Judul: Inhibisi Siklooksigenase-2 Ekstrak Legetan Warak (Adenostemma lavenia) dan Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) sebagai Antiinflamasi
Abstrak: Penyakit paru obstruktif kronik (PPOK) adalah peradangan kronis yang menghalangi aliran udara dari paru-paru. Inflamasi paru-paru merupakan respons normal pada pasien PPOK yang biasanya dapat ditangani dengan obat antiinflamasi. Obat antiinflamasi, sintetik atau alami, berfungsi sebagai inhibitor enzim siklooksigenase-2 (COX-2). Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan kandungan metabolit sekunder secara kualitatif, potensi bioaktivitas, dan daya inhibisi ekstrak legetan warak (Adenostemma lavenia) dan kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) terhadap aktivitas enzim COX-2 sebagai antiinflamasi untuk pengembangan obat PPOK. Sampel dimaserasi dalam pelarut etanol 70% dan air. Uji fitokimia menyatakan bahwa kedua jenis sampel mengandung metabolit sekunder golongan flavonoid. Ekstrak etanol herba legetan warak, ekstrak etanol dan ekstrak air kenikir menunjukkan potensi bioaktivitas dengan nilai LC50 < 1000 μg/mL. Ekstrak air kenikir konsentrasi 50 μg/mL memberikan daya inhibisi tertinggi terhadap aktivitas COX-2 dibandingkan dengan ekstrak lainnya, tetapi masih < 50%. Fakta ini memperlihatkan bahwa ekstrak kedua tumbuhan tersebut tidak berpotensi sebagai antiinflamasi untuk dikembangkan sebagai obat PPOK.
Keyword: antiinflamasi, COX-2, kenikir, legetan warak, PPOK

Judul: Analysis of Potential Extracts of Adenostemma lavenia and Ageratum conyzoides as Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
Abstrak: Inflamasi paru-paru merupakan respons normal terhadap bahan atau gas yang merugikan pada pasien Penyakit Paru Obstruktif Kronik (PPOK) yang biasanya dapat ditangani dengan obat antiinflamasi. Obat yang dapat menghambat produksi interleukin-6 (IL-6) merupakan salah satu obat antiinflamasi untuk penderita PPOK. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi senyawa bioaktif yang dapat menghambat IL-6 pada herba Adenostemma lavenia dan Ageratum conyzoides dengan penapisan virtual secara in silico serta mengonfirmasi hasil pengujian in silico dengan efek antiinflamasi ekstrak herba A. lavenia secara in vitro dan ekstrak herba A. conyzoides untuk dikembangkan menjadi bahan baku obat herbal PPOK. Asam ent-11α-hidroksi-15-okso-kaur-16-en-19-oat pada A. lavenia serta senyawa golongan steroid dan triterpenoid pada A. conyzoides merupakan senyawa yang berperan sebagai inhibitor IL-6. Ekstrak air A. lavenia dapat menurunkan kadar IL-6 dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap viabilitas sel yang mengalami inflamasi namun belum bisa dinyatakan sebagai ekstrak terbaik dalam menghambat IL-6. Berdasarkan kajian pustaka, ekstrak etanol A. conyzoides merupakan ekstrak potensial sebagai inhibitor IL-6., Lung inflammation is a normal response to noxious substances or gases in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), which can usually be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs. Drugs that can inhibit the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) are anti-inflammatory drugs for patients with COPD. This study aims to identify bioactive compounds that can inhibit IL-6 in Adenostemma lavenia and Ageratum conyzoides herbs by in silico virtual screening and confirm the results of in silico testing with anti-inflammatory effects of A. lavenia herb extracts in vitro and A. conyzoides herb extracts to be developed as raw material for COPD herbal medicine. Ent-11α-hydroxy-15-oxo-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid in A. lavenia, steroid and triterpenoid group compounds in A. conyzoides are compounds that act as IL-6 inhibitor. The aqueous extract of A. lavenia can reduce IL-6 levels and does not have an effect on the viability of inflammatory cells but cannot yet be declared as the best extract to inhibit IL-6. Based on the literature review, the ethanolic extract of A. conyzoides is a potential extract as an IL-6 inhibitor.
Keyword: Adenostemma lavenia, Ageratum conyzoides, interleukin-6, PPOK

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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