Judul: Production technology and utilization of phycocyanin of spirulina platensis as an immunostimulant in humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis)
Abstrak: Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Republic of Indonesia has targeted the grouper production as much as 9,000 tonnes of grouper in 2011 from 7,000 tonnes in 2010. Problems arise with the more intensive cultivation of grouper that lead to failure of production is precense of disease attack. Vibriosis is fish disease that can lead to failure in the production of grouper. The use of chemotherapeutics and antibiotics for prophylaxis have been prohibited by government because of negative impact to the environment and bacteria resistant. Giving an immunostimulant from natural plants microalgae is one way that can be used to resolve the problem reducing the failure rate due to this infectious disease. Phycocyanin bioactive and water soluble polysaccharide of Spirulina may enhance biological defence activity against infectious diseases through enhancement of proliferation of erythrocyte, granulocyte-monocyte that comes from bone marrow. This study aims to produce phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis and assess its utilization as an immunostimulant to improve the immune system of grouper. This research divided into three steps of study: 1) Production technology, extraction and phycocyanin characterization of Spirulina platensis, 2) Determination of the best dose of phycocyanin administration, and 3) Term of phycocyanin administration. The first research was to determine the combination of technical nutrient and the optimum light intensity for the best population growth and phycocyanin content, and used of the best phycocyanin extraction solvent. The research divided into two steps of experiment; first experiment used Kabinawa modification (KT) and technical modification (MT) nutrients with different of light intensity (2000, 3000 and 4000 lux). The second experiment utilized different phycocyanin extraction solvent water, 0.1 M Na phosphate buffer and 1% CaCl2. Each treatment was triplicates. Data showed the best population growth was gained on day 12th in the combination of MT nutrients and 3000 lux light intensity (MT3) was 0.611 OD. The highest phycocyanin content obtained at the exponential stage of KT2 treatment at 12th but not significantly different (p>0.05) from the treatment of MT3 and KT4. The phycocyanin extract solvent of 0.1 M Na phosphate buffer resulted in yield and highest purity levels of phycocyanin compared to the other two solvents. Protein content and molecular weight of two fractions protein phycocyanin result of SDS-PAGE were 26.64%, 19.23 and 63.32 kDa, respectively. This research showed that for the mass production of Spirulina can be use the combination of technical nutrient MT with 3000 lux light intensity and 0.1 M Na phosphate buffer is the best solvent for phycocyanin extraction as an immunostimulant. The second research was to examine the effect of administration of Spirulina phycocyanin on growth, enhancement of non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis juveniles to Vibrio alginolyticus infection. Initial body weight of grouper was 8.46±0.22 g with the density of 10 fish per container (56 L). The humpback grouper was fed with the addition of phycocyanin at 0, 150, 250, 350 and 450 mg kg-1 diet and reared for 28 days. Challenge test performed by infecting V. alginolyticus bacteria with dose 3.26x108 cfu mL-1, via intraperitoneal injection of 0.1 mL/fish. Each treatment
Keyword: Cromileptes altivelis, phycocyanin, non specific immune, growth, RPS (Relative Percent Survival)

Judul: Study of Supplementation of Dietary Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Synbiotic to Precaution Vibriosis in Polkadot Grouper (Cromileptes altivelis).
Abstrak: Vibriosis was a major bacterial diseases in grouper fingerlings and very harmful. One of the diseases that often attack the humpback grouper fish was bacterium V. alginolyticus. V. alginolyticus attack on marine fish could reach up to 100% mortality. Application of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotic through feed was expected to be one of the ways to boost the immune system of the fish. This study aimed to assess the effect of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotic on humpback grouper feed for vibriosis infection prevention through observation of immune response, survival and growth performance. The research covers the preparation stage and the media container maintenance, preparation of probiotic, preparation of prebiotic, feed preparation, testing probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic through the feed. There were five tests in the commission of the feed, feeding without probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic and PBS injected, feeding without probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic and infected V. alginolyticus, feeding of 1% with probiotic and infected V. alginolyticus, feeding of 2% prebiotic and infected V. alginolyticus, feeding with probiotics 1% and prebiotics 2 % and infected V. alginolyticus. Challenge test was injecting V. alginolyticus intramuscularly. Testing the performance of growth at the end of treatment probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic by measuring the daily growth rate and feed conversion ratio. Immune response testing was also conducted by measuring the total erythrocytes, total leukocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, respiratory burst activity, phagocytic activity and total bacteria. The characterization of probiotic was conducted by Cowan. The result showed that the bacterium was Bacillus sp. The result of oligosaccharide extraction (TPT 5%) used in this study consist of 1.115% inulin; 1.015% FOS and 1.488% GOS. Feeding with the addition of probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic for thirty days can increase the survival rate and growth performance (DGR and FCR) and resistance to disease. Overall immune response results obtained in this study showed significant improvement between the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotic to control.
Keyword: humpback grouper, prebiotic, probiotic, synbiotic, Vibrio alginolyticus

Judul: Kriteria Osilasi Untuk Pertidaksamaan Diferensial Taklinear Orde Dua
Abstrak: dimana pertidaksamaan dibatasi pada suatu selang [T,oo) dengan T?:O, aCt) kontinu pada selang [0,00) dan j(u) mempunyai turunan pertarna yang kontinu pada selang (-00,00) dengan uj(u) >0 untuk u;"O. Dengan menggunakan Asumsi A dan Asurnsi B, diperoleh beberapa teorerna ten tang kriteria osilasi untuk pertidaksamaan diferensial taklinear orde dua.
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