Judul: Kajian Paparan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) dari Air Minum pada Anak Balita di Indonesia
Abstrak: Stunting in children is still occuring in Indonesia, which becomes a shared responsibility of several stakeholders to overcome it. Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal which interferes calcium metabolism causing inneffective development of bones and teeth thus, Pb is a risk factor for stunting. Drinking water contributes the highest exposure to Pb, it is necessary to determine the risk characterization of Pb from the water. Exposure assessment were conducted by sampling, obtaining Pb concentrations, extracting data from the Individual Food Consumption Survey and Basic Health Research, calculating Pb exposure, risk characterizing of Pb and predicting the correlation of Pb exposure to the nutritional status of PB/U or TB/U children aged 0-47 month. Pb exposure was obtained by multiplying the consumption data with predicted levels of Pb in drinking water and divided by body weight. Lead risk characterization was calculated using Margin of Exposure (MoE) approach by comparing Pb benchmark dose lowerbound and exposure. The correlation of Pb exposure with nutritional status was also calculated by Pearson analysis. Samples were taken from 34 provinces in Indonesia, there were 25 provinces (75,8%) with Pb levels less than LoD and 8 provinces (24,2%) with Pb levels more than LoD. The average percentage of children in Indonesia aged 0-47 months who consume less drinking water is 76,81%. The average exposure and risk characterization of Pb ranged from 0,026-0,082 μg/kg body weight per day and 28,05-8,79, respectively, suggesting low risk of Pb exposure from drinking water. Stronger correlation of Pb exposure with nutritional status was observed in province with Pb level above Limit of Detection (LoD) than those of below LoD with correlation values (r) of children aged 0-11 months; 12-23 months; and 36-47 months; 36-47 months is r 0,004; r -0,038; r -0,109; r -0,231. The result showed that the higher Pb exposure, the lower the nutritional status, although the correlation is weak. Pb exposure from drinking water does not cause stunting in toddlers.
Keyword: drinking water, exposure assessment, lead, stunting, toddler

Judul: Faktor Determinan Stunting pada Anak Usia 0-59 Bulan di Indonesia
Abstrak: Stunting is still remains a global problem. The data of WHO showed that the prevalence of stunting among children under five is 32% in developing countries, in East Africa is 50%, in Central Africa is 42% and the prevalence of stunting in Asia is 31.3% (Black et al. 2008). Based on the results of Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Basic Health Research), prevalence of stunting in 2010 has been decreased from 2007 (36.8%) to 2010 (35.6%) (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia 2010). Indonesia is also known as the country with the number of children under five short height (stunted) and Indonesia become a fifth country that have children stunted in the world after India, China, Nigeria, and Pakistan (UNICEF 2008). WHO (1997) stunting in children under five is still one of serious problem in Indonesia and is still relatively small decline and the prevalence rate is still above the set threshold (20%). The objective of this study is to analyze determinant factors of stunting in children 0-59 month in Indonesia. For this purpose permitted e-files data of the Riskesdas 2010 (a basic health survey 2010) were used. The data were processed using Microsoft Office Excel, SPSS and WHO AnthroPlus.This study used 11 240 subjects, consisted of 50.5% girls and 49.5% boys. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that the determinant factors of stunting among these children 0-59 month were age 12-23 month, 24-35 month, 36-47 month, 48-59 month, low birth weight (≤2500 g), weight for age z score <-2 SD (underweight), mother’s height less than 155 cm, mother's occupation farmer/fisherman/laborer/not working a protective factors, low father's education, low family economic status, low nutritional quality of food, low iron adequacy and low environmental sanitation. Determinant factors of stunting among children 24-59 month were low birth weight, weight for age z score <-2 SD (underweight), mother’s height less than 155 cm, low father's education, low family economic status, low nutritional quality of food, low iron adequacy and low environmental sanitation. Determinant factors of stunting among these children <24 month were age 12-23 month, low birth weight (≤2500 g), weight for age z score <-2 SD (underweight), mother’s height less than 155 cm, low family economic status, low iron adequacy. The most dominant determinant of stunting was weight for age (z score <-2 SD) with Odds Ratio (OR=3.96, 95% CI=3.17-4.95) for children 0-59 month, (OR=4.66, 95% CI=3.44-6.38) for 24-59 month and (OR=3.13, 95% CI=2.25- 4.36) for <24 month. These implied that nutritional health status of the pregnant women, quality of the children diet, and socio-economic factors of the family need to be considered in preventing stunting.
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Judul: Grup dan Homomorfisma Grup pada Rubik Revenge
Abstrak: Rubik cube is a kind of puzzle game. A player must arrange rubik sides, which have been disordered, back to the position where every side has the same colour. This paper does not focus on the settlement solution, but instead on proving the existence of a group homomorphism between rubik movement group and S96 symmetric permutation group in rubik revenge. Firstly, it has been proved that rubik movement set is a group. Then, it also has been proved that the M set, which contains numeric labels of 1 until 96 in cubinos sides, is S96 symmetric permutation group.
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