Judul: Produksi Pati Tapioka Nanokristalin Terasetilasi
Abstrak: Tapioka alami memiliki banyak kelemahan jika langsung digunakan pada industri, sehingga diperlukan modifikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan pati termodifikasi yaitu pati nanokristalin terasetilasi. Modifikasi tapioka nanokristalin terasetilasi meliputi tiga proses yaitu pembentukan tapioka kristalin melalui proses lintnerisasi, pembentukan tapioka nanokristalin melalui proses presipitasi dengan etanol, dan asetilasi menggunakan asetat anhidrida. Modifikasi asetilasi menggunakan beberapa jenis pati yaitu tapioka alami, tapioka kristalin dan tapioka nanokristalin dengan perlakuan asetat anhidrida 3% dan 6%. Pengaruh perlakuan perbedaan konsentrasi asetat anhidrida yang ditambahkan dalam proses asetilasi dapat meningkatkan daya serap air, daya serap minyak, namun menurunkan kelarutan, swelling power dan daya cerna pati. Pengaruh perbedaan konsentrasi asetat anhidrida 3% dan 6% menyebabkan peningkatan persen asetilasi dan derajat substitusi pada pati tapioka kristalin, namun pada tapioka alami dan tapioka nanokristalin terjadi penurunan persen asetilasi dan derajat substitusi.
Keyword: asetilasi, lintnerisasi, pati termodifikasi, tapioka kristalin, tapioka nanokristalin, presipitasi

Judul: Karakteristik Sifat Fisik Pati Tapioka Modifikasi Ganda dengan Hidroksipropilasi dan Ikat Silang
Abstrak: Modifikasi ganda pati tapioka dengan metode hidroksipropilasi dan ikat silang dilakukan untuk mengatasi kekurangan sifat pati tapioka asli sehingga lebih luas aplikasinya pada pengolahan makanan. Modifikasi ganda diterapkan dengan kombinasi konsentrasi propilena oksida (8%, 10%, dan 12%) dan sodium trimetafosfat (STMP) : sodium tripolifosfat (STPP) (2 % : 5 %). Pati tapioka hasil modifikasi ganda memiliki suhu gelatinisasi lebih rendah (66.00 - 68.00oC) dibandingkan dengan pati tapioka asli (68.45oC). Pati tapioka modifikasi ganda memiliki viskositas puncak yang lebih tinggi pada tingkat yang berbeda dari konsentrasi propilen oksida (>5735cP), sedangkan viskositas puncak pati tapioka asli lebih rendah (5635cP). Nilai viskositas setback untuk pati termodifikasi memiliki nilai yang lebih tinggi (3136-3564cP) dan untuk pati alaminya (1192cP). Viskositas breakdown pati tapioka hasil modifikasi ganda lebih rendah (698- 1530cP) dibandingkan dengan pati alaminya (4089cP). Pada pH asam, viskositas puncak menurun pada tingkat yang berbeda dari penambahan konsentrasi propilen oksida. Pati tapioka hasil modifikasi ganda dengan konsentrasi propilen (10-12%) dan campuran STMP : STTP (2%:5%) memiliki sifat tahan panas, asam dan pengadukan.
Keyword: pati tapioka, hidroksipropilasi, modifikasi ganda, ikat silang

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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