Judul: Spatial Distribution of Activity Trace of the Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus Temminck, 1847) on the JICA Trail Way Kambas National Park
Abstrak: Populasi gajah sumatera menurun cepat sejak 50 tahun terakhir disebabkan karena deforestasi, perburuan, serta konflik dengan manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis jejak aktivitas gajah sumatera, mengetahui bentuk sebaran spasial jejak aktivitas gajah sumatera, serta menganalisis hubungan antara jejak aktivitas dengan karakteristik habitat gajah sumatera. Pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan metode jalur transek dan analisis vegetasi. Pengamatan dilakukan secara simultan pada 4 jalur transek sepanjang 1 km. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jejak aktivitas gajah sumatera yang teramati berupa feses, tapak, gesekan, bekas caling, lintasan dan tempat istirahat. Jenis jejak aktivitas yang paling banyak dijumpai berupa feses. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa bentuk sebaran spasial jejak aktivitas gajah sumatera ialah mengelompok. (Ip = 0.5). Aktivitas gajah sumatera tidak dilakukan secara acak, cenderung lebih menyukai hutan lahan sekunder dengan topografi (datar), jarak dari sumber air (250-500 m), dan jarak dari permukiman (1000-1500 m)., The Sumatran elephant population has declined rapidly since the last 50 years due to deforestation, hunting, and conflicts with humans. This study aims to identify the types of traces of Sumatran elephant activity, determine the form of spatial distribution of traces of Sumatran elephant activity, and analyze the relationship between activity tracks and habitat characteristics of Sumatran elephants. Data were collected using the transect method and vegetation analysis. Observations were carried out simultaneously on 4 transect lines along 1 km. The results showed that the traces of Sumatran elephant activity were observed in the form of feces, footprints, friction, caling marks, tracks and resting areas. The most common type of activity trace is feces. The results also show that the form of the spatial distribution of the Sumatran elephant's activity traces is clustered. (IP = 0.5). Sumatran elephant activities are not carried out randomly, tend to prefer secondary forest land with topography (flat), distance from water sources (250- 500 m), and distance from settlements (1000-1500 m).
Keyword: activity trace type, sumatran elephant, spatial distribution, way kambas national park

Judul: Spatial Distribution of Activity Trace of Sumatran Elephant in the Bambangan Restoration Area, Way Kambas National Park.
Abstrak: Konflik gajah sumatera dengan manusia yang masih banyak terjadi saat ini dapat menyebabkan penurunan populasi gajah sumatera, sehingga kajian terkait sebaran spasial sebagai upaya mitigasi konflik gajah dengan manusia penting untuk dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis jejak aktivitas, menduga bentuk sebaran spasial jejak aktivitas, dan menganalisis hubungan jejak aktivitas dengan karakteristik habitat gajah sumatera di areal Restorasi Bambangan. Pengambilan data dilakukan menggunakan metode line transect secara simultan pada 4 jalur transek sepanjang 1 km. Jenis jejak aktivitas gajah sumatera yang ditemukan yaitu, bekas pakan, feses, gesekan, lintasan, dan tapak. Jenis jejak aktivitas yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah feses. Bentuk sebaran spasial jejak aktivitas gajah sumatra adalah mengelompok dengan nilai Ip yaitu 0,62. Jejak aktivitas gajah sumatera banyak ditemukan pada tipe tutupan lahan belukar rawa dengan kelas kelerengan datar (0-8%) dan berjarak dekat dari sumber air (0-250 m) serta jauh dari permukiman (>5000 m)., Conflicts between sumatran elephants and humans that still occur a lot today can cause a decline in the sumatran elephant population, so studies related to spatial distribution as an effort to mitigate elephant-human conflicts are important. This study aims to identify the types of traces of activity, estimate the form of spatial distribution of traces of activity, and analyze the relationship of traces of activity with the characteristics of the habitat of sumatran elephants in the Bambangan Restoration area. Data retrieval was carried out using the line transect method simultaneously on 4 transect lines along 1 km. The types of traces of sumatran elephant activity found were food trace, feces, friction, track, and footprint. The most common type of activity trace found was feces. The form of the spatial distribution of the sumatran elephant's activity traces is clumped with an Ip value of 0,62. The traces of sumatran elephant activity are mostly found in swamp scrub land cover types with a flat slope class (0-8%) and are close to water sources (0- 250 m) and far from settlements (> 5000 m).
Keyword: Activity trace, Bambangan Restoration area, Spatial distribution, Sumatran elephant

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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