Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Bakteri Klebsiella sp. pada Lingkungan Kandang Peternakan Ayam Broiler dan Resistansinya terhadap Antibiotik
Abstrak: Lingkungan peternakan ayam memiliki potensi adanya pertumbuhan mikroorganisme patogen. Mikroorganisme di lingkungan berperan sebagai host penyakit baik pada hewan maupun manusia. Infeksi mikoorganisme umum terjadi pada ayam disebabkan oleh bakteri, salah satunya adalah Klebsiella sp. Identifikasi bakteri Klebsiella sp. dan resistansinya terhadap antibiotik di lingkungan peternakan ayam masih minim adanya informasi terkait hal tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi bakteri Klebsiella sp. pada lingkungan kandang peternakan ayam dan resistansinya terhadap antibiotik. Identifikasi dilakukan secara makroskopis, mikroskopis, uji biokimia, dan uji fermentasi. Uji resistansi antibiotik dilakukan menggunakan metode cakram disk antibiotik yang mengacu pada Kirby-Bauer. Uji resistansi dilakukan pada enam antibiotik dari golongan yang berbeda. Hasil identifikasi menunjukkan sebesar dua sampel positif bersumber dari tempat minum dari 21 sampel. Uji resistansi menunjukkan Klebsiella sp. sensitif terhadap antibiotik kloramfenikol dan resistansi terhadap antibiotik oksitetrasiklin, ampisilin, eritromisin, asam nalidiksat, dan siprofloksasin.
Keyword: antibiotic, chicken, environmen, Klebsiella sp, resistance

Judul: Isolasi dan Identifikasi Klebsiella sp. yang Resisten Antibiotik di Ayam Broiler dari Kabupaten
Abstrak: Klebsiella sp. adalah bakteri Gram-negatif yang biasanya ditemukan di flora mulut, kulit, usus hewan dan di lingkungan. Bakteri ini merupakan bakteri oportunistik yang menyebabkan infeksi pada hewan dan manusia. Sejak 10 hingga 20 tahun terakhir, Klebsiella sp. menjadi kebal terhadap berbagai jenis antibiotik. Resistensi antibiotik dapat menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi, biaya medis yang lebih tinggi, peningkatan morbiditas, dan mortalitas. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat menyebabkan resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengisolasi, mengidentifikasi dan menentukan resistensi antibiotik Klebsiella sp. di ayam broiler dari kabupaten Cianjur. Uji resistensi antibiotik dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode difusi cakram Kirby- Bauer terhadap, ampisilin, eritromisin, tetrasiklin, oxytetracycline, asam nalidiksat, siprofloksasin, dan kloramfenikol. Hasil uji resistensi antibiotik mengacu pada Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) 2017. Dari 30 sampel swab kloaka ayam yang diambil dari sebuah peternakan di Cianjur, didapatkan tujuh isolat Klebsiella sp. Hasil uji resistensi antibiotik menunjukkan bahwa ketujuh isolat Klebsiella sp. tahan terhadap ampisilin, eritromisin, dan tetrasiklin (100%); oxytetracycline (85,71%); asam nalidiksat (71,43%); siprofloksasin (57,14%); dan kloramfenikol (28,57%). Setiap isolat Klebsiella sp. menunjukkan resistensi multi-obat (MDR) terhadap setidaknya 4 dari 7 antibiotik yang diuji.
Keyword: resistensi antibiotik, ayam broiler, Klebsiella, resistensi multi-obat

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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