Judul: Infeksi buatan white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) dan variasi genotipe lobster air tawar (Cherax quadricarinatus)
Abstrak: Viruses are very abundant in sea water and therefore diseases caused by viruses are common in marine organisms. Viral diseases create major problem for the commercial farming of crustaceans. One of the most common and most devastating viral pathogen threatening the shrimp farming industry is White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), which is spreading around the world and also infecting many different species of crustaceans including unnatural host as freshwater crayfish. Redclaw, like other invertebrates, rely instead on innate immune responses, which is mediated by haemocytes and that mechanisms are very efficient and complex. The infecti vity of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) to redclaw (Cherax quadricarinatus) was artificially tested by immersion challenge and intramuscular injection along with hemogram analysis. The redclaw was found to be susceptible to White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV). The immersion method have the same impact as effective as intramuscular injection. Histopathological observations of various tissues of WSSV­infected redclaw showed similar symptoms to those from WSSV-infected penaeid shrimp. When redclaw still alive, the virus inclusion body only appearance in hepatopancreatocytes. For 24 h incubation period, the number of granulocytes by intramuscular injection was significantly higher than by immersion method as great as 58.08% and 43.31 % respectively. On the contrary, the number of hyalinocytes by immersion method was significantly higher than by intramuscular injection as big as 53.45% and 38.75%, respectively. These results indicate that WSSV has a significant effect to the population of redclaw haemocytes, where granulocytes are more resistant to and may interact by some means with the virus. Prawn Infective Doseso (PIDso) to kill 50% of the challenge redclaw was found on 10-2 virus fold dilution. DNA analysis with RFLP-mtDNA using HaeIII, Hind6I, HindlII, Rsal and Sacll restriction enzyme did not show genotype difference between the live and the dead ones.
Keyword: lobster tawar, Haemocytes, variasi genotipe, kualitas air

Judul: Effect of Heat Sea Worms (Nereis sp.) Infected with White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) on Virus Pathogenicity in Vannamei Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
Abstrak: Cacing polychaeta merupakan organisme yang digunakan sebagai pakan alami induk udang vaname, cacing ini dapat menjadi salah satu pembawa (carrier) WSSV dan berpotensi menginfeksi secara horizontal ke udang. Maka dari itu, perlu dilakukan pengendalian, salah satunya melalui pemanasan cacing. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji pemberian perlakuan panas dengan suhu yang berbeda terhadap cacing laut yang terinfeksi WSSV sebagai pakan udang vaname L. vannamei. Udang yang digunakan yaitu udang yang berukuran 13 g. Udang dipelihara selama 14 hari dengan pemberian pakan cacing polychaeta yang telah diberi perlakuan panas. Perlakuan yang diberikan yaitu kontrol negatif (K-), kontrol positif (K+), cacing laut terinfeksi WSSV diberi perlakuan panas 60 °C (A), perlakuan panas 75 °C (B), dan perlakuan panas 90 °C (C) selama 60 detik. Pemberian perlakuan panas dengan suhu 90 °C selama 60 detik pada cacing laut yang terinfeksi WSSV mampu memberikan hambatan infeksi pada udang ditunjukkan dengan hasil PCR negatif, tidak adanya badan inklusi pada histopatologi organ hepatopankreas, tidak adanya gejala bintik putih, serta gambaran darah yang lebih baik. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah pemanasan pada cacing yang terinfeksi WSSV dapat menghambat transmisi horizontal virus WSSV., Polychaeta worms are organisms that are used as natural food for vaname shrimp, these worms can be one of the carriers of WSSV and have the potential to infect horizontally shrimp. Therefore, it is necessary to control, one of which is by heating the worms. The purpose of this study was to test the application of heat treatment with different temperatures to marine worms infected with WSSV as food for white shrimp L. vannamei. Shrimp used is shrimp measuring 13 g. Shrimp were reared for 14 days by feeding polychaeta worms that had been heating treated. The treatments were negative control (K-), positive control (K+), marine worms infected with WSSV were given heat treatment at 60 °C (A), heat treatment at 75 °C (B), and heat treatment at 90 °C (C) for 60 seconds. The provision of heat treatment at a temperature of 90 °C for 60 seconds on marine worms infected with WSSV was able to inhibit infection in shrimp as indicated by negative PCR results, the absence of inclusion bodies in the histopathology of the hepatopancreas organ, the absence of symptoms of white spots, and a better blood picture. This study concludes that heating WSSV-infected worms can inhibit horizontal transmission of WSSV virus.
Keyword: Polychaete worm, Litopenaeus vannamei, heating, WSSV

Judul: Peranan Pemimpin Informal dalam Menggerakan Partisipasi Masyarakat  untuk Pembangunan Desa
Abstrak: Pendekatan pembangunan yang banyak diterima para ahli adalah pendekatan dari bawah ke atas (bottom up) yang berarti bahwa dalam pembangunan diperlukan keikutsertaan rakyat. Keikutsertaan tidak hanya pada tahap merencanakan pembangunan, akan tetapi juga ikut dalam melaksanakan, bahkan sampai pada menilai hasil-hasil pembangunan (Cohen dan Uphoe 1977; Dusseldorp, 1981; Slamet, 1993). Agar rakyat yang berhimpun dalam kelompok-kelompok dapat ikut serta, mereka harus memiliki sejumlah kualifikasi yang diperlukan untuk itu.
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