Judul: Efektivitas Kinerja Serta Dampak dari Sistem Pergiliran Operasional Angkutan Kota terhadap Pendapatan dan Beban Emisi di Kota Bogor
Abstrak: Shifted system is one of DLLAJ programs for reducing traffic congestion and balancing the number of public transportation that operate in Bogor. The objectives of the research are to analyze the effectiveness of the shifted system, to estimate the income of the owners and the drivers of public transportation, to estimate the reduction of the emission load from public transportation and to analyze the perception of the drivers and the users of public transportation about the implementation of shifted system. The methods that used for this research are descriptive analysis, income analysis and estimating the pollutant loads through the consumption of fuel. Based on the research, the implementation of shifted system is effective, but the sanctions of this system merely by verbal reprimands and warnings. Moreover, the drivers and the public transportation’s users assume the implementation of a shifted system has diminished the number of public transportation but it hasn’t reduced the traffic congestion in Bogor. The driver’s income per day of route 07, 03 and 02 were increased about IDR 13.181,7, IDR 10.802,7 and IDR 1.767,9 by implementing the shifted system. However the income per month of each driver were decreased by IDR 412.727,3, IDR 438.157,9 and IDR 320.982,1. While income per month of the owner in each route increased by IDR 37.333,3, IDR 121.985,2 and IDR 155.524,5. The reduction of emission load per month of route 07, 03 and 02 were about 8,78 tons, 26,48 tons and 38,25 tons. There were cost saving on fuel consumption of route 07, 03 and 02 about IDR 141.553.636,4, IDR 427.035.789,5 and IDR 616.862.008,9.
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Judul: Estimasi Nilai Pajak Emisi Kendaraan Angkutan Kota di Kota Bogor.
Abstrak: Kota Bogor merupakan kota penyangga Ibukota DKI Jakarta sehingga menyebabkan mobilitas masyarakat untuk bepergian sangat tinggi. Mobilitas masyarakat yang tinggi mengakibatkan kebutuhan akan transportasi semakin meningkat, sehingga tidak jarang menimbulkan kemacetan yang berdampak pada meningkatnya konsumsi bahan bakar dan meningkatnya jumlah emisi gas rumah kaca. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah: 1) mengestimasi jumlah emisi gas CO2 yang dihasilkan oleh angkutan kota di Kota Bogor; 2) mengestimasi luas lahan RTH yang dibutuhkan untuk menyerap sisa emisi CO2 kendaraan yang dihasilkan oleh angkutan kota di Kota Bogor; 3) mengestimasi nilai pajak emisi gas CO2 yang dihasilkan oleh angkutan kota di Kota Bogor; 4) merumuskan implikasi kebijakan penerapan pajak emisi kendaraan untuk angkutan kota di Kota Bogor. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode TIER-1, analisis deskriptif kuantitatif, biaya penanganan emisi, dan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan total emisi yang dihasilkan oleh angkot di Kota Bogor adalah sebesar 231.845 ton/tahun. Sisa emisi gas CO2 angkot yang tidak dapat terserap oleh RTH adalah sebesar 47.790 ton/tahun, sehingga dibutuhkan pembangunan RTH baru seluas 1.253 ha untuk menyerap sisa emisi yang dihasilkan oleh angkot. Berdasarkan hasil estimasi nilai pajak emisi bagi angkot adalah sebesar Rp 29.412.916/unit/tahun dengan asumsi 1 atau Rp 12.457.407/unit/tahun dengan asumsi 2. Implikasi kebijakan dari pajak emisi yaitu pengemudi angkot dapat melakukan internalisasi biaya eksternal dengan melakukan program konversi bahan bakar dari bahan bakar minyak menjadi bahan bakar gas.
Keyword: Angkutan Kota, Daya Serap, Karbondioksida, Pajak Emisi Kendaraan, Ruang Terbuka Hijau

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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