Judul: Isolation and Cloning Glucanase Encoding Gene (GLN) from Trichoderma sp. in donor and expression vectors
Abstrak: Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) merupakan tanaman perkebunan yang berperan penting dalam perekonomian Indonesia dan dunia. Dalam proses budidaya tanaman ini terdapat beberapa hambatan yang menurunkan tingkat produksinya. Salah satu hambatan yakni adanya penyakit busuk pangkal batang (BPB) yang disebabkan oleh jamur patogen Ganoderma boninense Pat. Penyakit BPB merupakan penyakit yang paling mematikan pada kelapa sawit. Adapun pengaruh patogenitas jamur G. boninense dapat ditanggulagi dengan memanfaatkan enzim glukanase yang berasal dari jamur Trichoderma sp. Isolasi dan kloning gen penyandi glukanase diharapkan menjadi solusi dalam menanggulangi penyakit BPB pada kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan menyisipkan gen penyandi glukanase (GLN) pada vektor donor dan vektor ekspresi dengan teknik kloning Gateway untuk tujuan perbanyakan gen. Setelah proses isolasi dan amplifikasi, gen GLN yang berukuran 1700 bp disisipkan dalam vektor kemudian ditransformasikan ke dalam Escherichia coli. Hasil penyisipan gen GLN pada vektor donor yang diuji dengan teknik PCR koloni dan isolasi plasmid menghasilkan pita DNA berukuran 6461 bp. Sedangkan hasil penyisipan gen GLN pada vektor ekspresi yang diuji dengan teknik PCR koloni dan isolasi plasmid menghasilkan pita DNA berukuran 4700 bp. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa gen GLN telah berhasil diisolasi dan disisipkan ke dalam vektor donor dan vektor ekspresi.
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Judul: Konstruksi Gen Stilbena Sintase pada Vektor Ekspresi dengan Metode Gateway dan Transformasi pada Agrobacterium sp.
Abstrak: Bioteknologi modern atau rekayasa genetika telah berkembang sangat pesat dalam dua dasawarsa terakhir dan telah banyak diaplikasikan dalam berbagai bidang, salah satunya dalam bidang rekayasa genetika tanaman. Penyakit busuk pangkal batang yang disebabkan oleh cendawan Ganoderma sp. sering menyerang tanaman kelapa sawit sehingga produksinya menurun. Teknik rekayasa genetika dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan masalah tersebut, yaitu dengan menyisipkan gen yang dapat meningkatkan ketahanan kelapa sawit terhadap Ganoderma. Gen stilbena sintase (STS) yang diisolasi dari anggur (Vitis vinifera) telah diketahui sebagai gen penghasil senyawa yang berfungsi sebagai anti jamur. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyisipkan gen STS dengan metode yang lebih cepat dan terarah, yaitu metode Gateway. Gen STS kemudian ditransformasikan ke dalam Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Penyisipan gen STS ke dalam vektor donor, vektor destinasi, dan A. tumefaciens telah berhasil dilakukan dengan ditunjukkan hasil elektroforesis gel agarosa 1% berupa pita berukuran sekitar 1500 pb. Gen STS telah berhasil disisipkan pada vektor ekspresi dengan metode Gateway dan ditransformasikan ke dalam A. tumefaciens.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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