Judul: Kinetika produksi biosurfaktan oleh Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332 pada sistem kultivasi dua fasa
Abstrak: Biosurfaktan mernpakan senyawa yang merniliki aktivitas permukaan, bersifat biodegradable, mempunyai tipe lebih bervariasi, non toksik dan dapal diaplikasikan secara luas pada berbagai industri. Tipe biosurfaktan rnikrobial bervariasi tergantung rnikroorganisme penghasilnya. Diantara banyak biosurfaktan, lipopetida mernpakan senyawa yang penting karena merniliki aktivitas permukaan yang tinggi, rnisalnya smfaktin yaitu senyawa lipopeptida yang diproduksi oleh Bacillus subtilis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kinetika produksi biosurfaktan pada sistem kultivasi dua fasa menggunakan Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332. Penelitian diawali dengan penentuan waktu transfer inokulum Bacillus subtilis ATCC 21332 dari propagasi ke produksi dan penentuan perbandingan konsentrasi polimer terbaik. Se! ditumbuhkan pada labu erlemeyer 250 ml pada suhu 30°C, pH awal 7 dan kecepatan agitasi 200 rpm dalam media garam mineral. Setelah diketahui waktu transfer yang tepat yaitu nilai kekernhannya (OD), nilai ini dijadikan sebagai acuan setiap kultivasi. Penentuan konsentrasi polimer dilakukan pada suhu, pH, kecepatan agitasi dan media yang sama dengan tahapan propagasi dengan memperbandingkan tiga konsentrasi polimer dekstran: PEG yaitu (2 :10,9 )%, (5: 9,7) % dan (8,1 : 8,1) %. dst ...
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Judul: Karakterisasi Gugus Fungsi dan Aplikasi Biosurfaktan Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659 dengan Media Limbah Tahu
Abstrak: Biosurfaktan merupakan metabolit sekunder yang diproduksi oleh Bacillus subtilis. Biosurfaktan memiliki kemampuan emulsifikasi dan menurunkan tegangan permukaan. Biosurfaktan yang diproduksi oleh B.subtilis adalah lipopeptida. Oleh karena itu, biosurfaktan dapat digunakan pada microbial enhaced oil recovery (MEOR). Pada penelitian ini, biosurfaktan dari B.subtilis ATCC 19659 dikarakterisasi. Produksi biosurfaktan menggunakan Nutrient Broth (NB) dan limbah cair tahu. Penentuan struktur dan kandungan senyawa dilakukan dengan spektroskopi FTIR dan GC-MS. Analisis FTIR menunjukkan biosurfaktan memiliki gugus fungsi O-H, CH3, C=O, dan N=O. Hasil analisis GC-MS menemukan senyawa yang berperan sebagai pengemulsi yaitu 1-oktadekanol dari media limbah cair tahu dan asam oktadekenoat dari media NB. Berdasar uji aplikasi biosurfaktan mengeluarkan minyak mentah dari pasir, biosurfaktan dari media NB dapat mengeluarkan 2 mL, sedangkan biosurfaktan dari media limbah cair tahu dapat mengeluarkan 3.67 mL.
Keyword: Bacillus subtilis, biosurfaktan, FTIR, GC-MS, uji aplikasi

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite