Judul: Does Social Forestry Contribute to Farmers’ Income?: Case Study in Two Javanese Mountainous Villages, Indonesia
Abstrak: Social Forestry scheme has been implemented in Indonesia to address deforestation and poverty. Community-based forest management has been known as an effective way to deal with the “tragedy of the commons” and promote the environmental conservation and the sustainable livelihood of local people. The Social Forestry scheme is one of those implementations in Indonesia in which communities are given legal access to utilize the specific land area in the State Forest Area. Scholars have examined and reviewed Social Forestry scheme from economic, environmental, and social perspectives. However, the effectiveness of implementing Social Forestry in increasing household income is still often questioned. By comparing members and non-members of Social Forestry in two locations in the mountainous villages on Java Island, this study examines the impact of the scheme on household income. This study analyzes primary data in form of household survey conducted in 2023 in Tombo village (N=121) in Central Java Province and Cibulao sub-village (N=118) in West Java Province. From the results of Mann-Whitney U test, household income of members is lower than non-members in Tombo. Additionally, members tend to have limited access to education, finance, and private land in the forms of farmland and yard, compared to non-members. On the other hand, in Cibulao, farm income of members is higher than non-members. The other variables regarding accessibility such as education and finance are not different based on membership. From the regression analysis, the negative correlation between membership and household income is found in Tombo, while the positive correlation between membership and farm income is found in Cibulao. Considering the findings, this study discusses that the pre-implementation characteristics in terms of land accessibility and villagers’ sustenance opportunities may affect the economic outcomes of the program., Skema Perhutanan Sosial telah diterapkan di Indonesia untuk mengatasi deforestasi dan pengentasan kemiskinan. Pengelolaan hutan berbasis masyarakat telah dikenal sebagai cara yang efektif untuk mengatasi "tragedy of the commons" dan mendorong pelestarian lingkungan dan mata pencaharian berkelanjutan bagi masyarakat lokal. Skema Perhutanan Sosial merupakan implementasikan di Indonesia dimana masyarakat diberikan akses legal untuk memanfaatkan lahan tertentu di kawasan hutan. Para ahli telah meneliti dan mengkaji skema Perhutanan Sosial dari perspektif ekonomi, lingkungan dan sosial. Namun, efektivitas pelaksanaan Perhutanan Sosial dalam meningkatkan pendapatan rumah tangga masih sering dipertanyakan. Dengan membandingkan anggota dan non-anggota Perhutanan Sosial di dua lokasi di desa-desa pegunungan di Pulau Jawa, penelitian ini mengkaji dampak skema tersebut terhadap pendapatan rumah tangga. Studi ini menganalisis data primer dari survei rumah tangga yang dilakukan pada tahun 2023 di Desa Tombo (N=121) di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dan Kampung Cibulao (N=118) di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Hasil uji Mann-Whitney U menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan rumah tangga anggota lebih rendah dibandingkan non-anggota di Desa Tombo. Selain itu, anggota Perhutanan Sosial cenderung memiliki akses yang lebih terbatas terhadap pendidikan, keuangan, dan lahan pribadi berupa lahan pertanian dan pekarangan, dibandingkan dengan non-anggota. Di sisi lain, di Kampung Cibulao, pendapatan pertanian anggota lebih tinggi daripada non-anggota. Variabel lain terkait aksesibilitas seperti pendidikan dan keuangan tidak berbeda berdasarkan keanggotaan. Analisis regresi menunjukkan terdapat korelasi negatif antara keanggotaan dan pendapatan rumah tangga di Desa Tombo, sedangkan korelasi
Keyword: agroforestry, farm income, forestry partnership, social forestry

Judul: Analisis pendapatan rumah tangga petani hutan rakyat: studi kasus di Desa Padasari, Kecamatan Cimalaka, Kabupaten Sumedang, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Forest could give valuable tangible and intangible benefits. But now, there are many unproductive and critical land as the result of land management without considering conservation aspect and the increase of population that pressure the forest. On the other hand, timber supply from natural forests is not enough to fulfill human demands. One of the alternative for solving those problem is community forest development. Objective of this study was to identify the technique of management that has been implemented in community forest and to analyse the influence of community forest to the income of forest farmer households. The selection of respondents was carried out using purposive sampling method, consisted of community forest farmers. Furthermore, selected samples were stratified based on the extent of land area, therefore it was found area of land ownership of strata I < 0,21 hectare, strata II 0,21 – 0,58 hectare and strata III > 0,58 hectare. Total respondents for strata I, strata II, and strata III were 8 respondents, 12 respondents, and 4 respondents respectively. Results of the study showed that total income of agriculture activities of strata I, strata II, and strata III were Rp 15.509.840/year, Rp 15.928.611/ year, and Rp 30.394.792/ year. For income from community forest of agroforestry system, for strata I, strata II, and strata III were Rp 9.588.194/year (61,82%), Rp 9.206.944/ year (57,80%), and Rp 17.966.667/ year (59,11%). Meanwhile from wood product only, the income was Rp 1.477.778/year (9,53%), Rp 2.266.667/ year (14,23%), and 2.216.667/ year (7,29%). Average total expenditure of strata I, strata II, and strata III each was Rp 15.456.000/ year, Rp 11.683.429/ year, and Rp 12.745.000/ year. Based on criteria of poverty level according to Sajogyo (expenditure > 320 kg value of rice or equal with Rp 2.880.000/year with assumption of rice price of Rp 8.900/kg), BPS (expenditure < Rp 2.191.632/capita/year), and The World Bank (income > $2/day equal with Rp 6.408.000/year with assumption of US dollar rate of Rp 8.900), community forest which has been well developed will be above this criteria of poverty. Therefore, management of community forest using agroforestry system could contribute to poverty alleviation.
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Judul: Peluang Partikel Plasma Berada Pada Dimensi Debye Akibat Gangguan Gelombang Elektromagnetik dengan Menggunakan Persamaan Schrödinger
Abstrak: The solution of Schrodinger equations with plasma Coulomb potential in spherical coordinat results solution wave function and energy plasma particle. Electron probability density at Debye length with thermal effect same as ion, which indicates plasma in neutral state. Electromagnetic waves perturbation of an electric field given to result wave function perturbation system. The probability density of plasma particle due to electromagnetic waves perturbation is the largest when an electromagnetic waves frequency 1.41 times the plasma frequency .
Keyword: Schrödinger, plasma, electromagnetic wave