Judul: Rekayasa Proses dan Alat Pemisah Minyak Nilam dan Air Distilat
Abstrak: Industri penyulingan minyak nilam di Indonesia yang pada umumnya adalah industri kecil menengah (IKM) yang dilakukan oleh rakyat memiliki masalah pada pemisahan minyak nilam dan air distilat di separator. Mereka memisahkan minyak nilam dan air distilat dengan alat pemisah (separator) yang konvensional yaitu dengan menggunakan tiga drum berukuran kecil berdiamater sekitar 35 cm yang disusun secara seri dan dengan cara yang tidak praktis yaitu dengan cara diciduk serta kondisi suhu yang tidak terkontrol. Kehilangan (loss) minyak yang terjadi mencapai 4.3%. Jumlah ini sangat signifikan terhadap kerugian yang ditimbulkan pada skala industri terutama pada volume yang besar dan waktu yang lama.
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Judul: Analisis Kinerja Prototipe Separator Penyulingan Minyak Nilam
Abstrak: Patchouli oil is an Indonesian important essential oil with the biggest total production compared to similar commodities. Indonesia is a major producer of patchouli oil in the world with almost 90% market share. The total production of Indonesian patchouli oil in 2006 reached 2.832.413 kg or the equivalent of U.S. $ 43,984,079. Until now, most of patchouli oil is still produced in small-scale distillation with a simple technology, corrosive materials, and low efficiency. Separator is a part of distillation equipment that has not undergone many improvements. Therefore, research needs to be done on a separator considering the patchouli oil including an oil that tend to be more difficult to separate from water so there was big loss potential on separator. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the performance of separator of IKM (Small Medium Industry) and then compare it with the performance of the prototype separator that has been developed. Observed factors are the distillate temperature and the flow rate with oil loss as a response. The range of distillate temperatures and distillate flow rate in this IKM, respectively 38,5-60 oC and 1,28-2,72 liters/minute. The range of oil loss that occurs is 2,11 % - 4,35 % with an average value 3.13%. The result of Patchouli Alcohol (PA) Levels Test for waste oil (loss) with alcoholmeter indicates a PA level is bigger than 34%. Waste oil density is 0.992 g/ml. At higher distillate temperatures there is a decreasing trend of oil loss while at the bigger distillate flow rate there was a greater tendency to increase oil loss. Prototype separator was designed based on the distillate flow rate and distillate temperature at the separator of IKM performance test. This separator has an inner cylinder to help the oil separation process. The top of the separator is made of glass to make it easier to monitor the amount of oil. The tip of the glass made narrowed to minimize surface contact between water and oil so facilitate the collecting process of oil. The oil removed from the separator through a pipe with faucet at the end. Separator prototype made of stainless steel. Prototype separator has a very good performance. In the separator prototype performance test, the range of oil loss is 0.09 % - 0.24 % with an average value 0.16%. The waste water from separator prototype more clearly than the waste water from separator of IKM. Separator prototype no longer need additional tool such as foam and big spoon in collecting oil.
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Judul: Studies on growth spurt and aging in higher primates
Abstrak: single measurement that best defines the health and nutritional status of children, just as it provides an indirect measurement of the quality of life of an entire population. The pattern of human growth reflects the biocultural evolution of our species. The human pattern of growth and development (ontogeny) appears to differ markedly from patterns of ontogeny in other primate species. Three studies are reported here which deal to the growth and development of human and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). These three studies allow us to contrast the phenomena of adolescence growth spurt and female elderly bone loss in chimpanzee and human as chimpanzee is the closest species to humans within extant nonhuman primates. In the first, a cross-sectional study of growth of the body size and somatotype of 363 Javanese girls and 299 Javanese boys aged 4 to 20 years from Magelang Regency, Indonesia was described. In the second, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee second metacarpal bone linear dimensions from individuals aged 0 to 43.6 years were used for comparison. While in the third, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in the growth of chimpanzee body size (body mass and anterior trunk length) and second metacarpal bone mineral content were derived. In measuring the second metacarpal dimensions and mineral content, a total of 568 radiographs of chimpanzee's proximodistal left hands were used. They were taken from 68 females and 49 males aged 0 to 43.62 years old. We applied an image analysis system, Scion Image Release Alpha 4.0.3.2 software for Windows to measure bone linear dimensions and bone mineral content. Humans present complex and sinuous growth curves for both body weight and height. A clear growth spurt could be demonstrated by cross-sectional analysis in our girl subjects at around aged 11.5 years and in our boy subjects at around aged 12.5 years. In longitudinal series, not in cross-sectional, several representative chimpanzees of both sexes showed a pre-adult growth spurt on the body sizes, bone dimensions and bone mineral content. They ranged at age 4.5 to 8.5 years. This underscore the fact that adolescent growth spurt in linear dimension was not a universal feature of anthropoid primate ontogeny. Bone loss is a well established characteristic of human female aging. Based on crosssectional analyses the sequential decline of bone mass in female chimpanzee may be said to be genuine. On the other hand, we found in adulthood through elderly, male chimpanzees show a longer plateau than female chimpanzee, that is, bone mineral content is maintained in male.
Keyword: Javanese children, growth spurt, chimpanzee, second metacarpal bone, bone loss, Higher Primates