Judul: Beberapa species cicak dan tokek, Famili gekkonidae di wilayah Pandeglang dan Bandung
Abstrak: Spesies cicak dan tokek merupakan anggota famili Gekkonidae yang hidup di daerah tropis dengan jumlah yang cukup besar, yaitu sekitar 75 spesies. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kekayaan spesies dan distribusi habitat dan famili Gekkonidae di wilayah Pandeglang dan Bandung. Penelitian ini dilakukan mulai Februari sampai Agustus 2005. Sampel ditangkap di empat lokasi untuk masing-masing wilayah. Dari 108 cicak dan tokek yang berhasil ditangkap, dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi lima spesies, yaitu Hemidactylus frenatus, Hemidactylus garnotii, Cosymbatus platyurus, Gehyra mutilata dan Gecko gecko. Hemidactylus garnotii hanya ditemukan di Pandeglang. Dalam kurun waktu 40 tahun jumlah spesies cicak di Bandung stabil.
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Judul: Inventarisasi dan identifikasi tungau ektoparasit pada cicak di Bogor
Abstrak: Organisme ektoparasit yaitu organisme yang hidup di permukaan tubuh inangnya, menghisap darah atau memakan rambut, kulit, atau sekresi kulit. Ahli parasit reptilia menemukan tempat perkembangbiakan ektoparasit pada reptilia, namun informasi mengenai tungau ektoparasit pada anggota reptilia khususnya cicak di Indonesia belum ada. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pertama di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginventarisasi dan mengidentifikasi tungau ektoparasit yang menginfestasi cicak di wilayah Bogor. Cicak dikoleksi di wilayah Bogor Tengah dan Bogor Barat dengan menggunakan metode road sampling. Tungau ektoparasit diambil menggunakan sonde kemudian diawetkan dalam alkohol 70%. Pembuatan preparat tungau menggunakan metode sediaan utuh dan preparat tungau dijernihkan di laktofenol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tungau ektoparasit melekat di bagian kepala, ketiak, jari depan, dan belakang, pangkal paha, ekor badan dan telinga cicak Cosymbotus platyurus, Hemidactylus frenatus, dan Hemidactylus garnotii. Tungau tersebut berwarna jingga tua ketika ditemukan di beberapa bagian tubuh cicak. Ciri dari tungau tersebut yaitu memiliki skutum dorsal tubuh dan banyak rambutrambut pendek di bagian dorsal tubuh.Tungau tersebut termasuk dalam Famili Pterygosomatidae, Genus Geckobia. Infestasi tungau tertinggi pada C. platyurus yaitu di bagian telinga (49 tungau), sedangkan pada H. frenatus (191 tungau) dan H. garnotii (10 tungau) adalah di jari belakang. Nilai tertinggi rataan infestasi tungau tiap cicak ada pada H. frenatus (18.2).
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Judul: Exergy Analysis of Membrane Utilization for Solution Separation in LiBr-H2O Absorbtion Refrigeration System
Abstrak: Absorbtion refrigeration system provides prominent advantages in tems of environmental impact and energy consumption. Absorbtion refrigeration system uses natural refrigerant, such as water, which gives no harm to the environment. In terms of energy consumption, it requires heat to regenerate refrigerant from its absorber and provide the refrigeration effect. This form of energy is preferred since heat can be supplied from various sources, including waste heat and renewable energy, and thermodynamically categorized as low quality energy. However, effectiveness of refrigerant regeneration could only be obtained if the temperature is high enough. In this study, the heat utilization in the regeneration process will be eliminated by introducing membranes for separating the refrigerant from the absorber. Specifically, the objectives of this research are to :1) to study the absorbtion mechanism of water vapor by LiBr-H2O solution in a controlled condition, 2) to study the regeneration process of LiBr-H2O using reverse osmosis (RO) membrane and vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) when applied in LiBr-H2O absorbtion refrigeration system, 3) to perform the energy and exergy analysis in LiBr-H2O absorbtion refrigeration system using RO membrane. The membrane was used as a tool to separate the refrigerant from absorbent which performs as regeneration process in conventional absorbtion system. As separation component, RO membrane employs pressure to oppose the osmotic pressure and pass certain component through the pores. While, VMD employs vacuum pressure and thermal, so that the substance to be transported through the membrane is in form of vapor. The result shows that absorbtion rate of water vapor by LiBr-H2O solution was influenced by solution concentration, temperature, humidity and pressure. The highest absorbtion rate was 0.031 g/minute which was occurred at temperature 40°C, RH 70% and solution concentration 60%. Prediction model was developed to calculate the absorbtion parameter inspite of P-T-X diagram.The highest water vapor absorbtion in absorber using spiral wound module-based RO membrane occurred at initial concentration of 30%, wich is the highest concentration used in the experiment. Increasing of operation pressure during separation process will increase permeation flux but decrease rejection factor.Unexpectedly, permeate of the RO membrane still contain LiBr at concentration 7w/w %-9w/w%, which affect the achievable cooling temperature and cooling capacity. Optimization of regeneration using VMD was conducted with response surface methodology (RSM) and the result show that highest permeate flux (0.93 kg.m-2.s-1) can be achived at initial concentration of 47.5%, temperature of 80°C and flow rate of 1.9 L.min-1.COP obtained in absorbtion refrigeration system using RO membran with initial concentration 20% was in the range of 1.147-1.171. Exergy analysis shows that increasing pressure of RO membrane at concentration 20% increased the irreversibity.On the other hand, exergy analysis on VMD shows that higher concentration and temperature will increased irreversibility.
Keyword: refrigeration, absorbtion, reverse osmosis, vacuum membrane distillation, energy, exergy