Judul: Karakteristik Pohon Tempat Bersarang Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827) di Kawasan Hutan Batang Toru, Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara – Sumatera Utara
Abstrak: The decline of natural habitat of Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827) and persecution causing it's population decline. Batang Toru Forest has an important value as a habitat of Sumatran Orangutan which is separated from it's main habitat in Leuser Ecosystem (Aceh). Orangutan is rare species and it has preferention of choosing the nest location and the species of nesting tree with spesific characteristics. The objective of this research is to discover the characteristics of Sumatran Orangutan's nesting tree in Batang Toru Forest. The research conducted at October 23th until December 22th 2008 in Research Station Yayasan Ekosistem Lestari – Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Program (YELSOCP) in the 12,75 km2 area of West Block of Batang Toru Forest, in North Tapanuli of North Sumatera. Equipment that used are girth measuring tape, 30 m measuring tape, 20 m rope, machete, compas, flagging tape, digital camera, camera trap, thermo-hygrometer, watch, and stationary. Primary data are vegetation structure and composition, temperature and humidity, water availability, and profil of nesting tree (species of tree, total height, diameter, crown width, and crown shape), nest height, nest position, and the existence of other animals. This primary data are colected by nest survey method and vegetation analysis. Secondary data are general condition of research site and bio-ecology of Sumatran Orangutan. During the research found 154 nesting trees, it’s content 20 tree species. 33,74% (52 trees) of it is Hoting (Lithocarpus spp.). The tree height of nesting tree is about 16-20 m (34%) with average tree height from all trees is 20,35 m and average nest height in 17,24 m. In such as low nest and tree height the Orangutan's nest is covered by the taller crown of other trees from rain and wind. Orangutan tend to build their nest at tree with diameter 10-19 cm and average diameter from all the trees is 23,71 cm. The crown width less than 11 m2 with average from all the trees 15,64 m2. Orangutan's nest near the river indicated that nest location preferention caused by the location near the river is lower (the slope area). In the research location, potential competitor animal are Siamang (Symphalangus syndactilus), Gibbon (Hylobates agilis ungko), Pig-tailed monkey (Macaca nemestrina), Binturong (Arctictis binturong), squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) and Hornbill. The concultion of nesting tree characteristics are total height 16-20 m, diameter 10- 19 cm, crown width less then 11 m2, and ball shape crown. Hoting (Lithocarpus spp.) is tree species that qualify with that tree characteristics, for that reason Orangutan in Batang Toru Forest prefer to use this tree species than other tree. The location preferention is location which is covered from rain and wind.
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Judul: Preferensi Habitat Bersarang Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827) di Kawasan Hutan Batang Toru Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara – Sumatera Utara
Abstrak: Habitat degradation and persecution are causes of animals extinction in Indonesia. One of them is Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii Lesson, 1827) that now on the red list of the spesies of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a critically endangered species. Batang Toru Forest (BTF) is one of the last 18 habitat units of Sumatran Orangutan in Sumatera. At the present time, BTF is in initiation process of Collaborative Management Base on Sustainability of Intact Ecosystem Unit figuration. Data and information about Sumatran Orangutan (umbrella spesies of BTF) could accelerate the initiation process. One aspect that could complete the reference of Orangutan is the nesting habitat preferention. The objective of this research is discovered the nesting habitat preferention of Sumatran Orangutan at various habitat in BTF. This research conducted during Oktober-Desember 2008 at YEL-SOCP's research station, in 12,5 km2 west block area of BTF. Equipment that used are GPS, binoculars, measuring tape, camera, camera trap, map, flagging tape, stationary, rope, knife, thermometer, and hygrometer. Secondary data are bioecology of Sumatran Orangutan and general condition of research site which collected by interview and literature observation method. Primary data are Orangutan's nest frequency, which collected by the nest survey method, and the structure and composition of vegetation, which collected by vegetation analysis method. The frequency calculated by dividing the total number of nest that found with the length of the track. The structure and composition of vegetation discovered by Importance Value Index and diagram of profile vegetation. BTF's research site consist of three habitat type; peat swamp forest, upper Dipterocarp forest, and the ecoton. Peat swamp forest characterized by the high abundant of mosses and Nephentes spp., which is gradually decrease in ecoton and in upper Dipterocarp forest. Peat swamp forest has the highest vegetation density, which is also gradually decrease in ecoton and in upper Dipterocap forest. The vegetation species that identified as Orangutan's food resources in peat swamp forest are 7 species, in ecotone are 5 species, and in upper Dipterocarp forest are 4 species. The highest nest frequency found in peat swamp forest (18,7 nests/km track). It is caused by the peat swamp forest provides food resources for Orangutan, such as leaves and tree bark, troughout the year. The stand of peat swamp forest has the highest density than the other habitat, so that the estimation of actual nest frequency in peat swamp forest must be more than 18,7 nest/km track. The nest dissemination in various condition ilustrated the nest habitat preferention concerned with time. During the research, Orangutan build nest in upper Dipterocarp forest, while the old nest, found in great quantities in the peat swamp forest and ecoton. The nest can be found in each habitat, with the highest frequency found in peat swamp forest (18,7 nest/km track). This high number caused by the habitats ability to provides Orangutans food resources such as leaves and tree bark troughout the year. This habitats are intact habitat unit of Orangutan, which the stand characteristic of each habitat is not the determining factor of nesting habitat preferention. The nesting
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Judul: The Role of Chitosan in Microemulsion Formation and Efficacy in Injectable Ibuprofen Preparations.
Abstrak: Ibuprofen merupakan obat anti inflamasi non-steroid (OAINS) yang paling populer digunakan untuk menggantikan obat golongan opiat yang memiliki efek samping mual, muntah, over-sedasi, dan gangguan pernafasan. Ibuprofen secara umum digunakan untuk terapi pasien dengan gejala demam, nyeri ataupun inflamasi. Namun, ibuprofen memiliki kelarutan yang rendah menyebabkan ibuprofen sukar dibuat sediaan parenteral, untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut maka pada penelitian ini, ibuprofen dibuat dalam bentuk mikroemulsi. Mikroemulsi memiliki potensi sebagai pembawa sediaan parenteral yang baik karena memiliki stabilitas tinggi dibandingkan nanoemulsi. Karena, dengan ukuran globul di bawah 100 nm, mikroemulsi memiliki maksimum uptake dalam tubuh. Secara teori mikroemulsi stabil secara termodinamika, tetapi pada kenyataan tetap membutuhkan polimer untuk meningkatkan kestabilannya. Kitosan adalah polimer alami yang dapat terurai dan biodegradable, aman, dan diterapkan sebagai pembawa untuk aplikasi oral dan parenteral. Penelitian terkait injeksi mikroemulsi dilapisi kitosan telah menunjukkan bahwa polimer ini dapat meningkatkan penetrasi zat aktif dalam formulasi nasal setelah dicampur dalam fase terdispersi. Kitosan juga dapat meningkatkan sifat mekanis mikroemulsi serta mampu meningkatkan waktu tinggal obat dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 3 tahap, yakni: (1) melakukan formulasi mikroemulsi ibuprofen tidak terlapisi kitosan. Tujuan dari penelitian tahap awal ini adalah untuk mendapatkan calon formula optimal, (2) melakukan formulasi mikroemulsi ibuprofen terlapisi kitosan dan menganalisis pelepasan obat secara in vitro, dan (3) mengevaluasi efek dari formula mikroemulsi ibuprofen terlapisi kitosan secara in vivo. Metode pembuatan mikroemulsi terlapisi kitosan pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode self-nanoemulsifying. Langkah pertama pembuatan mikroemulsi dilakukan dengan menentukan komponen minyak yang digunakan berdasarkan pada jumlah kelarutan ibuprofen, kemudian penentuan calon formula dilakukan berdasarkan hasil analisa wilayah daerah terbentuknya mikroemulsi pada diagram pseudo ternery. Kemudian calon formula optimal ditentukan berdasarkan karakteristik fisik, muatan obat dan stabilitas. Formula optimal yang didapatkan kemudian diformulasikan dengan menambahkan kitosan pada berbagai konsentrasi. Formula mikroemulsi terlapisi kitosan (MK) paling stabil berdasarkan sifat fisik dan kestabilan, kemudian ditentukan profil pelepasan obatnya, efek anti-inflamasi, profil hematologi dan daya analgetika dengan membandingkan efeknya dari mikroemulsi yang tidak terlapisi kitosan (MO). Pada tahap awal penelitian diperoleh formula dengan komposisi optimal berupa 2,8% (kombinasi minyak zaitun dan medium chain trygelicerides oil (MCT) 1:1); 11,2% Tween 80; 2,8% propylene glycol, dan 83,2% water for injection (WFI) sebagai calon formulasi optimal untuk membentuk mikroemulsi dengan ukuran globul 16,70±0,26 nm dan stabil hingga 120 hari. Selain itu, hasil uji viskositas, osmolaritas, dan pH sesuai dengan persyaratan sediaan injeksi, yaitu 27 Cpas, 297 mosmol, dan 4- 5 hanya dengan menambahkan WFI (mengandung 0,9 g natrium klorida) dengan rekonstitusi sederhana tanpa penambahan agen isotonis. Pada tahap kedua pembuatan injeksi mikroemulsi ibuprofen terlapisi kitosan telah berhasil dilakukan dengan kandungan polimer sebesar 1%. Polimer kitosan meningkatkan stabilitas mikroemulsi hingga hingga 365 hari dengan ukuran globul 13,13±0,11nm dan mikroemulsi juga memenuhi persyaratan untuk sediaan intravena. Osmolaritas, pH, viskositas, dan ukuran tetes mikroemulsi berada dalam standar untuk persiapan intravena, yaitu 240 ± 20,22 mOsmol, pH 4-5, 27 Cpas, dan 19,37 ± 0,32 nm, secara berurutan. Uji pelepasan menunjukkan bahwa mikroemulsi yang dilapisi kitosan mengikuti model akar kuadrat waktu, di mana pelepasan obat terjadi melalui difusi dan proses dikendalikan oleh pembawa. Efek anti-inflamasi yang diamati pada kaki hewan uji yang diinjeksi mikroemulsi ibuprofen
Keyword: Hematologi, kitosan, Analgetika, Anti-inflamasi, Ibuprofen, Mikroemulsi, Parenteral