Judul: Aktivitas glukosa dehidrogenase pada tiga isolat bakteri Indonesia terpilih yang diimobilisasi untuk pengembangan biosensor glukosa darah
Abstrak: Biosensor mengkombinasikan selektivitas komponen pengenal hayati dan sensitivitas transduser. Aplikasi biosensor sebagai alat pengukur glukosa darah pada pasien penderita diabetes melitus menggunakan enzim murni sebagai sensor hayati. Penggantian enzim murni dengan sel mikrob penghasil enzim sebagai sensor hayati dilakukan untuk mengatasi kelemahan yang dimiliki enzim murni seperti stabilitas yang rendah dan harga yang mahal. Penelitian bertujuan mengukur aktivitas glukosa dehidrogenase (GDH)–enzim yang bereaksi secara spesifik dengan substrat glukosa dan menggunakan pyrolloquinoline quinone (PQQ) sebagai gugus prostetik serta ion Mg2+ sebagai zat pengaktif –yang dihasilkan oleh tiga jenis bakteri, yaitu Escherichia coli KRGS, Bacillus subtilis KRGL, dan Thermus sp. 1K dengan menggunakan metode spektrofotometri dan elektrokimia. Studi juga dilakukan terhadap kondisi optimum (pH larutan bufer fosfat, konsentrasi PQQ, dan konsentrasi glukosa) aktivitas GDH E. coli KRGS serta kestabilan aktivitas GDH ketiga bakteri dengan menggunakan metode elektrokimia.
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Judul: Activity and stability of glucose biosensor based on Escherichia coli immobilized on zeolite-glutaraldehyde
Abstrak: Biosensor glukosa berbasis Escherichia coli hingga saat ini telah dikembangkan. Pengembangan ini memiliki beberapa kelemahan, yaitu aktivitas glukosa dehidrogenase (GDH) dan stabilitas elektrode rendah. Penggunaan zeolit pada biosensor dapat meningkatkan aktivitas enzim, sedangkan penggunaan glutaraldehida (GA) sebagai bahan taut-silang dapat meningkatkan stabilitas elektrode. Perancangan percobaan optimisasi dilakukan menggunakan metode permekaan respons (RSM). Kondisi optimum aktivitas biosensor ini ialah suhu 30 oC, pH 6, konsentrasi glukosa 15 mM, konsentrasi pirolokuinolina kuinon (PQQ) 3.5 μM, zeolit 150 mg/mL, dan konsentrasi GA 14.05%. GDH sel E. coli terimobilisasi dapat mendeteksi konsentrasi glukosa hingga 50 mM. Reaksi kinetika GDH sel E. coli terimobilisasi mengikuti persamaan Lineweaver-Burk. Nilai KM app dan Imaks app biosensor ini secara berturut-turut adalah 2.69 mM dan 3.73 μA. Aktivitas GDH sel bakteri relatif stabil sebesar 70–80% selama 4 hari. Oleh karena itu, penggunaan zeolit-GA sebagai matriks imobilisasi dapat meningkatkan aktivitas GDH sel bakteri E. coli yang relatif stabil.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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