Judul: Karakteristik minyak ikan dari limbah pengolahan filet ikan patin siam (Pangasius hypopthalmus) dan Patin Jambal (Pangasius djambal)
Abstrak: Patin (Pangasius sp) which is the common name is catfish, has been well-known as a highly economic freshwater fish in Indonesia. Its high lipid content considered as source of unsaturated fatty acids including omega-3 which brings advantages for human health. This research project aims to obtain physico-chemical characteristics of the purified oil derived from the waste of Siam (Pangasius hypothalamus) and Jambal (Pangasius djambal) catfish fillet production, particularly on its fatty acids and glycerides profile. The project had been done in stages including raw material (waste from catfish fillet processing) characterization, oil extraction, oil purification, and purified oil characterization. Fish oil extraction is conducted by using a modified wet rendering method. During the catfish fillet processing, besides of getting the flesh-fillet as the main product, it remains also the other parts of fish (waste) that can be classified into 6 components i.e. head, spin-fin, skin, belly flap, trimmed flesh, and viscera. The head, belly flap, and viscera are considered to be the potential parts using for raw material in fish oil production that could yield the crude oil of 9.84%, 28.52%, and 20.34%, respectively derived from Siam, while 9,54%, 25,60% dan 30,05% derived from Jambal catfish. Fatty acids profile derived from both Siam and Jambal catfish showed that the palmitic and oleic acids are the major components. The percentage of long chain unsaturated fatty acid showed a higher amount of the total lipid, that were 53.24%, 54.38%, 52.74% respectively derived from head, belly flap, and viscera of Siam, and 62.70%, 62.92%, 61.97% derived from Jambal catfish. Even though only in small amount, Omega-3 fatty acids i.e. linoleic, EPA and DHA were detected in this experiment from both species. The typical result of FTIR spectrum profile were obtained. Nevertheless, in the range of 3050 – 2800 cm-1 representing the unsaturated fatty acids, FTIR absorbance on Jambal catfish showed a bigger and more sharply spectrum. Glycerides profile resulted 19 types of TAG in both spesies. According to the standard, 11 types of TGA were identified, which are OLO, PLO, PLP, OOO, POO, POP, PPP, SOO, POS, PPS and LaPP/MMP, respectively based on ECN and retention time. Hydrolysis using lipase enzyme from mold Thermomyces lanuginosa could specifically hydrolyze the position of sn-1 and sn-3 of TAG into DAG and MAG. DSC results demonstrated the 3 zones of melting point of Siam catfish oil, i.e range of (-30) – (-16)C, range of (-16) – 25C, and range of 25 – 46C. While in Jambal catfish oil, it was earlier detected, i.e. at -34C at the range up to 40C.
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Judul: Karakteristik Filet Ikan Patin (Pangasius sp.) Dalam Negeri dan Impor
Abstrak: Ikan patin (Pangasius sp.) merupakan salah satu ikan nasional yang budidayanya meningkat secara signifikan setiap tahunnya. Kebutuhan ikan patin di Indonesia mencapai 700 ton/bulan, produksi patin dalam negeri hanya 100-120 ton, sisanya diperoleh dari impor. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan dan membandingkan karakteristik filet ikan patin dalam negeri dan impor. Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi analisis proksimat, profil asam lemak, profil asam amino, warna, konsentrasi mioglobin, dan uji organoleptik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa filet patin Jambi mempunyai kadar protein, kadar lemak, dan kadar abu tertinggi dan berbeda nyata dengan yang lainnya (P<0,05). Filet patin Jambi mengandung asam lemak jenuh (SAFA) dan asam lemak tak jenuh tunggal (MUFA) tertinggi, namun kandungan asam lemak tak jenuh jamak (PUFA) terendah. Kandungan asam amino tertinggi terdapat pada filet patin Jambi. Analisis warna dengan nilai L, a, dan b tertinggi secara berturut-turut yaitu filet patin Karawang, impor, dan Jambi. Berdasarkan uji organoleptik, perbedaan lokasi tidak mempengaruhi cita rasa dan aroma sampel., Catfish (Pangasius sp.) is the one of national freshwater fish that its cultivation increases significantly every year. The demand of catfish fillet in Indonesia reaches 700 ton/month but domestic just produces about 100-120 ton/month; the others imports from abroad. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the sensory and chemical characteristic of domestic and import catfish. This study determine proximate composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles, color, myoglobin concentration, and organoleptic test. The result showed that Jambi’s catfish fillet had the highest protein, fat, and ash contents and significantly difrerent with the others (P<0.05). Jambi’s catfish fillet contained the highest amino acid it also had the highest saturated fatty acids (SAFA) and mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). However, it had the lowest poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In adition, the highest value of L, a, and b were found on fillet from Karawang’s catfish, import catfish, and Jambi’s catfish, respectively. The highest myoglobin concentration obtained from Jambi. Based on organoleptic test, differences of location did not affect to taste and smell of sample.
Keyword: filet patin, kandungan gizi, mioglobin, warna

Judul: Kruskal Coordinates in 4+1 Dimensional Schwarzschild  Spacetime Geometry
Abstrak: Koordinat Kruskal adalah hasil ekstensi maksimal dari koordinatSchwarzschild yang menimbulkan interpretasi baru tentang keberadaan wormhole. Secara teori, wormhole adalah struktur yang menghubungkan dua titik berbeda dalam ruangwaktu. Namun, ukuran wormhole terlalu kecil untuk dapat dilalui dan tidak stabil sehingga mudah runtuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan solusi koordinat Kruskal untuk geometri Scwarzschild pada dimensi yang lebih tinggi yang dapat berguna untuk menganalisis kestabilan wormhole. Penelitian ini dilakukan melalui penambahan dimensi ruang dari 3+1 dimensi menjadi 4+1 dimensi untuk mendapatkan geometri Schwarzschild, koordinat Eddington-Finkelstein, dan koordinat Kruskal dengan memanfaatkan gerak radial foton. Hasil akhirnya, solusi geometri ruangwaktu Schwarzschild dalam koordinat Kruskal dapat dibentuk dan diilustrasikan dalam diagram Kruskal. Diagram tersebut menunjukan sebuah black hole, white hole, dan dua alam semesta yang dihubungkan oleh wormhole., The Kruskal coordinates are the maximal extension of the Schwarzschild coordinates which give rise to new interpretations of the existence of wormholes. In theory, a wormhole is a structure that connects two different points in spacetime. However, the size of the wormhole is too small to pass through and is unstable so that it collapses easily. This study aims to obtain Kruskal coordinate solutions for the Scwarzschild geometry in higher dimensions which can be useful for analyzing wormhole stability. This research was carried out by adding space from 3+1 dimensions to 4+1 dimensions to obtain Schwarzschild geometry, Eddington Finkelstein coordinates, and Kruskal coordinates by utilizing the radial motion of photons. The final result, the solution of the Schwarzschild spacetime geometry in Kruskal coordinates can be formed and illustrated in a Kruskal diagram. The diagram shows a black hole, a white hole, and the two universes connected by a wormhole.
Keyword: Schwarzschild geometry, Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates, Kruskal coordinates, radial motion of photons, wormhole