Judul: Effect of Yellowfin Tuna Gastric Pepsin Enzyme Activity on the Physical Characteristic and Histology of Beef
Abstrak: Peningkatan produksi tuna di Indonesia menimbulkan permasalahan baru terutama dalam penanganan limbahnya. Aplikasi pepsin dari lambung tuna merupakan salah satu upaya pemanfaatan limbah dalam bidang pangan misalnya pengempuk daging sapi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menentukan pengaruh aktivitas enzim pepsin dari lambung tuna terhadap karakteristik fisik dan histologi daging sapi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan satu faktor, yaitu aktivitas enzim 0, 14.000 dan 28.000 U/mg pada daging sapi dengan penyimpanan pada 4 oC selama 4 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penambahan pepsin 28.000 U/mg mempengaruhi nilai pH menjadi yang paling rendah, persentase perubahan bobot yang paling rendah, nilai daya mengikat air yang paling tinggi serta profil tekstur yang paling rendah dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya. Kerusakan pada histologi daging terjadi secara bertahap di beberapa titik pada matriks daging yang tidak banyak mengandung kolagen. Penambahan pepsin lambung tuna berperan dalam perubahan karakteristik fisik daging serta terjadinya perusakan struktur histologi daging.
Keyword: pepsin enzymes, physical characteristic, histology

Judul: The Effect of Drying Methods on  Pepsin Activity from Yellowfin Tuna Gastric (Thunnus albacares)
Abstrak: Pepsin merupakan enzim proteolitik yang aktif dalam kondisi asam. Bahan baku alternatif penghasil pepsin adalah lambung ikan tuna sirip kuning. Tujuan penelitian ini mengkarakterisasi enzim pepsin dari lambung tuna sirip kuning dan menentukan pengaruh pengeringan terhadap aktivitas enzim. Metode pengeringan yang digunakan, yaitu spray drying dan freeze drying. Aktivitas spesifik ekstrak kasar pepsin 19.982,52 U/mg, dengan Vmaks 50.000 mmol/s dan Km 0,5 mM. Pepsin optimum pada suhu 50°C dan pH 2, serta memiliki bobot molekul 32,837 kDa. Pepsin hasil spray dryer memiliki aktivitas spesifik 7693,5 U/mg, serta nilai Vmaks 833,33 mmol/s dan Km 0,5 mM, sedangkan hasil freeze dryer memiliki aktivitas spesifik 8606,75 U/mg, serta nilai Vmaks dan Km berturut-turut 1666,67 mmol/s dan 0,833 mM. Bobot molekul pepsin hasil pengeringan spray dryer 33,764 kDa dan freeze dryer 33,64 kDa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan aktivitas spesifik pepsin menurun setelah proses pengeringan., Pepsin is a proteolytic enzyme that has the ability active in acidic conditions. The alternative raw material for pepsin is the stomach of yellowfin tuna. The purpose of this study was to characterize the pepsin enzyme from the stomach of yellowfin tuna and to analyze the enzyme activity after drying process. The drying method was used spray drying and freeze drying. The specific activity of pepsin crude extract was 19.982,52 U/mg, with Vmax 50.000 mmol/s and Km 0,5 mM. The optimum pepsin at 50oC temperature and pH 2, and has a molecular weight 31,837 kDa. The dried pepsin with spray drying has a specific activity 7693,5 U/mg, with Vmax 833,33 mmol/s and Km 0,5 mM, whereas with freeze drying has a specific activity 8606,75 U/mg, Vmax and Km values respectively 1666,67 mmol/s and 0,833 mM. The molecular weight of pepsin enzyme with spray drying 33,764 kDa and freeze drying 33,64 kDa. The results showed the specific activity of pepsin decreased after the drying process
Keyword: Aktivitas enzim, Pengeringan beku, Pengeringan semprot, Pepsin

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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