Judul: Deteksi Keberadaan Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens 1868) dan Procambarus clarkii (Girard 1852) Menggunakan Teknik Environmental DNA (eDNA).
Abstrak: Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens 1868) dan Procambarus clarkii (Girard 1852) merupakan lobster air tawar yang banyak dimanfaatkan untuk kegiatan akuakultur. Kedua spesies ini bukan merupakan spesies asli Indonesia. Dikarenakan sifat adaptasi dan toleransi yang tinggi di berbagai kondisi lingkungan, kedua spesies ini mudah menginvasi perairan tawar Indonesia. Pencegahan dini dapat dilakukan dengan memonitoring penyebaran C. quadricarinatus dan P. clarkii sehingga dapat dikendalikan dalam invasinya di perairan. Deteksi environmental DNA (eDNA) memberikan solusi yang tepat untuk mengetahui keberadaannya dengan cepat di perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji spesifisitas primer dengan menggunakan metode pengembangan PCR berdasarkan penempelan primer spesifik dan mengaplikasikan teknik eDNA untuk deteksi C. quadricarinatus dan P. clarkii. Sampel air dikoleksi dari 35 lokasi badan perairan tawar di Jawa Barat. Masing-masing lokasi dibagi menjadi tiga titik, antara lain bagian inlet, tengah, dan outlet. Sampel dipreservasi dengan menggunakan sodium klorida 6M sebanyak 1/10 bagian dan alkohol 96% sebanyak 1/3 bagian. Ekstraksi DNA dilakukan dengan teknik pengendapan. Validasi keberadaan C. quadricarinatus dan P. clarkii dilakukan berbasis PCR dan desain primer spesifik. Amplifikasi PCR dilakukan dengan dua tahap. Amplifikasi pertama dengan primer universal dan amplifikasi kedua menggunakan primer spesifik C. quadricarinatus dan P. clarkii. Target ukuran primer spesifik C. quadricarinatus dan P. clarkii adalah 394 pasang basa dan 246 pasang basa. Primer spesifik yang telah didesain berhasil menempel sesuai dengan ukuran target untuk C. quadricarinatus dan P. clarkii. Dari keseluruhan lokasi badan perairan keberadaan C. quadricarinatus terdeteksi pada 21 lokasi (60 %) dan keberadaan P. clarkii pada 1 lokasi.
Keyword: deteksi, environmental DNA, keberadaan, lobster air tawar

Judul: Identifikasi Molekuler Bakteri Pada Lobster Air Tawar Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens 1868) di Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Lobster air tawar capit merah atau yang biasa disebut dengan Cherax quadricarinatus adalah salah satu biota budidaya unggul yang berkembang di Indonesia. Perkembangan dan pertumbuhan lobster yang cepat mengakibatkan perkembangan populasi di perairan sehingga menjadi invasif bagi populasi asli perairan. Beberapa dampak spesies invasif yaitu menyebabkan perubahan rantai makanan, turunnya populasi asli perairan dan penyebaran penyakit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri secara molekuler pada lobster air tawar Cherax quadricarinatus menggunakan marka gen 16S rRNA di Perairan Jawa Barat. Penelitian dilakukan dengan analisis laboratorium. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengekstraksi DNA genom bakteri menggunakan Presto™ mini gDNA bacteria kit (Geneaid, Taiwan). Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis validasi spesies, analisis jarak genetik dan analisis filogeni menggunakan aplikasi MEGA X. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa 4 sampel yang berasal dari 2 lokasi yang berbeda (Lido HJ dan OREN, Cilala HJC dan KIHC) diperoleh 4 jenis bakteri, yaitu Aeromonas hydrophila, Shewanella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae dan besifat patogen pada hewan dan manusia., Freshwater crayfish red claw or commonly called Cherax quadricarinatus is one of the superior biota aquaculture that develops in Indonesia. The rapid development and growth of crayfish resulted in population development in the water became invasive for the native population of the waters. Some of the impacts of invasive species are causing changes in the food chain, a decrease in the native population of the waters and the spread of disease. This study aims to identify bacteria molecularly in freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus using gene marker 16S rRNA in West Java Waters. The research was carried out with laboratory analysis. Wahyuni (2018) performed DNA extraction of bacterial genome using Presto™ mini gDNA bacteria kit (Geneaid, Taiwan). The analysis conducted was species validation analysis, genetic distance analysis, and phylogeny analysis using MEGA X application. Identification results showed that 4 samples from 2 different locations (Lido HJ and OREN, Cilala HJC, and KIHC) obtained 4 types of bacteria, namely Aeromonas hydrophila, Shewanella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, and pathogens in animals and humans.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Bacteria, Crayfish, Invasive

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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