Judul: Studi In Silico: Kuersetin dan Rutin Ekstrak Daun Alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) Sebagai Whitening Agent.
Abstrak: Melanin adalah pigmen yang memberikan warna kulit, rambut, dan mata. hiperpigmentasi merupakan salah satu perubahan kulit yang menimbulkan bercak gelap sehingga warna kulit menjadi gelap. Hiperpigmentasi akibat paparan sinar matahari berlebihan dan penggunaan obat kontrasepsi jangka panjang banyak menyebabkan terjadinya melasma. Upaya pencarian kandiat whitening agent yang aman berasal dari alam menjadi suatu penelitian yang dibutuhkan dalam upaya mencari solusi hiperpigmentasi. Kandungan pada kuersetin dan rutin daun alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) diketahui memiliki aktivitas antioksidan sebagai agen pencerah. Enzim tirosinase merupakan enzim yang berperan penting pada sintesis melanin. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari mekanisme kuersetin dan rutin pada daun alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) sebagai kandidat agen pencerah alami yang dapat menghambat enzim tirosinase melalui metode in silico. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan perangkat personal komputer dan program aplikasi autoDock Vina untuk penambatan molekuler pada enzim tirosinase (PDB ID: 5M8T). Parameter penambatan molekuler yang digunakan yaitu energi afinitas (ΔG), konstanta inhibisi (Ki), serta ikatan kimia yang terbentuk. Hasil penambatan molekuler menunjukkan senyawa kuersetin dan rutin dari daun alpukat memiliki potensi sebagai agen pencerah menurut energi afinitasnya.
Keyword: Whitening agents, avocado leaves, molecular docking, tyrosinase

Judul: Potential of Active Compounds in Leaves, Seeds,  and Peel of Avocado Fruit (Persea americana Mill.) as In Silico Tyrosinase  Enzyme Inhibitors
Abstrak: Melanosit adalah komponen penting pigmentasi kulit melalui kemampuan mereka untuk menghasilkan melanin dibantu enzim tirosinase yang merupakan enzim inti dalam melanogenesis. Senyawa fenolik dan flavonoid yang tinggi padadaun, biji dan kulit buah alpukat memiliki potensi sebagai ligan (inhibitor) tyrosinase related protein-1. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan senyawa aktif dari daun, biji, dan kulit buah alpukat yang berperan dalam menghambat aktivitas enzim tirosinase pada manusia sehingga dapat menghambat pembentukan melanin. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode penambatan molekuler menggunakan software YASARA Structure. Hasil penelitian menunjukan dari 68 senyawa aktif daun, biji, dan kulit buah alpukat terdapat 11 senyawa aktif yang memiliki afinitas pengikatan terhadap tyrosinase related protein-1 yaitu kuersetin, epikatekin, apigenin, 3- Hydroxytyrosol, scopoletin, asam absisat, asam sitrat, asam koumarat, asam kuinik, vanillin, dan asam kafeik. Senyawa aktif asam absisat merupakan ligan dengan potensi penghambatan terbaik dengan energi bebas ikatan (∆G) -2.645 kkal/mol yang berinteraksi dengan 17 residu asam amino. Hasil penelitian dapat digunakan sebagai acuan dalam studi in vitro dan in vivo terhadap enzim human tyrosinase. Kata kunci: Alpukat, Inhibitor, Melanin, Penambatan Molekuler, Tirosinase, Melanocytes are an important component of skin pigmentation through their ability to produce melanin assisted by the enzyme tyrosinase which is a core enzyme in melanogenesis. The high phenolic and flavonoid compounds in the leaves, seeds and skin of avocados have potential as ligands (inhibitors) of tyrosinase related protein-1. This study aims to determine the active compounds from the leaves, seeds, and skin of avocadosthat play a role in inhibiting the activity of the tyrosinase enzyme in humans so that it can inhibit the formation of melanin. The research was conducted by molecular anchoring method using YASARA Structure software. The results showed that of the 68 active compounds of avocado leaves, seeds, and skins, there were 11 active compounds that had binding affinity for tyrosinase related protein-1, namely quarcetin, epicatechin, apigenin, 3- Hydroxytyrosol, scopoletin, abscisic acid, citric acid, coumaric acid. , quinic acid, vanillin, and caffeic acid. The active compound abscisic acid is the ligand with the best inhibitory potential with a bond free energy (∆G) of -2,645 kcal/mol which interacts with 17 amino acid residues. The research results can be used as a reference in in vitro and in vivo studies of the human tyrosinase enzyme. Keywords: Avocado, Inhibitor, Melanin, Molecular Docking, Tyrosinase
Keyword: Avocado, Inhibitor, Melanin, Molecular Docking, Tyrosinase

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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