Judul: Analisis Kinerja Prototipe Separator Penyulingan Minyak Nilam
Abstrak: Patchouli oil is an Indonesian important essential oil with the biggest total production compared to similar commodities. Indonesia is a major producer of patchouli oil in the world with almost 90% market share. The total production of Indonesian patchouli oil in 2006 reached 2.832.413 kg or the equivalent of U.S. $ 43,984,079. Until now, most of patchouli oil is still produced in small-scale distillation with a simple technology, corrosive materials, and low efficiency. Separator is a part of distillation equipment that has not undergone many improvements. Therefore, research needs to be done on a separator considering the patchouli oil including an oil that tend to be more difficult to separate from water so there was big loss potential on separator. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the performance of separator of IKM (Small Medium Industry) and then compare it with the performance of the prototype separator that has been developed. Observed factors are the distillate temperature and the flow rate with oil loss as a response. The range of distillate temperatures and distillate flow rate in this IKM, respectively 38,5-60 oC and 1,28-2,72 liters/minute. The range of oil loss that occurs is 2,11 % - 4,35 % with an average value 3.13%. The result of Patchouli Alcohol (PA) Levels Test for waste oil (loss) with alcoholmeter indicates a PA level is bigger than 34%. Waste oil density is 0.992 g/ml. At higher distillate temperatures there is a decreasing trend of oil loss while at the bigger distillate flow rate there was a greater tendency to increase oil loss. Prototype separator was designed based on the distillate flow rate and distillate temperature at the separator of IKM performance test. This separator has an inner cylinder to help the oil separation process. The top of the separator is made of glass to make it easier to monitor the amount of oil. The tip of the glass made narrowed to minimize surface contact between water and oil so facilitate the collecting process of oil. The oil removed from the separator through a pipe with faucet at the end. Separator prototype made of stainless steel. Prototype separator has a very good performance. In the separator prototype performance test, the range of oil loss is 0.09 % - 0.24 % with an average value 0.16%. The waste water from separator prototype more clearly than the waste water from separator of IKM. Separator prototype no longer need additional tool such as foam and big spoon in collecting oil.
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Judul: Uji Kinerja dan Evaluasi Kelayakan Prototipe Separator Penyulingan Minyak Nilam
Abstrak: The purpose of this study was to conduct performance test and feasibility evaluation of patchouli oil separator prototype with flow of distillate more than 1.4 liters/minutes and maximum oil loss at 0.5%, and to compare it with the performance of separators used in an SME (small medium enterprise). Distillation vessel used has a capacity of 380 kg raw material . Performance test of a prototype separator is divided into two groups, i.e. group-A with rate of distillate flow below 1.5 liters/minutes and group-B with above 1.5 liters/minutes. Average distillate temperature is 32 °C in group-A and 38 °C in group-B. Average rate of distillate flow in group-A is 1.3 liters/minute and in group-B is 1.7 liters/minute. The total volume of the prototype separator is 180 liters, volume of the inner cylinder is 10.6 liters, and the holding time of group-A is 8.2 minutes and group-B is 6.2 minutes. The performance test of the SME separator resulted in average distillate temperature of 36 °C, and average distillate flow of 1.5 liters. The total volume of the SME separator is 80 liters, volume of the inner cylinder is 7 liters, and the holding time is 4.7 minutes. Average oil loss during the performance test for separator prototype group-A, group-B and the SME separator is 0.20%, 0.48% and 1.46% respectively. The performance of prototype separator is better than SME separator. The clearness of distillated water from prototype separator is better than from SME separator. Separator prototype is still shows good performance distillate flow of 1.7 liters/minute and distillate temperature below 45 °C.
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Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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