Judul: Xylooligosaccharide production of corncobs as prebiotic candidate by high temperature heating and enzymatic hydrolysis.
Abstrak: Corncob waste is a rich xylan source that can be utilized as raw material for xylooligosaccharides (XOS) production. XOS is a potential prebiotic and has high economic value. Two corn varieties i.e. Bisi and Pioneer were first analyzed for its hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin contents and xylan yield to choose the corn variety to be studied. Process technology for XOS production was studied using available equipment such as oven. Xylooligosaccharide (XOS) from corncob was produced in two stages i.e. xylan extraction by heating at high temperatures in oven or autoclave as comparison, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Analysis of two corncob varieties showed that Pioneer variety contained higher hemicellulose content (34.98%) and xylan yield (18.32%) than Bisi variety (12.28% and 10.22%, respectively), therefore Pioneer variety was chosen as raw material for XOS production. Corncob particles were soaked in dilute acid (1 g/l H2SO4) for 12 h at 60 oC, filtered and washed with tap water and then heated in oven or autoclave. Before oven heating, The corncobs were added with water at various ratios (1:1 – 1:5) and then heated in oven at various temperature (130 oC, 140 oC, 150 oC for 0.5 h) and autoclave at 121oC for 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 h with one and two heating cycles. During heating, the total sugar and reducing sugar were increase, while the degree of polymerization was decrease. The results showed that heating in oven to extract the xylan was affected by the ratios of corncobs and aquadest and heating temperatures. Oven heating (130-150 oC) with optimum ratio of corncobs and aquadest (1:3) successfully increased the xylan content from 3.98% up to 18.21 – 19.46% while repeated heating cycle (two cycles) did not affect the xylan content. Heating the corncobs with aquadest (at the ratio of 1:3) in oven at 130 oC for 0.5 h produced 18.98% xylan and enzymatic conversion of the xylan by xylanase significantly increased the XOS content from 19.60% up to 44.06%. Heating the corncobs in autoclave (121 oC, 0.5 h) followed by enzymatic conversion produced higher XOS content (65.67%). The corncob XOS could stimulate the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum kik and Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 by 1.2 until 1.7 unit log, indicating the prebiotic properties. Cookies prebiotic produced by addition of 5% (based on wheat flour) had higher hardness texture (1256 gf) than control without XOS (1067 gf).
Keyword: 

Judul: Produksi xilooligozakarida dari xilan tongkol jagung dengan menggunakan xilanase streptomyces sp asal Indonesia
Abstrak: Production of xylanase from three local isolates could be induced with xylan from corncob. The strains of Streptomyces sp. which used in this research are 234P-16 strain, SKK1-8 strain, and 45I-3 strain. Xylanases from strain SKK1-8 and strain 45I-3 showed the higher activity with corncob xylan than oatspelt xylan. The highest xylanase activities for three strains produced from corncob xylan substrate with 1% concentration than 0.5% and 1.5%. Xylanase which produced by Streptomyces sp. is used for hydrolyzing xylan to produce xylooligosaccharide. The product of xylanase hydrolysis could be determined by reducing analysis sugar determination, changing of carbohydrate degree of polymerization (DP), and by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). Xylan hydrolysis product from 234P-16 xylanase was long chain xilooligosaccharide on oatspelt xylan and corncob xylan with DP ranging from 83.13 to 20.24. Xylan hydrolysis product SKK1-8 xylanases was short chain xilooligosaccharide with DP ranging from 12.01 to 2.12, and from 45I-3 DP ranging from 5.75 to 2.12 on oatspelt xylan and corncob xylan. The TLC chromatogram showed that hydrolysis product contains various xylooligosaccharides.
Keyword: 

Judul: Persepsi Remaja Terkadap Kehidupan Rumah Tangga Dan Faktor-Paktor Yang Mempengaruhinya (Sebuah Analisis Jender)
Abstrak: Masalah jender oleh kaum feminis digunakan dalam menganalisis masalah sosial dan nierekontruksi sosial budaya sebuali masyarakat. Budaya patriarki dianggap telali menciptakan do~ninaslia ki-laki atas perempuan yang melahirkan bias jender (Handayani dan Sugiarti, 2001). Salah satu pemikir teoritis feminis awal, Jhon Stuart Mill dalam bukunya The Subjection Woman (1 869) tnengkritik pekerjaan perempuan di sektor domestik sebagai pekerjaan irasional, emosional dan tiranis (Megawangi, 1999). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persepsi remaja terhadap peran jender dalam kehidupan rumah tangga dan faktor-faktor yang signifikan mempengaruhi persepsi tersebut. Hasil analisis CHAID menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang paling signifikan mempengaruhi peubah respon adalah jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, kegiatan terbanyak, dan provinsi. Sedangkan status perkawinan dan asal daerah tidak muncul sebagai faktor yang signifikan. Remaja yang setuju terhadap peran jender dalam kehidupan mmah tangga sebanyak 6382 orang (79%) dan 1696 orang (21%) tidak setuju. Persentase responden perempuan yang setuju terhadap peran jender lebih tinggi dari pada laki-laki yaitu 85,36% sedangkan laki-laki 72,80%. Peubah jenis kelamin membagi responden ke dalam dua kelompok, yaitu laki-laki dan perempuan. Interaksi antara peubah jenis kelamin dengall-peubah tingkat pendidikan menghasilkan konsekuetisi tidak bisa disamakan interpretasi antara responden laki-laki dengan responden perempuan. Baik pada laki-laki maupun perempuan dapat diketahui bahwa semakin tinggi tingkat pendidikan maka persentase yang setuju terhadap peran jender semakin menurun. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan memiliki pengaruh yang cukup besar dalam membentuk atau merubah persepsi remaja terhadap peran jender.
Keyword: