Judul: Analisis profil DNA genom sejumlah isolat Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines dengan menggunakan elektrophoresis gel Medan berpulsa (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis)
Abstrak: Penyakit bisul bakteri merupakan salah satu dari tiga penyakit bakterial pada tanaman kedelai di Indonesia yang belum dapat ditanggulangi dengan baik, sehingga menjadi salah satu sebab utama rendahnya produksi kedelai di Indonesia. Schizotyping merupakan salah satu metode analisis profil DNA dengan menggunakan Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. Analisis profil DNA genom Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines merupakan langkah awal untuk memahami mekanisme patogenesis secara molekuler, dan untuk studi epidemiologi penyakit bisul bakteri pada kedelai. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan: (i) mengisolasi dan mengkoleksi Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines dari berbagai daerah pertanaman kedelai di pulau Jawa, (ii) menelaah schizotipe masing-masing isolat, dan (iii) melakukan analisis hubungan kekerabatan dan filogenetik dari isolat-isolat yang terkumpul...dst
Keyword: Molecular biology, Soybean, Xanthomonas campestris, Schirotyping, Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

Judul: Keragaman genetik dan pengembangan metode deteksi cepat penyebab pustul bakteri (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv.glycines) pada kedelai
Abstrak: Penyakit pustul bakteri yang disebabkan oleh Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. glycines merupakan salah satu penyakit bakterial penting pada tanaman kedelai yang belum tertangani dengan baik. Oleh karena itu, pemahaman tentang virulensi clan keragaman genetik dari patogen ini serta pengembangan metode deteksi yang cepat dan akurat sangat diperluk.an dalam pengembangan strategi pengendalian penyakit terse but. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : (I) menelaah virulensi dan keragaman genetik X axonopodis pv. glycines Xag asal edamame menggunakan teknik PCR-RFLP basil amplifikasi gen 16S-rRNA (ARDRA), teknik ISR 16S-23S-rRNA dan teknik MFLP/PFGE, (2) mengembangkan metode deteksi cepat dan akurat untuk mendeteksi penyakit pustul bakteri pada daun dan benih kedelai secara serologi clan molekular Telah terkoleksi sebanyak 29 isolat X axonopodis pv. glycines dari berbagai pertanaman edamame di )ember, Cipanas, Ciawi dan Bogar. Hasil penelitian menunjuk.kan bahwa isolat-isolat tersebut memiliki tingkat virulensi yang berbeda. Virulensi semua isolat lebih tinggi jika diinokulasi pada tanaman edamame dibanding Wilis atau Orba. Berdasarkan hasil keragaman genetik menggunakan teknik ARDRA, ISR dan MFLP secara berturut-turut diperoleh 6 profil, 7 profit dan 13 profit DNA yang berbeda. Oleh karena itu diperoleh minimal 13 strain X axonopodis pv. glycines yang menginf eksi edamame. lso lat CPI dan JA4 dari Cipanas dan Jember merupakan isolat yang memiliki profil DNA spesifik karena hubungan kekerabatan genetiknya yang cukup jauh dari isolat-isolat lainnya. ..dst
Keyword: ARDRA, lntergenic Spacer Region, patogen, teknik serologi, teknik molekuler

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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