Judul: Kajian Pengaruh Laju Alir Gas So3 dan Suhu Reaksi Sulfonasi pada Karakteristik Surfaktan Methyl Ester Sulfonates Acid dari Jarak Pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) dengan Menggunakan Single Tube Falling Film Reactor
Abstrak: Surfactant is surface active agent that has ability to reduce surface and interfacial tension. Based on its ability, surfactant is used almost in all sectors of industries. It can be synthesized from petroleum, microorganism, and vegetable oil. Based on the hydrophilic part, it is divided into four groups: cationic, anionic, non-ionic, and amphoteric. Anionic surfactant is the most produced compared to other groups. Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES) is the anionic surfactant made from vegetable oil that is now being developed. MES has the similar, or even better, than Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates that is now the most produced anionic surfactant synthesized from petroleum. Jatropha curcas is potential to be developed as MES feedstock because it has high productivity and oil contain. Sulfonation process is the main process in MES production. There are some reactants can be used in sulfonation process but SO3 in the form of gas is the most common reactant used in industry. The sulfonation process of this research uses the Single Tube Falling Film Reactor. This research has purposes to find the effect of reactant flow rate and temperature to the characteristics of Methyl Ester Sulfonates Acid produced and also to find the best process condition. This research used factorial completely randomized design with two replications. The treatments used are reactant flow rate with levels 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, and 1.1 kg SO3/hr and temperature with levels 80, 100, and 120°C. Performance test shows that the reactant flow rate and temperature have significant effect in the surface tension value, inter-facial tension value, iodine number, acid number, pH, and active matter of MESA produced. MESA produced in this research could reduce the water surface tension from 41.88% up to 50.22%, has inter-facial tension value from 2.57 dyne/cm to 46.88 dyne/cm, iodine value from 50.96 mg I2/g MESA, acid value from 3.43 up to 10.79 mg NaOH/g MESA, pH from 1.42 to 1.73, and active matter from 0.08 to 13.66 percent. Based on this research, it is found that the MESA produced by 1.1 kg SO3 reactant flow rate/hr and 100°C temperature condition shows the best characteristic, especially in the inter-facial tension value.
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Judul: Kajian Pengaruh Suhu dan Lama Reaksi Sulfonasi Pada Pembuatan Methyl Ester Sulfonic Acid (Mesa) dari Metil Ester Minyak Biji Jarak Pagar (Jatropha Curcas L.) Menggunakan Single Tube Falling Film Reactor (Stfr) Skala 5l
Abstrak: Sufaktan merupakan senyawa aktif penurun tegangan permukaan yang dapat diproduksi secara kimiawi dan biokimiawi. Surfaktan dapat disintesis dari turunan minyak bumi dan minyak nabati. Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) merupakan salah satu jenis surfaktan anionik berbasis minyak nabati yang mampu bersaing dengan Linier Alkilbenzen Sulfonat (LAS) yang merupakan sintesis dari minyak bumi. Produksi surfaktan berbasis minyak nabati seperti metil ester sulfonat (MES) dapat dipenuhi dengan menggunakan minyak jarak pagar sebagai bahan bakunya karena jarak pagar memiliki kandungan minyak yang tinggi. Surfaktan metil ester sulfonat (MES) adalah salah satu jenis surfaktan anionik dimana pada gugus hidrofiliknya bermuatan negatif yang bersifat aktif permukaan. Sintesis metil ester sulfonat melibatkan proses sulfonasi sebagai proses utama. Proses sulfonasi merupakan proses terikatnya gugus sulfonat pada rantai hidrokarbon, dalam hal ini gugus karbon dari metil ester. Proses sulfonasi melibatkan pereaksi kimia yang mengandung gugus sulfat atau sulfit. Pereaksi kimia yang banyak dipakai dalam proses sulfonasi adalah gas SO3.
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Judul: Prevalence of Bird Lice on Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia
Abstrak: Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) have coexisted with humans for thousands of years and are used for various purposes such as food and in sports. Rock pigeons may have the potential to be infested with a wide range of ectoparasites, which can have a significant impact on their life cycle. This study aims to measure the prevalence of Columba livia with bird lice in 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia in the year 2020 and to ascertain the impact of bird lice on the health of these infested birds. Data were collected from clinical records for the month of January to December in the year 2020 from 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Lice were identified in 42 of the 80 Rock pigeons examined so, the overall prevalence of lice infestations was 52.5%. The prevalence of ectoparasites was found to be higher in young Rock pigeons (60.4%) as compared to adult Rock pigeons (37.4%). Columbicola columbae (wing lice) and Colpocephalum turbinatum (body lice) are two species of lice that have been detected. Body lice were more prevalent in young Columba livia birds at 47.6% whereas wing lice were more prevalent in adult Columba livia birds at 16.7%. Most of the lice were found in the thorax and abdomen area followed by the head and neck area., Merpati Batu (Columba livia) telah hidup berdampingan dengan manusia selama ribuan tahun dan digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan seperti makanan dan olahraga. Merpati batu dapat terinfestasi dengan berbagai ektoparasit, yang dapat berdampak signifikan pada siklus hidup mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prevalensi Columba livia dengan kutu burung di 99 Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia pada tahun 2020 dan untuk memastikan dampaknya terhadap kesehatan burung yang terinfestasi. Data dikumpulkan dari catatan klinis dari bulan Januari hingga Desember tahun 2020 dari 99Wonderland Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Kutu diidentifikasi pada 42 dari 80 merpati batu yang diperiksa sehingga, prevalensi keseluruhan infestasi kutu adalah 52,5%. Prevalensi ektoparasit ditemukan lebih tinggi pada merpati batu muda (60,4%) dibandingkan dengan merpati batu dewasa (37,4%). Columbicola columbae (kutu sayap) dan Colpocephalum turbinatum (kutu badan) adalah dua spesies kutu yang telah ditemukan. Kutu badan lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia muda sebesar 47,6% sedangkan kutu sayap lebih banyak ditemukan pada burung Columba livia dewasa sebesar 16,7%. Sebagian besar kutu ditemukan di daerah dada dan abdomen diikuti daerah kepala dan leher.
Keyword: Columba livia, prevalence, ectoparasite, wing lice, body lice, Columba livia, prevalensi, ektoparasit, kutu sayap, kutu badan