Judul: Optimalisasi fermentasi rumen domba dengan menggunakan ekstrak tanin daun kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) in vitro
Abstrak: Kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) adalah tanaman leguminosa yang digolongkan ke dalam sub famili Mimosoideae, sebagai pakan ternak legum ini memiliki kandungan protein yang tinggi, tetapi penggunaannya masih sangat terbatas karena adanya kandungan tanin yang tinggi. Tanin adalah senyawa polifenol yang sifat utamanya berikatan dengan protein dan polimer lain seperti selulosa, hemiselulosa, pektin untuk membentuk kompleks yang stabil sehingga dapat menurunkan kecernaan. Tanin digolongkan ke dalam dua grup yaitu tanin terhidrolisa (hydrolizable tannin) dan tanin terkondensasi (condensed tannin). Yang membedakan diantara kedua grup tanin tersebut yaitu daya larutnya. Tanin juga memiliki kemampuan melindungi protein sehingga dapat melindungi protein dari degradasi oleh mikroba rumen (protein lintas rumen). Penelitian dilaksanakan di laboratorium Fisiologi dan Mikrobiologi Nutrisi, Jurusan Ilmu Nutrisi dan Makanan Ternak, Fakultas Peternakan, IPB dari bulan Maret sampai Juli 1999. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kombinasi yang optimal antara ransum dengan ekstrak tanin daun kaliandra dalam proses fermentasi dalam rumen domba, sedangkan rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok Tunggal (RAK) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode in vitro (Tilley and Terry, 1963). Peubah yang diamati adalah konsentrasi amonia, VFA total, sintesis protein mikroba, tanin terkondensasi bebas yang masing-masing diukur pada 0 dan 24 jam. Serta kecernaan bahan kering pada saat fase fermentatif (24 jam) dan enzimatis (48 jam).
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Judul: Uji bakteri toleran tanin dan pengaruh inokulasinya pada ternak kambing berpakan kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus)
Abstrak: Mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan kaliandra sebagai sumber pakan terus dlupayakan. Salah satu penelitian yang telah dilakukan adalah memanipulasi proses pencernaan oleh mikroba rumen. Isolasi bakteri toleran tanin (BTT) telah dilakukan sebelumnya (Sewet, 1997) dan menghasilkan tiga isolat bakteri yakni isolat 3 (BI), isolat 4 (B4) dan isolat 5 (B3). Ketiga isolat tersebut diduga mampu meningkatkan nilai guna pakan kaliandra yang mengandung tanin tinggi bila diinokulasikan ke dalam sistem rumen ternak ruminansia. Pengujian ketiga isolat tersebut dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk lnenguji kemampuan BTT menurunkan reaktivitas tanin dan mengamati kemampunanya dalam menunjang pemanfaatan kaliandra sebagai pakan ternak rurninansia. Penelitian dilakukan di Balai Penelitian Ternak Ciawi dan di Fakultas Peternakan Institut Pertanian Bogor dalam tiga rangkaian percobaan.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite