Judul: The Research on Biological Control Pests in Indonesia: A Systematic Review
Abstrak: Penelitian pengendalian hayati di Indonesia sudah cukup banyak dilakukan, tetapi sejauh ini belum ada analisis sistematis mengenai sejauh mana penelitian ini menghasilkan teknologi pengendalian hayati yang dapat dipraktikkan di lapang. Analisis ini penting untuk dilakukan agar dapat diketahui informasi dasar (baseline information) mengenai penelitian pengendalian hayati sejauh ini serta memberikan arah riset pengendalian hayati kedepannya. Telaah sistematik ini diharapkan pula dapat digunakan untuk pembaharuan arah riset pengendalian hayati kedepan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melakukan telaah sistematis terhadap riset pengendalian hayati yang dilakukan di Indonesia selama 20 tahun terakhir. Semua artikel didapatkan dari berbagai pangkalan data yang ditelusuri dengan kata kunci yang berhubungan dengan pengendalian hayati. Pemilihan artikel dilakukan sesuai kriteria kelayakan literatur. Dari hasil penelusuran tersaring 453 artikel dimana 269 diantaranya adalah artikel yang fokus pada parasitoid dan predator. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan riset yang signifikan terhadap pengendalian hayati selama 20 tahun terakhir. Dari hasil penelitian terlihat bahwa pengendalian hayati di Indonesia didominasi riset mengenai patogen. Khusus untuk predator dan parasitoid dilakukan analisis lebih dalam dan hasilnya dapat diketahui bahwa penelitian didominasi riset untuk tanaman padi sedangkan fokus penelitian yang paling banyak diteliti adalah identifikasi dan studi biologi musuh alami. Penelitian-penelitian tersebut masih membahas ilmu-ilmu dasar dan belum mengarah pada musuh alami potensial yang siap dipakai untuk skala besar. Selama 20 tahun terakhir ini tercatat empat musuh alami yang dilaporkan dalam pelepasan skala besar yaitu Anagyrus lopezi, Lanius schach, Tetrastichus brontispae, dan Trichogramma spp.. Riset mengenai pelepasan tersebut masih terbatas pada kemapanan musuh alami dan atau mortalitas hama sasaran. Riset pelepasan belum mengarah pada pengukuran keberhasilannya sehingga menjadi salah satu poin arah penelitian kedepan., Biological control research in Indonesia has a long history since it was started by the Dutch scientists more thatn 100 years ago. Currently, the number of research on biological control has arisen, but there has been no systematic analysis of how this research produces technology that can be practiced in the field. This analysis is essential since it provides a baseline information about biological control research and provide future research direction on biological control. This systematic review is also expected to provide information for the future research direction on biological control. This study aims to conduct a systematic review of biological control research conducted in Indonesia over the past 20 years. All articles were obtained from various databases and searched for keywords related to biological control. The selection of articles is carried out according to the eligibility criteria. Based on searches, 453 articles were screened, of which 269 articles were focused on parasitoids and predators. This study shows a significant increase in research on biological control over the past 20 years. From the results, it can be seen that biological control research in Indonesia was dominated by research on pathogens. Further analysis were done on research on predators and parasitoids and the results showed that the most research commodity is paddy rice while the focus of research was dominated by identification and biology study of natural enemies. These studies mainlystill address the basic sciences and have not led to potential natural enemies ready to be
Keyword: Kesenjangan pengetahuan, Parasitoid, Predator, Keberhasilan pengendalian hayati, Telaah pustaka sistematis

Judul: Biological Pest Control Strategies using Sterile Insect Technique and Natural Enemies
Abstrak: Indonesia adalah negara agraris sehingga pertanian memiliki peranan penting bagi Indonesia. Oleh sebab itu, masalah yang berkaitan dengan pertanian seperti serangan hama selalu menjadi topik yang penting pula. Pestisida kimia banyak digunakan dalam pengendalian hama ini, namun pestisida kimia memiliki banyak dampak negatif bagi lingkungan. Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) dikembangkan untuk mengurangi penggunaan pestisida kimia. Teknik dalam PHT yang digunakan pada karya ilmiah ini, yaitu SIT (Sterile Insect Technique) dan musuh alami. Dalam karya ilmiah ini, dilakukan pemodelan kontrol optimum untuk mengoptimalkan kepadatan populasi tanaman menggunakan strategi pelepasan serangga hama steril dan penambahan musuh alami ke area lahan tanaman sebagai variabel kontrolnya. Prinsip maksimum Pontryagin digunakan dalam penentuan syarat perlu optimalitas dan metode Runge-Kutta orde 4 serta backward-forward sweep method digunakan untuk mengetahui solusi numeriknya., Indonesia is an agricultural country, so agriculture has an important role for Indonesia. Therefore, problems related to agriculture, such as pests, always be an important topic. Chemical pesticides are highly used in controlling these pests, however chemical pesticides have lots of negative impacts on the environment. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was developed to reduce the use of these chemical pesticides. There are techniques of IPM that are used in this paper, i.e. sterile insect technique (SIT) and natural enemies. In this paper, the optimum control modelling was carried out to optimize the density of the plant population using the strategy of releasing sterile insect pests and adding natural enemies to the crops area as control variables. Pontryagin’s maximum principle is used in determining the requirements for optimality, fourth-order Runge Kutta method and backward-forward sweep method are used to determine the numerical solution.
Keyword: optimal control, fourth-order Runge Kutta method, natural enemies, Pontryagin’s maximum principle, sterile insect technique

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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