Judul: Pendugaan Kausalitas Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Dan Indeks Persepsi Korupsi Dengan Metode Momen Terampat
Abstrak: Kausalitas memiliki pengertian bahwa suatu kejadian x dapat dikatakan menyebabkan kejadian y jika nilai masa lalu kejadian x membantu menjelaskan kejadian y. Dalam penelitian ini, model data panel dinamis yang memasukkan lag dari peubah tak bebas sebagai peubah bebas digunakan untuk menjelaskan kausalitas antara kemiskinan dan korupsi tahun 2010 hingga tahun 2014 pada 162 negara di dunia. Pendugaan model dilakukan dengan metode momen terampat. Kemiskinan dan korupsi masing-masing digambarkan dengan nilai Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) dan Indeks Persepsi Korupsi (IPK). Setelah dilakukan pengelompokan berdasarkan pendapatan, diperoleh 2 model dari 8 model yang memenuhi kriteria penduga yang baik. Kedua model tersebut antara lain model dengan IPM sebagai peubah tak bebas pada kelompok negara dengan pendapatan menengah ke bawah dan model dengan IPK sebagai peubah tak bebas pada kelompok negara dengan pendapatan tinggi.
Keyword: Indeks Persepsi Korupsi, Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, kausalitas, Metode Momen Terampat

Judul: The Influence of Corruption on Poverty: Data Analysis of 75 Countries
Abstrak: Keberhasilan pembangunan ekonomi suatu negara dapat dilakukan dengan melihat peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Selain pertumbuhan ekonomi, kinerja pembangunan mempunyai aspek penting lainnya, yakni pemerataan kesejahteraan dan kemiskinan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kondisi kemiskinan dan korupsi serta menganalisis pengaruh korupsi terhadap kemiskinan di 75 negara. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel dengan time series selama periode 2008-2017 dan cross-section 75 negara di dunia. Metode kuantitatif menggunakan pendekatan Fixed Effect Model. Hasil regresi data panel yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa korupsi memiliki hubungan yang berbanding lurus dengan kemiskinan di 75 negara yang diteliti. Artinya, semakin tinggi korupsi akan menyebabkan tingkat kemiskinan semakin tinggi dalam suatu negara. Variabel GDP per kapita, pengeluaran pemerintah dan stabilitas politik berpengaruh signifikan menurunkan kemiskinan, sedangkan tingkat pengangguran (unemployment) tidak signifikan memengaruhi kemiskinan., The success of a country’s economic development can be done by looking at increasing economic growth. In addition to economic growth, development performance has another important aspect, namely equitable of welfare and poverty. This research aimed to describe the condition of poverty and corruption and analyze the influence of corruption on poverty in 75 countries. This research used panel data with time series during the period 2008-2017 and cross section from 75 countries in the world. The quantitative methods used was the Fixed Effect Model approach. The result of the panel data regression obtained in this study indicates that corruption has a relationship that is directly proportional to poverty in the 75 countries researched, that is, the higher the corruption will cause the higher the levels of poverty in a country. The GDP per capita, government expenditure and political stability have significantly reduced poverty, while the unemployment rate does not significantly affect poverty.
Keyword: Poverty, Corruption, Political Stability, Fixed Effect Model

Judul: Extracellular Expression of thermostable Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ Lipase for Biodiesel Production
Abstrak: The extracellular expression of enzymes in an excellent secretion host such as Bacillus subtilis is a useful strategy for making enzymes of industrial significance more affordable by lowering the cost of its downstream processing. Lipases are a category of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and free fatty acids. Also, lipases catalyze the hydrolysis and transesterification of other esters as well as the synthesis of esters. They can perform very specific biotransformation reactions and are widely used in food, organic synthesis, detergents, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Geobacillus stearothermophilus T1.2RQ lipase is an industrially-desired thermostable lipolytic enzyme with an excellent hydrolytic and transesterification activity. This study aimed to express T1.2RQ lipase, in B. subtilis WB800 and ensure its secretion into the extracellular medium. Three signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, LipA) and two promoters (Pgrac01 and Pgrac100) were used in the secretory-expression of T1.2RQ lipase, based on five constructed expression vectors constructed by restriction cloning and PCR mutagenesis. Sangers sequencing was used to verify constructs to ensure they are in the correct reading frame. Recombinants vectors, pHT43 (plasmid control), pHT43-T1.2RQ, pHT43- T1.2RQ_AmyQ, pHT43-T1.2RQ_Epr, and pHT43-T1.2RQ_LipA, were transformed by electroporation into Bacillus subtilis WB800. The electroporation was successful with the optimum condition of 2500V, 200 ohms, 25µF, and 5milliseconds. Recombinant B. subtilis pHT43 (negative control) and pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides were streaked on the lipidic agar, LA+TBN. All four recombinants, including the negative control (B. subtilis WB800-pHT43), produced clear zones on the TBN agar plate after overnight incubation (fig 2), indicating the presence of a lipolytic enzyme in all of the recombinant B. subtilis cells. pHT43-T1.2RQlip + signal peptides (AmyQ, Epr, and LipA) have clear zones with significantly higher diameters than B. subtilis WB800-pHT43 (negative control). This phenomenon suggests that the recombinant thermostable lipase T1.2RQ introduced into these cells was successfully expressed, thereby increasing the lipolytic capability of its host cells T1.2RQ lipase was expressed in 50ml terrific broth medium (TB) and the expression induced with 1mM IPTG. Lipase activity assay using p-nitrophenyl esters showed that all three signal peptides directed the secretion of T1.2RQ lipase into the extracellular medium. Signal peptide, LipA, resulted in the highest extracellular activity of 5.6 U/mL, which corresponds to a 6-fold increase over the parent B. subtilis WB800 strain. Meanwhile, signal peptides, AmyQ and Epr produced 4.2 U/mL and 3.4 U/mL activity respectively. SDS-Zymogram analysis confirmed that T1.2RQ lipase was correctly processed and secreted in its original size of 44 kDa. An attempt to further increase lipase expression level by promoter optimization showed that, contrary to expectation, promoter Pgrac100 exhibited similar expression levels as the original Pgrac01. Nevertheless, the demonstration of the successful secretion of T1.2RQ lipase in this work confirms the latter as a promising approach for the industrial production of the enzyme
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, Expression, Extracellular, Heterologous, Lipase, Thermostable