Judul: Analysis of Inefficiency and Determinants of Indonesia's Manufacturing Sector Exports to Several ASEAN Countries
Abstrak: Pertumbuhan ekonomi di wilayah ASEAN didorong oleh peran penting perdagangan internasional. Adanya Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) menandai babak baru yang meningkatkan daya saing dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di kawasan ASEAN. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan pangsa pasar ekspor manufaktur terbesar di kawasan ASEAN. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efisiensi ekspor dan determinan ekspor serta inefisiensi ekspor lima komoditas manufaktur Indonesia sebelum dan sesudah kesepakatan MEA. Metode yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah stochastic frontier gravity model dan data yang digunakan berupa data panel nilai ekspor Indonesia ke lima negara mitra dagang pada periode 2003-2022. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa GDP riil Indonesia dan jarak ekonomi memiliki pengaruh negatif yang signifikan terhadap ekspor manufaktur Indonesia, sementara GDP riil mitra memiliki pengaruh positif yang signifikan. Secara umum, variabel trade openness berdampak negatif dan signifikan terhadap inefisiensi ekspor manufaktur Indonesia, sementara dummy MEA berdampak positif dan signifikan. Selama periode penelitian, efisiensi ekspor manufaktur mengalami penurunan. Mitra dagang seperti Malaysia, Filipina, Thailand, dan Vietnam memiliki efisiensi di atas rata-rata ASEAN, sedangkan Singapura memiliki nilai efisiensi di bawah rata-rata ASEAN., The economic growth in the ASEAN region is driven by the crucial role of international trade. Establishing the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) marks a new phase that enhances competitiveness and economic growth in the ASEAN region. Indonesia is one of the countries with the largest market share for manufacturing exports in the ASEAN region. This research aims to analyze the export efficiency, determinants of exports, and export inefficiency of five major Indonesian manufacturing commodities before and after the AEC agreement. The research methodology employed a stochastic frontier gravity model, utilizing panel data of Indonesia's export values to five trading partner countries during the period of 2003-2022. The analysis results indicate that Indonesian’s real GDP and economic distance variable exhibit significant negative impacts on Indonesian manufacturing exports, while the real GDP of trading partners shows a significant positive impact. During the research period, the efficiency of manufacturing exports declined. Trading partners such as Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam exhibited efficiency above the ASEAN average, whereas Singapore had efficiency below the ASEAN average.
Keyword: efisiensi, inefisiensi, ASEAN, MEA, stochastic frontier gravity model

Judul: Analysis of Indonesian Export Efficiency in the ASEAN Region,  Before and After the ASEAN Economic Community
Abstrak: Perdagangan internasional memiliki peran penting dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi di wilayah Association of South East Ation Nation (ASEAN). Integrasi perdagangan melalui kesepakatan ASEAN Economic Community memiliki keuntungan dapat menjangkau akses pasar yang lebih luas, mencapai tingkat efisiensi dan daya saing ekonomi yang lebih tinggi, serta penyerapan tenaga kerja yang lebih besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi efisiensi ekspor barang Indonesia ke 9 negara mitra dagang di kawasan ASEAN sebelum dan sesudah ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah stochastic frontier gravity model. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa variabel PDB riil negara mitra dagang, PDB riil Indonesia, populasi, dan trade openness berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap efisiensi ekspor. Sedangkan variabel jarak ekonomi memiliki pengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap efisiensi ekspor. Variabel riil exchange rate, landlocked, dan dummy AEC berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap efisiensi ekspor Indonesia. Nilai efisiensi ekspor Indonesia selama periode penelitian selalu mengalami penurunan. Negara mitra dagang yang memiliki nilai efisiensi diatas rata-rata efisiensi ASEAN adalah Filipina, Kamboja, Brunei, dan Myanmar. Sedangkan negara Laos, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand, dan Vietnam memiliki nilai efisiensi dibawah rata-rata ASEAN., International trade has an important role in economic growth of the Association of South East Nations (ASEAN). Trade integration through the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) agreement has the advantage of being able to reach wider market access, achieve higher levels of efficiency and economic competitiveness, as well as greater employment. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the efficiency of Indonesian goods exports to 9 trading partner countries in the ASEAN region before and after the ASEAN Economic 3 Community (AEC). The method used in this research is the stochastic frontier gravity model. The results of the analysis show that the variables of real GDP of trading partner countries, Indonesia's real GDP, population, and trade openness have a positive and significant effect on export efficiency. Meanwhile, the economic distance variable has a negative and significant effect on export efficiency. The real exchange rate, landlocked, and dummy AEC variables have a negative and insignificant effect on the efficiency of Indonesia's exports. The value of Indonesia's export efficiency during the study period has always decreased. Trading partner countries that have efficiency values above the ASEAN average efficiency are the Philippines, Cambodia, Brunei, and Myanmar. Meanwhile, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam have efficiency values below the ASEAN average.
Keyword: AEC, ASEAN, Efficiency, Export of goods, Stochastic frontier gravity model

Judul: Hydrothermal Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Posphate
Abstrak: Biphasio calsium phosphate (BCP), which was a mixture of hydroxypatite (HA) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP), was synthesized by hydrothermal method followed by sintering process. Hydroxyapatite was produced by using natural calcium source CaO from hen's eggshell and (NH4)2HPO4 as phosphate souce, other hydroxyapatite sample was produce by using synthetic calcium source Ca(OH) and H3PO4 as phosphate source.
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