Judul: eanekaragaman Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula (FMA) di bawah Tegakan Tanaman Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba Miq.) di Pemalang Jawa Tengah
Abstrak: Mycorrhiza is a form of symbiosis mutualism between fungi and the roots of plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has some functions, one of them is increasing nutrients absorption, especially P. The sample of root and soil used in this research taken from a stand of jabon plants in Pemalang, at the coastal and mountainous area. Observation colonization on plant roots carried out through staining roots and isolation of spores from soil samples is done by using the wet sieving and decanting method. Spores were identified by looking at the spores reaction after etched with a Melzer solution. The result of the research show that the biggest average of root colonization, is found at PML 2.2 is 73.33%. Where as the lowest average of root colonization is found at PML 2.5, is 46.89. In this research is found 3 type of Genus that is Glomus, Acaulospora and Scutellospora. Glomus is the most dominant and are found in all location. The highest density of spores population is at PNK 1. The growth of plants in a coastal area better than a mountainous region.
Keyword: spore density, diversity, colonization, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Judul: Keanekaragaman Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskula di bawah Tegakan Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) di Madiun, Jawa Timur
Abstrak: Plants can grow well when it was supported by the available of soil microbes, one of them was arbuscular mycorrhyzal fungi (AMF). AMF was symbiotic mutualism that it was between fungi and roots. AMF could be symbiotic almost 90% of the high levels of plants, one of them was jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba). The research purposes to identify the diversity of AMF under the jabon stands. The methods which used in this research was the root coloring and decanthing methods. Preservation of spores to identify genus carried on by using polyvinil alcohol lactid acid glyserol (PVLG). The result of this research showed that the chemical content of soil didn’t have effect to the differences of root colonization on each research location. The various genus under jabon stands which are located in Durenan dry land and Sudimoroharjo dry land, such as Glomus, Acalauspora dan Enterospora, meanwhile Sudimoroharjo former rice fields could only be found 2 genus, such as Glomus and Acalauspora. Glomus had very wide spreading and dominate in the research location.
Keyword: jabon, genus, growth, diversity, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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