Judul: Phenotypic plasticity on blood cockle anadara granosa l. as a response to environmental pollution: a case study in coastal waters of Banten
Abstrak: Blood cockle Anadara granosa is a commercial bivalve inhabiting intertidal ecosystem. Coastal waters of Banten such Banten Bay, Bojonegara and Lada Bay, Panimbang are potential areas for blood cockle grow out. Banten Bay is a semi-closed waters facing North Coast of Java. Such industries as coal stockpile, fibre boat manufacturer, chemical industry, steel industry, and many others have been long existed there. Lada Bay geographically is located at the west coast of Banten Province and exposed to Sunda Strait. Anthrophogenic activity is signified by coal fueled power plant, operated in 2009. Anthrophogenic sewages become a problem and lead to environmental pollution. Mercury is one of the pollution source. Inspite of being exposed to polluted habitat, therein blood cockle withstands and reproduce annually. Resistancy to such harmful environmental condition does not take for granted, there must be mechanism controlling the ballance between stress and resistancy. Without controlling factor, blood cockle in both areas is certainly extinct. The factor should be universal for individuals and able to recognize type of stress to be responded briefly. Continuous stress directs the controlling factor to acquintedly recognize and respond it; consequently, the blood cockle may adapt with the condition. The controlling factor, however, gives divergent response to stress, depending on type and level of stress. The factor comprises celluler stress response expressing stress protein and being controlled by one or more gene family. The gene family usually expressed during stress is heat shock protein (Hsp) as cytoprotector. Overexpression of a member of such Hsp gene family as Hsp70 indicates ability of the gene to protect tissue and cell, therefore they withstand to stress. Subsquently, more complex organs are protected from stress. Overexpression of Hsp70 gene is a result of individual habituation to stress. Lack of expression indicates inability of the gene to protect cell, therefore, organism’s resistancy declined. The resistancy defines threshold onto stress-stimulating environmental parameter and provides choice of phenotypic changes as an adaptation strategy. Heterogenous environmental condition in Bojonegara and Panimbang waters may result in various stress responses in blood cockle. Bojonegara blood cockle has long been acquinted with heavy metal-contaminated waters, while Panimbang blood cockle is just exposed to environmental changes. Responses resulted from heterogenous environment are biochemical, physiological, and phenotypic responses. Biochemical and physiological responses appear in the short period of time and become a bottom line for phenotypic plasticity. Phenotypic plasticity occur for longer period of time and those characters are fixed. To support the notion that blood cockle in Bojonegara and Panimbang encounter harmful environment, yet they still survive therein, this research was, thus, aimed at analyzing the ability of the blood cockle to develop phenotypic plasticity through Hsp70 gene expression, and spatial phenotypic variations. Additionally, tolerance limit of the cockle on mercury contamination through histological approach has been also studied. Prior to investigate the existence and characterization of Hsp70 gene, quantitative and qualitative standarization of mRNA materials should be conducted. Standarization comprises application of housekeeping gene as an internal control. The success of this step would facilitate target gene detection. β- actin gene has been used as the housekeeping gene.
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Judul: Kemampuan adaptif kerang bulu anadara antiquata di perairan tercemar logam berat : aspek biokinetik, ekobiologi, histologi, dan molekuler
Abstrak: The ark cockles Anadara antiquataare wide spread in Indonesia seawater, and able to live in the sediment, that are the sites of anthropogenic heavy metals deposits. A. antiquatacould not avoid the exposures ofheavy metals from surrounding environment, because of their limited mobility, and filter feeding mechanism. Muara Bama Panimbang, and Banten Bay Bojonegara in the Province of Banten, has been contaminated by heavy metals exceeding the quality standard. Panimbang areahas beenknown to have high diversity of bivalves species, thus become the center of bivalves inthe Province of Banten. A. antiquata in both location have not been exploited yet, so their economic valuesstilllow enough.Scientific information about A.antiquataarealso relatively limited, so it is interesting to study their potency,both for economical and ecological purposes. This research aimed to:1)identified the ability of mercury bioaccumulation and depuration onA. antiquata using radioactive tracer, 2) identified the effect of mercuryinduction to the histological structures of A. antiquatagills, 3) identified the ecobiological characteristics of A. antiquata in natural habitats that contaminated by heavy metals, and 4) characterizedthe metallothionein (MT)protein and gene ofA. antiquataby mercury induction. Biokinetic approachedwithradiotracer applicationhas beenconducted, to identify the capacity of mercury bioaccumulation and depurationonA. antiquata in laboratory. The results showed that smaller cockles (10-20 mm) accumulatedhigherconcentration of mercury than bigger cockles (35-45 mm). The increaseofmercury concentration in water affected the increasingof BCF values in both groups, until steady state conditions reached. Increased concentrations of mercury in water, were increased the mercuryefflux,and body contentsin both groups, but decreased the uptake rates in bigger cockles. Based on the models, lowest concentrations of dissolve mercury(0.0025 ppm) caused the highest BCF values in both groups. The steady state conditions would reachedin 15 dayson smaller cockles, andin 13 daysonbigger cockles. The mercuryelimination rates during depuration, showed no significant differences on both groups. The mercurybiological half-times in A. antiquataranged in 3.49 – 7.42 depuration days. The mercuryconcentration 0.0025; 0.005, 0.01, and 0.02 ppm have been induced for six days, to study its impact to the gills histological structures. Gills tissue samples were taken on day 2, 4, and 6 of exposures. The results showed,combination ofsix days exposuresand four mercury concentrationsdid not caused serious damages to the gills of A. antiquata.The damages appearedwerehyperplasia and necrosis, but in general,the treatmentscombinations showed no significant differences to the histological structures of gills. These facts supportsthe adaptive ability ofA. antiquata in mercury contaminated environment. The study results in natural habitat (Panimbang and Bojonegara)showed that A. antiquatawere well adaptedin heavy metals contaminated water.The shell length range in Panimbang were 8.05 - 24.65 mm (average 18.696 ± 5.946 mm), while in Bojonegara ranged 16.85 - 51.85 mm (average 25.87 ± 8.593 mm). The index of Meat Yieldsresults showed that 58.38% samples inPanimbang,and 53.85% samples inBojonegara,categorizedin moderate class, that reflectedthe ability to stored organic compounds reservesfor growth and reproduction, although they lived incontaminated environment. The Pb contents in cocklesbody ranged between 0.125-2.50 ppm; Cd contents ranged 0.125-17.60 ppm, and Hg ranged 0.02-0.3 ppm.The heavy metals contents in cocklesat Bojonegara was higher than Panimbang. The molecular studyhas beenidentifiedthe metallothionein (MT) proteinfrom hepatopancreas, and the MT gene from gills of A. antiquata.
Keyword: Anadara antiquata, heavy metals bioconcentration factor, metallothionein, ecobiology

Judul: Konstruksi aritmetika kurva eliptik F(2m) supersingular dan non-supersingular untuk skema kunci publik ElGamal
Abstrak: Algoritme ElGamal adalah salah satu algoritme kunci publik dengan aritmetik modular p yang mempunyai struktur grip siklik Z(p). Tingkat keanaman algoritme ini terletak pada pemecahan masalah logaritme diskret dari Z(p). Akan tetapi, tingkat keamanan tadi tahun ke tahun semakin menurun yang disebabkan kemampuan pemecahan algoritme diskret semakin meningkat. Untuk memenuhi tingkat keamanan yang memadai dibutuhkan p yang cukup besar yang menyebabkan proses enkripsi dan dekripsi menjadi lambat.
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