Judul: Penambahan Vitamin E dan Detergen Terhadap Sifat Fisik dan Daya Antibakteri Pasta Gigi Minyak Atsiri Daun Sirih
Abstrak: Minyak atsiri daun sirih telah dipakai dalam formula pasta gigi, yaitu sebagai bahan alami altematif yang diharapkan dapat menambah kahasiat pasta gigi. Pada penelitian ini, pasta gigi minyak atsiri dam sirih ditambah vitamin E dan detergen untuk memeperbaiki sifat fisik dan meningkatkan daya antibaktcrinya.
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Judul: Characteristics Toothpaste  with Honeycomb Extract Addition as Antimicrobial
Abstrak: Pasta gigi merupakan produk farmasi yang digunakan untuk membersihkan gigi dari sisa makanan, menghilangkan plak gigi, bau mulut dan juga untuk memperindah penampilan estetik gigi. Bagian dari sarang lebah madu memiliki komponen senyawa yang berperan sebagai agen antimikroba yang dapat digunakan dalam pasta gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik produk pasta gigi dengan penambahan ekstrak sarang lebah sebagai bahan antimikroba. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga perlakuan penambahan sarang lebah dalam formulasi pasta gigi yang diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Penambahan ekstrak sarang lebah sebagai pengganti bahan antimikroba yaitu 0%, 5%, dan 10% ekstrak sarang lebah. Analisis fisikokimia didapatkan bahwa perlakuan penambahan ekstrak sarang lebah berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap nilai pH, viskositas, dan daya sebar, tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata pada nilai daya busa pasta gigi. Hasil analisis juga menunjukan bahwa perlakuan penambahan ekstrak sarang lebah pada sediaan pasta gigi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap uji mikroba total plate count. Akan tetapi menurut SNI 12-3524-1995, pasta gigi dengan penambahan sarang lebah pada penelitian ini telah memenuhi standar SNI., Toothpaste is a pharmaceutical product that is used to clean teeth from food debris, remove dental plaque, bad breath and also to enhance the aesthetic appearance of teeth. Inside of the honeycomb has different compound components as antimicrobial agents. This research was conducted to test the use of honeycomb as an antimicrobial agent in the manufacture of toothpaste products. This research used a RAL with three treatments of adding extract honeycomb in the toothpaste formulation which was repeated three times. Addition of beehives as a substitute for antimicrobial agents with three repetitions 0%, 5% and 10% honeycomb. Physicochemical analysis was found addition of honeycomb had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the value of pH, viscosity, and spreadability, but had no significant effect on the value of the foaming for toothpaste. The results of the analysis also showed the addition of extract honeycomb to the toothpaste had no significant effect on the total plate count microbial test. But according to SNI 12-3524-1995, the toothpaste with extract honeycomb in this study has fulfill SNI standard.
Keyword: Antimikroba, Pasta gigi, Sarang lebah, Antimicrobial, Toothpaste, Honeycomb

Judul: Analysis of Unequal Income Distribution with Cobb-Douglas Production Function
Abstrak: This paper studies the economic growth model by Moav (2002). Moav model shows the existence of unequal income distribution between low-income with high-income community. That kind of unequal income distribution is caused by uneven distribution of income. On this Moav model, there is one area called the threshold. Threshold becomes a benchmark to determining whether a society is categorized into low- or high- income community. The production function used in this paper is the Cobb-Douglas function. The dynamics of this model is described as difference equation of low-income, threshold, and high-income community. Simulation study on the model is carried out using Maple 13 and Mathematica 7.0 software. Overall, from the observed case, high-income community will reach a stable condition earlier, followed by the threshold, and then the low-income community.
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