Judul: Jurnlah Leukosit pada Ayarn broiler yang Diinfeksi Salmonella rypkimurium setelah Pemberian Probiotik Bacillus upiurius dan BaciIlus coagtiluns pada Air Minum:
Abstrak: Berawal dari semakin tingginya kewaspadaan konsumen terhadap makanan yang dikonsumsi, terutama makanan yang berasal dari produk hewani sehingga dibutuhkan makanan ternak yang tidak hanya mencukupi kebutuhan nutrisi hagi ternak tetapi juga bagi keamanan konsumen terhadap makanan yang dikonsumsi. Sej ak ditemukannya Penicillin of eh Alexander Fleming tahun 1928, penggunaan antibiotika tidak hanya untuk tujuan terapi pada kasus penyakit infeksi tetapi juga digunakan untuk pemacu pertumbuhan hewan ternak dan mencegah proses pembusukan oleh mikrwrganisme pembusuk pada produk hewani . Narnun, akhir-akhir ini penggunaan antibiotika mengalami penurunan dan bahkan penggunaannya dilarang di beberapa negara karena adanya residu dan resistensi mikroba. Sebagai pengganti antibiotika, peternak menggunakan probiotik sebagai bahan aditif. Probiotik mengandung komponen-komponen yang dapat meningkatkan kesehatan ternak dan tidak menimbulkan residu maupun resistensi mikroba dalam tubuh manusia ataupun hewan.
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Judul: Gambaran Sel Darah Putih dan Total Mikroba Ileum pada Broiler yang Diberi Air Minum Mengandung Probiotik Lactobacillus sp. dan Bacillus sp.
Abstrak: Penggunaan AGP (Antibiotic Growth Promoter) untuk memacu pertumbuhan dalam bidang peternakan sudah tidak diperbolehkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan mengevaluasi probiotik Lactobacillus sp. dan Bacillus sp. sebagai pengganti AGP (Antibiotic Growth Promoter) pada status kesehatan yang meliputi jumlah leukosit, diferensiasi leukosit, dan total mikroba di usus ileum ayam broiler. Probiotik Lactobacillus sp. dan Bacillus sp. adalah bakteri hidup yang dimasukkan ke saluran pencernaan ayam agar dapat menjaga ayam broiler tetap sehat dengan menjaga keseimbangan mikroflora dalam usus. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan 300 ayam broiler yang dibagi menjadi 3 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diberikan yakni P0 (kontrol), P1 (P0 + AGP (Zinc Bacitracin 0.04%), dan P2 (P0 + probiotik). Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Data dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Varians (ANOVA) oleh program perangkat lunak SPSS versi 20.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan probiotik Lactobacillus sp. dan Bacillus sp. larut air minum (P2) sangat signifikan (P <0.01) dapat meningkatkan populasi bakteri asam laktat dan total bakteri tetapi tidak mempengaruhi populasi bakteri Coliform dan Salmoneform di dalam usus ileum ayam broiler. Penggunaan probiotik larut air minum Lactobacillus sp. dan Bacillus sp. tidak memiliki efek signifikan (P> 0.05) pada jumlah leukosit dan diferensiasi leukosit tetapi masih dalam kisaran normal., The use of AGP (Antibiotics Growth Promoter) in animal husbandry the use of AGP in poultry farming has been banned since 2018. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics. as a subtitute of AGP on health status of broiler chicken which indicated by the number of leukocytes, differentiation of leukocytes, and total microbes in the ileal intestinal of birds. Probiotics that containing of Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. are live bacteria that are entered into the digestive tract to keep chikens healthy by maintaining the balance of intestinal microflora. In this research a total number of 300 chikens were randomly divided into 3 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments were P0 (control), P1 (P0 + AGP (Zinc Bacitracin 0.04%), and P2 (P0 + probiotics). The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD). The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) by SPSS software program version 20.0. The results showed that the use of water soluble probiotics that contain Lactobacillus v sp. and Bacillus sp. (P2) very significantly (P<0.01) increased the population of lactic acid bacteria and total bacteria but it did not have an affect the population of Coliform and Salmoneform bacteria in the ileal intestinal of broiler chinkens. Then, the use of drinking water soluble probiotics had no significant effect (P>0.05) on the number of leukocytes and differentiation of leukocytes but still in the normal range.
Keyword: Broiler, probiotic, leukocytes, total microbes

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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