Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Keragaman Genetika Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii) yang Diperoleh dari Produk Pangan Kering
Abstrak: Cronobacter spp. (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) is a group of emerging pathogen that has been implicated as the causative agent of meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis in certain groups of infants. In Indonesia several isolates have been obtained mostly from powder infant formula and weaning foods. This research aimed to obtain Cronobacter spp. isolates from other dried foods i.e. weaning foods, flours, starches and spices and evaluated the biochemical and genotypic characteristics of the isolates. Isolation was conducted according to FDA method (2002) modified with Iversen and Forsythe (2004), biochemical was conducted by API 20E test and genotypic characterization was conducted by PCR amplification of their 16S rRNA gene using 3 primer pairs respectively, 16 SUNIL/ Saka 2b (Segment 1), ESA1/16 SUNI-R (Segment 2) and 16SUNI-L/16SUNI-R (Universal segment). Results of the DNA amplification were sequenced and then analyzed for their relatedness to reference isolates of C.sakazakii from GenBank using BLAST program. In this study 62 samples of weaning foods, flours, starches and spices were screened for the presence of Cronobacter spp. Twelve typical colonies on DFI were obtained from sample of flours, starches and spices samples. Biochemical test using API 20E suggested that 11 of the 12 presumptives isolates were E. sakazakii while one was identified as E. cloacae. Genotypic analysis revealed that eleven isolates including the one identified as E.cloacae by API test were confirmed as C.sakazakii while one isolates was C.muytjensii. Relationships between strains based on segment 1 was depicted in a dendrogram using the neighbor-joining method showed that the twelve isolates can be differentiated into two groups, meanwhile when universal segment was used, the isolates can be differentiated into three groups.
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Judul: Isolasi dan Keragaman Genetika Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) dari Perangkat Terkait Persiapan Susu Formula, Susu Formula dan Makanan Kering Lainnya
Abstrak: Enterobacter sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) adalah salah satu patogen ―emerging‖ yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit fatal pada bayi berisiko tinggi melalui konsumsi susu formula. Keberadaan patogen ini dalam makanan bayi (untuk usia ≥ 4 bulan) dan susu formula di Indonesia telah dilaporkan oleh Estuningsih et al. (2006a, 2006b). Temuan bakteri ini di dalam dua produk tersebut telah menimbulkan masalah yang cukup besar di awal tahun 2007 karena pemberitaan yang simpang siur sehingga meresahkan dan memicu kekhawatiran berlebihan mengenai bahaya ini di dalam susu formula. Kekhawatiran yang berlebihan tersebut bahkan sempat menyebabkan bayi tidak diberi susu dan diberi makanan lain yang tidak atau kurang tepat seperti susu sapi segar atau air tajin. Sementara itu, temuan E. sakazakii yang beragam baik secara fenotipe maupun genotipe dari berbagai sumber di berbagai belahan dunia telah menyebabkan klasifikasi ulang taksonomi bakteri ini dan telah diusulkan suatu genus baru yakni Cronobacter spp. Di Indonesia, Meutia et al. (2008) juga menemukan patogen ini di dalam susu formula dan makanan bayi dan menyimpulkan bahwa isolat-isolat yang diperolehnya memiliki perbedaan dibandingkan galur-galur E. sakazakii dari luar Indonesia berdasarkan sekuen parsial gen 16S rRNA. Untuk itu, penelitian perlu terus dilakukan untuk mendapat gambaran mengenai keberadaan patogen ini di Indonesia baik pada sumber pangan lain atau perangkat terkait susu formula, karakterisitik fenotipik maupun genotipiknya, keragaman genetika serta perilakunya dalam pangan. Hasil-hasil penelitian tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai data untuk kajian risiko yang penting bagi penyusunan manajemen risiko yang baik, khususnya untuk diterapkan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) dari perangkat terkait susu formula, susu formula dan makanan kering selain susu formula, dan (2) mengevaluasi keragaman genetika isolat-isolat lokal E. sakazakii (Cronobacter spp.) dan membandingkannya dengan isolat yang ada di dunia. Isolasi bakteri dengan menggunakan metode FDA (2002) yang dimodifikasi Iversen dan Forsythe (2004); karakterisasi fenotipik secara biokimiawi menggunakan perangkat API 20E dan api webTM; karakterisasi genotipik yakni isolasi DNA bakteri menggunakan metode esktraksi fenol-kloroform, amplifikasi fragmen gen 16S rRNA dengan Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) menggunakan dua pasang primer (16SUNI-L/Saka-2b dan ESA-1/16SUNI-R) dan sekuensing DNA; analisis kekerabatan genetika menggunakan program BLAST pada situs NCBI (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) dan pembentukan pohon filogeni menggunakan metode neighbor-joining pada program MEGA4 (Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis). ..dst
Keyword: Enterobacter sakazakii, Cronobacter spp, powdered infant formula

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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