Judul: Fraksi Nonpolar Ekstrak Metanol Buah Sinyo Nakal (Duranta repens)
Abstrak: Air-dried simplicia of Duranta repens from Jombang, East Java was extracted by maceration with n-hexane followed by re-extraction of the unsaponifialbe n-hexane ectract with methanol. Based on phytochemical test results, the unsaponifiable n-hexane extract contained only steroids as the secondary metabolite, wheres the methanol extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and steroids. Gas chromatogram-mass spectrum of the unsaponifiable n-hexane extract was dominated by alkanes with eicosane as the most abundant compound. Tannin-free methanol extract resulted 10 fractions by using vacuum liquid chromatography. Fraction B was further fractionated by radial chromatography yielding 6 fractions. Fractionation of fraction B2 using preparative thin layer chromatography obtained B21 and B22 fractions which showed single spot. The gas chromatogram-mass spectrum, however, still showed many compounds dominated by carboxylic acids and ketones, respectively.
Keyword: sinyo nakal, nonpolar, fractionation, Duranta repens

Judul: Komponen Kimia Fraksi Polar Ekstrak Metanol Buah Sinyo Nakal (Duranta repens)
Abstrak: Various studies have been conducted to identify the bioactive components in leaves and bark of sinyo nakal (D. repens), but only few studies focusing on fruit extract. Phytochemical investigations on lipid-free fruit methanol extract showed the presence of flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tanin, and steroid. Fractionations of the methanol extract have been conducted through series of chromatographic separations including vacuum liquid chromatography, gravity column chromatography, and radial chromatography. Two fractions namely Hfg1 and Hi were analyzed with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrophotometer. The 1H, 13C, and 2D correlation NMR analysis showed that Hfg1 fraction was trans-cinnamic acid, whereas the molecular structure in Hi fraction has not been elucidated yet because it still contained mixture of compounds.
Keyword: trans-cinnamic acid, Duranta repens, fractionation, sinyo nakal

Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan