Judul: Pemangsaan Larva Plesiochrysa ramburi (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Pada Berbagai Instar Kutu Putih Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel-Miller) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).
Abstrak: Kutu putih Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi merupakan salah satu spesies kutu putih polifag, yang menyerang berbagai spesies sayuran, buah, dan tanaman hias. Plesiochrysa ramburi dikenal sebagai salah satu predator serangga yang berasosiasi dengan kutu putih di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat pemangsaan untuk masing-masing instar larva P. ramburi pada berbagai instar kutu putih P. jackbeardsleyi. Pengamatan tingkat pemangsaan larva P. ramburi dilakukan 24 jam setelah perlakuan (JSP). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa larva instar-1 memangsa kutu putih dari berbagai instar sebanyak 17.15 ekor, diikuti larva instar-2 sebanyak 35.8 ekor, dan larva yang paling rakus adalah larva instar-3 yang memangsa 83.3 ekor dalam 24 jam. Instar kutu putih yang paling disukai adalah nimfa instar-1 (96.3 ekor), diikuti nimfa instar-2 (59.6 ekor), nimfa instar-3 (23.7 ekor), sedangkan instar kutu putih yang paling sedikit dimangsa adalah imago (2 ekor). Imago kutu putih yang dimangsa larva instar-1 dan larva instar-2 menunjukan hasil yang tidak berbeda nyata. Semakin tinggi kerapatan mangsa maka, semakin tinggi pula kemampuan pemangsaan larva P. ramburi. Larva P. ramburi menunjukkan tanggap fungsional dengan laju pemangsaan (a) dan masa penanganan (Th) berturut-turut 0.04 dan 0.11.
Keyword: krisopid, kutu putih, Plesiochrysa ramburi, Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi

Judul: Potensi Pemangsaan Plesiochrysa ramburi Schneider (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) pada Kutu Putih Pepaya, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae).
Abstrak: Kutu putih pepaya, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granarade Willink (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) merupakan salah satu hama invasif di Indonesia. Musuh alami yang banyak ditemukan pada pertanaman pepaya yang terserang P. Marginatus adalah Plesiochry saramburi Schneider (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae). Percobaan laboratorium dilakukan untuk menentukan potensi pemangsaan serta Tanggap fungsional dari P. ramburi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat Pemangsaan meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya perkembangan larva predator. Larvainstar-1 P. Ramburi memangsa rata-rata 18. 9 ekor, diikuti oleh instar– 2 sebanyak 34. 9 ekor , dan larva terrakus adalah larva instar-3 dengan memangsa sebanyak 82. 5ekor dalam 24jam. Kutu putih nimfa instar-1 dan 2 merupakan nimfa kutu yang paling banyak dikonsumsi oleh larva P. ramburi (rata-rata70ekor), diikuti oleh instar ke-3(32.4ekor), dan yang paling sedikit Dimangsa adalah imago(4.7ekor). P. Ramburi menunjukkan tanggap fungsional Dengan laju pemangsaan(a) dan lamapenanganan mangsa(Th)berturut-turut 0.04 Dan 0.12.
Keyword: Kutu putih pepaya, predator, Paracoccus marginatus, Plesiochrysa ramburi

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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