Judul: Correlation between DNA methylation and expression of the MADS-box genes on mantled fruit of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) clonal plants.
Abstrak: The presence of abnormal mantled fruit on large scale clonal production of oil palm had trully affected the oil productivity. Mantled phenotype is likely to be that of an epigenetic change involving DNA methylation and the MADS-box transcription factor genes which encoded floral organ homeotic transformation. We developed an Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) to quantify the degree of methylation related to fruit abnormality and Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) to know the correlation between the expression of the MADS-box genes with mantled fruit abnormality. This study were consist of two experiments, the DNA methylation analysis and the MADS-box genes expression analysis. Materials used in this study were the young fruit of both normal and mantled with very heavy type of abnormality. Abnormal mantled fruit were grouped into two types, one is taken from inside (Abn m) and other is from outside the bunch (Abn). In gene expression analysis, cDNA used as the template for qPCR were obtained from the reverse transcription of the mRNA, while methylation analysis performed on total DNA genomic. The research for each gene and cDNA were conducted in two replications. The expression of the target genes were compared to EF1-α1 as the reference gene. Based on qPCR efficiency by comparing the target genes with the reference gene, from 11 genes that have been tested, i.e EgSQUA1, EgSQUA3, EgFUL, EgGLO1, EgGLO2, EgDEF1, EgAG2, EgAGA, EgAGL6, EgF-box and EgRING, only three genes are qualified for qPCR analysis, i.e EgAG2, EgAGA and EgAGL6. EgAG2 expression was not different in both mantled and normal fruit, while EgAGA expression was higher in mantled and EgAGL6 expression was significantly lower in outside-bunched mantled fruit (Abn). Nuclease S1 digestion and UPLC revealed the genome-wide increasing in DNA methylation on mantled fruit (18.33-19.55%) compared to its normal counterparts (5.67%). This increased in global DNA methylation showed by the significant decreased in EgAGL6 transcript level on mantled fruit. This gene is assumed to be involved in the development of mantled fruit.
Keyword: DNA methylation, MADS-box genes, mantled fruit, quantitative real-time PCR.

Judul: Analisis Ekspresi Gen AGAMOUS2, SQUAMOSA1, dan EGAD1 Organ Reproduktif dan Vegetatif Elaeis guineensis Jacq
Abstrak: One of the major problems encountered in micropropagation of oil palm through tissue culture is mantled abnormality. One of genes reported to involve in the mantled is EGAD1, a gene coding for putative plant defensin. Abnormality also influenced by floral genes, for example AG2 and SQUA1. This experiment aimed to analyze of the AG2, SQUA1 and EGAD1 expression on reproductive and vegetative organs of abnormal and normal oil palm. RNA was isolated from flower and leaf of abnormal and normal oil palm. The AG2, SQUA1 and EGAD1 expression observed by RT-PCR method. To further confirm the result, UnScan gel IT software was also utilized. Expression of AG2 not found in abnormal and normal oil palm leaf. SQUA1 and EGAD1 expression in normal oil palm leaf higher than abnormal. Expression quantity of SQUA1 and EGAD1 in normal oil palm leaf is 80.20 ng/mL and 15.96 ng/mL. In contrast, expression of AG2, SQUA1, dan EGAD1 in abnormal oil palm flower higher than normal. AG2, SQUA1, dan EGAD1 quantity in abnormal oil palm flower is 174.20 ng/mL, 120.72 ng/mL, dan 130.55 ng/mL.
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Judul: Solusi Geometri Schwarzschild untuk Dimensi 4+1 dengan Invarian Rotasi Isotropik.
Abstrak: Metrik Schwarzschild merupakan solusi eksak pertama dari persamaan medan Einstein dengan mangasumsikan metrik statik dan simetris. Metrik Schwarzschild yang ditemukan oleh Karl Schwarzschild masih dalam dimensi 3+1, namun seiring dengan teori-teori terbaru yang menunjukkan bahwa alam semesta tidak hanya di dimensi 3+1. Maka melalui penambahan dimensi, tujuan penelitian ini memperoleh solusi pada geometri Schwarzschild untuk dimensi 4+1 dengan memodifikasi koordinat bola yang invarian rotasi isotropik dan melalui penurunan rumus seperti koordinat bola, simbol Christoffel, dan tensor Ricci. Selain mendapatkan solusi ini, metrik Schwarzschild dimensi 4+1 dapat digunakan sebagai metrik dasar untuk memperoleh solusi blackhole dan wormhole pada dimensi 4+1. Hasil akhirnya, dengan memanfaatkan modifikasi koordinat bola, metrik Schwarzschild dapat dibentuk sehingga diperoleh solusi geometri Schwarzschild untuk dimensi 4+1.
Keyword: metrik Schwarzschild, persamaan medan Einstein, modifikasi koordinat bola, penambahan dimensi, invarian rotasi isotropik