Judul: Polimorfisme gen Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I (IGF-1) dan gen Pituitary Positive Transcription Factor-1 (Pit-1) serta pengaruhnya terhadap pertumbuhan ayam lokal di Indonesia
Abstrak: Conservation in poultry genetic variation is necessary to maintain specific traits in poultry that may be utilized in the future. Morphologic measurement is one of the identification methods on genetic variation in Indonesian local chicken breeds. This study is expected to give a result on data acquisition on body weight and other morphologic character of local chicken breeds at several ages, therefore, the data can be applied to poultry selection. Local chicken growth is known to be low compared to broiler chicken. Growth is dependent on genetic and environmental factors; several genes controlling growth have been thoroughly studied. IGF-1 and Pit-1 genes are among the group of growth genes that have been recently draw attention for thorough research. Those genes play role in somatic growth, i.e., muscle, bone, epithelial and fibroblast cells. Those genes as well control production of growth and prolactin hormone. Therefore this study was designed to explore IGF-1 and Pit-1 genes in accordance with growth in Indonesia endogenous chickens. Local and broiler chickens were the object of this study which applied two steps of analyses. First, phenotypic variation by measuring morphologic characters, such as body weight, length of shank, length of beak, breast width, back width, and breast perimeter. Second, polymorphic analysis in IGF-1 and Pit-1 genes. Genotyping using PCR-RFLP - restriction enzyme Pst-1 was carried out on each individuals of local and broiler chickens. This study also attempted in correlating phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Results of this study indicated body weight and other morphologic characters of eight weeks-broiler chicken were higher than those of local chicken races (P<0.01). Among local chickens at the age of 28 weeks, pelung was the highest in morphologic characters compared to kedu, sentul, and kampong. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on chicken morphologic characters of eight week age resulted in three clusters, i.e., broilers, pelung, and kedu, kampong and sentul. On the other hand, the analysis on 28 week aged-chickens resulted in two clusters, pelung and kedu, kampong and sentul. Similarity index of kampong was 64.70%, as it was influenced by composite index of kedu (17.70%) and sentul (17.60%). Similarity index of sentul was 71.40%, influenced by composite index of kampong 28.60 %. Kedu has similarity index of 81.20%, influenced by kampong 18.80%. Similarity index of pelung was the highest (100%), it was not dependent on composite index of other chickens. Discriminant variable on local chicken contributed significantly on back length 0.924 (canonical-1) and breast perimeter 0.870 (canonical-2), its canocial structure value was relatively high. IGF-1 gen composed three genotypes (AA, AB, and BB) in broiler chickens, while that of local chickens was two genotypes (AA and AB). Body weight in all races of chickens at entire ages with AA genotypes was lower compared to chickens with AB genotypes. Body weight of sentul, kedu, and kampong at the ages of one to five months was not significantly different, in spite of the two different genotypes (AA and AB). Back length and breast perimeter of pelung ((P<0.05) were higher compared to sentul, kedu, and kampong, regardless genotyping (AA and AB). . Pit-1 gene in exon
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Judul: Hubungan Keragaman Gen IGF2 dan GHR terhadap Sifat Pertumbuhan pada Ayam Lokal.
Abstrak: Local chicken is one of local genetic resources which is potential to be developed as meat producer in Indonesia. Local chicken has some superiority such as adapted in tropic and strong immune system but local chicken still has a weakness which is slow growth. Moleculer technique can be used as one of selection method based on MAS (Marker Assisted Selection) which can be determined by identification of major genes that control growth in chicken such as IGF2 (Insuline-like Growth Factor 2) and GHR (Growth Hormone Receptor) genes. This study aimed to analyze the polymorphism of IGF2 and GHR genes in some local chicken populations and the association with growth traits in kampung chicken. Research consisted of two steps namely analysis of IGF2 and GHR genes polymorphimsm in some chicken populations and association of IGF2 and GHR genes with growth traits in kampung chicken. A total of 313 head of chickens from nine populations consisted of kampung, pelung, sentul, merawang, commercial meat type and the crossbred of kampung-commercial meat type, commercial meat type-kampung, pelung-sentul, and sentul-kampung chickens were used as DNA resources for polymorphism analysis. A total of 56 head of kampung chickens were used as matery for association analysis. Genotyping was done by PCR-RFLP method (Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fargment Length Polymorphism). The data analysis were genotype frequency, allele frequency, heterozigosity, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and association of genotype and phenotype using GLM (General Linear Model). Result showed there were TC mutation on IGF2 gene and GA mutation on GHR gene. IGF2 gene in all population was polymorphic. GHR gene was monomorphic in pelung, sentul and the crossbreed of pelung-sentul chickens. IGF2 gene had high heterozigosity in the crossbred of pelung-sentul, kampung and crossbred of kampung-commercial meat type whereas there was no population with high heterozigosity on GHR gene. The association analysis showed there was no association between IGF2 and GHR genes polymorphism with growth traits in kampung chicken.
Keyword: GHR gene, growth traits, IGF2 gene, local chicken, polymorphism

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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