Judul: Identification and Resistance of Enterococcus sp. Isolated from Sugar Glider (Petaurus breviceps) to Antibiotics
Abstrak: Sugar glider merupakan mamalia eksotik yang popular dipelihara belakangan ini. Tingginya frekuensi kontak secara langsung antar sugar glider dan manusia menjadi sumber penularan infeksi bakteri. Salah satu bakteri pada pencernaan sugar glider yang berpotensi sebagai patogen dan memiliki kemampuan multi-resistan adalah Enterococcus sp. Uji kepekaan bakteri terhadap antibiotik dapat menjadi informasi baru perkembangan sifat resistan bakteri dan dugaan pencemaran resistansi bakteri pada lingkungan dan pakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi keberadaan Enterococcus sp. pada sugar glider dan resistansinya terhadap antibiotik. Identifikasi koloni bakteri dari 10 sampel feses sugar glider secara makroskopis, mikroskopis, dan uji biokimia. Uji resistansi antibiotik menggunakan metode difusi cakram menurut Kirby Bauer dengan 7 antibiotik yang diuji. Koloni bakteri teridentifikasi sebagai 13 isolat Enterococcus sp., terdiri atas 8 isolat Enterococcus faecalis dan 5 isolat Enterococcus faecium. Enterococcus faecalis dan Enterococcus faecium resistan pada antibiotik asam nalidiksat, gentamisin, sefotaksim, trimetoprim-sulfametoksazol; intermediet pada eritromisin; sensitif pada oksitetrasiklin dan doksisiklin.
Keyword: antibiotik, enterococcus sp., resistansi, sugar glider

Judul: Identification and Resistance Test of Enterococcus sp. from Sumatran Orang Utan (Pongo abelii) towards Some Antibiotics
Abstrak: Orang utan sumatra (Pongo abelii) merupakan primata endemik Indonesia yang populasinya terancam punah. Penurunan populasi ini dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri. Salah satu bakteri penyebab infeksi yaitu Enterococcus sp. yang memiliki kemampuan multi-resistan. Resistansi bakteri dapat menjadi ancaman sehingga perlu perhatian lebih. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan menguji resistansi bakteri Enterococcus sp. pada orang utan sumatra liar di Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser. Penelitian diawali dengan melakukan identifikasi bakteri dan menguji resistansinya terhadap 7 antibiotik menggunakan metode Difusi Cakram Kirby-Bauer. Data dianalisis dengan standar diameter zona hambat dari Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2023. Hasil identifikasi dari 8 sampel feses ditemukan 6 sampel positif Enterococcus sp. dengan total 9 isolat, yaitu 6 isolat Enterococcus faecalis dan 3 isolat Enterococcus faecium. Hasil uji resistansi menunjukkan semua isolat Enterococcus faecalis resistan terhadap seftazidim, sefotaksim, streptomisin, serta seluruhnya intermediet terhadap eritomisin. Semua isolat Enterococcus faecium resistan terhadap seftazidim, sefotaksim, serta 2 isolat intermediet terhadap streptomisin. Enterococcus faecalis dan Enterococcus faecium adalah mikroba normal saluran gastrointestinal orang utan sumatra. Antibiotik golongan sefalosporin tidak efektif melawan Enterococcus sp. karena secara alami resistan terhadap sefalosporin. Resistansi pada orang utan liar dapat terjadi karena adanya resistansi intrinsik, lingkungan yang terkontaminasi, dan kontak antar hewan.
Keyword: Antibiotics, enterococcus sp., Antibiotic-resistant, Identification, orang utan, Pongo abelii

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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