Judul: Kajian Pola Pencampuran Reaktan di dalam Static Mixing Reactor untuk Produksi Biodiesel
Abstrak: Biodiesel is a diesel fuel substitute materials from the transesterification reaction, ie mixing vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol. Transesterification reaction can be carried out in the static mixing reactor (SMR) to improve mixing. Simulation method with Computational Fluid Dynamics can be used to determine the mixing patterns and relation to the rate of biodiesel production in the SMR. Simulations performed using the stirrer element with twist angle 180°, 120° and 240°. Results of this study indicate that a decline in velocity when the flow through the mixer element, the larger twist angle of the mixer elements produced flow velocity which is uniform, and longer reaction rate where a molecular viscosity values are uniform. Based on the flow velocity, reaction rates and molecular viscosity is known that the mixer element with twist angle of 240° have a better pattern mixing than element with twist angle 180° and 120°.
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Judul: Analysis of Kinetic Transesterification Reaction in Catalytic Biodiesel Production with Static Mixing Reactor
Abstrak: Catalytic process of biodiesel production requires rigorous mixing and a certain amount of catalyst itself in order to obtain the proper result of the process. Hipotetically, a good mixing can reduce the amount of required catalyst for a certain results. In this study, a static mixing reactor with KOH as catalyst was used to produce biodiesel. The objective of the study were (1) to evaluate the affect of decreassing the amount of KOH required as catalyst for the biodiesel production in the static mixing reactor (2) to study the kinetics of the reaction. The result showed that the percentage of catalyst greatly affected the reaction conversion, yield and kinetics of the transesterification reaction at the beginning of the reaction and declined afterward, because its ability nearly reached its maximum capacity. The model of reaction order that most appropriate to describe the condition of transesterification in this study was a pseudo third-order model. The activation energy was 71.83 kJ mol-1, and the influence of static mixers in the reactor was indicated by the value of the collision frequency factor (1.95 x 108 min-1). In other words, the presence of static mixer has a significant influence in accelerating the reaction.
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan