Judul: Development of Ballistic Gel as A Phantom for Imaging Diagnostic Learning Media
Abstrak: Metode pembelajaran simulasi terbukti efektif meningkatkan kompetensi peserta pelatihan dalam menggunakan alat diagnostik pencitraan. Phantom digunakan sebagai model jaringan hewan menggantikan penggunaan hewan asli, namun model phantom yang tersedia secara komersial memiliki harga yang cukup mahal. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan dan menilai purwarupa atau model phantom berbahan dasar gelatin ―ballistic gel‖ sebagai pengganti phantom komersial. Phantom dibuat dengan 2 formulasi: gelatin tanpa pengawet dan gelatin dengan pengawet BNF 10%. Besi, plastik dan telur puyuh digunakan sebagai model benda asing. Phantom dan benda asing dievaluasi menggunakan ultrasonografi, radiografi digital dan electrical impedance tomography. Uji durabilitas menunjukkan phantom tanpa pengawet mengalami penyusutan tertinggi sebesar 90,95%, sedangkan phantom dengan pengawet BNF hanya sebesar 2,53%. Phantom dengan pengawet BNF menunjukkan konsistensi lebih kenyal dan tahan terhadap kerusakan. Penambahan pengawet BNF 10% tidak mempengaruhi ekogenitas gel dan model benda asing. Ultrasonografi dapat mencitrakan tetapi sulit membedakan model benda asing, radiografi dapat membedakan model benda asing besi dan telur dengan baik, dan electrical impedance tomography dapat membedakan model benda asing berdasarkan jenis bahan yang tampak secara kontras resistivitas dengan warna yang berbeda., Simulation training method is proven to be effective in increasing the competency of the trainees in using imaging diagnostic tools. Phantoms are used as animal tissue models to replace the use of animals, however commercially available phantoms are quite expensive. This study aims to develop and assess a phantom model based on ―ballistic gel‖ gelatin as an alternative to commercial phantoms. Phantoms were made with 2 formulations: gelatin without preservatives and gelatin with 10% BNF preservative. Iron, plastic and quail eggs were used as models of foreign bodies. Phantom and foreign body models were evaluated for durability and image quality by using ultrasonography, digital radiography and electrical impedance tomography. Durability test showed that phantom without preservative experienced the highest syneresis of 90.95%, while phantom with BNF preservative only 2.53%. Phantom with BNF preservative shows a more chewy consistency and more resistance to damage. The addition of 10% BNF preservative did not affect the echogenicity of the gel and the foreign body models. Ultrasonography hard to distinguish type of foreign body models, however radiography able to distinguish foreign bodies, and electrical impedance tomography shows image foreign bodies based on the type of material that displayed in resistivity contrast with different colors.
Keyword: phantom, ballistic gel, ultrasonografi, radiografi, electrical impedance  tomography

Judul: Development of Low-Cost Ultrasound Phantom from Jelly Based for Simulation of Small Animal Organ Imaging
Abstrak: Penggunaan ultrasonografi membutuhkan pelatihan yang cukup untuk menunjang kompetensi operatornya. Namun, pelatihan menggunakan hewan hidup tidak selalu tersedia dan harus diminimalisir. Phantom ultrasonografi dapat dibuat sebagai solusi dalam pelatihan penggunaan ultrasonografi. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat suatu purwarupa phantom ultrasonografi yang ekonomis dari bahan dasar agar sebagai alat simulasi kanulasi intravena dan pencitraan organ pada hewan kecil. Phantom dibuat dari bahan agar dengan berbagai fomulasi yaitu phantom A dengan agar Nutrijell®, phantom B dengan agar Swallow®, dan phantom C dengan campuran kedua agar. Buah dan bakso digunakan sebagai model organ serta balon panjang digunakan sebagai model pembuluh darah. Setiap model organ dievaluasi bentuk, ukuran, dan nilai ekogenisitasnya menggunakan software ImageJ dan dibandingkan dengan organ dan kelainan pada hewan kecil. Konsistensi dan daya tahan phantom juga dievaluasi selama 4 minggu. Hasilnya phantom C memiliki konsistensi serta daya tahan yang paling baik dengan tingkat sineresis terendah yaitu 4.68%. Nilai ekogenisitas dari ketiga formulasi agar masih terlalu rendah (anekoik) dan belum dapat menunjukkan kemiripan dengan otot pada manusia dan hewan kecil. Bakso aci dan bakso dapat menjadi phantom organ ovarium, testis, kelenjar prostat, tumor, dan nodul, sedangkan bakso aci isi hidrogel dapat menjadi phantom kantung empedu dan kista berdasarkan nilai ekogenisitasnya. Balon panjang dapat memberikan kemudahan dalam pelatihan akses maupun kanulasi pembuluh darah menggunakan ultrasonografi., The use of ultrasound requires adequate training to support the competence of the operator. However, training using live animals is not always available and should be minimized. Ultrasound phantom can be used as a solution for ultrasound training. This study was aimed to make a jelly-based low-cost ultrasound phantom prototype for simulating intravenous cannulation and organ imaging in animals. Phantom were made with various formulations of jelly, phantom A with Nutrijell® jelly, phantom B with Swallow® jelly, and phantom C with mixture of both jelly. The organ model used various fruit and meatballs and the vein model used a long balloon. Each organ model was evaluated for shape, size, and ecogenicity values using the ImageJ software and compared with organs and abnormalities in small animals. Phantom consistency and endurance were also evaluated for 4 weeks. The result is that Phantom C has the best consistency and durability with the lowest syneresis level of 4.68%. The ecogenicity value of the three formulations was too low (anechoic) and could not show similarity to muscle in humans and small animals. Aci meatballs and regular meatballs can become phantom organs of the ovaries, testes, prostate glands, tumors, and nodules, while hydrogel filled meatballs can be phantom of the gallbladder and cyst based on its ecogenicity value. Long balloons can provide convenience in training for access and cannulation of blood vessels using ultrasound.
Keyword: agar Nutrijell®, agar Swallow®, ImageJ, phantom, ultrasonografi

Judul: Revisi Marga Maotia Wedd. (Urticacae) di Malesia
Abstrak: A taxonomic revision of genus Maozrtia in Malesia has been done. At present revision, 6 species are recognized namely M. ambigua, M. diversifolia, M. lanceolata, M. platistigma, M puya, and M. setosa. M ambigua is divided into 7 varieties, which one of the variety (i.e. var. tomentosa) n ew to science and another (i.e. var. grandifolia) is a new combination based on M. grandifolia. Two new varieties w i t h M. diversivolia (namely var. novoguinesis and var. suniatrana) are proposed. M. gracilis is recognized here as a synonim 0f M. lanceolata.
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