Judul: Kajian Pengaruh Konsentrasi Asam Sitrat dan Suhu Pada Proses Reduksi Kromium Limbah Padat Industri Penyamakan Kulit
Abstrak: Industri penyamakan ku1it merupakan salah satu perusahaan agroindustri yang mengolah kulit mentah menjadi kulit jadi. Menurut Rasjidin (1994), jenis limbah yang dihasilkan dalam kegiatan produksi kulit samak meliputi limbah cair, lumpur dan limbah padat. limbah padat yang dibasilkan terdiri dari limbab kulit mentah yang belum disamak dan limbah kulit yang telab disamak. Limbah kulit yang telab disamak diperoleh dari hasil sisa shaving, buffing dan trimming yang mencapai 10 persen dari kulit samak jadi.
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Judul: Kajian profil limbah cair industri penyamakan kulit
Abstrak: Limbah cair industri penyamakan kulit memerlukan penanganan yang serius karena mengandung beban pencemaran yang cukup tinggi, yaitu logam krom, padatan organik dan anorganik, COD, BOD serta sulfida. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengkaji profil limbah cair industri penyamakan kulit dan mencari alternatif pengelolaan air limbah untuk meningkatkan kualitasnya. Metoda penelitian meliputi tahapan pengumpulan data, survei lapangan, penentuan lokasi dan frekuensi pengambilan contoh, pengambilan dan pengawetan contoh, analisa kualitas air (pH, COD, TSS, krom dan minyak lemak) dan perhitungan beban pencemaran. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di tiap tahapan proses dan di lokasi- lokasi sesudah melewati unit pengolahan limbah cair. Sampel limbah diambil dari dua pabrik kulit yaitu CV. Lengtat Leather dan PD. Abdi Pembangunan Tangerang. Sampel limbah diambil secara sesaat (grab samples) dengan frekuensi satu kali seminggu dalam waktu lima minggu. Pengukuran pH dilakukan langsung di tempat sedangkan analisa parameter yang lain dilakukan di laboratorium. Dari hasil penelitian yang dilakukan diketahui bahwa instalasi pengolahan air limbah PD. Abdi Pembangunan telah mampu menurunkan bahan pencemar yaitu COD, TSS, krom, minyak lemak berturut-turut sebesar 88%, 89%, 48% dan 74%; sedangkan CV. Lengtat Leather mampu menurunkan kandungan COD, TSS, khrom dan minyak lemak berturut-turut sebesar 83%, 85%, 45% dan 79%. Beban pencemaran COD dan TSS pada PD. Abdi Pembangunan adalah 15 kg COD/ton bahan baku kulit dan 9 kg TSS/ton bahan baku kulit, sedangkan CV. Lengtat Leather adalah 31 kg COD/ton bahan baku kulit dan 16 kg TSS/ton bahan baku kulit. Efisiensi pengelolaan air limbah terhadap kandungan COD dan TSS cukup tinggi namun jika dibandingkan dengan standar mutu limbah cair kulit maka beban pencemaran limbah pada CV. Lengtat Leather masih tinggi dan perlu penanganan lebih lanjut.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite