Judul: Analysis of Obstacle Perforated Plate Content Metil Ester Biodiesel In Bubble Column Reactor Non-Catalytic
Abstrak: Biodiesel is produced by transesterification reaction of vegetable oils or animal fats and methanol. Production technology of biodiesel is grouped into 2 categories: namely catalytic and non catalytic. One of the methods for the non catalytic one is superheated methanol vapor (SMV), where superheated methanol vapor is reacted with oil in bubble column reactor, at high temperature and atmospheric pressure to produce FAME (Fatty Acid methyl ester) and glycerol. However, reaction rate by the SMV method is still lower than the convensional one, and the content of biodiesel is lower than Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The reaction rate and content of biodiesel is expectedly can be improved by improvement of contact surface area between methanol vapor and oil. It could be obtained by giving perforated plate (obstacle) in bubble column reactor. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to determine the best obstacle configuration and to study the influece of the obstacle to biodiesel content in terms of bubble behavior in the column reactor. Eighteen (18) scenarios of obstacle are simulated by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method to obtain bubble distribution in bubble column reactor, especially for increasing contact surface area between methanol and oil. Then the result will be verified by laboratory experiments. Based on the simulation result, it is shown that the highest value of surface contact area was obtained by the obstacle BBE (2 layer, 2 mm hole diameter, 7 mm distance among holes, and 4 g.s-1 methanol flow rate), which was 0.023529 m2.s-1. By the obstacle, methyl ester content was found to be 77.96%(w/w) and rate of biodiesel production was 2.00 g.hr-1. While the obstacle AAE (2 layer, 1 mm hole diameter, 7 mm distance among holes, and 4 g.mnt-1 methanol flow rate) gave biodiesel content of 98.68%(w/w), which has met SNI. The rate of biodiesel production was found to be 1.62 g.hr-1.
Keyword: non-catalytic method, SMV, CFD, contact surface area, obstacle

Judul: Analisis Konfigurasi Lubang Obstacle Terhadap Laju Reaksi Pembentukan Biodiesel pada Bubble Column Reactor
Abstrak: One of the non catalytic biodiesel production method is the Superheated Methanol Vapor in the Bubble column reactor. However, the weakness of this method is the low of rate of biodiesel production. The rate of biodiesel production was influent by the surface area between the methanol vapor bubble and oil, while the surface area was affected by the distribution of bubble size which produced from the obstacle hole. The objective of the study was to determine the best configuration of obstacle hole in order to increase the rate of biodiesel production in the Bubble Column Reactor from three design of obstacles tested until obtained the highest result of non catalytic biodiesel production. The design of obstacles were TO(123), TO(100), and TO(68), perforate plate which are connected by steel axis, where the three scenarios given name TO(X) means Triple Obstacle and symbol (X) is total hole in obstacle. These scenarios design were analyzed by the simulation processed using iv Computational Fluid Dynamics method. The best design from the simulation result was TO(100). The result obtained based on the highest surface area as a result of CFD simulation which was 0.0205 m2 and proven within the experiment result obtained the highest rate of biodiesel production which was 0.0114 gram/minute.
Keyword: Superheated methanol vapor., Obstacle, Computational fluid dynamics, Bubble column reactor, Biodiesel

Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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