Judul: Status Keberlanjutan Wilayah Peternakan Sapi Potong di Kabupaten Bondowoso untuk Pengembangan Kawasan Agropolitan
Abstrak: Bondowoso Regency is a potential area for development agropolitan based beef cattle farms. Before the development of a region-based beef cattle Agropolitan necessary to the determination of the status of the area of sustainability. This study aim to analyze the status of the sustainability index and the Bondowoso Regency area of the five dimensions of sustainability for development agropolitan. Determination of the status of sustainability analysis using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) with Rapid Appraisal approach Agropolitan Beef Cattle (Rap-AGROSAPOT) and the results are expressed in terms of sustainability indexes and status. Sensitive attributes affect the sustainability index and the effect of the error is determined based on the analysis Leverage and Monte Carlo test. Determination of key sustainability factors obtained by prospective analysis. Sustainability analysis results showed that the ecological dimension (41.61%) and infrastructure-technology (47.05%) less sustainable status, the economic dimension (57.73%) and socio-cultural (58.05%) as well as the status of sustainable enough legal-institutional dimension (75.46%) good status . 70 attributes that were analyzed, 24 sensitive attributes need to be repaired because of an effect on increasing the sustainability index value. Results of a prospective analysis produced five key factors of sustainability areas, among others: availability of facilities and infrastructure agribusiness farm; livestock rearing systems; availability of agro-livestock market; availability of feed industry, and cooperative cattle. The key factors to be corrected in order to be developed into a viable regency agropolitan-based beef cattle farms.
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Judul: Model of sustainable agropolitan region development based on animal husbandry at Situbondo
Abstrak: Rural development for Situbondo Region which based on agriculture and animal husbandry is Agropolitan Region based on animal husbandry. The purposes of this research were (1) to identify the potency, development level, and sustainability of The Situbondo Region. 2) to develop a model of sustainable agropolitan region based on animal husbandry; and 3) to formulate policy direction and strategy of agropolitan development. Research conducted at some areas of the ranch based in Situbondo, namely: Asembagus, Jangkar, Arjasa, Kapongan, and Mangaran. Types of data analysis applied in this study were location quotient (LQ) analysis, analysis of superior and leading commodity, the analysis of farming, analysis of area typology, principle component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, scalogram analysis, and analysis of centrality, multidimensional scaling (MDS), prospective analysis, and dynamic system analysis. The results showed that Situbondo Region had some bases commodities on farm such as: beef cattle, sheep, goats, and ducks. Cattle production (fattening) as a leading commodity gives highest profit for farmer (Rp 4 250 000,-/head/year). Situbondo Region also constitutes Pre-Agropolitan II category; including 4 villages at advanced level, 17 villages at medium level and 21 villages at low level of growth development. From the sustainability analysis which analysed 73 attributes only 24 attributes are sensitive to the value of sustainability index based on farms area. Considering status of eco-dimensional (46.50%), technology of infrastructure (45.48%), and institutional (47.46%) showed the status of less sustainable, whereas the economic dimensions (69.53%) and socio-cultural (55.14%) showed quite sustainable condition. Focussed on repairing these sensitive attributes that affected sustainability, it can improves the sustainability status for future scenarios. With dynamic system analysis, we can find out that up to 2025, the population patterns tends to grow positively and exponentially, while agropolitan productions and farming profits have the same patterns until at one point, will moves to an equilibrium point (stable conditions) because of the “limit to growth” processes (archetype). Therefore, optimistic scenarios with great intervention on one or more affected variables need to apply to increase the model performance. Finally, Situbondo development policies should based on The County Farm by forming Village Growth Center and hinterland completed with facilities and infrastructures, actuation commodity diversification and home industries breeders, improvement production through extensification and intensification, fostering economic and social institutions, entwining partnership between stakeholders, and capability improvement of human resources especially for the breeders.
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Judul: Reduksi artemisin dengan NaBH4 daan metilasi produk dengan diazometana
Abstrak: Malaria, paludisme, demam intermitens, panas dingin, demam Roma, demam Chagres, demam rawa, demam tropik, demam pantai, dan "ague" adalah istilah untuk penyakit mematikan yang membayangi setiap manusia di bumi ini. Data WHO menunjukkan bahwa ± 270 juta manusia setiap tahunnya menderita penyakit ini dan diperkirakan 2 sampai 3 juta orang meninggal. Ada dua cara yang biasa ditempuh untuk menanggulangi penyakit malaria. Pertama dengan membunuh vektornya, misalnya penyemprotan DDT, dan kedua, membunuh parasitnya dengan obat-obat antimalaria, seperti artemisinin. Artemisinin mudah sekali terurai dalam darah dan memiliki aktivitas oral yang rendah. Aplikasi klinis artemisinin sangat sulit karena kelarutannya yang rendah dalam pelarut air dan minyak. Jika artemisinin direduksi dengan reduktor lembut NaBH4, gugus karbonil pada Cio berubah menjadi gugus hidroksil. Metilasi gugus hidroksil akan menghasilkan turunan eter (artemeter) yang memiliki aktivitas lebih tinggi dari artemisinin. Sintesis eter melalui metilasi hidroksil dengan boron trifluorida menghasilkan 32 derivat eter, yang didalamnya terdapat epimer artemeter sebagai produk minor. Metilasi yang lebih kuantitatif dan selektif dapat dicapai dengan diazometana. Metilasi dengan diazometana tidak menghasilkan produk samping yang banyak. Molekul target (artemeter) yang dihasilkan dapat merupakan produk mayor. Hidroborasi artemisinin menghasilkan kristal 2 yang diidentifikasi sebagai dihidroartemisinin (t.1. 151- 153°C). TLC-nya terdiri dari 1 noda bulat dengan Rf 0.24. Spektrum GC pada GC-MS menunjukkan dihidroartemisinin sintesis (tr 17.421 menit) masih terkotori oleh artemisinin sisa (tr 15.771 menit). Pola fragmentasi artemisinin sisa, mirip dengan pola fragmentasi artemisinin standar. Tingkat kemurnian kristal yang didapat ialah 90%. Diazotisasi dengan waktu kontak 1 jam, 8 jam, dan 18 jam tidak mengubah dihidroartemisinin menjadi molekul target. Sedangkan waktu kontak 36 jam akan mengubah dihidroartemisinin menjadi senyawa 8. Senyawa ini terdiri dari dihidroartemisinin sisa (Rf 0.26), senyawa target (Rf 0.78), dan senyawa dengan konsentrasi terbesar, hasil reaksi pesaing, artemisinin (Rf 0.85).
Keyword: reduction