Judul: Cost Structure and Income of Cattle Breeding Business in Palon  Village, Jepon District, Blora Regency
Abstrak: Kegiatan usaha pembibitan sapi potong di Desa Palon, Kecamatan Jepon, Kabupaten Blora masih menjadi usaha sampingan. Pemeliharaan sapi potong hanya untuk kepentingan investasi atau tabungan. Hal ini berpengaruh terhadap bagaimana peternak mengelola usaha peternakannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis struktur biaya dan pendapatan dari usaha pembibitan sapi potong di Desa Palon, Kecamatan Jepon, Kabupaten Blora. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 30 peternak yang menjalankan usaha pembibitan sapi potong. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dan data primer dengan menggunakan pendekatan metode analisis deskriptif kualitatif, struktur biaya, penerimaan, pendapatan, dan analisis R/C. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan atas biaya total dan penghasilan bersih (net farm earnings) bernilai negatif dengan R/C atas biaya total sebesar 0,61., The activity of beef cattle breeding in Palon Village, Jepon District, Blora Regency is still considered a sideline business. The maintenance of beef cattle is only for investment or savings purposes. This has an impact on how farmers manage their livestock business. The aim of this research is to analyze the cost and income structure of beef cattle breeding in Palon Village, Jepon District, Blora Regency. The sample for this research consists of 30 farmers engaged in beef cattle breeding. This study utilizes both secondary and primary data and employs a qualitative descriptive analysis method, cost structure analysis, revenue analysis, income analysis, and R/C analysis. The research results indicate that the income over total costs and net farm earnings have negative values with an R/C (ratio of 0.61.
Keyword: Beef cattle, Breeding, Cost structure, Income, R/C analysis

Judul: Analysis of Beef Cattle Farming Business for Members and Non-Members of Sentra Peternakan Rakyat in Bojonegoro District
Abstrak: Populasi sapi potong di Indonesia terus meningkat setiap tahunnya, hal tersebut menjadikan usahaternak sapi potong berpeluang besar untuk dikembangkan terutama pada peternakan rakyat yang saat ini masih didominasi oleh usahaternak berskala kecil. Salah satu program yang dicanangkan pemerintah untuk pemberdayaan peternak yaitu Sentra Peternakan Rakyat (SPR). SPR Mega Jaya merupakan SPR percontohan dan terbaik di Indonesia tahun 2017. Namun tidak semua peternak tergabung dalam SPR, sehingga penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis struktur biaya, penerimaan, serta pendapatan peternak anggota dan non anggota SPR Mega Jaya. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis pendapatan usahaternak sapi potong, R/C ratio, dan uji beda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pendapatan atas biaya total usahaternak anggota SPR dan non anggota berturut-turut sebesar Rp8.561.126,06 dan -Rp3.928.392,91. Nilai R/C rasio total sebesar 1,37 persen dan 0,76 persen, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa usahaternak anggota layak dijalankan sedangkan non anggota tidak layak untuk dijalankan., The beef cattle population in Indonesia continues to increase every year, making beef cattle farming a great opportunity to be developed, especially on smallholder farms which are currently still dominated by small-scale farming. One of the programs launched by the government to empower farmers is the People's Livestock Center (SPR). SPR Mega Jaya is a pilot SPR and the best in Indonesia in 2017. However, not all farmers are members of SPR, so this study aims to analyze the cost structure, revenue, and income of farmer members and non-members of SPR Mega Jaya. The analytical methods used were beef cattle farming income analysis, R/C ratio, and difference test. The results showed that the income over the total cost of farming of SPR members and non-members amounted to Rp8.561.126,06 and -Rp3.928.392,91, respectively. The total R/C ratio value is 1,37 percent and 0,76 percent, this indicates that the livestock business of members is feasible to run while non-members are not feasible to run.
Keyword: pendapatan, R/C ratio, sapi potong, Sentra Peternakan Rakyat, Uji beda

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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