Judul: Beberapa sifat jamur pewarna Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat. dan kemungkinan pengendalian serangannya dengan bahan pengawet everwood
Abstrak: Salah satu faktor yang sering menurunkan mutu kayu khususnya kayu-kayu berwarna cerah adalah jamur blue stain. Kayu yang diserang oleh jamur tersebut akan berwarna kotor kehitam-hitaman atau kebiru-biruan, sehingga menurunkan mutu kayu. Suiverine Cartwright dan Findlay (1958) menyatakan bahwa blue stain pada kayu tropis kebanyakan disebabkan oleh jamur B. theobromae. Untuk mencegah hal ini diper- lukan proses pengeringan kayu yang cepat yang sering sukar dilakukan karena disamping meningkatkan biaya produksi juga kapasitas kilang pengering biasanya lebih kecil daripada kapasitas mesin gergaji. Oleh karena itu upaya pengawetan merupakan alternatif yang banyak dipilih oleh pengusaha industri perkayuan. Walau demikian pemilihan metode pengawetan tersebut perlu didukung oleh pengetahuan tentang sifat-sifat jamur pewarna yang menyerangnya. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut, suatu penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui beberapa sifat jamur pewarna B. theobromae dan kemungkinan pengen- dalian serangannya dengan bahan pengawet Everwood. Pengamatan sifat-sifat jamur dilakukan secara mikroskopik dan makroskopik. Untuk pengujian keampu- han Everwood terhadap jamur pewarna dibuat contoh uji dari kayu karet segar tebang (fresh cut) yang bebas dari pewarnaan dengan ukuran 1,5 cm x 2,5 cm x 5 cm. Selanjutnya contoh uji diawetkan secara rendaman dengan berbagai tingkat konsentrasi bahan pengawet Everwood yaitu: 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%, dan 6% selama satu menit dan diangin-anginkan selama satu jam sampai tidak ada lagi bahan pengawet yang menetes. Berat masing-masing contoh uji ditimbang sebelum dan sesudah proses pengawetan untuk mengetahui besarnya retensi. Semua contoh uji...
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Judul: Studi pertumbuhan jamur blue stain terhadap perlakuan trichoderma viride Pers. ex S.F.Gray. pada kayu karet (Hevea brasilliensis Muell Arg.)
Abstrak: cipta Kayu karet termasuk salah satu jenis kayu yang potensial sebagai bahan baku industri yang relatif murah. Akan tetapi kayu karet mempunyai kelemahan yaitu waktu masih segar mudah sekali diserang oleh jamur perusak kayu, khususnya jamur blue stain yang merusak warna kayu aslinya (discoloration), menjadi kotor kehitam-hitaman sehingga nilai kayu menjadi turun. Terjadinya perubahan warna pada kayu disebabkan oleh pigmen melamin dalam hifa yang berwarna biru (Tapa Darma, 1986). Berbagai usaha telah dilakukan untuk pencegahan serangan jamur blue stain, tetapi hasilnya belum memadai, antara lain dengan cara perlakuan fisik, kimia dan biologi. Perlakuan fisik dan kimia sering memberi dampak negatif pada lingkungan (seperti pencemaran), selain sulit dilakukan juga membutuhkan biaya yang besar. Dalam usaha dengan perlakuan secara biologi ini sering dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan dapat diatasi. Perlakuan biologi dengan menggunakan musuh alaminya dapat memberikan keuntungan yang besar bagi lingkungan. Menurut Umbreit (1962) bahwa T. viride merupakan salah satu species yang dapat bersifat antagonis terhadap jamur patogen yang paling banyak dijumpai, serta didapatkan secara luas didalam tanah dan bersifat antagonis terhadap beberapa jenis jamur tanah (Campbell, 1985). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh jamur antagonis Trichoderma viride terhadap pertumbuhan jamur blue stain (Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.) pada kayu karet...
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Judul: Financial Development and Income Inequality: Empirical Study in European Union and ASEAN+6 countries
Abstrak: High economic growth is needed to drive the economy, opening up more job opportunities and to attract investment. But economic growth alone is not enough to ensure that all communities get benefit from economic development. Some Asian countries such as South Korea, China, India and Indonesia experienced high economic growth but at the same time income inequality in these countries also rises. Income inequality increases in both developing and developed countries. High income inequalities bring negative impacts such as slower economic growth, rising unemployment and social problems. With the fact that income inequality increased globally and its negative impact on the economy, a strategy required to reduce it. One strategy that can boost economic growth while reducing the income inequality is financial development. Globalization gives us opportunity as well as threat. This encourages countries to establish economic integration in order to strengthen their position in the world. Countries in Southeast Asia also establish an organization known as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The cooperation extended trough Japan, China, South Korea, New Zealand, Australia, and India, as ASEAN +6. Globalization and regional economic integration is expected to promote economic development, including financial development through increased competition and access to the banking financial services. Various studies have shown a strong correlation between economic growth and financial development. In relation to the distribution of income, financial development influence individual economic opportunity. However, there is still a debate about the role of financial development in reducing income inequality related to who benefits most from financial development. Debate on the relationship between income inequality and financial development raises urgent questions for decision-makers about the role of government to improve the financial development that supports growth and reduces inequality, while maintaining economic and financial stability. Financial development in the framework of regional economic integration also requires the right government regulations related to financial openness. Policy should be adapted to the situation of the domestic economy as well as adaptable to other countries' policies. Therefore this study aimed to analyze the dynamics of the development of the financial sector and the income gap between developed countries and developing in the region that is economically integrated ASEAN +6 and the European Union. This study will also analyze the convergence of income inequality in the countries in the two regions. This study used data for the period 1991-2010 from 30 countries including 11 ASEAN +6 countries and 19 EU countries. These countries are Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Japan, China, South Korea, India, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, the UK, Sweden, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Descriptive analysis is used to provide an overview of financial development in the ASEAN +6 and the European Union. While the panel data regression analysis is used to examine the pattern of the relationship between income inequality and financial development and the degree of convergence of income inequality in the European Union and ASEAN +6. The result suggest there were convergence in income inequality with the convergence of income inequality in
Keyword: financial development, income inequality, economic integration