Judul: The Effect of Village Funds on Inequality of Poverty Rates in the Rural Urban Areas in Indonesia
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara berkembang di mana kemiskinan masih menjadi masalah dalam pelaksanaan pembangunan. Kemiskinan di Indonesia didominasi oleh kemiskinan perdesaan. Hal ini menyebabkan munculnya kesenjangan tingkat kemiskinan wilayah perdesaan dan perkotaan di Indonesia. Dana desa merupakan program kerja masa pemerintahan Presiden Joko Widodo yang mana salah satu tujuannya adalah mengentaskan kemiskinan di perdesaan Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh dana desa terhadap kesenjangan tingkat kemiskinan wilayah desa kota di Indonesia periode tahun 2015 sampai 2019. Metode analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis data panel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesenjangan tingkat kemiskinan desa kota setiap pulau selama periode 2015-2019 senantiasa mengalami penurunan. Dana desa dan pendidikan berpengaruh nyata mengurangi kesenjangan tingkat kemiskinan wilayah desa kota, rasio dana perimbangan berpengaruh nyata menambah kesenjangan tingkat kemiskinan wilayah desa kota, sedangkan PDRB per kapita dan rasio pendapatan asli daerah tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kesenjangan tingkat kemiskinan wilayah desa kota di Indonesia., Indonesia is one of the developing countries where poverty is still a problem in the implementation of development. Poverty in Indonesia is dominated by rural poverty. This has led to the emergency of inequality on poverty rates in rural and urban areas in Indonesia. The village funds is a work program under President Joko Widodo’s administration, one of which is to eradicate poverty in rural Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the effect of the village funds on inequality of poverty rates in rural urban areas in Indonesia for the period 2015 to 2019. The analysis method in this study is descriptive analysis and panel data analysis. The results showed that the gap in the rural urban poverty rate of each island in Indonesia during 2015-2019 period contiunues to decrease. Village funds and education had a significant effect on reducing the inequality of poverty rates in urban rural areas, the ratio of balancing fund had a significant effect on increasing the inequality of poverty rates in rural urban areas, while GDRP per capita and the ratio of original regional income did not significantly effect on inequality of poverty rates in rural urban areas in Indonesia.
Keyword: Village Funds, Panel Data, Inequality of Poverty

Judul: The Effect of Village Funds on Inequality of Human Development Index in the Rural Urban Areas in Indonesia
Abstrak: Kesenjangan pembangunan manusia merupakan keadaan yang menunjukkan terjadinya ketidakseimbangan kapabilitas dasar manusia. Hal ini terlihat dalam berbagai komponen pembentuk indeks pembangunan manusia, seperti pendidikan, kesehatan, dan kelayakan hidup masyarakat. Untuk menekan angka kesenjangan pembangunan pada setiap daerah, pemerintah membentuk program dana desa yang telah disalurkan sejak tahun 2015. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh dana desa terhadap kesenjangan pembangunan manusia desa kota di Indonesia periode 2015-2019. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis data panel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kesenjangan pembangunan manusia desa kota setiap pulau mengalami penurunan selama periode 2015-2019. Dana desa berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap kesenjangan angka harapan hidup, kesenjangan rata-rata lama sekolah, dan kesenjangan per kapita pada wilayah pedesaan dan perkotaan di Indonesia., Inequality of human development is a condition that shows the imbalance of basic human capabilities. This is seen in various components of human development index formation, such as education, health, and the feasibility of people's lives. To reduce the development gap in each region, the government established a village fund program that has been distributed since 2015. This study aims to analyze the effect of village funds on inequality of human development index in rural urban areas in Indonesia for the period 2015-2019. The analysis method in this study is descriptive analysis and panel data analysis. The results showed that the gap in the rural urban human development index of each island in Indonesia decreased during the period 2015-2019. Village funds had a negative and significant effect in reducing the inequality of life expectancy, average length of schooling, and per capita expenditure in rural urban areas in Indonesia.
Keyword: Village Funds, Panel Data, Inequality of Human Development

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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