Judul: Composting of Palm Oil Midrib-leaf with Different Biodecomposter and used as Ameliorant
Abstrak: The number of palm oil midrib-leaf wastes generated is increasing in line with the growth of palm oil production. Midrib buildup on the sidelines of palm oil plantations, especially in side off lines on several palm oil estates has the potential to become a den / host for pests and diseases. Palm oil midrib-leaf contains high lignin and cellulose that requires a long time to be able to decompose completely. Efforts to speed up and maximize the composting palm oil midrib-leaf waste with using biodecomposter expected to minimize organic matter transported from the field at harvest time. Trimming leaves can even be returned to the field in the form of materials ready used to maintain the stability of soil organic matter after going through the process of decomposition. The objective of study were to identify indigenous microbe isolates, to compare the rate of composting and to identify influence of using compost toward growth and caisin yield (Brassica rapa). This experiment was done in Laboratory of Soil Biotechnology, Department of Soil Science and Land Resources and Cikabayan Teaching Farm in IPB Dramaga Bogor. Microbe identification was held in IPB Culture Collection (IPBCC). Analysis of soil nutrients and compost materials were conducted at the Laboratory of Soil Fertility, Soil Science and Land Resources Department. Chlorophyll analysis was done in the Laboratory of Molecular Marker Spectrophotometry and stomatal observation was carried out at the Microtechnic Laboratory of Agronomy and Horticulture Department (AGH). Stages of the study were lasted from October 2012 to August 2013. This study consisted of three experiments. The first, microbe exploration was used as biodecomposter. The results obtained show that indigenous biodecomposter produce the number of colonies twice more than commercial biodecomposter. According to identification result, indigenous microbe derived from the natural weathering of oil palm estate is a type of fungi Trichoderma asperellum. The second, composting of palm oil midrib-leaf. Treatment 1 (B0) shredded palm oil midrib-leaf + cow manure by 10%; treatment 2 (B1) shredded palm oil midrib-leaf + cow manure by 10% + commercial biodecomposter; treatment 3 (B2) shredded palm oil midrib-leaf + cow manure by 10% + indigenous biodecomposter. The experimental design used was one factor Randomized Block Design (RBD) with 3 treatment levels. Based on the variables observed like temperature, the ratio C / N, the degree of acidity (pH), volume shrinkage, the physical condition of the compost materials and compost nutrient analysis show that the rate of composting of indigenous biodecomposter is higher than commercial biodecomposter up to 8 weeks after application of biodecomposter. This indicates that the treatment of indigenous biodecomposter is more effective than commercial biodecomposter, because cellulose destroyer microbial isolates which is in it comes from the same environment with the composted material. The third experiment, the compost use produced as organic caisin ameliorant. There are four media treatments namely M0 (soil media without compost); M1 (soil media + compost B0 without biodecomposter); M2 (soil media + compost B1 with indigenous biodecomposter); M3 (soil media + compost B2 with commercial biodecomposter). Composts derived from palm oil midribleaf waste which had been composted with
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Judul: The reduction of contaminant compounds of palm oil mill effluent by two phase anaerobic fermentation using two-stage anaerobic digester
Abstrak: Palm oil is one of the potential comodities in Indonesia. Production of crude palm oil (CPO) will produce solid, liquid, and gas waste. Wastewater from palm-oil plant which also known as palm oil mill effluent (POME) has very high contaminant charge. It can contaminate environment if it is directly loosed away. This research aimed to investigate the mixture of POME and activator ratio with palm oil contaminant charge decreasing considered from BOD, COD, and TSS value by anaerobic processing during 40 days. This research was done at Animal Science Laboratory, Bogor Agricurtural University. Raw material used in this research was POME and activator. Activator is mixture of biogas sluge and cattle beef feces (20:80). Equipment used in this research was two stage anaerobic digester. The treatment were ratio of POME and activator 70%:30% (P70S30), 80%:20%(P80S20), and 90%:10% (P90S10). The physico-chemical analysis has resulted from the first condition show high value of influent BOD, COD, and TSS. The BOD value of influent P70S30, P80S20, and P90S10 consecutively are 8871 mg/l, 8871 mg/l, and 6653 mg/l. The COD value of influent P70S30, P80S20, and P90S10 consecutively are 15480 mg/l, 17028 mg/l, and 13588 mg/l. The TSS of influent P70S30, P80S20, and P90S10 consecutively are 17010 mg/l, 23250 mg/l and 6530 mg/l. The result of this research showed that the highest decrease of percentage of BOD value was about 80% in first digester which P70S30, followed by P90S10 (69,96% ) and P80S20 (58,99%). The decrease of COD value was about 74% in digester P70S30, followed by P80S20 (73,24%) and P90S10 (67,03%). The decrease of TSS value was about 66% in digester P70S30, 66,60% in digester P80S20 and 61,40% in digester P90S10. The decrease of POME contaminant value was proceed from organic material decomposition by microorganisms in anaerobic biodegradation during 40 days fermentation. Beside on differentiation of contaminant compounds decreasing (digester A and digester B) showed that first digester have higher contaminant compounds reduction than second digester , The best mixture of POME and activator was digester which added 30% activator, followed by digester which added 20% and 10% activator.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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