Judul: Sifat Fungsional Yoghurt Susu Kambing Probiotik yang Diperkaya Ekstrak Bunga Rosela (Hibiscus Sabdariffa L) sebagai Antimikroba dan Antihipertensi
Abstrak: Goat milk has several advantages over cow milk. Despite its advantages, goat milk has limitations in term of short shelf life and goaty odor. To overcome these limitations, in this research, the goat milk was processed into yoghurt. To improve its quality, a probiotic bacterium isolated from Indonesian cattle, Lactobacillus acidophillus IIA-2B4, and roselle extract were added to the yoghurt. Total lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in yoghurt with addition of L. acidophilus IIA-2B4 with or without roselle extract is significantly higher compared to the control. The high population of LAB in yoghurt with addition of L. acidophilus IIA-2B4 with or without roselle extract is proportional to the acidity of the product that promotes higher viscosity compared to the control. Proximate analysis revealed that additions of L. acidophilus IIA-2B4 and/or roselle extract significantly reduce fat content, while ash content is significantly increased by the treatments. SDS-Page revealed that addition of L. acidophilus IIA-2B4 with/without roselle extract produces <10 kDa peptides. These fragments display remarkable antimicrobial activity and antihypertensive. Antibacterial activity assay demonstrated that goat milk yoghurt is able to inhibit both Gram positive and negative bacteria with high selectivity towards Gram positive bacteria. Addition of L. acidophilus IIA-2B4 with or without roselle extract increases the ability of yoghurt to inhibit Gram negative bacteria. This ability might be due to the presence of peptides exhibiting antimicrobial activity produced during fermentation by probiotic. Antihypertensive demonstrated that goat milk yoghurt is able to inhibit the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity an enzyme that plays a role in the renin angiotensin aldosterone system as a function of blood pressure regulation in human body.
Keyword: goat milk, yoghurt, roselle, probiotics, antimicrobial, antihipertensive

Judul: Quality of Probiotic Goat Milk Yoghurt Supplemented with Roselle Extract and Its α-glucosidase inhibitory test by In Vitro.
Abstrak: Diabetes adalah penyakit metabolik dengan kondisi level glukosa dalam darah yang tinggi melebihi batas normal. Intervensi gaya hidup merupakan pencegahan primer yang efektif dalam kasus diabetes khususnya diabetes tipe 2, termasuk peranan pola konsumsi di dalamnya. Hubungan yang erat antara makanan yang dikonsumsi dengan penyakit mendorong kebutuhan akan makanan yang tidak hanya mengenyangkan, namun memiliki dampak yang baik bagi kesehatan yang kini disebut dengan pangan fungsional. Yogurt probiotik susu kambing dengan penambahan ekstrak rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) merupakan pangan fungsional yang memiliki komponen bioaktif yang dapat menghambat aktivitas enzim α-glukosidase terkait penyakit diabetes. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas penghambatan ɑ-glukosidase yogurt probiotik susu kambing dengan penambahan ekstrak rosella secara in vitro dan mengevaluasi kualitas serta aktivitas penghambatan ɑ-glukosidase yogurt probiotik susu kambing dengan penambahan ekstrak rosella selama penyimpanan suhu dingin. Penelitian ini terdiri atas tiga tahap. Tahap pertama yaitu peremajaan starter yogurt dan probiotik, pembuatan serta pengujian aktivitas penghambatan ɑ-glukosidase ekstrak rosella. Tahap kedua yaitu pembuatan yogurt, yogurt probiotik dan yogurt probiotik dengan penambahan ekstrak rosella. Tahap ketiga yaitu analisis kualitas fisik, kimiawi, mikrobiologi, dan aktivitas penghambatan ɑ-glukosidase. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan analisis ragam, apabila terdapat perbedaan antar perlakuan, dilakukan uji Least Squares Means. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa susu kambing pada penelitian ini memiliki kualitas yang baik. Ekstrak rosella yang digunakan terbukti memiliki nilai IC50 13.64%. Aktivitas penghambatan enzim ɑ-glukosidase nyata dipengaruhi oleh tipe yogurt dan lama penyimapanan suhu dingin serta terdapat interaksi antara keduanya (P<0.05). Viskositas dan aktivitas air yogurt nyata dipengaruhi oleh lama penyimpanan suhu dingin (P<0.05), namun tidak dipengaruhi oleh tipe yogurt serta tidak ada interaksi diantara keduanya. Nilai pH dan total asam tertitrasi nyata dipengaruhi oleh tipe yogurt (P<0.05), namun tidak dipengaruhi oleh lama penyimpanan suhu dingin serta tidak ada interaksi diantara keduanya. Pada total bakteri asam laktat terdapat interaksi diantara lama penyimpanan suhu dingin dan tipe yogurt (P<0.05). Yogurt probiotik dengan penambahan ekstrak rosella memiliki aktivitas penghambatan enzim ɑ-glukosidase yang paling tinggi yaitu sebesar 36.70 % dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 1192 %, namun terjadi penurunan aktivitas penghambatan enzim α-glukosidase selama 15 hari penyimpanan. Selama 15 hari penyimpanan suhu dingin, kualitas fisik, kimiawi dan mikrobiologi yogurt masih baik dan layak untuk dikonsumsi, Diabetes is a metabolic disease with condition of high blood glucose levels exceeding normal limits. Lifestyle interventions, including the role of consumption pattern, are effective for its primary prevention, particularly for type-2 diabetes. The strong relationship between food and disease leads to the needs of foods that not only for filling but also provides health benefit, called functional foods. Probiotic goat milk yoghurt supplemented with roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) extract is a functional food which has bioactive component to inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase enzyme related to diabetes. This study aimed to evaluate the ɑ-glucosidase inhibitory activity of probiotic goat milk yoghurt supplemented with roselle extract by in vitro method and evaluate the quality and ɑ-glucosidase inhibitory activity of probiotic goat milk yoghurt supplemented with roselle extract during cold storage. The study consisted of three stages of experiment. The first stage was subculturing of yoghurt starter and
Keyword: Diabetes, Hibiscus Sabdariffa L., Goat milk, Roselle, Probiotic, alfa-glucosidase

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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