Judul: Districts Clustering in Bogor Regency based on Social Welfare Issues using Ward Method
Abstrak: Penyandang Masalah Kesejahteraan Social (PMKS) / People with Social Welfare Issues are an evolving issue and should be addressed immediately. The government has programs to improve the welfare of PMKS, by the existence of Kelompok Usaha Bersama (KUBE), Rehabilitasi Rumah tidak Layak Huni (RRTLH), Usaha Ekonomi Produktif (UEP) and many more. One way to reduce the number of PMKS is allocated and distributed the programs appropriately, therefore cluster approach is needed to cluster districts based on social welfare issues in Bogor regency. Ward method is applied to obtain cluster because the result of clustering tends to produce cluster with small variance. Formation of four clusters approached the actual condition of social welfare issues exist in Bogor regency. The calculation shows mean square within clusters smaller than mean square among clusters, which indicates that the purpose of clustering has been reached. The main characteristics of cluster one are scavengers, violence victims, social disaster victims and family phsycosocial problem, the main characteristics of cluster two are minority group and street children, the main characteristics of cluster three are sluttish and trafficking victims, the main characteristics of cluster four are abandoned toddler, children with disabilities, beggars, people with HIV/AIDS and natural disaster victims. There are several social welfare issues tend to spread in every district, such as children in conflict with the law, the poor, waif, social problems of migrant workers, drug abuse victims, socio economically vulnerable woman, violence victims child, neglected elderly, people with disabilities, tramp, and ex-inmates institutions. Districts located in cluster four have highest number of social welfare issues, while cluster two has highest number of districts. Generally the social welfare issues most commonly face is the poor, while the fewest social welfare issues face are children who need special protection and trafficking victim.
Keyword: ward., squared euclidean, social welfare issues, clustering

Judul: Penggerombolan kecamatan di Kabupaten Bogor berdasarkan penyandang masalah kesejahteraan sosial
Abstrak: Masalah sosial merupakan salah satu masalah yang penting, karena apabila tidak segera ditanggulangi akan berpengaruh kepada bidang-bidang yang lain dan nantinya akan menyebabkan bermunculannya masalah-masalah baru yang dipicu dari permasalahan sosial tersebut. Informasi mengenai permasalahan sosial ini diperlukan untuk melihat tingkat permasalahan sosial setiap kecamatan di Kabupaten Bogor. Analisis gerombol berhierarki dengan menggunakan ukuran jarak euclidean dilakukan terhadap 40 kecamatan di Kabupaten Bogor berdasarkan Penyandang Masalah Kesejahteraan Sosial dan terbentuk sembilan gerombol. Masing-masing gerombol dicirikan dengan nilai rataan jumlah penyandang kesejahteraan sosial yang paling banyak. Permasalahan yang paling banyak jumlah penyandangnya pada gerombol satu adalah masalah anak nakal dan anak terlantar. Gerombol dua merupakan gerombol yang sebagian besar nilai rataan jumlah PMKSnya berada dibawah nilai rataan kabupaten dan merupakan gerombol yang mempunyai permasalahan kesejahteraan sosial yang relatif rendah. Gerombol tiga mempunyai jumlah PMKS paling banyak pada masalah lanjut usia terlantar, balita terlantar, dan WRSE. Permasalahan fakir miskin dan rumah kumuh merupakan masalah yang paling banyak jumlah penyandangnya pada gerombol empat. Gerombol lima mempunyai permasalahan yang paling banyak jumlah penyandangnya pada masalah penderita cacat dan rumah tidak layak. Gerombol enam mempunyai jumlah korban bencana dan rawan bencana paling banyak di Kabupaten Bogor. Sementara itu, masalah komunitas terpencil merupakan masalah yang yang paling banyak ditemui pada gerombol tujuh. Gerombol delapan mempunyai jumlah penyandang paling banyak pada permasalahan bekas narapidana dan WTS. Sedangkan masalah eks penyalahgunaan narkoba, gelandangan, pengemis, anak jalanan, dan pemulung menjadi permasalahan yang paling banyak jumlah penyandangnya di gerombol sembilan.
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Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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