Judul: Process design of sulphonation of isolated Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) lignin to produce Sodium Lignosulphonat (SLS) surfactant
Abstrak: Process design of sulphonation of isolated empty fruit bunch (EFB) lignin to produce sodium lignosulphonat (SLS) surfactant was conducted by process synthesis, then process development by empiric systematic approach (modelling). The results were integrated into process engineering flow diagram (PEFD), and analyzed feasibility of SLS industry. The objective of this research was to obtain “the process design” especially to identify the best pulping process and the best isolating lignin path to obtain the best isolated lignin; to find the optimum process condition in production of the SLS; to determine the reaction kinetic modelling, total cost equation as a function of production capacity and optimum production capacity were also developed and to obtain the financially feasible criteria in setting up SLS industry. The best influence of NaOH addition in organosolv pulping process was obtained at 10% of concentration, and of H2SO4 addition in lignin isolation using Kim method was obtained at 20% concentration. The yield of isolated lignin was 19,945% (w/w) with 88,93% of purity. The optimum process conditions was obtained ie: reactant ratio (NaHSO3 to lignin) of 60,32 % (w/w); pH of 6,03; reaction temperature of 90,28OC; conversion of 72,20%; validation of conversion of 70,04 %. Identification of SLS by using spectrophotometer FTIR, LC-MS and UV showed that SLS product of sulphonation, was similar to SLS standard from Aldrich (SLS-Aldrich). In addition, the properties of SLS and performance test of SLS were adequate to be a dispersant agent because the purity of SLS was high ( more than 80 %).
Keyword: pulping process, isolating lignin path, kinetic modelling, optimum production capacity

Judul: Utilization of kraft lignin from black liquor pulp factory to produce sodium lignosulfonate and sulfonate hydroxymethyl phenol sulfuric acid lignin as dispersant material
Abstrak: Black liquor kraft is a sulfuric chemical pulping byproduct. Lignin is the highest component in a black liquor approximatelly 46% from the total solid. Lignin can be isolated from kraft process black liquor by precipitation using H2SO4 20% to pH 2. The purposes of this research were to obtain and characterize kraft lignin, to find an optimum condition for sulfonation process in order to get a sodium lignosulfonate (SLS) product with appropriate characteristics as a dispersant material, to get sulfonate hydroxymethyl phenol sulfuric acid lignin (SHP-SAL), and to understand the performance of SLS and SHPSAL as dispersant agents on gypsum paste. The raw materials used in the production of SLS and SHP-SAL were obtained from sulfonated lignin which was isolated from black liquor. The SLS were made from lignin which was obtained from the sulfonation of isolated lignin in the presence of NaHSO3, also from the optimized sulfonation process of lignin using Response Surface Method (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) with three factors. The SHP-SAL were made in three steps: (1) sulfuric acid lignin (SAL) was phenolated to produce phenol sulfuric acid lihnin (PSAL), (2) the hydroxymethylation of P-SAL to give hydroxymethyl phenol sulfuric acid lignin (HP-SAL), and (3) the sulfonation of HP-SAL to yield sulfonate hydroxymethyl phenol sulfuric acid lignin (SHP-SAL). The lignosulfonate compounds were identified using infrared spectrophotometer.
Keyword: Response Surface Method (RSM), Central Composite Design (CCD), Dispersibilitas

Judul: Penyebab kematian burung kakatua jambul kuning (Cacatua galerita) di Taman Margasatwa Ragunan dan Taman Burung TMII (Periode Januari 2001 - Januari 2002)
Abstrak: Studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penyebab kematian pada Burung Kakatua Jambul Kuning (Cacatua galerita) serta penanganan dan pencegahannya. Pengkajian ini berdasarkan pada pemeriksaan atau pengamatan langsung di lokasi kandang burung maupun lingkungannya, pengumpulan laporan data kasus penyakit, pengobatan dan pencegahannya, wawancara langsung dengan dokter hewan, paramedis maupun pemeriksaan feces serta studi pustaka. Upaya perlindungan terhadap burung Kakatua Jambul Kuning yang merupakan satwa langka sudah dilakukan oleh Pemerintah., terbukti dengan diterbitkannya Undang-Undang No. 5 tahun 1990, Surat Keputusan Menteri No.301/Kpts-II/1991, Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 7 tahun 1999 (Sozer, 1999). Perlindungan yang selama ini telah dilakukan di penangkaran ex-situ Taman Margasatwa Ragunan (TMR) dan Taman Burung TMII (TB TMII). Pada kedua tempat penangkaran tersebut burung kakatua akan dipelihara sedapat mungkin seperti pada kehidupan di alam bebas. Hasil yang diperoleh pada kedua tempat penangkaran tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kasus traumatik merupakan kasus penyebab kematian yang tertinggi. Traumatik tersebut disebabkan beberapa hal dan yang tertinggi karena berkelahi. Di Kandang Karantina Taman Margasatwa Ragunan dilaporkan ada 3 kasus kematian traumatik dari 7 gambaran post mortem yang diperiksa (42,86%), sedangkan pada Kandang Pamer berjumlah 2 kasus dari 3 gambaran post mortem yang diperiksa (66,67%). Pada Taman Burung TMII kasus kematian yang disebabkan oleh traumatik, ditemukan di Klinik yang berasal dari Kandang Pamer sebanyak 2 kasus dari 3 gambaran post mortemnya (66,67%). Studi kasus ini diharapkan menjadi tambahan data acuan dalam upaya pelestarian dan pengembangan populasi Kakatua Jambul Kuning.
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