Judul: Sintesis Oksida Grafena dari Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum verum) sebagai antibakteri. Dibimbing
Abstrak: Perkembangan penelitian material baru mengalami kemajuan hingga saat ini, salah satunya ialah oksida grafena. Oksida grafena merupakan material tipis yang berbentuk poliaromatik. Oksida grafena berpotensi besar dalam berbagai aplikasi, salah satunya adalah antibakteri. Kayu manis digunakan sebagai bahan dasar sintesis oksida grafena yang merupakan sumber karbon dari bahan alam. Oksida grafena disintesis menggunakan modifikasi metode Hummers. Penelitian ini menunjukkan spektrum ultraviolet adanya puncak serapan pada 227.9 nm. Spektrum inframerah memperlihatkan gugus O-H, C=C, C-OH, dan C-O. Hasil analisis difraksi sinar X menggambarkan puncak 2θ pada sudut 25.38o dengan nilai kristalinitas 26.57%. Berdasarkan analisis particle size analyzer, oksida grafena memiliki ukuran 95.41 nm. Bakteri yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu Staphylococcus aureus sebagai gram positif dan Escherichia coli sebagai gram negatif. Hasil pengujian antibakteri ditandai dengan terbentuknya zona bening sehingga oksida grafena memiliki aktivitas antibakteri.
Keyword: antibakteri, kayu manis, metode Hummers, oksida grafena

Judul: Sintesis Oksida Grafena dari Tempurung Kelapa untuk Aplikasi Antibakteri.
Abstrak: Penelitian material baru terus berkembang hingga saat ini, salah satunya ialah oksida grafena. Oksida grafena merupakan senyawa dengan lapisan tipis yang terdiri atas karbon berbentuk planar. Gugus-gugus fungsi yang terdapat pada oksida grafena antara lain gugus hidroksil, epoksida, karbonil, dan karboksil. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyintesis oksida grafena menggunakan metode Hummers yang dimodifikasi untuk diaplikasikan sebagai material antibakteri. Bahan baku yang digunakan adalah tempurung kelapa. Penelitian ini menggunakan Staphylococcus aureus yang mewakili bakteri Gram positif dan Escherichia coli yang mewakili bakteri Gram negatif. Hasil analisis spektrum ultraviolet menunjukkan puncak serapan pada 232 nm. Spektrum inframerah memperlihatkan gugus fungsi C-H, C-O, O-H, dan C=C. Hasil analisis difraksi sinar X menggambarkan puncak 2θ pada sudut 22,52º dengan nilai kristalinitas 6,85%. Berdasarkan analisis particle size analyzer, oksida grafena memiliki ukuran rata-rata 33,79 nm. Hasil pengujian antibakteri ditandai dengan terbentuknya zona bening sehingga oksida grafena memiliki aktivitas antibakteri.
Keyword: antibakteri, metode Hummers, oksida grafena, tempurung kelapa

Judul: Exchange Market Pressure and Central Bank Intervention for Three ASEAN Countries
Abstrak: Two of the exchange rate systems which are adopted by many countries are the floating and the fixed exchange rate system. Both the exchange rate systems have different characteristics. Countries that implement fixed exchange rates system tend to set their domestic currency exchange rate at a certain point. On the contrary, countries which implement floating exchange rate system tend to let their domestic currency exchange rate to move flexibly and thus their value will always change according to the demand and supply of the currency in the foreign exchange market. Countries which implement floating exchange rate system are facing the risk of fluctuation in the exchange rate of their domestic currency against foreign currencies. The currency exchange rate fluctuation may be caused by economic problems such as a financial crisis. A country can also be potentially affected by other countries’ earlier financial crisis. This effect could potentially happen if these countries are in the same region, such as ASEAN. The 1997 ASEAN economic crisis was an example of a country’s financial crisis could affect other countries. At that time, some countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand had to change their currency exchange rate system from the fixed exchange rate system to the floating exchange rate system due to the high costs which has to be incurred if they were to enforce the fixed exchange rate system. During 2002 until 2012, the domestic exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand against the U.S. dollar had tended to fluctuate. If the domestic currency exchange rate fluctuated excessively then the central bank would intervene to stabilize the exchange rate in the foreign exchange market. The pressure on domestic currency exchange rate pressures has forced the central bank to intervene. The amount of those pressures can be analyzed by calculating the Exchange Market Pressure (EMP) index. Apart from that, the time when interventions are done by the central bank can be known based on EMP by calculating the Exchange Market Intervention (EMI) index. The purposes of this study were to determine the level of international pressure on the currency exchange market and monetary authorities intervene in three ASEAN countries, as well as to determine the effect of the monetary authorities intervene on the exchange rate of the domestic currency against the U.S. dollar in those three ASEAN countries. Based on the EMP index calculation results which are obtained during 2002 to 2012 period, the exchange rate of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand’s domestic currency had always fluctuated and the results of the EMP index indicated that each country were under diverse level of currency exchange rate appreciation and depreciation pressures. Thailand was the country with the highest currency exchange rate pressure compared to Indonesia and Malaysia. The results on the intervention index calculation showed that Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand have intervention index between zero and one and more than one. We can also see from the intervention index that Indonesia and Thailand implement the controlled floating currency exchange rate instead of the freely floating one. Based on the calculation of the currency exchange rate by comparing
Keyword: exchange rate, exchange market pressure, intervention