occupies the second rank on total demand, the first rank on total household consumption expenditure, the second rank on total trade surplus, and the third rank on total gross value added. From linkages analysis, the research shows that palm oil industry has backward linkages value higher than forward linkages value. From dispersion analysis, the research finds that palm oil industry has coefficient of dispersion greater than sensitivity of dispersion. This indicates that palm oil industry has more ability to attract the upstream sector. Furthermore, multiplier analysis comes up with conclusion that palm oil industry has positive multiplier effect to the economy of Riau Province. This indicates that there will be a maximum effect on increasing production and formation of new output if each unit of money for final demand spent to buy the output of palm oil industry. Finally, based on priority sector analysis, palm oil industry is found to occupy the first rank out of 22 sectors in the economy of Riau Province in 2010.
Keyword: Palm Oil Industry, The Riau Province Economy, Input-Output Analysis

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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