Judul: Efek S(+)-Carvone dari Jintan (Carum carvi L.) terhadap Memori  Pembelajaran Spasial dan Neurogenesis pada Hipokampus Mencit
Abstrak: Hipokampus merupakan bagian yang berperan dalam proses belajar dan memori spasial yang juga merupakan lokasi dari proses neurogenesis dewasa. Salah satu senyawa aktif yang berpotensi dalam neurogenesis adalah S(+)-Carvone dari Jintan. S(+)-Carvone sebagai komponen utama dari minyak atsiri yang diekstrak dari biji jintan memiliki kemampuan sebagai neuroprotektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh senyawa S(+)-Carvone pada Jintan (Carum carvi L.) terhadap kinerja memori spasial dan neurogenesis pada hipokampus. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 9 ekor mencit yang terbagi ke dalam tiga kelompok. Kelompok P25 diberikan ekstrak S(+)-Carvone 25 mg/kg BB, kelompok P50 diberikan ekstrak S(+)-Carvone 50 mg/kg BB, dan kontrol diberikan dengan 0,05% Tween 80 dan 0,9% saline (1/1,v/v) sebagai pelarut secara oral selama 30 hari. Uji Y-maze dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja memori pembelajaran spasial. Mencit dibedah dan diambil otaknya kemudian diwarnai dengan Hematoksilin-Eosin (HE) untuk mengamati Neural Progenitor Cell (NPC), Granular Cell (GC), dan sel apoptosis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan densitas sel NPC dan granular yang tidak signifikan dan menurunkan persentase densitas sel apoptosis secara signifikan pada dua dosis di wilayah dentate gyrus (DG) hipokampus. Pemberian S(+)-Carvone tidak meningkat secara signifikan dalam kinerja memori spasial., The hippocampus is a part that plays a role in the learning process and spatial memory which is also the location of the adult neurogenesis process. One of the active compounds that has the potential in neurogenesis is S(+)-Carvone from Jintan. S(+)-Carvone as the main component of essential oil extracted from caraway seeds has neuroprotective properties. This study aims to examine the effect of the compound S(+)-Carvone in caraway (Carum carvi L.) on the performance of spatial memory and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The study was conducted on 9 mice which were divided into three groups. Group P25 was given extract S(+)-Carvone 25 mg / kg BW, group P50 was given extract S(+)-Carvone 50 mg / kg BW, and control was given with 0.05% Tween 80 and 0.9% saline (1 / 1, v / v) as solvent orally for 30 days. The Y-maze test was conducted to evaluate the performance of spatial learning memory. The mice were dissected and their brains were taken and then stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) to observe Neural Progenitor Cell (NPC), Granular Cell (GC), and apoptotic cells. The results showed an insignificant increase in NPC and granular cell density and decreased the percentage of apoptotic cell density significantly at two doses in theregion dentate gyrus (DG) hippocampal. Administration of S(+)-Carvone did not significantly improve spatial memory performance.
Keyword: caraway, hippocampus, neurogenesis, spatial memory, S(+)-carvone

Judul: Efek Zat Aktif (S)-(-)-Limonene terhadap Kinerja Memori Spasial dan Neurogenesis dalam Hipokampus
Abstrak: Hipokampus merupakan wilayah otak yang paling aktif mengalami neurogenesis saat dewasa. Neurogenesis berdampak secara langsung pada kinerja memori. Neurogenesis dapat dipengaruhi oleh pemberian senyawa aktif. (S)-(-)- Limonene bisa ditemukan pada minyak esensial kulit jeruk dan sudah sangat umum digunakan dalam produk pangan dan aromaterapi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efek (S)-(-)-Limonene terhadap kinerja memori spasial dan neurogenesis pada dentate gyrus dalam hipokampus. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 2 kelompok mencit (Mus musculus) jantan galur DDY, yaitu kelompok kontrol dan kelompok yang diberi (S)-(-)-Limonene dengan dosis 0.025 mg/KgBB selama 30 hari dengan sonde lambung. Setelah pemberian perlakuan memori spasial dianalisis menggunakan Y maze Alteration Test. Analisis neurogenesis di dentate gyrus (DG) hipokampus dilakukan dengan mengamati preparat histologi otak yang diwarnai dengan Hematoksilin-eosin (HE). Hasilpengamatan menunjukkan pemberian senyawa aktif (S)-(-)-Limonene tidak berdampak signifikan terhadap memori spasial. Namun densitas sel di DG terpengaruh signifikan, In maturity, the hippocampus is the most active brain area undergoing neurogenesis. Memory performance is directly affected by neurogenesis. The administration of active substances can have an effect on neurogenesis. Orange peel essential oil contains (S)-(-)-Limonene, which is widely used in food and aromatherapy. The purpose of this study was to look at the influence of (S)-(-)- Limonene on spatial memory performance and neurogenesis in the hippocampus's dentate gyrus. The male mice (Mus musculus) DDY strain were divided into two groups for this study: the control group and the group that received (S)-(-)- Limonene at a dosage of 0.025 mg/KgBW for 30 days through a stomach probe. Following therapy, spatial memory was assessed using the Y-maze Alteration Test. An examination of hippocampal neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) was performed by observing brain histology preparations stained with Hematoxylin-eosin (HE). The results showed that the administration of the active compound (S)-(-)-Limonene had no significant impact on spatial memory. However, the cell density in DG is significantly impacted.
Keyword: (S)-(-)-Limonene, dentate gyrus, neurogenesis, spatial memory, Y-arm maze

Judul: Analysis of Unequal Income Distribution with Cobb-Douglas Production Function
Abstrak: This paper studies the economic growth model by Moav (2002). Moav model shows the existence of unequal income distribution between low-income with high-income community. That kind of unequal income distribution is caused by uneven distribution of income. On this Moav model, there is one area called the threshold. Threshold becomes a benchmark to determining whether a society is categorized into low- or high- income community. The production function used in this paper is the Cobb-Douglas function. The dynamics of this model is described as difference equation of low-income, threshold, and high-income community. Simulation study on the model is carried out using Maple 13 and Mathematica 7.0 software. Overall, from the observed case, high-income community will reach a stable condition earlier, followed by the threshold, and then the low-income community.
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