Judul: Review of Forage Potential Under The Shade of Oil Palm Plantations
Abstrak: Perkebunan kelapa sawit berpotensi sebagai penghasil hijauan pakan bagi ternak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi potensi perkebunan kelapa sawit sebagai penghasil hijauan pakan dan mengidentifikasi hijauan yang ditemukan di bawah naungan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka dengan mengumpulkan berbagai artikel penelitian dari berbagai sumber seperti Google Scholar dan Research Gate tentang hijauan yang tumbuh di bawah naungan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Hasil penelitian telah ditemukan 184 jenis hijauan yang berbeda di bawah naungan perkebunan kelapa sawit dari 23 artikel penelitian. Hijauan yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott dengan INP 5,46, sedangkan hijauan dengan nilai INP paling tinggi adalah Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. dengan INP 24,73. Simpulan dari penelitian ini, yaitu hijauan yang tumbuh di bawah naungan perkebunan kelapa sawit sangat bervariasi. Hijauan yang tumbuh dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lingkungan dan umur kelapa sawit yang kemudian akan memengaruhi tingkat naungan. Terdapat 16 jenis vegetasi yang paling banyak ditemukan dari 184 jenis vegetasi yang ditemukan di bawah naungan perkebunan kelapa sawit., Oil palm plantations have the potential to produce forage for livestock. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of oil palm plantations as a producer of forage and to identify the forages that have been found under the shade of oil palm plantations. This research used the literature review method by collecting various research articles from various sources such as Google Scholar and Research Gate about forages that grow under the shade of oil palm plantations. The research results have found 184 different types of forage under the auspices of oil palm plantations from 23 research articles. The most commonly found forage was Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott with an INP of 5.46, while the forage with the highest INP was Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. with an INP 24.73. The conclusions from this research are the forage that grows under the shade of oil palm plantations varies greatly. The growth of the forage is influenced by environmental conditions and the age of the oil palm, which will influence the level of shade. There are 16 types of vegetation that are most commonly found out of the 184 types of vegetation found under the shade of oil palm plantations.
Keyword: forage, literature review, oil palm plantations

Judul: The Potential of Forage Under Oil Palm Plantation as Feed for Beef Cattle in South Kalimantan and West Java
Abstrak: Hijauan di bawah tegakan perkebunan kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu sumber hijauan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan hijauan untuk ternak ruminansia. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis ketersediaan hijauan yang ada di perkebunan kelapa sawit dengan melihat jenis hijauan, produksi serta kapasitas tampung perkebunan kelapa sawit di Kalimantan Selatan dan Jawa Barat sebagai upaya memaksimalkan penggunaan hijauan pakan yang tersedia. Penelitian dilaksanakan di lahan perkebunan sawit di Kecamatan Satui, Kalimantan Selatan dan Kecamatan Jonggol, Jawa Barat. Setiap lokasi, diambil sebanyak 30 plot sampel hijauan dengan menggunakan kuadran dengan ukuran 100 cm x 100 cm di setiap perkebunan untuk analisis komposisi botani, identifikasi hijauan, dan produksi biomassa hijauan. Metode dalam analisis komposisi botani adalah metode Dry Weight Rank. Kapasitas tampung serta produksi hijauan dilakukan dengan pemotongan tumbuhan di bawah tegakan perkebunan sawit kurang lebih 10 cm di atas permukaan tanah. Pelepah kelapa sawit diambil secara acak terencana pada pelepah ke-25. Data dianalisis secara deskriptif dan independent sample T-Test. Hasil menunjukan perkebunan kelapa sawit pada Jawa Barat memiliki potensi yang lebih besar ditinjau dari jenis hijauan, produksi serta kapasitas tampung hijauan di bawah tegakan kelapa sawit. Potensi produksi pelepah kelapa sawit pada lahan perkebunan kelapa sawit Kalimantan Selatan memiliki potensi yang lebih besar dibandingkan perkebunan kelapa sawit Jawa Barat., Forage under stands of oil palm plantations is one source of forage that can be used as forage for ruminants. The aim of this study was to analyze the availability of forage in oil palm plantations by looking at the type of forage, production, and carrying capacity of oil palm plantations in South Kalimantan and West Java as an effort to maximize the use of available forage. The research was conducted on oil palm plantations in Satui District, South Kalimantan and Jonggol District, West Java. For each location, 30 forage sample plots were taken using quadrants with a size of 100 cm x 100 cm in each plantation for the composition of the botanical analysis, forage assistance, and forage biomass production. The method in the analysis of botanical composition is the dry weight rating method. The capacity and production of forage are carried out by cutting the plants below the oil palm plantation stands approximately 10 cm above the ground. Oil palm fronds were taken randomly on the 25th frond. Data were analyzed by descriptive and independent sample T-Test. The results show that oil palm plantations in West Java have greater potential in terms of forage types, production and forage holding capacity under oil palm stands. The production potential of oil palm fronds on oil palm plantations in South Kalimantan has a greater potential than oil palm plantations in West Java.
Keyword: carrying capacity, forage biomass production, forage

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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