Judul: Sifat Kimia dan Total Bakteri Asam Laktat Kefir Susu Kambing dengan Penambahan ekstrak Buah Merah (Pandanus Conoideus Lam.).
Abstrak: Kefir merupakan produk fermentasi yang memiliki rasa, warna dan konsistensi yang mirip dengan yogurt serta memiliki aroma yeasty yang khas. Susu kambing dipilih karena tidak mengandung senyawa β-laktoglobulin sehingga tidak menyebabkan alergi, oleh karena itu ekstrak buah merah dapat digunakan sebagai aditif dalam makanan untuk meningkatkan nilai gizi, dan bekerja sebagai antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji sifat kimiawi dan total bakteri asam laktat pada kefir susu kambing dengan penambahan buah merah. Penambahan buah merah sebesar 0%, 2,5%, 5% dari total ekstrak buah merah dalam pembuatan kefir, analisis kimia yang diamati adalah persentase protein total, lemak total, kadar air, kadar abu dan total asam yang dititrasi. Analisis mikrobiologi yang diamati adalah total bakteri asam laktat. Rancangan analisis statistik yang diujikan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (ANOVA) dengan perlakuan penambahan ekstrak buah merah pada konsentrasi yang berbeda dengan tiga kali ulangan yaitu pertama tanpa penambahan buah merah atau kefir 100% sebagai kontrol; penambahan kedua ekstrak buah merah 2,5%; penambahan ketiga ekstrak buah merah 5%. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan persentase penambahan ekstrak buah merah pada formula kefir susu kambing tidak berpengaruh nyata (P > 0,05) terhadap semua analisa kimia dan total BAL.
Keyword: goat milk, kefir, red fruit

Judul: Chemical Properties and Total of Lactic Acid Bacteria of Cow’s Milk Kefir with Addition of Red Fruit Extract  (Pandanus Conoideus Lam).
Abstrak: Kefir merupakan produk susu fermentasi yang menggunakan bakteri asam laktat dan ragi. Susu sapi dipilih karena susu sapi merupakan zat pelengkap yang kaya akan nutrisi seperti protein, lemak, vitamin, mineral dan karbohidrat. Buah merah berfungsi sebagai aditif dalam makanan untuk meningkatkan nilai gizi, dan bekerja sebagai antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji sifat kimiawi dan total bakteri asam laktat pada kefir susu sapi dengan penambahan buah merah. Penambahan buah merah sebesar 0%, 2,5% dan 5% dari total ekstrak buah merah dalam pembuatan kefir. Rancangan analisis statistik yang diujikan adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan penambahan ekstrak buah merah pada konsentrasi yang berbeda dengan tiga kali ulangan yaitu pertama tanpa penambahan buah merah atau kefir 100% sebagai kontrol; penambahan kedua ekstrak buah merah 2,5%; penambahan ketiga ekstrak buah merah 5%. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan persentase penambahan ekstrak buah merah pada formula kefir susu sapi tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0.05) terhadap semua analisis kimia dan total bakteri asam laktat kecuali pada total asam tertitrasi berpengaruh nyata (P<0.05)., Kefir is a fermented milk product that uses lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Cow milk is the most prefereable raw material for kefir production due to its high nutrition content including protein, fat, vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates. Red fruit functions as an additive in food to increase nutritional value, and works as an antimicrobial. It leads to an assumption that the use of red fruit might be able to increase the functionality of kefir. The addition of red fruit by 0%, 2.5%, 5% of the total red fruit extract in the manufacture of kefir, the chemical analysis observed was the percentage of total protein, total fat, water content, ash content and total acid titrated. The microbiological analysis observed was the total lactic acid bacteria. The experiment was done under a completely randomized design. The data analysis was done under a one-way ANOVA. The results showed that the difference in the percentage of the addition of red fruit extract to the goat's milk kefir formula had no significant effect (P> 0.05) on all chemical analyzes and the total LAB except for TAT had a significant effect (P <0.05).
Keyword: Buah Merah, Kefir, Susu Sapi

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite