Judul: Penentuan Estrus Melalui Gambaran Sitologi Ulas Vagina dan Hubungannya dengan Gejala Klinis Estrus pada Kambing Peranakan Etawah
Abstrak: The aims of this study was to determine estrous time of Etawah cross breed (ECB) goats through vaginal cytology profile and its correlation with clinical signs of estrous following prostaglandin administration and during the natural estrous cycle. Fifteen does were each administered with 7.5 mg prostaglandin to get a synchronized estrous response and onset of estrous. The does showing estrous response were also observed during the next estrous cycle (natural estrous cycle). Vaginal cytology profile and the correlation with clinical signs of estrous were observed when standing heat sign were visible. The result showed that the average estrous cycle was 19.7 days (18-23 days) with the duration of estrus period was 54 hours (24-72 hours). The response of estrous after prostaglandin administration was 60% of ECB with the onset of estrus was 78.6 hours (72-84 hours) and the duration of estrus was 44 hours (12-60 hours). Clinical signs of estrous were standing when ridden and vulva sign (swollen and redden vulva, vaginal discharge) generally showed moderate intensity (++). The presence of large number of superficial cells (45-53%) and small number of parabasal cells (5-8%) could be used to determine of estrous, however, it couldn’t be used alone to determine of optimal mating time. Determination of optimal mating time should be based on a combination observation of standing heat sign, clinical signs of estrus, and vaginal cytologic profile.
Keyword: Prostaglandin, Etawah cross breed, Vaginal cytology, Estrous signs, Estrous cycle

Judul: Karakteristik Lendir Vagina Kambing Peranakan Etawah (PE) Setelah Sinkronisasi Estrus dengan Prostaglandin
Abstrak: The study of characteristic vaginal mucous after estrous synchronization with prostaglandin was done on 20 female PE goats. The aims of this studies were to know characteristic vaginal mucous after estrous synchronization and studied of pattern changes vaginal electrical resistance. Estrous synchronization was done by double injection of prostaglandin (1 mL/animal dose) by intramuscular injection (10 animals) and intravulva injection (10 animals) with 11 days time interval after first injection. Estrous detections were done 1 day after the second injection and repeatedly for 5 days by introduce male goat. Measurement of vaginal electrical resistance was done using Draminski® estrus detector twice a day. The result indicated that both groups are showing change of vaginal electrical resistances showed same pattern changes in both groups, which were high before estrous, decrease at estrous, and increase after estrous. The vaginal electrical resistance of estrous female also showed, vaginal electrical resistance intramuscular injection group (820-320 unit) having higher value than intravulva injection group (530-280 unit). Pattern changes of vaginal electrical resistance can be used as one approach that could be suitable for monitoring estrous cycle and estrous quality of PE goats.
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Judul: Peranan Pemimpin Informal dalam Menggerakan Partisipasi Masyarakat  untuk Pembangunan Desa
Abstrak: Pendekatan pembangunan yang banyak diterima para ahli adalah pendekatan dari bawah ke atas (bottom up) yang berarti bahwa dalam pembangunan diperlukan keikutsertaan rakyat. Keikutsertaan tidak hanya pada tahap merencanakan pembangunan, akan tetapi juga ikut dalam melaksanakan, bahkan sampai pada menilai hasil-hasil pembangunan (Cohen dan Uphoe 1977; Dusseldorp, 1981; Slamet, 1993). Agar rakyat yang berhimpun dalam kelompok-kelompok dapat ikut serta, mereka harus memiliki sejumlah kualifikasi yang diperlukan untuk itu.
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