Judul: Improving the Understanding of Small-scale Grouper and Snapper Fisheries in Saleh Bay-West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia to Enhance Their Management
Abstrak: Groupers (Serranidae: Epinephelinae) are a crucial component of fisheries in coastal tropical and sub-tropical regions, providing essential protein and supporting livelihoods. While global landings of grouper have been steadily increasing, with China and Indonesia contributing over 60% of the total catch, challenges persist in managing their stocks, particularly in small-scale fisheries in developing nations. This study aimed to propose an effective management strategy for key grouper species in Saleh Bay, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia by addressing knowledge gaps and evaluating different management options. Specifically, this involved understanding the dynamics of these fisheries, including fishing methods and the composition of their landings, examining the life history and stock condition of a key but previously data-poor grouper species, i.e., brown-marbled grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus, and critically evaluating various management procedures using the Method Evaluation and Risk Assessment (MERA) tool. Findings reveal that 57.7% of the total catches of small-scale reef and demersal fisheries in Saleh Bay consisted of grouper and snapper (Lutjanidae). The fishery is complex, with eight fishing methods employed to catch 75 species. Four species, namely the leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus), orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), spotted coral grouper (Plectropomus maculatus), and malabar blood snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) were primarily targeted, using three main fishing methods, i.e., bottom longline, speargun, and handline, together accounting >90% of the total catch. The composition of catches using these methods changed significantly with fishing depth, season, and/or year. Fishing activities follow a temporal pattern influenced by monsoonal seasons, and fishers utilized specialized tactics to target high-value species for maximum profit. Preliminary biological studies and data from the fish landing monitoring program were used to re-evaluate the spawning potential ratio (SPR) of E. fuscoguttatus. This is one of 12 species targeted for management in Saleh Bay, and of concern as the SPR was previously estimated to range from only 0.05 to 0.07, well below the reference SPR limit of 0.20 and target of 0.30. A new estimate of L50 (length at which 50% of the population is mature) was derived which is ~100 mm smaller than the previous estimate. This new L50 estimate, when combined with the length-based SPR, yielded higher SPR estimates (0.11 to 0.25), although still below the target SPR. Finally, the study employs the MERA approach to assess management procedures for P. leopardus in Saleh Bay. Results indicated that the current size limit and spatial closure regulations may be ineffective due to low compliance and the limited extent of no-take zones within marine protected areas in Saleh Bay, which are smaller than the home range of this species. Recommendations for enhancing the sustainability of grouper and snapper fisheries in Saleh Bay include exploring total allowable catch controls, implementing seasonal closures to limit fishing effort, strengthening existing regulations, and conducting further studies on life-history aspects and stock assessment. In summary, this study underscores the significance of thoroughly understanding the dynamics of small-scale fisheries and the necessity for adaptive management strategies that align with specific local contexts. Sustained collaboration among researchers, fisheries managers, and stakeholders is crucial for tackling management challenges and enforcing effective management to ensure the
Keyword: small scale fishery, fishing dynamic, data limited fishery, method evaluation and risk assessment, management strategy evaluation, brown-marbled grouper, leopard coral grouper

Judul: ddressing the challenges Of managing Small-Scale Grouper (Serranidae ) And Snapper (Lutjanidae) Fisheries In Eastern Indonesia
Abstrak: Fisheries are an important economic sector in combatting threats of hunger and poverty around the world, especially in southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia, who in 2014 reported the 2nd highest landings from marine capture fisheries globally. Recent research has highlighted the significance of small-scale fisheries (SSF) in terms of landings and food security and that catches from SSF are under-reported. The SSF category is an important fisheries subsector that provides livelihood and food security for millions of small-scale fishers, local communities and seafood enthusiasts in Indonesia and around the world. Up until 2000, small-scale fishers in southeast Asia contributed more food fish for humans than industrial fisheries (excluding fish used to produce fishmeal), and in Indonesia employ almost 85% of the people employed in the whole fisheries sector. The research in my Dissertation investigated fisheries management in eastern Indonesia and has three main areas: a) it examines the legal definition of SSF against the mandate of fisheries sustainability and empowerment of the poor and suggests a new definition for SSF in Indonesia, b) investigates trends in landings for grouper (Serranidae) and snapper (Lutjanidae) in Indonesia and trials the efficacy of a novel stock assessment, the Length-Based Spawning Potential Ratio (LB-SPR) method, for data-limited grouper and snapper fisheries in Saleh Bay of West Nusa Tenggara province and Timor Sea of East Nusa Tenggara province and c) investigates Rights-Based Fisheries Management (RBFM) for SSF to conceptualize a suitable RBFM, termed Fisheries Management Rights (FMRs) as a tool for SSF management in Indonesia. Different descriptive and quantitative research methods, including content analysis of laws and relevant literature, triangulated through focus group discussions and field fish-length data collection methods, are performed to address the aims of this research. Small-scale fisheries in Indonesia are currently not regulated and are exempted from the existing fisheries management instruments, which make them important for determining the long-term success of the overall Indonesian fisheries management (Chapter 3). The present definition of SSF (implemented in law in 2016) includes fishing boats < 10 GT, increased from the previous < 5 GT classification, creates issues as it increases the number of vessels and catches from unregulated fisheries. In this research, a new definition of SSF is proposed as a fisheries operation, managed at the household level, fishing without or with a fishing boat < 5 GT and using unmechanized fishing gears. This definition combines attributes of the fishing vessel (GT), attributes of the fishing gear (mechanization) and the unit of business where decision making occurs (i.e. household), and aims to minimize illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and focuses government aid on the truly impoverished and marginalized people. This research also recommends that consideration is given to introducing two different, but related terms, to existing laws to enhance fisheries management in Indonesia: “small-scale fisher” is introduced to the law on empowerment of fishers and “smallscale fisheries” is inserted into the law concerning fisheries. The future sustainability of grouper and snapper stocks targeted by SSF is threatened due to the continued expansion of the fishing fleets, especially those in eastern Indonesia in the past decade (Chapter
Keyword: customary marine tenure, data-limited fisheries, fisheries law, fisheries management, small-scale fishers, spawning potential ratio, sustainable fisheries

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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