Judul: Toksisitas Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. berliner dan subsp. aizawai terhadap Larva Crocidolomia binotalis Zell. (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) dan Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae)
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari toksisitas dua varietas Bacillus thuringiensis terhadap larva Crocidolomia binotalis dan Spodoptera litura. Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Pengendalian Hayati, Jurusan Hama Dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Fakultas Pertanian, lnstitut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian diawali dengan melakukan isolasi bakteri dari dua pestisida yang masing-masing berbahan aktif spora dan kristal protein Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. berliner dan B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai. lsolasi dilakukan dengan metode kuadran.
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Judul: Analisis toksisitas dua insektisida mikroba, thuricide HP R dan bactospeine R terhadap perkembangan dan mortalitas larva Crocidolomia binotalis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Abstrak: Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Pengendalian Hayati Jurusan Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari toksisitas dua formulasi insektisida berbahan aktif Bacillus thuringiensis terhadap larva C. binotalis. Insektisida yang digunakan untuk perlakuan yaitu Thuricide HP dan Bactospeine WP masing-masing dengan konsentrasi 0.0001, 0.0007, 0.0047, 0.0308, 0.2 dan 1.3 gram per liter. Alat yang digunakan untuk mengaplikasikan insektisida adalah menara semprot Burkard (Potter spray tower). Pengujian toksisitas insektisida terhadap larva dilakukan pada tanaman sawi. Perlakuan B. thuringiensis memberi pengaruh yang jelas dalam hal peningkatan mortalitas larva. Nilai LC50 Thuricide pada pengamatan 72, 96 dan 120 jam setelah aplikasi lebih kecil daripada Bactospeine. Waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk mematikan 50% populasi (LT50) Thuricide lebih pendek daripada Bactospeine.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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