Judul: The Effects of Encapsulated Probiotics on Enteric Methane 
Emission and in Vitro Nutrient Digestibility
Abstrak: Methane, as a greenhouse gas, hasclimatic impacts.It it is responsiblefor almost about 2 – 12% losses of the gross energy that consumed by ruminants, so that methane affects feed utilization and animal productivity. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotics and encapsulatedprobiotics on enteric methane production and the in vitro nutrient digestibility in ruminants. The study took place at the Research Center for Biotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia In vitro analysis was done using a group of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The experiments were conducted in 3x4 block design with three dietary treatments (T0= control diet, T1 (control diet + probiotics addition), and T2 (control + encapsulated probiotics addition) and four replicates. Each replicate was performed at a different week. The experimental diets were incubated in the in vitro rumen fermentation system for 72 hours. Parameters observed were pH, total gas production, methane concentration, total volatile fatty acids, NH3 and the in vitro dry and organic matter digestibility (IVDMD and IVOMD, respectively). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued with the Duncan multiple range test to compare among the different treatment means. Results showed that both the probiotics and the encapsulated probiotics decreased (P<0,05) methane concentration by 6,1% and 33,1% in comparison with the control diet, respectively. Furthermore, these probiotics and encapsulated probiotics increased (P<0.05) total gas production by 15,7% and 233% than that of control, respectively. The TFVAs, IVDMD, IVOMD, and NH3 values of the diet supplemented with probiotics were higher as compared to the encapsulated probiotics (P<0,05). In conclusion, both the probiotics and the encapsulated probiotics are effective in mitigating the in vitro methane production at simultaneously enhance gas production.Despite the effectiveness of encapsulation on mitigating methane emission, the nutrient digestibility is still limited. Therefore, in vivo study is strongly recommended to be studied for the final conclusion. Keywords: encapsulation,in vitro rumen, methane, probiotics, ruminants.
Keyword: encapsulation, in vitro, methane, probiotics, ruminants

Judul: Evaluation of the Addition Premix Combination of Methane Inhibitor, Mineral Mix, and Probiotics in Ruminant in Vitro
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi premix kombinasi dengan campuran methane inhibitor berupa tanin, mineral mix, dan probiotik terhadap kecernaan, fermentabilitas, dan pengukuran gas metana. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 12 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Variabel yang diamati adalah pH rumen, produksi gas total, produksi gas metana, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organik, dan N-NH3. Semua perlakuan menggunakan tanin cair kecuali L0 = tanpa penambahan dan L6 = dengan penambahan probiotik saja. Data dianalisis menggunakan analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan hasil yang signifikan (P<0,05) diuji lebih lanjut menggunakan uji kontras. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan tanin cair, probiotik, dan mineral organik berpengaruh nyata terhadap pH rumen, produksi total gas, produksi gas metana, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organik, dan N NH3. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penambahan tanin cair, probiotik, dan tembaga akan menurunkan produksi gas total, produksi gas metana, kecernaan bahan kering, kecernaan bahan organik, dan N-NH3., This study aimed to evaluate the premix combo with a mixture of methane inhibitors in the form of tannin, mineral mix, and probiotics on digestibility, fermentability, and measurement of methane gas. This study used randomized block design with 12 treatments and 5 replications. The observed variables were rumen pH, gas total production, methane gas production, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and N-NH3. All of the treatments were used liquid tannin except for L0 = without addition and L6 = with additions probiotic only. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant results (P<0.05) were further tested using contrast’s test. The results showed that the addition of liquid tannin, probiotic, and organic mineral (Fe, Mn, Cu) had a significant effect on rumen pH, gas total production, methane gas production, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and N-NH3. The conclusion of the research was the addition of liquid tannin, probiotic, and Cuprum would decrease total gas production, methane gas production, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, and N-NH3.
Keyword: digestibility, fermentability, organic mineral, probiotic, tannin

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular