Judul: Marketing and Value Added of Cocoa Beans in Madiun District, East Java
Abstrak: Madiun district as largest sentral of people's cocoa plantations in East Java, the production of cocoa beans of this area at 2009 until 2011 is increased. To increase farmers' income, increased production should be followed by the development of efficient marketing. Marketing of cocoa beans in Madiun involving many actors with different behaviors. Investment policy and implementation of export duties are expected to improve the cocoa industry and develop the performance of the cocoa market in the country. The development of marketing performance with various alternatives, provide opportunities for cocoa farmers to select marketing channels for optimal profit. The purpose of this research is to analyze: 1) performance cocoa beans supply chain, 2) factors that influence of marketing channels choice in cocoa beans supply chain in Madiun District , and 3) added value from the processing of cocoa beans. This research was conducted in Madiun District, East Java. Primary data collected through interviews using questionnaires. The type and number of respondents consisted 90 cocoa farmers, 18 colletors, two large cocoa trader and one processed industry. Analysis of cocoa beans supply chain descriptions using FSCN process framework. Marketing efficiency measured from the margin, farmer's share, the ratio of benefits and costs. The factors that determine the cohice of farmers to supply chains used quantitative approach with mutinomial logit regression model, and added value analysis method used is Hayami. The results showed that the most efficient marketing channel is the channel that connects the cocoa farmers directly to the district level collector. Factors that affect decision making of cocoa farmers to sell cocoa beans are farmer age, farmer education, the selling price of cocoa beans, and the main livelihood of the farmers. Secondary products of cocoa beans that produce the highest profit is cocoa powder and cocoa butter. To increase the income of farmers suggested to improve the quality of cocoa beans by reducing the water content and doing fermentation of cocoa beans, so that farmers can directly sell to district level collector with better price. To improve the performance of small and medium scale cocoa processing industry required Puslitkoka role and the government should be able to find specific market access.
Keyword: 

Judul: Analysis and development direction of smallholder cocoa plantation in Padang Pariaman Regency, West Sumatra Province
Abstrak: Cocoa demand as industrial raw materials continues to increase, both in domestic and overseas markets. This causes the cocoa price is quite high and relatively stable. Due to the role and its potential, a cocoa as one of promising plantation commodities which can be developed to support regional development in Padang Pariaman Regency. Padang Pariaman Regency is the second largest producer of cocoa in West Sumatra with a total area of 13,312 ha plantation in 2011 with a production of 15,540 tons. Seen from productivity, Padang Pariaman Regency has the highest cocoa productivity compare with other cities in West Sumatra, which is 1.17 tons/ha. Considering the potential development of cocoa in Padang Pariaman Regency, research and analysis needs to be done so that people do not plant cocoa in locations that do not comply with the criteria for crops growth (biophysical), spatial and economic aspects. It required guidance for people in choosing the right location in order to obtain maximum yields. In addition, feasibility factor, market aspect and factors that influence development of cocoa plantations according to stakeholders are also need to be considered. The objectives of this reseach are: (1) to analyze potential location for development of cocoa plantations based on biophysical aspects, environment and availability of land, (2) to analyze financial feasibility of cocoa plantation on each of the land suitability classes, (3) to analyze the chain, margin trading system and market integration of cocoa commodity in Padang Pariaman regency, (4) to analyze factors that influence development of cocoa plantations in Padang Pariaman regency according to stakeholders, (5) to arrange development direction of smallholder cocoa plantation in Padang Pariaman Regency. The experiment was conducted for 6 (six) months, from April to September 2013 in the Padang Pariaman Regency. Research activities consist of: preparation, field data collection, processing and analysis of data and writing of the thesis. This study uses primary and secondary data. Primary data were obtained through direct observation in the field by using questionnaires and interviews. Secondary data and maps obtained from the relevant agencies. The analysis methods used in this study are analysis of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), financial analysis, margin analysis, marketing chains and market integration, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results show that potential area for development of smallholder cocoa plantations based on biophysical aspects and land availability area in Padang Pariaman Regency is 51,342 ha, while not potential/suitable land is 2,754 ha. Locations of potential area presented in the map form. The results of financial analysis show that cocoa plantations in the Padang Pariaman Regency feasible to be developed, seen from values of Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost Ratio (Net BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). NPV value is positive of Rp 45,094,495 in S2 land suitability class and Rp 35,985,486 in S3 land suitability class. Meanwhile, BCR values obtained are 7.23 and 5.07, respectively. IRR exceeds the existing interest rate (12%), which illustrates that the interest rate up to 40.45% for S2 class and 33.39% for S3 class smallholder cocoa plantation in Padang Pariaman Regency still provide benefits to
Keyword: cocoa, development direction, financial feasibility, land suitability

Judul: Pertahanan pada ikan terhadap infestasi ichthyophthirius multifiliis dengan tetrahymena pyriformis dan tetrahymena thermophila
Abstrak: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis adalah protozoa dari kelas Oligohymenophorea, ordo Hymenostomatida dan famili Ophryoglenidae. Protozoa ini sering menyerang ikan liar, ikan yang dibudidayakan dan ikan hias dalam akuarium. Bentuk dewasanya (trophozoit) tinggal dibawah kulit ikan yang menjadi inangnya. Mereka makan runtuhan sel dan mengelupaskan epithel. Angka mortalitas dapat mencapai 100% pada ikan yang dipelihara dalam akuarium. Penyakit ini telah dilaporkan dari semua benua. Banyak preparat kimia yang dapat dipakai untuk mengontrol parasit ini. Yang paling berhasil dari antara preparat-preparat kimia yang digunakan adalah malachite green dengan konsentrasi 0.25 ppm yang dibiarkan bekerja selama 1 jam. Namun ada masalah yang timbul dalam pengobatan, karena di dalam hampir setiap perairan terdapat parasit tersebut. Hal ini menyebabkan sewaktu-waktu atau secara kontinyu terjadi infestasi oleh parasit ini dalam populasi ikan. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini maka tindakan yang dianggap praktis dan efektif untuk mengontrol parasit ini adalah imunisasi. Disinipun timbul permasalahan pula. Karena Ichthyophthirius multifiliis adalah parasit obligat, maka sulit mengumpulkannya dalam jumlah yang cukup untuk pembu- atan vaksin. Maka dicari sumber lain untuk membuat vaksin terhadap parasit ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Tetrahymena pyriformis dan Tetrahymena thermophila dapat dipakai sebagai vaksin terhadap Ichthyophthirius multifiliis. Masalah yang timbul kemudian adalah bahwa perlindungan terhadap Ichthyophthirius multifiliis ternyata tergantung pada strain (galur) atau isolat dari kedua spesies Tetrahymena di atas yang digunakan. Sebagai pertahanan bentuk lain dari ikan selain imunitas dapat dikemukakan ketahanan non imunologis yang tergantung pada spesies ikan dan kenaikan kadar vitamin C didalam makanan.
Keyword: