Judul: The Innovation of Adding Ethephon in the Processing of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) at a Miniplant Scale Palm Oil Mill
Abstrak: Pengolahan tandan buah segar (TBS) kelapa sawit menjadi minyak sawit dan produk turunannya biasanya dilakukan pada pabrik kelapa sawit (PKS). Pabrik kelapa sawit skala mini yang berkembang sudah ada yang mengolah buah kelapa sawit dalam bentuk brondolan menjadi crude palm oil (CPO). Akan tetapi tidak memperhatikan kualitas brondolan yang digunakan. Sehingga dibutuhkan teknologi proses miniplant sawit yang lebih efisien dan menghasilkan produk turunan yang sesuai dengan standar food grade. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengembangkan inovasi teknologi proses ekstraksi minyak sawit dari bahan baku sawit petani swadaya dalam miniplant yang feasible dengan penambahan ethephon pada proses pengolahan crude palm oil (CPO). Metode penelitian menggunakan kombinasi bentuk kualitatif sebagai data primer yang diperoleh dari hasil observasi, wawancara, penelitian di laboratorium dan bentuk kuantitatif sebagai data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi literatur. Hasil yang diperoleh berupa pemberian solusi pendirian miniplant sawit dengan kapasitas 2 ton TBS/jam menghasilkan CPO sebanyak 440,68 kg. Analisis uji kualitas mutu CPO meliputi pengujian kadar asam lemak bebas, kadar air, kadar kotoran, dan beta karoten. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan konsentrasi ethephon sebesar 0,5% dengan waktu pemeraman selama 24 jam menjadi perlakuan terbaik dengan kadar asam lemak bebas 2,46%, kadar air 0,38%, dan kadar kotoran 0,058%., Processing of palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) into palm oil and its derivative products is usually carried out at palm oil mills (PKS). There are already developing mini-scale palm oil mills that process oil palm fruit in the form of loose fruit into crude palm oil (CPO). However, do not pay attention to the quality of the loose used. Therefore, a more efficient palm oil miniplant process technology is needed and produces derivative products that comply with food grade standards. The research objectives aredevelop technological innovations in the process of extracting palm oil from independent smallholders' palm oil raw materials in miniplants that are feasible withn addition of ethephon to the processing crude palm oil (CPO). Research methodsusing a combination of qualitative forms as primary data obtained from observations, interview, research in the laboratoryand quantitative form as secondary data obtained through literature study. The results obtained are in the form of providing a solution for establishing an oil palm miniplant with a capacity of 2 ton TBS/o'clock generate CPO as much 440.68 kg. Analysis CPO quality test includes testing of free fatty acid content, water content, dirt content, and beta carotene. The results showed that the treatment with a concentration of 0.5% ethephon with a curing time of 24 hours was the best treatment with a free fatty acid content of 2.46%, a water content of 0.38%, and a dirt content of 0.058%.
Keyword: ethephon, palm oil, process technology

Judul: Evaluasi Teknologi Proses Produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO) dan Red Palm Oil (RPO) Skala Miniplant
Abstrak: Evaluasi Teknologi Proses Produksi Crude Palm Oil (CPO) dan Red Palm Oil (RPO) Skala Miniplant. Dibimbing oleh Farah Fahma. Pengolahan tandan buah segar (TBS) kelapa sawit menjadi minyak sawit dan produk turunannya biasanya dilakukan pada pabrik kelapa sawit (PKS). PKS umumnya dibangun jauh dari perkebunan sehingga banyak TBS yang rusak akibat proses pengangkutan.Tujuan penelitian adalah mengevaluasi teknologi proses produksi minyak sawit untuk produksi skala miniplant. Metode penelitian menggunakan kombinasi bentuk kualitatif sebagai data primer yang diperoleh dari hasil observasi dan wawancara dan bentuk kuantitatif sebagai data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi literatur. Hasil yang diperoleh berupa pemberian solusi pendirian miniplant sawit dengan kapasitas 1 ton/jam yang beroperasi selama 10 jam/hari dengan memproduksi Crude palm oil (CPO), Red Palm Oil (RPO) dan Palm Kernel (PK). Proses pengolahan CPO dilakukan dengan sterilisasi menggunakan sterilizer vertikal, threshing dengan metode bantingan, digesting dengan penggerusan, ekstraksi menggunakan screw press, klarifikasi menggunakan vibrating screen, vertical clarifier tank (VCT), dan vacuum dryer serta penyimpanan menggunakan sistem pemanasan dan pengadukan. Pengolahan RPO menggunakan proses degumming dengan acid degumming, netralisasi dengan deasidifikasi, dan deodorisasi menggunakan stripping agent. Neraca massa pengolahan kelapa sawit skala miniplant menghasilkan CPO sebanyak 2191 Kg, RPO sebanyak 418,36 Kg, dan PK sebanyak 486,62 Kg. Kata kunci : miniplant sawit, palm oil, teknologi proses, Evaluation of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) and Red Palm Oil (RPO) Production Process Technology On Miniplant Scale. Supervised by Farah Fahma. Processing of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) of oil palm into palm oil and its derivative products is usually carried out at palm oil mills (PKS). PKS are generally built far from the plantations so that a lot of FFB is damaged due to the transportation process. The aim of this research is to evaluate the technology of palm oil production process for miniplant scale production. The research method used a combination of qualitative forms as primary data obtained from observations and interviews and quantitative forms as secondary data obtained through literature studies. The results obtained were in the form of providing a solution for establishing a palm oil miniplant with a capacity of 1 ton/hour which operates for 10 hours/day that produces Crude Palm Oil (CPO), Red Palm Oil (RPO) and Palm Kernel (PK). The CPO processing process was carried out by sterilization using a sterilizer vertical, threshing with the slamming method, digesting by grinding, extraction using a screw press, clarification using a vibrating screen, vertical clarifier tank (VCT), and vacuum dryer and storage using a heating and stirring system. RPO processing used degumming with acid degumming, neutralization by deacidification, and deodorization using stripping agent. The mass balance of miniplant-scale palm oil processing resulted in 2191 Kg of CPO, 418.36 Kg of RPO, and 486.62 Kg of PK. Keywords: palm miniplant, palm oil, process technology
Keyword: miniplant sawit, palm oil, teknologi proses

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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