Judul: The expect reproduction at woman in Bandung Regency West Java Province
Abstrak: Wanita menurut kodratnya memiliki kemampuan untuk hamil. Kehamilan bisa terjadi apabila wanita memiliki ovum yang dibuahi oleh sperma. Dalam masa kehidupannya seorang wanita memiliki waktu yang terbatas untuk melakukan reproduksi. Kehamilan wanita hanya terjadi di dalam masa jangka reproduksinya. Jangka reproduksi seorang wanita didapatkan dari usia menopausenya dikurangi dengan usia menarkenya. Jangka reproduksi yang tersedia pada kehidupan seorang wanita memiliki perbedaan dengan wanita yang lain. Wanita di dalam jangka reproduksi ovariumnya mampu menghasilkan ovum, sehingga ovulasi hanya terjadi di dalam jangka reproduksinya
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Judul: Usia subur reproduksi perempuan di Kecamatan Pamijahan, Kabupaten Bogor
Abstrak: Woman has limited ability to reproduce. Reproductive span of woman starts from menarche and ends at menopause. The objective of this research was to know the women’s reproductive span in Kecamatan Pamijahan, Bogor. The average age at menopause of women without family planning in Kecamatan Pamijahan was 45.0 years with the average age at menarche was 13.5 years, while the average age at menopause of women with hormonal contraceptive was 44.8 years with the average age menarche 13.3 years, so that average reproductive span of both subsamples was 31.5 years. Reproductive span of woman in rural area of Kecamatan Pamijahan was shorter than reproductive span of woman in urban areas. Women who live in urban areas have a good nutritional status than women living in rural areas
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Judul: Evaluation of Natural Chitosan as a Silage Additive: A Metabolomic-Metagenomic Approach
Abstrak: Ruminant livestock methane emissions contribute significantly to agriculture's massive environmental burden. Current animal nutrition research has focused on its ability to modify rumen fermentation in order to reduce methane emissions. Chitosan is a linear polysaccharide made up of two repeating units, Dglucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, joined together by β-(1→4)-linkages made up of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) units. On the other hands, silage is a type of fodder preservation technology. Non-optimal ensilage can lower DM content and cause mold to emerge on silage produced. Chitosan added to silage reduced methane generation, improved nutritional and fermentative quality, and reduced yeast and mold on silage product. Pre-research examined the influence of commercial chitosan and crab shells, a source of chitin, on in vitro rumen fermentation properties. RJ4 (treatment with 1% commercial chitosan) reduces gas production, while RJ2-RJ3 (20-30% swimming crabs shell of DM) also reduces gas production and in vitro organic matter digestibility. Despite the fact that crab shells can reduce gas production, they are less effective than commercial chitosan. This implies that the crab shells should be further processed into chitosan to increase their value and efficacy as rumen modifiers. The first stage focuses on how to obtain the best chitosan product from various methods and sources. Crab shells and wooden grasshoppers were used as chitosan source species, while conventional and green chemistry extraction methods were used as chitosan extraction variations. Green chemistry extraction using crab shells as a source of chitosan produces more chitosan with higher yield, DD, and solubility. The Gram-positive bacteria Clostridium acetobutylicum and the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli were used to evaluate this. At a concentration of 2,000 ppm, the green chemistry extraction method (M2) using crab shell (P1) as the source considerably decreased the growth of Clostridium acetobutylicum (P<0.05). The second stage, chitosan which is gets from the first stage was applied on TMR silage and evaluated this physical, chemical and microbiological quality, in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and in sacco degradability. The level of chitosan consists of SA (TMR silage with distilled water control, 0% chitosan), SB (TMR silage with 1% acetic acid control, 0% chitosan), SC (TMR silage with 0.5% chitosan in 1% acetic acid), SD (TMR silage with 1% chitosan in 1% acetic acid) and SE (TMR silage with 1.5% chitosan in 1% acetic acid). Chitosan at a dosage of 1–1.5% (SD and SE treatments) improves the nutritional (lowering ether extract, increasing protein content, tends reducing weight loss and maintain the optimal pH for ensilage) and microbiological properties (increase LAB count as well as tend to reduce Clostridium population) of TMR silage without impairing its physical state. The addition of 1-1.5% chitosan (SD and SE treatments) has been shown to decrease total gas production, total protozoa, average methane production, acetateproportion and the acetate/propionate ratio, increasing propionate proportion. The degradation of dry matter was reduced by the inclusion of chitosan (SE treatment) whereas the degradation of organic matter and crude protein was enhanced which is evaluated by in sacco analysis The third stage discusses the metabolome profile in silage and rumen fluid samples, as well as microbiome dynamics in rumen
Keyword: TMR silages, chitosan, rumen modifier, metabolome, metagenome