Judul: Karakterisasi Kapsul Keras Berbahan Gelatin dan Karaginan Hasil Hidrolisis Rumput Laut dengan Kapang
Abstrak: Kapsul komersial umumnya diproduksi dari gelatin babi atau sapi, namun memiliki kendala berkaitan dengan aspek keamanan dan kehalalan. Karaginan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan substitusi dalam pembuatan kapsul. Karaginan komersial dihasilkan dengan ekstraksi secara kimiawi dan enzimatis, namun hasil yang diperoleh belum efisien sehingga dapat dilakukan ekstraksi secara biologis menggunakan kapang. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan karakterisasi karaginan hasil ekstraksi secara biologis menggunakan kapang serta mengkaji pengaruh substitusi karaginan pada gelatin terhadap karakteristik kapsul yang dihasilkan. Karaginan pretreatment perebusan memiliki karakteristik yang telah memenuhi standar FAO dan BSN kecuali kadar air dan kadar sulfat sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan substitusi dalam pembuatan kapsul. Level substitusi karaginan 0%, 5% dan 10% merupakan formula terpilih dalam pembuatan kapsul. Karakteristik kapsul yang dihasilkan diantaranya panjang body 16.99±0.15 mm, 17.35±0.07 mm, 17.88±0.02 mm, panjang cap 6.30±1.12 mm, 8.10±0.90 mm, 6.37±0.80 mm, bobot 0.96±0.12 g, 0.99±0.12 g, 1.01±0.07 g, waktu hancur kurang dari 30 menit, sedangkan kadar air kapsul 2 dan 7 belum sesuai standar yang ditetapkan.
Keyword: kapang, kapsul, karaginan, rumput laut

Judul: Karakteristik Gelatin Kulit Ikan dan Pemanfaatannya untuk Kapsul Keras
Abstrak: Gelatin merupakan produk yang banyak dimanfaatkan, salah satunya sebagai bahan baku pembuat kapsul keras. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah menentukan karakteristik gelatin dari kulit ikan tuna sirip kuning dan kulit ikan patin serta menentukan karakteristik cangkang kapsul keras. Gelatin dihidrolisis menggunakan asam sitrat 0,25%. Pembuatan kapsul keras terdiri dari kapsul gelatin tuna sirip kuning, kapsul gelatin patin, serta kapsul campuran antara gelatin tuna-patin yang dibandingkan dengan kapsul komersial. Rancangan percobaan dalam penelitian ini ialah Rancangan Acak Lengkap. Karakteristik gelatin kulit ikan tuna sirip kuning dan patin masing-masing yaitu pH 4,85±0,12 dan 5,06±0,03; kekuatan gel 184,33±8,00 g bloom dan 129,83±8,52 g bloom; kadar air 7,03±0,72% dan 5,87±0,37%; kadar abu 0,52±0,04% dan 0,58±0,04%; setting point 23,17±1,04oC dan 18,00±1,32oC; viskositas 31,13±3,02 cP dan 9,97±0,60 cP; warna L 37±0,51 dan 57,92±0,6; serta whiteness 34,91±0,46% dan 51,47±0,52%. Hasil analisis SDS-PAGE menunjukkan adanya ikatan β, α1 dan α2 pada gelatin tuna dan ikatan α1 dan α2 pada gelatin patin. Kapsul patin dan campuran tuna-patin memiliki sifat yang relatif sama.
Keyword: gelatin, kapsul keras, patin, tuna sirip kuning

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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