Judul: Modification of Extender and Cryoprotective Agents on Semen Preservation for Artificial Insemination Program in Horse
Abstrak: A series of experiment had been conducted in several places i.e : local slaughter house of the district of Bantul Yogyakarta; Athena Stable, Cinere-Depok, Reproductive Rehabilitation Unit (URR), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB, Cavalery Stable of Parongpong-Lembang, Bandung and Artificial Insemination Centre of Ungaran, Central Java for two consecutive years, from 2004-2006. The objectives of this experiments were to study the artificial insemination program, including data base of anatomy and biometry of reproductive organ from Indonesian local horse, centrifugation technique and seminal plasma level, semen preservation and cryopreservation, synchronization of estrus and ovulation and insemination using liquid and frozen semen. The experiments consisted of five continous steps, accordingly. Results of the experiment I, indicated that the average weight and the thickness of the mare’s ovary was 22.9±8.2 g and 2.5±0.5 cm, respectively. The length of the oviduct was 22.7±1.2 cm, with the lenght and external diameter of uterine horns was 7.4±1.9 and 3.1±0.3 cm, respectively. The lenght and the diameter of the uterine body was 14.8±0.7 and 4.7±0.8 cm, respectively. The cervix was 8.0±1.0 cm long and 3.8±0.6 cm in diameter, while the lenght of the vagina was 23.5±3.4 cm. The length, circumference and thickness of the testis was 8.7±1.4; 12.5±2.4 and 3.8±0.9 cm, respectively. The testis volume and weight was 104.0±31.6 cm3 and 85.9±24.8 g, respectively. The length of epididymis was 10.6±1.5 cm. The lenght and the transversal section of bulbourethral glands was 5.0±1.4 and 2.9±1.5 cm with the prostate gland was 2.7±0.8 cm in long. The lenght and diameter of vesicular glands was 7.6±2.7 and 2.4±2.3 cm, respectively. The ampulla glands was 13.0±3.3 in long and 1.1±0.4 cm in diameter. The lenght and diameter of the penis was 48.8±4.5 and 3.4±0.5 cm, respectively and the length of glans penis was 5.5±1.7cm. In general the reproductive organs of the local horses were smaller size and weight if compared to the European type. The seminal plasma of stallion semen consists of high content of sodium chloride, which seems detrimental to the sperm preservation and cryopreservation. The seminal plasma should be removed by centrifugation technique to collect the rich sperm fraction only. The speed and duration of centrifugation affects the semen quality. In this experiment the semen were centrifuged at 2000 and 3000 rpm for 15 and 20 minutes. The level of seminal plasma content was investigates. Results of this experiment showed that the speed and duration of centrifugation had no effect on the quality of stallion liquid semen. The liquid semen consist of no seminal plasma showed 47.5% sperm motility and 61.0% of viable sperm which is significantly higher (P<0.05) compared of those with seminal plasma. It is concluded that the speed and duration of centrifugation had no effect on the semen quality while the removal of seminal plasma has beneficial for stallion sperm. The sperm metabolism during preservation at 5 oC decreased until 10% if compare to of those stored at room temperature. Sperm need carbohydrate such as glucose and fructose to support their live and motility. Semen stored at 5 oC caused chilling injury and affected there membrane plasma stability.
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Judul: Kriopreservasi Semen Kambing Peranakan Etawah (PE) Menggunakan Pengencer Tris-kuning telur dan Tris-soya dengan Modifikasi Karbohidrat dan Krioprotektan Berbeda
Abstrak: Artificial Insemination (AI) is known as a technology to improve the genetic quality of goats in Indonesia. AI in goat is still limited in its practical use; this is related to a variety of constraints, which one of those would be the guarded quality of frozen semen. The quality of frozen semen is determined by various factors, including the freezing techniques, the diluents and cryoprotectants. Buck frozen semen produced by AI centers usually use Tris-egg yolk (TEY) diluent. Egg yolk of animal origin has been recognized as a highly potential media allowing transfer microorganism to female tract through AI. Therefore, some research studies have been focusing to find another diluents using soy extract as an alternative of diluent. Preservation of buck semen using soy extract contains plant phospolipid has not been well studied. Dissacharide (trehalose) or trissacharide (raffinose) acts as an energy source as well as an extracellular cryoprotectants in diluents of frozen semen; these would aid in protecting the sperm during freezing process. Dimethylformamide (DMF) has smaller molecules than glycerol may act as a beneficial cryoprotectant when it is added into the diluents, showing a better effect in protecting the sperm membrane during freezing. This study was conducted in two steps: 1) Preserved liquid semen using tris-egg yolk (TEY) and tris-soya (TS) diluents with either trehalose and raffinose supplementation; 2) Produced frozen semen using TEY and TS with supplementation of the combination showing the best results in step 1. Both diluents used DMF and glycerol as the cryoprotectants. Semen were collected from three sexually mature bucks using artificial vagina, evaluated and divided into six aliquot treatment groups. Each of aliquot diluted with TEY and TS supplemented with 50 mM trehalose or raffinose, which contain 50x106 sperm concentration per 0.2 mL volume. All of them kept in refrigerator in 5°C. The progressive motility, viability and plasma membrane intact (PMI) were evaluated every 12 hours up to the time when only 50% of sperm display motility. The combination of trehalose or raffinose based showing the best results in analysis during the step 1 was added with TEY and TS diluents, supplemented with glycerol and DMF cryoprotectants in frozen semen process. Extended semen were kept in minitub straw, containing 100x106 sperm/0.25 mL. Equilibration time was 4 hours in 5°C, then freeze in N2 vaporated for 10 minutes in styrofoam box. The result showed that semen quality from three bucks were good, such as the average of volume was 1.29±0.21 mL, creamy and thick in consistency. The concentration was 3608.33±657.70x106/mL, motility was 77.78±2.56%, viability was 85.13±4.38%, PMI was 77.72±3.52% and abnormality was 7.51±2.88%. The motility of sperm kept in liquid semen diluents, TEY supplemented with trehalose or raffinose gave better result, it can be maintained sperm motility up to 50% for 72-84 hours, compared to TS diluent (48-60 hours) (P<0.05). TEY diluent supplemented with trehalose can maintained sperm motility longer (52.82±3.21%) for 84 hours, compared to raffinose supplementation (51.78±4.41%) and control (51.11±4.86%) for 72 hours. The viability of sperm evaluation showed 6-9% higher than sperm motility percentage, while the percentage of PMI gave similar percentage
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Judul: Pengembangan Model Codebook untuk Identifikasi Chord Gitar
Abstrak: Acoustic guitar can produce sound waves with different types of tones. High-low tone is determined by the fundamental frequency of the sound wave. Human sense of hearing can distinguish high-and low tones, but can not know for sure what kind of tone is heard by him. This study developed a guitar chord recognition system. This study uses MFCC as feature extraction methods and the codebook as pattern recognition method for identification of the guitar chord. Cluster technique used in this study is the K-means clustering. Data obtained from MFCC are clustered using the K-Means method, and the model for classification is constructed using the codebook method. The parameters used in MFCC is the number of cepstral coefficients, overlap, and the time frame, while an important parameter in the K-Means is the number of clusters. This study uses 8640 guitar chord sounds from 24 classes. Each of the data is made up of two chords which will be tested. Simulation results show that the maximum accuracy obtained is 98.89% obtained on 26 cepstral coefficients, overlap 0.4, time frame is 30 ms, on 100 clusters.
Keyword: chord, codebook, k-means, mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC)