Judul: Pemanfaatan Spent Bleaching Earth dari Proses Pemucatan CPO sebagai Bahan Baku Briket
Abstrak: Refining process of crude palm oil in refinery which involves bleaching generates plenty of spent bleaching earth. The spent bleaching earth serves as byproduct, which still contains 20-30% w/w of crude palm oil. The research formulated spent bleaching earth and charcoal of oil palm shell as the briquette materials. Charcoal of oil palm shell was choosen because both of them are waste from processing the oil palm. In addition, charcoal of oil palm shell has the high caloric value, so its suitable as the added material for production a briquette. There were two objectives in this research. The main objective was to study the utilization of spent bleaching earth from crude palm oil bleaching process as briquette material. The spesific objective was to study the effect of combination of glue consentration and charcoal of oil palm shell concentration toward the quality of briquette. This research utilized completely randomized factorial design with two factors, i.e. glue concentration factor and charcoal of oil palm shell concentration factor. The glue concentration factor were varied at 2% (A1), 3% (A2), and 4% (A3). The concentration of charcoal of oil palm shell were varied at 25% (B1), 50% (B2), and 75% (B3). The variance analyses showed that the increase of glue consentration affected significantly and increased the volatile matter content but decreased fixed carbon content of briquette. The increase of charcoal oil palm shell concentration affected significantly and increased the moisture content and crushing strength but decreased the volatile matter content and ash content. Furthermore, the interaction of two factors affected significantly the moisture content of briquette. Based on the characteristic of the spent bleaching earth sample, it was found that spent bleaching earth contained 26,325% w/w of residual oil, moisture content 3,727% w/w, volatile matter 32,230% w/w, ash content 68,416% w/w, fixed carbon content 0,354% w/w, and caloric value 6796 cal/gram. The best treatment combination of all the experimental units was briquette A1B3 (glue concentration 2% and charcoal of oil palm shell concentration 75%). This treatment resulted the lowest volatile matter content about 18,021%, the lowest ash content 20,100%, the lowest fixed carbon content 61,879%, and the caloric value about 6528 cal/gram. This briquette could boil three liters of water in 75,26
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Judul: Pembuatan Briket Arang Dari Campuran Kulit Kacang, Cabang Dan Ranting Pohon Sengon Serta Sebetan Bambu
Abstrak: Introduction. One of waste utilization or organic garbage is as raw material of charcoal briquette. Charcoal Briquette can support energy need of human. Charcoal Briquette can be made by material which contain lignin and cellulose like waste or organic garbage where can be got in human life like nutshell waste, logging waste of tree of sengon which has branches and sticks, and also waste of bamboo slice. Making charcoal briquette which comes from waste or organic garbage can be alternative solution for solving garbage and can be new alternative sources of energy. Method. Making charcoal briquette is prepared raw material at first. It is continued by processing combustion with kiln drum (temperature at 500oC-1000oC). Next, it uses crashing and buffering charcoal (filter at 35 meshs) to become dust which has charcoal size of 35 meshs or more. Making starch glue (5% derived from charcoal weight) is mixing and cooking tapioca flour with water (1:12). Charcoal Dust is mixed with starch glue and it will be printed by pressure at ± 9 tons to become charcoal briquette. Then, briquette is tested physical in properties (water content, density and pressure stability) and chemical characteristic ( ash content, volatile matter content, content of bounded carbon, calorie value). Result and Discussion. Result of test in physical and chemical properties of charcoal briquette showed water content average of 1,57%-2,18%, ash content of 10,92%- 15,09%, volatile matter content of 19,28%-41,36%, content of bounded carbon of 44,32%-66,48%, density of 0,40 g/cm3-0,53 g/cm3, pressure stability of 9,99 kg/cm2- 15,89 kg/cm2, and calorie value of 5175 cal/g-6299 cal/g. Conclusion. Mixing nutshell charcoal, branch and tree stick of sengon and bamboo slice could be made for briquette and it had high enough value in calorie (5175kal/g -6299 kal/g). Four briquettes which had been produced were only briquette of Nutshell charcoal of Bamboo Sengon (KKSB) which got quality standard of Japan charcoal briquette at calorie value (6299 cal/g). But, Four briquettes didn’t get standard of charcoal briquette of America, Indonesia and UK. Composition of mixture-charcoal influenced charcoal density and calorie value. Composition of mixture-charcoal didn’t effect charcoal water content, ash content, volatile matter content, content of bounded carbon and pressure stability value.
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Judul: Infeksi leucocytozzon simondi (Mathis dan Leger, 1910) pada itik
Abstrak: Leucocytozoonosis pada itik adalah penyakit protozoer yang disebabkan oleh parasit darah Leucocytozoon simondi. Protozoa ini ditularkan oleh lalat penghisap darah (Simulium sp.). Di dalam tubuh induk semang antara (vektor) Simulium parasit mengalami tahap gametogoni yang kedua (pembentukan gamet dan pembuahan) dan sporogoni. Pembuahan makrogamet oleh mikrogamet terjadi segera sesudah vektor menghisap darah itik yang mengandung gametosit. Pembuahan menghasilkan zigot yang dapat bergerak (ookinet) yang masuk dinding usus vektor dan kemudian memasuki tahap sporogoni. Tahap sporogoni memerlukan waktu kira-kira 1 minggu (Fallis dan Desser, 1977) untuk menghasilkan sporozoit. Sporozoit bergerak menuju kelenjar ludah vektor, tempat mereka berkumpul. Sporozoit dipindahkan ke dalam tubuh itik pada saat vektor menghisap darah itik. Di dalam tubuh itik, parasit mengalami tahap skizogoni dan tahap gametogoni yang pertama (pembentukan gametosit). Sporozoit memasuki peredaran darah itik dan memasuki sel-sel parenkhim hati membentuk skizon hepatik (Fallis et al., 1974). Setelah 4 6 hari, skizon hepatik dewasa menghasilkan merozoit dan sinsitia. Merozoit dari skizon hepatik memasuki eritrosit dan eritroblas membentuk gametosit bundar, sedangkan sinsitia memasuki sel-sel RES di seluruh tubuh membentuk megaloskizon. Megaloskizon dewasa terbentuk dalam waktu 5 hari di dalam sel-sel itu dan menghasilkan merozoit. Merozoit dari megaloskizon memasuki limfosit dan leukosit lainnya membentuk gametosit memanjang. ...
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