Judul: Analisis Tingkat Kecenderungan Pembentukan Scale pada Formula Surfaktan Berbasis Metil Ester Sulfonat untuk Aplikasi Enhanced Oil Recovery
Abstrak: Surfactant of Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) is used to increase the yield of oil of the old well. Decreasing of interfacial tension values is obtained after the addition of NaCl alkali concentration of 0.5 % of water injection, after that MES surfactant was added at 0.3%, and were added by Na2CO3 alkali concentration of 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%. The objective of the study was to know scale formation rate of formulation solution of MES surfactant. Scale is deposition occurred by reaction of compounds in the solution. Carbonate scale formation rate was observed from SI (stability index) and PTB (pounds per thousand barrels) which showed a negative value, so the surfactant formula solution was not saturated with CaCO3. Ranges of SI value were -2.88 mg/L to -0.39 mg/L and range of PTB value were 99.27 mol/l to -0.05 mol/l. The calculation result of solubility showed that CaSO4 and BaSO4 were dissolved properly, so that precipitation did not occur. Ranges of CaSO4 solubility were 403.34 meq/l to 34,400.99 meq/l and range of BaSO4 solubility were 0.54 meq/l to 367.62 meq/l.
Keyword: solubility., SI and PTB, scale, alkali concentration, Surfactant of Methyl Ester Sulfonate

Judul: Production and formulation of methyl ester sulfonate-based surfactant from palm olein for enhanced oil recovery application
Abstrak: The remaining oil in a reservoir that cannot be produced using the natural driving force (primary recovery) is about 50 to 80% of the initial oil volumes (IOIP). A secondary recovery technique such as waterflooding can only increase the recovery as much as 5 to 20% of the IOIP. Therefore, a method known as Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) has to be implemented in the reservoir in the effort to recover much more oil. One of the EOR methods is surfactant injection. The injection of surfactant solution is aimed to significantly reduce the capillary forces in the reservoir by lowering the oil-water interfacial tension within the pore spaces. Once the capillary force is diminished, the reservoir oil is much easier to be displaced and moved toward the production wells. This is an excellent opportunity to develop a type of vegetable oil-based surfactants. One of potential surfactant types to develop is methyl ester sulphonate surfactant (MES). This study was aimed at producing MES surfactant and formula-based methyl ester sulfonate surfactant from palm olein to be applied for in the process of improving oil recovery using carbonate formation fluids. Results of the study showed that the best condition was achieved in a sulphonation process done in 3-4 hours with the flowrate of dry air of 1.8 kg/hour and a purification performed without the addition of methanol in a pH of 8. The best MES surfactant-based formula for EOR applications on the formation of carbonate was the one with the composition of 0.3% MES surfactant, 0.3% Na2CO3, and 15,000 ppm salinity. MES surfactant produced from this formula had more heat resistance, higher salinity, and higher hardness than the commercial surfactants did. Results of the performance test of surfactant-based formula showed that the MES surfactant formula was compatible with formation water and injection water. The formed phase was a lower phase which was relatively stable on a heating up to day 77 (reservoir temperature of 70 and 112 °C) with a range of interfacial tension of 10-2 dynes/cm. The adsorption reached 152.86 μg active matter/g core and the incremental oil recovery using synthetic core of 8-19% and using native core of 9.1%. Surfactant solution coreflooding test with bottom-up flow direction resulted in a greater oil recovery (16%) than that with top-down flow direction. This was caused by the influence of gravity.
Keyword: Palm Olein

Judul: Macam-macam avian adenovirus pada ayam dan penyakit inclusion body hepatitis
Abstrak: Avian Adenovirus pada ayam dibagi menjadi beberapa kelompok serotype. Tipton adalah salah satu serotype dari Avian Adenovirus dan menyebabkan penyakit Inclusion Body Hepatitis (IBH) pada ayam. Inclusion Body Hepatitis pertama kali ditemukan pada tahun 1963 di Amerika Serikat dan di Indonesia untuk pertama kalinya ditemukan di BPT Ciawi pada tahun 1978. Penyakit ini pada umumnya menyerang ayam pada umur muda dan kebanyakan terjadi pada ayam broiler. Masa inkubasi singkat, dapat menular secara vertikal maupun horizontal dan ditandai dengan adanya perubahan patologik hati serta adanya inclusion body di dalam inti sel hati.
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