Judul: Identification and Total of Lactic Acid Fermentative Bacteria in Primate Feces
Abstrak: Bakteri asam laktat (BAL) bermanfaat bagi kesehatan, terutama peranannya sebagai probiotik dan antimikroba dalam pengobatan penyakit saluran pencernaan pada primata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi serta menghitung total koloni bakteri asam laktat pada feses lima jenis primata yaitu orang utan, owaungko hitam, owa ungko coklat, siamang, dan lutung yang dikoleksi dari Kebun Binatang Bukittinggi. Sampel dilakukan pengenceran 10-1 hingga ke 10-7 dandiinokulasikan ke dalam media selektif MRSA (de Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar) dengan metode pour plate. Koloni bakteri asam laktat yang tumbuh pada media diamati dan dihitung total koloninya. Koloni terpilih diisolasi untuk selanjutnya diidentifikasi menggunakan beberapa uji biokimia yaitu uji katalase, uji oksidase, uji Sulfide Indol Motility, uji Methyl Red-Voges Proskauer, dan uji fermentasi karbohidrat. Penelitian berhasil mengisolasi bakteri dari genus Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, dan Weissella. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan orang utan menghasilkan total bakteri asam laktat tertinggi yaitu sebesar 3,1 x 108 CFU/ml., Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are beneficial for health, especially their role as probiotics and antimicrobials in the treatment of digestive tract diseases in primates. This research aims to identify and count the total colonies of lactic acid bacteria in the feces of five primate species, namely orangutans, black gibbons, brown gibbons, siamang, and langurs collected from the Bukittinggi Zoo. Samples were diluted 10- 1 to 10-7 and inoculated into MRSA (de Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar) selective media using the pour plate method. Colonies of lactic acid bacteria growing on the media were observed and the total colonies were counted. Selected colonies were isolated for further identification using several biochemical tests, namely catalase test, oxidase test, Sulfide Indole Motility test, Methyl Red-Voges Proskauer test, and the carbohydrate fermentation test. The results of the research succeeded in isolating lactic acid bacteria from the genera Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella. Orangutans produced the highest total lactic acid bacteria, which was 3.1 x 108 CFU/ml.
Keyword: lactic acid bacteria, primates, total plate count

Judul: Identification of Lactic Acid Fermentative Bacteria from the Faeces of Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus), Kalimantan Endemic Primates
Abstrak: Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) adalah golongan bakteri yang memiliki peran dalam pencernaan dengan sifat tidak toksik bagi inangnya dan mampu menghasilkan beberapa senyawa yang dapat mengeliminasi bakteri patogen. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi jenis bakteri asam laktat yang terdapat pada feses bekantan. Sampel feses yang diinokulasikan pada media MRSA (de Mann Rogosa Sharpe Agar), Pengujian biokimia dengan uji oksidase, Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), uji urease, uji IMViC. Uji IMVIC sendiri terdiri dari beberapa uji yaitu uji Sulfide Indol Motility (SIM), uji Methyl Red-Voges Proskauer, dan uji Simmon’s Citrate, serta pengujian fermentasi karbohidrat yang terdiri dari glukosa, laktosa, sukrosa, maltosa, manitol, dan dulsitol. Berdasarkan hasil uji yang dilakukan didapatkan jenis bakteri Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus brevis, dan Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are a group of bacteria that have a role in digestion with non-toxic properties to their host and can produce several compounds that can eliminate pathogenic bacteria. This study aims to identify the types of lactic acid bacteria found in proboscis monkey feces. The method used was a simple test with fecal samples inoculated on MRSA media (de Mann Rogosa Sharpe Agar), biochemical testing with oxidase test, Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), urease test, IMViC test. The IMVIC test itself consists of several tests, namely the Sulfide Indole Motility (SIM) test, Proskauer's Methyl Red-Voges test, Simmon's Citrate test, and carbohydrate fermentation testing consisting of glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, mannitol, and Dulcitol. Based on the results of the tests carried out, it was found that the types of bacteria Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus brevis, and Lactobacillus plantarum.
Keyword: Lactic acid bacteria, monkey feces, primates

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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