Judul: Sintesis Hidrogel PVA-Lignin dengan Metode Iradiasi Gama dan Potensinya sebagai Matriks Pelepasan Terkontrol Diazinon.
Abstrak: Hidrogel poli (vinil alkohol) (PVA)-lignin disintesis dengan metode gabungan beku-leleh dan iradiasi gama. Hidrogel selanjutnya diuji fraksi gel dan daya serap airnya untuk mengevaluasi efisiensi hidrogel. Semakin banyak lignin yang ditambahkan, yakni 0.5 sampai 1.5%, semakin rendah fraksi gel, begitupun sebaliknya, semakin banyak lignin yang ditambahkan semakin tinggi daya serap airnya. Hidrogel PVA-lignin digunakan untuk imobilisasi pestisida guna mengontrol pelepasan bahan aktif pestisida ke lingkungan. Berdasarkan hasil yang didapat, hidrogel PVA-lignin berpotensi untuk dijadikan matriks pada pelepasan pestisida diazinon. Diazinon yang dilepas dari matriks hidrogel diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Tambahan lignin memengaruhi pelepasan diazinon dari dalam matriks, semakin banyak lignin yang ditambahkan ke dalam hidrogel, diazinon yang dilepaskan ke lingkungan semakin sedikit.
Keyword: diazinon, hidrogel, imobilisasi, pelepasan terkontrol

Judul: Imobilisasi Parakuat pada Hidrogel Poli(Vinil Alkohol) (PVA)-Lignin dengan Teknik Iradiasi Gama
Abstrak: Imobilisasi pestisida merupakan salah satu teknik untuk mengungkung atau menjerat pestisida dalam matriks yang pelepasannya dalam media dapat dikendalikan. Hidrogel poli(vinil alkohol) (PVA)-lignin digunakan sebagai matriks untuk pelepasan parakuat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menyintesis dan mencirikan hidrogel PVA-lignin dengan ragam dosis iradiasi gama sebagai matriks pelepasan terkendali parakuat. Hidrogel disintesis dengan proses beku-leleh dan iradiasi gama. Campuran PVA-lignin yang mengandung parakuat berbagai konsentrasi (25, 50, dan 100 ppm) dibeku-lelehkan selama 3 siklus dan diiradiasi gama dengan 4 dosis (0, 5, 10, dan 15 kGy). Parakuat dapat diimobilisasi pada matriks PVA-lignin dengan cara in situ loading dan pelepasan parakuat diuji dalam air selama 10 hari serta diukur menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Kemampuan pelepasan parakuat dari hidogel PVA-lignin dipengaruhi oleh dosis iradiasi gama. Semakin tinggi dosis iradiasi gama semakin rendah parakuat yang lepas. Dengan demikian, hidrogel PVA-lignin dosis 15 kGy dapat digunakan sebagai matriks pelepasan parakuat yang terkendali.
Keyword: imobilisasi, iradiasi gama, hidrogel, lignin, parakuat, PVA

Judul: Morphofunctional Characteristic of the Shoulder and Upper Arm Muscles of The Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Abstrak: Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities., Orangutans are arboreal primates that have similarities to gorillas and chimpanzees from both anatomical and physiological aspects, although there are distinct behaviors that allow for differentiation in the structure of the locomotor apparatus. This research aims to study the anatomy of the muscles of the shoulders and upper-arm of the Bornean orangutan associated with the type of locomotion and daily behavior. This study was conducted by observing the morphology of the shoulders and upper-arms muscles and watching their behaviors through video observations. The results showed that the rotator cuff muscles in orangutans were relatively thick resulted in well-fixed shoulders. Musculus rhomboideus occipitalis is only observed in orangutans to facilitate them during arboreal activities such as brachiation. The external trunk muscle in orangutans is found to be relatively large compared to chimpanzees and gorillas, due to the lifting of the upper arms while in trees and on the ground. Musculus brachioradialis and musculus biceps brachii were well developed as flexors of the elbow joint and hold the body mass while climbing up the tree. The Bornean orangutans' activities are more arboreal than those in gorillas and chimpanzees, thus their shoulder and upper arm muscles were more developed to support brachiation activities.
Keyword: arboreal, Bornean orangutans, shoulders and upper-arm muscles, terrestrial