Judul: Study of Using Active Packaging System for Ethylene Adsorber to Prolong the Storage Life of Avocado Fruits (Persea americana Mill).
Abstrak: Avocado is one of the tropical fruits that have short storage life (gene~y 7 days after harvesting), because it's high ethylene production (10- 100 ~C2H.Jkg-hr) and it's high respiration rate (20-40 mg C02Ikg-hr). Theretire, to prolong it's storage life, the production of ethylene should be reducdi. One of the substances that could slow the maturation of fruits is KMnCi due to it's capacity of adsorbing ethylene. In the present study, silica gel w~ used as a carrier for the kalium pennanganate (KMn04) so that KMn04 in t~ can adsorb ethylene. The arrangement was considered as on active packa~g system. The study was conducted in two steps. The first was to find out th~ best concentration of KMn04 (25%, 50% dan 100%) to adsorb the ethyleti at room and lSoC temperature. The result of this step was use in the secon~tep. The second step was to study the influence of ethylene adsorber of avocade fruits at room or 15°C temperature. The results showed that (1) ethyle& adsorber with 25% KMn04 (b/v) had optimal adsorbing capacity at room tBmperature and ethylene adsotber with 100% KMn04 (b/v) had optimal adsorb~g capacity at 15°C, (2) ethylene adsorber can prolong the storage life of avocaci until 20-25 days at 15°C compare with without ethylene adsorber (only 15 da~). At rooth temperature, avocado with ethylene or without ethylene adsorber indicate faster deterioration where the pulp became soft and the smell like alcohol, because high accumulation of CO2 in packaging, another that high temperature and RH were support the avocado damage.
Keyword: Avocado, Ethylene adsorber, Silica gel, Active packaging, KMn04

Judul: Application of KMnO4-Based Ethylene Adsorber
Active Packaging in Cavendish Banana Distribution Packaging (Case Study of PT
XYZ)
Abstrak: Pisang merupakan salah satu produk holtikultura dengan potensi besar untuk dikembangkan dan memilki nilai ekonomis yang tinggi. Namun, pisang termasuk dalam buah klimakterik yang memiliki tingkat respirasi dan produksi etilen tinggi setelah masa panen sehingga berdampak pada umur simpan yang singkat. Hal ini menjadi tantangan signifikan bagi distributor, karena dapat menghambat jangkauan distribusi dan meningkatkan resiko kerusakan buah sebelum mencapai konsumen akhir. Upaya untuk mempertahankan kesegaran produk selama proses distribusi dan transportasi adalah dengan penggunaan teknologi kemasan aktif penjerap etilen. Bahan penjerap berbasis KMnO4 dengan media arang aktif bekerja dengan menjerap etilen yang diproduksi oleh buah dan mengoksidasi etilen sehingga menghambat proses kematangan. Bahan aktif perlu dikemas agar tidak terjadi kontak langsung dengan produk pangan karena bersifat toksik sehingga dapat merusak mutu buah. Penelitian bertujuan mengidentifikasi karakteristik material kemasan dengan pengujian sifat fisik dan mekanis meliputi gramatur, densitas, indeks tarik dan regangan putus, dan ketahanan gesek. Serta analisis fisik mutu buah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kemasan aktif selama penyimpanan yaitu dengan uji warna dan umur simpan berdasarkan tingkat kematangan. Hasil pengujian diperoleh bahwa material litho paper lebih baik sebagai wadah pembungkus untuk bahan penjerap etilen dibandingkan meltblown nonwoven karena memilki nilai kekuatan yang lebih tinggi, resiko kebocoran rendah, dan nilai estetika yang terjaga. Perlakuan terbaik dalam mempertahankan kualitas mutu buah yaitu diperoleh pada pengemasan litho paper dengan penyimpanan suhu optimal mampu memperlambat proses degreening dan meningkatkan umur simpan buah pisang Cavendish menjadi 6 hari penyimpanan dibandingkan kontrol hanya bertahan 3 hari., Bananas are one of the horticultural products with significant potential for development and high economic value. However, bananas are classified as climacteric fruits, which have high respiration rates and ethylene production after harvest, resulting in a short shelf life. This poses a significant challenge for distributors as it can hinder distribution reach and increase the risk of fruit damage before reaching the end consumer. Efforts to maintain product freshness during distribution and transportation involve the use of active packaging technology to absorb ethylene. KMnO4-based absorbents with activated carbon media work by adsorbing the ethylene produced by the fruit and oxidizing it, thereby inhibiting the ripening process. The active material needs to be packaged to prevent direct contact with food products due to its toxic nature, which could degrade fruit quality. The research aims to identify the characteristics of packaging materials by testing their physical and mechanical properties, including grammage, density, tensile strength and elongation at break, and friction resistance. Additionally, the physical quality of the fruit is analyzed to determine the impact of active packaging during storage through color testing and shelf life based on ripening stages. Test results indicate that litho paper is superior as a wrapping container for ethylene absorbents compared to meltblown nonwoven, due to its higher strength, lower risk of leakage, and maintained aesthetic value. The best treatment for preserving fruit quality is achieved with litho paper packaging under optimal storage conditions, which can delay the degreening process and extend the shelf life of Cavendish bananas to 6 days compared to the control, which only lasts 3 days.
Keyword: Kemasan aktif, Pisang Cavendish, umur simpan, penjerap etilen

Judul: Invers Drazin dari Matriks Toeplitz Singular
Abstrak: Matriks Toeplitz adalah matriks yang setiap unsur pada diagonal utama bernilai sama dan setiap unsur pada subdiagonal yang bersesuaian dengan diagonal utama juga bernilai sama. Matriks singular adalah matriks yang tidak bisa ditentukan inversnya. Akan tetapi, dapat diupayakan untuk ditentukan inversnya menggunakan invers matriks yang diperumum. Invers Drazin merupakan salah satu jenis invers matriks yang diperumum. Pada karya ilmiah ini ditentukan invers Drazin dari matriks Toeplitz singular dengan menggunakan metode Leverrier Faddeev. Kemudian, ditentukan invers Drazin dari matriks Toeplitz singular yang direpresentasikan sebagai penjumlahan segitiga bawah dan segitiga atas matriks Toeplitz berdasar pada teorema Gohberg dan Semencul., Toeplitz matrix is a matrix in with element on the main diagonal has the same value and on the subdiagonal corresponding to the main diagonal also has the same value. Singular matrix is a matrix that has no inverse. However, it can be attempted to determine the inverse using a generalized inverse matrix. Inverse Drazin is a type of generalized matrix inverse. This paper discussed the inverse Drazin for a singular Toeplitz matrix using the Leverrier Faddeev method. Then, the Drazin inverse of the singular Toeplitz matrix which is represented as a sum of products of lower and upper triangular Toeplitz matrix based on Gohberg and Semencul theorem.
Keyword: inverse Drazine, singular Toeplitz matrix