Judul: Realistic Evaluation of Potential of Preparations of Twenty Plant Species from Fifteen Families for Crop Pest Control
Abstrak: Permasalahan serangan hama selalu ditemukan pada aktivitas produksi pertanian. Tindakan pengendalian hama secara praktis dengan menggunakan insektisida sintetik dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap ekosistem dan kesehatan. Insektisida nabati merupakan alternatif pengendalian hama yang lebih aman. Namun, dalam praktik belum banyak petani yang menggunakan insektisida nabati. Analisis pustaka ini memaparkan hasil evaluasi secara realistis potensi sediaan 20 jenis tumbuhan lokal sebagai insektisida nabati untuk pengendalian hama tanaman. Dua puluh jenis tumbuhan tersebut adalah Ageratum conyzoides, Allium cepa, Allium fistulosum, Annona squamosa, Carica papaya, Chromolaena odorata, Citrus x aurantiifolia, Cymbopogon nardus, Cyperus rotundus, Derris elliptica, Dysoxylum acutangulum, Dysoxylum mollissimum, Hibiscus rosasinensis, Lantana camara, Mimosa pudica, Mirabilis jalapa, Ocimum basilicum, Piper nigrum, Tagetes erecta, dan Zingiber officinale. Kelayakan penggunaan sediaan insektisida nabati dari 20 jenis tumbuhan tersebut dievaluasi berdasarkan kriteria aktivitas insektisida, keamanan, dan peluang pemasyarakatannya. Hasil evaluasi realistis berdasarkan kriteria yang ketat menunjukkan bahwa 15 dari 20 jenis tumbuhan yang dikaji yang memiliki aktivitas insektisida yang cukup kuat sampai sangat kuat. Insektisida nabati umumnya mudah terurai di lingkungan dan relatif aman terhadap organisme bukan sasaran. Pemasyarakatan insektisida nabati dapat dilakukan melalui sosialisasi yang bekerjasama dengan berbagai pihak., Pest problems always threaten agricultural production activities. Crop pest control measures using synthetic insecticides commonly practiced by farmers can cause undesirable side effects on ecosystems and human health. Botanical insecticides are safer alternatives to synthetic insecticides. In practice, however, very few farmers have used botanical insecticides. This literature analysis describes the results of a realistic evaluation of the potential of twenty local plant species as botanical insecticides for crop pest control. The selected plant species discussed are Ageratum conyzoides, Allium cepa, Allium fistulosum, Annona squamosa, Carica papaya, Chromolaena odorata, Citrus x aurantiifolia, Cymbopogon nardus, Cyperus rotundus, Derris elliptica, Dysoxylum acutangulum, Dysoxylum mollissimum, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Lantana camara, Mimosa pudica, Mirabilis jalapa, Ocimum basilicum, Piper nigrum, Tagetes erecta, and Zingiber officinale. The feasibility of using botanical insecticide preparations from those plant species was evaluated based on criteria of insecticidal activity, safety, and opportunities for their dissemination. Results of evaluation based on robust criteria show that 15 out of 20 plant species studied had sufficiently to very strong insecticidal activity against certain crop pests. Generally, botanical insecticides are biodegradable and safe to non-target organisms. Dissemination of botanical insecticide use can be carried out through collaboration with various institutions.
Keyword: Bioactivity, Botanical Insecticides, Criteria, Feasibility, Local Plants

Judul: Biological Pest Control Strategies using Sterile Insect Technique and Natural Enemies
Abstrak: Indonesia adalah negara agraris sehingga pertanian memiliki peranan penting bagi Indonesia. Oleh sebab itu, masalah yang berkaitan dengan pertanian seperti serangan hama selalu menjadi topik yang penting pula. Pestisida kimia banyak digunakan dalam pengendalian hama ini, namun pestisida kimia memiliki banyak dampak negatif bagi lingkungan. Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) dikembangkan untuk mengurangi penggunaan pestisida kimia. Teknik dalam PHT yang digunakan pada karya ilmiah ini, yaitu SIT (Sterile Insect Technique) dan musuh alami. Dalam karya ilmiah ini, dilakukan pemodelan kontrol optimum untuk mengoptimalkan kepadatan populasi tanaman menggunakan strategi pelepasan serangga hama steril dan penambahan musuh alami ke area lahan tanaman sebagai variabel kontrolnya. Prinsip maksimum Pontryagin digunakan dalam penentuan syarat perlu optimalitas dan metode Runge-Kutta orde 4 serta backward-forward sweep method digunakan untuk mengetahui solusi numeriknya., Indonesia is an agricultural country, so agriculture has an important role for Indonesia. Therefore, problems related to agriculture, such as pests, always be an important topic. Chemical pesticides are highly used in controlling these pests, however chemical pesticides have lots of negative impacts on the environment. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) was developed to reduce the use of these chemical pesticides. There are techniques of IPM that are used in this paper, i.e. sterile insect technique (SIT) and natural enemies. In this paper, the optimum control modelling was carried out to optimize the density of the plant population using the strategy of releasing sterile insect pests and adding natural enemies to the crops area as control variables. Pontryagin’s maximum principle is used in determining the requirements for optimality, fourth-order Runge Kutta method and backward-forward sweep method are used to determine the numerical solution.
Keyword: optimal control, fourth-order Runge Kutta method, natural enemies, Pontryagin’s maximum principle, sterile insect technique

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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