Judul: Studies on electrical impedance spectroscopy as a nondestructive quality evaluation of Garut citrus fruit
Abstrak: Garut citrus fruit is a local agriculture commodity, which have the opportunity to developed as a superior agriculture product. The productivity and quality of this product should be increased in order to meet market demand. Commonly quality of this fruit is evaluated by visual judgement ratio subject to error. This method also only evaluated the external quality of fruit. Internal quality of this fruit such as sugar content is determined by refractometer that is belong to a destructive method, and is not suitable for online quality measurement. So an objective and nondestructive method is required to evaluate quality of Garut citrus fruit. In this research, the potential of electrical impedance spectroscopy to determine quality of Garut citrus fruit was investigated. The electrical properties of Garut citrus have been investigated on frequency variation from 50 Hz to 5MHz. The fruits are placed between two plate electrodes, and treated as dielectric material. The study was conducted in four stages. The first stage is a study of the electrical circuit modeling to represent the electrical properties of citrus. This step is performed as an initial step study of the electrical properties of citrus fruit as nondestructive method for quality evaluation. Electrical models of citrus fruit constructed from circuit of resistors and capacitors. The electric models are built on the series and parallel configurations were adopted from the literature. Orange model development has also been carried out based on the internal structure of the fruit. Simulation and measurement results on citrus fruit shows a good match for certain values of resistors and capacitors. The correlation between measured data and simulations has been done by regression techniques. The best result is shown by the high value of the coefficient deterministic. Best correlation occurs in the new model. Changes in physicochemical properties during fruit maturation made changes in the value of the resistor and capacitor internal parameters of the model. If the pH increases, the capacitance value increases while the resistance value decreases. Changes in hardness and electrical resistance of the component models show a positive relationship, although not linearly correlated. However, an increase in hardness values correlate with a reduction in electrical capacitance value of the component in the model. In the second stage, Garut Orange fruit was assessed on its electrical properties associated with the spectrum or frequency variation of electrical signal. All electrical parameters divided by the amount of compensation parameters i.e. weight, volume and diameter of the fruit. The measurement results showed that the electrical impedance, resistance, reactance, capacitance, inductance per weight, per volume, and per diameter showed a similar phenomenon. Electrical impedance, resistance, reactance, capacitance, inductance per weight, per volume, and per diameter of citrus fruits will decrease if the frequency is increased. Citrus fruits, in general, are a weak electrical conductor, especially at low frequencies. However, when the frequency increased the ability of the electrical conductivity is relatively increased. Results in the second stage are used as the reference data to validate the model in the first stage. The third stage is the study of Garut citrus fruit quality based on physico-chemical
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Judul: Kajian kapasitansi listrik buah jeruk garut dan sifat fisiko kimianya
Abstrak: Garut citrus is the halimark and trademark of Garut regency and as a constituent component of local symbol Garut regency. Altough the benefits of changes a lot, but it can not be useful with good if not pay attention to the quality of citrus fruit itself. Assuring the quality of fruit can be obtained through postharvest handling. As it is we need a study of the characteristics thet lead to quality evaluation, that include the use of electrical Capacitance and physicochemical evaluation. Study of citrus properties base on electrical capacitance measurement have been doned using alternating current signal of law frequency. The electrical capacitance of citrus was investigated on frequency from 50 Hz to 1 MHz. The cell system was used acrilic and electrode plate conductor from Cuprum. The sample of citrus was put at inside of plate, as dielectric material. Hi LCR Tester Hioki 3532-50 was used to measure electrical capacitance of sample. This equipments was provided with the current source which its frequency earn variation. In addition, the study was conducted physico chemical measurements of citrus fruit. Parameters measured in this study is hardness, total dissolved solids, and acidity. Hardness measurement carried out to indicate the level of fruit maturity. Fruit maturity level is characterized by levels of total dissolved solids and acidity increased. This is different from the hardness. The more mature fruit, the smaller hardness. On the electrical properties, experiment result showed that spectrum of electrical capacitance of citrus was exponentially decreasing. Correlation between electrical capacitance at 1 MHz and total dissolved is positive. Correlation between electrical capacitance and acidicy shaw quadratic.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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