Judul: Karakteristik Fisik Madu dari Lebah Apis melifera, Apis dorsata, Apis cerana dan Trigona spp.
Abstrak: Characteristics of honey in tropical region of Indonesia are certainly different from other countries with different climates. The aimed of this study was to analyse the physical performance of Indonesian honey which produced by different species of bees. Honey samples were taken from 4 different species of bees consist of Apis melifera, A. dorsata, A. cerana and Trigona spp. with 5 replication for each species. The observed physical characteristics consist of color, specific gravity or density, turbidity, pH, water activity, and viscosity. The results showed that the bees’s species greatly affect the turbidity, water activity (P<0.01) of honey. Other physical characteristics can be used as standard of physical quality of honey with color value of L 53.08, a 8.77 and b 18.34, density 1.3 and pH value 3.91. The water activity can be used as standard by taking into account the differences between honey produced by Trigona spp. (0.73) and of Apis spp. (0.63-0.66).
Keyword: turbidity, physical characteristics, honey, color, bee

Judul: Analisis Fisikokimia  Madu Lebah Hutan (Apis dorsata) Multilokasi Indonesia dengan Variasi Suhu  Pemanasan
Abstrak: Madu merupakan cairan manis alami yang dihasilkan oleh lebah dari berbagai sumber nektar. Madu hutan memenuhi 75% kebutuhan madu di Indonesia. Sifat fisikokimia perlu diketahui untuk menentukan kualitas madu. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan sifat fisik dan kimia madu lebah hutan (Apis dorsata) yang berasal dari Garut, Ujung Kulon, Danau Sentarum, dan Flores yang diberi perlakuan panas, serta menentukan jenis madu yang unggul dan suhu perlakuan yang optimal. Sampel madu yang digunakan berasal dari. Perlakuan panas tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap fisikokimia madu, kecuali kadar gula pereduksi. Seluruh sampel madu dinyatakan lulus SNI, terkecuali madu asal Flores dengan kadar gula pereduksi dibawah SNI pada pemanasan suhu 65℃ dan 121℃ yaitu sebesar 59,55% dan 55,93%. Madu asal Danau Sentarum memiliki sifat fisikokimia yang lebih unggul pada parameter kelarutan, keasaman, HMF, gula pereduksi, dan sukrosa. Madu ditemukan optimal pada suhu ruang atau tanpa perlakuan panas. Madu Danau Sentarum memiliki rata-rata kelarutan, keasaman, dan kadar HMF yang lebih rendah dari madu asal daerah lain, yaitu secara berurutan sebesar 3 ml madu/ml akuades, 35,75 ml NaOH/kg, dan 1,934 mg/kg., Honey is a naturally sweet liquid produced by bees from various sources of nectar. Forest honey meets 75% of Indonesia's honey needs. Physicochemical properties need to be known to determine the quality of honey. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical properties of forest bee honey (Apis dorsata) originating from Garut, Ujung Kulon, Danau Sentarum, and Flores which were given heat treatment, as well as to determine the superior type of honey and the optimal treatment temperature. The honey samples used were from . Heat treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the physicochemistry of honey, except for reducing sugar content. All honey samples passed SNI, except for honey from Flores with reducing sugar content below SNI at 65℃ and 121℃ heating, namely 59.55% and 55.93%, respectively. Honey from Danau Sentarum has superior physicochemical properties in the parameters of solubility, acidity, HMF, reducing sugar, and sucrose. Honey was found to be optimal at room temperature or without heat treatment. Danau Sentarum honey has lower average solubility, acidity, and HMF content than honey from other regions, which are 3 ml honey/ml aquadest, 35.75 ml NaOH/kg, and 1.934 mg/kg respectively.
Keyword: honey, Apis dorsata, honey physicochemistry, honey heating

Judul: Query Expansion based on Bilingual Dictionary Using Conditional Probability
Abstrak: Query expansion is a technique that can be used to bridge vocabulary gaps between queries and documents in the collection. With query expansion, user will be helped to formulate queries well so that user will optimize the search result. In this study, the expansion term was resulted from the translation of bilingual dictionary. Subsequently, several terms of expansion were elected based on the closeness of its relationship with the original query. This research showed that conditional probability can be used to select expansion term in bilingual translation method query expansion. The result of 1000 documents was more than 97% relevan document can be retrieved by this system. The more expansion term used, the larger number relevan document was retrieved.
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