Judul: Case Study of Horses Producing Antisera: Macroscopic Examination and Biochemical Testing of Urine
Abstrak: Studi kasus ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan gambaran makroskopis urine kuda penghasil antisera serta mengetahui komposisi biokimiawi urine menggunakan dipstick. Sampel urine diperoleh melalui metode free catch dari 6 ekor kuda produksi anti bisa ular serum, 2 ekor kuda produksi anti tetanus serum, 1 ekor kuda produksi anti difteri serum, dan 3 ekor kuda kontrol. Pemeriksaan makroskopis dilakukan dengan melihat warna dan bau urine. Pemeriksaan biokimiawi urine dilakukan terhadap 10 parameter yaitu leukosit, nitrit, urobilinogen, protein, darah (eritrosit), pH, berat jenis, keton, bilirubin, dan glukosa. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan 1 ekor kuda yang memproduksi anti bisa ular serum memiliki warna urine kecoklatan dan bau amonia yang menyengat. Parameter biokimiawi urine yang berubah adalah leukosit, protein, darah, bilirubin, dan glukosa. Imunogen bisa ular, tetanus, dan difteri yang disuntikkan pada kuda penghasil antisera menyebabkan perubahan komposisi biokimiawi urine. Penyuntikan dengan imunogen bisa ular mengakibatkan perubahan parameter yang paling banyak dibandingkan dengan imunogen toksoid tetanus dan toksoid difteri., This case study was aimed to describe the macroscopic appearance of antisera-producing horse urine and determine the biochemical composition of urine using a dipstick. Urine samples were obtained using the free catch method from 6 horses producing anti-snake venom serum, 2 horses producing anti-tetanus serum, 1 horse producing anti-diphtheria serum, and 3 control horses. Macroscopic examination was carried out by observing the color and odor of urine. Urine biochemical examination was carried out on 10 parameters, namely leukocytes, nitrites, urobilinogen, protein, blood (erythrocyte), pH, specific gravity, ketones, bilirubin, and glucose. Test results showed that 1 horse that produced anti-snake venom serum had brownish urine and a strong smell of ammonia. The immunogens of snake venom, tetanus, and diphtheria injected into antisera-producing horses cause changes in the biochemical composition of urine. The biochemical parameters of urine that change are leukocytes, protein, blood, bilirubin and glucose. Injection with snake venom immunogen resulted in the most changes in parameters compared to tetanus toxoid immunogen and diphtheria toxoid immunogen.
Keyword: antisera, immunogen, horse, hyperimmune, urine

Judul: Case Study of Hyperimmune Horse Antisera Production: Skin Histopathology of Immunogen Injection Area
Abstrak: Kuda merupakan spesies hewan yang penting dalam dunia medis. Kuda yang mengalami perlakuan hiperimunisasi terhadap imunogen tertentu untuk menginduksi serum antibodi disebut sebagai kuda hiperimun. Studi kasus ini bertujuan mengetahui kondisi makroskopis dan histopatologi kulit area penyuntikan imunogen pada kuda hiperimun produksi antisera. Kuda sehat dan kuda hiperimun produksi antisera diamati pada area penyuntikan imunogen. Selanjutnya, diambil sampel kulit area penyuntikan imunogen yang mengalami perubahan dan kuda sehat sebagai pembanding. Preparat histopatologi dibuat menggunakan sampel kulit tersebut dan diwarnai dengan hematoksilin-eosin. Hasil pengamatan makroskopis 12 kuda yang terdiri atas 9 kuda hiperimun menunjukkan 5 kuda mengalami alopesia rambut, pembengkakan, dan penebalan kulit area penyuntikan imunogen, sedangkan pada 4 ekor lainnya tidak ditemukan adanya perubahan. Hasil pengamatan histopatologi yaitu hiperplasia epitel folikel rambut, hiperplasia dan hipertrofi kelenjar sebaceous, edema, vaskulitis, penipisan keratin stratum corneum, dan abses kronis dengan sel radang limfosit, makrofag, sel plasma, serta neutrofil disekitarnya., Horses are one of the important animals in the medical world. Horses that undergo hyperimmunisation treatment against certain immunogens to induce serum antibodies are referred to as hyperimmune horses. This case study aims to determine the macroscopic and histopathological conditions of the skin of the immunogen injection area in antisera production hyperimmune horses. Healthy horses and antisera-producing hyperimmune horses were observed at the immunogen injection area. Subsequently, skin samples of the immunogen injection area that underwent changes and healthy horses were taken for comparison. Histopathological preparations were made using these skin samples and stained with haematoxylin- eosin. The results of macroscopic observations of 12 horses consisting of 9 hyperimmune horses showed that 5 horses experienced changes in the form of hair alopecia, swelling, and thickening of the skin of the immunogen injection area, while in the other 4 horses no changes were found. The results of histopathological observations were hair follicle epithelial hyperplasia, hyperplasia and hypertrophy of sebaceous glands, edema, vasculitis, thinning of the keratin stratum corneum, and chronic abscesses with inflammatory cells of lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells, and neutrophils around them.
Keyword: histopatologi, kuda hiperimun, kulit

Judul: Penyelesaian Stacker Crane Problem dengan Algoritme Largearcs dan Smallarcs
Abstrak: In graph theory, the Rural Postman Problem (RPP) aims to determine the shortest route with minimum cost, in which only certain edges or arcs are necessarily traversed. One type of RPP is Stacker Crane Problem (SCP) which deals with a mixed graph but only arcs are necessarily traversed. SCP can be solved by using two heuristic algorithms, i.e. Largearcs and Smallarcs algorithms, which include other algorithms in their steps, such as: Dijkstra algorithm to determine shortest route, Hungaria method to determine minimum bipartite matching, Prim algorithm to determine minimum spanning tree, and van Aardenne-Ehrenfest & de-Bruijn algorithm and Fleury algorithm to determine Euler circuits. The shortest Euler circuit resulted from two heuristic algorithms can be used to find a solution of SCP. The application of SCP is illustrated in establishing the minimum distance route of catering delivery.
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