Judul: Solid State Fermentation of Corn Hominy Using Streptomyces  sp. S2
Abstrak: Ampok merupakan hasil samping penggilingan jagung yang mengandung serat dan pati sebagai komponen utama. Selulosa yang ada dalam serat dapat didegradasi menggunakan enzim selulase yang selanjutnya dapat menghasilkan produk lebih bermanfaat seperti oligosakarida. Tujuan dari penelitian ini memanfaatkan enzim selulase yang dihasilkan Streptomyces sp. S2 dalam fermentasi padat serat ampok jagung, sehingga menghasilkan oligosakarida. Isolat Streptomyces sp. S2 menghasilkan aktivitas tertinggi di hari ke-10 (0,03 U/ml) pada uji aktivitas enzim CMCase. Pada fermentasi 48 jam, gula pereduksi dan susut bobot yang dihasilkan lebih tinggi, namun total gula dan derajat polimerisasi yang dihasilkan lebih rendah dibandingkan fermentasi pada waktu 24 jam. Hal ini menandakan bahwa kerja enzim selulase dalam mendegradasi serat ampok meningkat dengan semakin lamanya waktu fermentasi. Produk yang dihasilkan dari fermentasi padat yaitu oligosakarida dengan derajat polimerisasi 4,68 pada fermentasi 24 jam dan 2,10 pada fermentasi 48 jam., Hominy feed is a by-product of the corn dry milling process which contains fiber and starch as the main components. Cellulose in fiber can be degraded using cellulase enzymes which will produce more useful products such as oligosaccharides. The objective of this research was to apply the cellulase enzyme produced from Streptomyces sp. S2 in the solid-state fermentation of hominy fiber, thus producing oligosaccharides. Streptomyces sp. S2 produced the highest activity on day 10 (0.03 U/ml) in the CMCase enzyme activity test. Reducing sugar and weight loss were higher at 48 hours fermentation than 24 hours fermentation, while the total sugar and polymerization of degree were lower at 48 hours fermentation compared to 24 hours fermentation. This indicates that the action of the cellulase enzyme in degrading hominy fiber increases with the longer fermentation time. The product of solid fermentation are oligosaccharides with degree of polymerization are 4,68 at 24 hours fermentation and 2,10 at 48 hours fermentation.
Keyword: cellulase, corn hominy, solid state fermentation, Streptomyces sp. S2

Judul: Kajian Hidrolisis Tongkol Jagung oleh Kapang Selulolitik Menggunakan Kultivasi Media Padat untuk Produksi Pakan
Abstrak: Corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the main food crops in the world. Most of corn use as raw material for food and non-food industries. But these applications are limited to the corn kernel, and other parts of corn plant were not utilized yet. Among the available agricultural products, corncob is an abundant lignocellulosic raw materials and potential sources for feed in Indonesia. Corncob utilization for feed has been conducted for years, although it is limited as fiber source. High amount of lignocellulosic compound affects low digestibility of corncob. Biological process can be used to improve the nutritional value corncob, which can impact to the feed availability during the dry season. The objective of this research was to improve the nutrition value of corncob through fungal cellulolytic hydrolysis by using solid-state cultivation. Trichoderma viride and Rhizopus oryzae were used as fungal cellulolytic microorganisms which were cultivated in different bed thickness (2 and 4 cm) and mixing treatment (intermittent mixing every 3 days, and no mixing). Inocula were prepared from 7 days-old of fungi slant and grown on rice bran flour for 10 days. The process was conducted for 15 days, and the cultures were monitored every 3 days. The changes on chemical composition (moisture, fiber, protein, reducing sugar, and total sugar), pH value, and loss weight of the substrate. In the final cultivation, the products were analyzed as in vitro digestibility, the changes of fiber structure by using microscopic examination. T. viride caused low moisture content (10%) remained on the substrate in the end of cultivation; while in inverse fact was to R. oryzae (91%). Cellulolytic enzymes acts on corncob accumulated the total and reducing sugar content, and produced cello-oligosaccharides which functioned as prebiotic for ruminant animal. In vitro digestibility of the products from both fungal, bed thickness and mixing treatments also showed insignificantly effects. Since it was very long cultivation process caused the available nutritional value were re-used for fungal metabolism.
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Judul: Perdagangan reptilia sebagai binatang peliharaan di DKI Jakarta
Abstrak: DKI Jakarta in the world of wildlife trade is often referred as yellow dots, a city vulnerable to illegal trade. Wildlife trade in DKI Jakarta consists not only on ornamental fish, mammals and birds, but even reptiles. This study aims to describe trade locations, identify species of trade and analyze preferences of pet reptiles. The study was conducted in five traditional markets and 35 pet shops in DKI Jakarta, using interviews and investigative methods. I also carried out survey on cyber-market trade and interviews to pet reptile owners. The study was carried out from August 20th to November 20th, 2010. A total of 52 species (26 species of turtles, 23 snakes and three lizards) were traded on traditional markets, and 46 species (21 species of turtles, 19 species of snakes and six species of lizards) at the pet store. In traditional markets the common species sold are local species, but not on pet stores where most are imported species. In total, survey found five species of protected reptiles according to PP No. 7 of 1999, four species of Appendix I CITES’s reptiles and six species listed as critically endangered by IUCN Red List. Three forums in internet carried out cyber markets of pet reptiles. The most favorite pet reptiles were snakes, especially the ball python (Python regius).
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