Judul: Determination of Heat Adequacy in Sterilization of Lamb Curry in Retort Pouch Packaging Using Pressure Cooker at CV XYZ
Abstrak: Penggunaan kemasan kaleng sebagai kemasan pangan sterilisasi komersial gulai domba yang disterilisasi menggunakan panci presto dengan sumber panas kompor gas di CV XYZ kurang efisien secara waktu dan biaya karena harganya yang mahal dan kemampuan penetrasi panas yang kurang baik. Retort pouch dapat menjadi kemasan alternatif yang menghemat biaya dan waktu karena kemampuan pindah panasnya lebih besar dibandingkan kaleng dan harganya lebih murah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan retort pouch sebagai kemasan produk gulai domba dengan menentukan waktu pemanasan yang dibutuhkan agar produk mencapai kondisi steril komersial. Penelitian dibagi menjadi tiga tahapan, yaitu uji distribusi panas, uji penetrasi panas, dan perhitungan biaya variabel untuk penggunaan kedua jenis kemasan. Hasil uji distribusi panas menunjukkan bahwa penyusunan vertikal merupakan penyusunan yang paling optimal. Berdasarkan hasil uji penetrasi panas, waktu holding selama 60 menit saat sterilisasi gulai domba kemasan retort pouch dapat memenuhi standar pangan steril komersial. Namun dengan memperlama waktu tunda pembukaan katup uap menjadi 30 menit, maka waktu holding dapat dikurangi menjadi 49 menit. Selain itu, kemasan retort pouch juga tidak akan pecah pada semua percobaan waktu tunda. Jika membandingkan penggunaan kedua kemasan dari waktu sterilisasi dan biaya, penggunaan kemasan retort pouch dapat menghemat biaya produksi dibandingkan kemasan kaleng, namun membutuhkan waktu sterilisasi yang lebih lama., The use of cans as commercial sterilization food packaging for lamb curry, which is sterilized using a pressure cooker with gas stove heat source at CV XYZ is less efficient in time and cost because of the high price and poor heat penetration ability. Retort pouches can be an alternative packaging that saves costs and time because their heat transfer capacity is greater than cans and they have cheaper price than cans. This study aims to develop a retort pouch as packaging for lamb curry products by determining the heating time required for the product to reach a commercially sterile condition. This research is divided into three stages, namely heat distribution test, heat penetration test, and calculation of variable costs for the use of both types of packaging. The results of the heat distribution test show that the vertical arrangement is the most optimal. Based on the results of the heat penetration test, the holding time of 60 minutes when sterilizing the lamb curry in retort pouch packaging can meet commercial sterile food standards. However, by extending the delay time for opening the steam valve to 30 minutes, the holding time can be reduced to 49 minutes. In addition, the retort pouch packaging will also not break in all the time delay trials. When comparing the use of the two packages in terms of sterilization time and cost, the use of retort pouch packaging can save production costs compared to canned packaging but requires a longer sterilization time.
Keyword: Heat adequacy test, Pressure cooker, Retort pouch

Judul: Heat Resistance Characteristics of Retort Pouch Packaging at Sterilization Temperature
Abstrak: Salah satu proses pengolahan untuk memperpanjang umur simpan daging yaitu sterilisasi dalam kaleng. Penggunaan kemasan kaleng memiliki kelemahan yaitu memerlukan investasi yang besar untuk fasilitas produksi, transportasi, dan penyimpanannya, sehingga perlu dikembangkan produk sterilisasi dalam retort pouch. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan tipe kemasan yang aman dan sesuai untuk produk sterilisasi di CV XYZ. Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu mengidentifikasi sifat fisik kemasan retort pouch sebelum dan sesudah sterilisasi, menguji total migrasi, dan menentukan jenis kemasan terbaik. Analisis dilakukan dengan Independent-Samples T Test, ANOVA, dan scoring pada kriteria pengujian. Kemasan jenis aluminium retort memiliki nilai ketebalan dan kuat tarik paling tinggi serta WVTR yang paling rendah. Besar kekuatan pengeliman dan elastisitas paling baik diperoleh pada kemasan nylon retort. Nilai migrasi total pada ketiga jenis kemasan di bawah batas maksimal standar yaitu 10 mg/dm2 dengan migrasi total terendah dicapai kemasan retort pouch jenis ONy/CPP. Penentuan kemasan retort pouch terbaik sebagai rekomendasi untuk industri sebagai pengemas produk olahan daging yaitu kemasan retort pouch jenis aluminium retort., One of the processing to extend the shelf-life of meat is sterilization in cans. The use of can packaging have weaknesses, such as requires a large investment in production facilities, transportation, and storage so it is necessary to develop sterilization product in retort pouches. This study aims to determine the packaging that is safe and suitable for the development of sterilization products in CV XYZ. The stages of the research are identifying the physical properties of the retort pouch packaging before and after sterilization, overall migration and determining the best type of packaging. The analysis was carried out using the Independent-Samples T Test, the ANOVA variance test, and scoring on the test criteria. The aluminum retort type packaging has the highest thickness and tensile strength values and the lowest WVTR value. The best sealing strength and elasticity value were obtained in nylon retort type packaging. The total migration value in three types of packaging has a result below the standard maximum limit of 10 mg/dm2 with the lowest total migration value achieved by ONy/CPP type. Determination of the best retort pouch packaging as a recommendation for the industry is aluminum retort type packaging.
Keyword: ketahanan panas, migrasi total, retort pouch, sterilisasi komersial

Judul: Tree berdiameter lima adalah graceful
Abstrak: This manuscript presents some proofs that every tree of diameter five is graceful. A graceful tree is a graph which has a graceful labelling. This labelling assigns absolute difference of connected vertices, such that the resulting edge labels are mutually distinct. There are three theorems to be considered. First theorem proves that every tree of diameter four is graceful. Second theorem proves that every tree of diameter five is graceful or nearly graceful. The third theorem improves the second theorem and shows that every tree of diameter five is nearly graceful, which can be transformed into graceful using some certain patterns.
Keyword: Graf, Pelabelan graceful, Bogor Agricultural University, Institut Pertanian Bogor, IPB