Judul: Effect of Shading Intensities on Fruit Position of Chilli Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)
Abstrak: Cabai rawit (Capsicum frutescens L.) merupakan tanaman hortikultura yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi dan banyak dikonsumsi di masyarakat. Permasalahan utama pada produksi tanaman cabai khususnya pemanenan adalah biaya dan tenaga kerja. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan adalah penerapan prinsip pemanenan mekanis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian beberapa intensitas naungan terhadap posisi buah cabai rawit untuk mendukung mekanisasi panen. Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Babakan Sawah Baru, IPB pada September 2021-Maret 2022. Rancangan percobaan menggunakan Split Plot Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) 2 faktor. Faktor pertama sebagai petak utama yaitu naungan yang terdiri dari 7 taraf, yaitu tanpa naungan, naungan 25%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 90%, dan 100%. Faktor kedua sebagai anak petak yaitu waktu pemberian naungan terdiri atas tiga stadia yaitu saat tanaman berbunga pertama kali, 2 minggu setelah berbunga (MSB), dan 4 MSB. Percobaan menggunakan 3 ulangan, sehingga terdapat 63 satuan percobaan. Setiap ulangan terdiri dari 20 tanaman, sehingga jumlah tanaman yang akan ditanam sebanyak 1260 tanaman dengan 5 tanaman contoh pada setiap ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan posisi buah cabai dipengaruhi oleh perlakuan intensitas naungan dan stadia pertumbuhan dilihat dari adanya perbedaan arsitektur tajuk tanaman cabai. Tinggi tanaman cabai semakin meningkat dan tajuk melebar dengan semakin tingginya tingkat naungan sampai 60%. Desain pemanenan mekanisasi perlu memperhatikan faktor agronomi khususnya naungan., Chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is a horticultural crop that has high economic value and is widely consumed as fresh by Indonesians. The main problems in the production of chili plants, especially harvesting, are costs and labor. Thus, the application of mechanical harvesting is important. However, the mechanical harvesting in chili peppers is still lacking. This study aimed to determine the effect of providing several shades of intensities on the fruit position of chili pepper to support harvest mechanization. The experiment was conducted in Babakan Sawah Baru Experimental Farm, IPB from September 2021 to Maret 2022. The experiment used a 2-factor Split Plot Complete Randomized Group Design (RKLT). The first factor was shade which consisted of 7 levels, namely no shade, 25% shade, 30%, 50%, 60%, 90%, and 100% as the main plot. The second factor as a subplot was the time of shading (the growth stage of chili plants), which consisted of three growth stages, namely when the plants flowered for the first time, 2 weeks after flowering (WAF), and 4 WAF. The experiment was carried out in 3 replications, so there were 63 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of 20 plants, with 5 sample plants per plot. The results showed that the position of the chili peppers was affected by the intensity of the shade and the growth stadia as seen from the differences in the canopy architecture. The height of the chili plants increased and the canopy widened with increasing shade levels up to 60%. In mechanized harvesting, agronomy factors need to be considered, especially shade intensity.
Keyword: environmental factors, growth, labor, plant architecture

Judul: The Effect of Giving Intensity of Shade at Several Stages on Yield of Cayenne Pepper (Capcisum frutescens L.)
Abstrak: Permasalahan dalam budidaya cabai pada saat panen raya adalah produksi cabai yang melimpah sementara harga yang rendah. Pemberian naungan adalah salah satu cara untuk menunda waktu panen dengan memanipulasi lingkungan tumbuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh naungan dan waktu pengaplikasiannya serta interaksi keduanya yang optimal untuk hasil dan penundaan waktu panen tanaman cabai rawit. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah split plot dengan rancangan lingkungan Rancangan Kelompok Lengkap Teracak (RKLT) 2 Faktor. Faktor pertama terdiri dari tujuh taraf naungan, yaitu tanpa naungan, naungan 25%, 30%, 50%, 60%, 90%, dan 100%. Faktor kedua terdiri dari empat waktu pengaplikasian naungan, yaitu pada saat tanaman berbunga, terbentuk bakal buah, buah hijau, buah merah. Percobaan dilakukan sebanyak 3 ulangan, sehingga terdapat 84 satuan percobaan. Setiap satuan percobaan terdiri dari 20 tanaman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan terbaik untuk hasil tanaman cabai rawit ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan naungan 25% dan waktu aplikasi pada saat buah merah. Perlakuan naungan 60% dengan waktu pengaplikasian pada saat tanaman berbunga memberikan umur panen tertinggi., The problem in chili cultivation at the time of harvest is the abundance of chili production while the price is low. Shading is one way to delay harvest time by manipulating the growing environment. This study aims to determine the effect of shade and time of application as well as the optimal interaction between the two for yield and delay in harvesting cayenne pepper. The experimental design used was a split plot with a 2-factor Complete Randomized Group Design (RKLT) environmental design. The first factor consists of seven levels of shade, namely no shade, 25% shade, 30%, 50%, 60%, 90%, and 100%. The second factor consisted of four times when the shade was applied, namely when the plants were flowering, ovule was formed, green fruit, and red fruit. The experiment was carried out in 3 replications, so there were 84 experimental units. Each experimental unit consisted of 20 plants. The results showed that the best treatment for the yield of cayenne pepper was indicated by a 25% shade treatment and application time when the fruit was red. The 60% shade treatment with application time at the time of flowering plants gave the highest harvest age.
Keyword: growing environment, growth, harvest, harvest age, productivity

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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