Judul: Representasi sosial program simpan pinjam untuk kelompok perempuan (SPP) PNPM mandiri pedesaan: studi kasus Desa Gunung Menyan, Kecamatan Pamijahan, Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Salah satu masalah khusus yang sedang berkembang di Indonesia adalah kemiskinan. Kemiskinanyang dihadapi tidak hanya sebatas kemiskinan secara ekonomi, akan tetapi juga bersifat non ekonomi, seperti terbatasnya akses terhadap pengetahuan dan keterampilan, produktivitas yang rendah, terbatasnya akses terhadap partisipasi dan pembangunan, dan lain sebagainya. Menyikapi hal tersebut, pemerintah mencanangkan program pengentasan kemiskinan yang salah satu diantaranya adalah Program Simpan Pinjam untuk Kelompok Perempuan (SPP) PNPM Mandiri Pedesaan yang berupa kegiatan pemberian pinjaman kepada kelompok perempuan sebagai tambahan modal usaha ekonomi. Pengimplementasian Program SPP PNPM tidak selalu berjalan mulus. Banyak terjadi permasalahan dalam pelaksanaan program SPP PNPM yaitu berupa kemacetan pengembalian pinjaman pada peserta program, penyalahgunaan pemanfaatan uang pinjaman, dan ketidaktepatan sasaran program.
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Judul: Partisipasi perempuan dalam kegiatan simpan pinjam kelompok perempuan (SPP) (kasus PNPM Mandiri perdesaan di salah satu desa di kabupaten Banyumas)
Abstrak: Population of poor in Indonesia is not significantly decreasing. In consequence, Government perform strategies to overcome the problem. One of them is by launching the National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPM) Independent Rural Areas. There are three activities suggested in PNPM Independent Rural Areas, they are Women group Savings and Loans (SPP), Facilities and Infrastructure Developments and the Life Quality Improvements. This research focuses on the activities in the SPP and is expected to contribute women in improving their welfare. The purposes of this research are to analyze the internal and external factors which are closely related to the level of women participation in the Women Group Savings and Loans and to analyze the relationship between the women participation with the success rate of SPP activity. Meanwhile, the determination of the respondents number is set by non-proportional method. This research operated survey method with quantitative which is supported by qualitative approach. Quantitative data obtained by interviewing the women of SPP members based on planned questionnaire guide. While, the qualitative data is obtained by interviewing the parties who were involved in the activities. The results showed that age was the only internal factor in the activities of SPP which is closely linked to women participation. However, external factors did not closely linked with women participation level dan participation level with the sucsess rate of the SPP activity.
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Judul: Evaluation of Influenza Antibody Titers in Serum and Egg Yolk of Layers Vaccinated with Influenza Vaccines.
Abstrak: Influenza belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family which causes upper and lower respiratory tract infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate influenza-A specific antibody titers from serum and egg yolk of hens vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza vaccines. Three Hy-line Brown layers were vaccinated with quadrivalent influenza type A and B inactivated vaccines. Vaccination was carried out three times at a dose of 0.25 ml/chicken via the intramuscular route. The first vaccination was carried out at 24 weeks of age, then boosters were performed at 28 and 32 weeks of age. Serum and egg yolk were collected every week for 20 weeks since the first vaccination. Influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 antibody titers were determined using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test and agar-gel-precipitation (AGP) test. Influenza-A H3N2 and H1N1 specific antibodies were detected in both serum and egg yolk from the first to twenty weeks after the initial vaccination. Highest HI geometric mean titer (GMT) of H1N1 antibody reached 26.67 HIU at nine weeks post first vaccination (p.f.v), while H3N2 antibody reached 26 HIU at six weeks p.f.v. Our result showed that influenza antibodies can be produced in layers using quadrivalent vaccines and layer chickens are able to produce equivalent antibody levels for each influenza subtype.
Keyword: antibody, egg yolk, influenza, layer chickens, serum