Judul: Thelaziosis pada Ternak Sapi Potong Peternakan Rakyat di Kabupaten Kupang
Abstrak: Thelaziosis adalah kecacingan pada mata yang disebabkan oleh nematoda. Siklus hidup cacing ini memerlukan inang antara lalat dari famili Muscidae. Kabupaten Kupang merupakan daerah yang memiliki potensi peternakan sapi potong yang cukup besar. Umumnya sapi potong di Kabupaten Kupang dipelihara secara tradisional dengan cara digembalakan di padang penggembalaan. Metode pemeliharaan ini memiliki risiko terinfeksi oleh berbagai penyakit diantaranya thelaziosis. Informasi thelaziosis di Kabupaten Kupang sangat minim. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui spesies Thelazia, tingkat prevalensi, derajat infeksi, gejala klinis dan faktor risiko terkait kejadian thelaziosis. Survei thelaziosis di Kabupaten Kupang dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode cross-sectional. Sebanyak 385 ekor sapi diambil sebagai sampel dari 96 peternakan yang dipilih secara acak dari tiga kecamatan dari Kabupaten Kupang. sampel sapi diamati gejala klinis akibat thelaziosis dan cacing yang terdapat pada mata sapi dikoleksi menggunakan pinset setelah di berikan cairan anestesi lokal (10% Xylocaine). Informasi tentang umur ternak, sumber daya manusia dan manajemen peternakan yang berpotensi sebagai faktor risiko thelaziosis diperoleh melalui wawancara menggunakan metode kuesioner. Pengaruh berbagai faktor risiko terhadap nilai prevalensi thelaziosis dianalisis menggunakan chi-square, sedangkan untuk mengetahui besarnya pengaruh setiap faktor risiko dianalisis menggunakan regresi logistik. Sebanyak 357 cacing (157 jantan dan 210 betina) yang dikoleksi dari 23 ekor sapi yang terinfeksi, dengan rataan jumlah cacing sebanyak 32.92 ± 21.03 ekor. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan morfometrik, cacing yang ditemukan diidentifikasi sebagai spesies Thelazia rhodesii. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan prevalensi thelaziosis rhodesii 5.97 % (23/385), sebanyak 22 ekor sapi yang terinfeksi menunjukkan gejala klinis yaitu lakrimasi yang berlebihan dan konjungtivitis yang mengarah ke keratokonjungtivitis, sementara satu ekor sapi menunjukkan ulserasi. Hasil analisis terhadap faktor risiko infeksi menunjukkan bahwa sapi yang berumur >6-12 bulan dan >12 bulan memiliki prevalensi lebih tinggi dari sapi yang berumur 0-6 bulan (P<0.05). Faktor risiko infeksi yang bersumber dari manajemen peternakan yang mempengaruhi prevalensi thelaziosis pada sapi adalah pengobatan terhadap cacing, manajemen penggembalaan, pembersihan kandang dan pengelolaan feses. Pengobatan menggunakan anthelmintik setahun sekali memiliki risiko terinfeksi Thelazia spp 19.06 (P<0.05) kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan pengobatan menggunakan anthelmintik dua kali setahun. Pembersihan kandang secara teratur sebulan sekali memiliki risiko terhadap infeksi T.rhodesii 124.08 (P<0.05) kali lebih tinggi dari yang dibersihkan setiap hari. Lokasi penggembalan di padang rumput memiliki risiko terinfeksi Thelazia spp 19.3 (P<0.05) lebih tinggi dibandingkan di sawah
Keyword: Thelazia rhodesii, sapi, prevalensi, derajat infeksi, faktor risiko

Judul: Bovine Thelaziosis in Kupang District Livestock
Abstrak: Thelaziosis is eyeworm disease caused by nematodes. The life cycle of this worm requires the host intermediate flies of the family Muscidae. Kupang district is an area that has the potential of beef cattle farms large enough. Generally, beef cattle in Kupang district has traditionally maintained by means of grazing on pasture. This maintenance method has the risk of becoming infected by various diseases including thelaziosis. Information of thelaziosis in Indonesia is very minimal including in Kupang district. This study was conducted to identify species of Thelazia, determine the prevalence, the intensity infection, clinical sign and to investigate associated risk factors of thelaziosis. Survey thelaziosis in Kupang district were carried out using Cross-sectional study. A total of 385 cattles were randomly selected from 96 farms in three subdistrict of Kupang District and observed to thelaziosis. The nematode present in the eye of cattle were collected with a forcep after administrating of local anesthesia (10% Xylocaine). The potential risk factors regarding to age of cattle, human resources and farm management were obtained by interviewing the farmers. The influence of various risk factors to the prevalence of thelaziosis were analized using chi-square, while logistic regression was applied to analyze related risk factor of thelaziosis. Total of 357 worms (157 males and 210 female) were collected from 23 infected cattles with the mean number of worms in infected cattle was 32.92 ± 21.03. Observation using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) on morphology characteristic showed that nematode species founded were identified as Thelazia rhodesii. The result showed that of the total 385 cattles observed, 23 (5.96%) were infected by T.rhodesii, of which 22 cattles showed apparent clinical signs namely excessive lacrimation and conjunctivitis that leads to keratoconjunctivitis, while one cattle showed ulceration. The infection was more prevalence in older cattle (>6-12 month old and >12 month old) than calf (0-6 month old) (P<0.05). Significant risk factors of animal husbandry practices affecting the prevalence of thelaziosis in cattle were anthelmintic treatment, grazing management, barn cleaning, and manure management. The regular once a year anthelmintic treatment had 19.06 (P<0.05) times higher risk to Thelazia spp infection than the regular twice a year treatment. Regular cleaning of barn, once a month had 124.08 (P<0.05)times higher risk factors to Thelazia spp infection than everyday and pastoral locations on pasture had 19.3 (P<0.05) higher risk factors than field rice to Thelazia spp infection. Our results highlight that significancy risk factors for the occurrence of the disease should be considered in designing control programs of thelaziosis.
Keyword: Thelazia rhodesii, cattles, prevalence, worm burden, risk factors

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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