Judul: Studi macam tumbuhan inang Corynespora casslicola (Berk dan Curt.) Wei penyebab penyakit gugur daun pada Hevea brasiliensis Muell.
Abstrak: Cara inokulasi patogen pada tanaman tidak mempengaruhi 등 permukaan daun. karet ternyata macam gejala yang terdapat pada Timbulnya gejala penyakit dan perkembangannya lebih cepat bila inokulasi dilakukan dengan penempelan inokulum. Perkembangan gejala penyakit pada daun muda lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan daun yang lebih Lua, sedangkan daun yang berumur sedang lebih Iambat. masa inkubasinya daripada daun tua, tetapi perkembangan gejala penyakit tidak berbeda.
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Judul: Pengaruh cara inokulasi cendawan corynespora cassiicola (Berk. dan Curt.) wei pada daun karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg.) klon PR 261 terhadap perkembangan gejala dan waktu gugur daun
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memperoleh gambaran peng- aruh beberapa cara inokulasi terhadap waktu munculnya gejala, perkembangan gejala dan waktu gugur daun. Tanaman yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini yaitu tanaman karet klon PR 261. Inokulum yang digunakan yaitu suspensi konidia dan filtrat cendawan. Suspensi konidia diinokulasikan dengan cara menyemprotkan suspensi tersebut pada permukaan atas atau permukaan bawah daun, pada tulang daun utama atau lamina, dengan pelukaan atau tanpa pelukaan. Sedang- kan filtrat cendawan disuntikkan pada tulang daun utama, pertemuan tulang daun utama dengan tulang daun sekunder, dan pada pertemuan tangkai anak daun. Gejala awal lebih cepat muncul dan waktu gugur daun lebih cepat terjadi pada inokulasi dengan suspensi konidia pada tulang daun utama yang dilukai. Gejala tidak muncul pada cara inokulasi tidak dilukai, pada tulang daun utama. Permukaan daun tidak berpengaruh terhadap waktu muncul gejala, perkembangan gejala dan waktu gugur daun. Waktu muncul gejala awal dan gugur daun terjadi lebih cepat pada perlakuan penyuntikan filtrat cendawan daripada perlakuan inokulasi suspensi konidia cendawan…
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm