Judul: Keanekaragaman Jenis Kupu-kupu pada Beberapa Tipe Habitat di Pondok Ambung Taman Nasional Tanjung Puting Kalimantan Tengah
Abstrak: Tanjung Puting National Park, has megabiodiversity which still unexplorated all of them. Butterflies as part of biodiversity which still unexplorated, has important role as pollinator and with it’s wonderful colored wings has high value economically. Purposes of this study are to identified species diversity of butterflies in several habitat types and to analyze species richness, species diversity, evenness, and similarity of butterflies in every habitat types and to analyze correlation between habitat characteristics and species diversity of butterflies includes species richness, species diversity, and evenness of butterflies. This study conducted for two months from July to August 2009 in Pondok Ambung, Tanjung Puting National Park, Central Kalimantan, which located in eight different types of habitats included lowland forest, swamp forest, peat swamp forest, kerangas (dry-land habitat), grassland, burned forest, Camp Ambung, and nursery camp. The method used is by transect method in length 500 m, one transect for every habitat types, by method of sweeping and trapping used rambutans and watermelon as trap bait. Data collected were butterflies species, individuals per species, habitat characteristics included structure, composition, types of vegetation and physics and biotic component of habitat. Data analysis included species richness, species diversity, evenness, similarity coefficient, vegetation analysis, and correlation analysis between habitat characteristics and butterflies diversity. During the study, a total of 76 butterflies species were recorded included family of Papilionidae (11 species), Pieridae (6 species), Nymphalidae (43 species), Lycaenidae (14 species), and Hesperiidae (2 species). Species number for every type of habitat founded lowland forest 33 species, swamp forest 24 species, peat swamp forest 13 species, kerangas (dry-land habitat) 20 species, grassland 11 species, burned forest 27 species, Camp Ambung 37 species, and nursery camp 32 species. The highest for species richness is Camp Ambung and the lowest is grassland area. For species diversity the highest is lowland forest and the lowest is grassland. Types of habitat with low scale for evenness are grassland and burned forest. Types of habitat with highest scale for similarity are between Camp Ambung and nursery camp and the lowest are between peat swamp forest and grassland. There is founded a relation between habitat condition and butterflies diversity which depend on temperature and relative humidity, open area, water source, and vegetation as food plant, shelter, and cover for butterflies.
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Judul: Keanekaragaman Jenis Kupu-Kupu di Kawasan Wisata Alam Lembah Cilengkrang Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai
Abstrak: Butterfly is a types of insects that have significant value as pollinators, prey for insectivorous and indicators of environmental quality. Lembah Cilengkrang is one of the natural attractions of Gunung Ciremai National Park (GCNP), which has suitable conditions as a butterfly habitat. Habitat components which required by the butterfly to life includes physical components and biotic habitat. The physical components play an important role, namely temperature, humidity, sunlight and the presence of water, while biotic factors are the availability of plants as sources of food and shelter. Biodiversity studies have been carried out in the Lembah Cilengkrang, but the diversiy data of butterflies have not been done yet, so this research needs to be done in order to add the biodiversity data and as the reference for area management of nature tourism in Lembah Cilengkrang. The purpose of this study was to identify the diversity of butterflies and analyze the differences in the level of richness, diversity, evenness and similarity of butterfly on terrestrial and riparian habitat. The research was done in April and May 2012. The collected data including butterfly diversity and habitat characteristics include physical factors and biotic habitat. Diversity of butterflies are known by using transects methods along the tour route which divided into two paths namely terrestrial and riparian habitat path. Buttefly data was collected in the morning (8:00 to 12:00) and afternoon (15:00 to 17:00) with five repetitions of each habitat type. Diversity was calculated using diversity index (H '), richness index (Dmg), evenness index (E), dominance and similarity types index (Sj). Butterflies were found as many as 95 species with a number of individuals as much as 2044 individuals from five families, namely Papilionidae (9 species), Pieridae (10 species), Nymphalidae (46 species), Lycaenidae (14 species) and Hesperidae (16 species). Among the total number of butterfly species founded, there were two types of butterflies which protected by the government through PP. 7 of 1999 and included in Appendix II of CITES, namely Troides helena and Troides cuneifera. Riparian habitat has higher richness, diversity and evenness than terrestrial habitats. Differences of butterfly diversity can be influenced by physical factor and biotic habitats where feed plants and water sources presence
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Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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