Judul: The Effectiveness of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) Infusion on Analgesic Effect and Stamina in Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Kesehatan merupakan hal yang penting bagi setiap individu. Obat herbal dapat menjadi alternatif pemilihan obat dalam mengurangi konsumsi obat berbahan sintetik atau kimiawi. Bit merah merupakan tanaman umbi yang mudah ditemukan dengan berbagai manfaat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari efektivitas infusa bit merah sebagai analgesik dan potensinya dalam menambah stamina tubuh. Uji efektivitas analgesik dilakukan dengan metode tail flick test, sementara uji potensi penambah stamina menggunakan metode natatory exhaustion. Penelitian menggunakan 20 mencit jantan galur DDY yang terbagi ke dalam empat kelompok dosis perlakuan, yakni 0, 1, 2, dan 4 g/kg BB. Pemberian infusa dan pengujian dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali pada waktu yang berbeda. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of varience (ANOVA) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa infusa bit merah mampu memberikan efek analgesik dengan dosis efektif 2 g/kg BB sebesar 5.46±1.22 detik, juga penambah stamina dengan durasi tertinggi pada dosis 4 g/kg BB sebesar 117.20±34.70 detik. Efek analgesik dan stamina yang ditimbulkan diduga berasal dari senyawa metabolit sekunder bit merah. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah bit merah memiliki efek analgesik dan dapat meningkatkan stamina., Health is the most important thing for every individual being. Herbal medicine can be an alternative in drugs selection for reducing the consumption of synthetic or chemical drugs. Beetroot is a root plant that can easily be found and has many beneficial contents. This research aims to study the effectiveness of beetroot infusions as analgesics and their potential in increasing body stamina. The effectiveness of analgesics was tested using the tail flick test method, while the potential for increasing stamina was tested using the natatory exhaustion method. This study comprised of 20 DDY strain male mice that divided into four treatment dose groups, namely 0, 1, 2, and 4 g/kg BW. Infusion administration and testing were repeated in three different time. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by Tukey’s test. The result showed that beetroot was able to provide analgesic effect with an effective dose of 2 g/kg BW at 5.46±1.22 seconds, as well as increasing stamina with the highest duration at dose of 4 g/kg BW at 117.220±34.70 seconds. The analgesic and stamina-enhancing effects are believed to originate from the secondary metabolites of beetroot It was concluded that beetroot have analgesic effect an increases stamina in mice.
Keyword: analgesik, mencit, obat herbal, stamina, bit merah

Judul: Effectiveness of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanii) Infusion as an Analgesic Effects and Stamina Enhancer in Male Mice (Mus musculus)
Abstrak: Kayu manis merupakan tanaman herbal yang memiliki beragam khasiat bagi kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari efektivitas infusa kayu manis sebagai analgesik dan peningkat stamina tubuh hewan. Penelitian ini menggunakan 20 ekor mencit jantan galur Deutschland Denken Yoken yang dikelompokkan menjadi 4 kelompok perlakuan dengan tiap kelompok terdiri atas 5 ekor mencit. Kelompok perlakuan dibagi menjadi kelompok mencit kontrol dan mencit perlakuan yang diberi infusa kayu manis dengan dosis 1, 2, dan 4 g/kg BB. Perlakuan dilakukan secara peroral dengan 3 kali ulangan dengan selang waktu satu hari. Pengujian pada uji analgesik dengan metode tail immersion flick test dan uji stamina dengan metode forced swim test. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian infusa kayu manis pada mencit jantan mampu memberikan efek analgesik pada dosis 4 g/kg BB dan mampu meningkatkan stamina pada dosis 2 dan 4 g/kg BB. Kesimpulan penelitian ini ialah kayu manis memiliki potensi sebagai analgesik dan peningkat stamina., Cinnamon is a herbal plant that has various health benefits. This research aims to study the effectiveness of cinnamon infusion on analgesic effects and to increase stamina for animals body. This study used 20 male mice of the Deutschland Denken Yoken strain which were grouped into 4 treatment groups with each group consisting of 5 mice. The treatment group was divided into control mice and treatment mice that were given cinnamon infusion at doses of 1, 2, and 4 g/kg BW. The treatment was carried out peroral with 3 repetitions with an interval of one day. The analgesic test uses the tail immersion flick test and the stamina test uses the forced swim test. The data obtained were analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey test. The results of the study showed administrating cinnamon infusion to male mice was able to provide an analgesic effect at a dose of 4 g/kg BW and was able to increase stamina at a dose of 2 and 4 g/kg BW. The conclusion of this research is that cinnamon has the potential as an analgesic and stamina enhancer.
Keyword: kayu manis, stamina, analgesik, mencit, obat herbal

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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