Judul: Transfer DNA Bacillus licheniformis ke dalam sel Escherichia coli dengan menggunakan MgCl2 dan PEG - 6000
Abstrak: Penelitian ini mencoba mentransformasikan sifat genetik yang ada pada Bacillus licheniformis ke dalam sel Escherichia coli dengan perlakuan MgCl2 dan PEG-6000. Sifat genetik utama yang diharapkan tertransformasi adalah enzim protease pada B. licheniformis ke dalam sel E. coli yang semula tidak memiliki sifat proteolitik. Proses transformasi dimulai dengan mengisolasi DNA B. licheniformis dengan menggunakan sodium dodesil sulfat 25 persen untuk memecah dinding dan membran sel. Agar dinding sel lebih mudah pecah, sebelum penambahan sodium dodesil sulfat 25 persen dilakukan sonikasi pada frekuensi 100 kHz selama 8 10 menit. DNA diekstrak dari campuran komponen- komponen sel lainnya dengan menggunakan pelarut-pelarut organik, yaitu sodium perklorat 5M dan kloroform-isoanil alkohol (24: 1) serta sentrifusi, selanjutnya DNA digumpal- kan dengan campuran etanol 70 persen NaCl 5M (10:1). Pembentukan protoplas E. coli dilakukan dengan menggunakan enzim lisosim 10 mg/ml bufer TEN untuk memecah dinding sel dan protoplas yang diperoleh disuspensikan dalam larutan sukrosa 1M MgCl2 0.04M (1:1) untuk mencegah lisis karena tekanan osmosis. Transformasi dilakukan pada suhu kamar ...
Keyword: Transfer DNA, Bacillus licheniformis, Escherichia coli, MgCl2, PEG 6000, Struktur dan sifat umum DNA, Replikasi DNA, Isolasi DNA dari bakteri

Judul: Kajian transfer DNA Bacillus licheniformis ke dalam sel Escherichia coli dengan penggunaan CaCl2
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari kemung- kinan keberhasilan transformasi DNA antara spesies bak- teri yang berbeda dengan menggunakan metoda pembentukan spheroplas oleh CaCl₂, yaitu dengan menggunakan Bacillus licheniformis sebagai donor DNA dan Escherichia coli sebagai sel inang. Selain itu juga bertujuan untuk memperoleh sel hasil transformasi DNA yang mempunyai aktivitas proteolitik yang tinggi. Penelitian pendahuluan yang dilakukan meliputi isolasi DNA dari Bacillus licheniformis dan karakterisasi DNA yang diperoleh. DNA dari Bacillus licheniformis diperoleh dengan terlebih dahulu memecah dinding sel bakteri dengan menggunakan SDS 25% dan sonikasi. DNA yang tercampur dengan komponen-komponen lainnya diekstrak dengan menggunakan pelarut-pelarut organik yaitu kloro- form: isoamilalkohol (24:1). Karakterisasi DNA yang peroleh dilakukan dengan metoda karakterisasi di- secara spektrofotometri dimana DNA dilarutkan dalam buffer potasium fosfat dan diukur absorbansinya pada panjang gelombang 200 300 nm juga karakterisasi dengan menggunakan Etidium Bromida, yaitu DNA dilarutkan dalam larutan. Etidium Bromida kemudian dibandingkan fluoresensinya di bawah sinar ultra violet.
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Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite