Judul: Pembentukan biogenik amin pada fermentasi garam pembuatan kecap
Abstrak: Senyawa biogenik amin banyak ditemukan pada beberapa macam makanan, terutama makanan fermentasi seperti keju, saurkraut, anggur, produk daging fermentasi dan kecap. Senyawa biogenik amin merupakan senyawa yang pada asam-asam dekarboksilase terbentuk akibat proses dekarboksilasi amino bebas, yang dikatalisis oleh enzim yang dihasilkan sebagai konsekuensi proses metabolik pada hewan, tanaman dan mikroorganisma. Senyawa-senyawa itu diantaranya adalah tiramin, triptamin, feniletilamin, dan histamin yang terbentuk dari proses dekarboksilasi pada tirosin, triptofan, fenilalanin, dan histidin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi adanya biogenik amin, selama proses fermentasi garam dalam pembuatan kecap maupun pada kecap yang sudah jadi. Pada penelitian ini juga dianalisis perubahan kadar air, pH, total nitrogen, nitrogen terlarut, dan total volatil nitrogen selama fermentasi garam. Kadar air selama fermentasi garam mengalami penurunan dari 62.34 persen menjadi 53.11 persen untuk kecap Bulan, ...
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Judul: Pembebasan asam glutamat dari protein kedelai selama fermentasi garam pada pembuatan kecap
Abstrak: Kedelai sebagai salah satu sumber makanan yang berprotein tinggi banyak diolah menjadi produk-produk olahan. Produk-produk olahan dari kedelai kebanyakan berupa produk fermentasi seperti tempe, kecap dan tauco. Кесар sebagai produk fermentasi mengalami dua tahap fermentasi yaitu fermentasi kapang dan fermentasi garam, dan selama fermentasi terjadi perubahan-perubahan pada komponen kedelai menjadi senyawa-senyawa yang sederhana seperti protein menjadi asam-asam amino. Perubahan yang diamati pada kedelai selama fermentasi garam adalah nitrogen total, nitrogen terlarut dan kan- dungan asam amino, terutama asam glutamat. Perubahan ini diketahui dengan menganalisis kedelai pada beberapa selang waktu fermentasi pada kedelai kecap Bulan Palembang, kecap Zebra dan Bemo masing-masing dengan waktu fermentasi 3 1, 1 bulan. Analisis asam amino pada kedelai dilakukan dengan metode PITC (fenilisotiosianat) derivatif, yaitu pembentuk- kan derivatif fenilisotiosianat. Kandungan nitrogen total dan nitrogen terlarut pada kedelai menurun selama fermentasi. Nitrogen total turun ...
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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