Judul: Protocorm-like Bodies (plbs) induction and molecular characterization F2 population of phalaenopsis orchids
Abstrak: Efforts to increase the availability of Phalaenopsis orchid propagation material to provide quality propagules can be done either vegetatively or generatively. Tissue culture methods could be used as an alternative for vegetative plant propagation to produce uniform seedlings in large quantities. The success of this method is determined by some factors such as plant genotype, age and type of explants and culture media. The genotypes of plants from crossing of superior hybrid could be used for selection of new variety or as material for plant breeding. Molecular markers is an approach that can be used for plant selection at early growth so that it can be seen plants which have the same genotype or similar each other. The research objectives were to get the optimal medium for induction of plbs from leaf explants of Phalaenopsis orchids to make F2 population liniclone and molecular characterization of the Phalaenopsis orchid F2 population using SSR markers. This research consist of 4 phases: (1) plbs medium induction test on F2 populations of Phalaenopsis orchid 2) liniclone formation the F2 population using the best medium of phase 1; 3) Induction of axillary shoots; (4) Isolation of DNA individuals in F2 population and molecular characterization by SSR markers. The results of the phase 1 was an appropriate medium for plbs induction namely the medium ½MS (Murashige and Skoog) with addition of BAP 0.5 mg L-1 + TDZ 0.5 mg L-1 + 2.4-D 0.2 mg L-1. Explants forming plbs response in the medium was 80%. On the phase 2, twenty-six accessions produce plbs between 4-55 in 12 weeks after planting. Most plbs formation obtained on the accession 9 (55 plbs) and highest weight on accession plbs 3 (17.45 g). On the phase 3, all accessions did not produce axillary shoots until 12 weeks after planting. On the phase 4, in experiments of the molecular characterization of F2 population, three primary showed polymorphism banding pattern namely IPS14, PeGBMS466 and PeGBMS478 primary. The average PIC value obtained was 0.290 with the highest PIC value was 0.38 on PeGBMS478 locus. The average heterozygosity (He) 0.367 and average homozygosity (Ho) 0.491 with the He highest score at the locus PeGBMS478 was 0.496. Level of genetic similarity between P1 to P2 by 48%, while the genetic similarity between P2, F1, F2 and 21 progeny was approximately 90%.
Keyword: Genetic similarity, medium composition, liniclone, SSR, axillary shoot

Judul: Pertumbuhan Protocorm Like Bodies (Plb) Dua Populasi Hasil Persilangan Anggrek Phalaenopsis pada Beberapa Komposisi Media
Abstrak: In vitro propagation of orchids had shortened the time required to produce plants in large quantities. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of medium composition on the growth of protocorm like bodies (Plb) of two populations of Phalaenopsis hybrid. Research laid out in completely randomized design with two factors, namely the Phalaenopsis hybrid populations and medium composition. The first hybrid of population was generated from a crossing between the white standard and the pink standard of Phalaenopsis hybrid accession and the second hybrid was the reciprocal of the first crossing. Seeds were germinated on MS 1/2 to produce Plb, then the Plb subsequently cultured in four media composition, i.e MS 1/2 , MS 1/2 + coconut water 150 ml l-1, complex fertilizer Hyponex (2 g l-1), and Hyponex (2 g l-1) + coconut water 150 ml l-1. The results showed that the increase of Plb was significantly influenced by population, medium composition, and the interaction between the two factors. Population 1 showed better growth (average 5.4 Plb per 16 weeks) compared with the population 2 (average 2.2 Plb per 16 weeks). The best medium for the growth of Plb into plantlets in both populations is Hyponex (2 g l-1) or Hyponex (2 g l-1) + coconut water 150 ml l-1.
Keyword: 

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
Keyword: