Judul: Karakterisrik mutu bakso daging sapi dan pengaruh penambahan natrium klorida dan natrium tripolifosfat terhadap perbaikan mutu
Abstrak: Bakso merupakan makanan popular, telah lama dikenal masyarakat Indonesia sebagai makanan jajanan yang dianggap murah. Dengan demikian melalui kebiasaan jajan bakso, mungkin sasaran konsumsi protein hewani dapat dicapai. Umumnya pembuatan bakso menggunakan daging dalam bentuk sesegar mungkin agar rendeman dan mutunya tinggi. Di kota-kota besar seperti Jakarta diperkenalkan teknologi baru dalam penanganan karkas setelah pemotongan yaitu teknologi proses pelayuan daging dengan maksud memperbaiki mutu daging sebelum dikonsumsi.
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Judul: Pengaruh Pelayuan Daging Sapi Terhadap Mutu Bakso
Abstrak: Pengamatan lapangan di pasar, warung, restoran, pasar swalayan, pedagang keliling dan penggiling adonan bakso di Kodya Bogor, yang mewakili produsen, pedagang dan konsumen, menunjukkan bahwa bakso mempunyai peranan penting dalam konsumsi daging di masyarakat, terutama golongan pelajar, maha- siswa, dan anak pra sekolah. Pada umumnya bakso yang beredar di pasaran dibuat dari daging sapi, dan dikonsumsi sebagai makanan jajanan atau selingan. Ditinjau dari segi bahan bakunya, bakso yang dipasarkan di Kodya Bogor dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi tiga golongan, yaitu bakso daging, bakso urat, dan bakso aci. Dari ketiga jenis bakso tersebut, yang paling banyak beredar di pasaran adalah bakso daging, sedangkan yang peling sedikit adalah bakso urat. Hasil analisa komposisi kimia bakso yang beredar di pasaran, menunjukkan bahwa kadar proteinnya cukup tinggi, berkisar antara 11-15 persen, dengan kadar karbohidrat bervariasi antara 5-14 persen, tergantung jumlah tepung yang ditambahkan. Sifat mutu bakso yang diinginkan konsumen adalah bentuk yang bulat, ukuran sedang (diameter 20-30 mm), rasa daging, warna coklat cerah, serta tekstur yang kompak dan kenyal. Daging yang tidak segar, baik dengan pelayuan beku (-5°C, 48 jam), dingin (5°C, 24 jam), maupun daging lama (20°C, 8 jam), menyebabkan penurunan rendemen dan mutu bakso. Bakso menjadi sukar menyatu (mudah pecah), memiliki tekstur lunak, serta permukaan yang kasar. Penambahan STPP sebanyak 0.75 persen ke dalam adonan bak- so daging layu dapat memperbaiki rendemen dan mutu, mendekati bakso daging segar (kurang lebih tiga jam setelah pemotongan hewan), bahkan dapat menghasilkan rendemen dan daya ikat air sedikit lebih tinggi, serta warna yang sedikit lebih cerah dan lebih disukai daripada bakso daging segar….
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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