Judul: Morfohistologi Saluran Pencernaan Lebah Madu Apis cerana dan Apis mellifera
Abstrak: Lebah madu merupakan serangga sosial yang hidup dalam satu koloni dengan pembagian tugas yang efisien. Satu koloni lebah madu terdiri atas lebah ratu, lebah jantan, dan lebah pekerja. Lebah madu yang banyak dipilih masyarakat untuk dibudidayakan adalah Apis cerana dan A. mellifera. Penelitian mengenai morfohistologi saluran pencernaan A. cerana dan A. mellifera belum banyak dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengukur dan membandingkan morfologi saluran pencernaan serta struktur histologi saluran pencernaan A. cerana dan A. mellifera. Pengamatan dan pengukuran dilakukan pada setiap bagian morfologi tubuh, morfologi saluran pencernaan, dan histologi saluran pencernaan. Apis cerana memiliki ukuran tubuh yang lebih pendek daripada A. mellifera. Panjang total saluran pencernaan A. cerana dari esofagus hingga rektum adalah 18.51 mm, sedangkan A. mellifera adalah 18.64 mm. Setiap bagian saluran pencernaan A. cerana dan A. mellifera terdiri atas susunan jaringan yang sama. Perbedaan keduanya terdapat pada ukuran saluran pencernaan, struktur morfologi pyloric valve, struktur morfologi rectal pad (rectal gland), dan struktur histologi proventrikulus.
Keyword: jaringan, lebah, metode parafin, saluran pencernaan

Judul: Morfohistologi Saluran Pencernaan Dua Spesies Stingless Bee (Tetragonula laeviceps dan Heterotrigona itama).
Abstrak: Stingless bee merupakan lebah tanpa sengat dari subfamili Meliponinae. Sumber pakan lebah stingless bee berupa nektar dan polen yang dicerna melalui saluran pencernaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur dan membandingkan morfohistologi saluran pencernaan lebah H. itama dan T. laeviceps. Sebanyak 19 individu lebah masing-masing spesies digunakan untuk pengukuran dan pembuatan preparat. Preparat dibuat menggunakan metode parafin dengan pewarnaan ganda Hematoksilin-eosin (HE). Pengukuran meliputi panjang tubuh, panjang saluran pencernaan, keliling dalam (KD), keliling luar (KL), luas lumen (LL) dan luas bidang usus (LBU) dan kemudian diuji dengan two-way ANOVA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa T. laeviceps berukuran lebih pendek dan kecil dibanding H. itama. Pengukuran morfometrik saluran pencernaan menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata keliling dalam dan luas bidang usus H. itama lebih besar dibandingkan T. laeviceps. Heterotrigona itama dan Tetragonula laeviceps memiliki perbedaan pada rektum, lebih tepatnya pada bagian rectal pad. Rectal hollow pada H. itama berada di bagian bawah rectal pad. Tetragonula laeviceps tidak memiliki rectal hollow, tetapi memiliki rectal pad yang lebih membulat.
Keyword: morfohistologi, saluran pencernaan, stingless bee

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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