Judul: Identification of Pork DNA Fragments in Gelatin Samples Using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) methods
Abstrak: Gelatin merupakan suatu jenis protein yang diperoleh melalui hidrolisis parsial kolagen dari kulit dan tulang hewan yang memiliki banyak fungsi untuk keperluan berbagai industri. Kebutuhan gelatin dalam negeri umumnya dipenuhi secara impor. Gelatin yang berasal dari kulit babi adalah yang tertinggi dari total produksi gelatin di dunia. Produk babi dan turunannya termasuk gelatin babi dilarang untuk dikonsumsi oleh Muslim, sehingga diperlukan adanya pengujian untuk mengetahui sumber gelatin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi fragmen DNA babi pada sampel gelatin dengan menggunakan metode real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) dengan primer dan probe sudah termasuk ke dalam master mix mericon Pig Kit. Sebanyak 53 sampel gelatin diekstraksi sesuai dengan prosedur standar dari DNeasy mericon Food Manual Book. Hasil ekstraksi sampel gelatin dikuantifikasi menggunakan nanodrop spectrofotometer 2000c dan diperiksa menggunakan kit komersial. Proses amplifikasi dilakukan sesuai dengan prosedur standar dari DNeasy mericon Pig Kit Handbook. Hasil uji qPCR mampu mengidentifikasi adanya fragmen DNA babi pada sampel gelatin yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai Ct<45. Sebanyak 4 sampel gelatin dari 53 sampel positif mengandung DNA babi, sedangkan 49 sampel gelatin menunjukkan hasil negatif. Uji qPCR dapat dijadikan sebagai metode pengujian untuk mengidentifikasi adanya fragmen DNA babi pada sampel gelatin., Gelatin is a protein obtained by hydrolysis of collagen from animal skin and bone that has great importance in many industry. Domestic gelatin is generally obtained by import. The raw materials used in gelatin production are highly from porcine sources. Porcine gelatin is forbidden for Muslim. For this reason, analytical methods to detect gelatin are needed to make sure the source of gelatin. The aim of this research was to identify the presence of pork DNA fragments in gelatin by real time PCR (qPCR) methods. The primer and probes of qPCR were included in mericon Pig Kit master mix. The samples consisted of 53 gelatins. They were extrated according to the procedure of DNeasy mericon Food Manual Book. The result of extracted gelatins was quantified by nanodrop spectrofotometer 2000c and examined by a commercial kit. The amplification process of gelatins was carried out according to the procedure of DNeasy mericon Pig Kit Handbook. The result showed that gelatins with pork DNA can be identified by Ct value<45. There were 4 samples positive contained pork DNA, while 49 samples were negatives. The qPCR methods can be used to identify the presence of pork DNA fragments in gelatin samples.
Keyword: DNA, gelatin, pork, qPCR

Judul: Identification of Pig DNA Fragments in Meat Bone Meal Samples Using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
Abstrak: Meat Bone Meal (MBM) adalah bahan pakan yang memiliki sumber protein, energi, dan mineral yang baik untuk hewan. Pakan MBM diperoleh dari olahan produk samping hewan ternak yang mudah untuk dicampur dengan bahan yang berasal dari produk babi. Importir atau produsen lokal yang curang dapat mencampurkan produk babi ke dalam MBM karena produk babi memiliki harga yang relatif murah dan dapat ditemukan di beberapa negara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi fragmen DNA babi pada sampel MBM menggunakan metode Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). Proses identifikasi fragmen DNA babi pada sampel MBM dimulai dari ekstraksi DNA, kuantifikasi DNA (nilai konsentrasi dan kemurnian) dengan spektrofotometer 2000c, dan amplifikasi DNA dengan qPCR berbasis probe. Proses identifikasi DNA babi pada sampel MBM dideteksi menggunakan kit komersial Mericon Pig Kit dengan primer dan probenya sudah termasuk di dalam master mix spesifik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 81 sampel dari 198 sampel MBM teridentifikasi mengandung DNA babi. Sampel DNA babi yang positif dapat diketahui dengan nilai cycle threshold (Ct<45) pada hasil amplifikasi qPCR. Real time PCR dapat dijadikan sebagai metode pengujian untuk mengidentifikasi keberadaan fragmen DNA babi pada sampel MBM., Meat and bone meal (MBM) is a valuable source of protein, energy, and minerals in animal feed production. The MBM feed is obtained from livestock by-products that are easily mixed with pig products. Fraudulent importers or local producers can mix pig products into MBM because they are relatively inexpensive and can be found in several countries. This research aim was to identify pig DNA fragment in MBM samples using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The process of identifying porcine DNA fragments in MBM samples was started from DNA extraction, DNA quantification (concentration and purity values) with spectrofotometer 2000c, and DNA amplification with qPCR based on probes. The process of detection porcine DNA in MBM samples was used a commercial Mericon Pig kit which the primer and probe were inserted into a specific master mix. The results showed that 81 samples were positive for porcine DNA from 198 samples of MBM. Positive samples of porcine DNA can be identified by cycle threshold value (Ct<45) on the result of amplification qPCR. Real time PCR methods can be used to identify the presence of porcine DNA in MBM samples.
Keyword: DNA, MBM, pork, qPCR

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
Keyword: