Judul: Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and Indonesian Agricultural Sector Exports
Abstrak: Setiap negara menginginkan pencapaian efisiensi ekspor yang tinggi dengan melakukan upaya strategis tertentu seperti kerjasama perdagangan dengan negara lain yang salah satu tujuannya mengurangi hambatan perdagangan. Hingga tahun 2022, Indonesia tercatat terlibat dalam 41 FTA, 3 diantaranya telah ditandatangani dan 15 diantaranya telah diratifikasi. Keikutsertaan Indonesia dalam FTA diharapkan meningkatkan ekspor Indonesia dan mengurangi hambatan tarif perdagangan dengan mitra, termasuk sektor pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor pertanian Indonesia ke negara mitra, serta nilai efisiensi ekspornya. Metode yang digunakan adalah stochastic frontier gravity model dengan data panel berupa nilai ekspor pertanian Indonesia ke 29 negara periode 2002 – 2020. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel GDP riil Indonesia, GDP riil negara mitra, arable land, dan FTA berpengaruh positif terhadap ekspor sektor pertanian Indonesia, sedangkan jarak ekonomi, nilai tukar riil, serta kontribusi sektor pertanian negara mitra terhadap GDP mitra berpengaruh negatif terhadap nilai ekspor pertanian Indonesia. Rata-rata efisiensi ekspor Indonesia keseluruhan ke 29 negara mitra sebesar 13.91 persen.
Keyword: FTA, agricultural sector exports, efficiency, stochastic frontier gravity model

Judul: Analysis of the Influence of the ASEAN Free Trade  Area (AFTA) on the Efficiency of Indonesia's Exports to ASEAN Countries  (period 1992-2020)
Abstrak: Salah satu bentuk integrasi ekonomi regional yang ada dalam ASEAN yaitu ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA). AFTA diharapkan dapat meningkatkan daya saing ekonomi kawasan regional ASEAN. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan mengetahui apa faktor yang memengaruhi nilai ekspor Indonesia ke ASEAN dan mengestimasi derajat nilai efisiensi ekspor Indonesia ke negara ASEAN. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model. Periode dalam penelitian ini adalah tahun 1992-2020 dan sampel diambil dari sembilan negara mitra ASEAN. Nilai efisiensi ekspor Indonesia ke 9 negara anggota ASEAN semenjak disetujuinya perjanjian AFTA ataupun semenjak AFTA resmi diberlakukan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap efisiensi ekspor Indonesia ke 9 negara ASEAN. Faktor-faktor yang berhubungan positif terhadap nilai ekspor Indonesia ke ASEAN adalah trade openness, GDP riil Indonesia, GDP riil negara mitra dagang, populasi, nilai tukar riil, dan AFTA. Sementara nilai jarak ekonomi, dan landlocked berhubungan negatif terhadap ekspor Indonesia., One form of regional economic integration in ASEAN is the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA). AFTA is expected to increase the economic competitiveness of the ASEAN region. This study aims to determine what factors influence the value of Indonesia's exports to ASEAN and to estimate the degree of efficiency in Indonesia's exports to ASEAN countries. The research method used is the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model. The period in this study is the years 1992- 2020 and the samples were taken from nine ASEAN partner countries. The value of Indonesia's export efficiency to 9 ASEAN member countries since the approval of the AFTA agreement or since AFTA was officially enforced does not significantly affect the efficiency of Indonesia's exports to 9 ASEAN countries. Factors that are positively related to the value of Indonesia's exports to ASEAN are trade openness, Indonesia's real GDP, real GDP of trading partner countries, population, real exchange rate, and AFTA. Meanwhile, the value of economic distance and landlocked has a negative relationship with Indonesia's exports.
Keyword: ASEAN, exports efficiency, panel data, stochastic frontier gravity  model

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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