Judul: Composting of water treatment sludge with agricultural waste
Abstrak: Water treatment sludge (WTS) contains organic and inorganic solids including algae, pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, sand, clay, and sediment of chemicals that were formed during processing. The main concerns of direct disposal of WTS is the potential toxicity of iron and aluminum from alum and ferric chloride as the primary coagulant used, and also heavy metals content such as Pb, and Zn. Organic and inorganic materials, especially metals contained in sludge are generally labile / unstable which is a concern when exposed to the water bodies or soil. The purposes of this study were (1) to apply composting techniques to WTS as an alternative of sludge handling and to minimize negative impacts on the environment, (2) to analyze the influence of composting process on the quality of sludge in the form of compost material produced, (3) to analyze the quality of the produced compost based on national compost standard of SNI 19-7030- 2004. The composting process used three different WTS from three different water treatment plants. Natural static pile composting method that carried out for 60 days was used in this study. Temperature changes of compost piles which were monitored daily showed that the compost pile undergoing a process of well degradation by microorganisms. This degradation process was stabilizing the concentration of macro and micro elements including heavy metals in the compost pile. Those were shown by the increase and stabilization of macro elements such as C, N, K, and P. The results also showed that composting process can be used to decrease the concentration of metal such as Fe, Al, and Pb. The composting process worked well and produced composts which comply with the compost quality standard. Based on the results obtained, the produced compost can be justified to contain nutrient which is applicable as soil conditioner.
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Judul: Analisis Up Take Kandungan Logam Berat dari Kompos Lumpur Water Treatment Plant oleh Tanaman.
Abstrak: Utilization of sludge processing results are very minimal and less noticed by many among the industry. This research aims to identify the feasibility of compost of sludge processing drinking water as a medium for planting, identifying the presence of heavy metals content in the compost that is absorbed in plants, and degrades the contents of heavy metals in sludge by means of fitoremediasi. The method used is the utilization of compost as a medium for planting without WTP mixed soil. On testing using three kinds of different compost WTP. Compost 1 comes from WTP PT. Krakatau Tirta Industry, Cilegon, West Java. Compost 2 comes from WTP PDAM Tirta Pakuan Bogor, West Java. Compost 3 comes from WTP PDAM Tirta Kahuripan Cibinong, West Java. On the third having a lush growth of vegetation and experience the process of degradation the heavy metals. The results of the three trials heavy metal content in plants after harvest showed values above the threshold limit of SNI 7387 in 2009 about The Limit of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food. Composting plant using WTP is not safe for consumption. Degradation of heavy metals in the form of mud at the WTP to harvest heavy metals impaired. This demonstrates the feasibility of the utilization of WTP sludge by composting and application of the growing media. Compost WTP can fertilize the plants, but not for food crops.
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Judul: Anatomi otot-otot ekspresi wajah monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis)
Abstrak: Hewan primata banyak digunakan untuk penelitian biomedis karena memiliki kemiripan anatomi dengan manusia. Evolusi dari otot wajah mamalia yang berhubungan dengan ekspresi wajah dan komunikasi visual terutama pada hewan pimata dalam hal ini otot-otot daerah kelopak mata serta mulut memegang peranan penting (Bennet et al., 1995). Monyet ekor panjang (Macaca fascicularis) adalah slah satu jenis hewan primata di antara 5 hewan primata yang paling banyak digunakan untuk penelitian biomedis (Anonimus, 2000; Anonimus, 2002). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari morfologi otot-otot ekspresi wajah beserta origo dan insersionya untuk melengkapi data dasar anatomi otot pada M. fascicularis. Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga ekor preparat monyet ekor panjang yang telah diawetkan dalam larutan formalin 10% dan sebuah tengkorak kepala beserta tulang rahang bawah monyet ekor panjang. Pengamatan yang dilakukan meliputi morfologi otot beserta origo dan insersionya, dan hubungannya dengan variasi ekspresi wajah yang mampu dilakukan monyet ekor panjang, kemudian membandingkannya dengan literatur anatomi manusia, beberapa hewan primata lain, hewan herbivora dan karnivora. Dari hasil pengamatan, pada susunan otot ekspresi wajah monyet ekor panjang ditemukan lima kelompok otot: 1). Kelompok otot kulit kepala yaitu: m. occipitofrontalis (gabungan m. frontalis dan m. occipitalis). 2). Kelompok otot hidung yaitu: m. nasolabialis. 3). Kelompok otot mulut yaitu: m. nasolabialis, m. zygomaticus major, m. zygomaticus minor, m. levator anguli oris, m. depressor anguli oris, m depressor labii inferioris, m. mentalis, m. buccinatorius, m. orbicularis oris dan m. platysma. 4). Kelompok otot telinga yaitu: m auricularis posterior, m. auricularis superior dan m. auricularis anterior. 5). Kelompok otot kelopak mata yaitu: m. orbicularis oculi, m. corrugator supercilii dan mlevator palpebrae superioris. Setiap kelompok otot memiliki berbagai karakteristik baik morfologi maupun origo dan insersio yang berbeda dengan primata. lain, kuda, sapi dan anjing. Hal tersebut menghasilkan variasi fungsi otot yang berbeda sesuai dengan perilaku dan pola hidup.
Keyword: Macaca fascicularis, long-tailed macaque, monkey