Judul: Ecobiology and stock dinamic as a base on management of endemic fish bonti-bonti (Paratherina striata Aurich) in Towuti Lake, South Sulawesi
Abstrak: Bonti-bonti (Paratherina striata), is one of endemic and vulnerable fish in Towuti and Mahalona Lake. It should be protected from decreasing of it population due to habitat quality decline and increasing of exploitation. The objectives of this research is to study the spatial and temporal distribution, growth potency (somatic and reproductive), and relationship between exploitation level and stock ability to recover as base management of the fish. This research was conducted in Towuti Lake, South Sulawesi from May 2006 to April 2007. Samples were collected at five stations using experimental gillnet sized 0.625, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 inches and bagan (dipnet). The results show that bonti-bonti is dispersing widely from lakeside to the middle of the lake. The highest abundance of the fish are in inlet with sand, gravel, and stone substrat. The highest temporal distribution of the fish abundance in November and December influenced by dissolved oxygen and high water level. The result of covarian and cluster analysis towards standard morphometric character, could be said that male and female at I, II, III, IV, and V stations is similar tendency or predicted from one fish population. Bonti-bonti is kind of partial spawner fish with peak spawning in May and November. Spawning site, nursery site, and feeding site of the fish are in inlet station. Recruitment of the fish each month with the peak estimated in September, October, and November. Growth pattern of male is Lt=20.05 [1-e-1.7(t+0.02)], while female is Lt=20.45 [1-e-2.0(t+0.01)]. Total length of male and female mature gonad (50%) were 16.78 and 14.61 cm, respectively. Pursuant to growth parameters value and matured fish (50%), growth potency of bonti-bonti is still in good condition. Exploitation level of bonti-bonti stock in Towuti Lake indication to over-fishing (male E=0.54 and female E=0.56). The increasing catch effort (unit/month) of bagan tend to reduce the catch productivity. Decreasing of ability of bonti-bonti stock to recover is not caused by the environmental variables, but caused by over exploitation activity.
Keyword: environmental variables, exploitation activity, catch productivity

Judul: Population of endemic fish butini (Glossogobius matanensis) in Towuti Lake, South Sulawesi
Abstrak: Butini (Glossogobius matanensis) is one of the endemic fish biodiversity in Towuti lake. This fish has been consumed and has an important economic value. Due to intensive exploitation the populations tend to decrease and therefore should be protected based on low genetic diversity, low growth rate and late gonadal maturation stage (GMS). This study was to analyze genetic diversity, several population parameters and aspects of reproduction. This research was conducted from may 2006 to April 2007 in Towuti lake using long line/salue based on depth of water (25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200 metre). The butini were distributed at various depth and most found at 100 metre deep. Statistical analysis between population showed no significant different within zonation and depth either morphometric or molecular data. Structure population based on length frequency data divided into 3 groups of length : 28.08, 34.12, and 40.45 cm which are appeared both in male and female groups. Another parameters are L􀂒 = 46.62 cm and growth coefficient (K) = 1.200 per year. The predicted maximum ages of male and female fish were 5 and 6 years old respectively. It was calculated the total exploitation rate (E) was 0.52 per year and recruitment in this fish occurred in November to January. Total butini caught was 2195 fish consisted of 1401 male and 794 female. From total male there were 1119 (50.98 %) immatured and 282 (12.80 %) matured. On the other hand from 794 female there were 494 (22.51 %) immatured and the rest 300 fish (13.67) matured. Observation of GMS resulted that GMS I and II were found in most of the samples, it is indicated that the fish caught during the research mostly young fish. Gonado Somato Index of samples was 0.55 %. To prevent the decreasing populations of endemic fish butini, some regulations such as limitation time of fish catch during spawning season in October.
Keyword: Gonadal Maturation Stage (GMS), North Sulawesi, Endemic Fish Biodiversity

Judul: Transformasi fasa pada pembuatan keramik alpha-alumina dengan proses sol-gel
Abstrak: Proses sol-gel merupakan proses terbaru yang dikcmbangkan untuk membuat keramik, termasuk alumina (Al2O3). Proses ini dapat mengontrol struktur mikro dan sifat keramik dengan jalan mengontrol parameter proses pcmbuatan, suhu pemanasan yang dibcrikan rclatif rendah, kcmurnian produk yang dihasilkan relatif tinggi, plastisitas gel dapat mcmbcrikan produk dalam bcntuk scrbuk, serat, lapisan tipis dan bentuk padat Hal yang menarik untuk diamati pada proses pembuatan kcramik alumina dengan proses sol-gel adalah te1jadinya transformasi fasa. Menurut bebcrapa pcnclili, fasa-fasa yang tc1jadi adalah alumina hidrat (dapat berupa diaspore atau boehmile), gamma-, delta-, theta-dan alpha-alumina. Masing-masing fasa tcrsebul mempw1yai sifat fisis yang berbcda. Satu mol serbuk aluminum /rifer/ butoxidc [(C21-15Cl-l(CI-13)O),Al] dicampur dengan 100 11101 air (H20). Campuran tersebut diaduk dengan magnetic stirer sampai homogcn. Setelah homogcn, pada suhu 90°C campuran tcrsebut dipeptisasi dengan katalis asam, 0,2 mol 1-JCI. Proses polimerisasi ini membentuk gel. Gel yang diperoleh dikeringkan pada suhu 90°C, kcmudian dibagi-bagi untuk dipanaskan pada beberapa suhu, yaitu 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, 800°C, 900°C, l000°C, 1100°C, 1200°C dan 1300°C, selama satu jam dalam ruang pemanas (furnace). Setelah itu, sampel segera dikeluarkan dari ruang pemanas dan didinginkan di udara. Evolusi termal diamati dengan analisis termal dari suhu kamar sampai suhu 1300°C, yaitu dijferential thermal analysis (DTA) dan lhermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Fasa-fasa yang te1jadi pada sctiap sampel ditentukan dcngan X-ray d/fji-actomelly (XRD). Idcntifikasi fasa dilakukan dengan menggunakan meta de Hanawalt secara manual dan analisis kuantitatif clilakukan pada pola difraksi sampel 1000°C, puncak 012 (fasa alpha) dan 004 (fasa theta) dengan menggunakan metode pcrbandingan langsung. Morfologi pennukaan sampel diamati dengan mikroskop optik (MO) dan scanning electron microscope (SEM). Sedangkan kerapatan sampel diukur dengan piknometcr. Dari basil penelitian diperoleh bahwa fasa-fasa yang terbentuk adalah fasa boehmite (antara suhu 90°C-300°C), fasa gamma-(antara suhu 400°C-800°C), fasa delta-(sekitar suhu 900°C), fasa theta­(sekitar suhu l000°C) dan fasa alpha-alumina (antara l 100°C-1300°C). Masing-masing fasa tersebut mempunyai sistem kristal, morfologi permukaan clan kerapatan yang bcrbcda. Pad a suhu 1000°C, secara kuantitatif, terbentuk fasa theta sebesar 50,18% dan alpha 49,82%. Transformasi tennal dari gamma-kc delta-, de/la-ke theta-tidak tcrdeteksi, baik dcngan DTA maupun TOA. Morfologi pcrmukaan gel alumina yang telah dipanaskan pada suhu 1300°C mcnunjukkan fonnasi kristalin. Kcrapatan fasa alpha­alumina adalah (400 ± 3) IO kg m-3•
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