Judul: A RS/GIS–Based Multi-Criteria Approaches to Assess Forest Fire Hazard in Indonesia (Case Study: West Kutai District, East Kalimantan Province)
Abstrak: Many forest ecosystems in Indonesia have undergone rapid changes, which certainly influencing in the forest structure and fuel properties. In addition to forest structure and fuel changes, increased number of people living in these environments and frequent extreme droughts as impacts of climate changes has led to extraordinary fire events which leads to several environmental problems including loss of forest as carbon sink, loss of biodiversity, transboundary haze pollution, as well as significant economic losses. Better management of forests and fire problems require spatial-temporal assessment providing important information for identifying and prioritizing fire planning needs. Fire hazard map determining the fire vulnerable areas is important information required to take decisions on fire prevention and suppression activities. To be effective, a comprehensive consideration for forest fire hazard assessment must accomodate a wide range of important determining variables that encompass biophysical and anthropogenic factors leading to occurrence of fire. Combining geomatics technology, including remote sensing and geographic information systems with either statistical or analytical hierarchy process (AHP) approaches offer more efficient and powerful on data acquisition and analysis related to fire hazard assessment. In this research different approaches used for assessing forest fire hazard in West Kutai district at different temporal resolutions: short-term and long-term fire probability assessment. Keetch and Byram Drought Index (KBDI) as a drought index indicating the atmospheric dryness used for short-term fire potential assessment. While long-term assessment encompass two different approaches to spatially model fire probability: binary logistic regression model and analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The first model tried to base weights for fire occurence probability map based on historical fires as recorded by satellites (hotspots), while the AHP approach is based on judgement by asking experts in a systematic fashion. The result of this research showed that by combining between the daily KBDI indexs with hotspots occurences indicated that there is a strong positive association between KBDI index with hotspot occurences. The importance level of variable contributing to forest fire occurences resulted from both binary logistic regression model and the AHP model showed a quite similar pattern.
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Judul: Spatial Modelling on Susceptibility of Fires in Peatland, a Case Study in District of Bengkalis, Riau Province
Abstrak: Peatland is one of ecosystem types in Indonesia which plays important role in maintaning terrestrial carbons, hydrological cycles and preserving biodiversity. Recently, most of the peatland (forest and non forest) has been degraded. One of the causes of degradation is fire. This study was conducted to establish a model and map of peat fire risk in District of Bengkalis, Riau Province. The model was established by hotspot distribution as an indicator of fire occurrences. Environmental and infrastructure aspects were employed as supportive factors to fire. Factors which were used to describe the environmental aspect were landcover and vegetation types, peat depth, and greenness level of vegetation. Factors of infrastructure aspect were the distance of fire occurrences with road network, distance to the river network and to the center of villages. Weighting and scoring were the basis of model development using the method of Complete Mapping Analysis (CMA). The model suggested that peat fire is more strongly affected by infrastructure aspect when compared with environmental aspect with the weight of 0.658 and 0.342 respectively. This explains that fires occurred were triggered more by human factor rather than environmental factor. The chosen factor of infrastructure aspect is distance from occurenced fires of road network. The selected environmental aspects were landcover and vegetation types, peat depth and greenness level of vegetation. Seemingly, the distance of river and center of villages may not be the supportive factors of peat fires, as showed by the presence of hotspots in which found mostly in the area far from the river and village center. The model can explain the condition of average of fire occurrences with the validation of 80%. Therefore, it can be used as the referrence in developing and establishing of polic ies for peat fire prevention and suppression.
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Judul: Tingkat Fertilisasi in vitro Oosit Domba setelah Difertilisasi dalam Media dengan Penambahan Cysteamine
Abstrak: Keberhasilan fertilisasi in vitro ditandai dengan terbentuknya dua pronukleus hasil dari fertilisasi normal sehingga memiliki kesempatan untuk berkembang menjadi embrio. Pembentukan pronukleus dapat dioptimalkan dengan cara meningkatkan konsentrasi glutathione (GSH). Glutathione memiliki sejumlah peran penting yaitu mereduksi radikal bebas, proteksi seluler dari stress oksidatif, sebagai reservoir dari cysteine dan membantu pembentukan pronukleus melalui mekanisme dekondensasi inti sel spermatozoa. Apabila konsentrasi GSH yang dicapai selama pematangan tidak optimal, maka akan menyebabkan akumulasi ROS yang berakibat terjadinya aging dan apoptosis. Salah satu komponen yang dapat meningkatkan kadar glutathione adalah cysteamine. Cysteamine dapat memecah ikatan disulfida cystine yang terdapat dalam media menjadi bentuk cysteine yang merupakan prekursor glutathione sehingga memicu uptake cysteine dan sintesis glutathione intraseluler. Cysteamine dengan dosis 100 μM dilaporkan dapat meningkatkan jumlah oosit yang terfertilisasi secara efektif pada hewan kambing, sapi, dan babi. Oleh karena itu, cysteamine dapat digunakan untuk membantu pembentukan pronukleus pada oosit domba. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengkaji peningkatan kompetensi oosit domba setelah penambahan cysteamine pada media maturasi dan fertilisasi atau kombinasinya, terhadap pembentukan pronukleus setelah fertilisasi. Koleksi ovarium dilakukan dengan cara dibilas dengan media transprotasi dengan suhu 34 ̶ 36°C kemudian dibawa ke laboratorium dalam waktu kurang dari 3 jam setelah pemotongan. Oosit dikoleksi dengan teknik slicing, hanya oosit dengan minimum 3 lapis sel kumulus yang kompak dan sitoplasma yang homogen dipilih untuk proses maturasi. Maturasi oosit dilakukan di dalam mikrodroplet 100 μL media maturasi dan ditutup mineral oil kemudian diinkubasi dalam inkubator CO2 5% pada suhu 39 °C selama 24 jam. Fertilisasi oosit menggunakan semen beku domba yang di thawing kemudian diencerkan dengan media fertilisasi hingga mencapai konsentrasi 5×106 spermatozoa/mL. Oosit yang matang dicuci kemudian dipindahkan ke dalam mikrodroplet spermatozoa, ditutup mineral oil dan diinkubasi dengan suhu 39°C selama 12-14 jam. Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini terbagi menjadi empat berdasarkan suplementasi 100 μM cysteamine, kelompok P1 tanpa penambahan cysteamine, kelompok P2 dengan penambahan cysteamine pada media maturasi, kelompok P3 dengan penambahan cysteamine pada media fertilisasi, dan kelompok P4 dengan penambahan cysteamine pada media maturasi dan fertilisasi. Oosit yang telah difertilisasi didenudasi dan difiksasi di atas gelas objek selama 48 - 72 jam kemudian diwarnai dengan aseto-orsein 1% untuk diamati pembentukan pronukleusnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (P>0.05) tingkat fertilisasi normal baik pada kelompok dengan penambahan cystemine di media maturasi (P2), media fertilisasi (P3), maupun kombinasinya (P4) terhadap kelompok kontrol (P1). Dilaporkan sebelumnya bahwa peningkatan perkembangan oosit dan produksi GSH selama maturasi oosit domba secara signifikan baru dicapai pada cysteamine dosis 200μM. Diduga bahwa cysteamine dosis 100 μM tidak mampu meningkatkan sintesis glutathione baik di media maturasi maupun media fertilisasi sehingga glutathione yang ada terbentuk pada level basal atau diperoleh secara maternal seperti pada kelompok kontrol. Diketahui bahwa puncak proses pembentukan GSH oosit terjadi pada saat proses kematangan inti dan berangsur-angsur menurun pada awal proses fertilisasi hingga memasuki tahap awal perkembangan embrio. Oleh karena itu diduga bahwa pembentukan GSH hanya terjadi pada proses maturasi tidak pada proses fertilisasi. Cystine dan cysteine sebagai prekursor sintesis glutathione terdapat dalam media maturasi namun tidak ada di dalam media fertilisasi sehingga tidak terdapat perbedaan tingkat fertilisasi normal
Keyword: cysteamine, GSH, oocyte, pronucleus, sheep