Judul: Rancangan industri susu kental manis tanpa proses penguapan
Abstrak: Tujuan dari perancangan ini adalah untuk memberikan pedoman bagi industri dalam membangun industri susu kental manis di daerah Bogor. Industri yang akan didirikan terletak di desa Cicadas, Kecamatan Gunung Putri, Kabupaten Bogor. Untuk pembangunan industri ini dibutuhkan tanah seluas 5 000 m² dengan luas bangunan 1 770 m². Bahan baku utama dan formulasi yang digunakan dalam pembuatan susu kental manis adalah susu segar, susu bubuk skim, gula pasir dan lemak mentega dengan perbandingan masing-masing 282 180: 468: 70. Untuk kapasitas produksi 20 000 kg susu kental manis atau 50 000 kaleng per hari yang ditetapkan diperlukan susu segar sebanyak 5 640 kg, susu bubuk skim 3 600 kg, gula pasir 9 360 kg dan lemak mentega 1 400 kg. Dengan formulasi tersebut produk susu kental manis yang dihasilkan setelah dianalisa memberikan komposisi sebagai berikut, kadar lemak 8,67 persen, kadar protein 7,91 persen, kadar air 25,05 persen, kadar sukrosa 46, 58 persen, total padatan terlarut 72,85 persen, berat jenis 1,29 dan viskositas pada suhu 27,5 °C sebesar 28,45 poise.
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Judul: Optimalisasi produksi susu kental manis
Abstrak: Susu merupakan sumber gisi yang lengkap dan tinggi kandungannya. Konsumsi masyarakat akan susu masih rendah, hanya sekitar 4 liter (setara susu segar) per kapita per tahun. Distribusi konsumsi susu diantara penduduk tidak merata, lebih 78% masyarakat tidak minum susu sama sekali dan konsumen susu sebagian besar (90%) adalah masyarakat kota dengan tingkat pendapatan menengah keatas. Kecenderungan konsumsi susu masyarakat sebagian besar dalam bentuk olahan (susu kental manis dan susu bubuk) yaitu sebanyak 80%, konsumsi susu segar 5%, dan 15% konsumsi dalam bentuk olahan lain seperti mentega dan keju. PT. Australia Indonesian Milk Industries (Indomilk) sebagai perusahaan pengolahan susu menghadapi persaingan dalam pengadaan bahan baku dan pemasaran. Dalam pengadaan bahan baku untuk industri pengolahan susu yaitu susu segar, produksinya di dalam negeri masih rendah. Dalam hal pemasaran, saat ini terdapat cukup banyak perusahaan yang mempunyai produk sejenis dengan PT. Indomilk. Menghadapi keadaan tersebut perusahaan perlu membuat perencanaan secara menyeluruh, meliputi pengadaan bahan baku dan penggunaan mesin secara optimal sesuai keadaan pasar. ..
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Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua