Judul: Peningkatan ketersediaan biologis phospor dari rock phosphate dengan proses fermentasi Aspergillus niger dan pengasaman
Abstrak: Phosphorus availability of rock phosphate can be improved to be phosphorus source for poultry. The availability of phosphorus (P) in rock phosphate is limited because it less soluble in neutral PH. The experiment was conducted to find out a process that could improve the phosphorus bio-availability of rock phosphate.
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Judul: Potensi Aspergillus niger dan Penicillium spp. sebagai Endosimbion Pelarut Fosfat pada Akar Serealia
Abstrak: Aspergillus niger and Penicillium sp. are known to have the ability to solubilize phosphorus (P). P in acid soils exists in unavailable forms that decrease productivity. Indonesia has a large acid soil that used for cereal crops production. Therefore, the potential of A. niger (IPBCC 10.643) and Penicillium spp. (IPBCC 09.620 and 09.621 IPBCC) as P solubilizing endosymbiont in the roots of cereals (maize, sorghum, and rice) was studied. Endosymbiosis of P solubilizing fungi was observed in germlings that were free from endophytic fungi and planted on zeolite in acidic condition with AlPO4 as a source of P, for eight weeks period. Endosymbiosis was determined based on fungal percentage of colonization in the roots. The effects of endosymbiosis on plant growth was measured as height and dry weight of plants for four weeks, and also by efficiency of nutrient uptake in plants at eight weeks old. The results of this study indicated that A. niger and Penicillium spp. colonized the roots up to 70%, so the fungi were considered as endosymbionts. Association of A. niger and roots showed a negative effect on all test plants. Two strains of Penicillium spp. only increased the height and dry weight of sorghum and increased P uptake in maize and sorghum. The N, P, and K efficiency uptake of maize that inoculated with Peniclillium sp. IPBCC 09.620 about 1.22, 1.45, and 1.36 of the control respectively, while those inoculated with Penicillium sp. IPBCC 09.621 were 1.55, 1.52, and 1.04, respectively. Sorghum that were inoculated with Penicillium sp. IPBCC 09.620 showed the efficiency uptake of N, P, and K about 1.04, 2.00, and 1.79, respectively. This efficiency uptake of N, P, and K as relatively greater than the efficiency uptake of N, P, and K of sorghum plants (1.19, 1.30, and 1.46, respectively) that were inoculated Penicillium sp. IPBCC 09.62
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite