Judul: Mempelajari Pengaruh Ukuran Partikel dan Kadar Air Tepung Jagung serta Kecepatan Ulir Ekstruder terhadap Karakteristik Snack Ekstrusi
Abstrak: Saat ini, makanan ringan sudah menjadi bagian yang tidak dapat ditinggalkan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, terutama pada kalangan anak-anak dan remaja. Menurut Kompas (2002), makanan ringan bersama dengan minuman ringan masih memberikan kontribusi yang sangat besar pada total pengeluaran rumah tangga yaitu sekitar 40-45%. Salah satu teknologi yang digunakan dalam pembuatan makanan ringan ialah teknologi ekstrusi. Untuk mendapatkan karakteristik snack ekstrusi yang baik maka perlu dipelajari pengaruh parameter proses terhadap karakteristik snack yang dihasilkan diantaranya ukuran partikel dan kadar air tepung jagung serta kecepatan ulir ekstruder yang digunakan. Pada penelitian pendahuluan dilakukan perhitungan kadar air awal tepung jagung serta penentuan parameter proses ekstrusi. Hasil dari penelitian pendahuluan ini digunakan untuk proses ekstrusi pada penelitian utama. Kemudian diambil delapan sampel dengan perlakuan berbeda untuk dianalisis.
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Judul: Mempelajari Pengaruh Pre-conditioner, Kecepatan Ulir, dan Substitusi Gandum Utuh Terhadap Ekstrusi
Abstrak: Extrusion cooking is the process of forcing a material to flow under a variety of conditions through a shaped hole (die) at a predetermined rate to achieve various resulting products. This research was done to learn the influences of pre-conditioner, screw speed, and whole wheat substitusion in extrusion process.Several extrusion treatments were studied, as follows: pre-conditioner treatment, wheat proportion (0 %, 5 %, and 10 %), and screw speed (350 rpm, 360 rpm, and 370 rpm). Pre-conditioner, wheat proportion, and screw speed found to affect the product in different ways. Pre-conditioning treatment increases the product’s moisture, gelatinisation degree, WSI (Water Solubility Index), WAI (Water Absorbtion Index), hardness and product’s length but it decreases the product’s bulk density. The higher wheat proportion between 0 % to 10 % increases gelatinisation degree, WSI, hardness, and bulk density. On the other hand, increasing of screw speed around 350 rpm to 370 rpm will increases gelatinisation degree, WSI, product’s length, hardness, but decreases product’s expansion degree.
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Judul: Codiaeum Malesia
Abstrak: The Malesian genus Codiaeum has been revised based on the morphological character using available herbarium collections in Herbarium Bogor iense and loan specimens from Rijksherbarium Leiden. The study is based on the observation of 350 specimens. Eleven species have been recognized, namely Codiaeum variegatum, C. luzonicum, C. palawanense, C. trichocalyx, C. megalanthum, C. cilliatum, C. affine, C. tenerifolium dan C. hirsutum, C. macgregorii, C. ludovicianum. number of species is found in the Philippines The highest (8 species), Two species (C. tenerifolium and C. ludovicianum) endemic in Lousiade Archipelago of the New Guinea and C. affine endemic in Banguey Island. C. variegatum is widespread by nature or in cultivation almost in all of Malesian region. C. cillia tum is a species in the earliest level among the other species according to 20 selected characters.
Keyword: Codiaeum, Malesia