Judul: The Role of Beta-Casein A2 Protein In A2 Cow’s Milk For Gastrointestinal Health
Abstrak: Perdebatan mengenai peran protein susu antara beta-kasein A1 dan beta-kasein A2 masih terjadi. Protein beta-kasein A2 diyakini lebih ramah ketika memasuki sistem pencernaan, yang berdampak pada kesehatan pencernaan sistem gastrointestinal manusia. Namun, belum cukup bukti bahwa protein beta-kasein A2 baik untuk kesehatan sistem gastrointestinal manusia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode studi literatur berdasar pada 31 artikel yang terkait erat dengan topik penelitian. Hasil studi literatur ini menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi susu A2 dapat meringankan gejala inflamasi usus, memperbaiki peradangan usus kecil dan lambung, serta mampu mengurangi malabsorpsi laktosa. Namun, tidak ada kejadian luar biasa yang terkonfirmasi terjadi terkait efek negatif yang membahayakan kesehatan akibat mengkonsumsi susu A1. Industri susu disamping penting untuk mengontrol kadar protein dalam susu dan mempertimbangkan aspek fungsional dari protein beta-kasein A2., The debate over the role of milk protein between beta-casein A1 and beta-casein A2 is still ongoing. Beta-casein protein A2 is believed to be more friendly when it enters the digestive system, which has an impact on the digestive health of the human gastrointestinal system. However, there is not enough evidence that beta-casein protein A2 is good for the health of the human gastrointestinal system. This research was conducted using literature study method based on 31 articles closely related to the research topic. The results of this literature study show that the consumption of A2 milk can relieve inflammatory symptoms of the intestine, improve inflammation of the small intestine and stomach, as well as be able to reduce lactose malabsorption. However, no confirmed extraordinary events that harmed human health occurred due to the consumption of A1 milk. It is important for the dairy industry to control protein levels in milk as well as considering the functional aspects of beta-casein protein A2.
Keyword: beta-casein A1, beta-casein A2, cow, human health, milk

Judul: Characteristic of A2 Milk-Based Gelato with Additional Olive Oil as an Antimicrobial Gastrointestinal System
Abstrak: Protein susu A1 merupakan salah satu penyebab gangguan sistem pencernaan pada penderita intoleransi laktosa. Susu A2 dapat menjadi bahan alternatif dengan diolah menjadi gelato dengan penambahan minyak zaitun sebagai antimikroba yang diharapkan dapat mengurangi gangguan pencernaan pada penderita intoleransi laktosa ketika menkonsumsi gelato. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari karakteristik fisik, kimia, organoleptik, dan antimikroba dari gelato berbahan baku susu A2 dengan penambahan minyak zaitun sebanyak 0%, 3% dan 6%. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Data dianalisis menggunakan sidik ragam (ANOVA) dengan selang kepercayaan 95%. Data organoleptik dianalisis menggunakan uji kruskal wallis dengan selang kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukan tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap karakteristik fisik, sifat hedonik warna, mouthfeel, dan tekstur, serta sifat antimikroba pada bakteri gram positif. Penambahan minyak zaitun berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap kadar lemak, sifat hedonik aroma dan rasa, semua atribut sifat mutu hedonik, dan sifat antimikroba pada bakteri gram negatif., A1 milk’s protein is one of the causes of gastrointestinal symptoms in lactose intolerant patients. A2 Milk can be an alternative ingredient by modifying it to gelato with additional olive oil as an antimicrobial that can be expected to reduce gastrointestinal symptoms in lactose intolerant patients when consuming gelato. This study aims to analyze the characteristic of physical, chemical, organoleptic, and antimicrobial from A2 milk-based gelato with additional olive oil as much as 0%, 3% dan 6%. Thus study This study will use a completely randomized design (CRD) with three repetitions. Data were analyzed with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a 95% confidence interval. Organoleptic data were analyzed with the kruskal wallis test with a 95% confidence interval. The result showed an insignificant difference (P>0,05) in the physical characteristic, hedonic characteristics in color, mouthfeel, and texture, as well as antimicrobial properties of gram-positive bacteria. Additional olive oil showed significant differences (P<0,05) in fat level, aroma and flavour in hedonic characteristic, all hedonic quality characteristics, and antimicrobial properties on gram-negative bacteria.
Keyword: gelato, milk A2, olive oil, lactose intolerant

Judul: Habitat characteristics of timor friarbird philemon inornatus in Camplong Landscape Kupang District, East Nusa Tenggara
Abstrak: Timor Friarbird (Philemon inornatus, G. R. Gray, 1846) is one of the six endemic birds of Timor and is a protected species. The population of bird is suspected to have been decreasing over the past six years along with the decreasing of the quantity and quality of physical and biotic factors of its habitat. Knowledge on landscape spatial pattern could be used to evaluate the quantity and quality of habitat. This research aimed at identifying spatial habitat characteristics of Timor Friarbird based on dominant factors of physical and biotic habitat components. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) on the physical habitat factors showed that variables that have strong correlation with the presence of the bird were Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), slope, distance from secondary forest, distance from bush, distance from cashew plantation, distance from crop plantation, and distance from roads. The biotic factors that have strong correlation with the presence of Timor Friarbird were the total number of plant species, number of plants used for food and cover, and mean height of trees. Height of poles was the only variable that has no correlation with the presence of Timor Friarbird. The most dominant physical and biotic factors that influent the presence of Timor Friarbird at a site are the density of foraging trees, slope, distance from the river, the distance from secondary forest, the density of cover pole and the distance from road. The estimation population of Timor Friarbird in Camplong region is low; this might be caused by low feeding tree density, high rates of poaching, the uneven distribution of feed vegetation and the flowering season, habitat degradation due to illegal logging, grazing cattle in the wild, and invasion of siam weed or chromolaena (Chromolaena odorata). The results of land cover classification at Camplong region based on Landsat_5 Thematic Mapper (TM) image with ArcGIS 9.3 and Erdas 9.1 obtained 11 land cover classes, with shrub as the dominant class. Keyword: Philemon inornatus, Habitat Spatial Characteristics, PCA, Population, Land Cover
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