Judul: Potensi Antibakteri Campuran Propolis Trigona spp dan Garam  Kelapa Terhadap Streptococcus mutans
Abstrak: Karies gigi merupakan masalah kesehatan yang umum terjadi di kalangan masyarakat Indonesia. Faktor yang paling banyak menyebabkan karies gigi adalah plak gigi. Bakteri yang dominan dalam plak gigi adalah Streptococcus mutans. Salah satu bahan antibakteri kariogenik yang biasa dipakai dalam pasta gigi saat ini adalah fluor. Penggunaan pasta gigi berfluor dapat menimbulkan fluorosis yaitu pelemahan email gigi bila dipakai dalam konsentrasi yang berlebihan. Propolis dan garam kelapa merupakan bahan alami yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri pengganti fluor. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas antibakteri dari campuran propolis dan garam kelapa dan membandingkan keefektifannya dengan antibakteri NaF yang terdapat dalam pasta gigi komersial. Uji aktivitas antibakteri S. mutans dilakukan dengan metode hitungan cawan yaitu penghitungan jumlah bakteri yang tumbuh di media sampel dalam cawan petri. Propolis kasar diekstrak dengan alkohol 70% dan didapatkan rendemen sebesar 8.52%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa campuran propolis 6.25% dan garam kelapa 1 M mempunyai kemampuan paling besar sebagai antibakteri dan dapat menghambat S. mutans lebih baik daripada NaF 0.3%. Keefektifan campuran tersebut terhadap NaF 0.3% sebesar 203.88%.
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Judul: Potensi Antibakteri Propolis Lebah Madu Trigona spp. terhadap Bakteri Kariogenik (Streptococcus mutans)
Abstrak: Sampai saat ini masalah penyakit periodontal temasuk karies gigi masih banyak terjadi di kalangan masyarakat dunia. Pasta gigi komersial biasanya mengandung fluorida yang berperan penting dalam mencegah kerusakan gigi. Over dosis penggunaan senyawa berfluorida dapat menyebabkan fluorosis kerusakan tulang dan anemia. Oleh karena itu, propolis diujikan sebagai zat alternatif antikaries dengan menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S. mutans. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menentukan aktivitas antibakteri propolis dan menentukan konsentrasi hambat tumbuh minimum propolis terhadap S. mutans. Rendemen ekstrak propolis yang diperoleh sebesar 8,52%. Ekstrak propolis mengandung golongan senyawa flavonoid, tanin, alkaloid, saponin, triterpenoid, dan saponin berdasarkan analisis fitokimia. Efektivitas ekstrak propolis sebesar 96,05%, 41,03%, dan 240,57% masing-masing terhadap propolis merk X, ampisilin 10 mg/mL, dan NaF 3000 ppm. Nilai konsentrasi terendah dari ekstrak yang masih menunjukkan penghambatan terhadap pertumbuhan S. mutans sebesar 6,25%. Oleh karena itu, ekstrak propolis ini dapat dijadikan zat antikaries alternatif dalam pasta gigi. Berdasarkan analisis statistik, ekstrak propolis 100%, propolis merk X, dan ampisilin 10 mg/mL dapat menurunkan jumlah koloni S. mutans.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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