Judul: Kajian Manajemen Teknologi Konversi Gas Metana dari Limbah Cair Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Menjadi Energi Listrik
Abstrak: Palm oil mill effluent (POME) emits big amount of methane gas which has potency to be converted to electricity, but it has not been developed at palm oil mills in Lampung. The objectives of this study were to assess some methane capture technologies and the conversion of methane to electricity in order to obtain a recommendation of proper handling for POME in Lampung province. The assessment was done through analysis in technical, environmental, and financial aspects, using data from literatures and interview with managers of PT KIS Indonesia, PT AES AgriVerde Indonesia, and PT Karya Mas Energi. Technology of PT KIS Indonesia with its CSTR reactor is eminent in the type of anaerobic bioreactor, processing time and temperature, generated electricity, and green house gas reduction parameters. On the other hand, technology of PT AES AgriVerde Indonesia and PT Karya Mas Energi with their cover lagoon reactorsare eminent in scale, equipment complexity, and demand for land parameters. Technology of PT Karya Mas Energi is also better in funding and technology transfer process than the others. Based on the condition of Palm Oil Mills in Lampung province, the most potential technology to be initially adopted is cover lagoon technology fromPT Karya Mas Energi with NPV value of Rp26,188,590,000.00; IRR 29.72%; Net B/C 1.87; Gross B/C 1.72; and PBP 4.06years.
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Judul: The Greenhouse Gas Reducing Strategy by Converting Palm Oil Mill Effluent into Electricity (Case Study in Lampung Province).
Abstrak: Palm oil is one of prime plants and it has strategic role in Indonesia economy in the past, present, and future. In addition to being one of national income sources, palm oil also becomes living making of many people in Indonesia. Currently, Indonesia is the biggest palm oil producing country in the world. Palm oil in Lampung province is also an important plantation commodity. There were 13 palm oil mill units operating in Lampung. Strategies of palm oil industry development were directed to plantation corporations in public scales. The reason wass the limited plantation fields compared to high public interests to make palm oil plantation investments. Processing of palm oil fresh fruit bunches into crude palm oil (CPO) results in a lot of palm oil mill effluent (POME). POME has high values of BOD and COD, suspended solid and total solid content that result in negative effects for the environment. POME in Indonesia has been processed in a relatively simple procedure so that POME produces foul odor and methane gas emission. Methane gas emission is one of greenhouse gasses contributing to global warming with 20-30 folds stronger effect than carbon dioxide gas. United States government even stated that Indonesia palm oil derivative products were environmentally unfriendly considering facts that Indonesia only had 5.5% POME processing system to capture methane gas. On the other hand, methane gas is a biogas being able to use a source of renewable energy production. The objectives of this research were (1) to obtain initial descriptions of POME processing problems; (2) to evaluate contents of POME processing technologies; (3) to determine the best temperature conditions of technology processing POME according to necessities; and (4) to formulate proper strategies in implementing POME processing for electric energy in Lampung province. This research used quantitative and qualitative approaches with primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from field observations, measurements in the laboratory, direct interviews with respondents, and brainstorming. Secondary data were obtained from literary study, scientific journals, technical reports from related institutions, and research institutions. Identification and characterization of POME handling problems used descriptive method. The analysis of POME handling technology contents used THIO method. The strategy formulation used SWOT and AHP methods. The alternative technology development for POME processing was conducted with biogas production process optimization research which was analyzed with descriptive and quantitative methods. The results showed that there were 13 units of palm oil mills in Lampung province with total capacity of 622 tons/hour. The utility efficiency was about 45% with a main problem of limited raw material availability. In 2011, the POME potential produced by palm oil mills in Lampung province reached 1,286,595 m3 with average COD value above 40,000 mg/L. All palm oil mills in Lampung province had POME processing units as required by the government. POME fermentation at 55oC, 45oC, and 27-28oC required respectively 42 days to reduce COD 86.86%, 57 days to reduce COD 84.31%, and 196 days to reduce COD 57.25%. Methane productivity of POME fermentation at 55oC, 45oC, and 27-28oC are respectively 0.28 m3, 0.25 m3, and 0.19 m3 for
Keyword: Methane capture, Electrical energy, POME, GHG, and Strategy

Judul: Karakteristik Anatomi Skelet Kepala Badak Jawa (Rhinoceros sondaicus)
Abstrak: Badak jawa (Rhinoceros sondaicus) adalah spesies badak bercula satu yang hidup di Taman Nasional Ujung Kulon (TNUK), Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari karakteristik anatomi skelet kepala badak jawa yang dikaitkan dengan perilakunya. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengamati struktur dua buah skelet kepala badak jawa jantan. Skelet kepala diukur dimensi dan volume cavum cranii, dipelajari struktur dan formula giginya, didokumentasi, serta dipindai dengan CT scan. Penamaan unsur-unsur anatomi berdasarkan Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria 2015 dan kemudian struktur anatominya dibandingkan dengan pustaka pada hewan-hewan lain. Secara umum skelet kepala badak jawa memiliki pars splanchnocranii yang sangat berkembang, pars neurocranii yang meninggi ke posterior, dan atap kepala yang konkaf dan tebal disertai simus-sinus di profundal-nya. Skelet kepala badak jawa memiliki permukaan yang kasar pada os incisivum, os nasale, os frontale, dan os maxilla serta memiliki bungkul di os lacrimale dan rigi di os zygomaticum. Selain itu, hewan ini memiliki crista nuchae yang terletak di dorsoanterior condylus occipitalis dan squama occipitalis yang luas dengan persendian occipitoatlantis yang luas di sisi dorsal-nya. Arcus zygomaticus dan fossa temporalis pada hewan ini luas dan berkembang serta angulus mandibularis dan permukaan persendian rahang bawah pada os temporale yang luas. Bagian-bagian tersebut beradaptasi untuk mendukung perilaku badak jawa dalam mencari makan dan bertahan hidup….
Keyword: Javan Rhino, Rhinoceros sondaicus, Skull, Anatomy, Skull anatomy, Rhino behavior, Brain cavity, Internal structure, Darsal roof