Judul: Harvesting Waste of Pine Wood and Exploitation Factors in KPH Kedu Selatan Perum Perhutani Regional Division of Central Java
Abstrak: Pemanfaatan kayu di Indonesia sampai saat ini belum efisien sehingga hanya sebagian pohon yang digunakan. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh jumlah kayu yang dikeluarkan dari hutan umumnya masih banyak yang termasuk berupa residu atau limbah pemanenan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di KPH Kedu Selatan dengan jenis tanaman yang ditebang adalah pinus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis volume limbah kayu penebangan dan angka faktor eksploitasi dalam kegiatan pemanenan kayu. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan Metode Pohon Penuh (Whole Tree Method). Limbah dalam penelitian ini berupa tunggak, batang bebas cabang, batang atas, dan cabang dan ranting dengan diameter maksimal 5 cm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan limbah pemanenan dari 67 pohon contoh yang ditebang dengan bekas sadapan pinus dimanfaatkan yaitu seluruhnya terjadi di petak tebang terdiri atas limbah tunggak 69%, batang bebas cabang 4%, batang atas 23% serta cabang dan ranting 4%. Limbah pemanenan kayu tanpa memanfaatkan bekas sadapan pinus terdiri atas limbah tunggak 14%, batang bebas cabang 81%, batang atas 4%, dahan 1%. Angka faktor eksploitasi berdasarkan pendekatan persen limbah dan pendekatan It, Is, Ia dengan bekas sadapan pinus dimanfaatkan sebesar 0,94. Faktor eksploitasi dengan bekas sadapan getah pinus tidak dimanfaatkan, berdasarkan pendekatan persen limbah dan pendekatan It, Is, Ia sebesar 0,67 dan 0,68. Kata kunci: faktor eksploitasi, KPH Kedu Selatan, limbah pemanenan kayu, pinus, The utilization of wood in Indonesia has not been effective so only some trees are used. This is because most of woods taken out from the forest are in the form of harvesting waste. This study was conducted at KPH South Kedu focusing on pine trees that have been cut down. This study aims to analyse the volume of logging residue and the number of exploitation factors in wood harvesting activities. A research was carried out using the Whole Tree Method. The logging residue was defined on stumps, main stems, upper stems and branches and twigs with diameter minimum 5 cm. The results of the study showed that harvesting waste from the 67 sample trees from the cutting plots with pine leads was used consisting of 69% stump waste, 4% branch-free stems, 23% scion, and 4% branches and twigs. Wood harvesting waste without utilizing pine leads consisting of of 14% stump waste, 81% main stems, 4% upper stems, and 1% branches and twigs. The exploitation factor figures based on the percent waste approach and the It, Is, Ia with pine leads was used approaches are 0,94 respectively. The exploitation factor figures based on the percent waste approach and the It, Is, Ia without utilizing pine leads approaches are 0,67 and 0,68.
Keyword: exploitation factor, KPH Kedu Selatan, logging residue, pine

Judul: Limbah pemanenan kayu, faktor eksploitasi dan karbon tersimpan pada limbah pemanenan kayu di IUPHHK-HA PT. Indexim Utama, Kalimantan Tengah
Abstrak: Forest was one of renewable natural resource. One of mostly used resource was wood. Thus to change it into economically valued, its need to exclude it from forest that named by wood harvesting. Wood harvesting activity could cause any problem such as wood harvesting waste. Total of waste could be used as an estimation base of exploitation factors value. Necromass was essential component of carbon storage and have to be measured to obtain accurate carbon storage. Total of necromass will affect the carbon storage potential of forest. This research was supposed to calculate waste volume that occurred on felling area, TPn (temporary wood collecting site) and TPK (final wood collecting site), to analyze factors that affect waste volume, to estimate value of exploitation factor, and to estimate total of storaged carbon on wood harvesting waste. Waste on this research was in form of stump, non-branched stem, upper stem and branch with minimum diameter 30 cm. Data were collected from 10 sample plots with 100 m x 100 m dimension. Effect of slope, tree felling intensity, basal area and feller skill to waste volume were analyzed by using multilinear regression model. Exploitation factor was calculated by using waste percentage approach and also felling index, skidding index, and hauling index approaches. Logging waste sample was collected in 3 repetitions by using 5 cm stem cross section of each trees part. Necromass in this research was calculated by using volume approach. Necromass and necromass carbon were obtained from laboratory analysis result. Average waste volume was 46,57 m3/ha. Wood harvesting waste mostly occurred in felling area. Waste on felling area was amounted 29,20 m3/ha, while at TPn amounted 1,17 m3/ha and at TPK amounted 0 m3/ha. Waste at felling area mostly caused by chainsaw operator’s mistake in logging, stem cutting and bucking. Waste at TPn was in form of log deformed by hole, crack and crooked, while at TPK wasn’t found any waste from researched stems. Waste percentage of non-branched stem based on logged trees was 25,16 %. Most significant factors that affect waste volume variance were trees basal area of logged tree and tree felling intensity. Total of exploitation factor based on waste percentage approach was 0,7484, while based on felling index, skidding index, and hauling index was 0,7484. Storaged carbon of wood harvesting waste was 13,91 ton C/ha, that including stem carbon amounted 10,76 ton C/ha, stomp carbon amounted 2,26 ton C/ha, and branch carbon amounted 0,89 ton C/ha.
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Judul: Tinjauan immunoglobulin dan peranannya dalam saluran gastrointestinal terutama terhadap serangan cacing
Abstrak: Immunoglobulin merupakan suatu glikoprotein yang terdapat dalam serum dan cairan jaringan. Immunoglobulin ini diproduksi bila sistem limfoid berkontak dengan anti gen. Immunoglobulin ini berperan dalam melindungi tubuh dari infeksi. Didalam tubuh immunoglobulin terdiri dari lima klas yang masing-masing klas mempunyai karakteris- tik dan fungsi yang spesifik yaitu Ig G, Ig A, Ig M, Ig E dan Ig D.. Diantara klas immunoglobulin, Ig G adalah yang pa- ling melimpah dalam serum darah dan strukturnya dapat di pakai sebagai model bagi immunoglobulin yang lain. Dalam saluran gastrointestinal, immunoglobulin da- pat berperan dalam sistem kekebalan lokal. Diantara ke- lima klas immunoglobulin, Ig A merupakan immunoglobulin terbesar yang terdapat dalam sekresi saluran gastrointes tinal. Hal ini disebabkan karena Ig A mampu bertahan terhadap enzim proteolitik yang terdapat dalam saluran gastrointestinal dibanding klas immunoglobulin lainnya. Agar dapat bertahan terhadap enzim tersebut Ig A dilin- dungi oleh komponen sekretori. Oleh karena itu struktur Ig A yang berada dalam serum berbeda dengan Ig A yang terdapat dalam sekresi saluran gastrointestinal. Ig A sekresi ini mempunyai kemampuan mencegah perlekatan bakteri pada permukaan mukosa saluran gastrointestinal dan dapat mengontrol koloni mikroorganisma yang secara normal terdapat dalam saluran gastrointestinal seperti Escherichia coli agar tidak membahayakan tubuh. Dalam resistensi terhadap virus, Ig A dapat mencegah replikasi virus pada mukosa yang merupakan tempat masuknya. Ig A memiliki dua subklas yang dapat dibedakan oleh asam amino pada rantai alpha () dan pada pengikat disulfida…dst
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