Judul: Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Patogen Penyebab Penyakit Busuk Lunak Sulur Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus) di Daerah Bogor, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Buah naga merupakan salah satu komoditas buah-buahan yang sedang dikembangkan saat ini di Indonesia. Prospek buah naga di pasar domestik cukup baik, akan tetapi produktivitasnya masih rendah atau bahkan mengalami penurunan. Penurunan produktivitas tersebut dapat disebabkan beberapa faktor di antaranya faktor lingkungan, cara budi daya, dan OPT (organisme pengganggu tanaman). OPT penting yang saat ini dominan menyerang tanaman buah naga adalah penyakit busuk lunak. Beberapa patogen penyebab busuk lunak diketahui menyerang sulur buah naga, oleh karena itu penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan isolat bakteri patogen penyebab penyakit busuk lunak pada sulur buah naga di daerah Bogor, serta mengetahui karakteristik isolat-isolat tersebut. Kegiatan yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji postulat Koch terhadap isolat-isolat bakteri yang berasosiasi dengan penyakit dan karakterisasi sifat-sifat morfologi koloni serta fisiologi dan biokimia patogen sesuai prosedur yang ditulis oleh Schaad et al. 2001. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Bakteriologi Tumbuhan, Departemen Proteksi Tanaman, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian diketahui bahwa patogen penyebab busuk lunak pada sulur buah naga di daerah Bogor memiliki karakter yang sesuai dengan genus Erwinia sp. dan Bacillus sp.
Keyword: buah naga, busuk lunak, Bacillus sp., Erwinia sp., karakterisasi, postulat Koch.

Judul: Insidensi Penyakit yang Disebabkan Cendawan pada Tanaman Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus) di Kecamatan Cijeruk dan Leuwiliang Kabupaten Bogor
Abstrak: Tanaman buah naga (Hylocereus sp.) merupakan komoditas hortikultura yang banyak ditanam di Indonesia seiring dengan permintaan pasar yang meningkat. Penyakit tanaman cukup penting dalam usaha tani tanaman buah naga dan sebagian besar disebabkan oleh cendawan. Suatu bentuk usaha pengendalian dapat dilakukan dengan mempelajari insidensi penyakit serta cendawan patogen yang menginfeksi tanaman buah naga merah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati insidensi penyakit dan identifikasi cendawan penyebab penyakit pada tanaman buah naga merah (H. polyrhizus) di sentra pertanaman buah naga Desa Tanjungsari, Kecamatan Cijeruk dan Desa Purasari, Kecamatan Leuwiliang, Kabupaten Bogor. Cendawan patogen pada tanaman buah naga merah di Kecamatan Cijeruk dan Kecamatan Leuwiliang adalah Fusarium sp. (1), Fusarium sp. (2), Gliocladium sp. (1), Gliocladium sp. (2), Colletotrichum sp., Neoscytalidium sp., Alternaria sp. dan empat isolat cendawan patogen belum teridentifikasi. Penyakit pada tanaman buah naga di Kecamatan Cijeruk dan Leuwiliang adalah kanker sulur (Alternaria sp., Neoscytalidium sp.), antraknosa (Colletotrichum sp.), busuk coklat (Fusarium sp.), nekrosis sulur, dan bercak buah. Kanker sulur, nekrosis sulur, dan antraknosa merupakan penyakit utama tanaman buah naga di Kecamatan Cijeruk dan Leuwiliang. Tingkat insidensi dan keparahan penyakit di kedua lahan dipengaruhi oleh pola tanam, pengendalian penyakit, keberadaan gulma, dan iklim mikro
Keyword: kanker sulur, keparahan penyakit, Neoscytalidium sp., patogen

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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