Judul: Characteristics of Rumen Fermentation In Vitro with Supplementation of Cellulolytic Probiotic: Quantitative Literature Review
Abstrak: Probiotik selulolitik merupakan feed additive yang mengandung bakteri selulolitik sebagai penghasil enzim selulase yang digunakan untuk menghidrolisis selulosa kompleks dari pakan hijauan menjadi glukosa, yang selanjutnya diubah menjadi Volatile Fatty Acid (VFA). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji penggunaan probiotik selulolitik secara in vitro terhadap karakteristik fermentasi di rumen dengan menganalisis data dari berbagai studi terkait menggunakan model matematis analisis regresi linear dan kuadratik. Sebanyak 19 studi diperoleh 119 data digunakan dengan variabel yang meliputi nilai pH, produksi gas total, produksi gas metana, konsentrasi amonia, konsentrasi total VFA, proporsi asetat, propionat, dan butirat, rasio asetat:propionat, kecernaan bahan kering dan organik, kecernaan Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), populasi bakteri, serta populasi protozoa. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa pemberian probiotik selulolitik sangat nyata meningkatkan (P≤0,01) produksi gas total, konsentrasi amonia, konsentrasi total VFA, proporsi asetat, serta kecernaan bahan kering dan organik. Pemberian probiotik selulolitik juga nyata meningkatkan (P≤0,05) proporsi asam butirat, rasio asetat:propionat, kecernaan NDF, dan populasi bakteri, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai pH dan populasi protozoa. Selain itu, pemberian probiotik selulolitik sangat nyata menurunkan (P≤0,01) proporsi propionat. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian probiotik selulolitik secara in vitro dengan taraf penggunaan mulai dari 106 -1012 cfu ml-1 cairan rumen dapat memodifikasi fermentasi di rumen.
Keyword: cellulolytic probiotic, cellulose, rumen

Judul: Interaction of Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum with Various Feed Additives on Rumen Fermentability and Methane Gas Mitigation In  Vitro
Abstrak: Fermentasi rumen menghasilkan produk akhir berupa gas metana. Produksi metana menyebabkan kehilangan sebesar 2%-12% gross energy intake (GEI). Dampak yang terjadi harus segera diatasi untuk meningkatkan produksi. Penggunaan feed additive dilakukan sebagai strategi mengurangi kehilangan energi. Feed additive yang aman digunakan bagi ternak seperti probiotik, prebiotik, ekstrak tanaman, dan enzim. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi pengaruh penambahan probiotik Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), xilooligosakarida (XOS), XOS terproteksi tanin, enzim selulase, dan kombinasinya terhadap fermentabilitas rumen dan produksi metana, serta mengevaluasi interaksi antara probiotik L. plantarum dengan berbagai feed additive terhadap fermentabilitas rumen dan produksi metana. Penelitian ini terdiri atas dua tahap yaitu tahap persiapan bahan penelitian dan fermentasi in vitro. Tahap pertama yaitu penyusunan ransum, menumbuhkan probiotik L. plantarum dalam medium perlakuan yang dibagi dalam tiga perlakuan serta tiga ulangan dengan rancangan acak lengkap, dan produksi XOS secara enzimatis menggunakan enzim selulase dari Actinomycetes. Tahap kedua yaitu fermentasi in vitro menggunakan cairan rumen sapi Peranakan Ongole dan persentase ransum 40% rumput gajah:60% konsentrat. Tahap ini dibagi dalam empat belas perlakuan serta lima ulangan dengan rancangan acak kelompok. Parameter yang diamati di antaranya yaitu mikrobiologi probiotik, analisis oligosakarida, pH, konsentrasi amonia (N-NH3), volatile fatty acids (VFA) parsial, kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK), kecernaan bahan organik (KcBO), total gas, kinetika gas, produksi metana, dan populasi bakteri rumen. Data dianalisis menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dan Pearson’s correlation (r) serta perlakuan yang berbeda nyata (P<0,05) pada medium probiotik diuji dengan uji lanjut Duncan, sedangkan variabel fermentasi yang berbeda nyata (P<0,05) diuji dengan kontras Ortogonal yang dibagi menjadi empat kelompok perlakuan menggunakan SAS (Statistical Analysis System). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P<0,05) terhadap pH probiotik, asetat (C2), propionate (C3), isobutirat, butirat, isovalerat, rasio C2:C3, total gas, kinetika gas, metana, total bakteri, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Prevotella ruminicola, L. plantarum, Selenomonas ruminantium, dan metanogen, sedangkan perlakuan lainnya tidak menunjukkan perbedaan. Simpulan penelitian ini adalah penambahan 3,48% dekstrosa, 0,3% lisin, dan 0,3% metionin mampu menurunkan pH medium. Xilan dari pelepah sawit dapat dihidrolisis menjadi xilooligosakarida oleh enzim selulase dari Actinomycetes. Penggunaan 1% dan 3% XOS, 1% dan 3% XOS terproteksi tanin secara tunggal, serta kombinasinya dengan probiotik L. plantarum dan enzim selulase mampu menurunkan produksi gas metana. Kombinasi probiotik dengan feed additive terbukti lebih efisien dalam mengurangi metana., Rumen fermentation produces the end product of methane gas. Methane production causes losses of 2%-12% of gross energy intake (GEI). The impact that occurs must be addressed immediately to increase production. Feed additives are used as a strategy to reduce energy loss. Feed additives safe for livestock include probiotics, prebiotics, plant extracts, and enzymes. This study aims to identify the effect of the addition of probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (L. plantarum), xylooligosaccharide (XOS), tannin-protected XOS, cellulase enzyme, and their combination on rumen fermentability and methane production, and evaluate the interaction between probiotic L. plantarum and various feed additives on rumen fermentability and methane production. This research consisted of two stages: preparation of research materials and in vitro fermentation. The first stage was the preparation of the ration, growing probiotic L. plantarum in the treatment medium, which was divided into three
Keyword: cellulase enzyme, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Methane mitigation, xylooligosaccharide

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite