Judul: Evaluasi Kinerja Sistem Distribusi Air Pada PDAM Tirta Pakuan di Perumahan Griya Melati, Bogor, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Water is one of the basic requirement for human being. It means that maintenance and menagement of water distribution system gets the first priority. The objective of this research was to evaluate performance of PDAM Tirta Pakuan water distribution system in Griya Melati recidence. The analysis was held based on questioner and Epanet 2.0. Analysis of network capability’s performance was done, including quantity, pressure, continuity, and quality, and also costumer satisfaction about PDAM performance. Based on costumer satisfaction survey about water physical quality parameters (i.e. taste, color and smell), the water was good, even sometime its smell like chlorine. The comparison between water use measurement and Epanet 2.0 simulation showed that PDAM was succeed to fulfill costumer demand even the heads and discharges were fluctuated. The highest headloss on pipe 19 was 0.072 m because the changed of pipe’s diameter from 100 mm to 50 mm so the velocity was increasing. PDAM has been distributing water for 24 hours so the water were always available for customers. Based on water quality test in PDAM laboratory, the result was suitable with Permenkes RI. No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010.
Keyword: clean water, costumer, Epanet 2.0, performance, water distribution system

Judul: Analisis Sistem Distribusi Air Bersih di Perumahan Taman Yasmin Sektor Enam, Bogor, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Water distribution system is used to distribute water throughout the service area. The objectives of this research was to analyze water distribution system at Taman Yasmin Residence sector six. The analysis was held based on questioner and Epanet 2.0. The result showed that the water quality fulfilled Permenkes No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010. Based on interview about 40 respondents said that water physical quality was suitable. At inlet water discharge was 7,05 l/s so it fulfilled the total of water needs (2,67 l/s). But costumers said that water discharge is smaller in the morning and in the afternoon. The average pressure was 1,9 bar and the inlet pressure was 3,56 bar. So it was suitable with PDAM regulation about maximum pressure on main pipe and secondary pipe (2-4 bar). Based on simulations using Epanet 2.0 there were 4 nodes that had pressure more than 2 bar 3 at tertiary pipe. So it was necessary to install PRV to reduce the pressure on those nodes because the maximum pressure on tertiary pipe was 2 bar. Based on the result of the research it can be concluded that the water distribution system at Taman Yasmin Residance sector six was good and PDAM Tirta Pakuan was expected to increased the discharge in the morning and in the afternoon.
Keyword: distribution system, pressure, discharge, Taman Yasmin Residance sector six, Epanet 2.0

Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship