Judul: Deteksi dan identifikasi bakteri yang terbawa benih padi IR 64 yang terkena penyakit garis merah bakteri (Bacterial Red Stripe)
Abstrak: Isolat bakteri yang dideteksi berasal dari benih padi IR 64 yang tanamannya memperlihatkan gejala BRS. Metode penelitian dimulai dari mendeteksi bakteri dengan mengada- kan isolasi.., kemudian bakteri diidentifikasi, diinokulasi- kan dan reisolasi. Sebelum diisolasi, benih sakit mendapat dua macam per- lakuan, yaitu dikupas kulitnya (beras) dan tidak dikupas (gabah). Masing-masing perlakuan didesinfestasi dengan empat cara, yaitu dicuci dengan alkohol, NaOCl, air menga- lir dan dengan air steril. Pada benih sakit yang didesinfestasi dengan NaOCl dan alkohol, tidak didapatkan bakteri yang virulen, sedangkan pada pencucian benih dengan air mengalir dan air steril, didapatkan bakteri yang bersifat virulen, dan termasuk ge- nus Pseudomonas...
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Judul: Pengaruh cara inokulasi patogen garis merah bakteri (bacterial red stripe/BRS) terhadap timbulnya gejala penyakit pada berbagai stadia tanaman padi varietas IR-64
Abstrak: Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hakekat patogen BRS dan stadia tanaman tertentu yang dapat atau mudah diserang oleh patogen tersebut dengan menerapkan empat cara inokulasi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di rumah kaca dan laboratorium penyakit Sentra Peramalan Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman Pangan, Jatisari, Karawang, Jawa Barat. Tanaman yang digunakan sebagai tanaman uji adalah padi (Oryza sativa L) varietas IR-64 yang berumur 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, dan 10 minggu. Inokulasi dilakukan dengan cara penyemprotan (spray), tusuk jarum (needle prick), karborundum (carborundum), dan suntik (injection). Setiap perlakuan dilaksanakan dengan tiga ulangan dan dua kon- trol. Isolasi dan reisolasi patogen dilakukan pada media PSA (Potato Sukrose Agar). Sedangkan untuk identifikasi digunakan medium selektif S-PG. Stadia tanaman yang menunjukkan gejala pada metode penyemprotan adalah 5 10 minggu, tusuk jarum adalah 6- 10 minggu, dan karborundum adalah 8 10 minggu. kan pada metode suntik tidak muncul gejala atau bercak penyakit. Gejala yang ditimbulkan tanaman akibat perlakuan inokulasi berbeda. Gejala khas penyakit BRS ditunjukkan oleh tanaman padi yang mendapat perlakuan penyemprotan. Masa inkubasi penyebab penyakit BRS pada tanaman padi dengan umur yang berbeda dengan ketiga cara inokulasi berkisar antara 12 25 hari. Hasil identifikasi isolat penyebab penyakit BRS asal padi adalah Pseudomonas. Spesiesnya belum diketahui.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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