Judul: Assessment on the crop livestock system in the paddy field: a case study in the Cianjur Regency, West Java
Abstrak: The crop livestock system (CLS) is an effort to increase paddy production that be integrated with livestock. The integration pattern was the utilization of plant straws as feed and manure for fertilizer. The technology innovations introduced was paddy primary seeds, balanced fertilization, group stall management, organic fertilizer processing, and paddy straw fermentation. The purpose of the assessment was to find out the role of livestock on the farmer income through the integration of crops and livestock livestock system based on the technology innovations. The assessment involved livestock and 5 ha paddy planting area. The farmer consist of 2 groups ie.: cooperator group (integrated system), and control (non integrated). Meanwhile, this assessment was used 20 livestock/group of respondent. The assessment results showed that paddy yield was 5.36 tons/ha, an increase of 10.29% compared to those yielded by other farmers. The use of inorganic fertilizer decreased to 100 kg/ha (N 57.14%), SP-35 50%, KCl 50%. The average of daily weight gain was 790 g/cattle and organic fertilizer 10,02%. The C/N ratio of composted feces was 19.03%. The average organic fertilizer yielded was 4 kg/cattle daily and the rice straw yielded was 7.26 tons/ha/season. The income of farmers with the integrated farming system was Rp. 9,086,867 for 1 ha land and 2 beef cattle with R/C ratio of 1.56.The result of the analysis becomes one of the resources to provide judgments on every sub-dimension in relation to the sustainable CLS farming business within existing condition.Based on the discourse resulted from stakeholder and expert discussions, there are 33 sub-dimensions within four farming business dimensions of CLS in Cianjur. Those are dimenesions of ecology, economy, socio culture, and technology. The status of CLS sustainability in multidimension perspective throughout Cianjur Regency shows sustainability index score of 46.34 within 0 – 100 sustainability scales. The score is categorized as less suatainable. Socio-culture score is 52.37, economics score is 52.38, ecology score is 49.35, and technology dimension score is 31.26.There are 7 key factors as the important factors for stipulating policy and strategy of CLS development in the future – comprises to three keys which have high influence but low dependent, such as (1) farmer group/the Accosiation, (2) Training and supervision frequency, (3) woof supply; and four variables which have high influence and dependet as well, like (1) livestock nursing system, (2) Financial support, (3) Government supports, and (4) inter-sectoral cooperation. An optimistic-moderate scenario means the condition of CLS farming business in the future is predicted through the existing assets and resources. This also aims to increase the proseprity level of the farmer and to contribute to the local economics movement. National massive movement and policy are hoped to be able to push a sustainable agriculture movement thruough the implementation of CLS pattern in specific location with some considering factors to be taken.
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Judul: Cash liquidity in the adoption of new cropping systems in central Lampung Indonesia
Abstrak: Linear programming approach was utilized to determine the feasibility of new cropping systems which give the highest income to farmers subject to capital, labour and land constraints. The results of the optimal solutions in this study have shown that at the present levels of beginning capital, labor and land, improved experimental cropping patterns introduced by Central Research Institute for Agriculture (CRIA) dominate the patterns to be adopted. The results show that an increase in beginning capital causes a decrease in cultivated area of old or farmers' patterns. Increasing the level of interest rate affects the patterns to be adopted by shifting cultivated area of the improved experimental patterns to the farmers' patterns. The improved experimental patterns have not been adopted in the presence of beginning capital shortage as well as credit shortage. Under the present conditions of available resources without capital generation in the model, credit is an important constraint in the production process and that added credit adds to net income. The hypotheses that the present level of credit used is not at optimum level is thus accepted. Parameterizing of available credit indicates further acceptance of the hypotheses that increasing cash flow through short-term credit will increase farm income and land use. This study also suggests that the credit received must be allocated within two seasons in order to maximize farm income. This allocation is important if capital generation is not involved in the farm business. In other words, credit for the second season is a necessary factor in maximizing farm income or in adopting improved experimental patterns. The farmers have more income and wider area to be cultivated Loan if the maturity is extended to 12 months rather than 6 months, present loan maturity. The findings allow us to hypothesize that extending loan maturity will increase farm income due to a shortage of capital in the second season. However, the above findings come out with the assumption that no risk aversion involved in the farmers' decision in adoption new improved experimental cropping patterns. Those findings as an optimal solution of linear programming approach are based on the assumption that constant return to scale is a characteristic of function. its production The linearity assumption in the objective function also makes the model inapplicable for activities that are inversely related e.g. the increase in output results in the lowering of the market price, farm size and others. Therefore, in order to achieve the objective
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Judul: Penyelesaian Numerik Persamaan Schrödinger untuk Molekul BaO dan SrO Menggunakan Model Potensial Morse
Abstrak: Morse potential is a potential model used to describe the behavior of a molecular vibration between atoms. This study aimed to obtain the value of the dissociation energy, the energy eigenvalues of each energy level, and describe the shape of the wave function of the molecule BaO and SrO on the vibrational state. Dissociation energy is calculated by adding the experimental dissociation energy and the ground state energy eigenvalues. Calculating the energy eigenvalues of the energy levels 0 to 4 using shooting method integrated with Numerov and Runge-Kutta method. Energy eigenvalues of each levels that calculated numerically having accuracy of 100% compared with the calculated analytically. The profil of wave functions accurately show the corresponding states and their normalized wavefunctions.
Keyword: SrO, Morse potential, energy eigenvalues, dissociation energy, BaO