Judul: Keterkaitan Antara Penyimpangan Penggunaan Lahan Terhadap Alokasi Ruang Dengan Perubahan Tingkat Kekritisan Lahan (Studi Kasus Kecamatan Babakan Madang dan Klapanunggal)
Abstrak: The basic function of spatial planning is an instrument to direct and control land conversion. But in fact, we found lots of mismatching among actual used and plan. The deviation could be due to various environmental problems, for such as land degradation. Land degradation causes the emergence of unproductive areas. This study aims to (1) find out suitability of spatial utilization in Kecamatan Babakan Madang and Klapanunggal at year 2000 to 2010, (2) identify physical environment variables to characterize degradation level of land, (3) understand the relationship between spatial mismatch between plan and utilization and degradation level. Several methods employed in this study included: (1) overlapping of spatial utilization map with spatial plan of year 2000-2010 to determine of spatial mismatch, (2) discriminant analysis to determine physical environmental variables characterizing degradation level of land, (3) overlapping spatial mismatch with level of land degradation to find out relationship between spatial mismatch with degradation level of land. The spatial mismatch in Kecamatan Babakan Madang, ware 0.57% on protected forest areas, 27.41% on production forest areas, 100% on plantation areas, 24.33% on dryland farming areas, 23.38% on industrial areas. The mismatch in Kecamatan Klapanunggal, were 12.23% in production forest areas, 5.19% in wetland farming areas, 40.97% in dryland farming areas, 24.88% in industrial designation areas, and 3.64% in rural residential areas. Physical environmental variables characterized level of land degradation were erosion rate, surface rock, effective depth, and rock exposed. The spatial inconsistence were increasing level of degradation when production forest area were utilized as residential, up land, and C excavation areas. In addition, the inconsintence of utilization in other areas did not increase level of land degradation.
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Judul: Perubahan penggunaan lahan dan pengaruhnya terhadap daya dukung lahan untuk mendukung perencanaan penataan ruang (Studi kasus di kota Bima provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat)
Abstrak: In regional development, there are at least 3 aspects that affect each other: land cover/land use (LCLU), environmental carrying capacity, and socioeconomic factors, including population, economic activity development, and institutional. The aims of this study are: (1) to identify land capability, (2) to identify the change of LCLU in the Kota Bima Municipality, (3) to evaluate the suitability of land use with land capability, (4) to identify the status of the land carrying capacity based on productivity in 2005 and 2010, and (5) to set a space pattern based on environmental carrying capacity. The analytical method used are onscreen digitizing to identificate land cover/land use (LCLU). The analytical method used consisted of: operating attributes and processing thematic maps using ArcGIS 9.3, Location Quotient analysis, and regression analysis with binomial logit model. The result in land capability aspect, most areas in Kota Bima Municipality belong to Class IV (l, e), covering 28,5% of the municipality areas, and there is no Class I. During 2005 to 2010 there is a change of LCLU in Kota Bima Municipality, covering an area of 6.692 hectares or 30,6% of the area of Kota Bima Municipality. Trends in change of LCLU that occurred was the forest to cropland and cropland into the settlements. Cultivated land area has increased significantly, effects on the increased value of production. This causes changes in the status of land carrying capacity based on productivity, which is in 2005 the status of land carrying capacity is deficit, but by 2010 the status of the land carrying capacity is surplus. However, increasing of land carrying capacity status is also followed by increasing of land use that is not suitable based on land capability. The suitabilty of land cover regarding to land capabilty show that in 2005 there is 3,7% areas categorized as not suitable, and in 2010 there is 7,4% area categorized as not suitable. Based on land capability, there is 16.342 hectares or 74,8% of the area that can be used as cultivation land, 2.752 hectares or 21,5% of the area can be used as forest, and 2.768 hectares or 12,7% of the area should serve as a protected area.
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Judul: Influenza Specific Immunoglobulin Y Purification from Egg Yolk with Sodium Chloride Precipitation Method
Abstrak: Imunoglobulin Yolk (IgY) yang terdapat dalam kuning telur telah banyak dimanfaatkan untuk imunoterapi dan imunodiagnostik. Salah satu kendala dalam pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur adalah pemisahan Ig dengan lemak, sehingga teknik pemurnian Ig selalu berkembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemurnian IgY dari kuning telur dengan metode pengendapan menggunakan sodium chloride (NaCl) serta melakukan karakterisasi IgY spesifik influenza. Sodium chloride dipilih karena bahan kimia ini relatif murah, ramah lingkungan, dan tidak merusak imunoaktivitas IgY. Kuning telur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berasal dari telur ayam layer yang divaksinasi dengan vaksin influenza Flubio® yang berisi virus Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 dan B/Washington. Pemurnian IgY hanya dilakukan pada kuning telur yang mengandung antibodi spesifik influenza. Deteksi keberadaan antibodi spesifik influenza ditentukan dengan uji agar gel presipitasi (AGP) dan metode enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Konsentrasi IgY hasil pemurnian dihitung dengan spektrofotometer dan karakterisasi protein dilakukan dengan metode Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Konsentrasi protein dari hasil pemurnian IgY memiliki nilai rata – rata 50,403 mg/mL. Hasil SDS-PAGE menunjukkan enam pita protein, yaitu struktur IgY utuh (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), rantai berat IgY (66,54 kDa), Fab ( 47,65 kDa), rantai ringan IgY (21,85 kDa), dan β-livetin (36,74 kDa). IgY hasil pemurnian masih dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza berdasarkan uji ELISA. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemurnian IgY menggunakan metode pengendapan NaCl dapat memurnikan IgY dengan struktur utuh, meskipun masih ada dua protein tidak spesifik hasil pemurnian. IgY yang dapat berikatan dengan antigen influenza mengindikasikan prospek pemanfaatannya untuk pencegahan influenza dan imunodiagnostik., Yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) contained in egg yolk has been widely used for immunotherapy and immunodiagnostics. One of the obstacles in IgY purification from egg yolk is separating Ig from fat, so that IgY purification techniques are always developing. This study aimed to purify IgY from egg yolk using sodium chloride (NaCl) precipitation method and to characterize influenza-specific IgY. Sodium chloride was chosen because this chemical is relatively unexpensive, environmentally friendly, and does not impair IgY immunoactivity. The egg yolks used in this study were collected from layer eggs vaccinated with the Flubio® influenza vaccine, which contains the Influenza A/H3N2, A/H1N1 and B/Washington viruses. IgY purification was only carried out on egg yolks containing influenza specific antibodies. The presence of influenza-specific antibodies was determined by the agar gel precipitation (AGP) test and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The purified IgY concentration was determined using spectrophotometer, and protein characterization was performed using the Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) method. Protein concentration from purification has a mean value of 50,403 mg/mL . SDS-PAGE result showed six protein bands, namely intact IgY structure (174,63 kDa), Apoprotein-LDL (129,77 kDa), IgY heavy chain (66,54 kDa), Fab (47,65 kDa), IgY light chain (21,85 kDa), and β-livetin (36,74 kDa). The purified IgY still able to bind with influenza antigen based on the ELISA test. The results of this study indicate that purification of IgY using the NaCl precipitation method can purify IgY with intact structure, although there are still two unspecific proteins in the purification results. The resulting IgY can bind to influenza antigens indicating the
Keyword: Immunoglobulin Y, influenza, egg yolk, purification, sodium chloride