Judul: Farmakologi Balik dan Jejaring untuk Pencarian Senyawa Aktif dari Jamu Antidiabetes
Abstrak: One of the attempts to treat diabetes is by using herbal medicines. The explanation of molecular mechanism from medicinal plant (herb) compounds such as their interaction with target proteins still to be developed. The aims of the research are to find potential active compounds from antidiabetic medicinal plants, to find their molecular mechanism of inhibition, and to check potentiality of herbal formula plants as antidiabetic through study of reversed and network pharmacology. Antidiabetic potential compounds and molecular mechanism were discovered by analyzing networks formed between compounds of clinical trial plants, lead compounds such as antidiabetic standards, and compounds of herbal formula plants. There are 10 potential compounds obtained from networks and further evaluated for their drug-likeness using the rule of five. The evaluation revealed 8 compounds that meet the rule and further confirmed their activity on the target through molecular docking. The result of docking showed that 3,4- dihydroxybenzoic acid, berberine, and (-)-secoisolariciresinol gave better affinity than that of the target protein‟s inhibitor standard, thus these compounds are potential to play a role in the treatment of diabetes.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), reversed pharmacology, network pharmacology, herbs, antidiabetic,

Judul: Pendekatan Jaringan Farmakologi Untuk Penguraian Mekanisme Kerja Jamu Terhadap Pengobatan Penyakit Diabetes Tipe Ii
Abstrak: Diabetes tipe 2 (T2D) merupakan suatu penyakit metabolik kronis yang ditandai dengan tingginya kadar glukosa darah akibat sekresi insulin yang tidak cukup. Obat sintetik yang telah digunakan menunjukkan aktivitas terapeutik untuk mengatur kadar glukosa darah, namun beberapa memiliki efek samping seperti perut kembung dan diare. Sebelumnya, formula jamu telah dikembangkan terdiri dari campuran pare, sembung, bratawali dan jahe. Beberapa diantaranya telah digunakan selama beberapa dekade sebagai obat alternatif untuk mengobati T2D, karena aktivitas terapeutik pada formula jamu tersebut bermanfaat untuk mengatur tingkat gula darah dan meningkatkan resistensi insulin. Pemahaman mekanisme kerjanya dalam pengobatan T2D masih belum diketahui karena banyak campuran senyawa kompleks yang terikat secara sementara ke beberapa target terapi. Konsep farmakologi jaringan dibangun pada keyakinan bahwa menargetkan beberapa node dalam sistem molekul yang saling berhubungan dan bukan molekul individu, yang dapat menyebabkan keberhasilan yang lebih baik dan efek samping yang lebih sedikit dengan mengintegrasikan in silico farmakologi, berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip dan tujuan dari sistem farmakologi. Dengan demikian, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengembangkan pendekatan sistematis komprehensif yang mengintegrasikan farmakologi jaringan untuk menyelidiki mekanisme aksi formula jamu yang terdiri atas pare, sembung, bratawali dan jahe dalam pengobatan T2D. Hasil analisis profil sasaran obat mengindikasikan 278 senyawa dari empat tumbuhan yang digunakan terkait sebagai obat antidiabetes dengan tingkat keberhasilan pengelompokan keseluruhan sebesar 98,58% dan prediksi sinergi mengungkapkan bahwa 5 dari 16 pasang bahan memiliki efek antidiabetes sinergis yang signifikan. Berdasarkan analisis jaringan, 51 dari 576 target dianggap memiliki derajat yang tinggi dan 24 target yang terbagi di dalam empat tumbuhan yang digunakan menghasilkan empat senyawa yang sesuai dan terkait dengan target terapi T2D yang telah dikenal. Analisis pengayaan berdasarkan sistem penjelasan PANTHER Gene Ontology dan jalur sistem KEGG mengungkapkan target yang dianggap utama adalah yang sering terlibat dalam proses biologis yang signifikan dan jalur yang terkait dengan perkembangan penyakit T2D. Docking molekul mengungkapkan bahwa situs pengikatan kesamaan (BSS) yang tinggi diperoleh dari momordikosida F2 (78%), β-sitosterol (67%) dan cis-N-feruloiltiramina (67%) dengan miglitol (obat antidiabetes) sebagai pembanding dan semua ligan yang berlabuh memberikan afinitas pengikatan dan penghambatan yang tinggi terhadap enzim maltase-glukoamilase (MGA) yang bertanggung jawab dalam sintesis pati menjadi glukosa.
Keyword: T2D, jamu, jaringan farmakologi

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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