Judul: Comparative Analysis of Heat Stress Between Morning and Afternoon Condition in Horses
Abstrak: Cekaman panas merupakan masalah kesejahteraan yang serius pada kuda. Kondisi iklim yang sangat panas dan lembap dapat menyebabkan efek yang merugikan pada industri kuda. Hal tersebut berkaitan dengan penurunan performa atletik dan reproduksi sehingga meningkatkan risiko penyakit infeksius dan luka yang berhubungan dengan cekaman panas. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perbandingan cekaman panas pada kuda antara kondisi pagi dan siang hari melalui pengukuran suhu dan kelembapan lingkungan serta respons fisiologis yang mencakup suhu permukaan tubuh, laju respirasi, frekuensi denyut jantung, dan kadar superoksida dismutase (SOD). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April hingga Mei 2024 menggunakan enam ekor kuda. Data mikroklimat kandang, suhu permukaan tubuh, laju respirasi, frekuensi denyut jantung, dan kadar SOD dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA satu arah, uji Tukey dan uji T. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan nyata (p=0,05) pada suhu lingkungan, kelembapan, temperature humidity index (THI), suhu permukaan tubuh, laju respirasi, dan frekuensi denyut jantung antara pagi dan siang hari, yang mengindikasikan peningkatan cekaman panas pada siang hari. Namun, kadar SOD tidak menunjukkan perbedaan nyata (p>0,05). Peningkatan respons fisiologis yang mencakup suhu permukaan tubuh, laju respirasi, frekuensi denyut jantung, dan kadar SOD merupakan upaya kuda untuk mempertahankan suhu tubuh dalam rentang normal., Heat stress is a serious welfare issue in horses. Extremely hot and humid climatic conditions can cause detrimental effects on the equestrian industry by reducing athletic and reproductive performance and thus increasing the risk of infectious diseases and heat stress-related injuries. This study aimed to analyze the comparison of heat stress in horses between morning and afternoon conditions through measurements of environmental temperature and humidity as well as physiological responses including body surface temperature, respiration rate, heart rate frequency, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. The study was conducted from April to May 2024 using six horses. Data on stable microclimate, body surface temperature, respiration rate, heart rate frequency, and SOD levels were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and T test. Results showed that there were significant differences (p=0.05) in ambient temperature, humidity, temperature humidity index, body surface temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate frequency between morning and afternoon, indicating increased heat stress during the day. However, SOD levels showed no significant difference (p>0.05). The increased physiological responses that include body surface temperature, respiration rate, heart rate frequency, and SOD levels are an attempt by the horse to maintain body temperature within the normal range.
Keyword: suhu permukaan, cekaman panas, denyut jantung, laju respirasi, SOD

Judul: Digital-Based Data Acquisition To Measure Horse's Physiological Response To Microclimate Change
Abstrak: Metode non-invansif merupakan cara mengetahui kondisi umum tubuh tanpa melakukan kontak fisik. Alat yang dapat digunakan adalah kamera termal inframerah untuk suhu permukaan dan sabuk sensor pernapasan untuk mengukur laju pernapasan. Kondisi mikroklimat adalah suatu pengukuran untuk mengetahui kondisi lingkungan disekitarnya, seperti suhu lingkungan dan kelembaban lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur laju pernapasan, frekuensi denyut jantung, dan suhu permukaan tubuh kuda pada pagi dan siang hari sebagai representasi perubahan mikroklimat dengan sistem akuisisi digital selama 5 hari. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada pagi jam 06.00–07.30 WIB dan siang jam 12.00–13.30 WIB. Hasil perhitungan temperature humidity index (THI) menunjukkan pada pagi hari kuda dalam keadaan cekaman panas ringan dan pada siang hari mengalami cekaman panas sedang. Laju pernapasan dan frekuensi denyut jantung pada pagi dan siang hari memiliki nilai yang berbeda secara nyata yang di akibatkan karena perbedaan kondisi mikroklimat pagi dan siang hari. Laju pernapasan kuda pada pagi hari 9–13 kali/menit dan siang hari 14–19 kali/menit. Frekuensi denyut jantung kuda pada pagi hari 34–44 kali/menit dan siang hari 37–46 kali/menit. Suhu permukaan tertinggi ada di regio kepala dengan nilai 33,84–34,15 °C dan suhu permukaan terendah pada regio kaki depan dengan nilai 29,30–31,76 °C., A non-invasive method is a way to know the general condition of the body without the need of physical contact. The tools used are an infrared thermal camera to record surface temperature and a respiratory sensor belt for respiratory rate. Microclimate conditions are a measurement to determine the surrounding environmental conditions, such as ambient temperature and environmental humidity. This study aims to measure the horse’s respiratory rate, heart rate, and body surface temperature in the morning and afternoon as a representation of microclimate changes with a digital acquisition system for 5 days. Data collection was carried out in the morning at 06.00–07.30 WIB and afternoon at 12.00–13.30 WIB. The temperature–humidity index (THI) calculation results show that in the morning the horses are in a state of mild heat stress and in the afternoon they experience moderate heat stress. Respiratory rate and heart rate frequency in the morning and afternoon have significant variation of values due to differences in microclimatic conditions in the morning and afternoon. The horse's respiratory rate in the morning is 9–13 times/minute and during the day is 14–19 times/minute. The horse's heart rate is 34–44 times/minute in the morning and 37–46 times/minute during the day. The highest surface temperature is at the head region with a value of 33,84–34,15°C and the lowest surface temperature is at the forelimb region with a value of 29,30–31,76°C.
Keyword: Heart Rate, Infrared Thermal Camera, Microclimate, Respiratory

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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