Judul: Isolasi dan modifikasi protein susu dalam rangka pemanfaatan susu sapi substandar
Abstrak: Usaha peternakan sapi perah di Indonesia pada umumnya masih bersifat tradisional atau peternakan rakyat (>90%), maka kualitas susu segar yang dihasilkan belum dapat memenuhi persyaratan minimal secara kcseluruhan seperti yang tercantum dalam Surat Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Peternakan No: 17/KptslDJP/ Deptad83, misalnya berat jenis sekurang-kurangnya 1.028 pada suhu 27.5°C, atau jumlah kuman yang dapat dibiakkan per ml susu segar setinggi-tingginya 3 juta. Dampak dari keadaan ini adalah banyaknya susu sapi substandar yang tidak dapat diterima oleh industri pengolahan susu.
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Judul: Analisis daya saing dan dampak kebijakan pemerintah terhadap komoditas susu sapi lokal di Jawa Barat
Abstrak: Pengembangan usaha sapi perah merupakan salah satu alternatif dalam rangka pemenuhan gizi masyarakat serta pengurangan tingkat ketergantungan nasional terhadap impor susu. Kemampuan pasok susu peternak lokal saat ini baru mencapai 25-30 persen dari kebutuhan susu nasional, kondisi ini menyebabkan Indonesia menjadi negara pengimpor. Kondisi ini dikarenakan usaha ternak sapi perah di Indonesia didominasi oleh skala kecil dengan kepemilikan ternak kurang dari empat ekor (80 persen), empat sampai tujuh ekor (17 persen), dan lebih dari tujuh ekor (tiga persen). Konsekuensi dari keragaan usaha ternak sapi perah kita yang masih sangat kecil, akan menyebabkan ketidakmampuan untuk bersaing dengan produk impor. Hal tersebut menunjukkan bahwa peran kebijakan pemerintah dalam hal perdagangan sangat mempengaruhi dinamika perkembangan peternakan sapi perah di tengah kondisi perdagangan bebas dan persaingan dengan susu impor. Pasar produk susu segar di Indonesia cenderung memiliki struktur pasar oligopsoni dengan Industri Pengolahan Susu (IPS) sebagai konsumen utama, hal tersebut juga didukung bahwa koperasi susu dan peternak memiliki posisi tawar yang lemah dalam memasok dan menentukan harga susu kepada IPS. Lemahnya posisi tawar peternak terhadap IPS yang lebih cenderung untuk menggunakan bahan baku impor merupakan salah satu kendala utama.
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Judul: Mixed effect models for high –dimensional longitudinal data with latent variables
Abstrak: A set of data that consist of repeated measurements on a large number of outcomes and covariates are known as high-dimensional longitudinal data. The high-dimensional longitudinal data may consist of several effects of interest that cannot be directly measured, known as latent factors or latent variables. During the last decade, the multivariate responses or high-dimensional in longitudinal data have been a big issue. The analysis of high-dimensional longitudinal data is complicated due to its complex correlation structures between outcomes. To understand changes over time of outcome variables, having correlations in individuals with explanatory variables is not enough. Hence, complex correlation structures between outcomes need to be considered. One approach that is commonly used to overcome high-dimensional longitudinal data is simultaneous equation modeling. A well-known simultaneous equation modeling method is the structural equation model (SEM). This approach has several appealing modeling abilities and can be used for high-dimensional longitudinal data. Under the SEM framework, the continuous time SEM is developed to avoid some issues associated with autoregressive and cross-lagged problems in SEM. Another simultaneous equation modeling method is by combining factor analysis and multivariate analysis methods to overcome high dimensional longitudinal data, namely latent factor linear mixed model (LFLMM). The factor analysis is used to reduce the high-dimensional outcomes, and the multivariate linear mixed model is used to study the longitudinal trends of several latent factors. One example of high-dimensional longitudinal data is the General Election Study. This study is carried out repeatedly to observe tendencies towards political attitudes and behavior over time in Belgium. The data contain political information, knowledge, perceptions, and preferences of a political party and the level of participation in politics. One of the most interesting things to study from the data is to analyze the change of political attitudes and behavior of respondents over time. Also, the relationship of changes in these outcomes is important to analyze. The General Election Study in Belgium was designed to include a representative sample of the target population under the Belgian electorate, so accurate estimates about the population could be made. This sampling design was created by the Institute for Social and Political Opinion (ISPO) and the Inter-university Center for Political Opinion Research (PIOP). The Belgian data set contained three subsamples, the Flemish (Dutch-speaking), the Walloon (French-speaking), and the Brussels Capital Region (Dutch and French-speaking). Several studies conducted on the Belgium data are carried out to understand the relationships between the latent variables Individualism (I), Ethnocentrism (E), and Authoritarianism (A) in Flanders. Cross-sectional or a longitudinal studies have also been carried out. In such cases, it is critical to capture the trend of the latent variables over time and, more importantly, whether there is any association or relationships between the development of nationalism (N), ethnocentrism (E), individualism (I), and authoritarianism (A) in Belgium. An empirical analysis of CT-SEM has been done to present the interdependencies among the four latent variables mentioned above on the basis of the General Election Studies for Belgium in 1991, 1995, and 1999 (Interuniversitair steunpunt politieke-opinieonderzoek, 1991, 1995, 1999). Although the four variables have been the subject of
Keyword: Belgium, CT-SEM, high-dimensional longitudinal data, LFLMM, Supplemented EM Algorithm