Judul: Remitans Bekerja Dari Luar Negeri Dan Diversifikasi Usaha Rumahtangga Di Pedesaan
Abstrak: Agriculture sector still the important role, evaluated from contribution to PDB, labour absorbtion, and foreign exchange non migas, so that competent given high priority in development strategic policy in Indonesia. There’re tendency change over farmer economic activity to non-farm sector which generally non-formal such the household diversified. Become TKI represent fenomenal, where its remittance is big really able to improve household earnings and assist environmental development financial in origin area. Diversify the household effort tend to able to improve household earnings which conducting it. Make a negative correlation to diversified index with agricultural sector compartment, but have the positive correlation to non-agriculture earnings compartment. At farmer household example follow in Indramayu, found relative sliver correlate between the household effort diversifiedly and family head education. But, the tend to less tight correlate with the household earning level. Less tight relationship among owner and farm cultivation (enterpasing), household member of age work, mount education, and mount household earnings. In Pontianak, generally found not differently condition than Indramayu. The tend to less tight relationship between household member in concerned, owner and cultivation farm, mount education and earnings heights. Even Entropy Index analysis show not tight relationship between diversified by household effort and earning improvement; but from qualitative analyse the data tabulation and empirical perception in spacious, the effort diversified done by example household able to improve earning it. This matter is influenced by: 1) earning level of household member from an area of just effort compared to some member to other earnings, dissimiliar household, when which at the same time; 2) a household member earnings from some effort area at one blow, higher exactly compared to some household member earnings differ from some effort area. Then, diversifying the household effort as earnings source more instruct at non-farm activity caused able to improve high earnings relative. Mount expenditure compare diametrical with storey; earning level of the examples of farmer household. Economic growth manifestly dynamics and change of opportunity work structure influenced, do well by change of labour composition according to employment, status and work type perception too. The important that’s shall awake government, especially pasca of economic crisis, on decided the agriculture important role, as source of subsistence means on rural resident, expectation of labour absorbtion stability.
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Judul: Curahan kerja dan kontribusi pendapatan dalam aktivitas ekonomi rumahtangga petani dan buruh tani di desa Mulyaharja Bogor
Abstrak: Sektor pertanian tetap merupakan sektor penting di Indonesia, karena masih banyaknya daerah pedesaan yang penduduknya sebagian besar bermatapencaharian sebagai petani. Peranan sektor pertanian dalam pembangunan relatif besar meskipun terus menurun dari tahun ke tahun. Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh petani di Indonesia adalah bagaimana meningkatkan pendapatan dalam mencapai kesejahteraan dan peranan pemerintah sangat penting bagi peningkatan kesejahteraan petani di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk (1) mengetahui karakteristik dan pola aktivitas ekonomi rumahtangga petani dan buruh tani, dan (2) menganalisis faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dan keterkaitan curahan kerja, penggunaan tenaga kerja, pendapatan serta pengeluaran rumahtangga petani dan buruh tani. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Juli-September 1999 di Desa Mulyaharja, Kecamatan Bogor Selatan, Kotamadya Bogor. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dari wawancara dan data sekunder dari berbagai instansi terkait. Untuk menjawab tujuan pertama digunakan analisis tabulasi dan untuk menjawab tujuan kedua digunakan model persamaan simultan yang diduga dengan metode 2SLS (Two Stage Least Squares) dan diolah dengan program SAS/ETS 6.12 melalui prosedur SYSLIN. Berdasarkan karakteristik rumahtangga petani dan buruh tani bahwa umur petani dan buruh tani pada umumnya berada dalam kelompok umur yang produktif. Curahan kerja kepala rumahtangga petani dan buruh tani lebih banyak di dalam usahatani dibandingkan di luar usahatani begitu juga dengan pendapatannya, tetapi untuk anggota keluarga seperti anak-anaknya lebih banyak dicurahkan di luar usahatani. Penggunaan tenaga kerja dalam usahatani pada rumahtangga petani berasal dari dalam dan luar keluarga dan sebagian besar digunakan dari dalam keluarga. Pengeluaran rumahtangga petani dan buruh tani terdiri dari konsumsi pangan, konsumsi non pangan dan investasi sumberdaya manusia. Konsumsi pangan menempati urutan pertama dalam pengeluaran rumahtangga petani maupun buruh tani…dst
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Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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