Judul: Isolasi dan pengklonan fragmen cdna gen penyandi major facilitator superfamily (MFS) dari melastoma affine l
Abstrak: Beberapa sistem transpor pada membran terbukti berperan penting bagi sifat ketahanan terhadap senyawa toksik alami dan xenobiotik pada bakteri maupun eukariot. Salah satu sistem transpor adalah Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) yang memiliki kisaran substrat luas yang meliputi antibiotik, obat, polisakarida, gula, asam amino, logam berat dan molekul-molekul lainnya. MFS merupakan sistem transpor sekunder aktif berupa polipeptida tunggal dan berfungsi untuk mentranspor molekul-molekul atau solut berukuran kecil dengan menggunakan gradien ion kemiosmosis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi, mengklon dan melakukan karakterisasi gen penyandi MFS dari Melastoma affine L. yang diduga memiliki kontribusi dalam ketahanan terhadap cekaman asam dan aluminium. Penelitian dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap yaitu isolasi RNA total, sintesis cDNA total melalui transkripsi balik, isolasi fragmen cDNA Mfs dari M. affine dengan PCR, pengklonan fragmen cDNA Mfs M. Affine (MaMfs) ke dalam plasmid pGEM®–T Easy, transformasi genetik Escherichia coli DH5α dengan vektor rekombinan, analisis cDNA sisipan dan analisis urutan nukleotida MaMfs. Dalam penelitian ini kami berhasil mendapatkan fragmen cDNA Mfs M. affine berukuran 511 pb yang menyandikan 168 asam amino. Analisis situs enzim restriksi pada fragmen MaMfs menunjukkan bahwa fragmen MaMfs mempunyai beberapa situs restriksi tetapi tidak mempunyai situs restriksi EcoR1.
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Judul: Isolasi dan karakterisasi fragmen cDNA dari gen penyandi glutathiones S-Conjugate transporter dari melastoma affine D.Don
Abstrak: M, affine memiliki mekanisme detoksifikasi cekaman Al dm pH rendah diperlihatkan oleh pertumbuhannya yang baik pada tanah asam dengan kelarutan Al yang tinggi. Salah satu protein yang penting dalain detoksifikasi tekanan xenobiotik adalah protein multi-drug resistance associated protein (MW) yang disandi oleh gen mrp. MRP juga disebut dengan Mg ATP -dependent glutathione s- conjugate transporter (pompa GS-X).
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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