Judul: Identifikasi molekuler dan keragaman genetik spons invasif Terpios hoshinota di Pulau Dapur, Kepulauan Seribu
Abstrak: Terpios hoshinota merupakan salah satu spesies spons invasif yang menyebarluas di perairan Indo-Pasifik. Penyebaran Terpios hoshinota di Indonesia telah ditemukan di Kepulauan Spermonde dan Kepulauan Seribu. Namun demikian, spons mempunyai keanekaragaman spesies yang tinggi tetapi dikenal sebagai organisme yang sulit diidentifikasi secara morfologi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi Terpios hoshinota secara genetik, menganalisis keragaman genetik serta merekonstruksi pohon filogenetik Terpios hoshinota di Pulau Dapur, Kepulauan Seribu. Amplifikasi DNA dengan gen CO1 mengidentifikasi Terpios hoshinota dengan tingkat kemiripan 95 % - 99 %. Rata-rata panjang nukleotida 679 basepairs, rata-rata komposisi timin (T)= 37 %; sitosin (C)= 18.6 %; adenin (A)= 23 % dan guanin (G)= 21.4 %. Keragaman genetiknya yaitu 0.0962 (keragaman haplotiope) dan 0.4412 ± 0.2574 (keragaman nukleotida). Hasil analisis filogenetik menggunakan model Neighbor Joining Treedengan model substitusi Kimura 2-parameter menunjukkan 6 individu sampel Terpios hoshinota di Pulau Dapur mempunyai kekerabatan yang dekat.
Keyword: identification, molecular, DNA Barcoding, Terpios hoshinota

Judul: Identifikasi Undur-Undur Laut Asal Kepulauan Seribu Berdasarkan Morfologi dan Molekuler.
Abstrak: Undur-undur laut termasuk ke dalam ordo Decapoda dan sub-ordo Anomura. Undur-undur laut yang terdistribusi di zona intertidal di Indonesia ditemukan sebanyak 27 spesies. Identifikasi undur-undur laut dapat dilakukan dengan pendekatan morfologi menggunakan karakter bentuk karapas, frontal margin, anterior lateral, lateral surface, flagellum antenulle, dan warna tubuh. Selain itu, DNA mitokondria (mtDNA) dapat digunakan dalam identifikasi molekuler undur-undur laut karena tidak adanya rekombinasi gen dan diturunkan secara maternal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi undur-undur laut asal Kepulauan Seribu secara morfologi dan molekuler menggunakan marka mtDNA gen cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1). Identifikasi molekuler terdiri dari tahap ekstraksi, amplifikasi, sekuensing DNA, dan analisis bioinformatika untuk 3 sampel koleksi. Hasil identifikasi morfologi dan molekuler menunjukkan undur-undur laut dari Kepulauan Seribu teridentifikasi sebagai Hippa sp., yang mengelompok dengan Hippa ovalis berdasarkan konstruksi pohon filogeni. Analisis jarak genetik menunjukkan bahwa Hippa sp. memiliki jarak genetik yang dekat dengan Hippa admirabilis, yaitu sebesar 0.199, serta jarak yang jauh dengan Emerita emeritus, yaitu sebesar 0.304. Variasi nukleotida gen CO1 pada undur-undur laut menunjukkan 224 situs basa nukleotida, serta kesamaan basa nukleotida yang paling tinggi antara Hippa sp. dengan H. ovalis.
Keyword: Gen CO1

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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