Judul: Pengembangan Teknik real time RT-PCR Dan Karakterisasi Molekuler Untuk Deteksi Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV) pada Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei).
Abstrak: Myonecrosis infection in Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) causes decline in total shrimp production in Indonesia over the past six years. Myonecrosis infections caused by viruses of the family Totiviradae, size 40 nm, a dsRNA virus, has 7560 nucleotides with a pattern of chronic infection, persistent and progressive infection. Early detection IMNV on Whiteleg shrimp cultivation is necessary for further handling. This study aimed to develope qRT-PCR assay for IMNV, spesifically to detect characterize of local IMNV isolates, determine the limit of detection and diagnostic sensitivity of the assay, and clone the ORF1 gene fragment into plasmid. Whiteleg shrimp samples were collected from farms in Lampung and Situbondo during April to October 2012. Clinical signs of infection myonecrosis were loss of transparency in the muscle tissue and necrosis of the 6th abdominal segment, which indicate early stages of myonecrosis infection. Nucleotide sequence analyses clone of Lampung and Situbondo isolates obtained in this study in comparison to Brazil (GenBank accession no.AY570982) and previous Indonesian isolated showed 99% similarity on average. Detection of IMNV utilizing qRT-PCR techniques resulted in the limit detection of 101 copies RNA per μl total RNA for qRT-PCR (TaqMan probe and IQ Real) and 103 copies RNA per μl total RNA for nested RT-PCR method. Investigation on diagnostic sensitivity of PCR techniques done on number clinical and sub clinical samples showed that qRT-PCR are more sensitive than nested PCR. Both IQ RealTM and TaqMan probe have comparable sensitivity in IMNV detection indicating that this in house developed qRT-PCR test could be used as alternative methods to IQ RealTM kit in Indonesia. Recombinant DNA plasmid containing IMNV ORF1 gene fragment was constructed. This IMNV plasmid could serve as a continuous source fragment ORF1 RNA for preparation of positive control for the the developing IMNV detection techniques by real time RT-PCR.
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Judul: Co-infection of Infectious Myonecrosis Virus (IMNV) and Vibrio harveyi in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
Abstrak: L. vannamei production in Indonesia was growing intensively. In 2006, IMN (infectious myonecrosis) disease was confirmed spread to Indonesia shrimp farm and declined shrimp production. The study was conducted to investigate effect of dose of V. harveyi on co-infection with IMNV in L. vannamei as well as development of viral infection. Shrimps juvenile were oral infected with IMNV infected shrimps 10 % feeding rate during 3 days and co-infected with 106, 107 and 108 cfu/ml V. harveyi. Mortality rate was 0 % in control and single infection of V. harveyi except 108 cfu/ml treatment. Mortality pattern demonstrated on co-infection was faster and higher than single IMNV infection in 14 days observation. The density of green colony Vibrio in hepatopancreas of co-infected shrimps collected in 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days post infection were higher than V. harveyi single infected (significantly in 10 days post infection). There were no difference of IMN disease development between co-infection and IMNV single infection. It was confirmed by visual gross sign appeared, tissue and lymphoid organ histophatology, organ abnormality, and PCR test. In conclusion, IMN disease caused higher and faster mortality on co-infection with V. harveyi, but not affect to IMN disease development.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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