Judul: Sifat Fisik Kimia Organoleptik Bakso Daging Sapi dengan Penambahan Wortel dan Kitosan sebagai Pengenyal
Abstrak: Meatballs is an emulsion products that require additional materials in the manufacturing process. The objective of this research was to compare the physical, chemical and organoleptic beef meatballs that made by using chitosan with carrot as elasticity. Results showed that meatballs addition of chitosan and meatballs addition of STPP significantly (P<0.05) on pH and no significant effect on the water absorption, elasticity, moisture content and ash content. Hedonic test showed that meatballs addition of chitosan and meatballs addition of STPP significantly (P<0.05) on the color and no significant effect on the smell, firmness and flavor. Hedonic quality tests showed that meatballs with addition of chitosan significantly (P<0.05) on color, smell, firmness and flavor. Chitosan could replace STPP in making beef meatballs. Based on the physical and chemical properties of chitosan with level of 0.1% and 0.3% can replace STPP as an ingredient in making meatballs elastic.
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Judul: Penggunaan pati sagu termodifikasi dengan heat moisture treatment (HMT) untuk meningkatkan kualitas tekstur bakso daging sapi
Abstrak: Meatball is a common food in Indonesia. It usually uses sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) as its plasticizer. Unfortunately, STPP is a food additive which is strictly regulated by the government because of its chemical hazard. Sago starch, which is modified into type C by heat moisture treatment (HMT), is believed to develop meatball elasticity. The main advantages of using this kind of starch are cheap and have no harm to health. In addition, this sago starch has no peak viscosity and has more gel strength forming ability. This is the suitable starch to produce meatball elasticity. The aim of this research is to find the best formula for meatball by using HMT modified sago starch, so that the meatball could reach its best texture without adding high concentration of STPP. In the preliminary research the sago starch was modified into type C by heat moisture treatment in controlled conditions (1100C, 4 hours, water content of 28%). The main research was carried out and was divided into two parts, the first part was meatball formulation and the second part was meatball physical and chemical characteristics analysis. The results showed that the best formula for meatball was the one that contained 10% of HMT type C sago starch and 0.2% of STPP. It was proven from both penetrometer test and sensory test (rating and ranking hedonic). The penetrometer test showed that the best formula had hardness of 12.5±0.1gf, while rating hedonic and ranking hedonic test showed that the best formula were significally different with the other formulas. TPA test showed that the best formula characteristics were hardness 3510.9±10.4gf, elasticity 96.04±0.05%, cohesiveness 0.873±0.000, stickiness 2608.2±4.4gf, and chewiness 2514.8±14.3gf. The other physical parameters such as shear force were 1253.0±1.4gf, water holding capacity 66.53±1.19%, porosity 55.90±0.10%, and specific mass density 1.05±0.00. Almost all of the results above showed that HMT modified sago starch was effective to improve meatball texture, and therefore could partially substitute STPP in meatball.
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Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular