Judul: Phylogeography of tropical eel (Anguilla spp) in Indonesia Waters
Abstrak: The freshwater eels (Anguilla spp: Anguillidae) are popular as a commercial important food, because of good nutritional value. These fish are also a well known for their unique catadromous life histories. These species breed far from offshore after migrate thousands kilometers from their growth habitats in freshwater and estuarine to their spawning area in oceanic waters. Most of the investigations concerning eels are concentrated on temperate species, in the north hemisphere mainly because of the economic importance of these species. Nowadays, the population of temperate eel, dramatically decrease is caused by habitat damage, illegal fishing and climatic changes in the ocean. As a consequence, tropical eels become important eel nowadays in the market, as well as the research on tropical eels become a new challenge. One of primary problems in tropical eels is that they have overlapping range of most morphological character, so species identification on this genus are no more sufficient. Then molecular approaches have been proposed for eel identification. This study has four main objectives: (1) to establish quick methods of identification of tropical eels; (2) to understand exact distribution and dispersal of tropical eel in Indonesia water; (3) to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among population in Indonesia and (4) to uncover population genetic structure of Anguilla bicolor between two Ocean. All of information obtained in this study revealed the conservation management of tropical eel in Indonesia water. The semi-multiplex method was proposed in this study has demonstrated the efficiency for in identifying seven species and sub-species of tropical eels with only one step PCR. By using this method, one could reduce the number of necessary sequences while the results are very sure for each species determination (we easily identified 1112 specimens). All of species were obtained in this study showed overlapping morphology and distribution. Especially for small specimens (mainly glass eels), the molecular method appears as indispensable. This method has proven to be most simple, quicker, lower cost (no acrilamide migration), specific/sensitive, and highly reliable way. The geographic distribution of tropical eels of the genus Anguilla in Indonesian waters was establish by identified genetically of all sample that obtain during this study. The genetically identification applied the semi-multiplex PCR method that recently developed in this study. We recognized four species and subspecies with wide distribution: A. b. bicolor, A. b. pacifica, A. marmorata and A. interioris, two species with limited distribution, close to endemism: A. celebesensis and A. borneensis and one subspecies A. nebulosa nebulosa that is only spread in river flowing into Indian Ocean. The phylogenetic relationship and genetic diversity was cosntructed and calculated based on mitochondria DNA cytochrome b gene sequence of Anguilla that covering all of the geograpical distribution in Indonesia waters. The genetic structure of populations that responsible for a given genetic architecture and evolutionary factors is an important objective of population genetics. In this study we present genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship among and within species in genus Anguilla to understanding the evolutionary process of Anguillid that inhabit in Indonesia waters. Seven species of Indonesian tropical eel showed a higher haplotype and nucleotide diversity
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Judul: Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Glass Eel Anguilla bicolor reared at the Department of Aquaculture, IPB
Abstrak: Eel (Anguilla bicolor) is a catadromous fish with high business prospects in the field of cultivation in both domestic and international markets. National eel production experienced a decline in 2020 by an average of 37.64%. A decrease in eel production can occur due to production failure due to disease. This research aims to isolate and identify pathogenic bacteria that cause disease and death in glass eel Anguilla bicolor kept at the Department of Aquaculture, IPB. This research method includes sampling, sample collection, observing clinical symptoms, isolating bacteria, identifying bacteria, examining bacteria through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis, and histopathology. The results of the research showed that there were 10 bacterial isolates that dominantly grew, including Aeromonas sp, Clostridium sp, Listeria sp, Bacillus sp, Staphylococcus sp, Eubacterium sp, Micrococcussp. Chromobacterium sp, Vibrio sp, and Plesiomonas sp. The five bacterial isolates were further tested using PCR and Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria were identified. Histopathology results showed pathological microanatomical changes in the gill, kidney, liver and intestine tissue showing necrosis, edema, congestion, telangiectasis and villous abnormalities. The dominant pathogenic bacteria found and potentially causing disease in glass eel rearing in the Aquaculture Department is Aeromonas hydrophila, characterized by clinical symptoms of redness of the gills and damage to several tissues such as the gills, liver, kidneys and intestines.
Keyword: Aeromonas sp, bacteria, histopathology, identification, eel

Judul: Katalis Zink Ferit Tersubstitusi Cu untuk Oksidasi Benzil Alkohol
Abstrak: Katalis berperan dalam menurunkan energi aktivasi. Katalis ZnFe2O4 dan ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu disintesis menggunakan metode kopresipitasi untuk digunakan dalam oksidasi benzil alkohol. Katalis dicirikan dengan spektrofotometer inframerah (FTIR) dan difraktometer sinar-X. Spektrum FTIR menunjukkan puncak serapan dari ikatan Zn-O dan Fe-O masing-masing pada rentang 559‒575 cm-1 dan 419‒447 cm-1. Difraktogram menunjukkan terbentuknya fase tunggal Zn0.6Cu0.4Fe2O4 pada katalis ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu 20%. Benzil alkohol dioksidasi dengan sistem refluks. Konversi benzil alkohol meningkat dengan meningkatnya suhu. Kadar benzaldehida yang dihasilkan dengan katalis ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu 20% lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan katalis ZnFe2O4 yang tidak tersubstitusi dan yang tersubstitusi Cu 60 dan 80%. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa katalis ZnFe2O4 tersubstitusi Cu 20% memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik dalam oksidasi benzil alkohol menjadi benzaldehida dengan kadar benzaldehida 8.763%.
Keyword: Benzil alkohol, katalis, oksidasi, ZnFe2O4