Judul: Pemberian Biomineral Dienkapsulasi Terhadap Konsumsi Lemak Kasar dan Serat kasar serta Komposisi Susu Sapi Friesian Holstein.
Abstrak: Supplements are used as feed to cattle to improve its production perfomances. Supplements that are given to livestock should be in good content and quality, having good biological value, natural as cattle feeds, and easy in the production and having cheap price. The aim of this experiment is to determine the effects of encapsulation biomineral supplement addition on ether extract and crude fiber intakes and milk composition of FH cows. This experiment used randomized block design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments were RI (control), R2 (R1 + 1.5% biomineral), R3 (R1 + 1.5% biomineral encapsulated with xylose), R4 (R1 + 1.5% mineral mix). This experiment was conducted for 2 months with 2 weeks adaption periods. Variables observed were dry matter consumption, ether extract and crude fibre intakes, and milk composition. The data were analyzed with analysis of variance. The results showed that the addition of supplements did not produce significant effects on all variables measured due to differences in age, days of lactation, and feeding. Although the effect of supplementation was not significant, the treatment tends to improve milk composition. Therefore, there is a possibility of using the biomineral supplementation to dairy cows.
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Judul: Konsentrasi mineral makro (Ca, P, Mg, dan S) dalam susu pada sapi yang diberi suplemen biomineral dienkapsulasi.
Abstrak: Lower productivity of dairy cow is caused by lack of grass availability especially in dry season, low concentrate quality and nutrient deficiency. The purpose of this experiment was to study the concentration of macro minerals (Ca, P, Mg, and S) in milk of Fries Holland dairy cows to the addition of encapsulated biomineral supplement in feed. The biominerals was prepared from rumen liquor. This experiment used a randomized block design, with 4 treatments and 4 groups as replications. Treatments consisted of R1 (control), R2 (R1 + 1.5 % biomineral without protection), R3 (R1 + 1.5% encapsulated biomineral) and R4 (R2 + 1.5% mineral mix). The experiment was conducted for 62 days with the adaptation periods for 2 weeks. Variables observed were dry matter intake, mineral consumptions and mineral concentrations (Ca, P, Mg, and S) in milk. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance, and differences among treatments were further examined with Contrast Orthogonal Test. The results showed that treatments did not significantly affect feed consumption, mineral intake and mineral concentrations in milk. However, the biomineral supplements can still be used as supplement in dairy ration.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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