Judul: Pengaruh penambahan Xanthan gum dan substitusi parsial tepung gandum dengan tepung campuran dalam pembuatan roti tawar
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) membuat tepung campuran terbaik dari kombinasi tepung singkong, tepung jagung, tepung kacang gude dan tepung beras yang akan digunakan untuk mensubstitusi tepung terigu dalam pembuat- an roti tawar; (2) mempelajari pengaruh penambahan xantan gum dan substitusi parsial tepung gandum dengan tepung campuran terbaik dalam pembuatan roti tawar; (3) mengetahui sejauh mana tepung campuran terpilih dapat menggantikan tepung gandum sebagai bahan baku untuk membuat roti. Metode penelitian terdiri dari lima tahap. Pada tahap pertama dilakukan pembuatan tepung dan analisa proksimat tepung. Pada tahap kedua dilakukan formulasi tepung dengan menggunakan program LINDO. Pada tahap ketiga dilakukan optimasi tepung campuran yang bertujuan untuk memilih satu tepung campuran terbaik dari hasil program LINDO dan menentukan tingkat substitusi tepung campuran yang digunakan pada penelitian selanjutnya. Pada tahap keempat dilakukan analisis sifat fisik farinograf dan ekstensograf dengan adanya perlakuan substitusi tepung dan penambahan xanthan gum. Pada tahap kelima atau terakhir dilakukan pembuatan roti dan dilakukan pengukuran volume, volume spesifik, pH dan berat serta uji organolep- tik dan penyimpanan. ...
Keyword: 

Judul: Pengaruh pencampuran tepung jagung terhadap sifat-sifat dan sifat-sifat organoleptik roti tawar
Abstrak: Penelitian tentang pemanfaatan tepung jagung untuk pembuatan roti telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli-Agustus 1982, bertempat di Pabrik Roti WARGALUYU Bogor dan Laboratorium Teknologi Hasil Pertanian Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian dilakukan dalam dua tahap, yaitu penelitian pendahuluan dan penelitian lanjutan. Pada penelitian pendahuluan telah dilakukan pembuatan tepung jagung, analisa tepung serta pembuatan roti dengan perlakuan pendahuluan. Pada penelitian lanjutan telah dilaksanakan pembuatan roti dengan perlakuan yang sebenarnya, berdasarkan hasil-hasil penelitian pendahuluan, serta pengamatan terhadap roti tersebut. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah persentase tepung jagung dan maizena terhadap terigu. Perlakuan pada penelitian lanjutan adalah, A, (100 persen terigu) sebagai kontrol, A2, A3, A4 (masing-masing pencampuran 15 persen, 30 persen dan 45 persen tepung jagung dengan 85 persen, 70 persen dan 55 persen terigu), A5, A6 dan A7 (masing- masing pencampuran 15 persen, 30 persen dan 45 persen maizena dengan 85 persen, 70 persen dan 55 persen terigu). ...
Keyword: 

Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua