Judul: Analisis perilaku meminjam dan menabung rumah tangga pedesaan kasus tiga desa di Kabupaten Sumedang, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Salah satu tantangan yang sangat menonjol dihadapi Incwnesia pada awal Pelita I (1969-1974) adalah kekurangan pa an. Beras yang merupakan makanan pokok penduduk, produksinya sa at rendah sehingga negara harus mengimpor dalam jumlah yang am B besar, oleh karena itu sektor pertanian mendapat perhatian khusus dalam pembangunan ekonomi. Laporan Bank Dunia tahun 1990 yang lalu menyatakan Indonesia sebagai contoh/kasus negara yang dianggap sangat berhasil dalam mengurangi kemiskinan, baik di perkotaan maupun di pedesaan. Dalam periode 11 tahun ( 1976-1987), jumlah penduduk yang pendapatannya di bawah garis kemiskinan ditaksir telah turun dari 40,1 persen atau 54,2 juta orang menjadi 17,4 persen atau 30 juta orang (BPS, 1991). ...
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Judul: Analisis pola pengeluaran rumah tangga pedesaan : Desa Rawagempol kulon, Kecamatan Cilamaya kabupaten Karawang
Abstrak: Kondisi ketimpangan akibat pembangunan yang sedang berlangsung merupakan masalah yang sering ditemukan dida- lam pembangunan ekonomi suatu negara. Peningkatan pertum- buhan ekonomi umumnya tidak diikuti dengan pemerataan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakatnya. Kondisi yang sama juga ditemui pada rumah tangga pedesaaan sehingga ditemu- kan rumah tangga yang tergolong miskin dan tidak miskin. Berdasarkan nilai pengeluaran perkapita perbulan yang telah disesuaikan dengan tingkat inflasi yang berlaku diperoleh nilai pengeluaran perkapita perbulan sebesar Rp. 25722.11, dengan menggunakan batas kemiskinian ini dari 42 rumah tangga yang dijadikan contoh diperoleh 11 rumah tangga yang tergolong miskin dan 31 rumah tangga yang tidak miskin.
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Judul: Development of DNA Vaccine Encoding Glycoprotein of Koi Herpes Virus Using Local Isolate.
Abstrak: The aim of this research was to develop DNA vaccine of Koi Herpesvirus in carp. Glycoprotein gene originated from ORF 25 KHV virus that is 1.8 kbp in size, is a potential gene in DNA vaccine construction. The sequencing and similarity analysis of the gene using BLAST software showed that this gene is a GP25 gene and was found to be very similar (99%) to GP25 of KHV virus from the USA and Israel. When this GP25 gene was ligated with pGEMT Easy (pT, 3 kbp in size) vector, plasmid size was increasing up to 5 kb. Following this, a digestion of pT-GP25 plasmid using Sal I enzyme was applied resulted in a GP25 fragment (1.8 kbp). Subsequently, pAct-D6 with a size of 8.5 kbp was also cut using the same enzyme to eleminate a D6 gene with a size of 1.6 kbp. GP25 gene was then ligated with pAct resulted a pAct-GP25 plasmid with a size of 8.8 kbp. As there was only one restriction site applied, ligation can be occurred in two different directions. Thus, in order to determine the plasmid with the desired direction PCR analysis was carried out, and plasmid with the right direction was the one that sized approximately 2.1 kbp (no. 6, 17 and 20). High level of GFP gene expression was detected in all tissues analyzed, i.e. kidney, gil, spleen, and muscle 24 hours after injection which indicated that β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka could be active in common carp. Although not as high as on 24 hours, expression was still detected until day 7 and disappeared after day 28 post injection indicating that pAct-GFP can be remained and β-actin promoter of Japanese medaka can be active in muscle, gills and kidney at least a week after injection. The result of RT-PCR analysis on pAct-GP25 injected common carp showed that GP25 gene expression can be detected 14 days after injection in all tissues observed. The expression level differences between GFP and GP25 genes possibly related to the primer sensitivity on annealing process to cDNA template and the size of PCR targeted DNA fragment, as smaller PCR targeted product will be easier to be amplified than a bigger one. The length of PCR targeted DNA with GP25 primer was 1.8 kbp whereas GFP gene was 0.6 kbp.The challenge test on common carp results showed that all unvaccinated and negative control (not infected with KHV) was alive until the end of the experiment. Whereas, the survival of fish vaccinated with a dose of 12.5 was ranged from 60.9 and 96.7%. In relation to the activity of β-actin promoter that was used in this DNA vaccine, gene expression was occured 24 hours after vaccination and remained until 2 weeks. The control fish that was not injected by GP25 showed no GP25 expression either in the observed tissues or organs and resulted in a lower survival, i.e. 23.3%. The challenge test results has indicated that the fish vaccinated with GP25 at doses of 7.5 and 12.5 μg/100μL were able to produce KHV glycoprotein in their body which would be
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