Judul: Lalat penggorok daun Liriomyza spp. (Diptera: Agromyzidae) dan parasitoidnya pada sayuran dataran tinggi dengan perhatian utama pada parasitoid Opius chromatomyiae Belokobylskij & Wharton(Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Abstrak: Leafminers Liriomyza spp. are major pest on highland vegetables in Indonesia. The objectives of the research were to (1) evaluate leafminer and its parasitoids on higland vegetables, (2) study the intensity of parasitism of O. chromatomyiae in various host plants, (3) study the population dynamic of leafminer and its parasitoid in shallot, (4) evaluate the impact of three insecticides on parasitoid O. chromatomyiae, and (5) evaluate the demographic parameters and functional response of parasitoid O. chromatomyiae. Surveys of leafminer population and its parasitoid were undertaken by collecting 20-40 infested leaves. Leafminer flies and parasitoids emerged were collected and identified. Level of parasitism was calculated based on the number of parasitoids emerged divided by the total number of flies and wasps emerged. The population dynamic of leafminer and its parasitoids were studied on two varieties of green onion, by collecting 20 leaves and counting number of flies catched on yellow traps every week. The impact of insecticides on both leafminers and parasitoids was conducted by applying three different insecticides: abamectin, azadirachtin, and cartaphydrochloride once a week at the recommended dosage. Life table of O. chromatomyiae was studied to determine the population growth potential of the parasitoid, by calculating reproduction rate, intrinsic rate of increase, generation time, and stable age distribution. Functional response was evaluated by exposing O. chromatomyiae on the third instar larvae of L. huidobrensis at eight different host densities (2, 4, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 24) of. Our surveys revealed that Liriomyza huidobrensis, L. sativae, L. chinensis and Chromatomyia horticola were associated with various highland vegetables. Eight parasitoids emerged from leafminer-infested leaves: Hemiptarsenus varicornis, Asecodes deluchii, Neochrysocharis okazakii, N. formosa, Neocrhysocharis sp. Quadrastitchus liriomyzae, O. chromatomyiae and Gronotoma micromorpha. Parasitoid Opius chromatomyiae emerged from 13 different species of vegetables infested by leafminers.. Number of leafminers and parasitoids emerged, and crop damage were significantly different between two green onion varieties tested. Cartap hydrochloride was the most effective insecticide in term for reducing leafminer populations. Even though not as effective as cartap hydrochloride, abamectin and azadirachtin could reduce level of leafminer damage and had lower detrimental effects on natural enemies. Life table studies showed that longevity of females Opius chromatomyiae (9.95 days) shorter than males (11.73 days). Females laid 104.73 eggs with the oviposition rate was 9.31 eggs/days. Reproductive output (R0) was 28.55 with generation time (T) was about 15.96 days and intrinsic rate of increase was 0.21. The stable age ditribution was 37.93% eggs, 24.92% larvae, 20.36% pupae and 16.78% adults. Functional response of O. chromatomyiae is type II (hyperbolic curve) with searching time was 0.0777/hour and handling time was 2.5818/hour.
Keyword: Bawang Daun, Endoparasitoid, West Java

Judul: Survei Parasitoid yang Berasosiasi dengan Liriomyza spp (Diptera: Agromyzidae) pada Tanaman Sayuran di Berbagai Lokasi di Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Leafminer Liriomyza spp is one of the important pests ofvegetables . These pest is native to Americas and arrived in Indonesia in 1990’s through trade of cut flowers and fresh vegetables from Europe.The pests have spread throughout Indonesia.The purpose of this research was to study diversity of parasitoids associatied with Liriomyza spp on variousvegetable crops .This study was conducted in West Java from July to December 2013.Leaf samples were taken from the center of vegetable crops and some horticultural crops in lowland, medium land and highland.The number of leaf samples taken around 20-30 and 30-40 leaves attacked by Liriomyza spp. and parasitoid and then observed for species identification. From these observations, it was found three species of Liriomyza spp. and parasitoid and then observed for species identification. From these observations,it was found three species of Liriomyzaspp. Lriomyza chinensis, Liriomyza sativae, and Liriomyza huidobrensis. L. chinensis is monophagous and only attack shallot and green onion, while L. huidobrensis attack all vegetables from the high land and L.sativae attack all vegetables plants from lowland. Fivespecies of parasitoidswere found.Hemiptarsenus varicornis,Chrysocharissp.and Neochrysocharis sp. were the dominant species living in the lowlands to highlands, Asecodes sp., and Closterocerus sp., The remainingswereGronotoma sp. (Eucolidae) and Opius sp. (Braconidae ).
Keyword: parasitoid., Liriomyza spp, leafminer

Judul: : Persamaan Tunggal sebagai Representasi Kurva Komposit
Abstrak: A mathematical method is introduced to represent a composite curve based on an extension of analytic geometry. The representation is given either with a single equation or with two equations, in the case of parametric representation. This method permits the representation of composite curves in similar manner to the conventional representation of non-composite curves. Some mathematical tools, including Heaviside unit step function and periodizer function, are used in the establishment of a single equation. In this paper, regular equations of regular and irregular polygon, as well as composite curves of two dimensions, are implemented using a computer algebraic system, Mathematica.
Keyword: