Judul: Sistem Pemasaran Karet Rakyat di Kabupaten Tebo, Provinsi lambi dengan Pendekatan Rantai Pasok
Abstrak: Indonesia is an agricultural country that rich in agricultural resources. Agriculture in Indonesia is divided into five sub-sectors including food crops, plantations, forestry, fishery and animal husbandry where the plantation subsector accounted for the GDP in 2013 amounted to 17.4% (BPS 2014). The development of plantation sub-sector is one option that is quite realistic as strategic business and mainstay in the Indonesian economy with rubber which became one of the State foreign exchange earner. Indonesia rubber export destinations include the United States, Japan, Singapore, and other consumer countries. Rubber plantations in Jambi Province is smallholder rubber plantations cultivated for generations, so that the rubber has become part of the culture and customs of the people of Jambi. Rubber plantations in Jambi has an area of about 588 043 hectares, with 312 925 tons of rubber results involving more than 254 746 farmers. The development of rubber can not be separated from the various problems both from the aspect of production and marketing aspects. As for the problems faced by rubber farmers is the lack of access to price information, the low productivity of rubber, the high proportion of old rubber plantation area, though the marketing of rubber material that has not been efficient, the price is not balanced, the availability of agricultural inputs the farm level is still limited. In other words, it is not enough just to increase rubber’s productivities, but must be followed by refinement or improvement effort in the marketing system. Improvements in marketing carried out with the aim to increase the level of marketing efficiency. Therefore, supply chain required by the manufacturer to obtain a quality product so that consumers are satisfied with the output generated by the plant. Thus, the purpose of this study is to identify the channel and functions of marketing agencies smallholder rubber in Tebo regency, identify the supply chain of smallholder rubber in Tebo regency with SCN approach (Supply Chain Network) covers the structure of the supply chain, supply chain business processes, supply chain management, resources power chain, targeting the chain and supply chain performance with margin approach, the farmer's share and ᴨ/C ratio, analyze the impact of the supply chain to the fulfillment of the quality and increase the marketing efficiency of smallholder rubber in Tebo. This research was conducted in the area of smallholder rubber production centers in Tebo starting from December 2014 to February 2015. The location selected purposively based on consideration of Tebo has a rubber auction market (PLK) is active and there is also a rubber processing factory (crumb rubber) as an alternative marketing rubber by farmers. The number of farmers and respondents drawn as many as 80 people. From the research results, marketing systems smallholder rubber in Tebo regency there are four marketing channels. The first marketing channel shall be composed of rubber farmers - village traders - traders districts - wholesalers and rubber factories, the second channel involves rubber farmers - traders village - a rubber factory, a third channel consists of rubber farmers - auction markets rubber - rubber factories, and channels to four consisting
Keyword: Marketing Channel, Marketing Eficiency, Supply Chain Rubber

Judul: Marketing Efficiency and Choice of Rubber Marketing Channels in Ogan Ilir Regency South Sumatra
Abstrak: Komoditas karet di Kabupaten Ogan Ilir berperan penting dalam meningkatan pendapatan keluarga, tetapi saat ini pendapatan petani karet masih tergolong rendah karena pemasaran karetnya masih bersifat tradisional, sehingga menyebabkan harga yang diterima petani menjadi rendah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis efisiensi pemasaran dan faktor-faktor apa saja yang memengaruhi petani dalam memilih saluran pemasaran, apakah proses pemasaran karet yang dilakukan menguntungkan bagi petani atau sebaliknya dan diharapkan petani mampu memilih saluran yang menguntungkan. Data yang digunakan berupa data primer dan data sekunder. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara acak. 75 sampel digunakan dalam penelitian ini, dengan populasi petani karet yaitu 236 petani di Kecamatan Tanjung Batu dan 254 di Kecamatan Payaraman yang dipilih secara purposive. Pengumpulan data menggunakan data panel dengan tiga periode waktu (3 minggu) atau tiga kali penjualan. Efisiensi pemasaran karet dianalisis dengan marjin pemasaran, farmer’s share, dan rasio keuntungan terhadap biaya dan model Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Untuk pilihan saluran pemasaran menggunakan analisis panel multinomial logit regression degan menggunakan Software statistik STATA 17. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan petani karet di Kabupaten Ogan Ilir menggunakan tiga pola saluran pemasaran., Rubber agribusiness plays an important role in national development. South Sumatra is the largest rubber producing region in Indonesia, namely 870,966 tons in 2021. Ogan Ilir Regency is one of the regions that contributes quite a large amount of rubber production in South Sumatra with total production of 33,520 tons with a total of 18,919 farmers in 2021. Most of them Farmers sell rubber to collectors because of low production, long distance from production sites and factories, and inadequate transportation. The aim of this research is to identify the condition of the channels and functions of rubber marketing institutions, analyze the efficiency of rubber marketing and analyze the factors that influence the selection of rubber marketing channels in Ogan Ilir Regency. This analysis is used to identify the efficiency of marketing institutions and marketing functions in each institution involved in each marketing channel in Ogan Ilir Regency. Marketing function analysis aims to determine the activities and respective roles of marketing institutions. Apart from that, quantitative analysis is also used in this research to analyze rubber marketing efficiency, namely marketing margin, farmer's share, and profit to cost ratio at each marketing institution. Marketing channels are formed due to the activities of marketing institutions from producers to consumers. To find out which channels are the most efficient and what variables need to be improved to achieve efficiency, you can use Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and to see what factors influence choosing marketing channels by using the Model Fit Test (Goodness of Fit), Parameter Testing, Wald Test, Meanwhile, to see what factors influence farmers in choosing rubber marketing channels, namely by looking for the RRR (relative risk ratio) value
Keyword: efisiensi pemasaran, saluran pemasaran

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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