Judul: Aktivitas antimikroha kefir dan stabilitasnya selama penyimpangan dan pemanasan
Abstrak: Kefir merupakan salah satu bentuk susu asam yang menggunakan bakteri asam laktat dalam pembuatannya. Metabolit-etbolt yang dihasilkan oleh dari asam laktat dalam produk-produk susu fermentasi (anti bakteri dari antibiotik alami) bci?anggung jawab mcnlpcrpanjang umur sin~panm altanan dcngan cara mcnghanlbat organisme pencemar makanan.
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Judul: Kefir sebagai probiotik
Abstrak: Mikroflora dalam usus dapat berpengaruh positif terhadap tubuh induk semangnya apabila berada pada kondisi keseimbangan tertentu dengan komposisi dominasi mikroflora yang bersifat menguntungkan. Berbagai literatur menyatakan bahwa bakteri asam laktat bersifat menguntungkan terhadap kesehatan tubuh manusia sehingga umum digunakan sebagai probiotik. Probiotik berarti preparat yang mengandung mikroba hidup yang dimasukkan ke dalam tubuh manusia atau ternak secara oral dan diharapkan mampu memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap kesehatan dengan cara memperbaiki sifat mikroba alami tubuh. Salah satu jenis susu fermentasi yang diduga dapat bersifat sebagai probiotik adalah kefir. Kefir merupakan susu fermentasi berasal dari Rusia yang dibuat secara tradisional menggunakan starter kombinasi berupa granula kefir, yang mengandung bakteri asam laktat, yeast dan bakteri asam asetat. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Pemuliaan dan Genetika, Laboratorium Pengolahan Susu dan Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Nutrisi, Fakultas Peternakan, IPB dari bulan April sampai dengan Agustus 1999. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kefir terhadap perubahan mikroflora usus. Perubahan yang diharapkan berupa peningkatan jumlah bakteri asam laktat dan penurunan jumlah bakteri Escherichia coli. Materi penelitian adalah mencit lepas sapih, kefir, medium untuk pengenceran dan medium untuk inokulasi berupa MRSA (de Mann, Rogosa und Sharpe Agar), VRBA (Violet Red Bile Agar) dan TSB (Tryptone Soya Agar) yang ditambah bacto agar. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara memberikan kefir setiap hari ke mencit kemudian dilihat perubahan mikroflora usus setelah mencit mengkonsumsi kefir. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial 4x2 dengan faktor perlakuan berupa pemberian kefir (0%, 0.01%, 0.02% dan 0.03% dari bobot tubuh) dan jenis kelamin (jantan dan betina). Setiap perlakuan dilakukan dua kali ulangan. Percobaan pemberian kefir ke mencit menunjukkan bahwa kefir mampu menghambat penurunan jumlah bakteri asam laktat dalam usus mencit. Pada perlakuan kontrol terjadi penurunan jumlah bakteri asam laktat sebesar 87,4%, pada pemberian kefir 0,01% sebesar 80,2%, pada pemberian kefir 0,02% sebesar 72,3% dan pada pemberian kefir 0,03% sebesar 58,7%. Semakin banyak kefir diberikan maka daya hambatnya terhadap penurunan jumlah bakteri asam laktat pada usus...
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite