Judul: The effects of vibration and heat energy on cabinet type ghe solar dryer
Abstrak: Increasing heat and vapor transfer between air and product to be dried is an important issue in drying of agricultural products. Generally, manual mixing is used in order to increase the contact area between air and product to be dried. However in most types of dryer including GHE solar dryer this method will result in significant heat loss and inconvenient operation. In order to overcome the problem, a GHE solar dryer prototype equipped with vibrating method on drying cabinet was designed in this study. The objective of this study is to perform analysis and simulation about vibration and heat transfer process in cashew nut drying by using cabinet type GHE solar dryer. The designed prototype had dimensions namely length, width, and height respectively of 1 m, and drying capacity of 30 kg of cashew nuts. The heat source was solar energy and coal fuels. The vibration components were placed just below the drying rack serves to smooth the flow of hot air into the cashews which was put on the drying trays. The vibration component consist of motor, shaft and unbalance mass mounted to the shaft. Based on the experimental result, the effective motion of the samples being dried occured at rotational speed near its natural frequency for total mass of 20 kg as well as of 40 kg. The final moisture content of vibrated samples was lower (i.e. 3.5%) than the samples without vibration (i.e. 4.2%). The results of testing of cabinet type GHE solar dryer is obtained that the utilization of solar energy just as energy sources drying will result dryer air temperature below 60 ° C. Therefore, additional heat energy required from coal-burning fuels that can raise the temperature of air in the drying chamber. Increased air temperature in the drying chamber requires heat energy and heat exchanger out of qAPK = 23.3 kJ / s, and the results obtained through experiments showed that the average air temperature in the drying chamber can be reached, Trg = 59.6 °C. This heat exchanger has a length of 40 cm, width 60 cm, 30 cm high and made of aluminum material with a thickness of each plate of 1 mm. Furnace fuel placed under the heat exchanger and is equipped with manual equipment that can raise and lower positions of fuel so that the temperature varies in the drying chamber during the experiment can be minimized.
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Judul: Performance test of the solar dryers greenhouse effect (erk) hybrid type of tub for drying of maize (zea mays l)
Abstrak: Drying is one of the important stages in postharvest technology of grains, particularly corn. Drying process can be done by natural drying or artificial drying methods. Natural drying is drying by utilizing direct sunlight, while artificial drying is drying process by using dryer machines or mechanical dryer. Green House Effect (GHE) hybrid solar dryer has been developed to fullfill the needed of solar dryer machine which can be operated eventhough in the unfavorable weather or in the night, so it can be operated 24 hours in a day. The aim of this study is to evaluate performance of GHE hybrid solar dryer which has been designed specifically for one ton (zea mays grain) capacity. Result of this study shows that the machine should be operated in hybrid system to reach the drying temperature level (40-60 oC). Solar energy as main energy source only share 10%-25% of the total heat energy needed for the process. Additional energy for the heating process given by biomass (fire wood) at combustion rate 5.05-5.39 kg/hour. It needed 23-25 hours to reduce moisture content from around 31% wb to 14% wb, in the average temperature of drying chamber 55.72 oC and relative humidity at 33.8%. Average total energy efficiency of the drying system using only solar irradiation as energy source (in the morning and sunny day), hybrid system (in unfavorable condition), and only biomass (in the night) are 27.5% , 28.3% and 43.74%.
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Judul: Molecular Systematics of Tree Frog Nyctimystes infrafrenatus infrafrenatus (Tyler 1971) from Papua and Moluccas
Abstrak: Nyctimystes infrafrenatus memiliki permasalahan taksonomi yang cukup kompleks. Spesies ini pertama kali dideskripsikan dengan nama Hyla infrafrenata. Kemudian berdasarkan karakter morfologinya spesies ini dikelompokkan ke dalam genus Litoria dan lebih dikenal dengan nama Litoria infrafrenata namun hasil analisis filogenetika molekuler menempatkan spesies ini pada clade Nyctimystes. Nyctimystes infrafrenatus memiliki dua subspesies yaitu Nyctimystes infrafrenatus infrafrenatus dan Nyctimystes infrafrenatus militarius. Subspesies N. infrafrenatus militarius memiliki distribusi yang terbatas pada Kepulauan Bismarck, Papua New Guinea sedangkan N. infrafrenatus infrafrenatus distribusinya mencakup wilayah utara Sulawesi, Kepulauan Maluku, Pulau Timor, Papua, Australia hingga Kepulauan Solomon. Distribusi yang luas tersebut dapat memunculkan fenomena kriptik spesies. Populasi spesies ini di wilayah Indonesia mewakili dua subregion zoogeografi yang memiliki sejarah pembentukan wilayah yang berbeda yaitu Papua dan Wallacea. Lautan merupakan barrier utama distribusi hewan amfibi karena rendahnya toleransi amfibi terhadap salinitas. Hal ini menimbulkan kemungkinan bahwa N. infrafrenatus infrafrenatus populasi Maluku berbeda dari populasi Papua. Penelitian sebelumnya tentang morfometrik menunjukkan adanya perbedaan ukuran kaki belakang individu betina antara populasi N. infrafrenatus infrafrenatus Papua dan Maluku. Temuan tersebut perlu ditelusuri lebih lanjut dengan pendekatan molekuler. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi sistematika N. infrafrenatus infrafrenatus dari Papua dan Maluku. Penanda genetik yang digunakan pada analisis molekuler adalah sekuens gen 16S rRNA. Hasil pensejajaran sekuens ini digunakan untuk rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik, mengestimasi waktu divergensi dan jarak genetik kedua populasi tersebut. Hasil rekonstruksi pohon filogenetik menempatkan semua sampel N. infrafrenatus infrafrenatus pada satu clade monofiletik (MLBS 99%, BPP= 100%). Clade ini kemudian membentuk dua subclade yaitu subclade A yang terdiri atas sampel-sampel dari Papua dan Australia (subclade Papua) serta subclade B yang terdiri dari sampel-sampel Halmahera dan Ternate (subclade Maluku). Hasil estimasi waktu divergensi menunjukkan bahwa kedua subclade tersebut mulai terpisah sejak 6.03 juta tahun lalu (jtl). Jarak genetik antara kedua subclade (2,3,- 4,2%) berada pada threshold beda spesies 3%. Sampel Australia dan populasi Papua mewakili “the true” N. infrafrenatus sedangkan populasi Maluku dengan jarak genetik 3,9-4,2% dengan sampel Australia terindikasi kuat secara genetik merupakan spesies yang berbeda. Berdasarkan artikel 23 ICZN, nama Nyctimystes tennuigranulatus dapat digunakan terutama untuk populasi Maluku bagian utara. Analisis lebih lanjut secara morfologi, akustik dan ekologi yang melibatkan sampel dari Ambon diperlukan untuk menentukan status taksonomi populasi Maluku secara menyeluruh.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Moluccas, molecular systematics, Nyctimystes, Papua