Judul: Fertilizer demand for rice cultivation in Java and Bali
Abstrak: This study analyses the factors affecting fertilizer demand for rice cultivation in Java and Bali. Fertilizer demand, as a function of the fertilizer-rice price ratio and differences in the level of fertilizer used, is estimated for each Provinces by using covariance analysis. In an alternative formulation, fertilizer demand function captured the different production responses as well as different price responses between provinces. The alternative demand function needs estimates of production elasticity of fertilizer belonging to each province. These production elasticities are obtained by employing covariance analysis in the Cobb-Douglas pro- duction function. From the production function analysis, the study has found that production elasticities are different between provinces. From an alternative demand function analysis the study has found a) Demand is more price elastic in the equation which only captures the different in price response than in the equation which captures both the different in price response and production response. b) the production elasticity has a greater effect on quantity of fertilizer demanded than the fertilizer price relative to rice. By employing covariance analysis in the production function and the demand function, a weakness is introduced. We cannot employ covariance analysis as slope shifters to distinguish interprovince difference in the production elasticity of demand in log-log functions. If this is done as a few past studies, then both the intercept term and the slope term are affected by a change in the measurement unit, even though log-log functions are used, with supposedly "measurement-unit-free" elasticity estimates. This is contradictive to our expectation.
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Judul: Farming Costs and Factors Affecting Rice Production in West Java
Abstrak: One of the largest rice producing regions in Indonesia is West Java province as a production center. However, there is a problem with rice productivity in West Java which has decreased over the last five years before the pandemic. The decline in productivity is thought to be due to ineffective use of production inputs. The aim of this research is to analyze farming costs and what factors influence rice production in West Java. Production inputs that are thought to influence rice production are land area, urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, liquid pesticides, and type of rice seed. The analysis used is descriptive analysis to analyze rice farming costs and quantitative analysis to analyze the relationship between production input and output using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The results of the research show that the total costs incurred in Ciherang and IR-64 rice farming were Rp12.919.351 and Rp8.870.847 respectively. The input factors of land area, urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, liquid pesticide, and type of rice seed together have a significant effect on rice production in West Java, but partially only the input of land area, amount of urea fertilizer, and type of rice seed have a significant effect. on rice production in West Java., One of the largest rice producing regions in Indonesia is West Java province as a production center. However, there is a problem with rice productivity in West Java which has decreased over the last five years before the pandemic. The decline in productivity is thought to be due to ineffective use of production inputs. The aim of this research is to analyze farming costs and what factors influence rice production in West Java. Production inputs that are thought to influence rice production are land area, urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, liquid pesticides, and type of rice seed. The analysis used is descriptive analysis to analyze rice farming costs and quantitative analysis to analyze the relationship between production input and output using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The results of the research show that the total costs incurred in Ciherang and IR-64 rice farming were Rp12.919.351 and Rp8.870.847 respectively. The input factors of land area, urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, liquid pesticide, and type of rice seed together have a significant effect on rice production in West Java, but partially only the input of land area, amount of urea fertilizer, and type of rice seed have a significant effect. on rice production in West Java
Keyword: farming costs, function production, Ciherang, IR-64

Judul: Trichomonas Gallinae Penyebab Trichomonosis Pada Unggas
Abstrak: Trichomonas gallinae adalah protozoa yang bergerak aktof dengan keempat flagella yang mempunyai layar dan pada salah satu sisinya terdapat membran seperti sirip ikan yang berombak. Spesies dari genus Trichomonas ini mempunyai arti penting pada unggas, karena dapat menyebabkan infeksi pada alat pencernaan bagian atas.
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