Judul: Pemanfaatan gas karbon tungku sekam untuk pengembangan kompor dengan bahan bakar campuran air dan bahan bakar nabati/bahan bakar fosil dengan metode kavitasi
Abstrak: The world's population continuously grows at a quarter million people per day. This fast growing population has raised the world energy consumption up to 474x1018 J per year with 80 to 90 percent derived from the combustion of fossil fuels. It is estimated that the fossil energy will be lasted in 42 years. Rice husk is an alternative of non-fossil energy that may be utilized in traditional way of cooking (burning it in a traditional stove). One of the renewable energy has great potential to overcome the energy crisis was utilization of rice husk to husk stove. However, the utilization of rice husks to generate carbon gas stove that quite a lot. Excessive concentration of carbon in the air is not a good for the environment, because the excees carbon released into the air can make climate change will complicate things even further. So, we need a new alternative to utilize carbon gases from burning the husk. The purpose of the utilization of carbon gases from burning rice husk is to create alternative energy that can reduce the release of carbon into the air as part of efforts to reduce global warming impact method used in the manufacture of alternative energy is the method by cavitation. In order to reduce the gas pollution the gas may be mixed with kerosene and water using sonochemical technique to produce dry steam, so the dry steam from cavitation process can be used as fuel. The process result can be done to boil 1 liter water with energy efficiency between 11.44% - 18.16%. The stove with fuel of waterbio ethanol using cavitation method can be used to boil 1 liter water with energy efficiency between 13.25% - 17.50%. Carbon flown on stove interfered toward energy efficiency and can accelerate boiling time of 1 liter water.
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Judul: Uji keragaan biopelet dari biomassa limbah sekam padi (Oryza sativa sp.) sebagai bahan bakar alternatif terbarukan
Abstrak: The abundance of rice husks in Indonesia is a potential source of biomass that can be converted into biomass pellet (biopellets). Pelletization can improve the quality and burning characteristic of the biomass. The purpose of this study is to improve the quality of rice husks biopellets by combining the rice husks powders and the rice husks charcoal. Carbonization process was done by using kiln drum whose height is 30 cm and diameter is 19 cm for ±5 hours at a temperature of 400 0C. The percentage of rice husks charcoal used was 0%, 10%, and 20%. Densification process was done by pellet mill whose capacity is 300 kg/h with a dies diameter of 8 mm. Used cooking oil was added to the raw material for 4.77% w/w. Biopellets was sun-dried for 4 hours. Then, the physico-chemical properties and the combustion characteristics were tested. Mass and energy flows were measured by using method of input-output analysis for the biopellets production process. The results of this research showed that the addition of rice husk charcoal into the rice husk biopellet generated a different effect significantly to the moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, bulk density, and the heating value of rice husks biopellet, but there was no significant effect to the level of fixed carbon, firmness, consumption rate, and the efficiency of combustion. Based on the physico-chemical properties and the combustion characteristics, rice husk biopellets that contained 10% of husk charcoal has the best quality. It has 3.60 % of moisture content, 17.47% of ash content, 72.86% of volatile matter, 9.68% of fixed carbon, and 728.43 kg/m3 of bulk density. The heating value of the biopellets was 4329.63 kcal/kg, while the firmness was 10.54 kg/cm2. In addition, the consumption rate of the biopellets was 1.84 kg/h while the efficiency of combustion was 8.34%. The production of rice husk biopellets on a laboratory scale produced yield of 18.67%. Biopellets increased the heating value of ricu husk for 25.49%.
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Judul: Infeksi leucocytozzon simondi (Mathis dan Leger, 1910) pada itik
Abstrak: Leucocytozoonosis pada itik adalah penyakit protozoer yang disebabkan oleh parasit darah Leucocytozoon simondi. Protozoa ini ditularkan oleh lalat penghisap darah (Simulium sp.). Di dalam tubuh induk semang antara (vektor) Simulium parasit mengalami tahap gametogoni yang kedua (pembentukan gamet dan pembuahan) dan sporogoni. Pembuahan makrogamet oleh mikrogamet terjadi segera sesudah vektor menghisap darah itik yang mengandung gametosit. Pembuahan menghasilkan zigot yang dapat bergerak (ookinet) yang masuk dinding usus vektor dan kemudian memasuki tahap sporogoni. Tahap sporogoni memerlukan waktu kira-kira 1 minggu (Fallis dan Desser, 1977) untuk menghasilkan sporozoit. Sporozoit bergerak menuju kelenjar ludah vektor, tempat mereka berkumpul. Sporozoit dipindahkan ke dalam tubuh itik pada saat vektor menghisap darah itik. Di dalam tubuh itik, parasit mengalami tahap skizogoni dan tahap gametogoni yang pertama (pembentukan gametosit). Sporozoit memasuki peredaran darah itik dan memasuki sel-sel parenkhim hati membentuk skizon hepatik (Fallis et al., 1974). Setelah 4 6 hari, skizon hepatik dewasa menghasilkan merozoit dan sinsitia. Merozoit dari skizon hepatik memasuki eritrosit dan eritroblas membentuk gametosit bundar, sedangkan sinsitia memasuki sel-sel RES di seluruh tubuh membentuk megaloskizon. Megaloskizon dewasa terbentuk dalam waktu 5 hari di dalam sel-sel itu dan menghasilkan merozoit. Merozoit dari megaloskizon memasuki limfosit dan leukosit lainnya membentuk gametosit memanjang. ...
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