Judul: Analysis of Obstacle Perforated Plate Content Metil Ester Biodiesel In Bubble Column Reactor Non-Catalytic
Abstrak: Biodiesel is produced by transesterification reaction of vegetable oils or animal fats and methanol. Production technology of biodiesel is grouped into 2 categories: namely catalytic and non catalytic. One of the methods for the non catalytic one is superheated methanol vapor (SMV), where superheated methanol vapor is reacted with oil in bubble column reactor, at high temperature and atmospheric pressure to produce FAME (Fatty Acid methyl ester) and glycerol. However, reaction rate by the SMV method is still lower than the convensional one, and the content of biodiesel is lower than Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The reaction rate and content of biodiesel is expectedly can be improved by improvement of contact surface area between methanol vapor and oil. It could be obtained by giving perforated plate (obstacle) in bubble column reactor. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the best obstacle configuration and to study the influece of the obstacle to biodiesel content in terms of bubble behavior in the column reactor. Eighteen (18) scenarios of obstacle are simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to obtain bubble distribution in bubble column reactor, especially for increasing contact surface area between methanol and oil. Then the result will be verified by laboratory experiments. Based on the simulation result, it is shown that the highest value of surface contact area was obtained by the obstacle BBE (2 layer, 2 mm hole diameter, 7 mm distance among holes, and 4 g.s-1 methanol flow rate), which was 0.023529 m2.s-1. By the obstacle, methyl ester content was found to be 77.96%(w/w) and rate of biodiesel production was 2.00 g.hr-1. While the obstacle AAE (2 layer, 1 mm hole diameter, 7 mm distance among holes, and 4 g.mnt-1 methanol flow rate) gave biodiesel content of 98.68%(w/w), which has met SNI. The rate of biodiesel production was found to be 1.62 g.hr-1.
Keyword: non-catalytic method, SMV, CFD, contact surface area, obstacle

Judul: Desain Tipe Obstacle pada Bubble Column Reactor untuk Produksi Biodiesel Secara Non-Katalitik
Abstrak: Biodiesel is produced through the transesterification reaction of methanol with vegetable oils such as soybean oil, rapeseed, palm, sunflower seeds or jatropha. Commonly, there are two methods used in producing biodiesel; a non-catalytic and catalytic. One of application of non-catalytic method of biodiesel production is the Superheated metanol vapor method (SMV)-Bubble Column. However, the reaction rate of this method is very low. The reaction rate of biodiesel production could be increased by adding a perforated plate (called obstacle) in the reactor, due to obstacle serves to enlarge the contact surface area between methanol vapor and oil. The design of obstacle structures is thought to affect the contact surface area between metanol vapor and oil. By using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the several types of obstacle will be simulated. The analysis of the design of obstacles performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) because the use of CFD in the design analysis can reduce costs and shorten the time of research. CFD can also clearly describe the shape and distribution of bubbles in the reactor, making it easier to analyze the performance of the obstacles created. The simulation result shows that obstacle A3 has higher contact surface area than other obstacles that is equal to 0.0257 m2. The verification of the simulation data has proven that the obstacle (A3) results a higher total production compared to obstacle that has lower contact surface area (obstacle DO7 with an average of 0.0200 m2 surface contact area). For 5 hours time of operation, the total biodiesel production using obstacle DO7 are 7.32 gram at the first production and 7.41 gram at the second production, while the total production of biodiesel by using A3 obstacle at the first and second production are 7.74 gram and 8.7 gram respectively
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Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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