Judul: Formulasi Obat Kumur Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb)
Abstrak: Gambier (UI/CClria gambir Roxb) is rubber essence which extracted from gambier leaves by pressure method (Amos et aI., 2004). Gambier with two main component that is catechin and catechutannic acid, have an astringent effect, antibacterial, pharmachological properties, and other toxics. That properties makes gambier often used medicine and pharmacy industry, leather tanning industry, and others. Though gambier have a lot of uselfulness, the exploration of gambier advantages still not optimal yet. Use gambier to be mouthwash preparation is one of the effort in exploration of gambier advantages, Gambier mouthwash will be able to replace the commercial mouthwash which contain alcohol and others syintetic chemicals, Mouthwash with an alcohol content of 25% or more have been implicated in mouth, tongue, and throat cancers about 50% (Brooking, 2000), The aim of this research is to get the best formulation of gambier mouthwash which can be inhibit to Streptococcus J17ulans growth and accepted by consumen by organoleptic test. Analysis which conducted at gambier mouthwash cover the examination of antibacterial activity, pH, viscosity, microbiology (total microbe) and organoleptic test which includes transparency, color, aroma (odor), taste and overall. Commercial herbal mouthwash was used as comparator. This research has resulted formulation of gambier mouthwash own the pH about 6.02-6.11, while pH of comparator is equal to 6.14, Viscosity of gambier mouthwash is about 1.85-1.93 cP, while the comparator having viscosity equal to 1.34 cr. Antibacterial activity has showed by diameter of zone of iIlhibilion is equal to 34.05-34.35 ml11, control ° 111m (none zone of inhibition), while the comparator equal to 28.55 mm. Formulation of gambier mouthwash and \.nmparator own the same total microbe, that is 0 co!ony/ml. Result of the manner analysis has showed that the variation of gambier concentration has not influence the antibacterial activity and pH value, but influence the viscosity of gambier mouthwash. Result of organoleptic test which includes transparency, color, taste and overall has indicate that gambier tnol1thwash which most accepted by the consumer is formulation of gambier mouthwash with the gambier concentration 0,2%.
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Judul: Kajian Pembuatan Gambir Bubuk Dari Daun Gambir (Uncaria Gambir Roxb.) Kering Menggunakan Spray Dryer
Abstrak: Gambier is the sap of dried leaves and twigs extracts of gambier plant (Uncaria gambir Roxb.) The main chemical components contained in gambier are catechin and tannin. Both of these chemical compounds contribute to the usefulness and high added value. Indonesia is the highest producer and exporter of gambier in the world. Indonesian gambier export has some problems caused by low and different quality of gambier. On the other hand, extraction that has been done by local people did not support to produce high quality of gambier. Delay in fresh leaf gambier extraction can cause the decreasing of gambier quality. The further study of gambier extraction must be done to find the right method to produce high quality of gambier. Drying leaves is one method to keep the quality of gambier. This study aims to determine the influence of type and concentration solvent for the yield, catechin content, and the quality of gambier powder that are extracted by organic solvents from dried gambier leaves, and to measure the effect of difference shelf-life in the quality of gambier powder. The extraction of dried gambier leaves had been done by some stages, that were reduction gambier leaves size using Hammer Mill, solvent extraction in Shaker Waterbath at 500C for 90 minutes, maceration for 3 x 24 hours, filtering, and drying using Spray Dryer. Type of solvent used were ethanol, methanol, and isopropanol at concentration 100%, 75%, and 50%. The effect of difference shelf-life had been done by using ethanol 96% at initial week, first week, second week, third week, and fourth week. Based on calculations on yield gambier, it were obtain that ethanol at a concentration of 75% gave the highest yield gambier (13,43%). Type of solvent significantly affected the yield of gambier, whereas the concentration in each solvent did not affect significantly to the yield of gambier. Analysis of catechin content in the product showed that the highest levels of catechin was obtained in the solvent isopropanol 100% (93.47% db), and the lowest of catechin content in the solvent was ethanol 50% (24,36% db). Solvent type and concentration of each solvent gave a significant effect on the concentration of catechin in gambier powder. The extraction used ethanol, methanol, dan isopropanol at concentration 100% gave the first quality of gambier. The extraction used isopropanol 75% gave the second quality of gambier. Whereas, the extraction used etanol and methanol at 75% and 50%, and also isopropanol at 50% is not qualified. Quality analysis of gambier powder showed that the product had water content from 3,47% to 6,23%, ash content was from 0,54% db to 4,66% db, insoluble material in water content was from 13,04% db to 37,93% db, insoluble material in alcohol content was from 3,96% db to 11,96% db, and had brownish yellow color to greenish brown color. Water content, ash content, insoluble material in alcohol content, and color of gambier powder had qualified as the first quality of gambier, whereas the content of insoluble material in water was not qualified.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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