Judul: Laju pertumbuhan dan sintasan karang jenis Montipora sp. Hasil transplantasi di gugusan Pulau Karya, Kabupaten Administrasi Kepulauan Seribu
Abstrak: Beberapa tahun terakhir ini terumbu karang menjadi bahan kajian yang sedang hangat dibahas oleh para peneliti dan pemerhati lingkungan berkaitan dengan adanya peningkatan suhu permukaan bumi. Ancaman terhadap terumbu karang tidak hanya berasal dari faktor alam saja, faktor antropogenik dan pemanfaatan terumbu karang yang berlebihan juga memiliki pengaruh yang cukup besar terhadap keberlangsungan hidup terumbu karang. Berdasarkan informasi di atas, berbagai teknik transplantasi terumbu karang dikembangkan untuk memulihkan dan melestarikan kondisi terumbu karang. Salah satu teknik transplantasi tersebut adalah dengan mentransplantasikan fragmen karang pada modul beton seperti yang dilakukan pada penelitian kali ini.
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Judul: Tingkat Keberhasilan dan Laju Pertumbuhan Transplantasi Karang Montipora, Porites, dan Stylophora di Perairan Pulau Kelapa Kepulauan Seribu
Abstrak: Transplantasi karang adalah salah satu upaya rehabilitasi yang dapat diterapkan untuk mempercepat proses pemulihan terumbu karang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui laju pertumbuhan karang transplantasi sebagai upaya rehabilitasi ekosistem terumbu karang yang telah rusak dan memulihkan habitat terumbu karang serta biota-biota yang berasosiasi dengan komunitas terumbu karang di Pulau Kelapa, Kepulauan Seribu. Karang yang diteliti adalah karang jenis Montipora sp., Porites sp., dan Stylophora pistillata. Fragmen karang diletakkan pada modul yang terbuat dari beton di kedalaman 1-4 meter. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap dua bulan sekali terhadap pertumbuhan dan ketahanan hidup fragmen karang transplantasi, serta parameter kualitas perairan. Lokasi penelitian memiliki kisaran salinitas sekitar 30-32 psu, suhu 30-32 oC, kecerahan 100%, kekeruhan (turbiditas) 1,1-1,7 NTU, kecepatan arus antara 0,08 m/s hingga 0,30 m/s, dan sedimentasi berkisar antara 2,71 mg/cm2/hari hingga 5,82 mg/cm2/hari, nitrat 0,005-0,024 mg/l, ammonia 0,046-0,197 mg/l, dan ortofosfat 0,008-0,023 mg/l. Secara umum kondisi perairan di Pulau Kelapa masih berada dalam kondisi cukup baik untuk pertumbuhan karang. Selama 6 bulan pengamatan, pencapaian pertumbuhan ukuran panjang dan tinggi karang jenis Montipora sp. masing-masing mencapai 61,66 mm dan 23,81 mm. Laju pertumbuhan panjang dan tinggi rata-rata karang jenis Montipora sp. masing-masing mencapai 12,93 mm/2 bulan dan 7,25 mm/2 bulan.
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Judul: Price Discrimination Analysis of Butter in the German Market
Abstrak: Germany is the largest producers of butter among other countries in the EU. The trend of butter production in Germany increase steadily during 2010 – 2013. In 2013, butter production in Germany reach to 491 460 tons and German’s butter production amounted to 25% of the EU butter production. So, Germany has an advantage in butter production compared with other countries in the EU. The advantage in butter production and stock availability of butter strongly supports the development of food industry in Germany. However, there were fluctuations in the average price of butter in Germany during 1999-2010 and it was occurred from year to year. Fluctuation of butter prices can affects business risk, the competition of butter producers, and economic surplus of consumers in the German butter market. One of the strategies which can be done by producers and retailers to survive in the competition is establish right price strategy, such implement price discrimination strategy. Price discrimination strategy aims to get consumer surplus, to increase profits, and to face business competition. The main objective of the study is to analyze butter price discrimination in German market. In detail, objectives of this study are: first, to analyze the necessary conditions (market power, different demand elasticity, and preventing arbitrage) of occurrence in price discrimination of butter products in the German market through structure analysis, second, to analyze demand function of butter products based on types of retail store in Germany, third, to analyze price discrimination of butter products based on regions in Germany, and fourth, to analyze price difference of butter products across types of retail store in Germany. The result shows that the three necessary conditions (market power, different demand elasticity, and preventing arbitrage) for the occurrence of butter price discrimination in the German retail market are fulfilled. The butter industry in Germany has an HHI value of 1 635 and the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4) index reached 71%, which indicates that the German butter industry has either a moderate level of market concentration and an oligopoly market structure with some dominant firms. The oligopoly butter market structure in Germany is dominated by four producers of butter, are: Irish Dairy Board, Campina, Sachsenmilch, and Arla Foods. Market power in an oligopoly is also greatly influenced by some main producers who also produce private label products. We can conclude that the three demand curves (hypermarket, supermarket and discounter) have a negative slope or downward shape (progressive decrease from the upper left to the lower right). This condition is in accordance with the theory of demand that price and quantity have the opposite relationship. The slope of the demand function in the hypermarket is -3.701, -2.883 in the supermarket, and -5.517 in the discounter (largest value of discounter indicates that it is the most elastic of the retail stores). We also can conclude that on the demand side, butter consumption is not discriminating along the demand curve (price and quantity) across regions in Germany. On the supply side, producers and retailers are not discriminating in regards to butter prices across regions in Germany. The mean
Keyword: price discrimination, butter, semi and double logarithm model, the German market