Judul: Model Dinamik Swasembada Garam Nasional
Abstrak: Salt has a strategic role as the staple food towards consumption needs and industrial needs in raw materials. The consumption needs covers all aspects in house hold consumption, cooking oil industries, fish curing industries, and other common industries such as oil industry, textile and tannery, feed, chlor alkali (CAP), and pharmacy (Deperin 2009). The potential area for salt sea bank is about 34 hectare, but only 60 percent of this area are used as productive salt sea bank. The production produced by a productive salt sea bank in Indonesia are considered very low as they cannot fulfill the needs generally. The gap between supply and demand generate high dependency towards imported salt. As a step to reduce the dependency, in 2011, the government came up with the idea of the national salt self sufficiency. The achievement of this program can be measured by the availability of consumption and industrial salt needs. This research was done to (1) build a model of the national salt supply system to measure the achievement of the national salt self sufficiency, (2) analyze the impact of this self sufficiency achievement in the national salt self sufficiency, and (3) compose an alternative policy needed as an effort to achieve the salt self sufficiency. In this research, the dynamic system approach is used. The impact of this national salt self sufficiency policy is analyzed using five scenario: (1) scenario 1 (if the achievement of the national salt self sufficiency reach 60 percent of the achievement indicator), (2) scenario 2 (if the achievement of the national salt self sufficiency reach 80 percent of the achievement indicator), (3) scenario 3 (if the achievement of the national salt self sufficiency reach 100 percent of the achievement indicator with the lower limit of extensification), (4) scenario 4 (if the achievement of the national salt self sufficiency reach 100 percent of the achievement indicator with the middle limit of extensification), (5) scenario 5 (if the achievement of the national salt self sufficiency reach 100 percent of the achievement indicator with the upper limit of extensification). In arranging the alternative policy, three scenarios are needed; (1) scenario 6: scenario 4 with the correction in the PUGAR productivity increasement policy in 97 tons/hectare, (2) scenario 7: scenario 6 with the assumption of ; all grassroots salt companies are the member of PUGAR, and (3) scenario 8: scenario 7 plus salt consumption reduction for household based on the salt intake recommendation of WHO (2007) which is 5 grams per day per capita and and the increasement of salt quality produced by the grassroots supplier so there will be no more purification needed. The analysis shown that in real condition, the supply of consumption salt fluctuated during the stimulation period. Deficit supply in extreme weather. While during normal weather, Indonesia could achieve the consumption salt self sufficiency. But the actual processing of salt in Indonesia does not support the self sufficiency program gradually. While the industrial salt supply is lack during the stimulation program. This condition happened because in actual processing, Indonesia cannot produce their own industrial salt.
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Judul: Kajian Efektivitas Implementasi Program Pemberdayaan Usaha Garam Rakyat di Desa Losarang, Kecamatan Losarang, Kabupaten Indramayu
Abstrak: An ironic thing that Indonesia as maritime country have insufficiency salt problem. Salt is strategic commodities that can be easily produced by evaporation of sea water and policy salts have been issued since the Dutch colonial era. In 2011 the Government of Indonesia make toward self sufficiency salt policy. This research was aimed to analyze the implementation efectivity of Salt Business Empowerment Program (Pemberdayaan Usaha Garam Rakyat or PUGAR). PUGAR is the Government Program to achieve Salt Production Target and increasing the salt farmer welfare. The research design used purposive and snowball sampling to select 70 respondent in Losarang Village at Indramayu. The data were analyzed by using Quantitative Analysis, Qualitative Analysis, SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) and MAHP (Modified Analytical Hierarchy Process) . The result showed PUGAR (Pemberdayaan Usaha Garam Rakyat) in Losarang implemented with effectiveness. This is indicated by salt production target achieved and increasing the salt farmer welfare. Implementation PUGAR make salt productivity in Losarang 90,43 ton/ha, increasing salt farmer income, empower 17 the People's Business Group Salt (Kelompok Usaha Garam Rakyat or KUGAR) with the amount of 170 salt farmers, give technological innovation and quality salt production and give job for 778 people as salt farmers, farm workers and transport workers. Obtained result Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) of salt bussiness is 2,608 and External Factor Evaluation (EFE) is 2,673. Moreover the research calculate salt business feasibility that known from B/C ratio > 1, business profit margin, appropriate salt area owned by farmers, business gap analysis of salt and break even analysis. Break even analysis to determine the selling price of the large volume of salt and salt production business people to reach the point of no profit and no loss (break even).
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Judul: Immunohystochemical Characterization of Integrin Alfa 6 in Uterine and Cervix of the Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) with MfPV3 Infection
Abstrak: Kanker serviks merupakan suatu pertumbuhan abnormal dari sel epitel jaringan serviks akibat adanya infeksi persisten human papillomavirus (HPV). Data World Health Organization pada tahun 2017 menyatakan kanker serviks menjadi penyebab kematian terbesar kedua pada wanita setelah kanker payudara. Monyet ekor panjang (MEP) secara alami dapat terinfeksi Macaca fascicularis Papillomavirus 3 (MfPV3) yang secara filogenetik, virus tersebut memiliki kekerabatan yang sangat dekat dengan HPV onkogenik pada manusia (HPV-16 dan HPV-34), yaitu genus alpha papillomavirus. Integrin alfa 6 (ITGα6) merupakan reseptor yang ditemukan pada pada manusia dengan HPV positif dan merupakan reseptor yang sebagian besar diekspresikan oleh sel epitel dan populasi sel punca kanker serviks. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji MEP sebagai hewan model HPV melalui karakterisasi reseptor ITGα6 menggunakan uji imunohistokimia serta menentukan tingkatan atau derajat dari cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) pada jaringan serviks yang terinfeksi MfPV3. Studi ini menggunakan sampel arsip dalam Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) jaringan uterus dan serviks MEP positif MfPV3 secara spontan dan negatif MfPV3. Hewan berusia sekitar 2-6 tahun dengan kisaran berat badan 2-4 kg. Jaringan uterus dan serviks diproses untuk pembuatan histologi dan dilakukan pewarnaan Hematoksilin-Eosin (HE) untuk menentukan derajat CIN serta pewarnaan imunohistokimia menggunakan antibodi anti human ITGα6. Evaluasi pewarnaan imunohistokima menggunakan lima lapang pandang mikroskopis, pembesaran lensa objektif 40X per slide. Gambar dikuantifikasi menggunakan aplikasi ImageJ ver 1.53, parameter yang diamati adalah intensitas warna dan luas area sel positif ITGα6. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 80% sampel positif memiliki CIN dan peningkatan ekspresi ITGα6 pada kelompok hewan positif MfPV3 dibandingkan pada kelompok hewan negatif MfPV3. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa MEP betina berpotensi sebagai model praklinis alternatif dan sangat relevan untuk studi biologi Papillomavirus.
Keyword: human papillomavirus (hpv), immunohistokimia, ITGα6, Macaca fascicularis