Judul: Leucocyte Profiles on Sprague-Dawley Rats Model of Hyperoxaluria That was Given Avocado Leaves and Cogon Grass Roots Combined Extracts
Abstrak: Nefrolithiasis atau pembentukan batu ginjal dapat disebabkan oleh peningkatan kadar oksalat dalam tubuh. Kombinasi herbal alpukat dan alang-alang dikembangkan sebagai bahan yang berpotensi sebagai antilithiasis. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji efek kombinasi herbal daun alpukat dan akar alang-alang terhadap jumlah leukosit dan diferensial leukosit pada model tikus galur Sprague- Dawley yang diinduksi etilen glikol dan ammonium klorida sebagai hewan model hiperoksaluria. Tikus dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok perlakuan yaitu kontrol normal, kontrol negatif, kontrol positif, kombinasi ekstrak akar alang-alang dosis 100 mg/kg BB dan ekstrak daun alpukat dosis 300 mg/kg BB, serta kombinasi ekstrak akar alang-alang dosis 300 mg/kg BB dan ekstrak daun alpukat dosis 100 mg/kg BB. Perlakuan diberikan selama 28 hari, dan sampel darah dikoleksi pada hari ke-14 dan 28. Kadar limfosit dan monosit tidak menunjukkan perbedaan nyata antar kelompok perlakuan. Terdapat perbedaan nyata pada rataan jumlah leukosit antara kelompok kombinasi dengan kontrol negatif pada hari ke-28. Kelompok ALP-al menunjukkan rataan granulosit yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (p<0,05). Kedua kombinasi ekstrak menunjukkan potensi dalam menurunkan peradangan pada hari ke-28 pasca induksi hiperoksaluria, dan kombinasi herbal yang didominasi daun alpukat memiliki potensi efek antiinflamasi yang lebih baik.
Keyword: nefrolithiasis, daun alpukat, akar alang-alang, leukosit, diferensial leukosit

Judul: Efek Nefroprotektif Kombinasi Ekstrak Daun  Alpukat dan Daun Kumis Kucing terhadap  Histopatologi Ginjal Tikus Putih yang Diinduksi  Etilen Glikol
Abstrak: Urolithiasis adalah salah satu penyakit yang sering ditemukan pada hewan kesayangan. Terapi di antaranya menggunakan obat tradisional daun alpukat (Persea americana Mill.) dan daun kumis kucing (Orthosiphon aristatus). Tujuan penelitian adalah mempelajari efek nefroprotektif kombinasi ekstrak daun alpukat dan kumis kucing melalui histopatologi ginjal. Sebanyak 25 ekor tikus putih Sprague Dawley umur 3-4 bulan bobot 200-300 g, dibagi menjadi lima kelompok perlakuan yaitu: kontrol normal (KO) diberi akuades, kontrol negatif (KN) diberi induser dan tidak diterapi; sediaan komersil (KP) diberi induser dan sediaan komersil, kelompok ekstrak 1 (K1) diberi induser dan kombinasi ekstrak daun alpukat 300 mg/kg BB dan daun kumis kucing 250 mg/kg BB, dan kelompok ekstrak 2 (K2) diberi induser dan kombinasi ekstrak daun alpukat 600 mg/kg BB dan daun kumis kucing 500 mg/kg BB. Larutan induser yang digunakan etilen glikol 0,75% dan amonium klorida 2%. Etilen glikol menginduksi pembentukan kristal di tubulus dengan bentuk serpihan ireguler. Lesio histologi yang ditemukan yaitu edema dan atrofi glomerulusan degenerasi hidropis, dilatasi, endapan protein di lumen dan nekrotik tuulus, sedangkan jaringan interstitial hemoragi. Kombinasi ekstrak daun alpukat dan kumis kucing bersifat nefroprotektif karena nilai rata-rata persentase lesio ginjal lebih rendah dibandingkan sediaan komersil, dan kombinasi K2 lebih baik dibandingkan K1. Ekstrak daun alpukat melindungi ginjal melalui flavonoid dan saponin sebagai antioksidan dan efek diuretikum pada daun kumis kucing., Urolithiasis is a disease that is often found in pets. Therapy includes using traditional medicine for avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) And cat whiskers leaves (Orthosiphon aristatus). This research aimed to study the nephroprotective effect of the combination of avocado leaf extract and cat's whiskers through kidney histopathology. A total of 25 Sprague Dawley rats aged 3-4 months weighing 200-300 g, were divided into five treatment groups, namely: normal control (KO) was given distilled water, negative control (KN) was given an inducer and not treated; commercial preparations (KP) were given an inducer and commercial preparations, extract group 1 (K1) was given an inducer and a combination of avocado leaf extract 300 mg/kg BW and cat whiskers leaf 250 mg/kg BW, and group extract 2 (K2) was given inducer and combination avocado leaf extract 600 mg/kg BW and cat whiskers 500 mg/kg BW. The inducer solution used 0.75% ethylene glycol and 2% ammonium chloride. Ethylene glycol induces the formation of crystals in the tubules in the form of irregular flakes. The histological lesions found were edema and glomerular atrophy, hydropic degeneration, dilation, lumen, and necrotic protein deposits in the tubules, while the interstitial tissue was hemorrhagic. The combination of avocado leaf extract and cat whiskers is nephroprotective because the average value of renal lesion percentage is lower than commercial preparations, and the combination of K2 is better than K1. Avocado leaf extract protects the kidneys through flavonoids and saponins as antioxidants and a diuretic effect on cat whiskers.
Keyword: daun alpukat, daun kumis kucing, etilen glikol, nefroprotektif

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
Keyword: