Judul: Kasus Perkebunan Rakyat di Kecamatan Tulang Bawang Tengah, Kabupaten Tulang Bawang, Lampung
Abstrak: This research compared rubber quality between smallholder rubber farmers in rubber development program village and non-program village. The objectives of the research were to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers, describe the rubber farm conditions, identify cause of low-quality rubber, identify farmer’s efforts to increase rubber quality, to describe and to test relationship between socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers, technical factors, and rubber quality among them, and to analyze the net increase of farmer income after use of rubber quality improvement technology. Data for the research were generated from 64 respondents randomly (stratified cluster sampling) from three villages; one village was rubber development program village and two else were non-program villages. Descriptive statistics, qualitative analysis and binary logistic regression model were used in analysing the data. The empirical data showed that majority of farmers were over 40 years: 54.69 percent were middle age (40-60 years) and 31.25 percent were old age (over 60 years). Findings revealed that majority of farmers (93.75 percent) cultivated their rubber plantation by intercropping system. The result of analysis showed that smallholder rubber farmers in rubber development program village produced lower grade rubber (average 6.13) than rubber farmers in non-program village (average 6.98). The cause of that was the use of additive coagulant such as extract of Gadung tuber (Dioscorea hispida Dennst). The identification result suggest that the causes of low-quality rubber were the use of coagulant other than formic acid and existence of contaminants such as wood shavings (tatal), leafs and black dry rubber in coagulump. The empirical result revealed that majority of farmers did efforts to increase rubber quality such as cleaning of collecting pans periodic (57,81 percent), keeping of coagulump from contaminants (57,81 percent), but just a little farmer used trained tappers (32,81 percent), cleaning of collecting cups before tapping(28,12 percent ), dissociating types of coagulump (9,38 percent). There were no farmers using of formic acid as coagulant. The qualitative analysis indicated relationship between membership of farmer institution and soscial acivities, education, family income, family size, farm size, use of TSP as coagulant and rubber quality. The binary logistic regression model revealed relationship between age, education (negative relationship), family size, membership of farmer institution, familu size, (positive relationship) and rubber quality at 20 percent probability level. The partial budgets analysis proved that use of formic acid as coagulant was profitable in program village and non-program village, but there were no farmers using of formic acid as coagulant because it was scarce (difficult to find).
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Judul: Determinants of Farmers’ Decision to Take Credit and The Impact on Rubber Farming Performance
Abstrak: Karet adalah salah satu komoditas perkebunan yang banyak diekspor Indonesia. Namun produktivitasnya masih rendah, dimana kesulitan permodalan petani menjadi permasalahan utama dan salah satu cara penguatan permodalan adalah program kredit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi petani mengambil kredit dan dampaknya terhadap kinerja usahatani karet. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder Survei Rumah Tangga Usaha Perkebunan Tahun 2014 berjumlah 19.229 petani, terdiri dari 355 petani mengambil kredit dan 18.874 petani tidak mengambil kredit. Metode yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik dan propensity score matching. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa variabel yang signifikan memengaruhi keputusan petani mengambil kredit, antara lain jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, lokasi usahatani, keanggotaan koperasi, keanggotaan kelompok tani, dan kepemilikan lahan. Namun, variabel usia, jumlah tanggungan keluarga, penyuluhan, kemitraan, dan umur tanaman tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap keputusan petani mengambil kredit. Selain itu, kredit berdampak positif terhadap produksi, penerimaan, dan biaya usahatani karet, tetapi tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap produktivitas dan profit usahatani karet., Rubber is one of the plantation commodities which exported by Indonesia. But the productivity is low, that farmer’s capital difficulty is the main problem and credit is one of the way to solve it. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence farmers in taking credit and its impact on the performance of rubber farming. The data used is secondary data from the 2014 Plantation Business Household Survey with total of 19,229 farmers, consisting of 355 farmers taking credit and 18.874 farmers not taking credit. The method used are logistic regression and propensity score matching. The results showed that significant variables influenced farmers' decisions to take credit are gender, education level, farm location, cooperative membership, farmer group membership, and land ownership. However, age, number of family dependents, agricultural extension services, partnerships, and age of plant are not significant to farmer's decision to take credit. In addition, credit has positive impact on production, income, and expenditure of rubber farming, but it has no significant effect on productivity and profits of rubber farming.
Keyword: credit, farm performance, propensity score matching, rubber

Judul: Peluang Partikel Plasma Berada Pada Dimensi Debye Akibat Gangguan Gelombang Elektromagnetik dengan Menggunakan Persamaan Schrödinger
Abstrak: The solution of Schrodinger equations with plasma Coulomb potential in spherical coordinat results solution wave function and energy plasma particle. Electron probability density at Debye length with thermal effect same as ion, which indicates plasma in neutral state. Electromagnetic waves perturbation of an electric field given to result wave function perturbation system. The probability density of plasma particle due to electromagnetic waves perturbation is the largest when an electromagnetic waves frequency 1.41 times the plasma frequency .
Keyword: Schrödinger, plasma, electromagnetic wave