Judul: The Potential of Noni Fruit (Morinda  citrifolia) as an Antihypertensive Based on Pharmacological Networks and Molecular Docking
Abstrak: Buah mengkudu (M. citrifolia) merupakan salah satu komoditas yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh berbagai suku di Indonesia dalam mengobati hipertensi. Rasionalisasi penggunaan buah mengukudu secara tradisional masih sangat terbatas, terutama mekanisme farmakologi yang mendasari dalam penanganan hipertensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan memprediksi senyawa aktif, target potensial, mekanisme pengobatan, serta pasangan ligan-reseptor terbaik pada buah mengkudu dalam pengobatan hipertensi. Jejaring farmakologi dibuat untuk memahami hubungan antara senyawa kandidat, protein target, penyakit, dan jalur lintasan penyakit. Uji penambatan molekul dilakukan untuk menganalisis dan memverifikasi interaksi antara senyawa kandidat dan protein target, Sebanyak tiga senyawa buah mengkudu (isorhamnetin, quercetin, dan kaempferol) diprediksi berperan penting dalam efek farmakologis buah mengkudu untuk pengobatan hipertensi berdasarkan jejaring farmakologi. Sebanyak 10 protein target utama (ALB, AKT1, IL6, EGFR, SRC, ESR1, BCL2, HIF1A, PTGS2, PPARG) diyakini sebagai target potensial dalam pengembangan obat hipertensi berdasarkan jejaring protein-protein. Mekanisme buah mengkudu sebagai antihipertensi diprediksi berkaitan dengan jalur kanker, persinyalan PI3K/AKT, resistensi insulin, persinyalan HIF-1, focal adhesion, cAMP, dan interaksi ligan-reseptor neuroaktif. Sebanyak lima pasangan ligan-reseptor memiliki nilai binding affinity terbaik, yaitu kaempferol-PTGS2, quercetin-EGFR, kaempferol-EGFR, isorhamnetin-EGFR, dan kaempferol-ESR1. Penelitian ini dapat memberikan gambaran yang holistik mengenai mekanisme potensi buah mengkudu sebagai antihipertensi., Noni fruit (M. citrifolia) is a often used by various tribes in Indonesia to treat hypertension. The rationalization of the traditional use of noni fruit is limited, particularly concerning the pharmacological mechanisms underlying hypertension treatment. This study aims to predict the best active compounds, potential targets, treatment mechanism, and the ligand-receptor pairs in noni fruit for treating hypertension. A network pharmacology approach is used to understand the relationships between candidate compounds, target proteins, diseases, and disease pathways. Molecular docking was conducted to analyze and verify interactions between candidate compounds and target proteins. Three compounds in noni fruit (isorhamnetin, quercetin, and kaempferol) are predicted to play an important role in noni pharmacological effects for hypertension treatment. A total of 10 major target proteins (ALB, AKT1, IL6, EGFR, SRC, ESR1, BCL2, HIF1A, PTGS2, and PPARG) are predicted to be potential targets in the development of hypertensive drugs. The antihypertensive mechanisms are predicted to relate to cancer pathways, PI3K/AKT signaling, insulin resistance, HIF-1, focal adhesion, cAMP, and neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions. Five ligand-receptor pairs have the best affinity binding values, namely kaempferol-PTGS2, quercetin-EGFR, kaempferol-EGFR, isorhamnetin-EGFR, and kaempferol-ESR1. This research provides a holistic view of the potential mechanisms of noni fruit as an antihypertensive.
Keyword: senyawa bioaktif, In silico, tanaman obat, penemuan obat

Judul: Potensi Antihipertensi Tanaman Obat Indonesia Keluarga Apocynaceae Melalui Kajian Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder dan Aktivitas Antihipertensi
Abstrak: Hipertensi ditandai dengan peningkatan tekanan darah sistolik dan diastolik yang spesifik. Secara farmakologis, hipertensi dapat dikurangi dengan penggunaan obat-obatan antihipertensi seperti kaptopril, lisinopril, enalpril, dan ramipril. Obat-obatan ini bekerja pada berbagai macam mekanisme antihipertensi khususnya inhibisi ACE. Pule pandak (Rauvolfia serpentina), tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus), dan pulai (Alstonia scholaris) merupakan tanaman dari keluarga Apocynaceae yang berpotensi sebagai alternatif pengobatan hipertensi. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dan membandingkan kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder serta aktivitas antihipertensi dari ketiga tanaman dengan melakukan kajian pustaka dari berbagai literatur. Berdasarkan kajian literatur, uji fitokimia dilakukan menggunakan ekstrak ketiga tanaman untuk mengidentifikasi adanya kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berbeda-beda, antara lain alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, steroid, fenol, terpenoid, dan tanin. Alkaloid indol seperti reserpina, ajmalisin, dan resinamina diketahui berperan sebagai agen antihipertensi. Ketiga tanaman ini memiliki kemampuan hipotensif baik secara tradisional, in vitro, in vivo, dan uji klinis sehingga berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai obat antihipertensi. Kata kunci: Alstonia scholaris, antihipertensi, Catharanthus roseus, metabolit sekunder, Rauvolfia serpentina, Hypertension is characterized by increased in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Pharmacologically, hypertension can be reduced with antihypertensive drugs such as captopril, lisinopril, enalpril, and ramipril. Antihypertensive drugs can act on various mechanisms, especially ACE inhibition. Pule pandak (Rauvolfia serpentina), tapak dara (Catharanthus roseus), and pulai (Alstonia scholaris) belongs to the Apocynaceae family which are known as an alternative hypertension medication. This study aims to analyze and compare secondary metabolites and antihypertensive activity of the three plants by conducting a review from various literature. Based on literature review, phytochemical tests were carried out using these plants extracts to identify the presence of different secondary metabolite compounds, such as alkaloid, saponin, flavonoid, steroid, phenol, terpenoid, and tannin. Indole alkaloids such as reserpine, ajmalicine, and rescinnamine are known to be an antihypertensive agents. These plants have a hypotensive ability by traditionally, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trial resulting in potential antihypertensive drugs. Keywords: Alstonia scholaris, antihypertension, Catharanthus roseus, Rauvolfia serpentina, secondary metabolite
Keyword: Alstonia scholaris, antihypertension, Catharanthus roseus, Rauvolfia serpentina, secondary metabolite

Judul: Characterizations of low alloy steel sae 4422  plated with chromic acid (Cro3)
Abstrak: Characterizations of low alloy steel SAE 4422 plated with chromic acid (CrOrO3) was use Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), RD),Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-Ray (EDAX), Hardness Test and Roughness Test. Microstructures analysis exhibits cracks and grain boundaries microcracks as a characteristics of chrome metal found at plating metal. Perlite and Ferrite as grains of steel found at base metal with grain boundaries around it. Phase analysis of plating metal appropriate to chrome metal with lattice constant (a) is 2.559 Å and phase analysis of base metal appropriate to iron ferrite with lattice constant (a) is 3.318 Å. Both plating and base metal have cubic system. Chemical analysis of plating metal at surface section exhibits that cracks area have highest value of carbon element compare with grains and grains boundaries area. While chemical analysis of base metal at cross section exhibits that perlite have highest value of carbon element compare with ferrite and grain boundaries. The hardness value of plating metal at surface section and cross section are 753 and 637 VHN. While, the hardness value of base metal and interface area at cross section are 205 and 373 VHN. The roughness value at measurement points of chrome surface for as received sample are 0.445 μm. Observation used Optical Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy exhibits surface irregularities combine to form surface texture of plating metal at surface section.
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