Judul: Study of the consumption pattern and food demand in eastern region of Indonesia
Abstrak: Penelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari pola konsumsi dan permintaan pangan di wilayah Kawasan Timur Indonesia (KTI). Data yang digunakan adalah data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) tahun 1996 yang dikumpulkan oleh Biro Pusat Statistik (BPS). Analisis deskriptif digunakan untuk mempelajari pola konsumsi, sedangkan untuk menganalsis permintaan pangan digunakan model ekonometrika 'linear approximation almost ideal demand system' (MAIDS)., This research is aimed to study consumption pattern and food demand in Eastern Region of Indonesia (ERI). The study used data resulted from National Socio-Economic Survey (Susenas) 1996 collected by Central Bureau of Statistics (Biro Pusat Statistik). Descriptive analysis is used for studying consumption pattern and Linear Approximation Almost Ideal Demand System (LA/AIDS) model is used for analyzing food demand. Results of the study show as follows : (1) rice is dominant in structure of household budget, energy and protein contribution of household in ERI, (2) in some provinces of ERI, there was shifting in consumption pattern of stapple food from non-rice to rice between 1976 and 1996, (3) consumption of food as source of carbohydrate in rural areas is higher than in urban areas, but it was vice versa for the consumption, (5) household food demand in rural areas was more responsive to price and income changes than the household in urban areas, and household with the higher income was less responsive to the price and income changes, and (6) number of household member and education level of head of household influenced significantly food demand of household in ERI.
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Judul: Sistem permintaan pangan di Jawa
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari hubungan permintaan kelompok komoditi pangan dengan harga kelompok komoditi yang bersangkutan, harga kelompok komoditi lain dan pengeluaran makanan yang diperinci menurut lokasi tempat tinggal (pedesaan/kota) dan daerah (propinsi). Untuk menduga nilai elastisitas permintaan digunakan model sistem, yaitu: Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) dan Transcendental Logarithmic Demand Function (TL). Pendugaan dilakukan secara terpisah untuk daerah pedesaaan dan kota. Kelompok komoditi yang dianalisis adalah: beras, serealia lain ubi-ubian (S+U), ikan, dan daging. Sebagai proksi Jawa digunakan tiga contoh regional yaitu: Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah dan Jawa Timur. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data olahan Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (Susenas) 1984 yang dilakukan Biro Pusat Statistik (BPS) untuk survei konsumsi/pengeluaran rumah tangga. Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan pola permintaan kelompok komoditi pangan menurut lokasi dan daerah. Pada tingkat pengeluaran rata-rata, konsumen di pedesaan membelanjakan 61-68 persen pengeluaran totalnya untuk makanan, sedangkan di kota adalah 53-58 persen.
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Judul: Hybrid solar cells of ZnO nanoparticles/chlorophyll was modified metal ions (Zn2+ and Cu2+ )
Abstrak: Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a n-type semiconductor with a wide the energy band (Band Gap) is 3.37 eV at room temperature and 3.34 eV at low temperature with a large exiton binding energy is 60 meV. ZnO has been synthesized by hydrothermal method, resulting in a decrease in particle size over the duration of the hydrothermal changes. Crystallographic structure of ZnO were characterized using XRD, has shown the characteristic pattern of a hexagonal wurtzite structure, the crystallite size increases to changes in particle size. Changes in particle size has also led to a change in the absorption peak of ZnO as has been demonstrated posted under test using the optical properties of UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Changes of this uptake has also led to changes in the energy band gap, which increases its band gap energy of the particle size. In electronic applications, especially in solar cells. Chlorophyll is considered less effective, because of their very nature are easily degraded as a result of several reactions which are acid, lighting and temperature. The results of the stability test using a halogen lamp 34 W/m2 for 5 hours, that the substitution of chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form more stable than natural chlorophyll. The characterization of the optical properties, the combination of ZnO / chlorophyll in the form of hybrid films has led to a shift in the absorption region of ZnO becomes more widely from the UV to Visible. ZnO/chlorophyll has absorption range of 350-515 nm, ZnO / Zn-feofitin 332-401 nm and 332-632 nm for Cu-feofitin. The combination of ZnO/chlorophyll and CuSCN as a solid electrolite in hybrid solar cell, a modified chlorophyll with metal ions Zn2+ and Cu2+ has been shown to form a more stable I-V curve. It is characterized by its fill factor value greater than natural chlorophyll. Nevertheless, solar cells with natural chlorophyll has been able to produce higher efficiency values of chlorophyll were substituted.
Keyword: Hydrothermal, ZnO/Chlorophyll modified, Hybrid Solar Cell