Judul: Regresi Kekar Penduga M, Penduga S, dan Penduga MM pada Analisis Regresi Berganda
Abstrak: In classical multiple regression, the ordinary least squares estimation is the best method if assumptions are met to obtain regression weights when analyzing data. However, if the data does not satisfy some of these assumptions, then sample estimates and results can be misleading. Therefore, statistical techniques that are able to cope with or to detect outlying observations have been developed. Robust regression is an important method for analyzing data that are contaminated with outliers. It can be used to detect outliers and to provide resistant results in the presence of outliers. The purpose of this study is compare robust regression M-estimation, S-estimation, and MM-estimation with ordinary least square methods via simulation study. The simulation study is used in determine which methods best in all of the linear regression scenarios.
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Judul: Kajian Perbandingan Metode Least Median of Squares dan Maximum Likelihood Type pada Regresi Kekar
Abstrak: Keberadaan pencilan dapat memengaruhi pendugaan parameter dalam analisis regresi yang menggunakan metode ordinary least squares (OLS). Metode regresi kekar dapat digunakan sebagai pendekatan alternatif dari OLS. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji perbandingan dari dua metode regresi kekar, yaitu least median of squares (LMS) dan maximum likelihood type (M) melalui data simulasi. Data simulasi diperoleh dengan membangkitkan bilangan acak berdasarkan model regresi linear berganda dua peubah penjelas. Kombinasi yang digunakan adalah jenis pencilan, proporsi pencilan, dan ukuran contoh. Berdasarkan nilai bias mutlak dan kuadrat tengah galat (KTG) diperoleh bahwa metode M lebih tepat diterapkan ketika data mengandung vertical outlier atau good leverage point, lalu diikuti oleh metode LMS. Sementara itu, metode LMS dapat menduga parameter regresi pada data yang mengandung bad leverage point. Analisis selanjutnya dilakukan pada data pertanian mengenai pengaruh pupuk organik dan konsumsi beras per kapita terhadap produksi padi sawah di 34 provinsi tahun 2017. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa metode LMS menghasilkan nilai bias mutlak dan KTG terkecil., The presence of outliers can be affect to estimate the parameters of the linear regression using ordinary least squares (OLS). The robust regression methods can be used as an alternative to OLS. This study aims to compare the performance of two methods, namely least median of squares (LMS) and maximum likelihood type (M) using simulation study. The simulation data obtained by generating random number based on multiple linear regression with two explanatory variables. With combination of the sample size, outliers type, and the number of outliers. Based on the criteria: absoulut bias and mean square error (MSE), the M-estimator gave better result than the LMS-estimator when the data contains vertical outliers or good leverage point. Meanwhile, the LMS-estimator gave better result at data containing bad leverage points. The next step is analysed data application for agriculture on the affect of organic fertilizer and rice consumption per capita against the use of rice production in 34 provinces in 2017 using the best method based on data characteristic. The results from LMS-estimator produce the smallest absolut bias and MSE.
Keyword: LMS, M, OLS, Outlier, Robust Regression

Judul: Application of phycocyanin from microalgae Spirulina platensis as light harvesting in anatase TiO2 nanoparticle solar cell.
Abstrak: The dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has been assemblied used hybrid titanium oxide (TiO2) film/phycocyanin. The TiO2 film was synthesized by sol gel method with titanium chlorida (TiCl4) as precursor by hydrolysis used sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Furthermore, it calcinated for 2,5 hours in variation of annealing temperature (400oC, 600oC, 800oC, dan 1000oC). In XRD patterns exhibited which annealing temperature at 400oC to 800oC were anatase phase all. When annealed at temperature 1000oC, it caused phase transformation from anatase to rutile. The crystals size according to XRD patterns were 13,75 nm, 20,79 nm, 25,25 nm, 48,88 nm and particle size from SEM images were 43,06 nm, 44,91 nm dan 64,99 nm, 80,40 nm, respectively. The crystals and particle size increased with annealing temperature. The film thickness influenced material absorption. The optical measurement of TiO2 film and TiO2/phycocyanin hybrid film used UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Additional phycocyanin caused peak width of absorbed region from ultraviolet to visible region. The band gap energy of TiO2 can be calculated using the cut off wavelength obtained from the absorbance spectrum of a nanoparticles TiO2 films. Based on intersection between linear and energy (hv) axis. In this study just limited for anatase phase. It was caused anatase band gap is wider than rutile phase. That’s meaningful for solar cell application such as dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC). The absorption coefficient average at difference annealing temperature such as at 400oC, 600oC, 800oC were 8,1600x102, 1,7535x103 and 4,0154x102, where α < 104 include to direct transition. Band gap energy 400oC, 600oC, 800oC were 3,79 eV, 3,59 eV, and 3,35 eV, respectively. Based on this result, exhibition that band gap energy of TiO2 semiconductor film decreased with increasing annealing temperature. Spirulina platensis was cultivated in technical modification (Hastuti) with aeration under light intensity about 3000 lux. The cell density (stationer phase) for eighth day which OD value was more than 0,5. It means, the culture can be harvested. In 80 liters Spirulina platensis culture have been produced biomass dry about 10,46 gram and extracted phycocyanin in dry powders was 5,50 gram. The phycocyanin absorption spectrum at the wavelength of 619,36 nm (visible region) which had relaxation energy was 2,945 eV. The emission peak at the wavelength of 708,55 nm with relaxation energy about 2,793 eV. The Stokes shift based on difference energy absorption and emission calculated about 0,152 eV. Both of this showed phycocyanin can absorbed and radiated the sun light which received. This choice characteristic pigment was a good one related to sensitizer in solar cell application. Integration between light harvesting protein and TiO2 semiconductor surface had important role in improving of output as solar cell materials. The presence of carboxylate group (-COOH) made pigment be more efficient was due to anchored to the surface of TiO2 ampoter. The phycocyanin pigment had carboxylate group which reacted with TiO2 surface formed ester. The carboxylate group increased of dye electronics couple from excited state (p anti bonding orbital) to semiconductor acceptor state (TiO2 conduction band). The samples which made based on annealing temperature variation formed be solar cell respectively. Furthermore, cells be assembled for
Keyword: anatase, dye sensitized solar cell, efficiency, gap energy, phycocyanin