Judul: Komposisi dan Kelimpahan Fitoplankton  Hubungannya dengan Kelimpahan Zooplankton  (Kopepoda) dan Larva Kepiting Bakau (Scylla  SPP.)
Abstrak: Penelitian untuk melihat komposisi dan kelimpahan fitoplankton hubungannya dengan kelimpahan zooplankton (kopepoda) dan larva kepiting bakau (Scylla spp.) di Teluk Siddo, Sulawesi Selatan telah dilakukan pada 5 stasiun selama 11 minggu (Juli-Oktober 2000). Sampling dilakukan pada saat pasang dan surut dengan cara menarik plankton net secara horisontal di permukaan sejauh 20 meter. Pengukuran parameter lingkungan: suhu, salinitas, dan pH dilakukan pada setiap kali pengambilan sampel.
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Judul: Kelimpahan Dan Distribusi Fitoplankton Di Perairan Teluk Manado Sulawesi Utara
Abstrak: Salah satu sumberdaya hayati yang . mempunyai peranan dalam ekosistem laut adalah plankton. Keberadaan plankton sangat mempengaruhi kehidupan di perairan karena memegang peranan panting sebagai makanan bagi berbagai organisme laut. Sehingga dapat dikatakan plankton menjadi tiang penopang kehidupan di laut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui sebaran fitoplankton taut berdasarkan komposisi jenis dan kelimpahannya, serta menentukan kaitan antara kelimpahan fitoplankton den kandungan klorofil-a dengan kondisi hidrooseanografi yang mencakup suhu, salinitas, kecerahan, k��patan arus, derajat keasaman (pH), oksigen terfarut. kadar nitrat dan fosfat. Kondisi lingkungan perairan Teluk Manado setama penelitian pada umumnya menunjukkan kisaran yang masih tayak untuk pertumbuhan fitoplankton. Komposisi fitoplankton yang ditemukan terdiri dari 3 klas yaitu kla1 Bacillariophyceae (diatom) 15 genera, klas Ohynophyceae (dinoflagellata) 7 genera, 1 genus dari klas Cyanophyceae dan beberapa genera dari klas lainnya. Diatom yang memiliki frekwensi kemunculan tinggi antara lain Chsetoceros sp, Bacteriastrum sp, Rhizosolenia sp, Coscinodiscus sp, Thalassionema sp dan Ths/assiothrix sp, sedangkan dari dinoflagellata adalah Ceratium sp, Dinophysis sp, Pyrocystis sp, Prorocentrum sp, dan Noctiluca sp. Satu-satunya genus dari Cyanophyceae adalah Trichodesmium. Kelimpahan fitoplankton berkisar antara 10000-23737 sel/liter dengan rata-rata di stasiun TM1, TM2 dan TM3 yang relatif lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan di stasiun TM4, TMS, an TMS. Persentase tertinggi diatom adalah 81.04 % dan terendah 79.48 %. Untuk persentase tertinggi dinoflagellata yaitu 13.36 % dan terendah 12.19 %. Kandungan klorofil-a di perairan Teluk Manado selama penelitian yaitu tertinggi 1.088 µg/ml clan terendah 0.012 µg/ml.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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