Judul: Modeling Spatial Dynamic of Coral Reef on the Small Island, Spermonde Archipelago (Case Study: Barrang Lompo Island, Makassar District Indonesia).
Abstrak: The coral reef in the Coral Triangle Asia has been directly threatened by human activities and natural threats. The coral reef destructions have also happened in Spermonde Archipelago especially Barrang Lompo Island (COREMAP II 2010). Barrang Lompo Island contributes highly to the society, the most livelihoods of which depends on its shallow water. Therefore, spatial dynamic mapping and spatial prediction model for future trend of coral reef are needed to create good spatial planning for coastal area using remote sensing data and M-CA Model. The objective of this research was to analyze dynamics of coral reef by using remote sensing data and also to predict the future trend of coral reef change. The research was conducted from November 2012 to December 2013 at the shallow water of Barrang Lompo Island. There are several data used in this study. Landsat TM / ETM+ of 1993, 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012 were processed using image classification for coral reef map. Probability maps were derived from multiplication maps of salinity, sea surface temperature (SST), Dissolve Oxygen (DO), pH, total suspended sediment (TSS), water clearness, bathymetry, and the constraint map used were land area and deep water in Barrang lompo with the assumption that the area will not change into coral reef for 10 years. This research has been conducted in several steps: a) ground truth, b) image processing, c) Markov chain analysis, d) Multi criteria evaluation (MCE) analysis, e) Cellular Automata (CA) analysis, f) validation and, g) coral reef change prediction. The main measurement data was derived from ground truth. Ground truth data from the field were used for image processing. They were applied on the required habitat types of the whole study area by using Global Position System (GPS). Image processing was used to classify coral reef at different times. The classified images were used as input for Markov chain analysis in order to get transition area matrix. MCE analysis was used to create a probabilities map using several parameters. The results of image processing, Markov chain analysis and MCE were used as inputs to perform the CA model. The final result of this model was the coral reef change prediction. The result of simulation from CA process was validated using the actual coral reef map obtained from Landsat image to evaluate the prediction result. If the result validation standard agreement is >75%, then it can be used to predict the future trend coral reef for the next 10 years. Based on the confusion matrix, the result classification in 2012 showed the overall accuracy was about 80.24%. The result of analysis dynamic that occurred during 1993 to 2012 showed live coral and seagrass area decreased approximately by 11.21 ha (12.45%) and 3.57 ha (8.02%) while dead coral increased up to 5.05 ha (86.18%), rubble increased 5.14 ha (68.72%), and sand increased 4.59 ha (35.23%). Live coral and seagrass areas decreased from 1993 to 2012, and the greatest decrease occurred from 2002 to 2007 covering the area of 4.51 ha and 1.47 ha, respectively. The second greatest decreases for coral and seagrass was 4.15 ha
Keyword: Coral Reef, Markov Cellular Automata, Remote Sensing, Spatial Dynamic

Judul: Klasifikasi Ekosistem Terumbu Karang Berbasis Objek dan Piksel di Pulau Morotai
Abstrak: Most researches on the classification ofcoral reef benthic habitat mapping were conducted on pixel base analyses. This technique may lead to some extent of misclassification of coral reef ecosystem due to a high diversity and high spatial heterogenity. An alternative technique to reduce misclassification, an object-based image classification (OBIA) algorithm was proposed. This techniques first decomposed an image into relatively homogeneous objects or areas and then classified these objects (areas) instead of pixels. OBIA has been well developed and applied in terrestrial studies in past decades, but the method has not been used adequately on benthic habitat mapping. In addition to an image classification technique as one of the component in the analysis of remote sensing, the selection of a classification algorithm was also an important factor because it can largely affect the final result. Benthic habitat mapping studies of coral reefs are generally applied with traditional classification algorithms such as Maximum Likelihood (ML), which requires the spectral response of each class following the pattern of normal distribution (Gaussian distribution). In contrast to a contemporary algoritm, the machine learning algorithm has received more attention in the benthic habitat mapping for producing higher accuracy thanML classification algorithms. Currently, the machine learning algorithm has been widely used in the commercial remote sensing data processing both on pixel-based and object-based. The algorithm is also potential to be developed for coral reef ecosystem mapping. Application of an object-based classification technique with machine learning algorithm is still limited in Indonesia, especially for mapping of coral reefs, therefore, it requires an intensive study to develop this algorithm as an alternative for traditional algorithm. The general objective of this research was to identify the effectiveness of the application of satellite image classification techniques in generating detail mapping information of coral reef ecosystems. To achieve this objective, the following special objectives were developed: (1) to develop a systematic approach in the coral reef ecosystem classification to define the classification scheme, (2) to mapping coral reef ecosystems using object-based classification techniques with advanced classification algorithms (machine learning) on satellite image data, and (3) to assess status of coral reef ecosystems within the last few decades. Results of this study were expected to be used for consideration in the sustainable management of coral reefs ecosystem in the District of Morotai Island, especially in North Maluku, and can be used as a baseline to support the development of the field of mapping and remote sensing of coral reef ecosystems. This research was conducted in the coral reef ecosystem located in the western part of the Morotai island in North Maluku province. The study stepsconsisted of equipment preparation, data collection, data processing, and preparation of dissertation begins in September 2012. Field data collection was held in October 2012, while processing and data analyses were conducted from January v to September 2013. The method used in the study consisted of field data collection using the technique of line transects photo quadrat, pre-processing of Landsat 5TM, 7EMT + and 8OLI, the development of a classification scheme with ecological approach quantitative analysis based grouping in a hierarchical
Keyword: change detection, classification scheme, Morotai Island, object and pixel based classification, support vector machine

Judul: Katalis Zink Ferit Tersubstitusi Cu untuk Oksidasi Benzil Alkohol
Abstrak: Katalis berperan dalam menurunkan energi aktivasi. Katalis ZnFe2O4 dan ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu disintesis menggunakan metode kopresipitasi untuk digunakan dalam oksidasi benzil alkohol. Katalis dicirikan dengan spektrofotometer inframerah (FTIR) dan difraktometer sinar-X. Spektrum FTIR menunjukkan puncak serapan dari ikatan Zn-O dan Fe-O masing-masing pada rentang 559‒575 cm-1 dan 419‒447 cm-1. Difraktogram menunjukkan terbentuknya fase tunggal Zn0.6Cu0.4Fe2O4 pada katalis ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu 20%. Benzil alkohol dioksidasi dengan sistem refluks. Konversi benzil alkohol meningkat dengan meningkatnya suhu. Kadar benzaldehida yang dihasilkan dengan katalis ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu 20% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan katalis ZnFe2O4 yang tidak tersubstitusi dan yang tersubstitusi Cu 60 dan 80%. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa katalis ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu 20% memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik dalam oksidasi benzil alkohol menjadi benzaldehida dengan kadar benzaldehida 8.763%.
Keyword: Benzil alkohol, katalis, oksidasi, ZnFe2O4