Judul: Formulasi dan Uji LC50 Oil Spill Dispersant Berbahan Surfaktan Non-ionik Dietanolamida dan Surfaktan Anionik Metil Ester Sulfonat dari Minyak Sawit
Abstrak: Konsumsi bahan bakar minyak bumi yang tinggi menyebabkan kegiatan produksi, eksplorasi dan transportasi pada industri minyak dan gas meningkat, sehingga berpotensi menyebabkan kerusakan lingkungan akibat terjadinya tumpahan minyak di darat maupun di laut. Kerusakan lingkungan tersebut dapat ditangani dengan produk oil spill dispersant (OSD). Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan konsentrasi terbaik surfaktan nonionik dietanolamida (DEA) dan surfaktan anionik metil ester sulfonat (MES) yang digunakan dalam tahap formulasi OSD, mendapatkan rasio terbaik larutan surfaktan DEA dan larutan surfaktan MES dalam menghasilkan OSD, dan mengetahui hasil uji LC50 dari formulasi OSD tersebut. Formulasi dilakukan dengan pencampuran larutan surfaktan DEA 5% dan MES 7.5% dengan rasio 1:9 hingga 8:2 pada suhu 60˚C selama 60 menit. Konsentrasi larutan surfaktan DEA dan MES yang digunakan, dipilih berdasarkan nilai critical micelle concentration (CMC). Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji statistik one way ANOVA dengan selang kepercayaan 95% dan uji lanjut Tukey’s HSD menggunakan software IBM SPSS 25. Hasil formulasi terbaik terdapat pada OSD rasio 7:3. Produk OSD tersebut menunjukkan stabilitas emulsi yang baik dengan sifat fisiko-kimia baik meliputi pH sebesar 9,8, densitas 1,0006 g/cm3, specific gravity 1,0036, viskositas 97 cP, tegangan permukaan 27,52 dyne/cm, dan LC50 sebesar 157 ppm dan bersifat practically nontoxic. Kata kunci: dietanolamida, metil ester sulfonat, oil spill dispersant, palm oil, surfaktan, The high consumption of petroleum fuels causes production, exploration and transportation activities in the oil and gas industry to increase, thus potentially causing environmental damage due to oil spills on land and at sea. The environmental damage can be handled with oil spill dispersant (OSD) products. This study aims to obtain the best concentration of nonionic surfactant diethanolamide (DEA) and anionic surfactant methyl ester sulfonate (MES) used in the OSD formulation stage, obtain the best ratio of DEA surfactant solution and MES surfactant solution in producing OSD, and determine the results of the LC50 test of the OSD formulation. The formulation was carried out by mixing two surfactant solutions of 5% DEA surfactant and 7.5% MES in a ratio of 1:9 to 8:2 at 60˚C for 60 minutes. The concentrations of the DEA and MES surfactants used were selected based on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) value. Data analysis was carried out with one way ANOVA statistical test with 95% confidence interval and further test of Tukey's HSD using IBM SPSS 25 software. The best formulation results was at the OSD ratio of 7:3. The OSD product showed good emulsion stability with good physico-chemical properties including pH 9.8, density 1.0006 g/cm3, specific gravity 1.0036, viscosity 97 cP, surface tension 27.52 dyne/cm, and LC50 of 157 ppm and is practically nontoxic. Keywords: diethanolamide, methyl ester sulfonate, oil spill dispersant, palm oil, surfactant
Keyword: diethanolamide, methyl ester sulfonate, oil spill dispersant, palm oil, surfactant

Judul: Formulasi Oil Spill Dispersant (OSD) dengan Bahan Baku Surfaktan Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) dan Dietanolamida (DEA).
Abstrak: Environmental pollution which caused by the oil spill can be dealt with the physical, chemical and biological treatments. Physically treatment was done by isolate the petroleum quickly before spread to the environment. Meanwhile, chemical treatment was relatively short to manage oil spill, but this treatment had disadvantage cause by application of chemicals which less environmental friendly. Of the chemical treatments is oil dispersion by using oil spill dispersant (OSD). OSD is a product with composition of some chemicals and surfactants that aims to disperse the waste oil to be degraded in the environment. Based on previous research, the modern OSD composition consisted of nonionic and anionic surfactants, so dietanolamide (DEA) as nonionic surfactant and methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) as anionic surfactant were used in this research. This research aims to produce formulated surfactant as an oil spill dispersant (OSD) which consists of DEA, MES and solvent and then tested on a simulation of marine pollution. The research was divided into three steps: the first step was synthesis of MES and DEA as raw material of OSD formulation, the second step was formulation process of OSD by mixing the two raw materials at variation of concentration and volume ratio. This step aims to find the best formulated OSD. The third step was a testing the performance of the best formulated OSD by oil spill simulation. In the first step, the raw material of DEA and MES were produced at an optimum conditions of previous studies. In the second step, characterization of OSD product by analyzing of emulsion stability, density, surface tension, viscosity and pH. Some of these parameters were used to determine the best formulation of OSD. The best formulation of OSD was conducted in performance test in simulated oil spill using 10ml crude oil in 1 L sea water media and then it to be dispersion. The dispersion oil in sea water were analyzed to chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), density, and pH. The formulation of OSD was made by mixing two surfactant solutions including DEA solution with concentration of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 % and MES solution of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15 %. Both of surfactant solution were mixed with volume ratio of 1: 3, 1: 1 and 3: 1 at temperature of 50C for 60 min. The result showed that the best formulated OSD was at mixing of 3% DEA and 5% MES solutions with volume ratio of 1 : 3. The OSD product showed excellent stability (> 80%) with a good properties including density of 0.90 g/cm3, the surface tension of 25.59 mN/m, pH 9.1, and a viscosity of 131 cP. The performance test of OSD carried out by simulation of oil spill in sea water with application of ratio of volume OSD to volume oil spill. Addition of OSD was expected could increase to the dispersion of oil in sea water. The performance test of OSD showed that 2 mL OSD in 10 mL simulated oil spill (ration 0.2) capable to dispersing of oil at 85.75 %,
Keyword: DEA, MES, OSD, oil spill, surfactant

Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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