Judul: Feed Source Potential Plants to Carrying Capacity Beekeeping Habitat (Apis dorsata) in Belitung District
Abstrak: Apis dorsata bee is one species of bee that produces honey. This species cannot be separated from the availability of plants that serve as a source of feed, namely nectar and pollen. The higher the potential of bee feed, the more bees produce honey because of the large availability of feed. These factors have the most important value in the carrying capacity of Apis dorsata bees. The development of the beekeeping business in the Belitung Regency causes an increase in the bee population, which will negatively impact if it is not accompanied by the availability of plant habitat as a source of feed. Therefore, information about the distribution pattern, abundance, and diversity of pollen and nectar-producing plants in the Belitung Regency needs to be known. Based on this background, this study aims to identify the composition, diversity, spatial distribution patterns, plant associations, influential environmental variables, and the potential area of nectar and pollen-producing plants as the carrying capacity of A. dorsata habitat. The diversity of plant species that produce nectar and pollen data was obtained from farmer information and direct observations. The spatial distribution pattern of nectar and pollen-producing plants and vegetation analysis using the purposive sampling method. Observation of the composition structure of the Apis dorsata habitat was made using a combination of observational plots between the method of pathways and nesting plots. The distance for each transect is 3 km. The profile diagram was created by determining the location in the sunggau group (labun) with a size of 20 × 20 m2 (400 m2 ). Habitat characteristics data is determined based on abiotic environmental factors: air temperature, humidity and light intensity, pH, and soil moisture. The collection of abiotic parameter data was carried out at every single sub-station on four repeats of each transect. Determination of habitat potential using MaxEnt v3.4.0 software using species presence data and environmental variables. The results showed 55 potential plant feed species for Apis dorsata, 40 species of nectar-producing, 40 species of pollen-producing, and 26 species of nectar and pollen-producing species. The level of species diversity (H') in Perpat Village is classified as medium to high with a value of (2.92 - 3.02). Kembiri Village is classified as moderate to high with a value of 2.57 - 3.09. From both locations, the diversity index in Perpat Village is classified as higher in all growth phases. The value of species dominance (C) from both locations in Perpat Village was more dominated by several species than in Kembiri Village. The value of species-level (E) in Perpat Village has a higher value where the higher the value of leveling, the more stable the species diversity in the community. Other research results showed that the association index value in Perpat Village is meager at 36.7% compared to 45.9% in Kembiri Village. Only a tiny percentage showed a very high degree of association in the first location at 18.3% and the second at 12.1%. The distribution of plants in Perpat Village and Kembiri di lokasi pertama sebesar 18,3% dan lokasi kedua sebesar 12,1%. Persebaran tumbuhan di Desa Perpat dan Desa
Keyword: habitat modeling, rafter, spatial distribution, vegetation analysis, vegetation profiles

Judul: The Activity of Apis cerana Honey Bee and the Potencial of Food Resources at Surouding Hive Area in Mekarjaya, Pandeglang
Abstrak: Informasi mengenai aktivitas mencari pakan (foraging) dan jenis tanaman sumber pakan penting untuk usaha peningkatan produktivitas lebah madu Apis cerana. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis: (1) pola aktivitas harian lebah A.cerana yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan, dan (2) keanekaragaman tanaman sumber polen di sekitar sarang lebah di Desa Mekarjaya, Kabupaten Pandeglang, Banten. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua koloni A. cerana yaitu koloni satu dan koloni dua dengan ukuran koloni yang sama. Perilaku yang diamati yaitu lebah keluar sarang, masuk membawa polen, dan masuk tanpapolen. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan puncak aktivitas foraging koloni satupada pukul 07.40-08.50 WIB sedangkan koloni dua menunjukan aktivitas foraging yang rendah. Koloni dua melakukan absconding yang terjadi pukul 14.35- 16.30.Rendahnya aktivitas foraging pada koloni dua merupakan sinyal bahwa lebah akan melakukan absconding atau bermigrasi meninggalkan sarang. Hasil analisis vegetasi menunjukkan bahwa tanaman di sekitar sarang merupakan tanaman penghasil polen, nektar, atau polen dan nektar, didominasi oleh Cocos nucifera yang berpotensis menghasilkan polen dan nektar. Indeks keanekaragaman spesies tumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa keanekaragaman tanaman di area tersebut dikategorikan stabil. Hasil analisis jumlah spesies menunjukan bahwa jumlahspesies bernilai mendekati satu, sehingga dikategorikan jumlahnya relatif sama dalam berbagai tegakan., The information on honey bee foraging activities and food sources are important to increase the productivity of Apis cerana. This study aimed to analyze: (1) the daily activity pattern of A. cerana bees that is affected by environmental factors and (2) the diversity of pollen source plants around the beehive at Mekarjaya Village, Pandeglang Regency, Banten. This study used two colonies of A. cerana. The observed behaviors were bees leaving the hive, entering carrying pollen, and entering without pollen. This result showed that the peak of foraging activity in colony one occurs at 07.40-08.50. Colony two showed a low foraging activity that is a signal of the absconding bees or bee migrated. The correlation values between environmental factors: temperature, humidity, and light intensity compared to the honey bee activity was range from 0 to 1. The results of the vegetation analysis showed that the plants around the hive were plants that produce pollen, nectar, or pollen and nectar and the dominant was Cocos nucifera. The plant species diversity index showed that the diversity of plants in the area was categorized as stable. The results of species number analysis were close to one, thus the numbers were categorized as relatively the same in the various stands.
Keyword: Apis cerana, absconding, foraging, nectar source, pollen

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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