Judul: Gen Resistansi Tetrasiklin Escherichia coli yang Diisolasi dari Ayam Suwir Bubur Ayam
Abstrak: Keberadaan Escherichia coli (E. coli) resistan dalam ayam suwir bubur ayam menjadi masalah serius dalam kesehatan masyarakat. E. coli resistan dapat menurunkan efektivitas pengobatan antibiotik dalam menangani infeksi dan mampu mentransfer gen resistan ke bakteri lain secara horizontal maupun vertikal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik tetrasiklin pada E. coli yang diisolasi dari ayam suwir bubur ayam. Penelitian ini menggunakan tujuh isolat E. coli yang resistan terhadap antibiotik yang berasal dari sampel ayam suwir bubur ayam dari 15 pedagang di sekitar kampus IPB Dramaga. Keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik tetrasiklin dideteksi dengan menggunakan quantitative realtime polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 86% (6/7) isolat memiliki setidaknya satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik tetrasiklin. Gen tetO, tetA, dan tetX dideteksi pada isolat dengan prevalensi secara berurutan sebesar 71%, 57%, dan 43%. Tingginya prevalensi gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik tetrasiklin berpotensi menjadi sumber penyebaran resistansi antibiotik ke lingkungan yang dapat berdampak pada kesehatan masyarakat.
Keyword: antibiotik, ayam suwir, Escherichia coli, tetrasiklin

Judul: Gambaran Resistensi Escherichia coli yang Diisolasi dari Peternakan Ayam Broiler terhadap Antibiotik di Desa Bojongkerta Kabupaten Sukabumi
Abstrak: Escherichia coli merupakan flora normal intestinal yang dapat menyebabkan infeksi oportunistik. Antibiotik merupakan salah satu usaha pengendalian terhadap infeksi bakteri. Penggunaan yang tidak sesuai dapat menyebabkan resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan gambaran resistensi dari bakteri E. coli yang diisolasi dari kloaka ayam broiler di Desa Bojongkerta Kabupaten Sukabumi terhadap antibiotik ampisilin, gentamisin, kloramfenikol, asam nalidiksat, siprofloksasin, eritromisin, dan oksitetrasiklin. Pengujian resistensi antibiotik menggunakan metode difusi cakram menurut Kirby-Bauer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 6 dari 8 isolat E. coli yang diisolasi mengalami resistensi terhadap ampisilin, gentamisin, asam nalidiksat, eritromisin, oksitetrasiklin, kloramfenikol, dan siprofloksasin, 2 isolat sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol, dan 1 isolat menunjukkan hasil intermediet terhadap siprofloksasin. Penggunaan antibiotik pada pengobatan penyakit harus didukung dengan manajemen pemeliharaan yang baik.
Keyword: ayam broiler,, E. coli, resistensi antibiotik

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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