Judul: Determinants Factors of Stunting in Children 24-59 Month in Indonesia
Abstrak: Age under five year old is one of the most important periods for a child’s growth and development. This period is important for placing health and intelectual development for a child’s future. Based on that, nutrition problems in childhood are needed to be eliminated. There are many problems in childhood related to nutrition .According to Ministry of Health (2008), there are 36,8% of children were stunted. It is larger than the number of undernourished and wasted children. The objective of this study were : (1) study the family characteristics, infectious diseases, environmental sanitation, hygiene behaviour, access and healthcare utilization, parents’ height and nutritional status according to height-for-age in children; (2) to analyze the relationship between environmental sanitation and healthcare utilization, and between hygiene behaviour and infectious diseases; and (3) to analyze determinant factors of 24-59 months old stunted children. This study used secondary data taken from Basic Health Research 2007 with cross sectional design. Sample size of 42042 children were taken. Pearson’s correlation were used to test relationship among variables. Determinants factors were revealed using SAS program with stepwise method. The results showed that there was a significant relationship (p<0,05) between infectious diseases and sanitation; among infectious diseases and access and healthcare utilization and hygiene behaviour. Factors affecting stunting significantly (p<0,05) were father’s height, mother’s height, age, gender, neighborhood, social and economic status, mother’s education, infectious diseases, personal hygiene, and environmental sanitation.
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Judul: Faktor Determinan Stunting pada Anak Usia 0-59 Bulan di Indonesia
Abstrak: Stunting is still remains a global problem. The data of WHO showed that the prevalence of stunting among children under five is 32% in developing countries, in East Africa is 50%, in Central Africa is 42% and the prevalence of stunting in Asia is 31.3% (Black et al. 2008). Based on the results of Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Basic Health Research), prevalence of stunting in 2010 has been decreased from 2007 (36.8%) to 2010 (35.6%) (Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia 2010). Indonesia is also known as the country with the number of children under five short height (stunted) and Indonesia become a fifth country that have children stunted in the world after India, China, Nigeria, and Pakistan (UNICEF 2008). WHO (1997) stunting in children under five is still one of serious problem in Indonesia and is still relatively small decline and the prevalence rate is still above the set threshold (20%). The objective of this study is to analyze determinant factors of stunting in children 0-59 month in Indonesia. For this purpose permitted e-files data of the Riskesdas 2010 (a basic health survey 2010) were used. The data were processed using Microsoft Office Excel, SPSS and WHO AnthroPlus.This study used 11 240 subjects, consisted of 50.5% girls and 49.5% boys. The results of the logistic regression analysis showed that the determinant factors of stunting among these children 0-59 month were age 12-23 month, 24-35 month, 36-47 month, 48-59 month, low birth weight (≤2500 g), weight for age z score <-2 SD (underweight), mother’s height less than 155 cm, mother's occupation farmer/fisherman/laborer/not working a protective factors, low father's education, low family economic status, low nutritional quality of food, low iron adequacy and low environmental sanitation. Determinant factors of stunting among children 24-59 month were low birth weight, weight for age z score <-2 SD (underweight), mother’s height less than 155 cm, low father's education, low family economic status, low nutritional quality of food, low iron adequacy and low environmental sanitation. Determinant factors of stunting among these children <24 month were age 12-23 month, low birth weight (≤2500 g), weight for age z score <-2 SD (underweight), mother’s height less than 155 cm, low family economic status, low iron adequacy. The most dominant determinant of stunting was weight for age (z score <-2 SD) with Odds Ratio (OR=3.96, 95% CI=3.17-4.95) for children 0-59 month, (OR=4.66, 95% CI=3.44-6.38) for 24-59 month and (OR=3.13, 95% CI=2.25- 4.36) for <24 month. These implied that nutritional health status of the pregnant women, quality of the children diet, and socio-economic factors of the family need to be considered in preventing stunting.
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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