Judul: Kualitas Gelatin Tipe A dengan Bahan Baku Tulang Paha Ayam Broiler pada Lama Ekstraksi yang Berbeda
Abstrak: Gelatin is one of the important ingredients in the pharmaceutical, food, and photography industry. Until now, Indonesia is a full importer of gelatine. Raw materials are majority from pig skin (46%), followed by beef cattle skin (28%), and beef cattle bones (24%). Unlawful status in the product-based pig and mad cow case are the big problems for the industries today. High demand of halal and healthy gelatine in Indonesia can be solved with alternative raw materials. This research purpose was to examine the potential of chicken leg bone as raw material for A type gelatine, and focused to know the influence of extraction time on the quality of gelatine. The parameters to assess the quality of gelatin are yield, pH value, water content, ash content, viscosity, and gel strength. This research was conducted in the Waste Processing Laboratory, Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of Animal Science IPB. The procedure in this research consists of : preparation of raw materials, degreasing, size diminution, demineralization, liming, extraction, filtering, congealment, drying, and powdering. Experimental design of this research used complete random design (RAL), which use two-stage extraction treatment duration, 6 hours (2 hours per phase extraction) and 12 hours (4 hour time period per phase extraction). Replication in the research is conducted five times. The data was analyzed by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Gelatine produced in this research had yield 2,52-7,10%, pH value 4,60-5,98, water content 8,12-16,22%, ash content 0,33-2,57%, viscosity 0,12-3,12, and gel strength 487,20-1338,46 grams/cm². Chicken leg bone has low potential as raw material of gelatine. Extraction time was significant influence to the quality of gelatine. The quality of gelatine of 12 hours extraction was better than 6 hours, particularly in terms of yield, water content, viscosity, and gel strength. Apparently, the potential of chicken leg bones as raw material of gelatine was lower than chicken cartilage bones. Keywords: quality of gelatine, chicken leg bone, acid treatment
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Judul: Kajian lama perendaman dan konsentrasi larutan basa terhadap karakteristik gelatin yang dihasilkan dari tulang domba
Abstrak: Gelatin merupakan senyawa turunan protein yang dihasilkan dari serabut kolagen jaringan penghubung menggunakan hidrolisa asam atau basa, yang terdapat dalam kulit, tulang atau ligamen hewan (jaringan ikat). Penggunaan gelatin sangat luas dalam berbagai jenis industri, seperti dalam industri makanan, farmasi, dan fotografi. Dalam industri makanan gelatin digunakan sebagai emulsifier yang mampu berikatan dengan air sekaligus dengan lemak, dan sebagai stabilizer agar emulsi tidak pecah selama penyimpanan. Selama ini Indonesia masih mengimpor gelatin. Pada tahun 1998, Indonesia mengimpor 1851328 kg dengan nilai US $ 6781735. Di luar negeri, umumnya gelatin diproduksi dari bahan baku kulit dan tulang babi serta sapi. Bagi masyarakat Indonesia yang mayoritas muslim, penggunaan gelatin yang diimpor menjadi masalah karena tidak terjamin kehalalannya. Penggunaan tulang domba sebagai bahan baku gelatin merupakan alternatif yang sangat baik.- Bahan baku yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tulang domba. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mendapatkan waktu perendaman dan konsentrasi larutan basa yang terbaik terhadap rendemen dan karakteristik gelatin yang terbaik. Lama perendaman (faktor A) ada tiga taraf, yaitu 6, 8, dan 10 minggu. Konsentrasi larutan basa (faktor B) juga dibedakan menjadi 3 taraf, yaitu 5%, 10%, 15%. Rancangan percobaan yang dipakai adalah rancangan acak lengkap faktorial dengan 2 faktor masing-masing 3 taraf dan dua kali ulangan. Parameter-parameter yang dianalisis meliputi rendemen, kadar air, kadar abu, kadar protein, pH, viskositas, stabilitas emulsi, kapasitas emulsi, kekuatan gel, dan derajat putih. Prosedur ekstraksi gelatin dilakukan dalam beberapa tahap. Tahap pertama merupakan pembersihan tulang, kemudian didegreasing selama tiga jam untuk menghilangkan lemak dan daging yang masih menempel. Tulang kering ini selanjutnya dipotong-potong dengan ukuran 2 4 cm² untuk memperluas - permukaan. Tahap selanjutnya adalah demineralisasi, yaitu direndam dalam larutan HCI 5% selama 10 hari. Proses liming dilakukan setelah tahap demineralisasi, yaitu selama 6, 8, dan 10 minggu dengan konsentrasi basa 5%, 10%, dan 15%. Ossein yang dihasilkan dari liming kemudian diekstrak dengan menggunakan air panas pada suhu 60°C 80°C. Tahap akhir adalah pemekatan dan pengeringan dengan menggunakan spray drier. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, lama perendaman berpengaruh nyata terhadap rendemen, kadar abu, kadar protein, pH, viskositas, kapasitas emulsi, dan kekuatan gel. Sedangkan konsentrasi hanya berpengaruh nyata terhadap viskositas dan kapasitas emulsi. Kondisi terbaik yang dipilih dari hasil penelitian adalah lama perendaman 6 minggu dengan konsentrasi Ca(OH)2 5% karena pada perlakuan ini, sifat-sifat fisiko-kimianya memenuhi standar dan merupakan waktu perendaman paling singkat dan konsentrasi basa paling rendah, sehingga lebih efisien. Rendemen yang dihasilkan 5,70%, dengan sifat- sifat fisiko-kimianya adalah sebagai berikut: kadar air: 6,66%; kadar abu: 1,71%; kadar protein: 83,32%; pH: 5,10; viskositas: 4,5 cP, stabilitas emulsi 97,56 %; kapasitas emulsi 93,5 ml/gram; kekuatan gel : 111720 dyne/cm² dan derajat putih: 102,8%.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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