Judul: Dormancy Persistence, Dormancy Breaking, and Seed Quality of Amaranthus spp. During  Storage
Abstrak: Dormansi fisiologis ditemukan pada biji Amaranth yang baru dipanen. Embrio perifer yang mengandung pati dan ditutupi oleh jaringan biji luar yang keras dan tebal menghambat perkecambahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan persistensi dormansi benih Amaranthus spp. dan mendapatkan perlakuan yang efektif untuk mematahkan dormansi benih Amaranthus spp. Penelitian ini terdiri atas dua percobaan yang dilakukan dengan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial satu faktor. Faktor percobaan pertama adalah lot benih bayam (lot benih 615004; 112722; 113293; 113393; 113610; 113933; 113932; 114320). Faktor percobaan kedua adalah perlakuan perendaman berbagai zat pengatur tumbuh (GA3: 400, 600, 800, 1000, dan 1200 ppm; KNO3: 2000, 4000, 8000, 16.000, dan 20.000 ppm; Ethephon: 1,5, 3, 6, 15, dan 20 ppm) dan benih tanpa perlakuan sebagai kontrol. Perendaman dilakukan selama 24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persistensi dormansi benih bayam varietas BY-04 bervariasi dengan lokasi tanam dan atau waktu panen, berkisar 11-28 MSP. Persistensi dormansi terpanjang terjadi pada lot 615004 (28 MSP) yang ditanam di Sumber Gading dan dipanen pada kondisi basah, dan persistensi dormansi terpendek terjadi pada lot 114320 (11 MSP) yang ditanam di Sumberbanjar dan dipanen pada kondisi kering. Metode yang efektif untuk pematahan dormansi benih bayam varietas BY-04 adalah perendaman dalam GA3 600 ppm selama 24 jam. Benih yang disimpan selama 6 minggu setelah perendaman dalam GA3 800 ppm selama 24 jam sebagai perlakuan pematahan dormansi, mengalami peningkatan mutu, sedangkan perendaman dalam KNO3 20.000 ppm menurunkan daya berkecambah benih bayam BY-04 selama penyimpanan. Perendaman benih bayam dalam ethephon meningkatkan persentase benih mati selama penyimpanan., Physiological dormancy is found in the newly harvested Amaranth seeds. The peripheral embryo that contains starch and is covered by hard and thick outer seed tissue inhibits germination. This study aimed to determine the dormancy persistence of Amaranthus spp. and get an effective treatment to break the dormancy of Amaranthus spp. seeds. This research consisted of two experiments arranged in a completely randomized design with one factor, i.e., the first experimental factor was the Amaranth seed lot (seed lot 615004; 112722; 113293; 113393; 113610; 113933; 113932; 114320). The second experimental factor soaking in various growth regulators for 24 hours (GA3 at 400, 600, 800, 1000, and 1200 ppm, KNO3 at 2000, 4000, 8000, 16.000, and 20.000 ppm, Ethephon at 1,5, 3, 6, 15, and 20 ppm) and control in which the seed was untreated. The results showed that the dormancy persistence of Amaranth seeds variety BY-04 varies with planting location and/or time of harvest, ranging from 11-28 weeks after harvest (WAH). The longest dormancy persistence occurred in lot 615004 (28 WAH) which was planted in Sumber Gading and harvested in wet conditions, and the shortest dormancy persistence occurred in lot 114320 (11 WAH) which was planted in Sumberbanjar and harvested in dry conditions. An effective method for breaking the dormancy of Amaranth seed varieties BY-04 is soaking in GA3 600 ppm for 24 hours. Amaranth seeds that were stored for 6 weeks after soaking in GA3 800 ppm for 24 hours as a dormancy breaking treatment experienced an increase in seeds quality while soaking in KNO3 20.000 ppm reduced the germination of the Amaranth
Keyword: dead seed, ethephon, GA3, KNO3, physiological dormancy

Judul: The Dormancy Period during Storage and Methods for Breaking Dormancy in Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) Seeds
Abstrak: Benih bayam yang baru dipanen memiliki dormansi after-ripening sehingga tidak dapat segera digunakan sebagai bahan tanam. Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan informasi persistensi dormansi benih bayam varietas BY-04 yang disimpan dalam kondisi simpan yang berbeda dan mendapatkan metode pematahan dormansi yang efektif. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan dua lot benih (K6/21633 dan L-1) yang dilakukan sebagai dua percobaan berbeda. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak lengkap petak tersarang dengan faktor percobaan pertama adalah kondisi simpan, terdiri atas kondisi simpan AC (15,9– 9,5 ℃, RH 44–64%) dan kondisi simpan kamar (26,3–29,5℃, RH 62–79%) dengan penyimpanan selama 24 MSS. Faktor kedua berupa perendaman zat pengatur tumbuh selama 24 jam sebelum pengecambahan menggunakan larutan GA3 200 ppm, GA3 400 ppm, KNO3 2000 ppm, KNO3 4000 ppm, dan benih tanpa perlakuan (kontrol). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Interaksi antara kondisi simpan dan perlakuan pematahan dormansi tidak menunjukkan hasil yang konsisten. Kondisi simpan kamar (26,3–29,5℃ dan RH 62–79%) menginisiasi pematahan dormansi lebih cepat pada 10 MSP dibandingkan kondisi simpan AC (15,9–19,5℃ dan RH 44–64%) pada 12 MSP. Perlakuan pematahan dormansi dengan GA3 dan KNO3 menunjukkan hasil yang setara, namun KNO3 lebih direkomendasikan. Struktur internal benih yang tidak lengkap menjadi penyebab tingginya jumlah benih segar tidak tumbuh dalam penelitian., The newly harvested Amaranth seeds exhibit after-ripening dormancy, preventing immediate use as planting material. This research aims to obtain information on the persistence of dormancy in spinach seeds of BY-04 variety stored under different conditions and to identify an effective method for breaking dormancy. The study utilized two seed lots (K-6/21633 and L-1) treated as separate experiments. A randomized complete block design with nested factors was employed, where the first factor was the storage condition, including airconditioned storage (15.9–19.5 ℃; RH 44–64%) and room temperature storage (26.3–29.5 ℃; RH 62–79%) for 24 days of after-ripening. The second-factor involved seed soaking with plant growth regulators for 24 hours before germination, using GA3 solutions at 200 ppm and 400 ppm, KNO3 solutions at 2000 ppm and 4000 ppm, and untreated seeds (control). The research indicates that the interaction between storage conditions and dormancy-breaking treatments shows inconsistent outcomes. The storage conditions (26.3–29.5℃ and RH 62–79%) initiate dormancy breakage earlier at 10 weeks post-harvest compared to the AC storage conditions (15.9–19.5℃ and RH 44–64%) at 12 weeks post-harvest. Dormancy-breaking treatments using GA3 and KNO3 show comparable results, although KNO3 is more recommended. The incomplete internal seed structure is identified as the cause of the high number of seeds failing to germinate in the study
Keyword: after-ripening, breaking dormancy, germination, viability, vigor

Judul: Penentuan Nilai Eigen dan Vektor Eigen dari Matriks Tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz dengan Pendekatan Polinomial Chebyshev
Abstrak: The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix can be determined by finding its characteristic polynomials. The characteristic polynomials of a tridiagonal 2-Toeplitz matrix is shown to be closely connected to polynomials which satisfy the Chebyshev recurrence relationship. If the order of the matrix is odd, then the eigenvalues are found explicitly in terms of the Chebyshev zeros and the eigenvectors are found in terms of the polynomials satisfying the recurrence relationship. For even ordered matrices, the situation is more complicated. The problem in these cases is that although the Chebyshev recurrence formula is still applied, its initial values are not generating Chebyshev polynomials
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