Judul: Realistic Evaluation of Potential of Preparations of Twenty Plant Species from Fifteen Families for Crop Pest Control
Abstrak: Permasalahan serangan hama selalu ditemukan pada aktivitas produksi pertanian. Tindakan pengendalian hama secara praktis dengan menggunakan insektisida sintetik dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap ekosistem dan kesehatan. Insektisida nabati merupakan alternatif pengendalian hama yang lebih aman. Namun, dalam praktik belum banyak petani yang menggunakan insektisida nabati. Analisis pustaka ini memaparkan hasil evaluasi secara realistis potensi sediaan 20 jenis tumbuhan lokal sebagai insektisida nabati untuk pengendalian hama tanaman. Dua puluh jenis tumbuhan tersebut adalah Ageratum conyzoides, Allium cepa, Allium fistulosum, Annona squamosa, Carica papaya, Chromolaena odorata, Citrus x aurantiifolia, Cymbopogon nardus, Cyperus rotundus, Derris elliptica, Dysoxylum acutangulum, Dysoxylum mollissimum, Hibiscus rosasinensis, Lantana camara, Mimosa pudica, Mirabilis jalapa, Ocimum basilicum, Piper nigrum, Tagetes erecta, dan Zingiber officinale. Kelayakan penggunaan sediaan insektisida nabati dari 20 jenis tumbuhan tersebut dievaluasi berdasarkan kriteria aktivitas insektisida, keamanan, dan peluang pemasyarakatannya. Hasil evaluasi realistis berdasarkan kriteria yang ketat menunjukkan bahwa 15 dari 20 jenis tumbuhan yang dikaji yang memiliki aktivitas insektisida yang cukup kuat sampai sangat kuat. Insektisida nabati umumnya mudah terurai di lingkungan dan relatif aman terhadap organisme bukan sasaran. Pemasyarakatan insektisida nabati dapat dilakukan melalui sosialisasi yang bekerjasama dengan berbagai pihak., Pest problems always threaten agricultural production activities. Crop pest control measures using synthetic insecticides commonly practiced by farmers can cause undesirable side effects on ecosystems and human health. Botanical insecticides are safer alternatives to synthetic insecticides. In practice, however, very few farmers have used botanical insecticides. This literature analysis describes the results of a realistic evaluation of the potential of twenty local plant species as botanical insecticides for crop pest control. The selected plant species discussed are Ageratum conyzoides, Allium cepa, Allium fistulosum, Annona squamosa, Carica papaya, Chromolaena odorata, Citrus x aurantiifolia, Cymbopogon nardus, Cyperus rotundus, Derris elliptica, Dysoxylum acutangulum, Dysoxylum mollissimum, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Lantana camara, Mimosa pudica, Mirabilis jalapa, Ocimum basilicum, Piper nigrum, Tagetes erecta, and Zingiber officinale. The feasibility of using botanical insecticide preparations from those plant species was evaluated based on criteria of insecticidal activity, safety, and opportunities for their dissemination. Results of evaluation based on robust criteria show that 15 out of 20 plant species studied had sufficiently to very strong insecticidal activity against certain crop pests. Generally, botanical insecticides are biodegradable and safe to non-target organisms. Dissemination of botanical insecticide use can be carried out through collaboration with various institutions.
Keyword: Bioactivity, Botanical Insecticides, Criteria, Feasibility, Local Plants

Judul: Critical Review of the Potential of Preparations of Twenty Species from Fourteen Plant Families for Crop Pest Control
Abstrak: Serangan hama tanaman dapat menimbulkan kerugian yang besar sehingga harus dikelola dengan tindakan pengendalian yang tepat. Insektisida sintetik yang sering digunakan petani dapat menyebabkan berbagai dampak samping yang tidak diinginkan terhadap organisme bukan sasaran dan lingkungan. Insektisida nabati merupakan salah satu alternatif potensial untuk mengendalikan hama tanaman. Kajian pustaka ini dilakukan untuk meninjau secara kritis publikasi tentang sediaan insektisida nabati 20 spesies dari 14 famili tumbuhan. Potensi insektisida nabati tersebut dievaluasi berdasarkan ketersediaan, kefektifan, keamanan terhadap organisme bukan sasaran, dan potensi pemasyarakatannya. Publikasi daring yang relevan ditelusuri melalui database seperti Google, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, National Center for Biotechnology Information, dan IPB Repository, dengan tambahan beberapa materi cetak. Hasil analisis literatur menunjukkan bahwa di antara 20 spesies tumbuhan yang dievaluasi, hanya 5 spesies yang ekstrak pelarut organik atau minyak atsirinya memiliki bioaktivitas yang sangat kuat terhadap setidaknya satu spesies hama sasaran. Kelima spesies tumbuhan tersebut ialah Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Dysphania ambrosioides, dan Nicotiana tabacum. Sementara itu, sediaan A. sativum, A. indica, dan Citrus limon yang disiapkan dengan pelarut air juga memiliki aktivitas insektisida yang sangat kuat. Data yang tersedia menunjukkan bahwa insektisida nabati aman bagi organisme bukan sasaran dan lingkungan. Peningkatan penggunaan insektisida nabati dapat dilakukan dengan mengintegrasikan pemasyarakatan dan penggunaannya dalam program pengelolaan hama yang relevan., Crop losses due to pest organisms can be substantial and should be managed by applying proper crop protection measures. Synthetic insecticides commonly used by farmers could cause some undesirable side effects to non-target organisms and the environment. Botanical insecticides represent one of the potential alternatives to synthetic insecticides for controlling crop pests. This literature study was carried out to critically review published papers on botanical insecticide preparations of 20 species from 14 plant families. Those botanical insecticides were assessed based on their availability, effectiveness, safety to non-target organisms, and dissemination potential. Relevant publications were searched through online databases such as Google, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, National Center for Biotechnology Information, and IPB Repository, in addition to some printed materials. Results of the literature analysis showed that among the 20 plant species studied, only 5 species yielded organic solvent extracts or essential oils that had very strong insecticidal activity against at least one target pest species. Those five plant species were Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa, Dysphania ambrosioides, and Nicotiana tabacum. Meanwhile, A. sativum, A. indica, and Citrus limon aqueous extracts also had very strong insecticidal activity. Available data indicated that botanical insecticides are safe to nontarget organisms and the environment. Enhancement of use of botanical insecticides can be done by integrating their dissemination and use in relevant pest management programs.
Keyword: botanical insecticides, crop pests, feasibility, safety, dissemination

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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