Judul: Study on the dynamic land use impact in Wanggu watershed to sedimentation to Kendary Bay in South East Sulawesi
Abstrak: The dynamic of land use in Wanggu Watershed had been causing land degradation disruption of hydrological function of the watershed and sedimentation in Kendari Bay. These degradations were indicated by the increasing of river fluctuation and erosion was higher than the local tolerable soil losts. The impact of erosion had further decreased land productivity, farmer’s income, and also increasing sedimentation in Kendari Bay as well. The objectives of this research were 1) to identify the biophysical characteristics of Wanggu watershed. 2) to study the impact of land use dynamic on erosion, run off, river flow fluctuation and sedimentation in Kendari Bay, 3) to develope land use models and agrotechnologies that can increase soil infiltration capacity, decrease run off coefficient, river flow fluctuation, rate of erosion and sedimentation in Kendari Bay, 4) to formulate land use planning and agrotechnology model in Wanggu watershed to guarantee sustainable land management. This research was carried out in September 2009 to August 2010. The result of this research showed that forested land characteristics were much better than those with other land uses particularly the characteristics that related to hydrological function of watershed. There were a continuous decrease forest land (1.1% per year) and bushes land (0.8% per year) but on the other hand a continuous increase of mixed plantation land (1.1% per year), dry land use (0.4% per year) and settlement area (0.4% per year). These dynamic giving the impact to increase erosion rate (12.7 tons/ha), surface run off (262.7 mm), run off coeficient (0.13) since 1992-2010, and in turn increase sedimentation rate in Kendari Bay. The source of those sediment come from land erosion 104.000 m3 per year (9,3%), from waste 21.310 m3 per year (2%), and river bank erosion-infrastructure-landslide 954.000 m3 per year (88,7%), to make total sedimentation in Kendari Bay was 1.071.000 m3 per year. The existing land use of Wanggu watershed in 2010 could not guarantee sustainable land management. The alternative land use planning for sustainable Wanggu watershed management is 33 % forest, 44 % mixed plantation,9% dry field, 1% bush and 13% settlement. The land use management in mixced plantation should be under Agrosilvopastoral with perennial crops (cacao, pepper, citrut fruit, banana, teak, elephant grass+3 cows), and in dry field should be under multiple cropping system(corn + cassava + peanut) - (green beans + legume + tomato). To increase productivity of both systems, the using of chemical fertilizers, manure, and compost should be applied as necessary.
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Judul: Study on erosion rate, c-sequestration and water holding capacity of various land
Abstrak: The objective of this research were to assess the level of run off and erosion, carbon sequestration, and water holding capacity in various types of land use in the Upper Jenneberang Sub Watershed. Transformation of natural ecosystems into agricultural ecosystems generally increase soil erosion. Soil carbon or organic matter is an important component of soil constitute as a function of soil quality. Soil carbon can enhance and improve the quality of the soil physical properties; it can increase infiltration rate, aggregate stability, soil structure, water-holding capacity, and in turn decrease run off and erosion. This study was carried out from December 2006 through March 2007 at the Upper Jenneberang watershed, Saluttoa Village, Tinggimoncong Sub District, Gowa District, South Sulawesi Province. Based on the preliminary study there were found four types of land used and were treated as observation units: 1) Natural forest, 2) Agroforestry dominated by gamal tree (Gliricidia sepium) (AF1), 3) Agroforestry dominated by coffee tree (AF2), 4) Maize monoculture. To meet the purpose of this research all experiment at units were arranged in Randomized Block Design. Data collected in this experiment includes soil physical characteristics (bulk density, permeability, aggregate stability, water holding capacity), as well as the rate of infiltration, run off and erosion, the amount of rain fall, total biomass, C-biomass content and watershed water holding capacity. Results of this study indicated that the rate of infiltration and the permiability were significantly higher on natural forest compared with other land utilizations due to its higher porosity and organic matter content. When convertion of the natural forest takes place, the agroforestry systems and maize monoculture significantly increased the run off and consequently soil erosion. The magnitude of run off were increased three times when the land use were converted into agroforesty dominated by coffee tree and increased seven times when it was converted into maize monoculture. The magnitude of erosion were increased seven times when the land use were converted into agroforesty dominated by coffee tree and increased eleven times when it was converted into maize monoculture. The biomass and C-biomass in natural forest were significantly higher than that in the agroforestry systems (AF1 and AF2). The total biomass and C-biomass of each type of land utilization were in line with the the total C-organic in the soil. The concentration of C-organic on maize plot was significantly lower. The activity of soil microorganism in the natural forest was significantly higher than that in agroforestry systems and maize monoculture. The magnitude of water-holding capacity of soil were decreased 21% when the land use were converted into agroforesty dominated by coffee tree and decreased 39% when it was converted into maize monoculture. Simulation analysis showed that the total water-holding capacity of the Upper Jenneberang Sub Watershed was as much as 795.4 mm or equal to 39% of total precipitation.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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