Judul: Penyimpanan virus mosaik ketimun dengan pengering kalsium klorida (CaCl2) pada suhu rendah dan suhu kamar
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh bahan pengering kalsium klorida (CaCl₂) pada keadaan suhu rendah dan suhu kamar terhadap infektivitas virus mosaik ketimun dalam penyimpanan. Tanaman yang digunakan sebagai sumber inokulum adalah tembakau (Nicotiana tabacum), dan sebagai tanaman uji digunakan Chenopodium amaranticolor. Metoda yang dilakukan yaitu menyimpan daun tembakau yang telah terinfeksi virus mosaik ketimun di atas kalsium klorida dalam tabung reaksi yang tertutup rapat, kemudian tabung reaksi tersebut ditempatkan dalam ruangan dengan suhu rendah dan suhu kamar. Sebagai kontrol, inokulum ditempatkan dalam tabung reaksi tanpa bahan pengering kalsium klorida. Virus mosaik ketimun dapat mempertahankan infektivitasnya selama penyimpanan baik pada suhu rendah dan suhu kamar, dengan bahan pengering kalsium klorida dan tanpa bahan pengering kalsium klorida, serta waktu penyimpanan tiga hari sampai empat minggu. Perlakuan penyimpanan vi- rus dengan bahan pengering kalsium klorida pada suhu rendah, merupakan teknik penyimpanan yang relatif baik untuk mempertahankan infektivitas virus mosaik ketimun. Hal ini ditunjukkan dengan masa inkubasi virus mosaik ketimun dan jumlah lesio lokal yang ditimbulkan virus mosaik ketimun pada tanaman Chenopodium amaranticolor setelah dilakukan inokulasi. Perlakuan penyimpanan virus mosaik ketimun dengan bahan pengering kalsium klorida pada suhu rendah selama tiga hari, menghasilkan jumlah lesio lokal yang paling banyak (76 lesio lokal) dan masa inkubasi yang paling singkat (2 hari). Sedangkan perlakuan penyimpanan virus mosaik ketimun tanpa bahan pengering pada suhu kamar selama 4 minggu, menghasilkan jumlah lesio lokal yang paling sedikit (10 lesio lokal) dan masa inkubasi yang paling lama (7 hari). Konsentrasi virus mosaik ketimun dalam daun tanaman tembakau yang akan disimpan diduga dapat mempengaruhi infektivitas virus ini pada perlakuan penyimpanan.
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Judul: Potensi Lima Ekstrak Tumbuhan dalam Menekan Infeksi Virus Mosaik pada Tanaman Kacang Panjang (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis)
Abstrak: Virus mosaik merupakan virus yang penting pada tanaman kacangkacangan dan diketahui sulit dikendalikan. Salah satu upaya pengendalian yang layak untuk dikaji adalah dengan pemanfaatan ekstrak tumbuhan. Ekstrak tumbuhan merupakan salah satu agen yang dapat menginduksi gen pertahanan dari tanaman lain sehingga tanaman tersebut tahan terhadap suatu patogen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji potensi ekstrak tumbuhan dalam menekan infeksi virus mosaik kacang panjang (VMKP). Ekstrak tumbuhan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu daun bunga pagoda (Clerodendrum japonicum), bayam duri (Amaranthus spinosus), bunga pukul empat (Mirabilis jalapa), Chenopodium amaranticolor, dan sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata). Jumlah perlakuan ada lima yaitu lima macam ekstrak dengan kontrol positif dan negatif. Setiap perlakuan diulang 10 kali. Lima ekstrak disemprotkan ke tanaman kacang oanjang yang berumur 9 hari setelah tanam (HST). Kemudian setelah 24 jam, tanaman diinokulasi dengan virus mosaik secara mekanis. Parameter yang diamati adalah waktu inkubasi, intensitas serangan, penghambatan infeksi virus mosaik, pertumbuhan tanaman pada 24, 38, 52, 66 HST, masa berbunga, bobot basah polong kacang panjang, jumlah polong kacang panjang, dan NAE. Data yang didapatkan diolah dengan menggunakan SAS versi 6.12 dan dilanjutkan uji selang berganda Duncan pada taraf nyata α = 0,05.
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Judul: Financial Development and Income Inequality: Empirical Study in European Union and ASEAN+6 countries
Abstrak: High economic growth is needed to drive the economy, opening up more job opportunities and to attract investment. But economic growth alone is not enough to ensure that all communities get benefit from economic development. Some Asian countries such as South Korea, China, India and Indonesia experienced high economic growth but at the same time income inequality in these countries also rises. Income inequality increases in both developing and developed countries. High income inequalities bring negative impacts such as slower economic growth, rising unemployment and social problems. With the fact that income inequality increased globally and its negative impact on the economy, a strategy required to reduce it. One strategy that can boost economic growth while reducing the income inequality is financial development. Globalization gives us opportunity as well as threat. This encourages countries to establish economic integration in order to strengthen their position in the world. Countries in Southeast Asia also establish an organization known as the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The cooperation extended trough Japan, China, South Korea, New Zealand, Australia, and India, as ASEAN +6. Globalization and regional economic integration is expected to promote economic development, including financial development through increased competition and access to the banking financial services. Various studies have shown a strong correlation between economic growth and financial development. In relation to the distribution of income, financial development influence individual economic opportunity. However, there is still a debate about the role of financial development in reducing income inequality related to who benefits most from financial development. Debate on the relationship between income inequality and financial development raises urgent questions for decision-makers about the role of government to improve the financial development that supports growth and reduces inequality, while maintaining economic and financial stability. Financial development in the framework of regional economic integration also requires the right government regulations related to financial openness. Policy should be adapted to the situation of the domestic economy as well as adaptable to other countries' policies. Therefore this study aimed to analyze the dynamics of the development of the financial sector and the income gap between developed countries and developing in the region that is economically integrated ASEAN +6 and the European Union. This study will also analyze the convergence of income inequality in the countries in the two regions. This study used data for the period 1991-2010 from 30 countries including 11 ASEAN +6 countries and 19 EU countries. These countries are Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Japan, China, South Korea, India, New Zealand, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, the UK, Sweden, Hungary, Poland and Romania. Descriptive analysis is used to provide an overview of financial development in the ASEAN +6 and the European Union. While the panel data regression analysis is used to examine the pattern of the relationship between income inequality and financial development and the degree of convergence of income inequality in the European Union and ASEAN +6. The result suggest there were convergence in income inequality with the convergence of income inequality in
Keyword: financial development, income inequality, economic integration