Judul: Stress-induced Behaviour in Rams of Three Different Sheep (Ovis aries) Breeds: Indicator of Welfare?
Abstrak: Growing importance of and concern for the welfare of farm animals within production systems has been the basis for an enormous amount of scientific studies. The goal of the present study was to investigate whether both vocal and social behaviour of sheep, under specific stress-inducing situations, could be used as an indicator of the animals’ welfare status. Two separate experiments were carried out with 2-3 year old adult rams. The animals were of three breeds, namely Barbados Blackbelly Cross, Local Garut and Composite Garut. In the first experiment twelve clinically healthy animals, four from each breed, were subjected to three different levels of social isolation. The animals were held completely alone, in the presence of a human and alone in a group pen adjacent to a pen with conspecifics. During the isolation sessions both vocal and locomotive behaviour of each animal were recorded. The recorded calls were acoustically analyzed using specialized acoustic software. The results showed that the levels of isolation were characterized by very specific behavioural responses with an increased amount of locomotor activity and vocalization in partially isolated animals. The animals that were completely isolated showed a higher amount of inactive behaviour. No specific differences were found in the behaviour of animals that were held completely alone and the ones which were in the presence of a human observer. Acoustic analysis of the recorded calls showed significant differences in a number of temporal and structural features. Spectral analysis revealed the most notable differences in the amount of sound energy integrated in the calls. Differences were found in both locomotive and vocal behaviour based on isolation level and breed. The second experiment focused on the effect of stocking density on the social behaviour of newly regrouped rams. Thirty-six animals were subjected to three different stocking density levels, namely low (3.2 m2/ram), medium (1.6 m2/ram) and high (0.8 m2/ram). Recorded data consisted of frequencies of agonistic-, exploratory, locomotive-, aberrant-, inactive-, self-care-, mating- and vocal behaviour. The results of this experiment showed that the animals responded differently to the different stocking density levels. The highest stocking density level was characterized by the highest number of inactive behaviour and the lowest number of locomotor activity. There were also significant differences found in the frequency of displayed behaviours based on the amount of time the animals had spent within the new group settings. The amount of agonistic-, mating- and exploratory behaviour was found to be significantly higher on the day of regrouping as compared to the level of these behaviours on the day after regrouping. Significant differences were also found in the behavioural response of animals from different breeds. The results from both experiments thus lead us to conclude that both vocal- and social behaviour of rams are able to provide humans with important information on their affective state which may be helpful in the design of production systems that are beneficial to the animals their welfare.
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Judul: Keragaman tingkah laku beberapa bangsa domba yang dikandangkan dan pemanfaatannya untuk peningkatan produksi
Abstrak: Potential utilization behavior to improve of sheep productivity was studied in four parts of the study. Three topics of research conducted to study opportunity of behavior to differentiate and estimation of genetic distances between five sheep breeds, indirect selection on body weight gain and productivity of ewe and identification of SNP DNA markers for aggressiveness. Topic of recent research is to find a method in behavioral research which easier, more concise and accurate and can represent overall of sheep behavior. Five of sheep breeds, i.e. Barbados Black belly Cross sheep (BC), Garut Composite (KG), Garut Local (LG), Sumatra Composite (KS) and St. Cross Croix (SC) used in this study. A set of CCTV equipment used to observe a sheep behavior and recorded in a video file. Canonical discriminant analysis and hierarchical clustering according to the Average Linkage method and the dendogram performed in the study of genetic differentiation and distance estimation. Meanwhile, multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) is performed for qualitative variables. Arena tests performed to determine temperament of sheep and its relationship with growth rate and ewe productivity. Analysis of variance to behavioral variables and blood serotonin concentration and analysis of DNA polymorphism exon 8 of MAOA gene were performed between aggressive and not aggressive group ram. Paired t test and correlation analysis to estimate a correlation between partial data and the whole data were performed to fourth study. The results showed that body measurements of sheep can be utilized to differentiate and estimate a genetic distance between the sheep breeds accurately. Sound characteristics of sheep has a great opportunity to be utilized in the differentiation and estimation of genetic distance between the sheep breeds but need improvement in the sound data collection methods. Meanwhile, the utilization of behavior data to differentiate and estimate of genetic distance between the sheep breeds was less accurate. Differentiator variables for body sizes was tail width, horn base circumference, long horns, long tail, body length, and skull width, while differentiator variables for sound call characteristics was the third quartile frequencies, middle frequencies, maximum frequencies and time of the first quartile frequencies. Post weaning sheep which more docile to the observer has a daily gain higher. Ewe which have more bleats have total weaning weight and lamb survival higher than those of ewe which less bleats when separated from their lamb. Aggressive and nonaggressive sheep have the same behavior, though aggressive sheep had higher blood serotonin concentrations compared to the group of non aggressive sheep. In this study, aggressive behavior in sheep was not associated with a mutation in exon 8 of MAOA gene. The use of 6 hours partial data was the best partial data to predict all of sheep behavior accurately.
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Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf