Judul: Sintesis Lipida Terstruktur Tipe Medium-Long-Medium (MLM-SL) dengan Interesterifikasi Enzimatis dari Produk Minyak Sawit
Abstrak: Medium-long-medium structured lipid (MLM-SL) is a lipid with a specific arrangement of fatty acid at which medium chain fatty acids (MCFA/C6-C12) located at sn-1,3 positions and long chain fatty acids (LCFA/C14-C24) at sn-2 position. LCFA located at sn-1,3 positions show a low absorption coefficient due to their possibilities to react with calcium to produce calcium soap. Whereas, MCFA located at sn-1,3 position is easier to be hydrolyzed by the pancreatic lipase and have a little tendency to accumulate in adipose tissue. This indicates the combination of MCFA and LCFA on same triacylglycerol (TAG) molecule is very potential to be developed due to their nutritional benefits such as reduced calorie lipid, controlling obesity, and improve fat malabsorption. The primary objective of this study was to synthesize MLM-SL using palm oil products (palm olein and palm kernel oil) as substrates in batch and continuous system. To achieve the aforementioned primary objectives, this research was carried out through five main stages: (1) determining characteristics of substrates and blended substrates for MLM-SL synthesis; (2) selection of the suited reaction type for MLM-SL (between acidolysis and transesterification); (3) determination of the Lipozyme TL IM stability during acidolysis and transesterification of MLM-SL; (4) investigating the optimum reaction condition in batch and continuous system; (5) characterization of thermal properties of MLM-SL product. This dissertation is arranged to follow the stages of the research. In the first chapter, the comprehensive review about MLM-SL is reported to give recent updates on the MLM-SL synthesis through enzymatic reaction. The second chapter discusses about the suited reaction method (acidolysis or transesterification) for MLM-SL synthesis. In addition, this chapter also explains the stability of Lipozyme TL IM during MLM-SL synthesis. The third chapter disclose the MLM-SL synthesis in continuous operation using the suited reaction type previously determined. Moreover, the effect of enzyme loading and the information of productivity are provided as well. The last chapter describes the synthesis of MLM-SL using PKO as the alternative substrate for MCFA source. MLM synthesis was carried out in batch and continuous operation to determine the effect of substrate mol ratio, reaction time, and residence time. The results showed that palm olein-tricaprylin (transesterification) and palm olein - caprylic acid (acidolysis) were potentially to produce MLM-SL, especially 1,3-dicapryloyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (COC/ECN32). In general, new triacylglycerol (TAG) species was produced after acidolysis and transesterification reaction as compared to that their blended products. In batch-wise, transesterification reaction required a shorter reaction time (2-4 h) to produce high concentration of MLM-SL than that of acidolysis reaction (20 h). Moreover, Lipozyme TL IM shows better stability in the transesterification reaction as compared to that of acidolysis reaction. In continuous systems, 15 min of residence time and 2 g of enzyme loading were selected as optimal conditions of transesterification reaction due to their high concentration of MLM-SL and lower by-products (diacylglycerol/DAG, monoacylglycerol/MAG, free fatty acid/FFA, and glycerol). In addition, transesterification reaction between palm olein and palm kernel oil (PKO) was potentially to produce MLM-SL, especially 1,3-dilauryl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycerol (LaOLA/ECN40). In general, the increasing residence time or reaction time affects the possibility of producing higher by-products. Moreover, slip melting
Keyword: acidolysis, lipase, palm oil, structured lipid, transesterification

Judul: Karakterisasi Lipid Terstruktur Hasil Transesterifikasi Enzimatis antara Minyak Ikan dan Minyak Kelapa Murni
Abstrak: Minyak ikan dan minyak kelapa murni (virgin coconut oil; VCO) memiliki karakteristik fisikokimia yang berbeda dan memiliki manfaat fungsional besar. Transesterifikasi enzimatis antara minyak ikan dan VCO sangat berpotensi menghasilkan lipid terstruktur dengan karakteristik yang baru. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menetapkan lama proses reaksi transesterifikasi enzimatis terbaik untuk menghasilkan lipid terstruktur tipe MLM (medium-long-medium) dan sekaligus mengkarakterisasi lipid terstruktur yang dihasilkan. Analisis yang dilakukan yaitu komposisi asam lemak dan triasilgliserol (TAG), analisis titik leleh, bilangan peroksida, bilangan anisidin dan total oksidasi. Enzim yang digunakan adalah Lipozym Thermomyces lanuginosa (TL IM) yang spesifik terhadap sn-1 dan sn-3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu terbaik reaksi transesterifikasi enzimatik pada perbandingan substrat 1:1 (basis mol), suhu reaksi 50oC, kecepatan pengadukan 200 rpm, menggunakan konsentrasi enzim 10% (terhadap substrat) dan molecular sieve 2% (terhadap substrat) adalah 30 menit. Lipid terstruktur yang dihasilkan mempunyai sifat leleh yang mirip dengan campuran (blending, 1:1 basis mol) antara minyak ikan dan VCO; berturut-turut adalah 13.43oC (dengan titik awal 2.92oC, titik akhir 20.57oC dan energi sebesar 392.01 mJ) dan 13.98oC (dengan titik awal -1.90oC, titik akhir 18.06oC dan energi sebesar 301.28 mJ). Reaksi interesterifikasi juga menyebabkan perubahan komposisi TAG serta diidentifikasi terdapat satu TAG baru yang terbentuk. TAG dengan ECN 26 dan ECN 30, yang merupakan TAG potensial untuk MLM, mengalami peningkatan konsentrasi. Lipid terstruktur dan campuran (blending, 1:1 basis mol) antara minyak ikan dan VCO yang disimpan selama 16 hari pada suhu ruang memiliki nilai bilangan peroksida, anisidin dan total oksidasi yang masih memenuhi standar International Association of Fish Meal and Oil Manufacturers (IFOMA).
Keyword: lipozym tl im, titik leleh, triasilgliserol, oksidasi

Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Virus Newcatle Disease Pada Burung yang terdapat di Pasar-pasar Burung Wilayah Bogor.
Abstrak: Burung adalah satu jenis hewan kesayangan yang dipelihara karena burung bisa mengeluarkan suara-suara yang indah dan mempunyai warna bulu yang indah pula. Jenis burung yang ada di Indonesia kurang lebih 300 dan 118 jenis dari burung-burung tersebut terancam kepunahan. Kepunahan merupakan proses alami, dari catatan fosil menunjukkan rata-rata hanya satu jenis burung yang punah setiap 100 tahun. Dalam 200 tahun terakhir, tingkat kepunahan sedikitnya 40 kali lebih besar dari rata-rata angka kepunahan. Lalu kepunahan spesies burung yang sangat cepat tersebut berhubungan langsung dengan perusakan yang dilakukan oleh manusia dan pemanfaatan yang tidak lestari juga disebabkan oleh terserangya suatu penyakit yang akan mengakibatkan kematian sehingga menyebabkan kepunahan.
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