Judul: Relationship between Energy· Intensity and Income per Capita: A Comparative Study on Ten Asia Pasific Countries
Abstrak: Energy availability and consumption play an important and strategic role in generating economic growth. One common measurement used in analyzing energy-GOP relationship is energy intensity, which is the amourit of energy required to produce a unit of income (GDP). This research examines relationship between energy intensity and income per capita for ten Asia Pacific countries with various economic performances over the period of 1980-2005. Using static and dynamic panel data models, energy consumption and energy intensity arc expressed as quadratic logarithmic function of income per capita, squared income per capita, and energy price. As a result, the long run coefficient of income per capita is greater than one and the long run coefficient of squared income per capita is negative. It describes that energy intensity has quadratic relationship with income per capita, and indicating a change in trend of energy intensity. This research also analyzes responses of energy consumption and energy intensity to the change of energy price and income per capita in both the short run and long run. The price elasticity is negative and very inelastic; it means the response of energy consumption with respect to the change in energy price is relatively low. However, the estimation results are also show that the income elasticity is positive but tends to decrease over time. Here, the estimated value of income elasticity varies across countries where the high income countries have lower elasticities than those of the middle-low income countries.
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Judul: Dinamika Konsumsi dan Intensitas Energi di Indonesia
Abstrak: This study contributes to the existing literature by examining energy consumption, energy intensity and its determinants in Indonesia’s aggregate and sectoral economy (include industrial, transportation, commercial, residential/household and others). This study uses Index Ideal Fisher to decompose two key determinants of changes in energy intensity – efficiency improvements and changes in economic activity – to analyze which determinant is more important in driving improvements in energy intensity in the past thirty four years in Indonesia. Then time series econometrics analysis are also use to provide the details of the channel through which these economic variables affect the aggregate intensity. It is found that energy intensity rose gradually in Indonesia. The main contributing factor in the national level is the changes in economic activity while in the sectoral level is efficiency effect. Thus there is considerable scope to reduce energy intensity through efficiency improvement and the structural transformation of the Indonesia economy in the future. Energy intensity has a positive respons to the shock of population growth and energy impor, in contrast has a negative respons to the shock of rising per capita income and fuel price.
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Judul: Penggunaan kombinasi sulfadiazine-trimethoprim sebagai kemoterapi bordetella bronchiseptica pada anjing
Abstrak: Sulfadiazine-Trimethoprim merupakan kombinasi obat yang menghambat reaksi enzimatik pada dua tahap yang berurutan pada bakteri, sehingga kombinasi kedua obat memberikan efek sinergistik. Kombinasi obat ini efektif terhadap pengobatan infeksi bakteri Bordetella bronchiseptica pada anjing, karena bakteri ini sensitif terhadap kombinasi Sulfadiazine-Trimethoprim. Penularan penyakit respirasi pada anjing yang disebabkan oleh Bordetella bronchiseptica lewat udara secara cepat menular pada anjing lain. Morbiditasnya mencapai 50 persen. Penyakit ini sering dikenal dengan nama "Kennel Cough". Keberhasilan pengobatan terhadap infeksi bakteri Bordetella bronchiseptica pada saluran pernafasan anjing dengan menggunakan kombinasi Sulfadiazine-Trimethoprim dipengaruhi oleh cara aplikasi yang paling efektif dan dosis terapeutik. Pemberian dosis terapeutik 30 mg per kg berat badan per hari untuk selama 10 hari sampai 14 hari diharapkan dapat menyerang dan memusnahkan bakteri. Cara aplikasi yang paling efektif adalah secara parenteral.
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