Judul: Mempelajari proses pembuatan sirup gula invert dari nira aren (Aronga pinnata Merr)
Abstrak: Nira aren merupakan medium yang baik untuk pertumbuhan mikroba sehingga mudah mengalami kerusakan. Mikroba mengu- bah sukrosa dalam nira berturut-turut menjadi gula invert, alkohol dan asam. Hal ini berlangsung selama penyadapan dan sebelum nira diolah. Nira yang telah rusak jika diolah menjadi gula merah atau sirup gula invert menghasilkan rendemen dan mutu gula rendah, karena telah terfermentasinya sukrosa. Penambahan bahan pengawet sangat penting untuk mencegah kerusakan nira. Tahap-tahap yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini meliputi penambahan bahan pengawet nira yaitu kalium sorbat dan kalsium oksida, penyadapan nira dan pengolahan nira menjadi sirup gula invert dengan cara hidrolisis menggunakan asam klorida. Faktor perlakuan dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis dan konsentrasi bahan pengawet yaitu kalsium oksida 0.1 persen dan kalium sorbat 0.1 persen, konsentrasi asam klorida pada proses hidrolisis dan waktu hidrolisis. Analisis terhadap mutu sirup gula invert meliputi rendemen, kadar abu, kadar bahan kering, kadar gula pereduk- si, ekuivalen dekstrosa dan kejernihan. ...
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Judul: Mempelajari Pengaruh Penambahan Pengawet pada Nira Aren (Arena pinnata Merr) terhadap Mutu Gula Merah, Gula Semut, Sirup Nira dan Gula Putih yang Dihasilkan
Abstrak: Penelitian dilakukan 3 tahap, tahap pertama untuk mengetahui jumlah optimal penambahan natrium metabisulfit, dan kapur sirih yang akan memberikan pengaruh pengawetan nira aren terbaik. Tahap kedua dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan bahan pengawet Na-metabisulfit, kapur sirih dan pengawet tradisional laru kawao (akar tanaman Ponqamia sericea vent) terhadap daya tahan simpan nira. Tahap terakhir untuk mengetahui pengaruh masing-masing bahan pengawet tersebut terhadap mutu produk gula merah, gula semut, sirup nira dan gula putih yang dihasilkannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jumlah penambahan natrium metabisulfit sebanyak 70 ppm dan kapur 500 ppm pada saat penyadapan nira cukup efektif (lama penyadapan 2 15 jam).
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Judul: Mixed effect models for high –dimensional longitudinal data with latent variables
Abstrak: A set of data that consist of repeated measurements on a large number of outcomes and covariates are known as high-dimensional longitudinal data. The high-dimensional longitudinal data may consist of several effects of interest that cannot be directly measured, known as latent factors or latent variables. During the last decade, the multivariate responses or high-dimensional in longitudinal data have been a big issue. The analysis of high-dimensional longitudinal data is complicated due to its complex correlation structures between outcomes. To understand changes over time of outcome variables, having correlations in individuals with explanatory variables is not enough. Hence, complex correlation structures between outcomes need to be considered. One approach that is commonly used to overcome high-dimensional longitudinal data is simultaneous equation modeling. A well-known simultaneous equation modeling method is the structural equation model (SEM). This approach has several appealing modeling abilities and can be used for high-dimensional longitudinal data. Under the SEM framework, the continuous time SEM is developed to avoid some issues associated with autoregressive and cross-lagged problems in SEM. Another simultaneous equation modeling method is by combining factor analysis and multivariate analysis methods to overcome high dimensional longitudinal data, namely latent factor linear mixed model (LFLMM). The factor analysis is used to reduce the high-dimensional outcomes, and the multivariate linear mixed model is used to study the longitudinal trends of several latent factors. One example of high-dimensional longitudinal data is the General Election Study. This study is carried out repeatedly to observe tendencies towards political attitudes and behavior over time in Belgium. The data contain political information, knowledge, perceptions, and preferences of a political party and the level of participation in politics. One of the most interesting things to study from the data is to analyze the change of political attitudes and behavior of respondents over time. Also, the relationship of changes in these outcomes is important to analyze. The General Election Study in Belgium was designed to include a representative sample of the target population under the Belgian electorate, so accurate estimates about the population could be made. This sampling design was created by the Institute for Social and Political Opinion (ISPO) and the Inter-university Center for Political Opinion Research (PIOP). The Belgian data set contained three subsamples, the Flemish (Dutch-speaking), the Walloon (French-speaking), and the Brussels Capital Region (Dutch and French-speaking). Several studies conducted on the Belgium data are carried out to understand the relationships between the latent variables Individualism (I), Ethnocentrism (E), and Authoritarianism (A) in Flanders. Cross-sectional or a longitudinal studies have also been carried out. In such cases, it is critical to capture the trend of the latent variables over time and, more importantly, whether there is any association or relationships between the development of nationalism (N), ethnocentrism (E), individualism (I), and authoritarianism (A) in Belgium. An empirical analysis of CT-SEM has been done to present the interdependencies among the four latent variables mentioned above on the basis of the General Election Studies for Belgium in 1991, 1995, and 1999 (Interuniversitair steunpunt politieke-opinieonderzoek, 1991, 1995, 1999). Although the four variables have been the subject of
Keyword: Belgium, CT-SEM, high-dimensional longitudinal data, LFLMM, Supplemented EM Algorithm