Judul: Multidimensional of Climate Change on the Distributions of Sumatran Orangutan in the Leuser Ecosystem for Conservation Planning
Abstrak: Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii) is one of the three orangutan species (Pongo spp. – Tapanuli: P. tapanuliensis; Borneo: P. pygmaeus) from the great ape family group (Hominidae) that lives in Indonesia. Sumatran orangutan current population in 2015 reached 14,613 individual species based on field survey. Currently, Sumatran orangutans suffered a population declining over the past year due to altered habitat. Climate change also would be expected to increase the extinction risk of the species – thus, many biodiversity, particularly primates will redistribute their habitat. Most Sumatran orangutans (82.5%) are only found in the Leuser Ecosystem, Aceh Province. Due to the range contraction and many threats towards Sumatran orangutans, the species have been considered critically endangered (CR) species based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) red list. Species distribution modelling has been already used for various applications, such as conservation management towards non-human primate species within the protected areas – e.g., the Sumatran orangutan. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of research and information that elaborates climatic shifting effects and habitat degradation towards Sumatran orangutan distribution. The Leuser Ecosystem is the essential habitat for Sumatran orangutans; thus, understanding the climate effects for this species within the area is crucial. In general, the objectives of this research were a) to estimate Sumatran orangutan distribution within the Leuser Ecosystem using species distribution model, b) to identify and quantify exposure of Sumatran orangutan towards climate change and altered habitat, and c) to design conservation strategies for the species. The novelties of this research were: a) Research approach: species distribution modelling approach for Sumatran orangutan within the Leuser Ecosystem using ensemble-method of machine learning (e.g., RF, SVM, MaxEnt, and GLM) based on shared socio-economics pathway with the spatial resolution 100-m; and b) Problem solving: evaluation of Sumatran orangutan vulnerability under climatic pressures, altered habitat, and deforestation using bioclimatic velocity. Furthermore, conservation planning – e.g., habitat restoration and creating the wildlife corridor using least-cost path analysis. In addition, we also provide a new method to estimate the extinction rate of Sumatran orangutans using a macro-ecological approach to assess species adaptivity. This research revealed that the ensemble model from several algorithms (i.e., GAM, GLM, Maxent, Random Forest, and SVM) had outperformed the other algorithms based on discrimination metrics (i.e., AUC, TSS, Kappa, Jaccard, Sørensen). The bioclimatic factor was the essential variable to capture the fundamental distribution of Sumatran orangutan. Orangutan distribution within the Leuser Ecosystem was strongly correlated with the precipitation in the driest quartal and temperature range, affecting food abundance, activity budget, and habitat quality. This result shows that the current Sumatran orangutan distribution covered 37% of the landscape (9915.63 km2). Furthermore, this study also used species distribution model output to estimate population density and metapopulation within the habitat patches. The density model of Sumatran orangutan has a relatively similar pattern to the previous study. Climate and habitat changes jeopardized tropical biodiversity, including Sumatran orangutan within the Leuser Ecosystem. This landscape will suffer a tremendous climatic anomaly (i.e., precipitation and temperature) in the northwest, southeast, and montane areas of the Leuser Ecosystem. Besides, high-temperature anomalies
Keyword: Leuser, makroekologi, model distribusi spesies, orangutan sumatera, perubahan iklim

Judul: Spatial Distribution of Sumatrean Orangutan (Pongo abelii Lesson, 1827) Activity Trace on Suaq Belimbing Reaserch Station Gunung Leuser National Park
Abstrak: Orangutan sumatera (Pongo abelii) adalah spesies kera besar yang hanya ditemukan di bagian utara Pulau Sumatera, salah satu lokasi persebarannya adalah di Stasiun Penelitian Suaq Belimbing. Keberadaan orangutan sumatera terancam karena populasi yang menurun setiap tahunnya dikarenakan peningkatan laju deforestasi, tingginya angka perdagangan ilegal dan perburuan liar, sehingga perlu dilakukannya upaya konservasi. Meskipun demikian orangutan adalah satwa yang sangat sensitif, maka cara terbaik adalah dengan mengamati pola penggunaan ruangnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis jejak aktivitas, mengetahui bentuk sebaran jejak aktivitas, dan menganalisis hubungan jejak aktivitas dengan kelas kelerengan, tipe tutupan lahan, jarak dari sumber air, dan jarak dari permukiman. Pengambilan data dilakukan secara simultan menggunakan metode transek jalur sepanjang 1 km dengan jumlah 4 jalur pengamatan. Jenis jejak aktivitas orangutan sumatera yang ditemukan berupa sisa pakan dan sarang. Sebaran spasial jejak aktivitas orangutan sumatera berbentuk mengelompok (IM =1,18) di hutan rawa sekunder dengan topografi landai yang dekat dengan sumber air (<1000 m) dan dekat dengan permukiman (<2000 m).
Keyword: Gunung Leuser National Park, spatial distribution, Suaq Belimbing Reaserch Station, sumatrean orangutan

Judul: Pemurnian dan karakterisasi protein inhibitor RNA helikase virus hepatitis C
Abstrak: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the second most common chronic viral infection in the world with global prevalence. This infection is contribution to chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, often leading to hepatocellular carcinoma. There is no effective drug and vaccine available against HCV. The current standard treatment, a combination of pegylated interferon-α with ribavirin, is limited by its suboptimal response rate in a significant patient population, side effects, and affordability. Therefore, development of effective drug is needed. One approach to find out the candidate of antiviral drug is to discover the inhibitor of enzyme that essential for virus replication, such as RNA helicase. Streptomyces chartreusis 5-095 produce the inhibitor of HCV RNA helicase. The aim of this study was to purify the protein inhibitor which has inhibition activity against ATPase activity of RNA helicase HCV from S. chartreusis 5-095. The supernatant of culture S. chartreusis 5-095 exhibited high inhibiton activity against ATPase activity of RNA helicase HCV (approximately 72%) at 10 days of incubation. The extracellular protein inhibitor was partially purified by procedures of precipitation with ammonium sulfate to 65% saturation and gel filtration (Sephadex G50) using methanol water solution (4:6) as an eluen. The purity of protein inhibitor was monitored by SDS PAGE. The protein inhibitor showed a relative molecular mass were estimated to be 14 kDa and increased the purity 23,08 fold than those of the crude protein. The specific activity and IC50 after purification were 13,1338 U/mg and 0,0767 mg/mL, respectively. The activity of purified protein inhibitor showed its stability over pH range from 5-8 and optimum at pH 7,4. The inhibition activity showed its stability up to 70% at temperature 100 oC. The purified protein inhibitor relatively stable its activity at storage in the range of -20 oC to room temperature for 35 days.
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