Judul: Detection of Beta Lactam Antibiotic Resistance Gene in Escherichia coli from Effluent of Pig Slaughterhouse in Tangerang City
Abstrak: Pesatnya perkembangan industri peternakan babi menyebabkan penggunaan antibiotik sebagai obat dan bahan tambahan pakan semakin meningkat. Penyalahgunaan antibiotik hewan menyebabkan munculnya gen resistansi antibiotik secara cepat pada hewan yang selanjutnya mempercepat perkembangan resistansi bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam pada Escherichia coli (E. coli) yang diisolasi dari efluen tempat pemotongan babi di Kota Tangerang. Keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam dideteksi dengan menggunakan quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 80% isolat memiliki setidaknya satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam. Gen blaTEM, blaCTX-M, dan blaCMY-2 dideteksi pada isolat dengan prevalensi secara berurutan sebesar 60%, 50%, dan 30%. Sebanyak 40% isolat mengandung lebih dari satu gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam. Tingginya prevalensi gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik beta laktam berpotensi menjadi sumber penyebaran resistansi antibiotik ke lingkungan yang dapat berdampak pada kesehatan masyarakat., The rapid development of the pig farming industry has led to the increasing use of antibiotics as medicine and feed additives. Misuse of animal antibiotics causes the emergence of antibiotic resistance genes rapidly in animals which in turn accelerates the development of bacterial resistance. This study aimed to detect the presence of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from pig slaughterhouse effluent in Tangerang City. The presence of beta lactam antibiotic resistance genes was detected using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results showed that 80% of the isolates had at least one beta-lactam antibiotic resistance gene. The blaTEM, blaCTX-M, and blaCMY-2 genes were detected in isolates with a prevalence of 60%, 50%, and 30%, respectively. As many as 40% of the isolates contained more than one beta lactam antibiotic resistance gene. The high prevalence of beta-lactam antibiotic resistance genes has the potential to become a source of spread of antibiotic resistance to the environment which can have an impact on public health.
Keyword: antibiotik, babi, beta laktam, E. coli, efluen

Judul: Deteksi Gen Penyandi Resistansi Antibiotik Aminoglikosida AAC(6') pada Escherichia coli dari Tempat Pemotongan Babi di Kota Tangerang
Abstrak: Escherichia coli (E. coli) merupakan bakteri Gram negatif yang mudah ditemui dan dapat mentransfer gen resistansi ke bakteri lain dengan cara horizontal ataupun vertikal. Salah satu sumber bakteri E. coli adalah tempat pemotongan babi (TPB). Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi keberadaan gen penyandi resistansi antibiotik aminoglikosida AAC(6’) pada E. coli yang diisolasi dari usap lantai dan efluen tempat pemotongan babi di Kota Tangerang. Sebanyak 20 isolat E. coli yang sudah dikonfirmasi oleh peneliti sebelumnya dilakukan deteksi gen penyandi resistansi aminoglikosida menggunakan Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). Hasil pengujian qPCR menunjukkan bahwa 3 dari 20 isolat E. coli (15%) membawa gen AAC(6’) yang menyandi resistansi aminoglikosida. Dua isolat berasal dari usap lantai dan satu berasal dari efluen. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa 2 dari 10 TPB (20%) di Kota Tangerang terdeteksi memiliki E. coli yang membawa gen penyandi resistansi. Dengan ditemukannya gen resistansi antibiotik aminoglikosida menunjukkan adanya potensi penyebaran resistansi aminoglikosida dapat ke manusia dan lingkungan., Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a Gram negative bacteria that is easily encountered and can transfer resistance genes to other bacteria horizontally or vertically. One of the sources of E. coli bacteria is pig slaughterhouses. This study aimed to detect the presence of the antibiotic resistance gene aminoglycoside AAC(6') in E. coli isolated from the swab floor and effluent of pig slaughterhouses in Tangerang City. A total of 20 E. coli isolates that have been confirmed by researchers were previously detected by aminoglycoside resistance encoding genes using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR). The results of the qPCR test showed that 3 out of 20 E. coli isolates (15%) carried the AAC(6') gene encoding aminoglycoside resistance. Two isolates came from the swab floor and one came from effluent. This study also showed that 2 out of 10 TPB (20%) in Tangerang City were detected to have E. coli that carry the resistance encoding gene. The discovery of the aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance gene shows that there is a potential for aminoglycoside resistance to spread to humans and the environment.
Keyword: Escherichia coli, resistansi, aminoglikosida, gen resistansi, tempat pemotongan babi

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4