Judul: Formulation and Analysis of Propylene Glycol Bio- based Facial Serum at PT Ratu Bio Indonesia
Abstrak: Pemerintah Indonesia berkomitmen mendorong diversifikasi bahan bakar di sektor transportasi melalui penerapan bahan bakar nabati, salah satunya biodiesel. Produksi biodiesel memiliki hasil samping berupa gliserol yang dapat dikonversi menjadi propilen glikol sebagai produk turunannya. Propilen glikol dapat digunakan sebagai pelarut dan humektan pada industri kosmetik yang memiliki potensi besar untuk menggantikan propilen glikol yang saat ini berasal dari petroleum yang memiliki sifat terbatas dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan perlakukan variasi konsentrasi propilen glikol sebanyak 3 taraf, yaitu 9%, 12% dan 15%. Berdasarkan ANOVA, konsentrasi propilen glikol berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik serum wajah, seperti pada pH, viskositas, bobot jenis, Sun Protection Factor (SPF) dan kelembaban berpengaruh signifikan. Berdasarkan perhitungan dengan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) dan Composite Performance Index (CPI) dari hasil organoleptik dan analisis laboratorium menyatakan bahwa konsentrasi propilen glikol 15% merupakan sempel terbaik. Kemudian, diuji stabilitas fisik pada serum berbahan bio propilen glikol menggunakan konsentrasi 15% dari sampel terbaik tersebut dihasilkan bahwa serum memiliki stabilitas sediaan yang baik, yaitu dengan pH 6,48, viskositas 2020 cPs, kelembaban 45% dan ukuran droplet 0,70, The Indonesian government is committed to encouraging fuel diversification in the transportation sector through the application of biofuels, one of which is biodiesel. Biodiesel production has a by-product in the form of glycerol which can be converted into propylene glycol as a derivative product. Propylene glycol can be used as a solvent and humectant in the cosmetics industry which has great potential to replace propylene glycol which is currently derived from petroleum which has limited properties and is not environmentally friendly. The experimental design used a complete randomized design with 3 levels of propylene glycol concentration variations, namely 9%, 12% and 15%. Based on ANOVA, propylene glycol concentration affects the characteristics of facial serum, such as pH, viscosity, specific gravity, Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and moisture significantly. Based on calculations using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Composite Performance Index (CPI) methods from organoleptic results and laboratory analysis, 15% propylene glycol concentration is the best sample. Then, the physical stability of the serum made from bio propylene glycol using a concentration of 15% of the best sample resulted in the serum having good dosage stability, namely with pH 6,48, viscosity 2020 cPs, humidity 45% and droplet size 0,70
Keyword: solvent, bio propylene glycol, glycerol, humectant, serum

Judul: Pemodelan Desain Proses Sintesis Bio Propilen Glikol dari Gliserol Sawit
Abstrak: Kebutuhan propilen glikol di Indonesia kian meningkat karena banyak digunakan dalam berbagai industri khususnya industri personal care, kosmetik, dan farmasi. Propilen glikol komersial yang umum diproduksi hingga kini masih menggunakan bahan baku petrokimia yang tidak ramah lingkungan dan di Indonesia kebutuhan propilen glikol masih mengandalkan impor. Disisi lain, Indonesia merupakan salah satu produsen biodiesel terbesar di dunia sehingga dapat menghasilkan produk samping berupa gliserol. PT Ratu Bio Indonesia tergerak untuk melakukan riset dan pengembangan untuk memanfaatkan gliserol sebagai bahan baku untuk memproduksi propilen glikol berbasis bio. Perancangan desain proses dilakukan dengan pemodelan simulasi menggunakan software Aspen Hysys dengan basis bahan baku 10 kg. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa propilen glikol dapat disintesis dari gliserol dengan metode hidrogenolisis melalui acetol pathway dibantu oleh katalis Cu-ZnO/Al2O3 pada P=30 bar dan T=151,6oC. Rendemen crude bio propilen glikol yang dihasilkan sebesar 81,81% dengan kandungan komponen bio propilen glikol sebesar 70,05%. Hasil uji coba sintesis secara langsung masih belum optimal karena alat yang digunakan belum sesuai sehingga dilakukan perancangan perbaikan alat menggunakan sistem bubble column dengan penambahan komponen sparger, flow meter, dan thermocouple tipe K. Hasil validasi model menunjukkan persentase error kurang dari 5% sehingga model tersebut dinyatakan valid., The demand for propylene glycol in Indonesia is increasing as it is widely used in various industries, particularly in personal care, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Commercial propylene glycol is commonly produced using petrochemical raw materials, which are not environmentally friendly, and in Indonesia, the demand for propylene glycol still relies on imports. On the other hand, Indonesia is one of the largest biodiesel producers in the world, thus generating glycerol as a by-product. PT Ratu Bio Indonesia is motivated to conduct research and development to utilize glycerol as a raw material to produce bio-based propylene glycol. The process design was carried out through simulation modeling using Aspen Hysys software with a raw material basis of 10 kg. The simulation results show that propylene glycol can be synthesized from glycerol using the hydrogenolysis method via the acetol pathway with the aid of a Cu-ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst at P=30 bar and T=151.6°C. The yield of crude bio propylene glycol obtained was 81.81% with a bio propylene glycol component content of 70.05%. The results of the direct synthesis trials are still not optimal because the equipment used is not suitable. Therefore, an improvement of the equipment design was carried out using a bubble column system with the addition of components such as a sparger, flow meter, and K-type thermocouple. The model validation results showed an error percentage of less than 5%, making the model valid.
Keyword: bio propylene glycol, Simulation, Synthesis, Acetol pathway, hydrogenolysis

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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