Judul: Keragaman jenis dan karakteristik habitat Anopheles di Desa Datar Luas, Krueng Sabee, Aceh Jaya, Provinsi Aceh
Abstrak: Datar Luas village was one of villages in Krueng Sabee subdistrict at Aceh Jaya Regency known as malaria endemic area. This village has API (Annual Parasite Incidence) value on 2010- 2011 were 127,1% and 2.27%. The aims of this research are to study the diversity, density and behaviour of Anopheles as malaria vector, mapping its larvae habitat, and to measure the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the community at Datar Luas Village. This research was conducted from October 2012 to January 2013. Mosquitoes trapping was done by human landing and resting collection technique inside and outside the house from 06.00 p.m to 06.00 a.m WIB. In addition, larvae were collected and the coordinates of potential larva habitats were marked. Characteristic of habitats potential breeding, observed covering of habitats this water temperature, salinity water, pH water, water turbidity, water flow, broad habitats, the depth of habitats, basic of habitats, aquatic plant, predatory larvae and select the coordinate point for mapping a kind of habitats of an Anopheles larvae spp with by using a Garmin GPS 60. Furthermore, it was also conducted a survey of knowledge, attitudes and practices of the community by using questionnaire. There were thirteen spesies of Anopheles, which were An. kochi, An. barbirostris, An. minimus, An. maculatus, An. letifer, An. teselatus, An. sinensis, An. vagus, An. separatus, An. sundaicus, An. subpictus, and 2 spesies (An. aconitus and An. barumbrosus) were found in their larvae habitat. An. kochi was found biting outdoor (eksofagik) as well as having resting behavior outdoor (eksofilik). This mosquito species was 45,9% as the highest relative abundance. An. kochi that often come into contact with people with a total man hour density (MHD) 0,22 (mosquito/people/hours). The highest blood feed activity of An. kochi happened on 00.00-01.00 a.m WIB. A habitat of potential of an Anopheles larvae spp was found total of 22 habitats are comprised of six types that was in the pond, rain puddle, marshes, moats, old well, and former tire tread. Anopheles larvae were found on four types of habitat comprised which An. letifer was found in pond with a density of 0.10 larvae/dipper, An. barumbrosus and An. kochi were in rain puddles with a density of 0.20 larvae/dipper, An. kochi, An. aconitus, An. vagus were in the marshes with a density of 0.20 larvae/dipper, and An. separatus was in old well with a density of 0.10 larvae/dipper. Distribution of the population employment in the rural of Datar Luas village was dominated by 81,2% gold miners, followed by 12,5% freelancers, and small portion (3,1%) as official goverment. People which work in dominance as gold miners have activities outdoor in the middle of the night increases the risk of exposure to malaria.
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Judul: Bioecology of anopheles species in South Lampung and Pesawaran Districts : diversity, habitat characteristics, density, behaviour and spatial distribution
Abstrak: Kabupaten Lampung Selatan dan Pesawaran merupakan daerah endemis malaria dengan angka AMI tahun 2009 sebesar 2,84 000 dan 12,48 000. Pengendalian malaria dengan upaya memutuskan mata rantai penularan masih efektif untuk dilaksanakan. Oleh karena itu pemahaman bioekologi spesies Anopheles penting dipelajari sebagai dasar pengendalian vektor malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati bioekologi spesies Anopheles di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan dan Pesawaran, meliputi keragaman, karakteristik habitat perkembangbiakan, kepadatan, perilaku dan distribusi spasial. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan dan Pesawaran, tepatnya di Kecamatan Rajabasa dan Padangcermin. Penelitian dilaksanakan selama satu tahun, mulai Agustus 2008 sampai dengan September 2009. Larva dikoleksi menggunakan cidukan plastik standar WHO pada semua jenis perairan. Karakteristik habitat larva Anopheles yang diamati meliputi jenis habitat, luasan, ketinggian, kedalaman, dasar habitat, salinitas air, suhu air, pH air, arus air, jenis-jenis gulma air, tinggi gulma air dan kerapatan gulma air. Nyamuk dikoleksi pada malam dan pagi hari. Koleksi nyamuk malam hari dilakukan dengan metode HLC pada jam 18.00-06.00, sedangkan pagi hari dilakukan koleksi nyamuk yang istirahat pada jam 06.00-09.00. Nyamuk Anopheles yang unfed dilakukan pembedahan abdomen untuk melihat status paritas. Kepala dan toraks nyamuk dilakukan pemeriksaan circumsporozoite protein dengan metode ELISA untuk menentukan status vektor. Titik koordinat larva dan nyamuk Anopheles dicatat berdasarkan alat GPS. Data sekunder yang dikumpulkan adalah data cuaca dan kasus malaria., Malaria is one of a public health problem in Indonesia, causing morbidity and mortality as well as outbreak in remote areas. South Lampung and Pesawaran were medium malaria areas, with annual parasite incidence in 2009 were 2,84000 and 12,48 000 consequently. Vector control remains the most effective measure to prevent malaria transmission. The understanding of bioecology vector species is very important to formulate vector control strategies. The study of Anopheles mosquito in South Lampung and Pesawaran Districts were carried out on August 2008 to September 2009. Larval species were sampled in all water bodies by dipper according to WHO standard. Anopheline species were collected by human landing and resting collections to study population dynamics and biting activities. Diversity of larva was analyzed by Shannon-Wiener index and T test. The correlation of weather with anopheline density, and anopheline density with malaria cases were analysed by Correlation Pearson test. Mapping of mosquito used GPS and analyzed by Arc view program. There was heterogeneity of diversity larva among land use. Twelve species were found, there were 11 species at Rajabasa and 10 species at Padangcermin, e.g. A. sundaicus, A. barbirostris, A. annularis, A. minimus, A. kochi, A. aconitus, A. tessellatus, A. vagus, A. subpictus, A. indefinitus, A. maculatus and A. hyrcanus group. The A. sundaicus was the predominant species in both study areas. Thirteen habitats were found, there were 10 at Rajabasa and 11 at Padangcermin, e.g. unproductive fish pounds, unproductive hatchery, lagoon, swamp, ditches, river, paddy field, irrigation channel, ground pool, mud-hole, puddle and water container. The predominant habitats of A. sundaicus were unproductive hatcheries at Rajabasa and unproductive fish pounds at Padangcermin. The population density of A. sundaicus was fluctuated every month, and the peak occurred on November at Rajabasa and on Desember at Padangcermin. The biting activities of
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Judul: Pemanasan Sekunder Reaksi Fusi Plasma dengan Menggunakan Radio Frequency
Abstrak: Plasma merupakan bentuk ke-empat dari materi setelah padat, cair dan gas yang terbentuk dari proses ionisasi gas. Plasma dapat digunakan dalam reaksi fusi, yaitu reaksi penggabungan dua inti atom ringan menjadi inti atom yang lebih berat sambil melepaskan energi. Untuk mendapatkan energi dari reaksi fusi, inti yang akan direaksikan harus dipanaskan pada temperatur yang sangat ekstrem tingginya. Salah satu cara agar dapat mencapai kondisi ini adalah memberikan pemanasan tambahan atau pemanasan sekunder kepada plasma dalam reaksi fusi tersebut. Nilai daya serap rata-rata ion Deuterium yang sesuai dengan selang nilai daya dari data ITER adalah daya yang menggunakan frekuensi 50 MHz sampai dengan 60 MHz. Dengan menggunakan frekuensi 60 Hz diperoleh nilai daya rata-rata yang diserap sebesar 1,235.10-12 W.
Keyword: gelombang radio, pemanasan sekunder, plasma, reaksi fusi