Judul: Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and ɑ-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of n-Hexane, Ethyl Acetate and Methanol Extracts of Red Betel (Piper crocatum)
Abstrak: Sirih merah (Piper crocatum) mempunyai berbagai senyawa dengan kemampuan penghambatan enzim ɑ-glukosidase. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan ekstrak yang memiliki tingkat kandungan fenolik dan flavonoid yang optimal, serta penghambatan tertinggi pada enzim α-glukosidase. Metode maserasi bertingkat digunakan untuk mengekstraksi senyawa bioaktif sirih merah menggunakan pelarut-pelarut dengan peningkatan kepolaran (n-heksana, etil asetat, metanol). Pengujian dilakukan terhadap kadar fenolik total, flavonoid, serta kemampuan inhibisi ɑ-glukosidase. Hasil pengukuran total kadar fenolik, flavonoid, dan aktivitas penghambatan α-glukosidase menunjukkan nilai yang secara signifikan berbeda (p<0,05) pada semua ekstrak dengan total kadar fenolik dan flavonoid tertinggi pada ekstrak n-heksana berturut-turut sebesar 25,68 ± 0,29 mg GAE/g dan 65,84 ± 0,96 mg QE/g. Sementara itu, ekstrak metanol daun sirih merah memiliki daya hambat diantara semua ekstrak dengan nilai persen inhibisi α-glukosidase sebesar 43,87 ± 1,83%., Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) had various compounds with the ability to inhibit α-glucosidase enzymes. The research aimed to determine the extract with optimal levels of phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as the highest inhibition of α-glucosidase enzyme. A multistage maceration method was used to extract bioactive compounds from red betel leaf using solvents with increasing polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol). Tests were conducted on the total phenolic content, flavonoids, and α-glucosidase inhibition ability. The measurement results of the total phenolic content, flavonoids, and α-glucosidase inhibition activity showed significantly different values (p<0,05) in all extracts with the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content in n-hexane extract, respectively, at 25,68 ± 0,29 mg GAE/g and 65,84 ± 0,96 mg QE/g. Meanwhile, the methanol extract of red betel leaf had inhibitory power among all extracts with a percentage inhibition of α-glucosidase at 43,87 ± 1,83%.
Keyword: ɑ-glukosidase/ɑ-glucosidase, antidiabetes/antidiabetic, fenolik/phenolic, flavonoid/flavonoid, sirih merah/red betel

Judul: Kadar Total Fenolik, Flavonoid, dan Aktivitas Inhibisi Tirosinase dari Fraksi Ekstrak Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz  & Pav) Asal Semarang
Abstrak: Sirih merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) merupakan tanaman obat potensial yang dapat menyembuhkan berbagai jenis penyakit seperti diabetes mellitus, asam urat, hipertensi, dan kanker. Selain itu, daun sirih merah diketahui dapat mencegah dan menyembuhkan jerawat, dan mencerahkan kulit wajah kusam. Senyawa aktif pada sirih merah seperti fenolik dan flavonoid dapat berperan dalam menangani hiperpigmentasi dengan menghambat enzim tirosinase. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kadar total fenolik, flavonoid, dan aktivitas inhibisi tirosinase dari hasil fraksinasi ekstrak etanol sirih merah asal Semarang. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan maserasi menggunakan etanol 70%, dan selanjutnya difraksinasi dengan 3 pelarut, yaitu n-heksana, etil asetat, dan air. Kadar total fenolik dan flavonoid tertinggi terdapat pada fraksi etil asetat yaitu sebesar 80.294 mg GAE/g dan 61.537 mg QE/g. Nilai penghambatan terhadap tirosinase terbesar juga terdapat pada fraksi etil asetat (65.86%). Aktivitas penghambatan tirosinase menunjukkan bahwa fraksi etil asetat memiliki nilai IC50 3470.53 ppm. Fraksi etil asetat daun sirih merah asal Semarang memiliki kemampuan sebagai inhibitor tirosinase lebih baik dibandingkan dengan fraksi n-heksana, fraksi air, dan ekstrak etanol 70%., Red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) is a potential medicinal plant that can cure various types of diseases such as diabetes mellitus, gout, hypertension, and cancer. Furthermore, red betel leaves are known to prevent and cure acne, and able to brighten facial skin. Active compounds in red betel such as phenolics and flavonoids are able to treat hyperpigmentation by inhibiting the tyrosinase. This research aimed to analyze total phenolics contents, flavonoids contents, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity from the fractionated ethanol extract of red betel from Semarang. The extraction was performed using maceration with 70% ethanol, and then fractionated with 3 solvents, n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. The highest total phenolics and flavonoids contents were found in the ethyl acetate fraction with values of 80.294 mg GAE/g and 61.537 mg QE/g. The highest inhibition value of tyrosinase was also found in the ethyl acetate fraction (65.86%). Tyrosinase inhibition activity showed that the ethyl acetate fraction has IC50 value of 3470.53 ppm. Therefore, the ethyl acetate fraction of red betel leaves from Semarang is proven to be a better tyrosinase inhibitor compared to the n-hexane fraction, water fraction, and 70% ethanol extract.
Keyword: phenolic, flavonoid, tyrosinase enzyme, red betel

Judul: Implementation of Spatio-Temporal Change Query in Relational Database.
Abstrak: Geographic object changes in various views. Object changes are recorded using a model of static storage. No historical connection between old version data and new version data has been built. For that, a storage model of spatio-temporal queries that can analyze spatio-temporal changes has been developed. The object changes the geometry are grouped according to the taxonomy of Spatio-Temporal Pattern Change. This research has been able to apply the query patterns change including born, expand, merge, contract, split, normal and die. This query based on geometric (area) changes. The implementation of spatio-temporal change queries represents an object changes continuously with easy, change detection is done by comparing two versions of data. Keyword: spatio-temporal change query, spatio-temporal change pattern.
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