Judul: Formulasi Surfaktan MES Sebagai Acid Stimulation Agent untuk Lapangan Karbonat (Studi Kasus: Lapangan T)
Abstrak: The decrease of oil well productivity can be affected by the scale blockage and the conditions inside of the oil well. This problem can be solved by stimulating the oil well with an acid stimulation agent. This chemical solution contains of surfactant, brine, and acid. The surfactant reduces the interfacial and surface tension, the brine dissolves the surfactant, and the acid has a function as carbonate scale solvent. This research was conducted to find the formula of acid stimulation agent that gives the best performance to improve the oil well productivity. The materials used in this research were the oil well fluids that consist of formation water and crude oil from T oil field. The surfactants (MES and SMES) concentration used in this research was 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%; 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6% (w/w). HCl concentration added to surfactant solution were 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w). At the last, 2% CH3COOH was added to this formula. The formula that gave the best performance was SMES 4% + HCl 5% + CH3COOH 2% with IFT value 6.74x10-2 dyne/cm and the solubility degree 20.7%. This formula has good resistance to high temperature of 90oC and has good capability of changing the core wettability to become more water-wet.
Keyword: acid stimulation agent, acid, methyl ester sulphonate, carbonate scale

Judul: Formulasi Surfaktan Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) untuk Acid Stimulation Agent pada Lapangan Sandstone (Studi Kasus: Lapangan B)
Abstrak: Reservoir productivity normally declines with producing time or may be low initially. Acid stimulation is a method to increase the productivity of oil and gas wells. For sandstone field, hidrofluoride acid (HF) and some additives are ussually used as the solution for an acid stimulation agent. Methyl ester sulfonate (MES) can be used as one of the additives. MES for acid stimulation methods have a role to reduce the interfacial tension and modify wettability of the reservoir rock oil-wet to water-wet. The objective of this research is to obtain a formula with the best concentrations of MES or SMES that can reduce interfacial tension and combined with HF at various concentrations to enlarge rock pores. The best formula will be employed for futher testing in the laboratory. The performance tests included were thermal stability test, phase behavior and wettability. The best formula found for acid stimulation agent is surfactant MES 3% with addition of HF 9%. The results of performance test indicated that the thermal stability test at 80 0C can dissolves rocks up to 77.48% and have increased contact angle. For wettability test, the result obtained of the five treatments are that the contact angel increase significantly although more than 90 º. While the results of the phase behavior test was known that phase formed was in top phase or type II (+).
Keyword: methyl ester sulfonate, Acid stimulation agent

Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan