Judul: Prevalensi diagnosis canine heart failure dengan biomarker  NT-proBNP dan ekokardiografi di Grace Veterinary Centre, Penang, Malaysia.
Abstrak: Dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a domestic mammal under the family Canidae and order Carnivora. Left congestive heart failure (L-CHF) is defined as systolic and/or diastolic failure of the left heart and activation of neurohormonal mechanisms resulting in cardiogenic pulmonary edema. Elevation of NT-proBNP levels can be a standard to predict the first onset of canine congestive heart failure in accordance with mitral valve disease. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the prevalence of congestive heart failure in dogs by using NT-proBNP biomarkers in Grace Veterinary Centre, Penang, Malaysia. This research was conducted from the month of October 2021 till January 2022 in Grace Veterinary Centre, Penang, Malaysia. A total of 100 dogs from 30 breeds were included in this study during their regular visit. There are 47 males and 53 females, with the mean age of 8.24 ± 4.06. The mean NT-proBNP value in this study was 1179.79±805.46pmol/L. Out of 100 dogs, 43 dogs have normal values of NT-proBNP (<800 pmol/L), 41 dogs have suspected values (800-1800 pmol/L), while 16 dogs have abnormal values of NT-proBNP (>1800 pmol/L). NT-proBNP biomarkers can be combined with other diagnostic method such as radiography, echocardiography and electrocardiography to further evaluate heart’s condition. The available treatment drugs include pimobendan, diuretics, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (ACEI)., Anjing (Canis lupus familiaris) adalah mamalia domestik di bawah famili Canidae dan ordo Carnivora. Left Congestive heart failure (L-CHF) didefinisikan sebagai kegagalan sistolik dan/atau diastolik jantung kiri dan aktivasi mekanisme neurohormonal yang mengakibatkan edema paru kardiogenik. Peningkatan kadar NT-proBNP dapat menjadi standar untuk memprediksi onset pertama gagal jantung kongestif anjing sesuai dengan penyakit katup mitral. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi prevalensi congestive heart failure pada anjing dengan menggunakan biomarker NT-proBNP di Grace Veterinary Centre, Penang, Malaysia. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober 2021 sampai Januari 2022 di Grace Veterinary Centre, Penang, Malaysia. Sebanyak 100 anjing dari 30 ras diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Terdapat 47 jantan dan 53 betina, dengan usia rata-rata 8,24 ± 4,06 dalam penelitian ini. Nilai rata-rata NT-proBNP dalam penelitian ini adalah 1179,79±805,46pmol/L. Dari 100 anjing, 43 anjing memiliki nilai NT-proBNP normal (<800 pmol/L), 41 anjing memiliki nilai suspek (800-1800 pmol/L), sedangkan 16 anjing memiliki nilai NT-proBNP abnormal (>1800 pmol/L). Biomarker NT-proBNP dapat dikombinasikan dengan metode diagnostik lain seperti radiografi, ekokardiografi, dan elektrokardiografi untuk mengevaluasi lebih lanjut kondisi jantung. Obat pengobatan yang tersedia termasuk pimobendan, diuretik, Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor (ACEI).
Keyword: dogs, congestive heart failure, NT-proBNP, myxomatous mitral valve  disease

Judul: A Case Study of Hypertrophy Cardiomyopathy, Sinus Tachycardia, and Endocardiosis of Labrador Retriever Dog
Abstrak: Penyakit jantung sering menyerang anjing. Studi kasus ini bertujuan mengetahui peran pemeriksaan penunjang seperti elektrokardiografi (EKG), radiografi dan ultrasonografi (USG) dalam menegakkan diagnosis hipertrofi kardiomiopati (HCM), sinus takikardia, dan endokardiosis pada anjing Labrador retriever. Anamnesis yang diperoleh ialah anjing mengalami batuk intermiten. Pemeriksaan EKG tidak menunjukkan kelainan pada gelombang P, Q, R, S, dan T, namun terdeteksi adanya peningkatan detak jantung hingga 200 beats per minute. Temuan radiografi tampilan ventrodorsal ialah kondisi kardiomegali. Pemeriksaan USG brightness mode (B-mode) menunjukkan adanya penebalan pada muskulus papillaris dan endokadium. Pemeriksaan USG motion mode (M-mode) menunjukkan adanya peningkatan denyut jantung dan ketebalan left ventricle posterior wall-diastole (LVPWd), serta penurunan ejection time (ET), end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume (ESV), dan stroke volume (SV). Pemeriksaan USG color flow Doppler (CFD) tidak menunjukkan adanya kelainan katup atrioventrikular dan katup semilunaris. Berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan, hewan didiagnosis mengalami sinus takikardia, endokardiosis, dan HCM., Heart disease often affects dogs. This case study aims to determine the role of supporting examinations such as electrocardiography (ECG), radiography and ultrasonography (USG) to diagnose hypertrophy cardiomyopathy (HCM), sinus tachycardia, and endocardiosis in Labrador retrievers. The history obtained was that the dog had an intermittent cough. The electrocardiography did not showed any abnormalities in the P, Q, R, S, and T waves, but an increase in heart rate was detected up to 200 beats per minute. The radiographic finding on the ventrodorsal view was cardiomegaly. The Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound examination showed an increase in thickness of the papillary muscles and endocardium. Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound examination showed an increase in heart rate and thickness of the left ventricle posterior wall-diastole (LVPWd), and decreased ejection time (ET), end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume (ESV), and stroke volume (SV). Color flow Doppler (CFD) ultrasound examination did not show any abnormalities of the atrioventricular valve and semilunar valve. Based on the examination results mention above, the animal was diagnosed as/suffered from sinus tachycardia, endocardiosis, and HCM.
Keyword: electrocardiography, heart disease, Labrador retriever, radiography, ultrasonography

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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