Judul: Rancang bangun teknik deteksi lemak babi pada daging sapi berbasis sifat listrik
Abstrak: Sensitive and accurate detection technology of lard contaminating tallow and beef is important to assure the halalness of food products, that needed by consumers. Therefore, it is important to develop reliable detection techniques of lard contamination. The using of electrical properties for detecting food product’s quality, data preprocessing and classification techniques are potential for designing lard detection technique. The objectives of this study was to obtain the frequency range for the measurement of electrical properties of lard, tallow and beef as experiment materials, that are significant for the detection of lard contamination in beef; and to develop a detection technique of lard contamination in beef based on the electrical properties and data mining, as well as to test its accuracy. In this study, a parallel plate made of copper by dimension of 20 mm x 10 mm separated at 5 mm distance was used. Na2SO4 anhydrous was used to reduce the water content in the sample. The measurement of electrical properties was done in room temperature (26-27oC) with frequency range of 0,100-0,999 MHz, 1,000-3,799 MHz and 3,80-5,00 MHz. The measured electrical properties were conductance, impedance, and capacitance. The test of fatty acid profile by using gas chromatography was used as a comparison in this study. The preprocessing techniques that used were mean, median, smoothing, normalization and discretization. Techniques of classification that were used to differentiate lard from tallow and palm oil were naive bayes, decision tree C4.5, simple logistic, support vector machine (SVM) and multilayer perceptron (MLP). In order to predict lard contamination in beef, the classification techniques including linear regression, SMO regression, support vector regression (SVR), and MLP were employed. The results showed that the parallel plate from copper by dimension of 20 mm x 10 mm with 5 mm distance was effective to acquire electrical properties data. The use of Na2SO4 anhydrous to absorb water from fat samples and frequency at 3,80-5,00 MHz to measure electrical properties resulted valid data. The order of electrical properties that influence to lard detection were impedance, capacitance and conductance. The use of preprocessing techniques normalization and classification technique MLP were able to differentiate lard from tallow and palm oil with correctly classification of 87,52% and root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0,2394. The use of preprocessing normalization and classification technique MLP were able to predict the contamination of lard in beef with correlation coefficient (r) of 0,9985 and RMSE of 1,9708. The future of the combination of materials electrical properties with selected preprocessing and classification techniques can be used to develop a detection of lard contamination.
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Judul: Detection of Vegetable Oil Adulteration with Lard Oil Based on Color Profile, Infrared Radiation Absorption and Chemometrics
Abstrak: Vegetable oils in most case are adulterated with animal fat, mainly lard to attain desired characteristics. The escalation awareness of halal and vegan diet encourages the need for rapid adulteration detection in Indonesia. This study aims to identify the presence of lard adulteration based on the infrared absorption and color profile using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Chromameter. This study consisted of five stages: sample preparation, spectra optimization, infrared absorption and color profile analysis, and data analysis. Data analysis was carried out using Principal Component Analysis and Orthogonal Project to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis to obtain discriminant factors. The study was conducted on six vegetable oils, namely olive, soybean, sesame, sunflower, coconut, and corn oil, spiked with lard at a concentration of 1% to 100%. Results showed the discriminant functional groups were secondary alcohol, ester, alkene alkane, and carboxylic groups. Adulteration can be identified based on the color profile determined from the mapping of samples treated separately from the pure samples. Adulteration of lard can be identified by the differences in the composition of fatty acids, glycerides, and color profile. Detection of adulteration based on the infrared absorption profile and color profile gives sensitive results at concentration below 40%.
Keyword: adulteration, Chromameter, FTIR, lard oil, multivariate analysis

Judul: Iklim Pulau Bali
Abstrak: Curah hujan rata-rata bulanan di Bali berkisar antara 47 mm sampai 327 mm, dengan curah hujan maksimum jatuh pada bulan Januari dan minimum pada bulan Agustus. Total hujan setahun rata-rata di Bali 1901 mm. Pada muim angin barat, curah hujan di utara pegunungan relatif sama dengan di selatan pegunungan, sedangkan pada musim angin timur curah hujan di selatan pegunungan lebih tinggi daripada di utara pegunungan. Isohyet tiap bulan di Bali menunjukkan pengaruh ого- grafis terjadi di bagian timur P. Bali yang mengakibatkan di selatan pegunungan lebih basah daripada di di utara pegunungan selama musim kemarau (monsoon timur). Dari isohyet tersebut dapat juga dilihat bahwa potensi air tertinggi ada di bagian timur P. Bali ini khususnya di bawah kaki G. Agung. Musim angin barat di Bali terjadi pada bulan Desember sampai dengan bulan Maret, dan pada bulan April sampai bulan September merupakan musim angin timur. Musim panca roba terjadi pada bulan Oktober sampai bulan November. ..
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