Judul: Induksi produksi gubal gaharu melalui inokulasi cendawan dan aplikasi faktor abiotik
Abstrak: Peran inokulasi isolat Acremonium, factor abiotik dan interaksinya dalam pembentukan gubal gaharu dari Aquilaria spp. telah dipelajari secara in vitro dan in vivo. Pada uji laboratorium, kultur tunas 13 klon Aquilaria spp. (A. crassna, A. filaria, A. malaccensis, dan A. microcarpa) dan dua isolat Acremonium (F dan M) telah ditumbuhkan secara kultur ganda pada media dasar MSmodifikasi dengan konsentrasi atau pH berbeda. Pertumbuhan Acremonium, kematian tunas, dan pembentukan aroma telah diamati. Pada uji di lapangan, pengaruh isolat cendawan (ACEFI, F, dan M), faktor abiotik (adcisic acid (ABA) dan air steril), serta interaksi keduanya dalam menginduksi pembentukan gubal gaharu juga telah dipelajari.
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Judul: Pertumbuhan beberapa cendawan dan potensi induksinya dalam pembentukan senyawa gaharu pada tunas aquilaria malaccensis
Abstrak: Gubal gaharu merupakan deposit senyawa gaharu pada pohon gaharu (Aquilaria sp) sebagai hasil reaksi pertahanan terhadap adanya gangguan. Pembentukan senyawa gaharu dapat diinduksi pada kultur in vitro tunas gaharu dengan menggunakan hifomiset dan media yang sesuai. Pertumbuhan beberapa hifomiset dan potensi induksinya dalam pembentukan senyawa gaharu pada tunas A. malaccensis yang ditanam pada dua konsentrasi media MS modifikasi serta respon tunas A. malaccensis terhadap kehadiran hifomiset dan konsentrasi nutrisi dipelajari dalam penelitian ini. Tiga klon A. malaccensis yaitu Amal, Ama7 dan Amal3 diinteraksikan dengan inokulum tunggal Fusarium oxysporum, Scytalidium sp, Trichoderma harzianum dan Thielaviopsis paradoxa pada media MS modifikasi 50% dan 100%. Pertumbuhan hifomiset, persentase kematian tunas dan tingkat wangi diamati. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan hifomiset bisa ditekan, dirangsang atau bahkan tidak dipengaruhi oleh kehadiran tunas. Kehadiran Amal menekan pertumbuhan Fusarium oxysporum, tetapi merangsang pertumbuhan Trichoderma harzianum. Sedangkan pertumbuhan Scytalidium sp dan Thielaviopsis paradoxa tidak dipengaruhi oleh kehadiran tunas. Media hanya berpengaruh nyata terhadap kecepatan pertumbuhan Scytalidium sp dan Thielaviopsis paradoxa. Semua cendawan berpotensi mematikan tunas. Thielaviopsis paradoxa merupakan hifomiset dengan agresifitas tertinggi. Semua hifomiset tidak berpotensi untuk menginduksi pembentukan senyawa gaharu pada kedua jenis media, kecuali Trichoderma harzianum pada MSmod 50% Tingkat wangi hasil induksi Trichoderma harzianum ini sangat rendah. Aroma yang muncul pada hampir semua perlakuan bukanlah aroma wangi khas gaharu melainkan aroma tape.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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