Judul: Potensi Ekstrak Legetan Warak (Adenostemma lavenia) dan Daun Kersen (Muntingia calabura) sebagai Kandidat Obat PPOK
Abstrak: Inflamasi paru-paru merupakan respons normal pada pasien penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK) yang biasanya dapat ditangani dengan obat antiinflamasi. Sebagian besar obat anti inflamasi bekerja menghambat aktivitas siklooksigenase yang memproduksi mediator inflamasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji potensi antiinflamasi ekstrak legetan warak (Adenostemma lavenia) dan daun kersen (Muntingia calabura) guna pengobatan PPOK melalui daya hambat terhadap enzim siklooksigenase-2 (COX-2) serta menduga senyawa kimia yang berperan di dalamnya melalui uji laboratorium dan studi pustaka. Uji fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa kedua spesies mengandung senyawa flavonoid. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari studi literatur yang telah dilakukan yaitu ekstrak legetan warak dan daun kersen berpotensi sebagai antiinflamasi dengan menghambat aktivitas COX-2. Senyawa yang diduga berperan sebagai COX-2 inhibitor adalah senyawa dari golongan flavonoid dan fenolik.
Keyword: antiinflamasi, COX-2, kersen, legetan warak, PPOK

Judul: Analysis of Potential Extracts of Adenostemma lavenia and Ageratum conyzoides as Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
Abstrak: Inflamasi paru-paru merupakan respons normal terhadap bahan atau gas yang merugikan pada pasien Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (PPOK) yang biasanya dapat ditangani dengan obat antiinflamasi. Obat yang dapat menghambat produksi interleukin-6 (IL-6) merupakan salah satu obat antiinflamasi untuk penderita PPOK. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi senyawa bioaktif yang dapat menghambat IL-6 pada herba Adenostemma lavenia dan Ageratum conyzoides dengan penapisan virtual secara in silico serta mengonfirmasi hasil pengujian in silico dengan efek antiinflamasi ekstrak herba A. lavenia secara in vitro dan ekstrak herba A. conyzoides untuk dikembangkan menjadi bahan baku obat herbal PPOK. Asam ent-11α-hidroksi-15-okso-kaur-16-en-19-oat pada A. lavenia serta senyawa golongan steroid dan triterpenoid pada A. conyzoides merupakan senyawa yang berperan sebagai inhibitor IL-6. Ekstrak air A. lavenia dapat menurunkan kadar IL-6 dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap viabilitas sel yang mengalami inflamasi namun belum bisa dinyatakan sebagai ekstrak terbaik dalam menghambat IL-6. Berdasarkan kajian pustaka, ekstrak etanol A. conyzoides merupakan ekstrak potensial sebagai inhibitor IL-6., Lung inflammation is a normal response to noxious substances or gases in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), which can usually be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. Drugs that can inhibit the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) are anti-inflammatory drugs for patients with COPD. This study aims to identify bioactive compounds that can inhibit IL-6 in Adenostemma lavenia and Ageratum conyzoides herbs by in silico virtual screening and confirm the results of in silico testing with anti-inflammatory effects of A. lavenia herb extracts in vitro and A. conyzoides herb extracts to be developed as raw material for COPD herbal medicine. Ent-11α-hydroxy-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid in A. lavenia, steroid and triterpenoid group compounds in A. conyzoides are compounds that act as IL-6 inhibitor. The aqueous extract of A. lavenia can reduce IL-6 levels and does not have an effect on the viability of inflammatory cells but cannot yet be declared as the best extract to inhibit IL-6. Based on the literature review, the ethanolic extract of A. conyzoides is a potential extract as an IL-6 inhibitor.
Keyword: Adenostemma lavenia, Ageratum conyzoides, interleukin-6, PPOK

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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