Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: Muntjak (Muntiacus muntjak muntjak, Zimmermann 1780) merupakan salah satu dari empat spesies rusa endemik Indonesia dengan suara spesifiknya tersebut tersebar di sebagian besar kepulauan Indonesia, yaitu pulau Jawa, Bali, Sumatera dan Kalimantan. Muntjak termasuk hewan yang dilindungi oleh peraturan pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 1999. Populasi muntjak di habitat alaminya diperkirakan mengalami penurunan, sehingga memerlukan suatu upaya untuk menunjang perkembangbiakan muntjak. Sedangkan informasi tentang anatomi dan morfometri organ reproduksi muntjak betina, pemantauan status reproduksi muntjak, terutama berdasarkan metabolit estrogen dan progesteron dari feses, masih sangat terbatas. Oleh karena itu tujuan penelitian ini antara lain: 1) mengetahui anatomi dan morfometri organ reproduksi muntjak betina; 2) melakukan validasi assay terhadap metabolit estrogen dan progesteron di feses muntjak betina; 3) mengetahui profil metabolit estrogen dan progesterone pada setiap tahapan reproduksi (pubertas, siklus estrus dan kebuntingan); dan 4) mengetahui perilaku reproduksi. Secara umum penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksploratif, dimana semua data yang diperoleh diklasifikasikan sesuai tujuan masing-masing. Semua data dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa uterus muncak termasuk bikornua. Kedua ovarium berbentuk oval dan tidak ada bursa ovarium. Kedua bagian organ reproduksi, yaitu uterus dan ovarium sama-sama aktif. Namun dalam morfologi dan morfometri menunjukkan bahwa organ sebelah kanan lebih aktif daripada kiri. Mukosa serviks membentuk lipatan, ke lipatan kranial semakin semakin kecil. Dalam muntjak ada 4 lipatan. Lipatan yang tampaknya membentuk saluran, sehingga memungkinkan inseminasi buatan. Vagina memiliki dinding tipis dari penyusun serviks uteri. Bagian dalam vagina yang secara langsung berhubungan dengan ruang depan vulva. Vulva terdiri dari labia majora dan labia minora yang jelas dibedakan. Pengamatan eksternal, klitoris tidak terlihat. Analisis metabolit estrogen dan progesteron di feses muntjak dengan menggunakan enzyme immunoassay. Hasil uji paralelism terhadap metabolit estrogen dan progesteron pada muntjak betina menunjukkan hasil kurva sampel feses yang paralel dengan kurva standar, yaitu metabolit estrogen adalah Estrogen total dan progesteron adalah 20-oxo-pregnanes (20-oxo-P) dan Pregnanediol (Pg-diol). Tipe metabolit hormon bersifat spesifik spesies. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa rataan total estrogen dan Pg-diol pada saat pubertas mulai umur 4-6 bulan masing-masing adalah 85,7±52,7 ng/g dan 1,6±0,7 μg/g. Penentuan siklus estrus dilakukan berdasarkan konsentrasi estrogen dan perubahan sel epitel vagina. Hasil analisis dari keduanya masing-masing adalah 26,3±2,5 hari (kisaran 24-29 hari) dan 25,7±3,0 hari (kisaran 20-29) hari. Waktu optimal kawin diperkirakan pada hari kedua periode estrus atau 36-48 jam dari awal estrus. Deteksi awal kebuntingan pada muncak dapat dilakukan pada hari ke-142-162, ketika konsentrasi Pg-diol mencapai 8,08-15,69 μg/g. Sedangkan konsentrasi estrogen keseluruhan meningkat tajam > 300 ng/g pada saat kelahiran. Rerata konsentrasi minimum Pg-diol selama kebuntingan adalah 3,25±1,91 μg/g. Sementara rata-rata konsentrasi maksimum Pg-diol selama kebuntingan adalah 26,74±10,38 μg/g. Rerata konsentrasi Pg-diol maksimum meningkat ~8 kali lipat (3,25-26,74 μg/g) dari awal kebuntingan sampai kelahiran. Sedangkan rata-rata konsentrasi Pg-diol dan estrogen total saat kelahiran masing masing adalah 20,37±8,72 μg/g dan 185,0±100,0 ng/g. Lama kebuntingan dari muntjak adalah sekitar 234,7±5,8 hari (kisaran 228-238 hari). Secara umum perilaku reproduksi pada muntjak betina sama seperti pada famili cervidae lainnya. Perilaku estrus pada betina dan perilaku seksual pada jantan dan betina mulai terlihat ketika hewan memasuki masa pubertas. Pada saat estrus muntjak tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda yang jelas (silent heat). Perilaku
Keyword: Muntiacus muntjak muntjak, anatomi organ reproduksi, kebuntingan, profil metabolit progesteron, perilaku

Judul: IPB (Bogor Agricultural University)
Abstrak: Muntjaks (Muntiacus muntjak muntjak) are belonging to Cervidae which distributed in Java Island and Southern part of Sumatera. Muntjaks have been protected by Indonesian Government since 1999. In order to support breeding program of the species and to avoid from extinction, several activities in this study were conducted. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the reproductive capacity of male muntjaks in captivity. Anatomical procedure and histological preparation of reproductive organ (testis, ductus epididymidis, accessory sex glands, and penis) from an adult male muntjak (♂#1) in hard antler period was carried out to collect data of their morphology and histology structure. Immunoreactive testosterone (iT) level of fecal samples was measured by the enzymeimmunoassay method using testosterone assay (Möstl) from two adult male muntjaks with individual code as ♂#2 and ♂#3. Furthermore, core needle biopsy and electroejaculation methods were applied for obtained testicular tissues and semen for study spermatogenesis. The entire samples were collected in hard antler (RK), casting (C), and velvet antler (RV) periods with different sampling frequency. The result showed that in general, the anatomy of reproductive organ in male muntjak was somewhat similar with other small ruminant included Cervids (ram and goat, rusa deer, pampas deer, and reeves muntjak). As dominant male, ♂#2 had sturdier and bigger hard antlers (RK1 and RK2) compare to ♂#3. The duration of antler cycle of ♂#2 was also longer (459 days) than ♂#3 (381 days) in the first antler cycle. Duration of second antler cycle of ♂#3 was longer (20.65%) than in previous cycle (485 days) Based on the hormonal data, iT level of ♂#2 was different among RK, C, and RV periods where iT level during RK 1 period was higher than C (p = 0.003) and RV (p = 0.02). In addition, iT level during RK 2 was also significantly higher than those C (p = 0.009) and RV (p = 0.06). In the first antler cycle, the pattern of T secretion in ♂#3 was slightly different if compared to the ♂#2. ♂#3 showed iT level was significantly lower in RK1 than RK2 (p = 0.0003), RK3 (p= 0.0034), C1 (p = 0.05), and C2 (p = 0.0001). However, the pattern of testosterone secretion was changed when ♂#3 in RK2 at the second of antler cycle coincided with increase of ♂#3’s age and death of ♂#2. Interestingly, iT level still detected during C and RV periods in both of muntjaks and showed a positive correlation with spermatogenesis which was proven by presence of spermatozoa in semen with significant concentration during those periods. The highest sperm concentration, however, was found in RK, and slightly decreased in C and RV. These findings provide that the specific pattern of testosterone metabolite profile that exhibited by ♂#2 and ♂#3 had closed correlation with their age, body size, antler size, and antler cycles length. In conclusion, testosterone that synthesized during an antler cycle plays a central role in continuing reproductive activities in male muntjaks. Therefore, muntjaks could provide reproductive function throughout the year of reproductive aseasonality which is similar to the reeves and formosan muntjaks.
Keyword: muntjak, testosterone metabolite profile, antler growth period, spermatogenesis, and spermatozoa

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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