Judul: Literature Review Effect of Extraction Method on the Characteristic of Carrageenan from Kappaphycus alvarezii
Abstrak: Karaginan merupakan getah rumput laut yang diperoleh dari hasil ekstraksi rumput laut merah umumnya menggunakan air panas atau larutan alkali pada suhu tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi, menganalisis, dan membandingkan pengaruh metode ekstraksi biologis dengan enzim dari kapang endofit laut dan metode kimiawi dengan konsentrasi KOH yang berbeda terhadap rendemen, viskositas, dan kekuatan gel karaginan dari Kappaphycus alvarezii. Penelitian ini merupakan kajian literatur yang menggunakan data sekunder dan informasi yang diperoleh dari jurnal nasional dan internasional. Rendemen hasil ekstraksi karaginan dengan metode kimiawi diperoleh nilai berkisar antara 37.30-37.46% dan metode biologis sebesar 43.55%. Nilai viskositas hasil ekstraksi karaginan dengan metode kimiawi berkisar antara 30.28-50.10 cP dan metode biologis sebesar 24.34 cP. Karakteristik kekuatan gel dengan metode kimiawi diperoleh nilai 488.37-553.16 g/cm² dan metode biologis 28.15 g/cm². Hasil analisis pada kajian literatur ini menunjukkan bahwa perbedaan jenis metode ekstraksi berpengaruh nyata terhadap karakteristik viskositas dan kekuatan gel, dan tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen.
Keyword: Enzymatic, gel strength, physical characteristic, viscosity, yield

Judul: Literature Review of Antioxidant Activity and Carrageenan of Kappaphycus alvarezii at Different Water Locations
Abstrak: Kappaphycus alvarezii merupakan rumput laut yang banyak diproduksi di Indonesia dan merupakan komoditas rumput laut yang banyak diminati. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membandingkan pengaruh lokasi perairan yang berbeda berdasarkan sumber pustaka terhadap proksimat, rendemen, antioksidan, viskositas dan kekuatan gel karaginan rumput laut K. alvarezii. Penelitian ini berupa kajian literatur yang memperoleh informasi dan data dari jurnal nasional dan internasional yang dianalisis dengan metode uji independent sample t-test . Rataan kadar abu K. alvarezii sebesar 16,25±3,37% (Indonesia) dan 34,99±8,88% (luar Indonesia). Rataan aktivitas antioksidan K. alvarezii sebesar 24,80±2,63 ppm (Indonesia) dan 13435±2312,2 ppm (luar Indonesia). Rataan rendemen ekstrak K.alvarezii sebesar 3,73±2,79% (Indonesia) dan 2,62±0,32% (luar Indonesia). Rataan kekuatan gel karaginan ekstrak K. alvarezii yaitu 415,73±155,21 g/cm2 (Indonesia) dan 884,15±8,27 g/cm2 (luar Indonesia). Rataan viskositas karaginan ekstrak K. alvarezii sebesar 23,76±5,59 cP (Indonesia) dan 138,15±32,73 cP (luar Indonesia). Lokasi peraiaran luar Indonesia lebih unggul dalam hasil kekuatan gel dan viskositas karaginan., Kappaphycus alvarezii is seaweed that is widely produced in Indonesia and this seaweed commodity has a great demand. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of different water locations based on literature on the proximate, yield, antioxidant, viscosity and carrageenan gel strength of K. alvarezii. This research is in the form of a literature review that obtains information and data from national and international journals which are analyzed using independent sample t-test. The average ash content of K. alvarezii was 16.25±3.37 % (Indonesia) and 34.99±8.88 % (non-Indonesian). The average antioxidant activity of K. alvarezii was 24.80±263 ppm (Indonesia) and 13435±2312.2 ppm (non-Indonesian). The average yield of K. alvarezii extract was 3.73±2.79 % (Indonesia) and 2.62±0.32 % (non-Indonesian). The average strength of K. alvarezii extract carrageenan gel was 415.73±155.21 g/cm2 (Indonesia) and 884.15±8.27 g/cm2 (non-Indonesian). The average viscosity of carrageenan extract of K. alvarezii was 23.76±5.59 cP (Indonesia) and 138.15±32.73 cP (non-Indonesian). Non-Indonesian locations are superior in terms of gel strength and carrageenan viscosity.
Keyword: antioxidant, carrageenan, Kappaphycus alvarezii, waters location

Judul: A Continuous Vaccination Strategy in the SVIR Epidemic Model
Abstrak: Vaccination is conducted to minimize the spread of a disease. The vaccination is usually done several times within a fixed time interval. In the SVIR model, it is assumed that individuals do not get immediate immunity following a vaccination program. So according to process of vaccination on SVIR model, there are two strategies, i.e. the continuous vaccination strategy (CVS) and the pulse vaccination strategy (PVS). In this study, only the CVS strategy in epidemic model SVIR is considered. Results of the study indicate that dynamics of the CVS system depends on the basic reproductive number. If the basic reproductive number is less than one, then the disease-free fixed point is asymptotically stable. It means that the disease will eventually disappear from the population. Conversely, if the basic reproductive number is greater than one, then the endemic fixed point is asymptotically stable, which means that the disease will remain exist in the population. Simulation result shows that the vaccination would minimize the spread of disease by reducing the basic reproductive number. If the time for the vaccinated recipients to obtain the immunity, as well as a possibility of vaccinated recipients to be infected are neglected, then the disease will be eradicated. This condition is called an over-evaluating effect of vaccination.
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