Judul: Implementasi Fleet Size and Mix Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows pada Pendistribusian Koran
Abstrak: Pendistribusian barang merupakan salah satu bagian penting dari kegiatan sebuah perusahaan. Koran merupakan salah satu produk yang harus didistribusikan ke pelanggan tepat waktu. Dalam karya ilmiah ini, masalah pendistribusian koran diformulasikan dalam bentuk Vehicle Routing Problem dengan tujuan meminimumkan biaya pendistribusian. Beberapa asumsi yang digunakan ialah pelanggan akan dikunjungi tepat satu kali oleh satu kendaraan, setiap kendaraan memiliki kapasitas yang terbatas, ada tiga jenis kendaraan dengan jumlah dan kapasitas berbeda, dan pelanggan dilayani sesuai dengan time windows yang dipilihnya. Masalah ini disebut Fleet Size and Mix Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows dan diformulasikan dalam bentuk Integer Linear Programming. Masalah ini diselesaikan menggunakan perangkat lunak LINGO 11.0 dengan metode branch and bound. Solusi optimal yang diperoleh berupa rute pendistribusian koran menggunakan kendaraan tertentu, memenuhi time windows, dan meminimumkan biaya….
Keyword: Optimization, Vehicle routing problem, Time windows, Heterogeneous vehicle

Judul: Multi-Product Vehicle  Routing Problem dengan Time Windows dan Penerapannya pada Penentuan Rute  Distribusi Buku
Abstrak: Vehicle routing problem (VRP) merupakan suatu permasalahan penentuan rute kendaraan yang bertujuan meminimumkan jarak tempuh atau biaya distribusi. Dalam penerapannya, permasalahan VRP ditemukan pada berbagai perusahaan dengan berbagai kendala, seperti kapasitas kendaraan, jenis dan ukuran barang yang berbeda-beda, serta pelayanan tiap pelanggan sesuai dengan time windows (selang waktu). Dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas masalah penentuan rute distribusi buku pada Percetakan Gema Insani yang terletak di wilayah Jabodetabek. Kendala yang dimiliki perusahaan terkait dengan jenis dan ukuran buku untuk permasalahan time windows pada setiap pelanggan. Permasalahan ini dapat dimodelkan sebagai Multi-Product Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (MPVRPTW). Ukuran masalah yang ada membutuhkan waktu komputasi yang lama. Oleh karenanya, solusi optimal tidak dapat diperoleh. Kondisi ini dapat diatasi dengan menyelesaikan masalah ini melalui dua tahap. Tahap pertama dilakukan pengelompokan node pelanggan ke dalam empat klaster. Klaster dibentuk berdasarkan jarak antar node pelanggan menggunakan metode k-Means dengan bantuan perangkat lunak RStudio 2022. Tahap kedua ditentukan rute distribusi pada masing-masing klaster dengan model MPVRPTW menggunakan bantuan perangkat lunak LINGO 19.0., The vehicle routing problem (VRP) is the problem of determining the vehicle route in order to minimize the distance traveled or distribution costs. In its application, VRP problems are found in various companies with various constraints, such as vehicle capacity, different types and sizes of goods, and service for each customer according to time windows. In this study, we will discuss the problem of determining vehicle routes to distribute books at Gema Insani Printing in the Jabodetabek area. The company's constraints include the types and sizes of books for each customer’s time windows. This problem can be modeled as the Multi Product Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (MPVRPTW). The size of the problem requires a long computation time. Because of that, the optimal solution cannot be obtained. This situation can be overcome by solving this problem in two stages. The first stage is grouping customer points into four clusters. The clusters are formed based on the distance between customer points using the k-Means method with RStudio 2022 software. The second stage is determining the distribution route for each cluster using the MPVRPTW model with LINGO 19.0 software.
Keyword: klaster, cluster, multi product, vehicle routing problem, time windows

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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