Judul: Sustainability Assessment of Biogas Production from Tofu Wastewater Using Composite Indicator: (A case study in tofu industry Giriharja, Sumedang)
Abstrak: Tofu industries in Indonesia was dominated by Small Medium Enterprices (SMEs) that not implemented wastewater treatment due to several limitation, such as technological knowledge and cost. However, various grant had been given, one of which was from Lien Fooundation and NEWRICOMM, Singapore that colaborated with Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, BRIN to install Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) in Giriharja. Several biogas project grants were no longer operated, indicating the importance of sustainability assassment. Since, 70% management control came from post installation that played important roles for the capability of WWTP to run normall. In this study, composite indicator (CSI) was used due to their ability to assess the effectiveness, efficiency, and the impact of biogas production in WWTP. A composite indicator is formed when individual indicators were compiled into a single index, on the basis of an underlying model of the multi-dimensional concept that being measured. Using CSI, the different of measurement units from indicators could transformed as unitless by normalization and thourgh aggregation would be obtained a composite values from several indicators. This study was conducted in Giriharja WWTP, where treated tofu wastewater from 9 SMEs with 2,014 kg soybean/day. The WWTP could produced biogas which used as cooking energy by the households. The aim of this study was to assess sustainability of biogas production in WWTP using Composite Indicator (CI), steps: i) selection and assessment of indicators, ii) CSI assessment, and iii) impact evaluation. The selected indicators were 2 Environment indicators (waste managment and clean production (water quality) dan Green House Gas (GHG) emmision; 5 Social indicators (public acceptance, odor, visual impact, technological complecity, and bioenergy used to expand access modern energy service); and 3 Economic indicators (productivity, net energy balance/NEB, energy diversity). Indicator values from baseline scenario in GHG was 5.67 Gg-CO2 eq/year without COD reduction. Public acceptance, odor, and visual impact values were 96.15%; 90.38%; and 90.38% respectively. Meanwhile, energy diversity was 0.92 with energy comsumption composition LPG+biomassa dan LPG were 4 and 96% respectively. Biogas scenario showed 3.17 Gg-CO2 eq/year GHG emission with COD reduction effesiency was 93.35%. Public acceptance, odor, and visual impact values were 69.23%; 9.62%; dan 13.46% respectively. Biogas scenario values has higher technological complecity than baseline (LPG), hence the biogas production gave acecible of modern bioenergy for 49.32% of respondents. The biogas productivity was 0.13 MJ/m3 wastewater with NEB values 124.48 MJ/ton tofu wastewater and the ratio efficiency of anaerobic digester operation valued 55.04. Energy diversity valued 0.59 with energy comsumption composition: LPG, Biogas+LPG, and Biogas were 26, 72, and 2% respectively. CSI value on environment for biogas scenario (0.30) had higher sustainability than baseline (0.01) with the implementation of tofu wastewater managment. Social dimension high influenced by the higher weight of technological complecity. Meanwhile, economic sustainability of biogas scenario (0.11) higher than baseline (0.01). The impact of biogas production from environment sustainability perspective could reduce GHG emission 2.50 Gg-CO2 eq/year which indicated the improvement of environment. In social dimension, biogas scenario impact could reduce odor and river pollution. Regarding the performance of WWTP, could produced biogas 59.25 m3/day. According to
Keyword: iogas, Sustainability, Tofu wastewater, Composite Indicator

Judul: Sustainability Analysis of Rural Bioenergy: Case Study of Biogas In Kalisari Village Banyumas Regency Central Java
Abstrak: Limbah cair tahu yang diproduksi oleh pengrajin tahu di Desa Kalisari pernah menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi kehidupan sosial, ekonomi dan ekologi masyarakat. Pembangunan infrastruktur biogas berbahan baku limbah tahu telah membantu memulihkan kondisi sosial, ekonomi dan ekologi masyarakat Desa Kalisari Kinerja biogas limbah tahu di Desa Kalisari saat ini mulai mengalami penurunan kualitas yang berpengaruh terhadap keberlanjutannya. Beberapa faktor yang berpengaruh diantaranya kerusakan pada jaringan dan instalasi biogas, ketidakdisiplinan masyarakat dalam membuang limbah serta kurangnya partisipasi masyarakat Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1) mengestimasi biaya dan manfaat dari pengelolaan limbah tahu sebelum dan susudah adanya internalisasi biaya. eksternalitas 2) menganalisis status keberlanjutan biogas limbah tahu pedesaan 3) menganalisis strategi pengembangan biogas limbah tahu pedesaan. Analisis data meliputi estimasi biaya produksi sebelum-sesudah internalisasi biaya eksternalitas dengan metode biaya total, estimasi biaya eksternalitas dengan menggunakan beberapa pendekatan seperti metode biaya pengobatan, metode perubahan produktivitas, biaya pengganti, metode harga pasar, metode IPCC, analisis status keberlanjutan menggunakan metode multidimensional scalling berdasarkan lima dimensi (sosial, ekonomi, ekologi, kelembagaan dan teknologi), analisis strategi pengembangan biogas limbah tahu menggunakan analisis SWOT. Biaya produksi yang diestimasi berguna untuk melihat perubahan presentase biaya produksi sebelum dan sesudah internalisasi biaya eksternalitas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan presentase biaya produksi sebelum dan sesudah internalisasi biaya eksternalitas mengalami kenaikan sebesar 0.94 persen. Namun kenaikano biaya produksi tersebut tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap penerimaan dan keuntungan yang didapatkan pengrajin tahu di Desa Kalisari karena kenaikan biaya tersebut diperoleh hanya dari tambahan iuran perawatan biogas sebesar Rp 15 000/bulan. Estimasi biaya eksternalitas meliputi biaya kompensasi terhadap kesehatan yang menurun, biaya kehilangan pendapatan, dan nilai manfaat dari pengolahan limbah tahu di Desa Kalisari mencapai Rp 140 200 000/tahun. Sementara nilai manfaat yang meliputi penerimaan penjualan kerupuk ampas tahu, penjualan ampas tahu, penghematan bahan bakar dan nilai reduksi emisi karbon mencapai Rp 775 621 000/tahun. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa dibandingkan terbuang begitu saja, limbah tahu yang diolah kembali memberikan manfaat signifikan bagi masyarakat., Tofu liquid waste produced by the tofu craftsmen in Kalisari Village had a negative impact on the social, economic and ecological for community life. The development of infrastructure biogas from tofu waste had helped restore the social, economic and ecological conditions of the community in Kalisari Village. The performance of biogas from tofu waste in Kalisari Village determine the sustainability. Some influential factors include damage the network and the installation of biogas, indiscipline to waste disposal and lack of public participation. The objectives of this research were 1) to estimate the cost and benefits of waste management before and after the internalization of externality costs 2) to analyze the biogas sustainability status of rural biogas from tofu waste 3) to analyze the development strategy of rural biogas from tofu waste. Data analysis includes estimation of production cost before-after internalization of externality cost by total cost method, externality cost estimate using several approaches such as method of medical cost, productivity change method, Teplacement cost, market price method, IPCC method, sustainability status analysis using multidimensional scaling method based on five dimensions (social, economic, ecology, institutional and technology), development strategy of biogas from tofu waste using SWOT analysis. The estimated production
Keyword: Rural Biogas, SWOT Analisis, Biogas from tofu waste

Judul: Plasmodium Juxtanucleare Salah Satu Penyebab Penyakit Malaria Pada Ayam
Abstrak: Plasmodium juxtanucleare adalah parasit darah yang menyebabkan penyakit malaria pada ayam dan termasuk dalam jenis Plasmodium. Skizon yang dihasilkan berbentuk bulat seperti telur, tidak beraturan. Gametositnya berbentuk bulat seperti telur, tidak beraturan atau memanjang. Sel yang terinfeksi dapat berubah bentuk. Parasit ini menghasilkan pigmen dan ditularkan oleh nyamuk dari jenis Culex. Infeksi ayam terjadi pada saat sporozoit masuk kedalam aliran darah dan selanjutnya memasuki sel-sel dari RES. Kemudian berkembang melalui dua generasi dari skizon ekso eritrositik yang primer yaitu kriptozoit dan metakriptozoit. Merozoit yang dihasilkan dilepas ke aliran darah dan memasuki eritrosit-eritrosit. Lalu menghasilkan skizon ekso eritrositik yang sekunder di dalam limpa, ginjal dan sel endotel dari hati. Trofozoit merupakan stadium inisial dari merozoit setelah invasi ke dalam eritrosit. Setelah itu terjadi pembelahan dari inti sampai menghasilkan skizon yang matang dan mengandung anak inti. Dari skizon akan menghasilkan merozoit dan sel inang dirobek sehingga merozoit bebas dan langsung menyerang eritrosit lainnya. Kadang beberapa merozoit pada saat masuk eritrosit mengalami diferensiasi menjadi gametosit-gametosit. ...
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