Judul: SINTESIS SURFAKTAN ALKANOLAMIDA (FADEA) BERBASIS REFINED BLEACHED DEODORIZED PALM OIL (RBDPO) DAN DIETANOLAMINA DENGAN TEKNIK MIKROGELOMBANG
Abstrak: RIZKY BAGUS SAJIWO. Sintesis Surfaktan Alkanolamida (FADEA) Berbasis Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) dan Dietanolamina dengan Teknik Mikrogelombang. Dibimbing oleh MOHAMMAD KHOTIB dan HENNY PURWANINGSIH. Indonesia dikenal sebagai produsen minyak sawit terbesar kedua di dunia. Salah satu produk turunan kelapa sawit, yaitu refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) yang dapat disintesis menjadi surfaktan asam lemak dietanolamida (FADEA). Penelitian bertujuan mendapatkan surfaktan asam lemak dietanolamida (FADEA) dari RBDPO dan dietanolamina dengan teknik sintesis berbantuan mikrogelombang serta karakteristik dan kinerjanya sebagai pembusa. Hasil Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) menunjukkan bahwa sintesis FADEA telah berhasil. Namun, spektrum FTIR FADEA yang disintesis pada waktu 15 menit masih terdapat puncak serapan dari ester yang menunjukkan bahwa sintesis belum berjalan sempurna. Sampel FADEA memiliki nilai asam lemak bebas dan pH yang sesuai dengan FADEA komersil. Namun, nilai dari amina bebas dan total amida tidak memenuhi nilai standar FADEA komersil berdasarkan spesifikasi Texas No. 180-54-02B. Uji busa dilakukan pada ketiga sampel FADEA yang menghasilkan persentase stabilitas busa sebesar 87−100%. Uji emulsi menunjukkan bahwa emulsi FADEA bertipe w/o., RIZKY BAGUS SAJIWO. Synthesis of Alkanolamide Surfactant (FADEA) From Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) and Diethanolamine Using Microwave Technique. Supervised by MOHAMMAD KHOTIB and HENNY PURWANINGSIH. Indonesia is known as the second largest palm oil producer in the world. One of the palm oil derivative products, namely refined bleached deodorized palm oil (RBDPO) which can be synthesized into diethanolamide fatty acid surfactant (FADEA). This study aims to obtain diethanolamide fatty acids (FADEA) using microwave techniques with various times of 15, 20, and 25 minutes. The results of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the synthesis of FADEA was successful. However, the FTIR spectrum of FADEA which was synthesized at 15 minutes still had an absorption peak from the ester indicating that the synthesis was not running perfectly. FADEA samples had free fatty acid values and pH in accordance with commercial FADEA. However, the values of free amine and total amide did not meet commercial FADEA standards based on Texas specification No. 180-54-02B. The foam test was carried out on the three FADEA samples which resulted in a foam stability percentage of 87−100%. The emulsion test showed that the FADEA emulsion was w/o type.
Keyword: diethanolamine, FADEA, microwave, RBDPO

Judul: Synthesis of Fatty Acid Diethanolamide (FADEA) Based on Crude Palm Oil (MIKO) with Microwave Tecqniques
Abstrak: FADEA atau Fatty Acid Diethanolamide merupakan surfaktan nonionik yang umumnya disintesis dengan teknik konduksi panas. Teknik lain yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan FADEA berupa teknik mikrogelombang karena pemanasan lebih merata, bersifat selektif, dan dapat mempercepat waktu reaksi. Dalam penelitian ini, FADEA dihasilkan dari reaksi amidasi antara asam lemak MIKO sawit dan dietanolamina dengan bantuan mikrogelombang. Sintesis FADEA pada MIKO:DEA 1:1; 1:2, dan 1:3 berhasil terbentuk, namun hasil spektrum FT- IR terdapat puncak asam lemak yang belum terkonversi sempurna membentuk amida. Karakterisasi FADEA seperti asam lemak bebas (ALB), amina bebas, pH, dan total amida pada masing-masing perbandingan sudah memenuhi standar coco- DEA komersil. FADEA dari ketiga perbandingan terbaik dihasilkan pada perbandingan 1:1. Hal ini dikarenakan total amida yang dihasilkan lebih besar yaitu diatas 95%. FADEA yang didapatkan juga dapat menurunkan tegangan permukaan saat nilai KMK tercapai, yaitu pada konsentrasi 0,05−0,06% b/v. Uji kinerja FADEA seperti stabilitas busa tertinggi di dapat pada konsentrasi 0,3% b/v dan akan meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya konsentrasi., FADEA is a nonionic surfactant which is generally synthesized by conventional techniques. Another technique used to produce FADEA is the microwave technique because the heating is more even, selective, and can speed up the reaction time. In this study, FADEA was produced from the amidation reaction between palm MIKO fatty acids and diethanolamine with the help of microwaves. FADEA synthesis on MIKO:DEA 1:1; 1:2, and 1:3 were wholly formed, but the result of FT-IR showed a fatty acid peak that had not been completely converted to form amides. FADEA characterizations such as the amount of ALB, free amine, pH, and total amide in each comparison have complied with commercial coco-DEA standards. FADEA of the three best comparisons is produced at a ratio of 1:1. This is because the total amide produced is greater, which is above 95%. The obtained FADEA can also reduce the surface tension when the CMC value is reached, namely at a concentration of 0.05−0,06% w/v. FADEA performance tests such as the highest foam stability were obtained at a concentration of 0.3% w/v and will increase with increasing concentration.
Keyword: FADEA, FT-IR, microwave, MIKO

Judul: Implementation of Spatio-Temporal Change Query in Relational Database.
Abstrak: Geographic object changes in various views. Object changes are recorded using a model of static storage. No historical connection between old version data and new version data has been built. For that, a storage model of spatio-temporal queries that can analyze spatio-temporal changes has been developed. The object changes the geometry are grouped according to the taxonomy of Spatio-Temporal Pattern Change. This research has been able to apply the query patterns change including born, expand, merge, contract, split, normal and die. This query based on geometric (area) changes. The implementation of spatio-temporal change queries represents an object changes continuously with easy, change detection is done by comparing two versions of data. Keyword: spatio-temporal change query, spatio-temporal change pattern.
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