Judul: Perilaku Difusi Ketoprofen Melalui Membran Gel Kitosan-CMC
Abstrak: Chitosan-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) gel is potential as a coating agent for ketoprofen sustained-drug-release. In the previous research, this gel has been reported to have good rheological properties as a drug delivery system, and persistent to gastric pH condition. This membrane was made by mixing 3% (w/v) chitosan, 1% (w/v) CMC, and 6% (v/v) glutaraldehyde in 30:5:1 ratio, and then poured into a mold. The membrane thickness (h) was varied by varying the volume used. Afterwards, the membrane was used for diffusion test at 37 and 42 °C temperatures (T). Three concentrations of ketoprofen in donor cell (A) were used: 25, 50, and 75 μg/ml, whereas the recipient cell was filled with ethanol-water (1:1) solvent. Aliquot was taken from recipient cell every 30 minutes until the equilibrium concentration (Cs) was reached. The absorbance of each aliquot was measured at wavelength of 258 nm. The Cs range obtained, namely 3.1-17,3 mg/l, had approached the ketoprofen therapy concentration (15 mg/l), so this membrane has better properties as a coating agent as compared with chitosan-alginate membrane previously reported. Further analysis using response surface method showed positive effects of A, h, and T towards flux (J) of ketoprofen through the membrane. The models obtained were Cs = 19.9277 – 0.01h – 0.3542A – 0.4069T + 0.0001h2 + 0.0013A2 + 0.0002hA – 0.0002hT + 0.00088 AT with R2 = 90.8%, and J = 6.42999 + 0.04251h +0.02198A – 0.1839T – 1.012Cs – 0.00009h2 + 0.00113A2 + 0.06862Cs 2 + 0.00078hA – 0.00040hT – 0.00040hCs + 0.00079AT – 0.01882ACs + 0.02169TCs with R2 = 98.9%. However, further morphological analysis is needed for the membrane having higher flux value.
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Judul: Diffusion Behavior of Ketoprofen Through Chitosan-CMC Membranes Gels.
Abstrak: Chitosan-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) gel is potential as a coating agent for ketoprofen sustained-drug-release. In the previous research, this gel has been reported to have good rheological properties as a drug delivery system, and persistent to gastric pH condition. This membrane was made by mixing 3% (w/v) chitosan, 1% (w/v) CMC, and 6% (v/v) glutaraldehyde in 30:5:1 ratio, and then poured into a mold. The membrane thickness (h) was varied by varying the volume used. Afterwards, the membrane was used for diffusion test at 37 and 42 °C temperatures (T). Three concentrations of ketoprofen in donor cell (A) were used: 25, 50, and 75 μg/ml, whereas the recipient cell was filled with ethanol-water (1:1) solvent. Aliquot was taken from recipient cell every 30 minutes until the equilibrium concentration (Cs) was reached. The absorbance of each aliquot was measured at wavelength of 258 nm. The Cs range obtained, namely 3.1-17,3 mg/l, had approached the ketoprofen therapy concentration (15 mg/l), so this membrane has better properties as a coating agent as compared with chitosan-alginate membrane previously reported. Further analysis using response surface method showed positive effects of A, h, and T towards flux (J) of ketoprofen through the membrane. The models obtained were Cs = 19.9277 – 0.01h – 0.3542A – 0.4069T + 0.0001h2 + 0.0013A2 + 0.0002hA – 0.0002hT + 0.00088 AT with R2 = 90.8%, and J = 6.42999 + 0.04251h +0.02198A – 0.1839T – 1.012Cs – 0.00009h2 + 0.00113A2 + 0.06862Cs 2 + 0.00078hA – 0.00040hT – 0.00040hCs + 0.00079AT – 0.01882ACs + 0.02169TCs with R2 = 98.9%. However, further morphological analysis is needed for the membrane having higher flux value.
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Judul: Ekologi merak hijau jawa (Pavo muticus muticus) Linnaeus 1758 pada beberapa tipe habitat di Ujung Timur Penyebarannya Jawa Timur, Indonesia
Abstrak: Merak hijau jawa merupakan salah satu jenis burung yang dilindungi.di Indonesia berdasarkan SK Mentan No 66/Kpts/Um/2/1973 dan Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No 7 tahun 1999. Menurut ICBP (The International Council for Bird Preservation) merak hijau sebagai jenis burung yang tergolong terancam secara keseluruhan (globally threatened) baik populasi maupun habitatnya, sedangkan CITES mencantumkan merak hijau ke dalam Appendix II, merak hijau dari alam tidak bisa langsung diperdagangkan dan BirdLife International (2007) memasukkan golongan burung yang endangered. Tekanan terhadap populasi dan habitat merak hijau jawa sangat besar, sehingga kondisi populasinya menurun pada setiap penyebaran lokalnya, habitatnya terfragmentasi bahkan terisolasi. Tekanan terhadap populasi terutama karena perburuan liar. Namun demikian fakta menunjukan bahwa merak hijau jawa masih ada (exist), hal ini memberikan gambaran bahwa burung ini tentunya memiliki strategi ekologi tertentu untuk tetap bertahan hidup di alam pada berbagai tipe habitat.
Keyword: Pavo muticus muticus, Call count transect method, Pavo cristatus, Pavo muticus, Pavo muticus spicifer, Pavo muticus imperator, Pavo muticus muticus, Javan Green Peafowl, East Java