Judul: Imunoglobulin Y (IgY) anti Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli(EPEC) sebagai opsonin terhadap respon fagositosis sel makrofag peritoneum mencit yang diinfeksi EPEC
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh dari IgY anti Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) yang digunakan sebagai zat opsonin dalam respon fagositosis sel makrofag peritoneum mencit setelah diinfeksi EPEC. EPEC konsentrasi 10º sel/ml sebanyak 300 µl dicampur dengan IgY yang berfungsi sebagai zat opsonin dengan konsentrasi 0,1 gram/ml sebanyak 300 µl, 150 µl, 75 µl, 0 µl kemudian diinkubasi secara in vitro (inkubator) pada suhu 37°C selama 1 jam dan secara in vivo dalam peritoneum mencit selama 2 jam. Cairan peritoneum dipanen kemudian dibuat preparat ulas dan diwarnai dengan pewarnaan Giemsa. Hasil yang diamati berupa aktivitas dan kapasitas fagositosis dari sel makrofag. Data hasil menunjukkan bahwa dengan berbagai konsentrasi IgY yang digunakan menunjukkan hasil yang tidak berbeda nyata. Hal ini disebabkan reseptor sel makrofag tidak dapat mengikat kompleks antigen- antibodi yang terbentuk. IgY tidak bisa mengaktivasi komplemen sehingga opsonisasi tidak meningkat. Perbedaan filogenik yang jauh antara ayam dan mamalia menyebabkan perbedaan fungsi imunologik dari IgY dan IgG.
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Judul: Efek imunoglobulin Y(IgY) anti-enteropathogenic Escherichia coli(EPEC) K1.1 terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri EPEC
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui efektivitas Imunoglobulin Y (IgY) anti-Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) K1.1 dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri EPEC pada media Trypticase Soy Broth (TSB). Efek IgY anti-EPEC K1.1 dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri EPEC telah diketahui dengan penambahan 900 µl IgY anti-EPEC K1.1 (100 mg/ml) dan penghitungan jumlah bakteri ditentukan dengan metode Total Plate Count (TPC). Kestabilan IgY anti-EPEC K1.1 yang dirusak oleh 5 µl pepsin (5 µg/ml) dengan preinkubasi yang berbeda (2 dan 4 jam) dan suhu (60 °C-35 menit dan 70 °C-15 menit) telah diketahui aktivitasnya dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri EPEC. IgY anti-EPEC K1.1 murni maupun IgY anti-EPEC K1.1 yang terdenaturasi menunjukkan hasil yang berbeda dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri EPEC pada media TSB.
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Judul: The Construction of Greedy SVP LLL Algorithm
Abstrak: A lattice is a set of all integer linear combination of a set of linearly independent vectors in ℝ𝑛���. The independent vectors are called bases of lattice. Any lattice can be generated from many bases, and these bases have the same cardinality. In the lattice, the most fundamental and renowned problem is the Shortest Vector Problem (SVP). SVP is a tracking problem of the shortest nonzero vector in a lattice with equivalent bases. In two dimensions, SVP problem has resolved exactly by Gauss’ algorithm. When the lattice dimension is higher than two, A.K. Lenstra, H.W. Lenstra and L. Lovasz gave a LLL algorithm to compute approximation of nonzero shortest vector in the lattice. Reduced bases solution obtained from LLL algorithm still be an approximation and has polynomial running time of arbitrary dimension which large enough. In 1994, Schnoor and Euchner modified this LLL algorithm as a new variant which later was named deep insertion LLL algorithm. This algorithm is a modified version of the LLL algorithm to the terms of the exchange step to improve the accuracy of output of LLL reduced bases and applying it to the subset sum problem. The purpose of this research are: (1) Reconstruct the LLL algorithm and deep insertion LLL algorithm using a geometric approach. (2) Construct a greedy SVP LLL algorithm. (3) Implement the three algorithms in a symbolic programming language, and evaluate them experimentally. A bases ℬ=[𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑛���] in ℝ𝑚��� is called reduced LLL with parameter 𝛿��� if satisfies: (a) |𝜇���𝑗���𝑖���|≤12, for every integer 𝑖���,𝑗��� with 1≤𝑖���<𝑗���<𝑛���. (b)𝛿���‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���)‖2≤‖𝜋���𝑗���(𝐛���𝑗���+1)‖2, for 𝑗���=1,2,…,𝑛���−1,where 𝛿��� is a reduced parameter of real numbers with 14<𝛿���<1. The first requirement is the reduced basis 𝛿��� must “nearly orthogonal” and in its computation case, this requirement can be reached out by using the Gram-Schmidt’s orthogonalization. While the second requirement is called exchange step, or used to called as Lovasz condition. By using both of these requirements, then they establish the LLL algorithm. Then, Schnoor and Euchner modify the LLL algorithm based on the requirements of the exchange step called the deep insertion LLL algorithm, where the exchange step is based on the comparison of the projected vector in orthogonal complement [𝐛���1,𝐛���2,…,𝐛���𝑘���−1]⊥ after j-th reduction. To construct greedy SVP LLL algorithm, the requirements of the exchange step is based on purely by comparing norm of lattice 𝐛���𝑗��� with norm lattice 𝐛���𝑖��� for 𝑖���=1,2,3…,𝑗���−1. The process of insertion reduced vector after the exchange step also has done greedily. Then, we calculate the number of arithmetic operation in greedy SVP LLL algorithm for further analysis. The result of our exprimentation for three algorithms on the certain matrix size shows that the running time of the three algorithms increases propotional to the size of the matrix. The result also shows that by using 𝛿���=34 for the LLL algorithm and the deep insertion LLL algorithm, and the greedy SVP LLL algorithm which is a new variant made by using no parameter of 𝛿���, outperform of the other of two previous algorithm in terms of speed with the same output.
Keyword: LLL algorithm, LLL deep insertion algorithm, greedy SVP LLL algorithm