Judul: Types, Distribution and Host Plants of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Indonesia.
Abstrak: Jumlah dan jenis lalat buah di Indonesia dilaporkan sebanyak 29 genus dari 280 spesies dan dapat terus bertambah. Jumlah spesies lalat buah yang banyak mengakibatkan potensi cukup tinggi investasi lalat buah pada tanaman hortikultura, khususnya buah-buahan. Investasi lalat buah mengakibatkan produk holtikultura gagal diekspor sehingga dapat mengganggu perdagangan di Indonesia dan internasional. Hal ini menjadi salah satu sebab penurunan ekspor buah dari Indonesia sebesar US$ 650 juta pada tahun 2017-2018. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah merangkum semua informasi terkait jenis, distribusi, dan spesies tanaman inang lalat buah yang telah dilaporkan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Februari-Agustus 2021 melalui metode kajian pustaka. Beberapa tahapan yaitu mengumpulkan data dari 78 literatur, menganalisis informasi yang diperoleh berdasarkan jenis, distribusi, dan tanaman inang lalat buah. Tahapan selanjutnya kesimpulan diambil dan dituangkan dalam bab hasil pembahasan. Berdasarkan laporan, Pulau Jawa, Sulawesi, dan Sumatera merupakan pulau-pulau dengan variasi spesies lalat buah terbanyak. Enam puluh empat lalat buah diantaranya bersifat sebagai hama. Jumlah tanaman inang yang dilaporkan sebanyak 50 famili yang terdiri atas 145 spesies. Tingginya jumlah spesies lalat buah dan kisaran inang yang luas di Indonesia, menunjukkan besarnya potensi kerusakan produk pertanian akibat serangan lalat buah. Lalat buah selain merusak produk pertanian secara langsung, hama ini juga dapat menjadi penghambat perdagangan ekspor. Maka dari itu, lalat buah perlu perhatian secara khusus dan serius. Strategi pengelolaan lalat buah dapat dirancang melalui informasi dasar taksonomi, sebaran, serta tanaman inang lalat buah., The number and types of fruit flies in Indonesia are reported as 29 genera of 280 species and can continue to grow. A large number of fruit flies generates a high potential of fruit fly investment in horticultural crops, especially fruits. Fruit fly infestment causes horticultural products to fail to be exported. So, it can disrupt trade in Indonesia and internationally. This is one reason for the decline in fruit exports from Indonesia by US$ 650 million in 2017-2018. The purpose of this study is to summarize all information regarding the species, distribution, and host plant species of fruit flies that have been reported in Indonesia. This research was conducted in February-August 2021 through the literature review method. Several step, collecting data from 78 literatures, analyzing the information obtained based on the type, distribution, and host plant of the fruit fly. The next step is the conclusion drawn and stated in the discussion results chapter. Based on the report, the islands of Java, Sulawesi, and Sumatra are the islands with the most variations of fruit fly species. Sixty-four fruit flies are indicated as pests. The number of reported host plants are 50 families consisting of 145 species. The high number of fruit fly species and the wide host range in Indonesia indicate the potential for damage to agricultural products due to fruit fly attacks. Fruit flies in addition to directly damaging agricultural products, these pests can also be an obstacle to export trade. Therefore, fruit flies need special and serious attention. Fruit fly management strategies can be designed through basic taxonomic information, distribution, and fruit fly host plants.
Keyword: checklist of fruit fly, distribution of fruit fly, fruit fly species, host range

Judul: Frugivorous Flies and Other Insects Associated with Various Fruits in Several Districts of East Java
Abstrak: Buah-buahan adalah komoditas hortikultura yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi di Indonesia. Salah satu hambatan dalam budi daya buah-buahan adalah keberadaan lalat frugivor yang dapat menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas buah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menginventarisasi lalat frugivor dan serangga lainnya yang berasosiasi dengan berbagai buah-buahan di Jawa Timur. Pengambilan sampel buah di lapangan dilakukan secara purposive, lalu dipelihara di laboratorium hingga muncul imago dan diidentifikasi. Lalat frugivor yang ditemukan meliputi tiga spesies dari famili Tephritidae, yaitu Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock yang menginfestasi jambu biji, jambu air, belimbing, mangga; Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel yang mengisfestasi jambu biji, jambu air, jeruk manis, mangga, apel; Bactrocera albistrigata de Meijere yang menginfestasi jambu air, jambu biji; serta tiga spesies dari famili Drosophilidae yaitu, Drosophila melanogaster Meigen yang merupakan saprofag, muncul dari buah terserang oleh lalat buah atau serangga lainnya; Zaprionus bogoriensis Mainx menginfestasi jambu air, belimbing, jeruk manis; sedangkan Scaptodrosophila lurida Walker ditemukan pada jeruk manis. Parasitoid Aganaspis daci Weld (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) muncul dari jambu biji yang terserang lalat buah. Terdapat serangga polinator yang muncul dari loa yaitu Ceratosolen fusciceps Mayr (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), serta serangga nonpolinator yaitu Platineura agraensis Joseph (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), Platyneura mayri Rasplus (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), dan Apocrypta westwoodi Grandi (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Fruits are horticultural commodities having a high economic value in Indonesia. One of the obstacles in fruit cultivation is the infestation of frugivorous flies which decreases the quality and quantity of fruits. This research aimed to make an inventory of frugivorous flies and other insects associated with various fruits in East Java. Fruits were collected from the fields, brought to laboratory, and maintained individually in the plastic cup until flies emergence. The frugivorous flies of the family Tephritidae emerged were Bactrocera carambolae Drew & Hancock which infested guava, water apple, starfruit, mango; Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel from guava, water apple, sweet orange, mango, apple; Bactrocera albistrigata de Meijere from water apple, guava; flies of the family Drosophilidae were a saprophagous Drosophila melanogaster Meigen that emerged from various fruits; Zaprionus bogoriensis Mainx emerged from water apple, starfruit, sweet orange; and Scaptodrosophila lurida Walker emerged from sweet orange. Parasitoid Aganaspis daci Weld (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) emerged from fruit flyinfested guavas. Insects associated with fig included a pollinator Ceratosolen fusciceps Mayr (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), and non-pollinator insects consisted of Platineura agraensis Joseph (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), Platyneura mayri Rasplus (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae), and Apocrypta westwoodi Grandi (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Keyword: Fruit Flies, Parasitoid, Pollinator

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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