Judul: Obsevasi perilaku berdasarkan umur pada lebah pekerja apis cerana
Abstrak: Honey bee division of labor is characterized by temporal age polyethism, in which young workers remain in the hive and perform task there, whereas old workers perform outside task. Behavior in the western honey bee (Apis mellifera) has been extensively studied. However, not complete data was found in A. cerana, the eastern honey bee. Hence, the aims of this study were (i) to explore age polyethism and other behavior types and (ii) variations behavior of A. cerana within 25 days. Two colonies of A. cerana were used in this study. The first colony observed was carried out on July 19 - August 13, 2007 and the second was observed on May 17 - June 10, 2008. Newly emerged bees from the two colonies were labeled on the bee thorax using different colors and numbers. Observation of honey bee behavior was performed from 06.00 am-06.00 pm within interval of two hours for 25 days. The age of the bees that performed a certain behavior as well as the behavior duration was analyzed. The result showed that young A. cerana worker performed ten indoor age polyethism i.e. cell cleaning , nursing brood, nursing queen, receiving nectar from incoming forager, orientation flight, building comb, brood capped, honey capped, food storer and removing debris behavior within 1-10, 3-9, 6-13, 3-14, 4-16, 6-18, 7-13, 5-12, 10-22, 12-23 days, respectively. A. cerana outdoor tasks were ventilating, guarding, and foraging within 8-19, 14-23, and 18-25 ages, respectively. Age bee variations and overlap behavior were observed in the cell cleaning, nursing queen, and brood capped, honey capped, food storer, removing debris, ventilating, and guarding behaviors. Orientation flight behavior showed specific pattern having peak time between 14.00-16.00. Two others specific pattern behaviors also shown in guarding and foraging behavior having peak time between 06.00-08.00 and 16.00-18.00. Other A. cerana activities observed were chewing cap while the bee emerge, walking, resting, cell inspection, grooming (autogrooming and allogrooming), clustering, and fanning on honey cell.
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Judul: The Activity of Apis cerana Honey Bee and the Potencial of Food Resources at Surouding Hive Area in Mekarjaya, Pandeglang
Abstrak: Informasi mengenai aktivitas mencari pakan (foraging) dan jenis tanaman sumber pakan penting untuk usaha peningkatan produktivitas lebah madu Apis cerana. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis: (1) pola aktivitas harian lebah A.cerana yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor lingkungan, dan (2) keanekaragaman tanaman sumber polen di sekitar sarang lebah di Desa Mekarjaya, Kabupaten Pandeglang, Banten. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua koloni A. cerana yaitu koloni satu dan koloni dua dengan ukuran koloni yang sama. Perilaku yang diamati yaitu lebah keluar sarang, masuk membawa polen, dan masuk tanpapolen. Hasil pengamatan menunjukkan puncak aktivitas foraging koloni satupada pukul 07.40-08.50 WIB sedangkan koloni dua menunjukan aktivitas foraging yang rendah. Koloni dua melakukan absconding yang terjadi pukul 14.35- 16.30.Rendahnya aktivitas foraging pada koloni dua merupakan sinyal bahwa lebah akan melakukan absconding atau bermigrasi meninggalkan sarang. Hasil analisis vegetasi menunjukkan bahwa tanaman di sekitar sarang merupakan tanaman penghasil polen, nektar, atau polen dan nektar, didominasi oleh Cocos nucifera yang berpotensis menghasilkan polen dan nektar. Indeks keanekaragaman spesies tumbuhan menunjukkan bahwa keanekaragaman tanaman di area tersebut dikategorikan stabil. Hasil analisis jumlah spesies menunjukan bahwa jumlahspesies bernilai mendekati satu, sehingga dikategorikan jumlahnya relatif sama dalam berbagai tegakan., The information on honey bee foraging activities and food sources are important to increase the productivity of Apis cerana. This study aimed to analyze: (1) the daily activity pattern of A. cerana bees that is affected by environmental factors and (2) the diversity of pollen source plants around the beehive at Mekarjaya Village, Pandeglang Regency, Banten. This study used two colonies of A. cerana. The observed behaviors were bees leaving the hive, entering carrying pollen, and entering without pollen. This result showed that the peak of foraging activity in colony one occurs at 07.40-08.50. Colony two showed a low foraging activity that is a signal of the absconding bees or bee migrated. The correlation values between environmental factors: temperature, humidity, and light intensity compared to the honey bee activity was range from 0 to 1. The results of the vegetation analysis showed that the plants around the hive were plants that produce pollen, nectar, or pollen and nectar and the dominant was Cocos nucifera. The plant species diversity index showed that the diversity of plants in the area was categorized as stable. The results of species number analysis were close to one, thus the numbers were categorized as relatively the same in the various stands.
Keyword: Apis cerana, absconding, foraging, nectar source, pollen

Judul: Solusi Geometri Schwarzschild untuk Dimensi 4+1 dengan Invarian Rotasi Isotropik
Abstrak: Metrik Schwarzschild merupakan solusi eksak pertama dari persamaan medan Einstein dengan mangasumsikan metrik statik dan simetris. Metrik Schwarzschild yang ditemukan oleh Karl Schwarzschild masih dalam dimensi 3+1, namun seiring dengan teori-teori terbaru yang menunjukkan bahwa alam semesta tidak hanya di dimensi 3+1. Maka melalui penambahan dimensi, tujuan penelitian ini memperoleh solusi pada geometri Schwarzschild untuk dimensi 4+1 dengan memodifikasi koordinat bola yang invarian rotasi isotropik dan melalui penurunan rumus seperti koordinat bola, simbol Christoffel, dan tensor Ricci. Selain mendapatkan solusi ini, metrik Schwarzschild dimensi 4+1 dapat digunakan sebagai metrik dasar untuk memperoleh solusi blackhole dan wormhole pada dimensi 4+1. Hasil akhirnya, dengan memanfaatkan modifikasi koordinat bola, metrik Schwarzschild dapat dibentuk sehingga diperoleh solusi geometri Schwarzschild untuk dimensi 4+1.
Keyword: metrik Schwarzschild, persamaan medan Einstein, modifikasi koordinat bola, penambahan dimensi, invarian rotasi isotropik