Judul: Pemodelan Nilai Opsi Tipe Eropa
Abstrak: Option is the right to sell or buy a specified quantity of some underlying asset by paying a specified exercise price, on or before an expiration date. There are two basic types of options, calls and puts. A call option is the right to buy and a put option is the right to sell the underlying asset. There are two types of options according to its execution time, i.e. American and European options. American options can be exercised at any time the holder wishes until the expiration date, while European options can only be exercised on the expiration date. Modelling of option price usually is done analytically by determining solution of differential equation that is satisfied by the price of derivative asset, known as Black-Scholes equation. Because option price is a reflection of present value of expectation of difference between the exercise price and the stock price at expiration date, so it is necessary to study the option price through the concept of present value, as an alternative way to model the option price. The result of this study shows that modelling of option price using differential equation method and present value approach give the same option price. Furthermore the results of ilustration give informations about the relation of the option price with its parameters as follow: First, increase in the current stock price causes the call option price also to increase, while the put option price, on the contrary, will decrease. Second, increase in the exercise price causes the call option price to decrease, while the put option price will increase. Third, the longer the expiration time the call option price will be higher, while the put option price doesn’t have the same tendency, but it depends on other parameters. Fourth, increase in the interest rate causes the call option price to increase, while the put option price will decrease. Finally, increase in the volatility causes the price of both call option and put option will increase.
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Judul: Penentuan Nilai Opsi Tipe Eropa dan Amerika Menggunakan Metode Binomial
Abstrak: Investors have purposes to obtain maximum returns, but they must be careful to invest their money because they may take risk. Therefore, they need products to reduce the risk. The products are called derivative products. There are many kinds of derivative products, such as options. An option is a type of contract between two parties. One party gives the other party a right to sell or to buy some assets in a certain price and in a certain period. Based on their execution time, there are two types of options i.e. European styles and American styles. European style options can only be exercised at expiration time, meanwhile American style options can be exercised at random time to the expiration time. In this paper, the option price at a discrete time will be determined by using binomial model. A binomial model is a model that describes asset price movements by assuming two possibilities of asset price movements in the future. Those are up and down. One-step binomial structures can be expanded into multistep binomial structures in order to approximate the option price. The application of one-step binomial model is used on the European option and multi-step binomial model is used on the American option. The acquired formula is applied to calculate the value of call option of PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia stocks in January 2012 based on the data of January to December 2011’s fluctuation of stock.
Keyword: American Style., European Style, Options, Binomial Model

Judul: Rhizobakteria Penghasil IAA dan ACC Deaminase Asal Tanaman Nanas dan Perananya dalam Memacu Pertumbuhan Tanaman.
Abstrak: Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) memainkan peran kunci dalam mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman dan kesehatan tanah. Bakteri pemacu pertumbuhan tanaman yang diambil di rhizosfer tanaman dapat secara langsung berpengaruh dalam metabolisme tanaman atau memodulasi produksi fitohormon salah satunya yaitu bakteri penghasil asam indol asetat (IAA) dan 1- Amincyclopropana-1-carboxylateacid (ACC) deaminase. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) mengisolasi bakteri penghasil IAA dan ACC deaminase dari tanah rhizosfer nanas (2) mengukur respirasi tanah, enzim urease dan enzim fosmonoesterase dari tanah rhizosfer tanaman nanas (3) mengukur produksi fitohormon IAA dan konsumsi ACC deaminase oleh rhizobakteria terpilih (4) mengukur aktivitas enzim ACC deaminase oleh rhizobakteria terpilih (5) mengidentifikasi isolat terpilih penghasil IAA dan ACC deaminase oleh rhizobakteria terpilih (6) menguji kemampuan isolat bakteri penghasil IAA dengan ACC deaminase dalam memacu pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan September 2017 hingga Agustus 2018 dengan mengisolasi rhizobakteria asal tanaman nanas dengan berbagai tipe cekaman seperti genangan, herbisida dan penyakit di PT Great Giant Foods, Lampung tengah. Penelitian dilakukan dalam 8 tahap, yakni (1) uji kimia dan biokimia tanah rhizosfer nanas (2) isolasi bakteri penghasil IAA (3) skrining bakteri penghasil IAA dan ACC deaminase (4) uji produksi IAA pada isolat terpilih (5) uji konsumsi ACC pada isolat terpilih (6) uji aktivitas ACC deaminase pada isolat terpilih (7) uji isolat terpilih dalam memacu pertumbuhan tanaman kedelai (8) identifikasi isolat terpilih penghasil IAA dan ACC deaminase secara molekuler. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan delapan bakteri menghasilkan IAA dengan selang 1.81 - 42.98 mg L-1 dengan konsentrasi IAA tertinggi pada isolat TPK5B2 Micrococcus aloeverae sebesar 42.98 mg L-1 yang didapatkan pada pertanaman padi konvensional. Bakteri penghasil ACC deaminase dapat mengkonsumsi ACC 52% - 88% dalam media dengan 2.5 mmol ACC dalam waktu 24 jam. Isolat CHTJ5H Brevundimonas intermedia mampu mengkonsumsi ACC dengan cepat yaitu 2.2 mmol L-1 (88%), isolat didapatkan dari tanah rhizosfer nanas dengan cekaman herbisida. Kedelapan isolat memiliki aktifitas enzim ACC deaminase dengan selang 1114 - 13370 nm α-ketobutirat mg-1 h-1, aktivitas ACC deaminase terbesar 13370 nm α-ketobutirat mg-1 h-1 yaitu isolat CHTB2C Brevundimonas diminuta. Bakteri dengan aktivitas ACC deaminase terbaik didapatkan pada rhizosfer tanaman nanas dengan cekaman herbisida pada pertanaman dengan tanaman bagus. Semua bakteri penghasil IAA dan ACC deaminase nyata meningkatkan tinggi tanaman kedelai, panjang akar, dan bobot kering akar serta tanaman kedelai.
Keyword: ACC deaminase, asam indol asetat (IAA), PGPR, ionosfer