Judul: Premium and Expense-Augmented Reserve for Contingent Life Insurance using Gamma-Gompertz Mortality Law
Abstrak: Produk asuransi jiwa contingent menawarkan uang pertanggungan ketika peristiwa yang disepakati dalam polis terjadi sesuai dengan urutan yang ditentukan. Dalam karya ilmiah ini, produk asuransi jiwa contingent dibeli oleh pasangan suami istri di usia pernikahan tertentu dengan uang pertanggungan yang akan dibayarkan saat suami atau istri terlebih dahulu meninggal. Hukum mortalitas Gamma-Gompertz digunakan untuk memodelkan kelangsungan hidup pasangan suami istri di Indonesia yang diasumsikan saling bebas. Premi asuransi contingent dibayarkan setiap tahun selama keduanya hidup. Penghitungan premi kotor menggunakan prinsip kesetaraan menghasilkan nilai premi yang meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya usia pernikahan saat asuransi dibeli. Peningkatan yang terjadi lebih signifikan pada produk asuransi contingent suami terlebih dahulu meninggal. Pada beberapa skenario usia pernikahan saat pembelian asuransi, terdapat cadangan manfaat-biaya yang harus dimiliki oleh perusahaan asuransi. Penghitungan cadangan menggunakan metode prospektif menghasilkan nilai cadangan yang meningkat untuk setiap tahun valuasi. Setiap tahunnya, peningkatan terjadi lebih cepat pada produk asuransi contingent suami meninggal terlebih dahulu., Contingent life insurance products provide the sum insured if the events stipulated in the policy occur in the order specified. In this scientific study, married couples purchase contingent life insurance products at a certain age of marriage, with the sum insured payable if either the husband or wife dies first. The Gamma-Gompertz mortality law is utilized to model the survival of assumedly independent married couples in Indonesia. The contingent insurance premium is paid annually for as long as both parties remain alive. Using the equivalence principle to calculate the gross premium results in a premium increase as the age of marriage increases at the time of insurance purchase. The increase is greater for contingent insurance products in which the husband dies first. In certain circumstances of marriage age at the time of insurance purchase, the insurance company must hold expense-augmented reserves. Calculating reserves using the prospective method yields a reserve value that increases for each valuation year. The contingent insurance in which the husband dies first increases at a greater rate each valuation year.
Keyword: contingent life insurance, expense-augmented reserve, Gamma-Gompertz mortality law, gross premium, married couple

Judul: Calculating Joint Life Insurance Premiums and Benefit Reserves Using the Gamma-Gompertz Law of Mortality
Abstrak: Cadangan manfaat kotor diperlukan untuk membayarkan manfaat yang mungkin terjadi di masa depan sebagai imbalan premi kotor yang telah dibayarkan pemegang polis setiap awal tahun ketika kedua peserta asuransi masih hidup. Hukum mortalitas Gamma-Gompertz digunakan untuk model-model asuransi jiwa joint life. Perusahaan asuransi tidak hanya membayarkan manfaat melainkan ada biaya-biaya operasional, seperti biaya administrasi, biaya underwriting, dan komisi agen. Pada karya ilmiah ini, difokuskan pada penghitungan premi kotor dan cadangan manfaat kotor dengan metode prospektif pada asuransi jiwa joint life seumur hidup dan berjangka menggunakan hukum mortalitas Gamma-Gompertz. Semakin tua usia para peserta ketika mengikuti asuransi, semakin besar premi kotor yang dibayarkan. Semakin singkat jangka waktu mengikuti asuransi maka semakin kecil premi kotor yang dibayarkan. Apabila cadangan manfaat bernilai positif, maka perusahaan asuransi wajib menyiapkan dana sebesar nilai cadangan di akhir tahun tersebut, sedangkan apabila cadangan manfaat bernilai negatif, maka premi yang diterima dapat dijadikan sebagai aset perusahaan yang nantinya dapat dimanfaatkan ketika premi tidak mencukupi untuk membayarkan manfaat., The gross benefit reserve is required to pay benefits that may occur in the future in exchange for the gross premiums that have been paid by policyholders at the beginning of each year when both insurance participants are still alive. The Gamma-Gompertz law of mortality is used for joint life insurance models. Insurance companies do not only pay benefits, but there are also operational costs, such as administrative costs, underwriting costs, and agent commissions. In this paper, the focus is on calculating gross premiums and gross benefit reserves with the prospective method for whole life and term joint life insurance using the Gamma-Gompertz mortality law. The older the participants were when joining the insurance, the greater the gross premium paid. The shorter the period of joining the insurance, the smaller the gross premium paid. If the benefit reserve is positive, then the insurance company must prepare funds equal to the reserve value at the end of the year, while if the benefit reserve is negative, then the premium received can be used as company assets which can later be used when the premium is insufficient to pay the benefits.
Keyword: Gamma-Gompertz mortality law, gross benefit reserve, gross premium, joint life insurance, prospective method

Judul: Heterologous Expression Of Endo-Β-Xylanase From Bacillus Pumilus Strain Bcrs-01 In Escherichia Coli.
Abstrak: Xylanases are glycoside hydrolase family 11 which depolymerise xylan in the plant cell wall, the most excessive form of hemicellulose. Endo-β-xylanases (EC 3.2.1.8) are most important to breakdown β-1,4-glicoside bond of xylan to produce disaccaride xyloolygosaccaride (XOs) and xylose (monomer). Bovine rumen fluids have potential to obtain endo-β-xylanase produced of bacteria. The objectives of this study were to obtain xylanase producing bacteria and to express xynA gene encoding endo-β-xylanase from bacterium in Escherichia coli. Twenty nine isolate bacteria have been succesfully isolated from bovine rumen fluid in agar medium containing birchwood xylan. Isolate BCRS-01 bacterium was previously screened for the high production of xylanase. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, BCRS-01 showed high similarity (99%) to Bacillus pumilus (accession number NR043241). The crude xylanase had optimal activity at 55oC, pH 7.0. Furthermore, the crude xylanase exhibited broad pH stability from 4.0 to 10.0 and remained more than 60% and 40% of its activity after incubation at pH 4.0 until 10.0, respectively for 60 min. It also showed a stability at temperature 25-50oC since it retained 80% and 50% of its activity when incubated at 50oC or 30 and 60 min, respectively. The xylanase activity was strongly inhibited by Ca2+ and Cu2+ at concentration 10 mM, and as little as 1 mM for Mn2+. Therefore, this xylanase has potentially used as additive feeds in animal feed industry. The DNA sequence xynA gene encoded endo-β-xylanase was amplified and cloned into the expression vector pET-15by under the control of T7 promoter. The recombinant protein had succesfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. A protein recombinant of approximately, 26.7 kDa was observed on the SDS-PAGE analysis. Crude extract of recombinant endo-β-xylanase demonstrated activity of enzyme at 56 U mL-1 using birchwood xylan as a substrate at 55oC for 10 min.
Keyword: Bacillus pumilus, bovine rumen fluid, endo-β-xylanase, heterologous expression.