Judul: Peningkatan kadar protein kasar ampas kulit nanas melalui fermentasi media padat
Abstrak: Ampas kulit nanas merupakan hasil samping proses produksi nanas kaleng yang sangat potensial dimanfaatkan sebagai pakan ternak. Bahan tersebut memiliki kadar serat yang tinggi namun kandungan protein rendah. Oleh karena itu diperlukan usaha peningkatan kadar protein bahan. Salah satu jalan untuk memperkaya kadar protein bahan adalah dengan membudidayakan sel mikroba pada ampas kulit nanas. Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan kadar protein kasar ampas kulit nanas melalui fermentasi medium padat menggunakan kapang sebagai inokulum fermentasi. Penelitian pertama dilakukan untuk memilih jenis kapang terbaik dan waktu inkubasi yang tepat, dengan parameter utama peningkatan kadar protein. Variabel yang digunakan adalah keempat jenis kapang dan waktu inkubasi kasar. Keempat jenis kapang tersebut adalah; Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Rizhopus oligoporus, dan Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Kemudian variabel lama inkubasi terdiri dari tiga waktu yaitu; 3 hari, 6 hari, dan 9 hari. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi kadar protein kasar, kadar serat kasar dan kehilangan bahan kering.
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Judul: Peningkatan nilai nutrisi ampas sagu (Metroxylon sp.) sebagai bahan pakan monogastrik melalui teknologi fermentasi menggunakan aspergillus niger
Abstrak: Ampas sagu merupakan limbah dari pengolahan sagu yang belum dimanfaatkan secara maksimal sebagai pakan ternak, karena nilai nutrisinya yang rendah. Sehubungan hal tersebut perlu upaya meningkatkan nilai nutrisi ampas sagu sebelum diberikan ke ternak, diantaranya dengan teknologi fermentasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan nilai nutrisi dan pemanfaatan ampas sagu sebagai bahan pakan ternak khususnya monogastrik. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Pakan dan Kandang Ayam Petelur Balai Penelitian ternak Ciawi-Bogor, selama 5 bulan dari bulan April sampai september 1994. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) (Steel dan Torrie, 1981), dengan 2 perlakuan lama inkubasi dan 3 kelompok berdasarkan waktu pembuatan media. Jarak waktu pembuatan media adalah 2 hari. Setiap kelompok terdiri atas 5 ulangan. Perlakuannya adalah fermentasi ampas sagu dengan lama inkubasi 0 hari (To) sebagai kontrol dan fermentasi ampas sagu dengan lama inkubasi 4 hari (T4). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan lama inkubasi sangat nyata berpengaruh terhadap kadar pati, kadar bahan kering hilang dan kadar protein murni (P<0,01) dan berpengaruh nyata terhadap nilai pH media (P<0,05). Sedangkan pengaruh waktu pembuatan media (kelompok) hanya nyata (P<0,05) terhadap kadar bahan kering media. Kadar protein murni ampas sagu fermentasi berdasarkan produk akhir, mengalami peningkatan sebesar 12,30%, kadar abu 2,76%, kadar serat kasar 3,81%, sedangkan kadar pati turun 29,51% dibandingkan ampas sagu tanpa fermentasi. Nilai energi metabolis meningkat dari 3374 kal/g menjadi 3884 kal/g setelah fermentasi. Kadar bahan kering yang hilang sebesar 26,45%. Jika kadar bahan kering yang hilang ini diperhitungkan, maka peningkatan kadar protein murni yang terjadi hanya 8,51%, sedangkan kadar serat kasar turun 2,07% dibanding ampas sagu tanpa fermentasi.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite