Judul: Performance evaluation of soybean meals from argentina and india with and without enzyme supplementation in broiler
Abstrak: A study was conducted with male chicks of a commercial broiler strain to evaluate the effects of commercial enzyme preparation on chick performance and digestibilities of amino acid and fiber in diets containing India and Argentina soybean meal. Two corn-soy based diets were formulated to contain either soybean meal (SBM) India or SBM Argentina with same levels of metablizable energy (ME) and digestibile amino acids. Digestible lysine 1.0%, digestible methionine 0.38% and digestible methionine and cysteine 0.75% . No animal protein was used so as to allow for maximum usage SBM. Other major raw materials included in formulation were corn, crude palm oil (CPO), salt, vitamins and minerals. Each basal diet was split into 4 equal portions, one portion was fed as control and the other portions were supplemented with commercial single enzyme protease, carbohydrase or combination enzymes protease + carbohydrase. The carbohydrase enzyme used in these studies were  galactosidase with 2500 Ga IAU/g enzyme activity and  mannanase of 5000 MIAU/g enzyme activity. The protease enzyme activity was 75,000 PROT units/g. Dosages for single carbohydrase and protease enzyme were 500 g/ T and 200 g/T, respectively and dosage for combination enzyme was 700 g/T. Birds were fed this single test feed from day 1 to day 32. Data collections were done for 32 days with 8 treatments, 10 replicates and 5 birds per replicate. Research using factorial completely randomized design. Results were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Duncan test The result showed that performance on 32 days, body weight and FCR of birds fed India SBM diets were significantly different (P < 0.05) from birds fed Arg SBM diets. Supplementation of enzymes produced a significantly different (P < 0.05) results between single enzyme (carbohydrase or protease) and combination enzymes (carbohydrase and protease) for both body weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR); consequently combination enzymes improved the performance. Ileal amino acid digestibility was not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Body weight and FCR showed positive correlation with amino acid digestibility, body weight positively correlated with Methionine (R2=0.406), FCR positively correlated with Methionine (R2=0.625) and Glycine (R2=0.412). Fiber digestibility was not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Fiber digestibility of India SBM diets was numerically higher than Argentine SBM diets. Supplementation of combination carbohydrase and protease showed the best improvement in dietary fiber digestibility. When economic return was analyzed based on performance parameters and average India and Argentina SBM prices in February 2011, India SBM and Argentina SBM produced similar cost of feed on per kg live wight basis, even though there is 30 U$D per tone cost difference between these two SBMs. However when calculated on cost per kg liveweight, feed cost of India SBM diet supplemented with combination enzymes was cheaper than Indian SBM control. This is due to supplementation of combination carbohydrase and protease in India soybean meals diet is effecitve in improving performance of broilers. In term of enzyme, supplementation of single protease and carbohydrase failed to show significant improvement in bird performance, this is possibly due to improper function of the enzymes. Since single protease may not easily
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Judul: Performa, Respon Ukuran Organ Dalam dan Energi Metabolis Ayam Broiler yang Diberi Pakan Mengandung Enzim Protease
Abstrak: Faktor anti nutrisi pada bahan pakan sumber protein nabati merupakan salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh negatif terhadap kualitas pakan broiler. Suplementasi enzim protease memecah protein yang tersimpan dan antinutrien berprotein dalam pakan sumber protein nabati. Efek suplementasi enzim protease terhadap performa, organ dalam dan energi metabolis ayam broiler berbeda-beda dari beberapa data penelitian yang telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji suplementasi enzim protease terhadap performa, organ dalam dan energi metabolis pada ayam broiler dengan pendekatan model matematis regresi linear sederhana dari data-data penelitian yang telah dilakukan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mencari jurnal dari berbagai sumber di internet seperti google scholar, scopus, dan science directmengenai pengaruh suplementasi enzim protease dalam pakan terhadap performa, organ dalam dan energi metabolis pada ayam broiler. Sebanyak 30 studi dari tahun 2006-2020 diperoleh 111 data perlakuan yang dicatat pada microsoft excell 2013 meliputi aktivitas enzim protease (unit kg-1), konsumsi pakan (g/ekor), bobot badan (gram/ekor), FCR, jantung (%), hati (%), gizzard (%) pankreas (%), lemak abdomen (%), usus halus (%) dan energi metabolis (kkal kg-1). Data dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan model regresi linear sederhanamenggunakan software IBM SPSS versi 20 untuk mengetahui statistika deskriptif dan analisis regresi linear sederhana pada setiap parameter.Data tersebut kemudian dianalisa menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) dengan taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi enzim protease dalam ransum ayam broiler sangat nyata (P<0,01) meningkatkan konsumsi pakan, nyata (P<0,05) meningkatkan bobot badan dan nyata (P<0,05) memperbaiki FCR. Efek penambahan enzim protease dalam ransum ayam broilersangat nyata (P<0,01) memperbaiki ukuran usus halus dan nyata (P<0,05) meningkatkan nilai energi metabolis. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan ukuran organ jantung, hati, gizzard, pankreas dan lemak abdomen akibat dari penambahan enzim protease. Dapat disumpulkan bahwa efek suplementasi enzim protease dapat meningkatkan konsumsi pakan, bobot badan dan menurunkan FCR. Penambahan enzim protease meningkatkan energi metabolis danmemperbaiki ukuran usus halus. Suplementasi enzim protease tidak memberikan dampak negatif terhadap organ jantung, gizzard, hati, pankreas dan lemak abdomen
Keyword: broiler, linear regression analysis, metabolizable energy, performance, protease enzyme

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular