Judul: Produksi Glukosamin dari Rhizopus oryzae serta Penapisan Virtual Turunannya sebagai Kandidat Terapi Osteoartritis
Abstrak: Osteoartritis mayoritas diderita oleh orang lanjut usia dan menyebabkan kecacatan. Glukosamin sebagai agen terapi osteoartritis membutuhkan alternatif pro vegetarian dan dapat diekstraksi dari Rhizopus oryzae serta dimodifikasi gugusnya untuk menginhibisi protein jalur osteoartritis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi glukosamin dari Rhizopus oryzae, dan memperoleh senyawa turunan glukosamin in silico yang berpotensi menginhibisi kolagenase-2. Metode hidrolisis kitosan dilakukan untuk menghasilkan glukosamin R. oryzae dan penapisan virtual turunan glukosamin terhadap kolagenase-2 menggunakan Autodock Vina. Hasilnya, glukosamin R. oryzae tidak teridentifikasi sebagai glukosamin berdasarkan karakterisasi gugus fungsi. Dari 70 senyawa turunan glukosamin, 4 senyawa berpotensi sebagai inhibitor kolagenase-2 berdasarkan afinitas pengikatannya. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah glukosamin R. oryzae tidak berhasil diisolasi. Resorufin N-asetil-b-D glukosamin dinilai paling berpotensi dalam menginhibisi kolagenase-2 berdasarkan parameter afinitas pengikatan, residu kontak, bioavailabilitas dan toksisitasnya., Majority of elderly suffers from osteoarthritis, potentially causing disability. Glucosamine as osteoarthritis therapeutic agent needs pro vegetarian alternative which could be extracted from Rhizopus oryzae, and modify its functional groups to inhibit protein in the osteoarthritis pathway. This study aimed to isolate R. oryzae glucosamine, and obtain glucosamine derivative that inhibits collagenase-2. Chitosan hydrolysis was used to obtain glucosamine from R. oryzae, and virtual screening of glucosamine derivatives against collagenase-2 with Autodock Vina. Result showed, glucosamine R. oryzae was not identified as glucosamine based on functional group characterization. From 70 glucosamine derivative, 4 showed strong binding affinity against collagenase-2. In summary, glucosamine was not successfully obtained from R. oryzae but potentially obtainable. Resorufin Nacetyl-b-D glucosamine is the most potential collagenase-2 inhibitor by binding affinity, residue contacts, bioavailability and toxicity parameters.
Keyword: glukosamin, inhibitor kolagenase-2, osteoartritis, penapisan virtual, turunan glukosamin

Judul: Recovery glukosamin hidroklorida dari cangkang udang melalui hidrolisis kimiawi sebagai bahan sediaan suplemen osteoartritis
Abstrak: Glukosamin hidroklorida (GlcN HCl) merupakan monomer dari kitin dan telah banyak dimanfaatkan dalam bidang kesehatan terutama sebagai suplemen penyakit osteoarthritis. Senyawa ini dapat dihidrolisis dari limbah kulit udang karena kandungan kitinnya cukup tinggi. Beberapa penelitian hidrolisis glukosamin hidroklorida yang telah dilakukan memiliki tingkat permasalahan yang berbeda, diantaranya adalah rendemen yang dihasilkan sangat rendah, proses hidrolisis sulit dan memiliki risiko kegagalan yang relatif tinggi, serta biaya produksi yang cukup tinggi. Tuntutan kebutuhan akan kondisi optimal proses masih sangat diperlukan. Selain itu, produksi glukosamin di Indonesia masih belum ada dan banyak diimpor dari negara lain dengan harga yang tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengekstraksi glukosamin hidroklorida dari kulit udang melalui hidrolisis kimiawi dan menganalisis tingkat konsentrasinya untuk sediaan suplemen penyakit osteoarthritis.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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