Judul: Cross Reaction Ability of Human Influenza Virus Antibodies to Avian Influenza Virus
Abstrak: Influenza merupakan penyakit infeksi pada saluran pernapasan atas yang disebabkan oleh virus dari famili Orthomyxoviridae. Umumnya virus influenza yang menginfeksi manusia adalah influenza tipe A, yaitu A/H3N2, A/H1N1 penyebab Spanish flu dan A/H5N1 penyebab avian influenza yang bersifat zoonosis. Selain itu, virus influenza B juga umum menginfeksi manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari kemampuan reaksi dan netralisasi silang dari antibodi poliklonal virus human influenza terhadap virus avian influenza A/H5N1 clade 2.1.3 dan A/H9N2. Antibodi poliklonal diperoleh dari serum dan kuning telur ayam layer yang divaksinasi dengan vaksin influenza Quadriflu®, yang berisi virus influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1, B/Colorado, dan B/Phuket. Kemampuan reaksi silang ditentukan dengan uji agar gel presipitasi (AGP), sedangkan kemampuan netralisasi silang ditentukan dengan uji serum netralisasi (SN). Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa antibodi poliklonal virus human influenza dapat bereaksi silang terhadap antigen avian influenza subtipe H5N1 clade 2.1.3 dan subtipe H9N2, serta dapat menetralisasi silang secara in vitro virus avian influenza subtipe H5N1 dengan nilai indeks netralisasi sebesar 1,5. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan potensi dari antibodi poliklonal kuadrivalen yang memiliki spektrum luas untuk dimanfaatkan dalam pengendalian influenza dengan pendekatan imunisasi pasif., Influenza is an infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract caused by a virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family. In general, influenza viruses that infect humans are influenza type A, namely A/H3N2, A/H1N1 which causes Spanish flu and A/H5N1 causes zoonotic avian influenza. In addition, influenza B virus also commonly infects humans. This study aims to study the cross-reaction and cross-neutralization ability of human influenza virus polyclonal antibodies against avian influenza viruses A/H5N1 clade 2.1.3 and A/H9N2. Polyclonal antibodies were obtained from layers serum and egg yolk vaccinated with the Quadriflu® influenza vaccine, which contained influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1, B/Colorado, and B/Phuket. The cross-reaction ability was determined by agar gel precipitation (AGP) test, while cross neutralization ability was determined by serum neutralization (SN) test. Our results showed that the polyclonal antibody of human influenza virus could cross-react against avian influenza antigen subtype H5N1 clade 2.1.3 and subtype H9N2, and able to cross-neutralize avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 with a neutralization index value of 1,5. The results showed the potential of quadrivalent polyclonal antibodies which have a broad spectrum to be utilized in controlling influenza with a passive immunization approach.
Keyword: antibodi, influenza, netralisasi, proteksi silang, reaksi silang

Judul: Kemampuan Netralisasi Antibodi Spesifik Avian Influenza H5 Terhadap Beberapa Virus H5N1 Isolat Lapang
Abstrak: Avian Influenza (AI) is well known as Avian flu, Fowl pest, Fowl plaque, or Flu burung, caused by influenza virus type A. This virus is belonged to Orthomyxoviridae and could infect many kind of species such as bird, pig, horse, cat, as well as human. Vaccination is applied to control the disease using inactivated vaccine, which induced the specific antibody against H5 antigen. Passive immunization using specific antisera against H5 antigen is thought to be usefull in controlling the disease especially in the treatment of infected host. In this experiment the neutralization ability of specific antisera against H5 were studied using various field viral isolates subtype H5N1. Antisera was developed in Cavia porcellus which vaccinated with AI subtype H5N1 in activated vaccine. The titre of antisera obtained is 28 used HI test. Four AI virus subtype H5N1 isolates from 2003 to 2006 agains viral were we as tested virus. The neutralization test showed that the sera were able to neutralizing 10 4 EID50 AI virus H5N1 with neutralization index range between 1,1– 1,3. The result indicated that the specific antisera had the neutralization potency to the field virus.
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Judul: Pemodelan Proses Layanan Bisnis Untuk Routing Dan Costing Transportasi Laut Minyak Sawit: Studi Kasus Di PT. X.
Abstrak: One of business service of maritime transport is to provide ship rental for the tenants to deliver their products to the destination. Main focuses of problem this work are determining routing and costing and time efficient so it can arrives on time. The company needs to determine the route, operating costs are required, the distance to be taken and the optimization time. The purpose of this study was to get the optimal path, determine the operating costs per voyage the ship and determine the rent. The Modeling shows the determination of the route the ship can be done using the Kruskal’s algorithm while the modeling for the cost of rent shows that the magnitude of the rent is affected by the size of cargo ships and operating costs are calculated after the ship sailed.
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