Judul: Toksisitas Akut dan Subkronis Ekstrak Air dan Metanol Kerang Lamis (Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus) secara In Vivo pada Tikus Sprague Dawley
Abstrak: Lamis clam (Meretrix meretrix Linnaeus) is one of the sea shells that have been utilized by the community. The shells are traditionally believed by peoples of Cirebon can increase stamina, lower blood pressure and can treat jaundice. Results of several studies demonstrated that these shells have various activities such as antioxidant, antitumor, hypolipidemic, antineoplastic, modulatory immune activity as well as antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemia. A wide range of research on the benefits of lamis clams has been done, but the pharmacological effects of the clam extracts have been less explored. Thus, the need to test the toxicity of the clam is very important. Toxicity tests studied in this research covered acute and sub chronic toxicities performed in vivo in rats. Parameters observed in this study were physical observation, presence or absence of rat deaths due to M. meretrix extract as well as the presence or absence of symptoms of liver and kidney damages. It is also useful in the development of research knowledge about the pharmacological effects of M. meretrix and also expected to be able to provide added value for M. meretrix utilization. The purpose of the study was to characterize the mussel (yield, proximate and heavy metals analyzes as well as qualitative tests of bioactive components contained in M. meretrix), to determine the acute and sub chronic toxicities of water and methanol extracts of M. meretrix in vivo on Sprague Dawley rats. The research was carried out in 3 stages. Phase 1 was the characterization of M. meretrix included: yield measurement, proximate analysis (AOAC 2005), analysis of heavy metals Pb, Cd, Hg and Cu (APHA 1989) and analysis of bioactive components (Harborne 1984). Phase 2 was acute toxicity test (OECD Test Guideline 403:2009). The parameters observed at this stage included: growth and feed intake of rats, observations of physical parameters, histopathology of rats liver and kidney as well as observation of the color changes in the organs of rats. Phase 3 was the final stage, namely the sub chronic toxicity test (OECD Test Guideline 413:2009). Parameters observed in this study included: growth and feed intake of rats, physical parameters (weight of kidney and liver) and blood serum chemistry parameters (urea, bilirubin, creatinine, albumin and cholesterol). Meretrix meretrix consisted of 11.09 % meat and 69.85 % shell. Based on the results of the proximate analysis yielded moisture content of 79.99 %, 1.50 % of ash, 0.22 % of fat, 9.42 % of protein and 8.81 % of carbohydrate. Analysis of heavy metals showed lamis clams meat containing Pb 0.0013 ppm, Cd 0.0088 ppm, Hg 0.0045 and Cu 0.0008 ppm. M. meretrix also contained various components of bioactive compounds. Three types of bioactive compounds were detected in the water and methanol extracts of M. meretrix which were alkaloids, steroids and saponins. Acute toxicity test of water and methanol extracts of M. meretrix was done by giving both extracts to rats with doses of 2, 4, 6 and 15 g/kg of body weight. Based on growth and physical observations on the rats for 14 days, the water and methanol extracts of M. meretrix had
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Judul: A Study on the Use of Matah merah of Mollusks ( Cerithidea obtusa) and In Vitro and In Vivo Tests of Antiproliferation Tumor Cell Line
Abstrak: Alam telah memberikan sumberdayanya selama ribuan tahun bagi kebutuhan manusla dan kenyataannya banyak bahan atam bemilai tinggi berasal dari taut. Oleh karena itu taut menjadi target eksplorasi negara maju, khususnya invertebrata ( sponges, ascidian, dan moluska). Penelitian lni bertujuan untuk mengetahui jenis zat aktif dan khasiat zat antikanker dari moluska laut, yaitu keong matah merah ( Cerlthidea obtusa). Penelitian lni dibagl menjadi tujuh (7) tahapan yaitu: (1) kajian pola konsumsi dan kebiasaan para penderita kanker; (2) ekstraksi komponen bioaktif; (3) uji in vitro pada sel kanker (Hela, leukemia/1<562, paru/AS49); (4) uji in vivo pada embrio ayam dan mencit C3H; (5) pemumian komponen bioaktif; (6) uji in vitro komponen bioaktif pada sel kanker (Hela, leukemia/KS62, paru/AS49); (7) uji residu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penderita yang menggunakan obat dari keong matah merah sebagian besar mengalami perbaikan/sembuh. Kebiasaan pada masa lalu adalah merokok (32,7%) dan minum alkohol (17,3%), sedangkan sekarang kebiasaan merokok berkurang menjadi 3,8% dan tidak ada yang minum alkohol. Dibandingkan dengan masa lalu pola konsumsi beras, lauk pauk (tahu dan tempe), sayuran (wortel), buah (jeruk, pepaya, dan pisang) tidak berubah; konsumsi susu dan olahannya meningkat, sedangkan konsumsi gorengan menurun. Pada masa sekarang terjadi perubahan cara pengolahan pangan: perebusan/kukus meningkat, sedangkan cara panggang/bakar dan bumbu santan menurun. Hasil penelitian di laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa waktu ekstraksl optimal untuk mendapatkan sediaan adalah 72 jam dengan perbandingan antara bahan baku dan pelarut adalah 1:6 (w/v). Penelitian secara in vitro menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak terbaik adalah ekstrak dari aseton dengan daya hambat 90,62% untuk kanker Hela (servix cancery, 79,71% untuk kanker leukemia (K562), dan 79,84% untuk kanker paru (A549) pada konsentrasi 25 ppm. Penelitian menggunakan telur ayam bertunas menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak dari petarut aseton pada konsentrasi 20 ppm mampu menghambat pembentukan pembuluh darah dan perkembangan embrio ayam. Hasil uji pada mencit C3H secara makroskopis menunjukkan bahwa sernakin tinggi konsentrasi ekstrak yang diberikan maka nilai rasio berat tumor terhadap berat mencit semaldn rendah. Gambaran mikroskopik menunjukkan bahwa kontrol (KN) mendapat scoring lesio 13,05 (pertumbuhan tumor baik), kontrol pelarut (KP : aseton 10 ppm) mempunyai nilai 11,85 (pertumbuhan tumor sedang), per1akuan {K3-K7: konsentrasi ekstrak 7,4; 14,8; 22,2; 29,6; 36,9 μg/kg berat badan) mendapat skorlng lesio 9,48 sampai dengan 4,38 (pertumbuhan tumor buruk). Ekstrak dari pelarut aseton pada konsentrasi 36,9 μg/kg berat badan merupakan konsentrasi terbaik dalam menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker., Nature has given its resources for thousands of years for human needs and in reality the invaluable resource is from the sea, and so invertebrate have become the target of exploration by developed countries, such as sponges, ascidians, and mollusks. The subject of study was to find out the active substance and anticancer substance contained in sea mollusks, particularly matah merah snails ( Cerithidea obtusa). The study consisted of seven stages: (1) examining the consumption pattern and habit of cancer patients, (2) extracting bioactive components, (3) ir, vitro testing of cancer cells (Hela/cervix cancer, leukemia/K562, lung carcinoma/A549); (4) in vivo testing in chicken embrio and C3H mice; (5) purifying bioactive components, (6) in vitro testing of bioactive components on cancer cells (Hela/cervix cancer, leukemia/K562, lung carcinoma/A549); (7) residue testing. The research
Keyword: Lixtraction, Zat antikanker, Leukimia, Vegetable, Fruit, extraction, OH mice, embryo of chicken egg, Hela (cervix cancer), leukemia (K562), lung carcinoma (A549), respondent

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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