Judul: Physiological Adaptation of Sand Ane mone (Heteractis malu) Towards Increasing Te mperature of The Water Environment for 1° C and 2° C
Abstrak: The phenomenon of coral bleaching is a very interesting topic to be studied. This is related to global warming, which is the cause of the phenomenon of coral bleaching in animals. Sand anemone is one of formers the coral reef ecosystem that has a symbiotic zooxanthellae and one of the hexacorallia like a coral. Anemones are given treatment of increased environmental temperature of 1o C (29o C) and 2o C (30o C) to assess the response to global temperature increases. The purpose of this research is to study the adaptation of sand anemone (Heteractis malu) towards improved the environmental temperature for 1o C and 2o C and in laboratory scale.
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Judul: Effects of Temperature Change on Activity and Survival of Selected Tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella)
Abstrak: It is widely accepted that global warming and climate change are have occured over the past 30 years and it changed the temperature in the air and in marine waters. Organisms in all areas, in this case in marine, are quite sensitive to temperature changes. They have a certain capacity to cope with the changing environment. If these organisms cannot adapt to environmental changes, they could die. The main stress factor that was being used in this research is temperature, and salinity as another stressor for comparison. Using selected tropical Echinoderms, the thermal and salinity capacity of these organisms was tested through simulation of environmental changes in lab. The objectives of this study are to identify the temperature limit (in comparison to lower salinity limit), activity, and assess the impact of temperature and salinity stress for selected tropical Ophiuroidea (Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata) and Asteroidea (Fromia milleporella). The velocity of changes (increase or decrease) in temperature might also affect the survival of the organisms. Different velocities (hourly and daily)of temperature change were investigated to see if there was any difference in temperature limit (the organisms’ capacity and adaptation) and the effects to these organisms (Ophiuroidea and Asteroidea). This experiment was conducted in Marine Habitat Lab, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB); from December 2010-November 2011. The upper thermal limit (hourly increase) for Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, Ophiocoma cf. dentata, and Fromia milleporella was 36.5 0C and 37 0C, 37.2 0C, 40.5 0C, and 35.8 0C and 35.0 0C (respectively). The upper thermal limit (daily increase) for Ophiomastix annulosa, Ophiarachna incrassata, and Fromia milleporella was 35.0 0C, 34.0 0C, and 33.0 0C (respectively). The lower thermal limit (hourly decrease) for Ophiomastix annulosa was 12.8 0C. Lower salinity limit (hourly decrease) for Ophiomastix annulosa and Ophiocoma cf. dentata was 20.5 and 13 (respectively). The thermal window for Ophiomastix annulosa (hourly experiment) was between 12.8-37.0 0C. From the result, it can be assumed that these ophiuroids and asteroids species can acclimatize and survive to more rapid changing environment than slow changing environment; as long as the oxygen is available in sufficient amount.
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Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular