Judul: Identifikasi Molekular Babesia bigemina dari Sapi dan Kerbau di Kabupaten Bogor
Abstrak: Livestock is a crucial industry that significantly contributes to the agricultural sector in Indonesia. Babesiosis is a disease that is transmitted through tick vectors and are caused by blood parasites of the genus Babesia. This disease has caused very significant economic losses. Molecular detection of babesiosis has high sensitivity and specificity. However, currently, the detection of babesiosis using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in Indonesia has not been widely used, especially in the Bogor District. The aim of this study is to identify Babesia bigemina in cattle and buffaloes in the Bogor District using molecular technique. A total of 27 blood samples were collected, consisting of 22 cattle samples and 5 buffalo blood samples. The samples were stained with 10% Giemsa, in addition the blood samples were extracted and proceeded with nested PCR. The results of the blood smear examination showed 81.48% were positive for Babesia spp., while 11.11% were positive for B. bigemina. Based on the type of cattle and buffaloes positive for B. bigemina, the positive rates were 9.09% and 20% respectively. The results of this study provide basic information about the level of Babesia bigemina infection in the Bogor District based on molecular methods. Therefore, programs to prevent and control blood parasitic infections in cattle and buffalo farms needs to be carried out.
Keyword: Babesia bigemina, babesiosis, Bogor, buffalo, cattle, PCR, Babesia bigemina, babesiosis, Bogor, buffalo, cattle, PCR

Judul: Identifikasi Molekuler terhadap Piroplasma pada Sapi dan Kerbau di Bogor
Abstrak: Peternakan merupakan salah satu subsektor yang memegang peranan penting dalam pembangunan pertanian di Indonesia. Piroplasmosis adalah penyakit yang ditularkan melalui caplak yang disebabkan oleh parasit hemoprotozoa dari genus Theileria dan Babesia. Sejauh ini belum ada studi mengenai deteksi piroplasmosis pada sapi dan kerbau di Indonesia dengan menggunakan teknik PCR. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi parasit piroplasma yang dapat menginfeksi sapi dan kerbau dengan menggunakan teknik molekuler. Sebanyak 29 sampel darah sapi dan kerbau dikumpulkan dari berbagai peternakan di Bogor. Metode apusan darah dengan pewarnaan Giemsa digunakan dalam penelitian ini, dilanjutkan dengan metode polymerase chain reaction (PCR) dengan gen target 18s rRNA untuk identifikasi molekuler. Hasil pemeriksaan apusan darah dengan pewarnaan Giemsa menunjukkan bahwa tingkat infeksi piroplasma pada kerbau dan sapi masing-masing adalah 60% dan 87,5%, sedangkan hasil pemeriksaan nested PCR adalah 20% dan 50%. Kerbau betina memiliki tingkat infeksi yang lebih tinggi dari kerbau jantan. Temuan penelitian ini akan memberikan data awal tentang infeksi parasit darah dengan menggunakan prosedur diagnostik piroplasma yang relevan dan akurat., Animal husbandry is one of the subsectors that plays a vital role in agricultural development in Indonesia. Piroplasmosis is a tick-borne disease caused by hemoprotozoa parasites of Theileria and Babesia. So far, no report on piroplasmosis detection studies in cattle and buffalo in Indonesia using PCR technique. This study aimed to identify piroplasm parasites that can infect cattle and buffalo using molecular techniques. Twenty-nine blood samples from cattle and buffalo were collected from various farms in the Bogor area. Giemsa stained blood, followed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method with 18s rRNA as target gene for molecular identification. The results of Giemsa-stained blood smear testing revealed that piroplasma infection rates in buffalo and cattle were 60% and 87,5%, respectively, while the results of nested PCR were 20% and 50%. Female buffalo has a higher rate of infection than male buffalo. The findings of this study will provide preliminary data on blood parasite infections using relevant and accurate piroplasm diagnostic procedures.
Keyword: Bogor, buffalo, cattle, PCR, piroplasma

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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