Judul: In Vitro Micropropagation and Induction of Alkaloid Accumulation in Jeruju (Hydrolea spinosa L.).
Abstrak: Hydrolea spinosa is one of the potential plant for antimalarial drugs. Alkaloid compound in this plant has antiplasmodial activity. Conventional vegetative propagation through auxilarry branching was inhibited cause required its habitation, i.e. wetland. Tissue culture as an alternative propagation technique of this plant was required a protocol of its micropropagation. This method was also used in the effort of the improvement of alkaloid content through various of manipulation methods. The objectives of these research were to find out the effect of plant regulators and explants types on shoot induction, proliferation and elongation, calli induction of H. spinosa tissue culture, and to improved alkaloid content with several methods in vitro. Shoot induction and proliferation was studied using shoot tip and node segments within various concentration of BAP, whereas calli induction from young leaf and stem explants used various concentration of auxins (2.4-D and NAA) with high level of cytokinin (BAP). Shoot elongation was carried using different strength of MS salts (full-, a half-, one-quarter strength) and with or without addition of gibberellin (GA3). Precursor amino acids (tryptophan), elicitor (salicylic acids) and high sucrose feeding (6%) used to improve alkaloid content in calli and shoot cultures. Cytokinin level produced a significant response on the numbers of shoot formed per explants and also showed effect on node number. Both of shoot tip and node segments had an equal potential as explants in shoot induction and proliferation. The presence of plant growth regulator was important to induce calli but the level was no significant effect on calli initiation. The young leaf explants was rather than stem in calli induction. The half strength of MS salts produced rooting of the shoot with vigorous performance. Planlets produced from elongation phase were acclimatized and had viability as 75%. All of the treatments were not improve the alkaloid content qualitatively.
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Judul: Optimization of Basic Media and Growth Regulator for In Vitro Multiplication of Jeruk Kunci (Citrus x microcarpa Bunge) Plant
Abstrak: Jeruk kunci (Citrus x microcarpa) merupakan tanaman jeruk dengan habitus semak yang banyak tumbuh di wilayah Bangka-Belitung. Jeruk ini memiliki banyak manfaat baik secara langsung atau tidak langsung. Akan tetapi, pertumbuhan dan perkembangbiakannya lambat, sehingga salah satu upaya memperbanyak tanaman tersebut ialah dengan kultur in vitro. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan kombinasi antara media dasar MS atau DKW dengan BAP yang optimal untuk multiplikasi tunas jeruk kunci secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan RAL dengan dua faktor, yakni jenis media dan taraf konsentrasi BAP. Pemberian BAP pada 0,1-2,0 mg/L ke dalam media MS atau DKW mampu menginduksi kalus dan tunas adventif dibandingkan tanpa BAP. Perlakuan DK3 dan DK4 menunjukkan waktu muncul kalus tercepat pada minggu kedua, sedangkan waktu muncul tunas adventif secara berurutan juga paling cepat pada minggu ketiga dan kelima. Rata-rata jumlah tunas adventif (7,2 tunas), tinggi tunas (2,14 cm), jumlah tunas aksilar (19,6 tunas), dan jumlah daun (50,4 helai) tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan DK3., Citrus x microcarpa, given in Indonesia as jeruk kunci, is a citrus plant with a shrub habitus that grows in the majority in the Bangka-Belitung Islands, offering numerous direct and indirect benefits. However, its growth and reproduction are slow, so one of the efforts to reproduce the plants is by in vitro culture. This study aimed to determine an optimal combination of MS or DKW basic media with benzyl amino purine (BAP) growth regulator to get multiple shoots in vitro. This study was designed in CRD with two factors: the basic media type and BAP concentration levels. The provision of BAP at 0,1-2,0 mg/L added to MS or DKW media induced callus and adventitious buds compared to the control without BAP. The DK3 and DK4 treatments showed the fastest callus emerging time, which was in the second week, while adventitious buds were also obtained the most rapid in both media, the third and fifth weeks, respectively. The highest average number of adventitious buds (7,2 buds), shoot height (2,14 cm), number of axillary buds (19,6 buds), and number of leaves (50,4 leaves) were shown by treatment DK3.
Keyword: adventitious bud, axillary bud, BAP concentration, basic medium

Judul: Konstruksi Persamaan Friedmann Alam Semesta Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker Termodifikasi Materi Gelap Superfluida
Abstrak: Kosmologi merupakan salah satu objek kajian dari teori relativitas umum. Salah satu model dalam kosmologi adalah model kosmologi Friedmann. Model kosmologi Friedmann dibangun berdasarkan asumsi bahwa materi dan energi terdistribusi secara homogen dan isotropik di alam semesta. Teori relativitas umum dapat dimodifikasi melalui pendekatan teori materi gelap superfluida (MGS). Persamaan medan Einstein untuk teori MGS dapat dirumuskan melalui prinsip aksi dengan memodifikasi Lagrangian pada aksi teori MGS. Selanjutnya dengan memilih metrik Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) datar dengan indeks kurvatur sama dengan nol, dapat dibangun suatu bentuk persamaan Friedmann yang dimodifikasi teori MGS.
Keyword: kosmologi, teori materi gelap superfluida, persamaan medan Einstein, metrik FLRW, persamaan Friedmann.