Judul: Karakterisasi Enzim Kitinase Termostabil Isolat Bacillus licheniformis MB-2 dari Tompaso, Sulawesi Utara Menggunakan Teknik Zimogram
Abstrak: Penggunaan enzim di industri saat ini menuntut tersedianya enzim yang memiliki ketahanan panas yang tinggi (termostabil). Kemampuan enzim untuk tetap stabil pada proses pemanasan menjadi hal yang penting untuk aplikasi enzim. Kitinase adalah kelompok enzim hidrolase yang dapat mendegradasi senyawa kitin yaitu polimer N-asetil-D-glukosamin yang dihubungkan dengan ikatan B-(1,4).
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Judul: Karakteristik enzim kitinase termostabil dari bakteri termofilik Bacillus sp. 13.26.
Abstrak: Enzim kitinase adalah kelompok enzim hidrolase yang mengkatalisis pemotongan ikatan B-1,4 pada polimer kitin. Enzim kitinase dimanfaatkan diberbagai bidang seperti pertanian, medis, pangan dan lingkungan serta untuk keperluan riset ilmu dasar. Enzim termostabil digunakan secara ekstensif oleh kalangan industri. Peluang menemukan mikroorganisme penghasil enzim kitinase untuk keperluan di atas sangat besar, karena Indonesia memiliki keragaman hayati sangat tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik biokimia enzim kitinase termostabil dari bakteri termofilik Bacillus sp. 13.26 asal Tompaso, Menado, Sulawesi Utara. Isolat ditumbuhkan pada suhu 55°C di dalam medium Termus cair [0.7% (NH4)2SO4. 0.1% K₂HPO4, 0.1% NaCl, 0.01% MgSO4.7H2O, 0.05% ekstrak khamir, 0.1% bacto tripton, 0.5% koloidal kitin) pada waterbath shaker. Pada akhir fermentasi, biomassa dipisahkan dengan cara sentrifugasi (8000 g, 15 menit, 4°C). Supernatan ditampung kemudian ditambah amonium sulfat pada tingkat kejenuhan 80%. Protein dikumpulkan dengan cara sentrifugasi (9000 g, 20 menit, 4°C) dan didialisis untuk mendapatkan enzim kasar. Enzim kitinase termostabil diperoleh dengan cara memanaskan enzim kasar pada 60°C selama 3 jam. Enzim termostabil dimurnikan lebih lanjut dengan teknik khromatografi penukar ion pada DEAE Sepharose CL-6B yang dielusi secara gradien linear dengan NaCl 0-1 M di dalam bufer Tris-Cl 20 mM pH 7. Aktifitas enzim diuji dengan menentukan jumlah gula pereduksi (N-asetil glukosamin) dengan teknik spektrofotometri pada panjang gelombang 420 nm. Satu unit didefinisikan sebagai jumlah N-asetil glukosamin (umol) yang terbentuk per menit pada kondisi yang disebutkan. Hasil pemurnian dimonitor dengan SDS-PAGE (Sosium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis). Teknik zimogram diterapkan untuk menduga berat molekul enzim serta mengevaluasi termostababilitas enzim.
Keyword: Characteristic, Chitinase, Termophilic bacteria, Bacillus sp

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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