Judul: Fire Resistance Coating Berbahan Dasar Hidroksiapatit dari Tulang Ikan Tuna (Thunnus albacares)
Abstrak: Hidroksiapatit (HAp) merupakan senyawa anorganik yang tersusun atas fosfor yang memiliki kemampuan dalam meningkatkan sifat ketahanan api. Material ini didapat dari sintesis tulang ikan hasil samping pengolahan ikan tuna. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat dan menentukan karakteristik fire resistance coating berbahan dasar hidroksiapatit dari tulang ikan. Keunggulan pembuatan HAp dari tulang ikan yaitu dapat langsung disintesis tanpa memerlukan penambahan unsur P. Serbuk HAp didapat melalui proses sintering dengan suhu 900°C selama 5 jam dan dilakukan formulasi lapisan tahan api. HAp memiliki rendemen 51,11 ± 0,08%, rata-rata ukuran partikel 5,675 μm, kristalinitas 62,45% dengan struktur senyawa heksagonal dan rasio Ca/P 2,21. Hasil analisis TGA-DSC dan FTIR menunjukkan bahwa hidroksiapatit berhasil disintesis dari tulang ikan tuna. Pengujian ketahanan api dilakukan pada kayu jabon merah yang dilapisi HAp dan epoksi dengan perbandingan 0:0, 0:1, 1:1, 2:1 dan 3:1 yang dibakar selama 10 detik pada suhu 300°C. Lapisan HAp:epoksi dengan perbandingan 3:1 memberikan hasil terbaik dalam memadamkan api dan memiliki zona pirolisis terendah., Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an inorganic compound composed of phosphorus which has ability to increase fire resistance properties. This compound is obtained from the synthesis of fish bones in by-product of tuna fish processing. This study aims to create and determine the characteristics of fire resistance coating based on hydroxyapatite from fish bones. The advantage of making HAp from fish bones is that can be synthesized directly without addition of phosphorus. HAp powder was obtained through sintering process at 900 °C for 5 hours and a flame retardant layer was formulated. The yield obtained 51,11 ± 0,08%, an average particle size of 5,675 μm, a percentage of crystallinity 62,45% with a hexagonal structure, Ca/P ratio of 2,21. Results of TGA-DSC and FTIR analysis showed that HAp was successfully synthesized from tuna fish bones. The fire resistance test was carried out on jabon merah wood coated with HAp and epoxy in a ratio of 0:0, 0:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 which was burned for 10 seconds at 300 °C. The HAp:epoxy layer with a ratio of 3:1 gave the best results in fire extinguish and produced the lowest pyrolysis zone.
Keyword: fire resistance coating, fish bone, hydroxyapatite

Judul: Fire Resistance Coating Berbahan Dasar Hidroksiapatit dari Tulang Ikan Tuna (Thunnus albacares)
Abstrak: Hidroksiapatit (HAp) merupakan senyawa anorganik yang tersusun atas fosfor yang memiliki kemampuan dalam meningkatkan sifat ketahanan api. Material ini didapat dari sintesis tulang ikan hasil samping pengolahan ikan tuna. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat dan menentukan karakteristik fire resistance coating berbahan dasar hidroksiapatit dari tulang ikan. Keunggulan pembuatan HAp dari tulang ikan yaitu dapat langsung disintesis tanpa memerlukan penambahan unsur P. Serbuk HAp didapat melalui proses sintering dengan suhu 900°C selama 5 jam dan dilakukan formulasi lapisan tahan api. HAp memiliki rendemen 51,11 ± 0,08%, rata-rata ukuran partikel 5,675 μm, kristalinitas 62,45% dengan struktur senyawa heksagonal dan rasio Ca/P 2,21. Hasil analisis TGA-DSC dan FTIR menunjukkan bahwa hidroksiapatit berhasil disintesis dari tulang ikan tuna. Pengujian ketahanan api dilakukan pada kayu jabon merah yang dilapisi HAp dan epoksi dengan perbandingan 0:0, 0:1, 1:1, 2:1 dan 3:1 yang dibakar selama 10 detik pada suhu 300°C. Lapisan HAp:epoksi dengan perbandingan 3:1 memberikan hasil terbaik dalam memadamkan api dan memiliki zona pirolisis terendah., Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is an inorganic compound composed of phosphorus which has ability to increase fire resistance properties. This compound is obtained from the synthesis of fish bones in by-product of tuna fish processing. This study aims to create and determine the characteristics of fire resistance coating based on hydroxyapatite from fish bones. The advantage of making HAp from fish bones is that can be synthesized directly without addition of phosphorus. HAp powder was obtained through sintering process at 900 °C for 5 hours and a flame retardant layer was formulated. The yield obtained 51,11 ± 0,08%, an average particle size of 5,675 μm, a percentage of crystallinity 62,45% with a hexagonal structure, Ca/P ratio of 2,21. Results of TGA-DSC and FTIR analysis showed that HAp was successfully synthesized from tuna fish bones. The fire resistance test was carried out on jabon merah wood coated with HAp and epoxy in a ratio of 0:0, 0:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 which was burned for 10 seconds at 300 °C. The HAp:epoxy layer with a ratio of 3:1 gave the best results in fire extinguish and produced the lowest pyrolysis zone.
Keyword: fire resistance coating, fish bone, hydroxyapatite

Judul: Dynamics Model for Rural and Urban Economic Growth
Abstrak: Lewis theory of structural change has focused on mechanisms that allow countries to transform their domestic economic structure to a more modern economy. The proposed model deals with the mechanism of interaction between rural and urban Economic. This model is concerned with the process of labor transfer from rural to urban areas. This study aims to model the dynamics of economic growth in rural and urban areas, including determining the equilibrium solution and to carry out simulation of the model. The simulation results show that the transfer of labor from rural to urban areas will increase the rate of change of capital so that structural changes can be realized. In addition, increased propensity to save in rural areas will also accelerate structural change
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