Judul: Aktivitas antimikrob Bacillus sp. yang diisolasi dari tambak udang
Abstrak: Dalam usaha penapisan senyawa antimikrob yang dihasilkan oleh isolat Bacillus sp. hasil isolasi dari tambak udang maka dilakukan uji aktivitas dan produksi senyawa aktifnya secara in vitro. Sebanyak enam isolat Bacillus sp. yang berhasil diisolasi dari tambak udang diuji aktivitas penghambatannya terhadap bakteri indikator dengan metode double layer, 5 isolat menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antimikrob terhadap Staphylococcus aureus, 4 isolat diantaranya dapat menghambat Vibrio harveyi dan hanya 2 isolat yang dapat menghambat Escherichia coli. Isolat Bacillus sp. LTC 8 memiliki indeks penghambatan yang paling baik terhadap semua bakteri indikator dan dibuktikan kembali dengan metode cross-streak dan uji kompetisi dalam kultur campuran. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa isolat tersebut memiliki penghambatan yang luas karena dapat menghambat bakteri Gram positif dan Gram negatif. Hasil uji kompetisi dalam kultur campuran menunjukkan isolat tersebut memiliki penghambatan terutama terhadap S. aureus dengan persen penghambatannya mencapai 100 %. Aktivitas senyawa antimikrob yang dihasilkan oleh isolat Bacillus sp. LTC 8 terhadap S. aureus dihasilkan pada fase eksponensial pertumbuhannya.
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Judul: Isolasi dan Seleksi Bacillus sp. untuk Biokontrol pada Tambak Udang
Abstrak: Penyakit bakteri yang umum ditemukan pada budidaya udang terutama disebabkan oleh Vibrio harveyi, selain itu syarat mutu dan keamanan pangan produk perikanan antara lain harus bebas dari cemaran mikrob seperti Escherichia coli. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengisolasi dan menyeleksi isolat bakteri Bacillus sp. dari tambak udang yang potensial digunakan sebagai agen biokontrol untuk menghambat V. harveyi dan E. coli di tambak udang. Bacillus sp. diisolasi dari sampel yang diambil dari tambak di provinsi Lampung. Sebanyak 175 isolat diperoleh dari 17 sampel berupa lumpur, air tambak dan saluran pencernaan udang. Dari 18 isolat yang yang memiliki aktifitas penghambatan, hanya delapan isolat yang memiliki indeks zona bening pada kedua bakteri indikator yaitu V. harveyi dan E. coli (perbandingan antara zona bening dan diameter koloni) yaitu sama dengan atau lebih dari 0.50. Tiga isolat yaitu LTS36, LTS40 dan LTW54 menunjukkan aktivitas antimikrob paling stabil saat diuji terhadap bakteri indikator dengan metode lapis ganda.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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