Judul: Efek Pemberian Probiotik Padat Atau Cair Terhadap Populasi Protozoa Dan Bakteri Rumen Serta Aktivitas Enzim
Abstrak: Probiotik merupakan suplemenen berupa mikroba yang memberikan manfaat bagi inangnya dengan cara membantu menyeimbangkan jumlah mikroba. Probiotik padat dan cair telah lama digunakan untuk sapi potong dan perannya telah diteliti baik secara in vivo dan in vitro. Oleh karena itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengamati efek pemberian probiotik padat dan cair terhadap populasi protozoa dan bakteri rumen serta aktivitas enzim. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok dengan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan terdiri dari A0 (blanko), A1 (pakan kontrol tanpa penambahan probiotik), A2 (A1 + probiotik padat 1.25% b b¹) dan A3 (A1 + probiotik cair 0.5% v b¹). Peubah yang diamati adalah total populasi protozoa dan bakteri (bakteri total, amilolitik, selulotik, lipolitik, proteolitik, dan asam laktat), dan aktivitas enzim (amilase, selulase, lipase, dan protease). Pemberian probiotik padat atau cair tidak berpengaruh pada total protozoa dan bakteri saat waktu inkubasi 0 jam, sedangkan pada waktu inkubasi 2 jam sangat signifikan pada bakteri amilolitik (P<0.05). Pengaruh pemberian probiotik terhadap aktivitas enzim sangat siginifikan pada enzim lipase (waktu inkubasi 0 jam) (P<0.05). a
Keyword: solid probiotic, liquid probiotic, protozoal, bacteria, enzyme, Feed suplements, Microbial balance, In vitro, In vivo, Rumen protozoal, Enzime activity

Judul: Efektifitas Pemberian Probiotik Padat pada Taraf yang Berbeda terhadap Fermentasi dan Kecernaan in vitro Ransum Sapi Potong
Abstrak: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of various levels of solid probioticsupplementation in beef cattle rations on VFA and NH3 concentrations, rumen microbial populations and nutrient digestibility. Fermentability experiment used factorial randomized block design 3x4 with 4 replications. Factor A was beef cattle ration without and with solid probiotic supplement: A1 = control diet, A2 = A1 + solid probiotic 0.25% w.w-1 and A3 = A1 + solid probiotic 0.5% w.w-1. Factor B was the incubation time: 0,1,2 and 3 hours. Digestibility trial used a randomized block design with three probiotic treatments (A1, A2 and A3) and four replications. The results showed that concentration of ammonia, total VFA, microbial protein sythesis and DM digestibility were not influenced by probiotic supplementation and incubation time, these treatment affected significantly total bacterial population. Protozoal population and OM digestibility was influented by solid probiotics supplementation. Polynomial orthogonal test indicated that A3 is the optimal treatment.
Keyword: solid probiotic, digestibility, fermentability

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite