Judul: Studi kasus kalkuli saluran urinarius pada ruminansia kecil (kambing)
Abstrak: Studi kasus kalkuli urinanus pada ruminansia kecil dilakukan pada seekor kambing (ras PE), dengan jenis kelamin jantan yang berumur lebih kurang 5 tahun. Selama hidup kambing tersebut diberi pakan konsentrat yang mengandung kalsium (Ca) dan fosfor (P) tinggi. Pengamatan akhir selama 3 hari memperlihatkan gejala tidak urinasi, gland penis merah dan bengkak serta kesakitan saat palpasi pada bagian ventral abdomen. Pemeriksaan terhadap letak kalkuli dalam saluran urin dilakukan dengan menggunakan kateter. Teknik operasi untuk mengeluarkan kalkuli, yaitu dengan amputasi prosesus uretralis dan uretrotomi perineal. Prognosa dinyatakan infausta dan mati akibat uremia. Pemeriksaan secara patologi anatomi pada organ saluran urinarius ditemukan ada kalkuli yang menyumbat pada saluran urin, yaitu kedua ginjal, ureter, vesika urinaria dan uretra. Sejumlah kalkuli juga dijumpai di ginjal. Dari bentuk fisik, kalkuli diduga termasuk tipe karbonat.
Keyword: urinary tract, sheep, calculi

Judul: Urolithiasis Pada Sapi
Abstrak: Terdapatnya endapan abnormal yang berupa batu-batuan atau kristal dalam traktus urinarius, yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit sering, disebut urolithiasis. Urolithiasis dikenal juga dengan nama calculi urinaria. Kejadian calculi urinaria sangat tinggi pada ruminan sia yang digembalakan maupun dikandangkan dimana padang rumput serta makanannya mengandung komponen calculogenic yang tinggi seperti oxalat, phosphat atau silikat. Frek- wensi kejadian penyakit ini kira-kira sama tinggi pada sa pi betina induk, pejantan, dara, maupun sapi jantan muda, tetapi gangguan urolithiasis terutama merupakan masalah pada sapi jantan muda yang dikebiri. Penyebab urolithiasis bersifat kompleks, dimana ber- bagai faktor saling berpengaruh pada pembentukan urolith. Urolith terbentuk apabila bahan yang terlarut dalam urine mengalami pengendapan. Ada beberapa faktor yang mempermu dah pembentukan urolith, yaitu (1) pembentukan nidus atau inti yang di sekitarnya dapat terjadi pengerasan, (2) pengendapan bahan yang terlarut dalam urine di sekitar nidus, dan (3) pembentukan calculi oleh adanya mucoprotein dalam urine yang bertindak sebagai bahan penyemen pada en dapan garam. Kastrasi yang dilakukan terlalu awal dan penggunaan hormone estrogen pada sapi jantan kastrasi untuk tujuan penggemukan merupakan faktor predisposisi terjadinya retensi urine akibat calculi dalam lumen urethra. Urolithiasis ditandai dengan tiga macam syndrome yang berlainan yaitu; obstruksi urethra, perforasi urethra dan Urolithiasis yang tidak disertai obstruksi pada traktus urinarius secara umum tidak terlihat adanya gejala klinis…dst
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite