Judul: Pengujian biogum dari enterobacter aglomerans N. sebagai pengemuli dan penstabil pangan serta pengeruh penambahan  asam organik dan garam terhadap kekentalannya
Abstrak: Biogum merupakan salah satu bahan aditif alami yang dapat memperbaiki sifat tekstural suatu produk pangan. Dalam industri pangan, biogum dapat digunakan sebagai penstabil emulsi, penstabil suspensi, pengental, peningkat mutu cecap, bahan pengisi, dan pencegah flokulasi. Kebutuhan akan biogum semakin meningkat dengan semakin berkembangnya industri pangan. Biogum dapat diperoleh dari mikroorganisme. Salah satu mikroorganisme yang telah diisolasi dan potensial sebagai penghasil biogum adalah bakteri Enterobacter aglomerans N (EaN). Dalam aplikasi biogum sebagai aditif makanan, salah satu sifat penting yang harus diketahui adalah pengaruh penambahan asam organik dan garam terhadap kekentalan larutannya. Hal ini dikarenakan banyak produk pangan yang mengandung asam dan garam sehingga harus diketahui karakteristik biogum dengan adanya penambahan asam dan garam tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji fungsi biogum EaN sebagai pengemulsi dan penstabil pangan serta pengaruh asam organik dan garam terhadap larutan biogum yang diproduksi oleh Enterobacter aglomerans N (biogum EaN). Dari pengujian ini, diharapkan dapat diprediksi penggunaan biogum EaN. Produksi biogum EaN dilakukan pada media dengan sumber karbon gula pasir (4%), lama fermentasi optimal 4 hari dan pH awal medium 8,0. Pengujian biogum EaN sebagai pengemulsi menggunakan gum xantan dan CMC sebagai kontrol positif, sedangkan pektin sebagai kontrol negatif
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Judul: Pengaruh Nutrisis dan Lama Fermentasi terahadap Produksi Biogum dari Enterobacter sp dan Erwinia sp
Abstrak: Biogum merupakan polisakarida berantai panjang yang dihasilkan oleh sumber hayati yaitu tumbuhan, hewail, mikroorganisme dan alga, serta bersifat larut dalam air. Produksi biogum oleh bakteri dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lingkungan seperti suhu, lama fennentasi dan komposisi media seperti mineral, j enis gula dan konsentrasi nitrogen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh nutrisi yang meliputi pengaruh mineral, jenis gula, konsentrasi dan jenis sumber nitrogen da
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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