Judul: Maitake Mycelium (Grifola frondosa) Production and Its Effects on Mus musculus Learning-Memory and Anxiety Behaviors
Abstrak: Grifola frondosa berpotensi besar sebagai kandidat kesehatan saraf. Kesehatan saraf dapat memengaruhi memori dan perilaku. Kondisi kultivasi dapat memengaruhi pertumbuhan miselium. Oleh sebab itu, penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pertumbuhan miselium G. frondosa pada berbagai kondisi kultivasi dan pengaruh pemberian ekstraknya terhadap kinerja memori-belajar dan tingkat kecemasan mencit. Miselium ditumbuhkan pada Potato Sucrose Broth (PSB) dan Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) selama 14 hari dengan kondisi terang, gelap, digoyang, dan statis. Miselium diekstrak dengan pelarut campuran etil asetat, metanol, dan akuades. Sebanyak 18 mencit jantan dibagi dalam kelompok kontrol, perlakuan ekstrak dosis 100 mg/kg BB (GF100), dan 200 mg/kg BB (GF200). Mencit diberi ekstrak selama 14 hari secara oral kemudian diuji kinerja memori spasialnya melalui Y-Maze Alternation (Y-maze) test dan Morris Water Maze (MWM), memori rekognisi melalui Novel Object Recognition test, serta tingkat kecemasan melalui Light and Dark Transition test. Biomassa miselium paling tinggi pada PSB dengan kondisi terang dan penggoyangan (0.502 g), sedangkan paling rendah pada SDB dengan kondisi gelap tanpa penggoyangan (0.124 g). Penggoyangan berpengaruh signifikan, sebaliknya cahaya tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan miselium. Ekstrak G. frondosa berpengaruh positif terhadap memori spasial melalui Y-maze dan memori rekognisi, namun tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap memori spasial melalui MWM dan penurunan tingkat kecemasan mencit., Grifola frondosa is a potential candidate for neurological health, which affects memory and behavior. Cultivation conditions can influence mycelium growth. This study aims to determine the mycelium growth of G. frondosa under various cultivation conditions and its effects on learning-memory performance and anxiety levels in mice. Mycelium was cultured in Potato Sucrose Broth (PSB) and Sabouraud Dextrose Broth (SDB) for 14 days at room temperature under light, dark, agitation, or static conditions and was extracted using a solvent mixture (ethyl acetate, methanol, distilled water). A total of 18 male mice in three groups were given treatment orally for 14 days: control (distilled water), GF100 (100 mg/kg BW extract), and GF200 (200 mg/kg BW extract). The spatial memory performance was tested using the Y-maze and Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, while recognition memory was assessed using the Novel Object Recognition (NOR) test, and anxiety levels were evaluated using Light/Dark Transition test. The mycelium biomass was highest and lowest in PSB under agitation in the light (0.502 g) and SDB under static in dark conditions (0.124 g), respectively. G. frondosa extract positively affected spatial and recognition memory through the Y-maze and NOR test but was insignificant in mice's MWM or anxiety levels.
Keyword: anxiety, neurological health, recognition, spatial, Y-maze

Judul: Neurogenesis and Memory Learning Ability of Mice (Mus musculus) after Geraniol Treatment
Abstrak: Kemampuan pembelajaran memori dipengaruhi oleh neurogenesis. Potensi terjadinya neurogenesis dapat ditingkatkan dengan pemberian senyawa aktif dari salah satu tanaman. Serai (Cymbopogon citratus) memiliki komponen minyak esensial geraniol yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai terapeutik neuropati dan agen terapi potensial penyakit Parkinson. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh geraniol pada serai terhadap kinerja memori dan neurogenesis pada hipokampus. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pemberian geraniol secara oral selama 30 hari pada 3 kelompok perlakuan dengan masing-masing kelompok perlakuan terdiri dari 3 ekor mencit (Mus musculus) jantan galur DDY. Kelompok satu (kontrol) diberikan saline 0,9%, kelompok dua diberi geraniol dengan dosis 100 mg/kg BB, kelompok tiga diberi geraniol dengan dosis 200 mg/kg BB. Analisis kinerja memori menggunakan metode Y-maze alternation test dan Novel object recognition test. Otak mencit diambil kemudian dilakukan pembuatan preparat histologi untuk mengamati Neural Progenitor Cell (NPC), sel granular, dan sel apoptosis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah persentase sel NPC dan sel granular secara signifikan dan menurunkan jumlah persentase sel apoptosis secara tidak signifikan pada kedua dosis. Kinerja memori spasial mencit setelah pemberian geraniol menunjukkan peningkatan yang tidak signifikan. Kinerja recognition memory mengalami penurunan pada dosis kontrol dan dosis 100 mg/kg BB dan mengalami peningkatan pada dosis 200 mg/kg BB., Memory learning ability is influenced by neurogenesis. The potential for neurogenesis can be increased by giving active compounds from one of the plants. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) has an essential oil component of geraniol which can be used as a therapeutic neuropathy and a potential therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease. This study aimed to examine the effect of geraniol in lemongrass on memory performance and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. The study was conducted by giving geraniol orally for 30 days to 3 treatment groups with each treatment group consisting of 3 male mice (Mus musculus) DDY strain. Group one (control) was given saline 0.9%, group two was given geraniol at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW, group three was given geraniol at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW. Memory performance analysis using method Y-maze alternation test and Novel object recognition test. The brains of mice were taken and then made histological preparations to observe Neural Progenitor Cell (NPC), granular cells, and apoptotic cells. The results showed a significant increase in the percentage of NPCs and granular cells and an insignificant decrease in the percentage of apoptotic cells at both doses. The performance of the spatial memory of mice after geraniol administration showed an insignificant increase. The performance recognition memory decreased at a control dose and a dose of 100 mg/kg BW and increased at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW.
Keyword: apoptosis, granular, memori spasial, NPC, recognition

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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