Judul: Identification of antibacterial compounds from glycyrrhizae radix, borneo camphor, and coptidis Rhizoma towards Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus
Abstrak: Glycyrrhizae radix, borneo camphor, and coptidis rhizoma are dried plants that have been used as herbal medicine. Ethanol extracts of coptidis rhizoma, glycyrrhizae radix, and borneo camphor showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) towards Staphylococcus aureus of 20, 20, and 40 mg/ml, respectively, with inhibitory zone diameter of 9.31 ± 2.88, 2.00 ± 1.33, and 3.33 ± 3.31 mm, respectively. MIC to Streptococcus pyogenes for these 3 extracts were similar, i.e 40 mg/ml with inhibitory zone diameter of 7.83 ± 4.38, 1.50 ± 2.87, and 3.07 ± 0.60 mm, respectively. Ethanol extracts from coptidis rhizoma had maximum inhibitory to S. pyogenes and S. aureus. According to its qualitative assays, they contained alkaloids and saponins. The ultraviolet spectra showed maximum absorption at λ 227 nm. The infrared spectrum also showed the existence of –OH, CH sp2, –C=C, C-C aryl, C-N, and C-X. Based on contrast orthogonal tests, combinations of ethanol extracts from coptidis rhizoma, glycyrrhizae radix, and borneo camphor (1:1:1) showed significant differences in inhibiting S. aureus growth, indicating that combinations of the three extracts showed no synergy properties in inhibiting S. aureus growth. Combinations of ethanol extracts from coptidis rhizoma, glycyrrhizae radix, and borneo camphor (1:1:1) did not show significant differences in inhibiting S. pyogenes growth, meaning that combinations of the three extracts showed synergy properties in inhibiting S. pyogenes growth.
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Judul: Potention of Zingiber officinale, Kaempferia galanga, Curcuma xanthorriza and Andrographis paniculata as anti Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Eschericia coli Agents of Complex Chronic Respiratory Diseases
Abstrak: Zingiber officinale Rosc, Kaempferia galanga, Curcuma xanthorrhiza roxb and Andrographis paniculata nees are medicinal plants that have been used widely for traditional treatment for human in Indonesia. The herbs have also been used for treatment in animals but they have not been proven scientifically. The advantages of using herbs for treatment compared to antibiotics are the herbs have less resistances, low toxicity and no residual component produce in the body organs. Complex chronic respiratory disease (CCRD) of chickens was known to be infectious and causes high economic losses against poultry industries. The main agent of the disease is Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) and complicated by Escherichia coli (E. coli) as the secondary infection. Antibiotics have been used widely for treatment the disease but the disease is still spread widely in the world up to now. The other disadvantages are bacterial resistance and drug residues have frequently been reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potency of four medicinal plants against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (M. gallisepticum) and Eschirichia coli (E. coli) infections. The potencies of those plants were examined using growth inhibition test according to Kirby bauer method. The study was treated as followed: the M. gallisepticum and E. coli were treated with traditional herbs (extract of Zingiber officinale Rosc, kaempferia galanga, Curcuma xanthorrhiza roxb and Andrographis paniculata nees) in different concentrations from 0.4% to 50%. The study was provided by negative and positive controls. The negative control was used without treatment on the disc and positive control was using 5 ug enrofloxacin disc. The result of this study showed that the zingiber water extract and zingiber n hexan fraction had good inhibition zones for M. gallisepticum but not for E.coli. No inhibition zones were performed by other herbs against neither M. gallisepticum nor E.coli. Further compound inhibition effect of Zingiber officinale Rosc against M. gallisepticum was carried out using thin layer chromatography (TLC) technique. Gingerol and zingiberen compounds were obtained from this technique and these compounds were suspected to be the main compound causing inhibition. According to literature search, these two compounds are belonging to essential oil.
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Judul: Pemanenan Energi Listrik dari Kincir Angin Vertikal
Abstrak: Usaha pemanenan energi angin di Indonesia masih sedikit. Sampai Tahun 2016 hanya 3.54 MW alat pemanenan energi angin yang sudah terpasang. Kendala utamanya ialah dibutuhkan investasi yang besar untuk membuatnya. Pembuatan kincir angin dengan ukuran yang lebih kecil dengan bahan yang dapat dibeli di pasar lokal menjadi solusi agar pembuatan kincir angin lebih ekonomis. Pembuatan kincir vertikal tipe Savonius dapat menjadi solusinya. Kincir vertikal Savonius dapat beroperasi pada kecepatan < 3 m/s dan ketinggian < 50 m. Kincir angin ini terdiri dari tiga sistem, yaitu generator, rotor kincir dan transmisi pulley-belt. Generator dibuat dari modifikasi motor AC dan magnet neodymium. Rotor kincir dibuat dari pipa PVC 4”, pipa alumunium ¾”, dan papan polikarbonat. Transmisi pulley-belt dibuat dari plastik dan karet. Kincir ini membutuhkan gaya minimal 3 N untuk dapat berputar atau torsi minimalnya 0.75 Nm. Kecepatan angin yang dibutuhkan untuk merotasikannya sebesar 1.9 m/s. Daya maksimal yang dapat dihasilkan ialah 5.76 watt berupa tegangan sebesar 36 volt dan arus 160 mA.
Keyword: energi terbarukan, generator, motor AC, sudu Savonius