Judul: Systematic Literature Review of Global Mangrove EcosystemSoil Carbon Stocks Based on Geomorphic Setting
Abstrak: Ekosistem mangrove memiliki peran penting terkait dengan jasa lingkungan, salah satunya adalah dalam menyerap dan menyimpan karbon. Akan tetapi, ekosistem mangrove menghadapi berbagai ancaman yang membahayakan keberadaannya. Untuk mengkuantifikasi peran tersebut, penelitian melibatkan peninjauan (review) dan sintesis tentang besaran cadangan karbon tanah di ekosistem mangrove global. Cadangan karbon tanah dikelompokkan berdasarkan kondisi geomorfologi (Geomorphic Setting) ekosistem mangrove global. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini, yaitu tinjauan pustaka sistematis dengan menyaring judul, abstrak, dan teks lengkap. Artikel diperoleh melalui Web of Science dan Scopus, 147 terpilih dari 6.863 artikel yang diterbitkan antara tahun 1999-2024. Rata-rata cadangan karbon tanah global adalah 557,09 Mg C/ha. Cadangan karbon tanah terbesar berada di Ghana, yaitu 1.744,9 Mg C/ha. Sedangkan Venezuela memiliki cadangan karbon tanah terendah, yaitu 53,04 Mg C/ha. Distribusi empat jenis kondisi geomorfik yang dijumpai muara (Estuarine), delta (Deltaic), pesisir terbuka (Open Coast), dan lagun (Lagoonal) global memiliki persentase berturut 39%, 19%, 29%, dan 13%. Cadangan karbon tanah antara keempat jenis kondisi geomorfolog memiliki perbedaan yang cukup signifikan di setiap kedalamannya. Pada kedalaman, Mangroves provide several ecosystem services, including sequestration and storage of carbon. However, mangroves face various threats that endanger its sustainability. This research reviews and synthesizes soil carbon stocks of the global mangrove ecosystem to determine the differences among geomorphic setting. The method used in this research is a systematic literature review by filtering titles, abstracts and full texts. Articles were obtained via Web of Science and Scopus amounting 147, that were selected from 6,863 articles published between 1999-2024. The average global soil carbon stock is 557.09 Mg C/ha. The largest soil carbon stock value is in Ghana, amounting to 1,744.9 Mg C/ha while Venezuela has the lowest soil carbon stock of 53.04 Mg C/ha. Following the four types of geomorphic settings, estuarine, deltaic, open coast, and lagoonal, have percentages of 39%, 19%, 29%, and 13%, respectively. Soil carbon stock values between the four types of geomorphic settings have quite significant differences at each depth. At a depth of
Keyword: jasa lingkungan, karbon biru, kedalaman, lahan basah pesisir, perubahan iklim

Judul: Global Mangrove Ecosystem Carbon Stock: A Systematic Literature Review
Abstrak: Ekosistem mangrove menyediakan berbagai jasa lingkungan khususnya untuk masyarakat sekitar pesisir. Penyimpanan karbon yang disediakan oleh mangrove atau yang dikenal dengan istilah “karbon biru”, dalam skala global menjadi salah satu jasa lingkungan terpenting, terutama dalam kontribusinya terhadap mitigasi perubahan iklim. Sayangnya, ekosistem mangrove kini menghadapi berbagai ancaman seperti perubahan penggunaan dan tutupan lahan, kenaikan muka air laut, deforestasi dan degradasi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) melakukan review dan sintesis skala global besaran stok karbon di ekosistem mangrove dan (2) untuk mengevaluasi metode yang digunakan dalam penilaian stok karbon di ekosistem mangrove. Studi ini secara sistematis meninjau literatur dengan menyaring judul, abstrak, dan teks lengkap. Dengan menggunakan Web of Science, 153 literatur terpilih dari 3.999 literatur yang diterbitkan antara tahun 2010-2021. Hasil analisis menunjukkan nilai rataan stok karbon mangrove global pada penelitian ini adalah 629±448 Mg C/ha. Nilai ini lebih rendah 27% daripada hasil studi sebelumnya, yaitu sebesar 856 Mg C/ha, namun nilai ini 23% lebih besar dari estimasi IPCC. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan rata-rata global stok karbon mangrove di atas permukaan tanah adalah 91±75Mg C/ha dan stok karbon di bawah permukaan adalah 37±52Mg C/ha. Tanah menyimpan sebagian besar (63%) dari total stok karbon ekosistem sebesar 393±324 Mg C/ha. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan sebanyak 41% dari total literatur yang terpilih mengacu pada metode yang umum digunakandan 59% paper menggunakan metode lainnya seperti destruktif atau kombinasi berbagai ketentuan pengukuran., Mangrove ecosystems provide a wide range of environmental services specially to coastal communities. Carbon storage service provided by mangroves or known as "blue carbon", globally becomes one of the most important environmental services, especially in climate change mitigation. Unfortunately, mangrove ecosystems are facing various threats, such as land use and land cover changes, sea level rise, deforestation and degradation. The objectives of this study are (1) to review and conduct a global scale synthesis of carbon stocks in mangrove ecosystems and (2) to evaluate methods used to assess carbon stocks. This study systematically reviewed the literature by screening titles, abstracts and full-texts. By employing the Web of Science, 153 articles were selected from 3.999 literature published between 2010-2021. The results show that the global average of mangrove carbon stocks was 629±448 Mg C/ha. This value is 27% lower than the previous study of 856 Mg C/ha, but this value is 23% greater than the IPCC estimate. It is also shown that the global average carbon stocks aboveground are 91±75 Mg C/ha and belowground are 37±52 Mg C/ha. Soil stores most (63%) of the total ecosystem carbon stocks of 393±324 Mg C/ha. It is also shown that as much as 41% of the selected literatures refer to commonly used method and 59% of papers used several other methods such as destructive methods or a combination of methods.
Keyword: blue carbon, climate change mitigation, coastal wetland, environmental service, forest biomass

Judul: Antibodi anti-idiotipe sebagai kandidat vaksin rabies, Anti-idiotype andibody as a rabies vaccine candidate
Abstrak: Anti rabies serum (ARS) called antibody 1 (Ab1) was used as the antigen to immunize laying chickens. Anti-Ab1 chicken immunoglobulins (IgY), the antiidiotype antibodies against rabies (Ab2) was isolated from chicken blood every week for ten weeks. The highest titer of Ab2 was found at the third week after the last immunization. Immunoglobulin Y was separated by means of ammonium sulfate precipitation, then dialyzed using PBS pH 8.0 for 24 hours at 2 – 8 oC and purified using affinity chromatography column for IgY lead the proteins molecules with 185,000; 95,000 and 49,000 dalton in weigth. Purified IgY was used to immunize New Zealand White rabbit and the antibody response (Ab3) was detected using Agar Gel Precipitation Test (AGPT). The Ab3 showed specific reaction with Ab2 as well as rabies virus. Interestingly, Ab2 and rabies virus express partial identity reaction. This lead the insight, that not all parts of Ab2 are internal image of rabies virus. The efficacy of Ab3 was detected using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indicated that the level of Ab3 titer is protective according to WHO standard (more than 0.5 IU/ml). The conclusion of this study is the anti-idiotype antibody can induce protective immune response against rabies virus and can be used as an alternative for rabies anti-idiotype vaccine. Key words : anti-idiotype vaccine, antibody, rabies
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