Judul: Utilization of Lignin as an Antimicrobial Agent in Rami Fabrics to Support the Development of Personal Protective Equipment
Abstrak: Lignin merupakan bahan fenolik yang berpotensi sebagai antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan memanfaatkan lignin menjadi bahan antimikroba yang diaplikasikan pada kain rami sebagai dasar ilmiah untuk pengembangan APD. Lignin diperoleh dari lindi hitam yang diisolasi menggunakan asam encer melalui isolasi 1 tahap dan 2 tahap serta diuji karakteristik ligninnya. Kemudian, lignin diaplikasikan pada kain rami dengan metode sonikasi dan diuji aktivitas antimikroba dengan metode difusi agar terhadap bakteri gram-positif yaitu Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolat lignin 1 maupun 2 menghasilkan rendemen sekitar 28% dan memiliki karakteristik lignin berdasarkan analisis-analisis yang dilakukan. Aktivitas antimikroba meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya konsentrasi lignin. Nilai zona hambat tertinggi terjadi pada lignin 1 tahap konsentrasi 0,3 g mL-1 dan kain L2 terhadap bakteri Bacillus subtilis. Penambahan bahan HDTMS merubah kain menjadi lebih hidrofobik, namun, menutupi sifat antimikroba pada kain lapis lignin., Lignin is a phenolic substance that has the potential as an antimicrobial agent. This study aims to utilize lignin as an antimicrobial agent that is applied to rami fabric as a scientific basis for the development of PPE. Lignin was obtained from black liquor isolated using dilute acid through 1 and 2 steps and the characteristic of lignin was tested. Lignin was applied to the fabric by sonication method and tested for antimicrobial activity using the agar diffusion method were performed on gram-positive bacteria is Propionibacterium acne, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. The results showed that the yield of lignin 1 and 2 isolate about 28% and had lignin characteristics based on analyzed carried out. The antimicrobial activity increased with the increase in lignin concentration. The highest inhibition zone occurred at lignin 1 step with a concentration of 0,3 g mL-1 and L2 fabric against Bacillus subtilis bacteria. The addition of HDTMS material changed the fabric to be more hydrophobic, however, covering the antimicrobial properties of the lignin-coated fabric.
Keyword: antimikroba, isolasi lignin, kain rami, lignin, lindi hitam, antimicrobial, black liquor, lignin, lignin isolation, rami fabric

Judul: Utilization of Lignin from Black Liquor of Waste Paper Industry as Antimicrobial in Food Packaging
Abstrak: Lignin merupakan polimer kimia alami yang belum dimanfaatkan dengan baik dan berpotensi sebagai agen antimikroba karena mengandung senyawa fenolik. Tujuan penelitian ini memanfaatkan lignin dari lindi hitam sebagai agen antimikroba yang diaplikaskan pada biofilm untuk kemasan pangan. Lignin diperoleh dari proses isolasi lindi hitam menggunakan asam encer melalui enam kali pencucian. Lignin hasil isolasi dilakukan pengujian karakteristik fisik, seperti kadar air, kadar abu, kadar kemurnian lignin, FTIR, DSC, TGA, dan aktivitas antimikroba. Biofilm lignin diuji karakteristik fisik, mekanik, dan aktivitas antimikroba. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rendemen isolat lignin 34,45%. Kadar air lignin sebesar 10,28%, dan kadar abu sekitar 1.06%, dengan kadar kemurnian lignin 103,49%. Degradasi termal lignin terjadi pada suhu 340 oC, dan Tg 2 terjadi pada suhu 166 oC. Karakteristik gugus fungsi lignin yaitu terdapat senyawa fenolik-siringil, guaiasil, dan eter. Aktivitas antimikroba lignin yang terbaik yaitu pada konsentrasi 0.1 g/mL dengan pelarut ethanol-air dan 0.4 g/mL dengan DMSO. Biofilm lignin rheomix pada konsentrasi 2% secara keseluruhan memiliki karakteristik fisik dan mekanik, serta dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri uji yang lebih baik dibanding metode pelarutan., Lignin is a natural chemical polymer that has not been utilized properly and has the potential as an antimicrobial agent because it contains phenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to utilize lignin from black liquor as an antimicrobial agent which was applied to biofilms for food packaging. Lignin was obtained from the black liquor isolation process using dilute acid through six washings. The isolated lignin was tested for physical characteristics, such as moisture content, ash content, lignin purity, FTIR, DSC, TGA, and antimicrobial activity. Lignin biofilms were tested for physical, mechanical, and antimicrobial activity characteristics. The results showed that the lignin isolate yield was 34.45%. The lignin water content is 10.28%, and the ash content is about 1.06%, with a lignin purity level of 103.49%. Thermal degradation of lignin occurs at a temperature of 340 oC, and Tg 2 occurs at a temperature of 166 oC. The characteristics of the lignin functional group are phenolic-syringyl, guaiacil, and ether compounds. The best antimicrobial activity of lignin was at a concentration of 0.1 g/mL with ethanol-water and 0.4 g/mL with DMSO. The rheomix lignin biofilm at a concentration of 2% overall has physical and mechanical characteristics, and can inhibit the growth of test bacteria better than the dissolving method.Lignin is a natural chemical polymer that has not been utilized properly and has the potential as an antimicrobial agent because it contains phenolic compounds. The purpose of this study was to utilize lignin from black liquor as an antimicrobial agent which was applied to biofilms for food packaging. Lignin was obtained from the black liquor isolation process using dilute acid through six washings. The isolated lignin was tested for physical characteristics, such as moisture content, ash content, lignin purity, FTIR, DSC, TGA, and antimicrobial activity. Lignin biofilms were tested for physical, mechanical, and antimicrobial activity characteristics. The results showed that the lignin isolate yield was 34.45%. The lignin water content is 10.28%, and the ash content is about 1.06%, with a lignin purity level of 103.49%. Thermal degradation of lignin
Keyword: antimicrobial, biofilm, black liquor, lignin, starch

Judul: Posisi Filogenetik Kura-Kura Carettochelys Insculpta  (Reptillia: Testudinata)
Abstrak: Carettochelys insculpta is an endemic freshwater turtle of southern Papua and northern Australia. Phylogenetic position of this turtle is remain unresolved until now. Most of the research conducted show close relationships of C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. However, some of the research show distance between C. insculpta and members of Trionychidae family. This research is conducted to analyze phylogenetic relationship between C. insculpta and other members of Testudinata using 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and both gene as markers. DNA samples were obtained from three different organisms of C. insculpta. Two species used as outgroups were Alligator mississippiensis and Iguana iguana. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using Neighbor-Joining method with Felsenstein 1981 (F81) modeltest. A polytomy tree of Testudinata was produced by using 12S rRNA gene. However, analysis using 16S rRNA and both genes as markers confirmed that C. insculpta was located between the Chelonidae and the Trionychidae family.
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