Judul: Differentiation in Cytokine mRNA Expression between Indonesian Thin Tailed and Merino Sheep following Infection with Fasciola gigantica
Abstrak: Penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa domba ekor tipis (ET) lebih resisten terhadap infeksi F. gigantica dibanding domba Merino. Resistensi terjadi pada awal infeksi yaitu antara minggu ke 2-6 minggu setelah infeksi, secara in vitro terl-11kti bahwa sel eosinofil dan radikal superoksida yang diproduksi oleh sel tersebut men .. pakan molekul efektor yang membunuh cacing tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari mekanisme resistensi yang diekspresikan oleh domba ET. Gen yang bertanggung jawab terhadap sifat resisten diprediksi melalui identifikasi apakah jalur sel Thl/Th2 yang akan diaktifkan (up regulation) atau diinaktifkan (down regulation) oleh F. gigantica secara in vivo. Selain itu juga akan diamati adanya perbedaan enzim antioksidan sebagai mekanisme pengelakan yang dilakukan parasit terhadap sistem imun domba ET dan Merino. lmplikasi dari penelitian ini tidak hanya untuk pengembangan vaksin tapi juga obat dan seleksi genetik. Populasi sel Thl memproduksi IFN-y, sedangkan Th2 memproduksi IL-4, IL-5 dan IL-10. Sitokin merupakan determinan esensial, yang pada infeksi parasit diketahui sangat menentukan apakah suatu parasit akan berakhir dengan kematian atau terus hidup dalam tubuh inang definitif sebagai inf eksi kronis. Identifikasi ekspresi sitokin dilakukan dengan ekstraksi mRNA dari kelenjar getah bening hepatika, dilanjutkan dengan RT-PCR (Reverse Trancriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction) menggunakan primer spesifik dari domba. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan profil sitokin antara domba ekor tipis (ET) dengan domba Merino terhadap infeksi F.gigantica. Domba ET yang resisten condong menginduksi sitokin (IL-4, IL-5 dan IL-10) yang bertanggung jawab terhadap polarisasi sel Th2, sedangkan domba Merino yang peka menginduksi sitokin (IFNy) yang menyebabkan polarisasi sel Thi. Resistensi terhadap infeksi F. gigantica pada domba ET terjadi karena ekspresi IL-10 mengaktivasi sel eosinofil dan radikal superoksida yang dihasilkan secara optimal dan efektif membunuh larva F. gigantica. Sebaliknya kepekaan domba Merino terhadap infeksi F. gigantica terjadi karena ekspresi IFNy menekan produksi radikal superoksida. Sifat resistensi domba ET terhadap infeksi F. gigantica dapat diketahui dengan aktifnya gen IL-4, IL-5 dan IL-10 dan dapat digunakan sebagai marker untuk seleksi hewan resisten. Superoksida dismutase (SOD) dan Glutathion S-transferase (GST) yang disekresi parasit berperan sangat penting dalam menghambat kerja molekul radikal bebas dari sel eosinofil., resistant to infection with F. gigantica than the Merino sheep. Eosinophils in ITT sheep infected between 2-6 weeks could effectively kill immature parasites and superoxide radicals derived from these cells were mediating parasite killing in vitro. The purpose of this study is to investigate the immunological basis of the resistancy expressed by the ITT sheep. The responsible gene (s) for resistance was investigated in vivo by understanding the molecular pathways (Thl/Th2) which are upregulated/ down-regulated to control superoxide production in resistant ITT sheep when compared to susceptible Merino sheep. The difference of antioxidant enzymes (molecules of parasite) regarded as preventive mechanism in the parasites were also observed whether they are originated from resistant ITT sheep or susceptible Merino sheep. This will not only have implications for vaccine production research, but also provides novel targets for drug development and genetic selection. In order to test this hypothesis IFNy which is predominate type 1 like cytokines, and IL-4, IL-5 and IL-IO which are predominant type 2 like cytokines, were determined in sheep tissues
Keyword: Sel eisimofil, Sitokin, Domba ET, Kelenjar getas bening S., Transferase

Judul: Latar Belakang Genetik Domba Lokal yang Tahan terhadap Parasit Cacing Berdasarkan Control Region Genom Mitokondria
Abstrak: Genetic Background Parasite Resistance of Local Sheep based on Control Region Genom Mithocondria. Supervised by ACHMAD FARAJALLAH and MULADNO. In a study to find genes resistant to parasitic worms have been found inconsistent the physiological response to groups of local sheep against parasitic worm larvae challenge test. This study to analyze the genetic background of local sheep that resistant to the parasitic worm infection based of maternal origin on control region in the mitochondrial genome. Stages of research methods consisted of DNA isolated from the blood of 36 fat tail sheep and thin tail sheep. Analysis of the data obtained traces of nucleotides that is not ambiguous as many as 13 (36%) of the sample, this samples consisted of 4 sheeps from haplotype A and 9 sheeps from haplotype B. Analysis of the average value score of Famacha (FAMC) and the number of Fecal Eeg Count (FEC) shows the inconsistency, it mean is an indication of anemia in sheep did not correlate with the number of eggs of worms that infest. However, the value score of FAMC and number of FEC on haplotype A was lower compared with haplotype B. In other words, haplotype sheep is not a factor that distinguishes the challenge test performed previously
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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