Judul: Konversi sampah organik pasar dengan sistem fermentasi media padat menjadi biogas dan pupuk organik.
Abstrak: In 2010 Indonesia produced 200 thousand tons of waste everyday. It causes problems for the society and for environment. The purposes of this research are to design and get an optimal process condition for solid medium fermentation to convert organic waste from traditional market into bioenergy and organic fertilizer, to characterize biogas, digestate, and leachate. The experiments were conducted with 1.5 L and 10 L reactors . Composition of organic waste from traditonal market that gave higest volume of biogas are banana leaf 7.5%, cornhusk 24.2%, bitter melon 14.8%, cabbage 19.9%, chicory 6.2%, water spinach 8.0%, mustard 8.0%, carrots 11.5% (w/w). It produced 4500 ml biogas/kg biomass and the maximum production was reached within 17 days. This equal to biogas production of 37.63 ml biogas/gram VS. Fermentation process in 10 liter reactor with adition of 75% feed, 50% of feed, and 100% feed produced 12378 ml, 10908 ml, and 16707 ml biogas, respectively leachate consists nitrogen 473-4500 ppm, phosphat 47-150 ppm, and COD 8333-12500 mg/l, while the digestate consists of carbon 28-49%, nitrogen 0.7-1.7%, phosphat 0.2-0.4%, and COD 16000-18000 mg/kg. Concentration of methane in biogas is still low and hence futher experiments needed to increase methane concentration. Keywords : organic waste, biogas, digestate, leachate, solid state fermentation
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Judul: Influence of sludge addition and particles size reduction on market organics waste conversion to biogas
Abstrak: The principal problems which have become the main focus of society are environmental problem and energy scarce. The main cause of the problems is the high consumption of fossil fuels. The purpose of this research is to find out effect of sludge composition and particle size reduction on organic waste convertion to biogas. The fermentation were conducted with 1.5 L reactors and fermentation during 21 days. Composition of organic waste from traditional market were banana leaf 7.5%, corn husk 24.2%, bitter melon 14.8%, cabbage 19.9%, chicory 6.2%, water spinach 8.0%, mustard greens 8.0%, carrots 11.5% (w/w). The maximum gas production was reached 14.414 L/kg TS in 1st running and 22.028 L/kg TS in 2nd running or 0.005215 L/g VS (1st running) and 0.005172 L/g VS (2nd running) with COD value was 0.459 g/kg by composition 3:5 and size 0.1 to 0.5 cm. All treatments had a pH interval 4.80 to 6.67. The highest phosphate levels produced by sludge 5:3 (0.1 to 0.5 cm) was1.97 %, the carbon highest in sludge 3:5 (1.5 to 2 cm) was 10.25 %, and nitrogen in sludge 5:3 (1.5 to 2 cm) was 2.20 %.
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Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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