Judul: Isolation and Characterization of Lignin Biosynthesis Gene, SiCOMT1, from Four Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) Genotypes as Biomass Source
Abstrak: Hotong (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.) adalah tanaman famili Poaceae yang berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai sumber biomassa lignoselulosa. Lignin merupakan metabolit sekunder yang diproduksi melalui jalur biosintesis yang melibatkan banyak enzim, salah satu enzim yang berperan adalah asam kafeik O-Metiltransferase (COMT). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi gen SiCOMT1 terkait biosintesis lignin dari empat genotipe hotong asal Indonesia, yaitu genotipe NTB-1, Buru, Mauliru-2, dan ICERI-6. Penelitian ini berhasil mengamplifikasi fragmen gen SiCOMT1 dari DNA genom keempat genotipe hotong dengan rentang 2.085-2.126 pb. Pensejajaran basa nukleotida fragmen SiCOMT1 dari keempat genotipe hotong dan hotong kultivar IC-403579 menunjukkan adanya perbedaan basa nukleotida tunggal (SNP) tipe synonymous sejumlah 22 SNP pada daerah UTR, intron 1, dan intron 2, serta tujuh non-synonymous SNP pada daerah ekson 1, 2, dan 3. Gen SiCOMT1 dari keempat genotipe hotong berkerabat dekat dengan rentang similaritas 97,9%-99,4% dan berada dalam satu klaster bernilai bootstrap 100%. Translasi gen SiCOMT1 dari keempat genotipe hotong diprediksi memiliki domain dimerisasi dan domain O-metiltransferase., Foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv) is a graminaceous crop that has the potential to be developed as a source of lignocellulosic biomass. Lignin is a secondary metabolite produced by a biosynthesis pathway involving various enzymes, including Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT). This study aimed to isolate and characterize the SiCOMT1 gene related to lignin biosynthesis from four Indonesian foxtail millet genotypes, namely NTB-1, Buru, Mauliru-2, and ICERI-6. This study successfully amplified SiCOMT1 fragments ranging from 2,085 to 2,126 bp from the genomic DNA of four foxtail millet genotypes. Nucleotide sequence alignment of the isolated SiCOMT1 from the four foxtail millet genotypes and IC-403579 cultivar showed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with 22 synonymous SNPs in the UTR regions, intron 1, and intron 2, and seven non-synonymous SNPs in exon 1, 2 and 3. The SiCOMT1 gene from four foxtail millet genotypes is closely related in one cluster with similarity ranging from 97.9% to 99.4% with a bootstrap value of 100%. The translated SiCOMT1 from four foxtail millet genotypes were predicted to have a dimerization and O-Methyltransferase domains.
Keyword: gene characterization, conserved domain, SNP, Phylogenetics

Judul: Isolation and Characterization of Lignin  Biosynthesis Gene, SiCOMT2, from Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica [L.] Beauv) for  Lodging Resistance
Abstrak: Hotong (Setaria italica (L.) Beauv) merupakan salah satu tanaman serealia yang berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai pangan fungsional karena memiliki kandungan gizi yang tinggi. Cekaman rebah adalah salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas hotong. Ketahanan rebah pada hotong dilaporkan berasosiasi dengan kandungan lignin. Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) merupakan salah satu enzim kunci dalam jalur biosintesis lignin. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengkarakterisasi gen penyandi COMT, SiCOMT2, dari empat genotipe hotong, yaitu NTB-1, Buru, Mauliru-2, dan ICERI-6. Gen SiCOMT2 berhasil diisolasi dari DNA genom empat genotipe hotong dengan panjang basa nukleotida 2.023-2.050 pb. Pensejajaran dengan SiCOMT2 referensi dari hotong kultivar IC-403579 menunjukkan terdapat sepuluh synonymous SNP di intron 1, dua non-synonymous SNP di ekson 1 (basa 322 dan 337), dan tiga non-synonymous SNP di ekson 2 (basa 1.444, 1.663, dan 1.897)., Foxtail millet (Setaria italica [L.] Beauv) is one of the cereal crops potentially developed as a functional food due to its high nutritional value. Lodging stress is one of the detrimental factors limiting the productivity of foxtail millet. Lodging resistance in foxtail millet has been reported to be associated with lignin content. Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) is one of the key enzymes in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. This study aimed to isolate and characterize the COMT encoding gene, SiCOMT2, from four foxtail millet genotypes namely NTB-1, Buru, Mauliru-2, and ICERI-6. SiCOMT2 genes were successfully isolated from the genomic DNA of the four foxtail millet genotypes with the nucleotide length ranging from 2.023-2.050 bp. Alignment with the reference sequence of SiCOMT2 from cv. IC-403579 showed ten synonymous SNPs in intron 1, two non-synonymous SNPs in exon 1 (nt. 322 and 337), and three non-synonymous SNPs in exon 2 (nt. 1.444, 1.663, and 1.897).
Keyword: gene cloning, molecular marker, phylogenetics, polymorphism, SNP

Judul: Dynamic New Keynesian Model for Unemployment and Inflation Rate.
Abstrak: This paper deals with a scientific analysis of the equilibrium level of hiring, employment and unemployment. The basic model being used is a standard new Keynesian model, which states that utility function depends on consumptions and working hours. Utility maximization refers to a standard labour supply equation, with the marginal cost’s dynamics on new Keynesian model simply reflects movements in real wages and productivity. Furthermore, trade-off between output and inflation stabilization can be considered using the new Keynesian Phillips curve. Dynamic general equilibrium model is a model that can be used to study interactions between market imperfections and nominal rigidities, which is capable of overcoming the main shortcoming of the standard new Keynesian model. In the general equilibrium model there are three groups of the economy agents, namely households, firms and monetary authority. The results of this research science that bargaining processes between firms and workers will yield optimal wage. Increase in labour will cause wages to fall, but the unemployment rate can be reduced. An increase in the firm’s monopoly power will shift the labour demand curve downward, which will reduce the number of workers that firm is willing to hire for any given bargained wage.
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