Judul: Dampak Investasi, Belanja Pemerintah dan Angkatan Kerja terhadap Kinerja Ekonomi di Kota Bogor
Abstrak: The role of local governments in Indonesia can be considered very dominant since the era of regional autonomy in 2001. As the implications of granting authority ' s broader to local governments, the required to independently executing development, both the planning or implementation is based on the principles of regional autonomy. Economic growth cannot be separated from the role of government spending in the public services. Local government spending is measured from the total routine expenditure and development spending allocated in the budget area. Meanwhile, local government expenditures depends on regional income which includes the transfer and revenue. This study was aimed at describing between General allocation fund and Regionally Original Income which one has more influence on the regions’ spending, and analyze the magnitude of the impact of investment, local government expenditures and labor force against economic performance in Bogor city. The method used is descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression and is suspected by the method of Ordinary Least Square (OLS). To analyze the economic performance used secondary data from 1990 through 2011. To analyze the independence of local governments used secondary data from 2001 through 2011. Identification results showed that the transfer ratio (General and Special allocation fund) to total local revenues showed a negative slope, and the ratio of local revenue (Local Revenue and Revenue-sharing) of the total revenues showed a positive slope so it can be said to be Independently in revenues for Bogor city, although still dependent to the central government. The results also show that General allocation fund and Regionally Original Income significant effect on total expenditures, and the response of total regional expenditures to greater Regionally Original Income rather than transfer of funds (General allocation fund), so it can be said that the present Bogor City more self-reliant in the reception. Research also shows that economic growth is positively and significantly influenced by investment the previous year (INVt-1), infrastructure spending, education spending three years earlier, and the total labor force. City minimum wage significant negative effect on investment (INV) in Bogor City. But the city minimum wage, health expenditures and investment the previous year (INVt-1) positive significant effect on the human development index.
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Judul: Analisis kinerja ekonomi dan potensi keuangan daerah kota Bogor sebelum dan selama desentralisasi fiskal
Abstrak: Pelaksanaan otonomi daerah berimplikasi pada penerapan desentralisasi fiskal. Desentralisasi fiskal merupakan pelimpahan wewenang pemerintahan dari pemerintah pusat kepada pemerintah daerah. Pada masa otonomi daerah, pengelolaan dan pembangunan daerah merupakan wewenang pemerintah daerah. Pelaksanaan otonomi daerah mendorong pemerintah daerah untuk menggali potensi keuangan daerah secara optimal serta memiliki keleluasaan dalam mengelola perekonomian daerah. Potensi keuangan daerah sangat berkaitan erat dengan kinerja ekonomi daerah. Kemampuan pengelolaan daerah oleh pemerintah daerah diuji pada masa desentralisasi fiskal. Pemerintah daerah diharapkan mampu menetapkan kebijakan yang tepat, baik dari sisi potensi keuangan maupun kinerja ekonomi daerah, sehingga meningkatkan pembangunan daerah. Kondisi geografis dapat menjadi salah satu faktor yang menentukan keberhasilan perekonomian suatu wilayah. Kota Bogor memiliki letak geografis yang sangat strategis, yaitu berdekatan dengan ibukota Negara. Pelaksanaan otonomi daerah mendorong pemerintah Kota Bogor untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dan perekonomian daerah. Pada awal pelaksanaan otonomi daerah, total pendapatan daerah mengalami peningkatan yang pesat dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang relatif stabil. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kinerja ekonomi dan potensi keuangan daerah Kota Bogor sebelum dan selama desentralisasi fiskal. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder berupa data time series dari tahun 1993 hingga tahun 2007 yang diperoleh dari beberapa instansi terkait. Analisis dilakukan dengan metode Two Stage Least Square (2SLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PDRB Kota Bogor pada masa desentralisasi fiskal mengalami peningkatan, akan tetapi laju pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah pada masa itu relatif rendah dibandingkan sebelum desentralisasi fiskal. Potensi keuangan daerah Kota Bogor semakin meningkat pada masa desentralisasi fiskal. Peningkatan potensi keuangan terjadi pada seluruh komponen pendapatan daerah. Peningkatan pendapatan daerah sebagian besar disumbangkan oleh dana perimbangan yang terdiri dari dana bagi hasil dan dana transfer untuk mendukung pelaksanaan pemerintahan daerah. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang didapat, maka kebijakan yang bisa diambil oleh pemerintah sebagai bahan pertimbangan adalah meningkatkan pendapatan daerah terutama yang berasal dari komponen PAD. Selain itu, pemerintah daerah diharapkan dapat meningkatkan perekonomian daerah dengan cara meningkatkan pengeluaran pembangunan sehingga investasi daerah pun akan meningkat.
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Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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