Judul: Pengimplementasian Metode Dsss (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) Untuk Audio Watermarking
Abstrak: Jaringan komputer dan internet telah mengalami perkembangan yang pesat, dan produk digital seperti gambar, video, dan audio dapat ditransmisikan dari satu tempat ke tempat lain tanpa kehilangan banyak kualitasnya. Pesatnya perkembangan transmisi data menimbulkan banyak fenomena yang terjadi, terutama untuk penggunaan produk digital secara ilegal misalnya pemalsuan kepemilikan produk digital, dan pelanggaran hak cipta. Digital watermarking dikembangkan sebagai salah satu teknik yang dapat menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut. Teknik watermarking bekerja dengan menyisipkan sedikit informasi yang menunjukkan kepemilikan, tujuan, atau data lain, pada media digital tanpa mempengaruhi kualitasnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode watermarking DSSS (direct sequence spread spectrum) untuk berkas audio pada domain frekuensi. Hal ini disebabkan metode ini mudah diimplementasikan.
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Judul: Implementasi modifikasi metode Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum pada Audio Watermarking
Abstrak: Today, through the development of technology, digital data is easier to make, manipulate, and even misused for harmful purposes, such as the falsification of property or copyright infringement. The misuses can be overcome by using digital watermarking technique. In this paper, wave audio files (.wav) used as digital data was given watermark using modified frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) method. The audio files were given watermark “Indonesia” with variant multiplier (scaling factor), spread to the audio files by hopping. The quality of watermarked audio was measured using signal to noise ratio (SNR) and questionnaire from 30 respondents. Analysis is concerned on the process of the running time of watermark insertion and detection, changes in quality watermarked audio related to the use of scaling factor and the bit error watermark detection results. To test the resilience of the watermark, watermarked audio were attacked using several operations. Based on the analysis results, increasing the value of scaling factor causes a decrease in the quality of watermarked audio, marked by the decline in value of SNR. The highest SNR value is 70.5147 dB for rock music. Based on the results of the questionnaire, 86.00 % of respondents said that watermarked audio volume the equal to the original audio files and 94.67 % of respondents said that noise were not heard from the watermarked audio were. For the bit error watermark, increasing the value of scaling factor causes a decrease in percentage of bit error watermark detection. The percentage of the highest bit error watermark occurs on instrument music (5.010 %). The results of resilience of the watermark test showed modified FHSS method was resistant against resampling operation, addition of noise with small amplitude and multiple watermarks, but this method was not resistant to cropping operations.
Keyword: Digital watermarking, Audio watermarking, FHSS, Spread spectrum, Watermark

Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua