Judul: Vaksinasi Ikan Koi Menggunakan Vaksin DNA Anti- KHV dengan Dosis Berbeda
Abstrak: An effort to overcome the KHV outbreak that usually attack koi fish and common carp is administation of DNA vaccine, because DNA vaccines can stimulate specific immune responses and induced immunity in relatively high level, and safe to use. The aim of this research was to get the effective dose of DNA vaccine than can provide the best relative percents survival (RPS) and immunity. The treatments were vaccinated with different doses by the intramuscular injection technique, as follows: Treatment A (7.5 μg/100 mL), B (10 μg/100 mL), C (12.5 μg/100 mL), and the positive control (unvaccinated but were challenged by KHV) and negative control (unvaccinated and were not challenged by KHV). Results of this study showed that administation of the vaccine with different doses was able to provide survival value and RPS were not significantly different (p>0.05), the survival value of 97.22% and give RPS values of 95.8%. In addition based on the blood analysis, the result showed that the treatment dose of 12.5 mg/100 mL provides the best value in almost all parameters.
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Judul: Efikasi Vaksin DNA Penyandi Glikoprotein Koi Herpesvirus pada Ikan Mas Stadia Benih melalui Perendaman
Abstrak: Koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a herpesvirus which especially infects and causes mass mortality to koi and common carp. Therefore the protection of carp from KHV infection is urgently needed. In this study, we developed an application of DNA vaccine containing gene encoding KHV glycoprotein by immersion method to increase survival of common carp against KHV infection. As many as 400 of 30-day-old common carp juveniles were immersed in the water containing 1.3 x 108 CFU/ml of the killed Escherichia coli cells carrying DNA vaccine. Treatments performed were variation of duration and frequency of DNA vaccine immersion; as follows: 1x 30 minutes, 1x 60 minutes, 1x 90 minutes, 2x 90 minutes, and 3x 90 minutes of immersion treatments. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed that DNA vaccine was successfully expressed among the vaccinated fish. Twenty eight days post vaccination, the fish were challenged by injecting 10-4 ml/fish of KHV. The result demonstrated that vaccination by 30 minutes immersion; allowed the 61% of fish survived, this was significantly different (P<0.05) compared to control (without vaccination), but insignificantly different (P>0.05) compared to those of other treatments. The relative percent survival of vaccinated fish were also similar among different treatments (P>0.05). Vaccination by immersion have increased the survival rate about 2 fold compared to unvaccinated fish control (26.67%). Thus, DNA vaccine was effective delivered by immersion for 1x 30 minutes, and this technique can be useful to level up the resistance to KHV infection in common carp juveniles.
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Judul: Kegiatan merencana dan melaksana dalam arsitektura landsekap
Abstrak: Permasalahan yang timbul dalam abad modern sekarang ini sering disebabkan oleh tingginya laju pertambahan penduduk di suatu negara. Di negara yang sedang berkembang laju pertambahan penduduknya justru lebih rendah jika dibandingkan dengan negara-negara maju. Data dari USDA (1975) dalam Khumaidi (1980) menunjukkan bahwa laju pertambahan penduduk di negara sedang berkembang sebesar 2.5% per tahun, sedangkan di negara maju hanya mencapai 1% per tahun. Dengan demikian jelas bahwa permasalahan yang timbul akibat pertambahan penduduk lebih sering dirasakan di negara-negara yang sedang berkembang. Pesatnya pertambahan jumlah penduduk selain menimbulkan masalah ketenagakerjaan juga telah mengakibatkan makin menyempitnya total areal pemukiman per keluarga (Nurhajati, 1983). Keadaan ini terlihat jelas di kota-kota besar seperti kota metropolitan Jakarta, Surabaya dan Semarang. Banyak. rumah yang mempunyai halaman sempit di kota tersebut. Kondisi lingkungan yang demikian tentunya bukanlah kondisi ideal yang diinginkan oleh manusia. Kesegaran udara, kenyamanan lingkungan dan ketenteraman tidak dapat diperoleh dalam lingkungan yang demikian. Oleh karena itu tidak mengherankan bila pada hari-hari libur sering orang-orang dari kota besar menyempatkan diri berekreasi ke luar kota hanya sekedar untuk menikmati sejuknya udara pegunungan dan indahnya pemandangan alam yang sudah tidak dapat diperoleh lagi di kota-kota besar.
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