Judul: Efektivitas Isolat Bakteri Rumen Kerbau Pencerna Serat dalam Fermentasi Hijauan Leguminosa dan Pemanfaatan Urea in vitro
Abstrak: Ruminants have ability to digest fiber component of feed due to the presence of cellulolitic bacteria in their rumen that secrete cellulase. Other bacteria have capability to digest protein by secreting protease and utilize non protein nitrogen. Fiber-digesting bacteria isolated from rumen of buffalo have not been confirmed in their ability to digest protein rich feed and utilize protein. This study aimed to evaluate the ability of fiber-digesting bacteria isolates in digesting leguminous herbage, degrading protein and utilizing non protein nitrogen. The first study was to compare the fermentability and coeficient digestibility of Calliandra callotyrsus, Leucaena leucocephala, Indigofera sp. and Gliricidia sepium by using bacteria in fresh rumen fluid and fiber-digesting bacteria isolates. The second study aimed to evaluate the ability of buffalo rumen bacterial isolates in the use of urea. Corn and cassava waste were used as carbohydrate sources with addition of urea as non protein nitrogen at level of 3%, 4,5%, and 6%. The first study showed that source of bacteria had no different effect on VFA concentration, and the coeficient digestibility of dry and organic matter of the herbage. The NH3 levels in the treatment of bacterial isolates was higher than that of fresh rumen fluid (P <0.05). The buffalo rumen bacterial isolates have the ability to degrade proteins and also showed that Indigofera sp., and Gliricidia sepium protein more susceptible to degradation than other legumes. The levels of NH3 in fermentaion media of feed added urea to 6% was in normal level. It was concluded that fiber-digesting rumen bacteria isolates were able to digest leguminous herbage and utilize the protein component of legume and capable of utilizing urea up to 6% in starchy feed.
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Judul: The Potency of Buffalo Rumen Bacteria Isolates in Fermenting Various Herbage and Their Viability during Storage
Abstrak: Cairan rumen merupakan inokulum yang mengandung mikroorganisme dalam jumlah besar. Populasi dan jenis mikroorganisme dapat bervariasi tergantung kepada jenis pakan, frekuensi pemberian pakan dan waktu pengambilannya. Isolat bakteri asal rumen kerbau juga inokulum yang merupakan sebagian dari mikroorganisme rumen dan diperkirakan dapat digunakan untuk evaluasi nilai nutrisi pakan. Isolat bakteri rumen tersebut mempunyai kemampuan dalam mencerna komponen serat pakan (Astuti, 2010; Gayatri 2010). Rifai (2010) melaporkan bahwa isolat bakteri rumen kerbau secara tunggal mampu mencerna bahan kering rumput gajah dan jerami padi hingga berturut-turut 48,8% dan 41,1%. Namun kemampuannya dalam mencerna komponen beberapa hijauan pakan belum diteliti lebih jauh. Di samping itu pemanfaatan secara luas dibatasi oleh bentuknya yang cair, anaerob dan sulit disimpan. Oleh karena itu tujuan lain dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji kemampun isolat bakteri rumen dalam mencerna hijauan pakan dan mengkaji daya hidup isolat bakteri tersebut dalam media penyimpanan yang berbeda. Penelitian ini dilakukan in vitro dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama membandingkan kemampuan campuran enam isolat bakteri asal rumen kerbau dengan bakteri rumen segar sebagai perlakuan dalam mencerna berbagai hijauan pakan menggunakan uji-t berpasangan. Hijauan pakan tersebut: Pennisetum purpureum, Panicum maximum, Paspalum notatum, Setaria splendida, dan Brachiaria humidicola. Umumnya serat kasar di atas 50% dan protein kasar di bawah 10%, kecuali pada Setaria splendida. Parameter yang diamati yaitu koefisien cerna bahan kering dan bahan organik (KCBK dan KCBO), NH3 dan VFA.Tahap kedua menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial (4 x 3) dengan faktor A adalah media penyimpan (tanah, arang, tepung tapioka dan UMB ) dan faktor B adalah waktu penyimpanan (0, 1, dan 2 minggu) dengan 3 ulangan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan sidik ragam (Analysis of Variance) Parameter yang diamati yaitu viability isolat bakteri selama penyimpanan.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite