Judul: Genetic diversity of Musa balbisiana Colla in Indonesia Using AFLP Marker.
Abstrak: Indonesia is one of genetic diversity centers of banana, especially M. acuminata (AA genome). In addition to M. acuminata, in this area can also be found another Musa species that is Musa balbisiana (BB genome), which is known as Pisang Klutuk or Pisang Batu. M. balbisiana is needed to be studied futher because not only its resistance to some pests and diseases, but also its ability to grow well in dry condition. Molecular genetic diversity studies of M. balbisiana in Indonesia had not much been done. Therefore the aim of this research is to study genetic diversity of the banana using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). Fifteen accessions of cultivated M. balbisiana and 16 accessions of wild M. balbisiana were used for this study. Materials were collected from Banana Germ Plasm collections Cibinong Science Center Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Bogor Botanical Garden, Bogor, West Sumatera, South Sulawesi and North Sulawesi. CTAB method was used to extract total DNA of leaves. Twenty six pairs of AFLP selective primers were used for analysis and non-radioactive dye was used for visualization of AFLP bands above UV light. Densitograf ATTO CS Analyzer Ver 2.08 application was applied to determine the appearance and size of AFLP bands. NTSYS 2.02 application was utilized to calculate dissimilarity index of Nei and Li (1979) and cluster analysis. Minitab 14 application was used to perform Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The result showed that 22 pairs of 26 pairs of AFLP selective primers produced clear bands for genetic diversity analysis. A total 485 bands with 51-3206 bp in size were produced by these primers pairs. Range of bands number per primers pairs was 11-31 bands. Primer pair number 13 (E-AGC/M-CAC) created the most number of bands and primer pair number 11 (E-ACT/M-CTC) generated the least number of bands. Polymorphism level of total AFLP band was 46.18% with range of polymorphism level was 0-80% for each primer pair. The highest level of polymorphism was generated by primer pair number 7 (E-ACA/M-CTG), while the lowest was produced by primer pair number 19 (E-AGG/M-CTT). Based on AFLP bands, dissimilarity index of Nei and Li (1979) were 0.014-0.152. This result indicated that genetic diversity of the 21 accessions of M. balbisiana was 13.8%. The genetic diversity of wild M. balbisiana (12.9%) higher than genetic diversity of cultivated M. balbisiana (11.5%). Cluster analysis based on UPGMA could not seperate wild M. balbisiana and cultivated M. balbisiana in different clusters. The similarity coefficient 0.89 of dendrogram formed three clusters. The cluster pattern was similar to the grouping pattern in PCA plot, which formed three groups. Cluster I consist of two accessions of KlutukWulung-West Java. Cluster II was made up of two accessions for each of Klutuk-Jogja, Klutuk Sukun-Jogja, Cau Manggala-West Java, Klutuk Wulung-Jogja, Klutuk Hitam-West Java, Unti Batu-South Sulawesi, Pisang Pataga-North Sulawesi, M. balbisiana var liukiuensis (Matsum.) Hakkinen-Japan and an accession Klutuk-West Java. Cluster III has two accessions of Pisang Roti-West Sumatera. There were 17 AFLP bands that have the most important role in grouping of 21 accessions into three groups, i. e. three bands based on first
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Judul: Molecular Based Classification and Phylogenetic Analysis of Indonesian Banana Cultivars
Abstrak: Banana cultivars are complex hybrids and have been further modified by various mutations. The specific ancestor of the cultivars was difficult to be elucidated. Therefore, the taxonomic status and nomenclature have long been a complicated issue. The goals of the study were to characterize banana accessions from various regions in Indonesia based on microsatellite markers to obtain classification which is stable and accurate and to elucidate phylogenetic relationships of banana cultivars inferred from trnL-F intergenic spacer of cpDNA. The study was conducted using 151 accessions that have been morphologically classified and unclassified 116 accessions. Thirty nine accessions which represented various genomic groups and 12 sequences of different taxa of Musa downloaded from GenBank were used for phylogenetic analysis. Banana accessions were characterized using 12 microsatellite primers. Only 8 primers: MaCIR108; MaCIR332a; MaCIR327b; Ma-1-17; Ma-1-27; Ma-1-132; Ma-3-90; and Ma-3-139 produced clear alleles and exhibited polymorphic banding patterns. Total 267 banana accessions were effectively classified into 3 species based only on: 4 alleles of MaCIR108 with the size of more than 270 bp; alleles of MaCIR108 with the size of 270 bp or less; and 1 allele of Ma-3-90 with the size of 152 bp. There are 130 accessions of AA or AAA; and AAA designated under Musa acuminata, 10 accessions of BB designated under M. balbisiana, 64 accessions of AAB and 63 accessions of ABB designated under hybrid species M. x paradisiaca. Eleven accessions of pure the A genome and 9 accessions containing the B genome previously identified based on morphology have been reclassified into M. x paradisiaca and M. acuminata. The study also exhibited that microsatellites are an effective marker for identifying banana cultivars. Analysis of 267 banana accessions using the 8 primers detected only 208 genotypes because 88 accessions formed 29 identical genotypes. In general, the banana accessions clustered according to their genomic groups, except 15 accessions of AAB; accessions of AA or AAA; and AAA. In the phylogeny inferred from the trnL-F region, 40 accessions having the A-type chloroplast consisting of AA wild; AA; AA or AAA; AAA; AAB; and ABB cultivars were clearly differentiated from 11 accessions having the B-type chloroplast consisting of BB, AAB, and ABB cultivars. The A-type chloroplast accessions are most probably derived from female M. acuminata, while those with the B-type chloroplast may be derived from female M. balbisiana. However, the specific acuminata ancestor of each cultivar remains unidentified. Genetic relationships among banana accessions based on the trnL-F region are not in agreement with those based on the microsatellite most probably due to the differences of inheritance mode of both DNA markers.
Keyword: Genetic analysis diversity, Microsatelite, Filogeni, trnL-F Intergenic Spacer

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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