Judul: Analysis of mitochondrial protein-coding genes on amphibian
Abstrak: Aktivitas transkripsi gen sebagian besar terjadi pada utas H, terdiri dari 2 gen penyandi rRNA, 14 gen penyandi tRNA dan 12 gen penyandi protein yang memiliki laju mutasi yang berbeda-beda. Evolusi dan laju mutasi yang berbeda-beda dapat menyebabkan penyimpangan pengelompokan taksa. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis runutan nukleotida gen penyandi protein yang ditranskripsi dari utas H pada genom mitokondria Amphibia. Data runutan nukleotida diunduh dari portal data NCBI (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Data diolah menggunakan piranti lunak Textpad dan dianalisis menggunakan MEGA 5. Hasil analisis menggunakan metode Neighbor-Joining dan Net Between Group Mean Distances dengan model Kimura 2-parameter dan Number of Differences menunjukkan bahwa hubungan kekerabatan Ordo Anura-Caudata lebih jauh dibanding Anura-Gymnophiona maupun Caudata-Gymnophiona. Nilai rasio transisi-transversi lebih dari 1 menunjukkan bahwa laju mutasi transisi lebih tinggi dari laju transversi. Kodon awal yang digunakan pada 12 gen penyandi protein mtDNA Amphibia terdiri dari ATA, ATC, ATG, ATT, GTG dan TTG. Kodon akhir yang digunakan antara lain AGA, AGG, TAA, TAG, TA- dan T--. ATG, GTG, TAA dan T-- merupakan kodon awal dan kodon akhir yang lebih dominan digunakan. Kata kunci: Amphibia, DNA, gen penyandi protein, mitokondria, mutasi, Activity of gene transcription occurs largely in the H-strand, consisting of two genes coding for rRNA, 14 tRNA-coding and 12 protein-coding that have the difference of mutation rates. Evolution and difference of mutation rates can lead to deviations of taxa’s grouping. This study aimed to analyze the nucleotide sequences of protein-coding genes transcribed from the genome mitochondrial Amphibians H-strand. Nucleotide sequences were downloaded from NCBI database. Data were processed using Textpad and analyzed using MEGA 5 software. Results of the analysis using Neighbor-Joining and Net Between Group Mean Distances method with Kimura 2-parameter and Number of Differences models indicated that relationship of Order Anura-Caudata was distantly separated Gymnophiona-Anura and Caudata-Gymnophiona. Number of transition-transversion ratio more than 1 (>1) revealed that transition rate are higher than transversion. Start codons used in 12 protein-coding genes consist of ATA, ATC, ATG, ATT, GTG and TTG. Stop codons are used among others AGA, AGG, TAA, TAG, TA-and T--. ATG, GTG, TAA and T-- are start codons and stop codons are used more dominant. Key words: Amphibia, DNA, protein-coding genes, mitochrondrial, mutation
Keyword: Amphibia, DNA, gen penyandi protein, mitokondria, mutasi

Judul: Karakterisasi Genom Mitokondria Ikan pada Gen Cytochrome Oxydase Subunit 1 (CO1) dan Cytochrome B (CytB)
Abstrak: Popularity mitochondria genome(mtDNA) is supported by the relatively small size (15-20kb), a relatively rapid rate of mutation, and not having a recombination, therefore the scientists are often using mtDNA to analyze a species, such as DNA barcoding. Segment of mtDNA genes that frequently used in DNA barcoding is CO1 (cytochrome Oxydase 1) and CytB (cytochrome B) as an alternative gene segment. The purpose of this study was to characterize usage of CO1 and CytB on various species of fish from the nucleotide database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). The sequences of mtDNA from different taxa are gradually searched and selected. Then the data of nucleotide sequences were analyzed by using some programs, such as ClustalW, Microsoft Office Excel, and CodonW. The results showed that bias in general leads to the third codon A (73%). χ2 test conducted on the deployment of the third codon produced entirely evenly spread on each order. Amino acid that has a combination of 4 and 6 are having bias because they are having a high level of gene expression. Results of T-test for the relationship RSCU on CO1 and CytB not significantly different (α = 0,05 level, tcount <α) so that they are conserved as a marker genes also there might be genetic diversity in fishes’ mtDNA.
Keyword: mitochondria, fishes, CO1, CytB, bias

Judul: Pengaruh ukuran billboard terhadap kualitas estetika lanskap kota Bogor
Abstrak: Salah satu permasalahan kota yang dialami saat ini antara lain adalah permintaan billboard. Penataan dan pemasangan billboard yang salah dapat menurunkan kualitas estetika lanskap kota. Ukuran billboard relatif besar, mendominasi pandangan sehingga menutupi good view yang berada di belakangnya.
Keyword: