Judul: Penilaian protein bahan makanan berdasarkan ketahanan degradasinya oleh mikroba rumen
Abstrak: Protein dan senyawa Nitrogen Bukan Protein (NBP) didegradasikan menjadi amonia oleh mikroba rumen. Kebutuhan mikroba akan amonia terbatas. Apabila berlebihan akan terbuang melalui air seni. Protein bahan makanan maupun biosistesisnya di dalam tubuh mahal. Ketahanan degradasi protein secara alami beragam. Pemanfaatan keragaman ini memberi peluang untuk memilih bahan makanan yang tahan degradasi. Ketahanan degradasi protein bahan makanan perlu dibakukan untuk tujuan meningkatkan keefisienan biologis maupun ekonomis ransum. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat keragaman degradasi protein bahan makanan oleh mikroba rumen serta manfaatnya dalam penyusunan ransum.
Keyword: Rumen;, Rumen digestion;, Rumen fermentation;

Judul: Kinetika Degradasi Bahan Kering Beberapa Bahan Pakan Ruminansia Serta Korelasinya Dengan Kecernaan Nutrien Secara In Vitro
Abstrak: Hasil evaluasi kinetika degradasi bahan pakan in vitro dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik bahan pakan yang digunakan dalam inkubasi yang meliputi fraksi pakan mudah larut (fraksi a), seperti pati, protein, lemak, dan mineral yang larut; fraksi pakan potensial terdegradasi (fraksi b) yang terdiri atas komponen serat dengan tingkat degradasi lambat dan merupakan bagian dari dinding sel seperti selulosa, hemiselulosa dan lignin; dan laju degradasi fraksi b (c). Pemanfaatan hijauan seperti rumput gajah dan limbah industri pertanian berupa ampas tahu, kulit singkong, konsentrat dan bungkil kedelai sebagai bahan pakan diharapkan memberikan pengaruh positif dalam menunjang produktivitas ternak. Namun, perlu diperhatikan bahwa pemanfaatan limbah sebagai sumber pakan memiliki keterbatasan mengenai kualitas nutrien yang cukup beragam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kinetika degradasi beberapa bahan pakan ruminansia secara in vitro. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan percobaan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan perlakuan 5 bahan pakan (bungkil kedelai, rumput gajah, konsentrat, ampas tahu dan kulit singkong) dengan 3 ulangan. Hasil degradasi bahan kering menunjukkan adanya pengaruh nyata (p<0.05) bahan pakan bungkil kedelai pada fraksi a, nilai c dan Degradabilitas Efektif (DE). Bungkil kedelai memiliki fraksi mudah larut (a) lebih tinggi sebesar 31.62%, laju degradasi fraksi b (c) lebih tinggi sebesar 18.22%/jam dan Degradabilitas Efektif (DE) lebih tinggi sebesar 59.23% dibandingkan 4 bahan pakan lainnya. Hasil fermentasi bahan kering pakan di rumen dan kecernaan nutrien menunjukkan bungkil kedelai menghasilkan konsentrasi amonia (NH3) dan Volatille Fatty Acid (VFA) yang lebih tinggi, serta memiliki nilai kecernaan tertinggi pada degradasi protein kasar (DPK), kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK) dan Kecernaan protein kasar (KcPK). Protein bahan pakan ampas tahu didegradasi lebih lambat sehingga memiliki nilai By-pass protein kasar (BPK) lebih tinggi dari 4 bahan pakan lainnya. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bungkil kedelai dengan kandungan protein tinggi, laju degradasi fraki b (c) lebih tinggi dan didegradasi lebih efektif sehingga menghasilkan konsentrasi amonia (NH3 ) dan Volatille Fatty Acid (VFA) yang lebih tinggi, serta memiliki nilai kecernaan tertinggi pada degradasi protein kasar (DPK), kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK) dan kecernaan protein kasar (KcPK). Ampas tahu berpotensi menjadi sumber by-pass protein karena didegradasi lebih lambat oleh mikrobia rumen.
Keyword: bahan pakan, kinetika degradasi bahan kering, degradibilitas efektif, in vitro

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite