Judul: Genetic diversity of microsatellite and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene in Indonesian Buffalo
Abstrak: This study aims to determine genetic diversity in Indonesian buffaloes using microsatellite markers and cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene. The sample used in this study were 211 samples of buffaloes (30 samples of swamp buffaloes from Aceh, North Sumatra, Banten, Central Java, West Nusa Tenggara, South Sulawesi, and 19 samples from Riau) and 12 samples of river buffaloes from North Sumatra. Microsatellite markers used were CSSM66, ILSTS61, and ILSTS17 loci. Microsatellite data in term of observed number of alleles (na); effective number of alleles (ne); Observed heterozygosity (Ho); Expected heterozygosity (He); and polymorphism information content (PIC) were analyzed by GenAlEx 6.41 and Cervus 3.1. COI gene sequences were analyzed using MEGA 5.1 software with the Neighbor-joining method and kimura 2 parameter substitution models. This study showed that CSSM66 loci had two alleles and two genotypes. ILSTS61 loci had five alleles and 14 genotypes. ILSTS17 loci had two alleles and three genotypes. Microsatellite genetic distance between populations could separate Indonesian swamp buffalo. The reconstructed phylogeny tree based on COI gene sequences were able to distinguish Subspecies of swamp buffalo and river buffalo. COI gene sequences showed four haplotypes for Indonesian swamp buffalo, namely H1, H2, H3 and H4.
Keyword: genetic diversity, microsatellite, COI, Indonesian buffalo

Judul: Analisis keragaman genetik kerbau lokal (Bubalus bubalis) berdasarkan haplotipe DNA mitokondria
Abstrak: Mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) in vertebrate is a circular double stranded DNA molecule. It has a high mutation rate and strictly maternally inherited. This research was conducted to investigate the diversity among local buffalos based on mtDNA’s control region. Samples that were used in this research were native buffalos from 10 Jawa Tengah, 12 Nusa Tenggara Barat, 10 Sumatera Utara and 12 Banten. By in vitro amplification with Polymorphism Chain Reaction method (PCR) using a pair of primer AF22 and AF23, yielded 1145 base pair long. The selected region is a segment spanning the region of end part 3’ cyt-b gene through the partial of the 3’ control region (d-loop). The PCR product was digested with four restriction enzymes, which were AluI (AG↓CT), HaeIII (GG↓CC), HinfI (G↓AnTC) and MspI (C↓CGG). Two haplotypes were detected among 44 samples. The nucleotide diversity among these haplotypes is 0,17%. Haplotype 1 found in all sample locations, while haplotype 2 was only found in one sample from Sumatera Utara. Genetically, the buffalos from Jawa Tengah, Nusa Tenggara Barat and Banten guessed have a same origin heredity (D = 0,000) and they have a near kinship with Sumatera Utara’s buffalo (D= 0,0061).
Keyword: 

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
Keyword: