Judul: Social and Economic Impact of Trekking Tourism on Selo Track Mount Merbabu National Park (TNGMb)
Abstrak: Gunung Merbabu merupakan salah satu objek wisata alam di Jawa Tengah yang menarik bagi wisatawan lokal maupun mancanegara dengan Jalur Selo sebagai jalur pendakian paling diminati wisatwan. Jumlah kunjungan wisata di Jalur Pendakian Selo mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan setiap tahunnya. Kegiatan wisata di Jalur Pendakian Selo memberikan dampak sosial dan ekonomi bagi masyarakat sekitarnya, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dampak sosial dan mengestimasi dampak ekonomi wisata bagi masyarakat sekitar Jalur Pendakian Selo. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif dengan skala likert dan Analisis Multiplier Effect. Hasil peneltian menunjukkan bahwa kegiatan wisata di Jalur Pendakian Selo memberikan dampak sosial dengan kriteria skor sedang terhadap tingkat kerjasama masyarakat dan nilai sosial masyarakat, serta memberikan dampak yang sangat tinggi terhadap mata pencaharian masyarakat. Dampak ekonomi kegiatan wisata di Jalur Pendakian Selo berdasarkan Multiplier Effect, diperoleh nilai Keynesian Income Multiplier sebesar 0,6; nilai Ratio Income Multiplier tipe I sebesar 3,3; dan Ratio Income Multiplier tipe II sebesar 3,5., Mount Merbabu is one of the natural attractions in Central Java wich is interesting for local and foreign tourists with the Selo Track as the most popular hiking track for tourists. The number of tourist visits on Selo Track has increased significantly every year. Tourism activities on Selo Track have a social and economic impact on the local community, either directly or indirectly. This research aims to identify the social impact and estimate the economic impact of tourism for the community around Selo Track. The analytical method used is descriptive qualitative analysis with likert scale and Multiplier Effect analysis. The results showed that tourism activities on Selo Track have a social impact with moderate score criteria on the level of community cooperation and community social values, and have a very high impact on the livelihoods of surrounding community. The economic impact tourism activities on Selo Track estimated by Multiplier Effect, the value of Keynesian Income Multiplier is 0,6; Ratio Income Multiplier Type I is 3,3; and Ratio Income Multiplier Type II is 3,3.
Keyword: likert scale, multiplier effect, trekking

Judul: Impacts of Nature Tourism Activities on the Local Economy in the Areas of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park.
Abstrak: The benefit values derived from a conservation area are still often underestimated. In fact, the real benefits, direct and indirect, are quite many. One of the utilizations of the conservation area is for the location of nature tourism. Tourism is one of the important economic sectors in the national development because it can improve the community welfare, create jobs, and stimulate regional economic growth. One of the many forms of tourism being promoted by the government of Indonesia is nature tourism that relies on the beauty of nature and natural panorama in conservation areas, including national parks to support the concept of ecotourism. Therefore, it is expected that this nature tourism activity can provide a significant economic impact on the surrounding communities, increase state revenue and improve environmental sustainability. The main purpose of this study was to analyze the economic impact of nature tourism in the National Park of Bromo Tengger Semeru (TNBTS). This study had four objectives: (1) to find out the value and impact of the local economic activities in the areas of TNBTS, (2) to learn about the hierarchies of the area development around TNBTS, (3) to learn about the magnitude of changes in land use in TNBTS areas, and (4) to fomulate alternative strategy on nature tourism development in TNBTS. The results of this study were expected to provide input to policy makers, namely National Park Center of Bromo Tengger Semeru and the local government as the party responsible for the development planning and the management of nature tourism, providing input in the formulation of policy alternatives that need to be done in nature tourism management, so that the impact and contribution of nature tourism to the community can be improved. This research was conducted in TNBTS areas, focusing on the Tengger Mountains Area, that is, Cemoro Lawang Resort, and the Mount Semeru Climbing Area called Ranupane Resort. The economic value of nature tourism in TNBTS area was obtained from estimating the cost of tourist spending. Based on this approach, it was obtained that the total economic value of running nature tourism in TNBTS was 341.23 million rupiah, which consisted of tourism activities in Tengger Mountains amounting to 326.90 million rupiah (95.80 %) and in the hiking area of Mount Semeru at 14.33 million rupiah (4.20 %). The average tourist expenditure for one visit in the Tengger Mountains Area was 2,769,363 rupiah. Approximately 2,258,620 rupiah (81.56 %) of tourist spending occurred outside the national park. Meanwhile, the average tourist expenditure for one visit in the Mount Semeru Climbing Area was 569,000 rupiah per person. Approximately 438,443 rupiah (77.05 %) of tourist spending occurred outside the national park. The expenditure of travelers provides direct as well as indirect benefits and further impact on the communities around the areas. The economic impact of tourist spending was quantified using Keynesian Multiplier. The results indicated vii that the economic impact of tourist spending on the Tengger Mountains Area was higher than that in the Mount Semeru Climbing Area. From the study results, it is also important to note that the value of
Keyword: Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park, economic impact, multiplier effect

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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