Judul: Aktivitas sabun yang mengandung susu kambing peranakan etawa (Capra aegagrus) terhadap bakteri permukaan kulit
Abstrak: inhibit the growth of bacteria. The aims of this study is to determine antimicrobial capacities of goat milk against microbes on the skin surface and see the potential of the antimicrobial soap combined with goat's milk. Three different goat milk concentration were used 10%, 15%, and 20%. Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus sp. were isolated from the skin surface of ten probandus. Testing antimicrobial capacity was done using Kirby Baeur Disc Diffusion method. Datas analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the wide of inhibition zone did not have a significant difference between treatments (P>0.05) but a goat milk soap indicated a significant value from the controls (P<0.05). Based on this observation can be concluded that soap contained goat milk significantly influences the inhibition of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, and Streptococcus sp. isolated from skin surface compared to the soap without goat milk (control). Keyword : Goat milk, Skin surface bacteria, Goat Milk Soap, Antimicrobial ABSTRAK ASTRIA MUKTIHAPSARI. Aktivitas Sabun yang Mengandung Susu Kambing Peranakan Etawa (Capra aegagrus) Terhadap Bakteri Permukaan Kulit. Di bawah bimbingan USAMAH AFIFF dan RINI MADYASTUTI. Kambing peranakan Etawa (PE) cukup potensial untuk dikembangkan sebagai ternak penghasil susu. Kandungan antiseptik alami dalam susu kambing dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi daya antimikroba pada susu kambing terhadap mikroba yang terdapat di permukaan kulit dan melihat potensi antimikroba sabun yang dikombinasikan dengan susu kambing pada konsentrasi bertingkat (10%, 15%, dan 20%). Berdasarkan hasil swab permukaan kulit dan identifikasi bakteri diperoleh bakteri positif Gram yang terdiri atas tiga spesies bakteri berbeda. Pengujian daya antimikroba dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode Kirby-Baeur Disc Diffusion. Data hasil pengujian dianalisa dengan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa luas zona hambat tidak berbeda nyata antar perlakuan (P>0,05) tetapi pemberian susu kambing dalam sabun menunjukan nilai yang berbeda nyata dengan kontrol (P<0,05). Berdasarkan penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa susu kambing PE yang terkandung di dalam sabun berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap penghambatan S. aureus, S. epidermidis, dan Streptococcus sp. yang terdapat pada permukaan kulit apabila dibandingkan dengan sabun yang tidak mengandung susu kambing (kontrol).
Keyword: Goat milk, Goat milk soap, Skin surface bacteria, Bogor Agricultural University

Judul: Antibacterial Activity from Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Goat’s Milk Whey.
Abstrak: Penggunaan bahan tambahan pangan berupa bahan kimia untuk mencegah dan menghambat pertumbuhan mikoorganisme dan memperpanjang umur simpan memiliki dampak lain terhadap keamanan penggunaanya terutama munculnya resistensi mikroorganisme terhadap antimikroba sintetik. Hal ini mendorong pengembangan antimikroba yang berasal dari bahan alami salah satunya yang berasal dari bahan pangan hewani yaitu susu. Komponen bioaktif protein susu tidak selalu ada dalam keadaan alamiahnya diantaranya dapat berupa prekursor atau peptida yang hanya akan aktif apabila telah dihidrolisis secara in vitro dari protein alamiahnya. Hidrolisis terhadap protein susu dapat dilakukan menggunakan enzimenzim proteolitik dari berbagai sumber, diantaranya adalah enzim yang berasal dari Bacillus lincheniformis. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsentrasi enzim Bacillus lincheniformis yang berbeda (0,5%, 1% dan 1,5%) untuk menghasilkan hirdolisat yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri dilihat dari nilai kadar protein, profil SDS PAGE dan besarnya zona hambat (metode cakram). Proses hidrolisis menghasilkan kadar protein sebesar 0,027-0,049 mg/mL dengan aktivitas antibakteri sebesar 8,8 mm untuk Escherichia coli pada whey yang dihidrolisis dengan enzim taraf 1,5 %dan 8,7mm untuk Staphylococcus aureus pada whey yang dihidrolisis dengan enzim taraf 1 %. Hasil dari hidrolisis juga menghasilkan peptida dengan berat molekul < 5 kDa., Food additives had been used to prevent and inhibit the growth of microorganisms and extend shelf life of food. Based on the safety of their used, it has an impact such as microorganism resistance to synthetic antimicrobials. This encourages the development of antimicrobials derived from natural ingredients, especially from milk. The bioactive components of milk protein have not always existed in their natural state, including precursors or peptidas that will only be active if they have been hydrolyzed in vitro from their natural proteins. Hydrolysis of milk protein can be carried out using proteolytic enzymes from various sources, including enzymes from Bacillus lincheniformis. This study used in different concentrations of the enzyme Bacillus lincheniformis (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) to produce hydrolyzate which has antibacterial activity in terms of protein content, SDS PAGE profile and the size of the inhibition zone (disc method). The hydrolysis process resulted in a protein content of 0.027- 0.049 mg/mL with an antibacterial activity of 8.8mm in Escherichia coli in whey hydrolyzed with enzyme level 1.5% and 8.7 mm for Staphylococcus aureus in whey hydrolyzed with enzyme level 1 %. The result of hydrolysis also produces protein with a molecular weight of < 5 kDa.
Keyword: antibakteri, protease Bacillus lincheniformis, hidrolisis, susu kambing

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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