Judul: Penentuan Waktu Reaksi dan Konsentrasi Katalis untuk Sintesis Mono-Diasilgliserol
Abstrak: Mono-diacylglycerol is an emulsifier that containing monoglycerides and diglycerides, which is made by reacting glycerol and fatty acids with the help of a chemical catalyst. This research was aimed to produce mono-diacylglycerol from glycerol, by-product of biodiesel production and palm fatty acid distillate, by-product of frying oil production, and to know the best reaction time and concentration of catalyst to produce mono-diacylglycerol through esterification process. The steps consisted of glycerol purification, characterization of purified glycerol and palm fatty acid distillate. This was followed by determinating the reaction time (60, 75, and 90 minute) and concentration of catalysts (1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) for production of mono-diacylglyserol, and characterization of mono-diacylglycerol which has been producted. In this research was used a methyl ester sulphonic acid as the catalyst. The best products was mono-diacylglycerol with catalyst concentration of 1.5% and reaction time 75 minutes. This condition producted M-DAG with yield 30.20%, the percentage fraction of monoacylglycerol 16.21%, diacylglycerol 31.00%, melting point of 57 oC, pH 4, emulsion stability 85.94%, acid value 23.18 mg KOH/g sample, texture rather dense, quite dry, and whitey-brown color.
Keyword: esterification, mono-diacylglycerol, emulsifiers, fatty acids, glycerol

Judul: Sintesis Mono-diasilgliserol (M-DAG) dari Destilat Asam Lemak Minyak Sawit (DALMS) Melalui Esterifikasi Enzimatis.
Abstrak: Mono-diacylglycerol (M-DAG) are emulsifiers in food industries with GRAS (Generally recognized as safe) statuta. M-DAG can be synthesized by chemical or enzymatic way. Biosyntheses of M-DAG can be catalyzed by lipase enzyme with three ways; esterification fatty acid with glycerol, hydrolysis triglicerida and transesterification. The objectives of this research was to look for the optimum conditions (solvent, time and temperature reaction) to syntheses of M-DAG by enzymatic esterification of PFAD (Palm Fatty Acid Destilate) and glycerol using lipase. Substrat ratio of PFAD: glycerol in this research was 2 : 3 with 1g of total mass and 4% of lipase from total substrat. This research used a central composite design (CCD) with 20 unit experiments and respon surface model to evaluated the effects of solvent, time and temperature reaction to syntheses of M-DAG. The product of M-DAG were evaluated the physicochemical properties including melting point, free fatty acid and iodine value. The result showed that optimum conditions to syntheses of M-DAG for yield parameter were 54o C, 14 hours and 11 ml of tertier-butanol as solvent and were chosen as optimum conditions for syntheses of M-DAG due to the maximal yield (58%) and high MAG fraction. From statistic analysis, yield parameter model has significantly affected (P= 0,0449< 0,1) and had high coefficient of correlation (r = 0,8591). The verification of the optimum conditions had coefficient of varian 6,66% and 51,66% for yield, which consist of 78,31% with coefficient of varian 8,70% for MAG fraction and 21,69% for DAG fraction with coefficient of varian 31,6%. The melting point of M-DAG was 57,0-62,5o C, free fatty acid content was 0,75% and iodine value was 16,7.
Keyword: 

Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan