Judul: Acid Hydrolysis, Identification, and Quantification  of Amino Acids from Javanese Goat Hair (Capra aegagrus hircus) and Garut Sheep  Hair (Ovis aries)
Abstrak: Permintaan terhadap Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) terus meningkat, terutama dalam industri makanan dan minuman fungsional serta suplemen makanan. Keratin merupakan protein biopolimer yang bersifat struktural dan berserat, yang menyusun jaringan epitel pada kulit hewan, bulu, dan tanduk. a Keratin adalah jenis keratin yang terdapat dalam bulu, rambut, dan wol. Besarnya populasi kambing dan domba menghasilkan limbah bulu yang melimpah sehingga menimbulkan masalah lingkungan. Meskipun kandungan asam amino pada protein keratin telah diidentifikasi sejak lama, identifikasi asam amino pada bulu hewan domestikasi seperti kambing Jawa dan domba Garut yang banyak ditemukan di Indonesia masih terbatas. Protein keratin dapat dihidrolisis menggunakan metode hidrolisis asam untuk memecah ikatan peptida menjadi asam amino yang lebih sederhana. Metode ini umumnya digunakan dalam skala industri karena prosedurnya yang lebih sederhana, efisien, dan ekonomis. Hidrolisis asam tidak banyak dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lingkungan, sehingga prosesnya dapat dilakukan dengan mudah. Selain itu, metode hidrolisis asam memiliki situs pemotongan rantai peptida yang tidak spesifik, memungkinkan pemecahan ikatan peptida yang lebih sempurna. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan hidrolisis asam mengidentifikasi dan mengkuantifikasi asam amino dari bulu kambing Jawa (Capra aegagrus hircus) dan bulu domba Garut (Ovis aries). Prosesnya meliputi persiapan sampel, hidrolisis asam, analisis kualitatif protein terhidrolisis dengan uji biuret, presipitasi pada pH isoelektrik, pencirian gugus fungsi dengan FTIR, analisis jenis dan konsentrasi asam amino dengan HPLC, serta analisis ANOVA. Hasil presipitasi menunjukkan rendemen keratin sebesar 0,65% untuk bulu kambing Jawa dan 0,32% untuk bulu domba Garut. FTIR mengidentifikasi gugus karboksilat (1643,23 cm?¹), amina (1056,91 cm?¹ untuk bulu domba dan 1049,2 cm?¹ untuk bulu kambing), disulfida (609,46 cm?¹), dan ester (1164,92 cm?¹) pada kedua sampel. HPLC menunjukkan isoleusin sebagai asam amino tertinggi (0,6% b/b). Simpulan dari penelitian ini, bulu kambing Jawa mengungkap 16 jenis asam amino, dengan isoleusin sebagai asam amino tertinggi sebesar 0,6% b/b. Hasil ini menunjukkan potensi limbah bulu kambing Jawa sebagai sumber suplemen BCAA., The demand for Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAA) continues to increase, especially in the functional food and beverage industry as well as dietary supplements. Keratin is a structural and fibrous biopolymer protein that makes up the epithelial tissues in animal skin, feathers, and horns. a-Keratin is a type of keratin found in feathers, hair, and wool. The large populations of goats and sheep produce abundant hair waste, creating environmental problems. Although the amino acid content in keratin protein has long been identified, the identification of amino acids in the feathers of domesticated animals such as Javanese goats and Garut sheep, which are commonly found in Indonesia, is still limited. Keratin protein can be hydrolyzed using acid hydrolysis to break the peptide bonds into simpler amino acids. This method is commonly used on an industrial scale due to its simplicity, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Acid hydrolysis is not significantly affected by environmental conditions, making the process easy to perform. Additionally, acid hydrolysis has non-specific peptide chain cleavage sites, allowing for more complete peptide bond breakdown. This study aims to conduct acid hydrolysis, to identify, and quantify amino acids from the hair of Javanese goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) and Garut sheep (Ovis aries). The process includes sample preparation, acid hydrolysis,
Keyword: HPLC, BCAA, FTIR, Keratin, pH Isoelektrik

Judul: Cysteine Isolation of Sheep (Ovis arles) Wool by Acid Hydrolysis and Separation According to Isoelectric pH
Abstrak: Sistein merupakan asam amino yang banyak digunakan dalam industri obat-obatan, kosmetik, pakan hewan, dan industri pangan yang banyak dipertanyakan dari segi kehalalannya. Sistein yang harganya murah umumnya didapatkan dari rambut manusia yang tidak halal untuk dikonsumsi. Sistein sendiri banyak terdapat pada rambut makhluk hidup dan dapat diisolasi dari hewan yang halal seperti domba. Untuk dapat menggunakan bulu domba sebagai sumber sistein, maka diperlukan penelitian mengenai cara isolasi, pemisahan, dan karakterisasi sistein dari bulu domba. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi sistein dari bulu domba dengan cara hidrolisis asam dan melakukan pemisahan sistein dari bulu domba dengan pH isoelektrik. Pemisahan dengan pH isoelektrik dilakukan dengan titrasi menggunakan NaOH 0.05 M dan 0.5 M. Sistein berhasil diisolasi dengan metode hidrolisis asam dan pemisahan dengan pH isoelektrik. Namun, pemisahan hanya berhasil pada titrasi menggunakan NaOH 0.05 M yang ditunjukkan dengan adanya gugus amino (1056.91, 1110.92, dan 1164.92), karboksilat (1373.22) dan gugus R asam amino sistein yaitu sulfur (609.46 dan 702.04) pada hasil analisis FTIRnya., Cysteine is an amino acid that is widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, animal feed, and food industries. Cysteine which is cheap is generally obtained from human hair which is not halal for consumption. Cysteine itself is widely found in the hair of living things and can be isolated from halal animals such as sheep. To be able to use sheep wool as a source of cysteine, it is necessary to conduct research on how to isolate, separate, and characterize cysteine from sheep wool. This study aims to isolate cysteine from fleece by acid hydrolysis and to separate cysteine from sheep wool with isoelectric pH. Separation with isoelectric pH was carried out by titration using 0.05 M and 0.5 M NaOH. Cysteine was successfully isolated by acid hydrolysis method and separation by isoelectric pH. However, the separation was only successful in the titration using 0.05 M NaOH as indicated by the presence of amino groups (1056.91, 1110.92, and 1164.92), carboxylate (1373.22) and the amino acid cysteine R group, namely sulfur (609.46 and 702.04) in the results of the FTIR.
Keyword: acid hydrolysis, sheep, isoelectric pH, cysteine

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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