Judul: Harvesting Waste of Pine Wood and Exploitation Factors in KPH Kedu Selatan Perum Perhutani Regional Division of Central Java
Abstrak: Pemanfaatan kayu di Indonesia sampai saat ini belum efisien sehingga hanya sebagian pohon yang digunakan. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh jumlah kayu yang dikeluarkan dari hutan umumnya masih banyak yang termasuk berupa residu atau limbah pemanenan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di KPH Kedu Selatan dengan jenis tanaman yang ditebang adalah pinus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis volume limbah kayu penebangan dan angka faktor eksploitasi dalam kegiatan pemanenan kayu. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan Metode Pohon Penuh (Whole Tree Method). Limbah dalam penelitian ini berupa tunggak, batang bebas cabang, batang atas, dan cabang dan ranting dengan diameter maksimal 5 cm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan limbah pemanenan dari 67 pohon contoh yang ditebang dengan bekas sadapan pinus dimanfaatkan yaitu seluruhnya terjadi di petak tebang terdiri atas limbah tunggak 69%, batang bebas cabang 4%, batang atas 23% serta cabang dan ranting 4%. Limbah pemanenan kayu tanpa memanfaatkan bekas sadapan pinus terdiri atas limbah tunggak 14%, batang bebas cabang 81%, batang atas 4%, dahan 1%. Angka faktor eksploitasi berdasarkan pendekatan persen limbah dan pendekatan It, Is, Ia dengan bekas sadapan pinus dimanfaatkan sebesar 0,94. Faktor eksploitasi dengan bekas sadapan getah pinus tidak dimanfaatkan, berdasarkan pendekatan persen limbah dan pendekatan It, Is, Ia sebesar 0,67 dan 0,68. Kata kunci: faktor eksploitasi, KPH Kedu Selatan, limbah pemanenan kayu, pinus, The utilization of wood in Indonesia has not been effective so only some trees are used. This is because most of woods taken out from the forest are in the form of harvesting waste. This study was conducted at KPH South Kedu focusing on pine trees that have been cut down. This study aims to analyse the volume of logging residue and the number of exploitation factors in wood harvesting activities. A research was carried out using the Whole Tree Method. The logging residue was defined on stumps, main stems, upper stems and branches and twigs with diameter minimum 5 cm. The results of the study showed that harvesting waste from the 67 sample trees from the cutting plots with pine leads was used consisting of 69% stump waste, 4% branch-free stems, 23% scion, and 4% branches and twigs. Wood harvesting waste without utilizing pine leads consisting of of 14% stump waste, 81% main stems, 4% upper stems, and 1% branches and twigs. The exploitation factor figures based on the percent waste approach and the It, Is, Ia with pine leads was used approaches are 0,94 respectively. The exploitation factor figures based on the percent waste approach and the It, Is, Ia without utilizing pine leads approaches are 0,67 and 0,68.
Keyword: exploitation factor, KPH Kedu Selatan, logging residue, pine

Judul: Limbah Pemanenan Kayu dan Faktor Eksploitasi di IUPHHK-HA PT. Diamond Raya Timber, Provinsi Riau
Abstrak: Diamond Raya Timber forest company lies on Semenanjung Bagan Siapiapi which is a region biosfer heritage. To meet the criteria and indicators PHPL (sustainable production forest management) as well as the fifth principle (forest stewardship council), the company must do identification, calculation, and monitoring the waste of wood harvesting. The amount of waste used as the determination basis the value of factor exploitation so that can be conducted emphasis and reduction the waste of harvesting wood efficiently. This research aimed to know volume, percentage, and scatter of waste occurring in logging compartment, skidding way, log yard and hauling way as the result of harvesting activity, and knowing the value of exploitation factor in Diamond raya timber forest company. Logging waste is defined as stump, stem, upper stem and branches in diameter at least 30 cm. The data retrieval is performed on a compartment of example 6 (100 m x 100 m) with 3 sample plots in manual compartment and 3 sample plots in mechanical compartment. Logging waste of wood harvesting manually and mechanically most occur in logging compartment. The Volume of waste produced on average tree is felled in the compartment of manual entirely going on in that amounting to slash compartment 7,81 m3/ha. The Volume of waste produced on average tree is felled in the compartment of mechanical of 19.75 m3/ha, made up of waste in the compartment of slash of 16.9 m3/ha, and waste in the TPn of 2.85 m3/ha.The waste which occurred in manual compartment is smaller than mechanical compartment. It can be shown from the manual compartment using manpower to perform all harvesting activities from logging, skidding, landing and transporting, while in mechanical compartment most using mechanical power. The average of waste in mechanical compartment is larger because of chainsaw operator error in determining falling direction, logging, cutting and division of stem or can be caused by logfisher operator in skidding. Percentage of waste based on total waste volume in manual compartment is 100% occurring in logging compartment. Meanwhile, percentage of waste in mechanical compartment is namely 85,57% occurring in logging compartment and 14,43% in log yard. The magnitude of a factor of exploitation in compartment manual (0.83) while in compartment mechanical (0,71), amounting to it indicates that waste is at the compartment manual is less than with the waste which resides in compartment mechanical
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Judul: Tinjauan immunoglobulin dan peranannya dalam saluran gastrointestinal terutama terhadap serangan cacing
Abstrak: Immunoglobulin merupakan suatu glikoprotein yang terdapat dalam serum dan cairan jaringan. Immunoglobulin ini diproduksi bila sistem limfoid berkontak dengan anti gen. Immunoglobulin ini berperan dalam melindungi tubuh dari infeksi. Didalam tubuh immunoglobulin terdiri dari lima klas yang masing-masing klas mempunyai karakteris- tik dan fungsi yang spesifik yaitu Ig G, Ig A, Ig M, Ig E dan Ig D.. Diantara klas immunoglobulin, Ig G adalah yang pa- ling melimpah dalam serum darah dan strukturnya dapat di pakai sebagai model bagi immunoglobulin yang lain. Dalam saluran gastrointestinal, immunoglobulin da- pat berperan dalam sistem kekebalan lokal. Diantara ke- lima klas immunoglobulin, Ig A merupakan immunoglobulin terbesar yang terdapat dalam sekresi saluran gastrointes tinal. Hal ini disebabkan karena Ig A mampu bertahan terhadap enzim proteolitik yang terdapat dalam saluran gastrointestinal dibanding klas immunoglobulin lainnya. Agar dapat bertahan terhadap enzim tersebut Ig A dilin- dungi oleh komponen sekretori. Oleh karena itu struktur Ig A yang berada dalam serum berbeda dengan Ig A yang terdapat dalam sekresi saluran gastrointestinal. Ig A sekresi ini mempunyai kemampuan mencegah perlekatan bakteri pada permukaan mukosa saluran gastrointestinal dan dapat mengontrol koloni mikroorganisma yang secara normal terdapat dalam saluran gastrointestinal seperti Escherichia coli agar tidak membahayakan tubuh. Dalam resistensi terhadap virus, Ig A dapat mencegah replikasi virus pada mukosa yang merupakan tempat masuknya. Ig A memiliki dua subklas yang dapat dibedakan oleh asam amino pada rantai alpha () dan pada pengikat disulfida…dst
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