Judul: Analysis of the Effect of the 1997-1998 Asian Crisis on  the Efficiency of Indonesia's Exports to ASEAN
Abstrak: Selama terjadi krisis di tahun 1997-1998, perekonomian Indonesia menurun cukup drastis, tidak terkecuali dari sisi perdagangan internasional. Sebagai komponen dalam perdagangan internasional, ekspor perlu menjadi fokus perhatian saat itu. Ketika kinerja ekspor efisien maka akan berpengaruh positif bagi perbaikan ekonomi nasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efisiensi ekspor dan faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi ekspor Indonesia ke ASEAN. Dengan menggunakan metode Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model terhadap negara mitra ASEAN selama periode 1994-2020 diperoleh nilai efisiensi adalah 72,6 persen, dimana negara Singapura adalah yang tertinggi sebesar 95,8 persen dan terendah adalah Brunei Darussalam sebesar 57,7 persen. Penelitian ini menemukan selama tahun 1997-1998, ekspor Indonesia ke ASEAN terbilang positif namun mengalami penurunan efisiensi. Selain itu, ada hubungan yang signifikan antara GDP riil negara mitra, GDP riil negara Indonesia, trade openness, populasi, dan dummy krisis 1997-1998 terhadap kenaikan ekspor, serta jarak ekonomi dan dummy landlocked terhadap penurunan ekspor Indonesia ke ASEAN., During the 1997-1998 crisis, the Indonesian economy declined quite dramatically, including in terms of international trade. As a component in international trade, exports need to be the focus of attention at that time. When export performance is efficient, it will have a positive effect on the improvement of the national economy. This study aims to analyze export efficiency and the factors that influence Indonesia's exports to ASEAN. By using the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model for ASEAN partner countries during the period 1994-2020, the efficiency value is 72.6 percent, of which Singapore is the highest at 95.8 percent and Brunei Darussalam is the lowest at 57.7 percent. This study found that during 1997-1998, Indonesia's exports to ASEAN were positive but experienced a decline in efficiency. In addition, there is a significant relationship between the real GDP of partner countries, the real GDP of Indonesia, trade openness, population, and the 1997-1998 crisis dummy to the increase in exports, as well as the economic distance and the landlocked dummy to the decline in Indonesia's exports to ASEAN.
Keyword: ASEAN, efficiency, exports, 1997-1998 crisis, SFGM

Judul: Analysis of Indonesian Export Efficiency in the ASEAN Region,  Before and After the ASEAN Economic Community
Abstrak: Perdagangan internasional memiliki peran penting dalam pertumbuhan ekonomi di wilayah Association of South East Ation Nation (ASEAN). Integrasi perdagangan melalui kesepakatan ASEAN Economic Community memiliki keuntungan dapat menjangkau akses pasar yang lebih luas, mencapai tingkat efisiensi dan daya saing ekonomi yang lebih tinggi, serta penyerapan tenaga kerja yang lebih besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi efisiensi ekspor barang Indonesia ke 9 negara mitra dagang di kawasan ASEAN sebelum dan sesudah ASEAN Economic Community (AEC). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah stochastic frontier gravity model. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa variabel PDB riil negara mitra dagang, PDB riil Indonesia, populasi, dan trade openness berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap efisiensi ekspor. Sedangkan variabel jarak ekonomi memiliki pengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap efisiensi ekspor. Variabel riil exchange rate, landlocked, dan dummy AEC berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap efisiensi ekspor Indonesia. Nilai efisiensi ekspor Indonesia selama periode penelitian selalu mengalami penurunan. Negara mitra dagang yang memiliki nilai efisiensi diatas rata-rata efisiensi ASEAN adalah Filipina, Kamboja, Brunei, dan Myanmar. Sedangkan negara Laos, Malaysia, Singapura, Thailand, dan Vietnam memiliki nilai efisiensi dibawah rata-rata ASEAN., International trade has an important role in economic growth of the Association of South East Nations (ASEAN). Trade integration through the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) agreement has the advantage of being able to reach wider market access, achieve higher levels of efficiency and economic competitiveness, as well as greater employment. This study aims to analyze the factors that affect the efficiency of Indonesian goods exports to 9 trading partner countries in the ASEAN region before and after the ASEAN Economic 3 Community (AEC). The method used in this research is the stochastic frontier gravity model. The results of the analysis show that the variables of real GDP of trading partner countries, Indonesia's real GDP, population, and trade openness have a positive and significant effect on export efficiency. Meanwhile, the economic distance variable has a negative and significant effect on export efficiency. The real exchange rate, landlocked, and dummy AEC variables have a negative and insignificant effect on the efficiency of Indonesia's exports. The value of Indonesia's export efficiency during the study period has always decreased. Trading partner countries that have efficiency values above the ASEAN average efficiency are the Philippines, Cambodia, Brunei, and Myanmar. Meanwhile, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam have efficiency values below the ASEAN average.
Keyword: AEC, ASEAN, Efficiency, Export of goods, Stochastic frontier gravity model

Judul: Synthesis of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Made of Eggshells Through A Hydrothermal Method
Abstrak: Biphasic Calcium Phosphate mixed of hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate. A hydrothermal method of synthesizing by mixing CaO as calcium source and (NH4)2HPO4 as phosphate source with distilled water. CaO got from calcination process made of eggshells. All samples were synthesized using hydrothermal reactor then followed by sintering process. The molar ratio of Ca and P for all samples was 0.5 M : 0.3 M. Hydrothermal temperature and sintering temperature were variated they are 250 ºC, 300 ºC for hydrothermal and 800 ºC, 900 ºC, 1000 ºC for sintering, higher treatment temperature, tricalcium phosphate appears. Final results of synthesis were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared. X-ray Diffraction patterns was ecompared with database Join Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards and found tricalcium phosphate and hydoxyapatite.
Keyword: biphasic calcium phosphate, hydrothermal, hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate