Judul: Aplikasi Pengendalian Mutu Statistikal Pada Pengolahan Produk Chicken Nugget Di Pt. Japfa-Osi Food Industries Tangerang
Abstrak: Permasalahan yang telah teridentifikasi di PT. Japfa-Osi Food Industries ini adalah adanya kerusakan pada produk chicken nugget yang mengakibatkan terjadinya penurunan mutu produk. Tujuan kegiatan magang ini adalah mengumpulkan data penyebab terjadinya kerusakan tersebut serta menganalisa data menggunakan teknik pengendalian mutu statistikal yang meliputi bagan pareto, grafik kendali dan kurva regresi dan korelasi serta diagram sebab-akibat melalui penelusuran masalah dengan brainstorming. Kerusakan yang terjadi pada produkterdiri dari 5 jenis kerusakan (deject) yaitu produk patah (broken), produk terkelupas (visible meat), dua produk saling menempeI (double), adanya warna hitam pada produk (black crumb) dan adanya Iubang yang Iebih besar dari 2 mm pada permukaan produk (hole). Dari kelima jenis kerusakan tersebut dipilih 2 jenis kerusakan yang jumIahnya paling dominan dengan menggunakan diagram pareto. 2 jenis kerusakan tersebut adalah kerusakan jenis produk patah (broken) (36%) dan produk terkelupas (visible meat) (31 %). 2 jenis kerusakan tersebut kemudian dianalisa penyebabnya dengan menggunakan diagram sebab-akibat melalui penulusuran masalah dengan brainstorming. Penyebabpenyebab utama yang diperoleh dari brainstorming adalah: manusia, mesin dan metoda. Sedangkan dari diagram sebab akibat diperoleh penyebab-penyebab pendukung yaitu: suhu proses, proses chilling, kondisi milkwash, mesin jormax, batter applicator, belt conveyor, keahlian, motivasi, kenyamanan. Dari diagram sebab-akibat dipilih satu buah penyebab yang akan dianalisa dengan menggunakan bagan kendali. Pada pengolahan chicken nugget terdapat beberapa tahap proses dimana pengaruh suhu cukup penting, tetapi dalam kegiatan magang ini hanya diamati pengaruh 3 jenis suhu proses yang terdiri dari: suhu adonan sebelum pencetakan, suhu adonan pada saat pencetakan dan suhu milkwash. Suhu adonan sebelum pencetakan dan suhu adonan pada saat pencetakan akan diamati pengaruhnya terhadap kerusakan jenis produk patah. Sedangkan suhu milkwash akan diamati pengaruhnya terhadap kerusakan jenis produk terkelupas. Dari bagan kendali terlihat bahwa ketiga jenis suhu tersebut berada dalam keadaan tidak terkendali selama pengamatan 25 batch produksi. Dari analisa korelasi dan regresi antara suhu dan persen kerusakan yang terjadi diperoleh nilai r sebesar 0.87 untuk jenis suhu adonan sebelum pencetakan dengan persentase kerusakan jenis produk patah dan 0.9 untuk suhu adonan pada saat pencetakan dengan persentase kerusakan jenis produk patah. Sedangkan untuk suhu milkvvash dengan persentase produk terkelupas diperoleh nilai r sebesar 0.72. Dari analisa korelasi dan regresi dapat disimpulkan bahwa suhu mempunyai pengaruh cukup besar terhadap jumlah kerusakan yang terjadi pada produk chicken nugget.
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Judul: Penerapan Statistical Process Control (SPC) dalam Analisis Pengendalian Proses Produksi Chicken Nugget di PT.Belfoods Indonesia, Bogor Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Statistical Process Control (SPC) is one of method that’s widely used in industry to control the production process. Process control is always associate with quality of finish products. PT. Belfoods Indonesia as one of meat processing company with chicken nugget as main product has used the quality system in each production process. The practice of this internship program used application of SPC, including the use of check sheets, Pareto diagram, Ishikawa diagram, graphs and control charts and scatter diagram for regression and correlation analysis. Chicken nugget ‘B’ is the product with highest defect between other nugget. Based on the interpretation of Pareto diagram, there are many curved shape product. Ishikawa diagram showed that the main cause factor is meatmix temperature setting and texture changes rapidly during storage. From result of the control chart, we knew that the temperature of dough after the mixing process, before forming and when forming process are out of control. This condition indicated that process production had loss controlled. Some of data collected also showed the temperature conditions are out of the company's specifications. Based on analysis of regression and correlation, the increased of dough temperature during forming process was very influential to product defect. The result of data collections and observation about meatmix texture and dough temperature during storage used to determine the place and time limits of storage should be done. Meatmix can’t be put on cold storage more than one hour. The final results of this study can be used to evaluate of production process control and prevent product defect.
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Judul: Merremia dennstedt ex endlicher (Convolvulaceae) in Sumatra.
Abstrak: Merremia is a small genus in the family Convolvulaceae. Merremia is a perennial or annual herb or woody liana with stems creeping or twinning on trees or rocks, put out milky white sap when injured and some species with tubers. Merremia is often confused with genus Ipomoea, due to they have resemblance in funnel shaped or campanulate corolla and straight anther. Phenetically, some members of Merremia have yellow flower whereas Ipomoea has white, purple or purplish white. Merremia is also confused with Operculina due both have non-spinulose pollen and dehiscent capsule. Nevertheless, Operculina characterized by circumciselli capsule and Merremia characterized by valve capsule. The important character in Merremia is the spread of the hairs on corolla that can be easily observed at the mature flower bud. The genus Merremia is found in the tropical regions of both hemispheres. Merremia wildly distributed throughout the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Australia, North and South America and approximately there were 80 species of Merremia in the world. A Total of 175 sheets (164 collection numbers) which are deposited in Herbarium Bogoriense, 97 sheets (95 collection numbers) which are deposited Andalas University Herbarium (ANDA) and 9 sheets (4 collection numbers) which are deposited in BIOTROP Herbarium (BIOT) were studied. It composed of all specimens of Merremia in Sumatra. Additional specimens were collected by the author 28 sheets (15 collection numbers) from North Sumatra, West Sumatra and Lampung, which are stored in BO and BIOT. The digital data that consist of type specimens and distributions of species from JSTOR Plant Science and Convolvulaceae Unlimited were also used here. All the hebarium specimens were studied based on their morphological characters following de Vogel (1987) and Rifai (1976). The terminology of morphological characters followed Lawrence (1955), Veldkamp (1987), Harris and Harris (1994), Hickey and King (2005) and Stearn (1983). Information on the habitat, ecology, distribution, vernacular names and uses were noted from the specimens label and literatures. Taxonomic studies in Sumatra were conducted. There are eight species, one subspecies, one varietas and two forma from nine previously species (M. cissoides, M. dissecta, M. emarginata, M. hirta, M. peltata, M. quinquefolia, M. tridentata, M. tuberosa and M. vitifolia), two subspecies (M. umbellata ssp. orientalis and M. tridentata ssp. hastata), one varietas (M. boisiana var. sumatrana) and two forma (M. hederacea f. pubescens and M. hederacea f. barbata) can be recognized. One species (M. tridentata) and subspecies (M. tridentata ssp. hastata) are excluded because they have been proposed to different new taxa Xenostegia by Austin and Staples. The existence of M. emarginata was noted as new record in Sumatra and M. cissoides was noted as new record in Indonesia. A phylogenetic analysis using PAUP*4.Ob10 was undertaken based on morphological characters, using Evolvulus nummularius and Porana volubis as the out group. The phylogenetic analysis used 35 morphological characters was resulted consistency index (CI) = 0.60, homoplasy index (HI) = 0.40, retention index (RI) = 0.56 and Rescaled consistency index (RC) = 0.34. Phylogenetic tree used morphological characters divided taxa into two groups. The separation support M. boisiana var. sumatrana, M. cissoides, M.
Keyword: Convolvulaceae, Merremia, morphology, phylogenetic, Sumatra