Judul: Karakteristik Habitat Potensial Larva Nyamuk Anopheles dan Hubungannya dengan Kejadian Malaria di Kota Pangkalpinang, Bangka Belitung
Abstrak: This study aimed to measure the characteristics of potential habitats that become breeding places for Anopheles mosquitoes in the former tin mining (pit) in Pangkalpinang city. The research was conducted in July 2011 to May 2012 and performed in two activities, collection with determination of the larvae habitats characteristics and identification of Anopheles larvae. Anopheles larvae were collected, processed to slide specimen, then identified by using the identification key of the Anopheles larvae (O’Cornor and Soepanto 1989). The result showed that larvae species found were An. letifer. Generally the characteristics of the larval breeding potential habitats in Pangkalpinang city had area between 100- 6000 m2, the temperature was 28-31 °C, and the salinity was 0‰. The age habitats were varied from 1 to 29 years old. The base of habitats were sand, mud, and sand ground. The habitats also had variety of turbidity level from clear, yellow, to brown with a depth of 0.05 to 10 m. In addition, there were aquatic plants such as grasses, algae, ferns, water hyacinth, and taro. Fish, tadpoles, and dragonflies larvae were found in habitats as Anopheles larvae predators.
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Judul: Bioecology of anopheles species in South Lampung and Pesawaran Districts : diversity, habitat characteristics, density, behaviour and spatial distribution
Abstrak: Kabupaten Lampung Selatan dan Pesawaran merupakan daerah endemis malaria dengan angka AMI tahun 2009 sebesar 2,84 000 dan 12,48 000. Pengendalian malaria dengan upaya memutuskan mata rantai penularan masih efektif untuk dilaksanakan. Oleh karena itu pemahaman bioekologi spesies Anopheles penting dipelajari sebagai dasar pengendalian vektor malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati bioekologi spesies Anopheles di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan dan Pesawaran, meliputi keragaman, karakteristik habitat perkembangbiakan, kepadatan, perilaku dan distribusi spasial. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan dan Pesawaran, tepatnya di Kecamatan Rajabasa dan Padangcermin. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama satu tahun, mulai Agustus 2008 sampai dengan September 2009. Larva dikoleksi menggunakan cidukan plastik standar WHO pada semua jenis perairan. Karakteristik habitat larva Anopheles yang diamati meliputi jenis habitat, luasan, ketinggian, kedalaman, dasar habitat, salinitas air, suhu air, pH air, arus air, jenis-jenis gulma air, tinggi gulma air dan kerapatan gulma air. Nyamuk dikoleksi pada malam dan pagi hari. Koleksi nyamuk malam hari dilakukan dengan metode HLC pada jam 18.00-06.00, sedangkan pagi hari dilakukan koleksi nyamuk yang istirahat pada jam 06.00-09.00. Nyamuk Anopheles yang unfed dilakukan pembedahan abdomen untuk melihat status paritas. Kepala dan toraks nyamuk dilakukan pemeriksaan circumsporozoite protein dengan metode ELISA untuk menentukan status vektor. Titik koordinat larva dan nyamuk Anopheles dicatat berdasarkan alat GPS. Data sekunder yang dikumpulkan adalah data cuaca dan kasus malaria., Malaria is one of a public health problem in Indonesia, causing morbidity and mortality as well as outbreak in remote areas. South Lampung and Pesawaran were medium malaria areas, with annual parasite incidence in 2009 were 2,84000 and 12,48 000 consequently. Vector control remains the most effective measure to prevent malaria transmission. The understanding of bioecology vector species is very important to formulate vector control strategies. The study of Anopheles mosquito in South Lampung and Pesawaran Districts were carried out on August 2008 to September 2009. Larval species were sampled in all water bodies by dipper according to WHO standard. Anopheline species were collected by human landing and resting collections to study population dynamics and biting activities. Diversity of larva was analyzed by Shannon-Wiener index and T test. The correlation of weather with anopheline density, and anopheline density with malaria cases were analysed by Correlation Pearson test. Mapping of mosquito used GPS and analyzed by Arc view program. There was heterogeneity of diversity larva among land use. Twelve species were found, there were 11 species at Rajabasa and 10 species at Padangcermin, e.g. A. sundaicus, A. barbirostris, A. annularis, A. minimus, A. kochi, A. aconitus, A. tessellatus, A. vagus, A. subpictus, A. indefinitus, A. maculatus and A. hyrcanus group. The A. sundaicus was the predominant species in both study areas. Thirteen habitats were found, there were 10 at Rajabasa and 11 at Padangcermin, e.g. unproductive fish pounds, unproductive hatchery, lagoon, swamp, ditches, river, paddy field, irrigation channel, ground pool, mud-hole, puddle and water container. The predominant habitats of A. sundaicus were unproductive hatcheries at Rajabasa and unproductive fish pounds at Padangcermin. The population density of A. sundaicus was fluctuated every month, and the peak occurred on November at Rajabasa and on Desember at Padangcermin. The biting activities of
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Judul: Grup dan Homomorfisma Grup pada Rubik Revenge
Abstrak: Rubik cube is a kind of puzzle game. A player must arrange rubik sides, which have been disordered, back to the position where every side has the same colour. This paper does not focus on the settlement solution, but instead on proving the existence of a group homomorphism between rubik movement group and S96 symmetric permutation group in rubik revenge. Firstly, it has been proved that rubik movement set is a group. Then, it also has been proved that the M set, which contains numeric labels of 1 until 96 in cubinos sides, is S96 symmetric permutation group.
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