Judul: Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Study of African Swine Fever Virus in North Sumatra Outbreaks during 2019 – 2023
Abstrak: African swine fever (ASF) merupakan penyakit virus yang menyebabkan demam hemoragik pada babi domestik dan babi liar di dunia. Kasus pertama ASF di Indonesia dilaporkan pada Provinsi Sumatera Utara bulan September 2019. Sebanyak 20 sampel arsip positif ASF hasil koleksi Balai Veteriner Medan selama investigasi wabah berlangsung selama tahun 2019 sampai 2023, digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Gen B646L parsial (p72), sekuen penuh gen E183L (p54) dan wilayah variabel pusat (CVR) dari gen B602L diamplifikasi, dimurnikan, kemudian dilakukan sekuensing. Program BLAST berbasis web dan perangkat lunak MEGA 7? digunakan untuk menganalisis hasil sekuensing nukleotida. Hasil analisis karakterisasi molekuler dan filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa virus ASF yang menginfeksi babi di Provinsi Sumatera Utara tahun 2019-2023 termasuk dalam genotipe II. Analisis ketiga gen (B646L, E183L dan B602L) tidak menunjukkan perubahan sekuen nukleotida dan asam amino pada isolat dalam 5 tahun terakhir. Analisis gen B646L dan gen E183L menunjukkan bahwa strain virus ASF ini termasuk dalam genotipe II. Tidak ada varian baru yang ditemukan pada CVR gen B602L. Analisis CVR menunjukkan bahwa virus ASF ini termasuk dalam subkelompok XXXII. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa virus ASF di Provinsi Sumatera Utara memiliki homologi yang tinggi dengan isolat virus ASF yang terdeteksi sebelumnya di negara Georgia, China, Vietnam dan Timor Leste., African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease that causes hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild swine worldwide. The first case of ASF in Indonesia was reported in North Sumatra Province in September 2019. A total of 20 archival samples of positive ASF collected from the Animal Disease Investigation Center of Medan during the outbreak investigation took place from 2019 to 2023, were used in this study. The partial B646L gene (p72), the full sequence of the E183L gene (p54) and the central variable region (CVR) of the B602L gene were amplified, purified, then sequenced. Web-based BLAST program and MEGA XI software were used to analyze the nucleotide sequencing results. The results of molecular and phylogenetic characterization analysis revealed that the ASF virus that infected pigs in North Sumatra Province in 2019-2023 belonged to genotype II. Analysis of the three genes (B646L, E183L and B602L) did not indicate changes in the nucleotide and amino acid sequences in the isolates in the past 5 years. Analysis of the B646L, E183L genes showed that these ASF virus strains belonged to genotype II. No novel variants were found in the CVR gene B602L. CVR analysis showed that these ASF virus strains belonged to subgroup XXXII. The results of this study reveal that the ASF virus in North Sumatra Province has high homology with ASF virus isolates previously detected in Georgia, China, Vietnam and East Leste.
Keyword: African swine fever, Karakterisasi molekuler, Studi filogenetik, sumatera utara

Judul: Amplification of p72 Gene  Coding (B646L) for African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) in Pigs’ Organs Using  Polymerase Reaction (PCR) Technique
Abstrak: African Swine Fever (ASF) merupakan penyakit hemoragik yang disebabkan oleh infeksi African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) pada berbagai spesies babi. ASF memiliki tingkat mortalitas dan penyebaran yang tinggi. Gejala klinis yang ditunjukkan ASF umum ditemukan pada penyakit hemoragik babi, seperti Classical Swine Fever (CSF). Untuk memastikan ASF, perlu dikonfirmasi melalui uji laboratorium. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari teknik deteksi molekuler ASFV berbasis polymerase chain reaction (PCR) pada hati, ginjal, dan paru-paru babi asal Kecamatan Barong Tongkok, Kabupaten Kutai Barat. Hasil ekstraksi deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus dari tiap sampel organ digunakan sebagai cetakan pada prosedur PCR menggunakan primer PPA-1 dan PPA-2. Kedua primer tersebut menggandakan segmen gen pengode p72 (B646L) sepanjang 257 base pairs (bp). Pembacaan produk PCR dilakukan dengan teknik elektroforesis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terbentuknya pita berukuran 257 bp pada produk PCR tiap organ. Disimpulkan pada tiap organ terdeteksi ASFV, sehingga babi tersebut dapat dinyatakan positif ASF.
Keyword: African Swine Fever, pig, polymerase chain reaction, p72

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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