Judul: Isolasi Bakteri Endofit dari Tanaman Kehutanan dan Potensinya untuk Pengendalian Meloidogyne spp. pada Tanaman Tomat
Abstrak: Meloidogyne spp. is one of the main constraints of tomato production in Indonesia. Endophytic bacteria as a biocontrol agents is an alternative for controlling nematodes. The objective of this study was to isolate endophytic bacteria from forest plants and to evaluate its potential for controlling Meloidogyne spp. on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Endophytic bacteria were isolated from mahoni (Swietenia mahogany Jacq), trambesi (Albizia saman (Jacq.) Merr.), gaharu (Aquilaria malacensis), and meranti (Shorea sp.) with surface sterilization method using 70% alcohol, 4% NaOCl and steril water. The bacterial strain were cultured on tryptic soy agar (TSA) for two days. In vivo testing to determine the effect of bacteria for suppressing of nematode galls was conducted in the greenhouse with seed treatment. The result showed there are thirty three isolates of endophytic bacteria were isolated from the root of forest plant. twenty two isolates are negative reaction and eleven isolates are positif reaction after hypersensitive test using tobacco plant. Two isolates of endophytic bacteria MSJ1H and TSS1D were able to reduce gall number. Based on high plant indicator, soaking seed treatment with endophytic bacteria were able to increase the high of tomato plants.
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Judul: Isolasi Bakteri Endofit dan Penguj ian Potensinya untuk Mengendalikan Nematoda Meloidogyne spp. pada Tanaman Tomat (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan menguji bakteri endofit yang berasal dari tanaman tomat dan cabai untuk mengendalikan nematoda Meloidogyne spp. serta mengetahui pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman. Bakteri endofit diisolasi dari pertanaman tomat dan cabai yang berasal dari daerah Bogor dan Malang. Isolasi bakteri endofit dengan menggunakan metode sterilisasi permukaan dan homogenisasi jaringan. Sterilisasi permukaan jaringan menggunakan ethanol 80 % dan NaOCl 3 % dan 1,5 %. Bakteri yang didapat selanjutnya dimurnikan dan disimpan dalam media Trytic Soy Broth (TSB) yang dicampur dengan glycerin 20 % pada suhu -79°C sebagai stok. Pengujian bakteri endofit dilakukan secara in vitro dan in vivo. Pengujian in vitro bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh kultur filtrat bakteri endofit terhadap ketahanan hidup larva Meloidogyne spp., sedangkan uji in vivo bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh sel bakteri yang diinokulasikan pada tanaman terhadap pertumbuhan tanaman dan pembentukan puru akar yang disebabkan oleh Meloidogyne spp. pada tanaman tomato Uji in vivo dilakukan dirumah kaca Institut Pertanian Bogor dengan metode perlakuan tanah dan perlakuan benih. Hasil uji in vitro menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan isolat bakteri endofit berpengaruh terhadap tingkat ketahanan hidup larva Meloidogyne spp.. Hasil uji di rumah kaca menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan bakteri endofit pada tanaman tomat dapat menekan pembentukan puru akar yang disebabkan oleh Meloidogyne spp. Identifikasi isolat bakteri uji dilakukan dengan melihat karakteristik koloni bakteri dan dengan beberapa pengujian yaitu uji gram (KOH 3 %), pewarnaan gram, uji bakteri tahan panas dan uji flourescent. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan isolat bakteri uji yang digunakan adalah dari genus Bacillus sp. dan bakteri Pseudomonas flourescent.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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