Judul: Growth and Bioactive Content of Selaginella plana, S. willdenovii, and S. mayeri in several Shading Level.
Abstrak: Selaginella is a wild plant that is found in fertile and moist soil, under almost full or few shading. It is often used as medicinal plant and potential as an antioxidant since it contains flavonoid. This plant has been exploited continously by the local people which may decrease its abundance. The cultivation of Selaginella needs to be investigated especially to know the right shading for the best growth of Selaginella. The right shading may also affect bioactive content of Selaginella. This research used split plot design with level of shading as main plot and species as sub plot. S. plana, S. willdenovii, and S. mayeri were grown under paranet with 40%, 65%, 80% shading, and non shading treatments. The treatment were repeated 3 times. Bioactive compound was extracted using alcohol 70% and analyzed for tannin, saponin, and flavonoid contents. Results indicated that level of shading and species affected total branch increase, total fresh weight increase, fresh and dry weight of biomass. Each species required different light intensity to support its growth. The best growth of S. plana, S. willdenovii, and S. mayeri was found in 65%, 40% shading, and non shading, respectively. All species in the experiment contained tannin, saponin, and flavonoid. The highest tanin content was found in S. plana that were grown under 65%, 80% shading, and non shading treatment, the highest saponin content was found in S. willdenovii at all of shading treatments, and the highest flavonoid content was only found in S. plana under 65% shading. Key word: Selaginella, shade, bioactive compounds, flavonoid.
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Judul: Pertumbuhan dan Kandungan Bahan Bioaktif Selaginella plana dan S. willdenovii pada Beberapa Media Tanam
Abstrak: Selaginella is known as a herb that contains of several flavonoid compounds. This herb is mostly found in moist area that is rich of organic compound. The existence of Selaginella in natural habitat tends to decerase, since low perception on its economic important of this plant. The aim of this research is to obtain an appropriate plant media for growing S. plana dan S. willdenovii, and its effect on the Sellaginellas bioactive compound. The experiment consisted of two factors, the types of media and the species of Selaginella. Eight types of plant media were applied which are, M0= soil 100%. M1= rice husk 100%, M2= rice husk : soil = 1:1, M3= burned rice husk 100%, M4= soil : burned rice huks = 1:1, M5= burned rice husk : rice husk = 1:1, M6= burned rice husk : rice husk = 3:1, M7= burned rice husk : rice husk = 1:3, and two spesies were used, S. plana and S. willdenovii. The increase of branch, fresh and dry weight were observed. Ethanol extract of Selaginella biomass was qualitatively analyzed for flavonoid, tannin, and saponin content. The result showed that both fresh and dry weight of Selaginella were influenced by type of plant media, Selaginella species, and their interaction. Selaginella plana and S. willdenovii grew best on the media that consisted of soil and burned rice husk 1:1. The highest flavonoid content of S. plana and S. willdenovii was also obtained by growing them on the same media. Saponin content of S. plana and S. willdenovii was increased by the treatment of plant media. The treatment also increased tannin content of S. plana, but not of S. willdenovi
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Judul: Rekonstruksi Persamaan Pauli dan Representasi Kuantum Entanglement Berdasarkan Interpretasi Kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich.
Abstrak: Mekanika kuantum merupakan teori fundamental yang telah memberikan kontribusi besar dalam perkembangan sains dan teknologi hingga saat ini. Namun masih banyak masalah fundamental terkait realita fisis postulat-postulat dan perumusan mekanika kuantum yang menimbulkan pertanyaan. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan banyak perdebatan dan interpretasi yang berbeda mengenai fundamental teori mekanika kuantum. Salah satu interpretasi mekanika kuantum yang menggunakan dasar mekanika statistik klasik adalah interpretasi Budiyono-Rohrlich (BR). Interpretasi kuantum BR merupakan interpretasi mekanika statistik klasik yang menggunakan aksioma ontic extension dan epistemic restriction serta memuat tiga teorema untuk menjelaskan kuantum entanglement, prinsip ketidakpastian Heisenberg dan merekonstruksi persamaan Schrodinger. Namun, interpretasi kuantum BR belum melibatkan spin dalam perumusannya. Persamaan Schrodinger yang melibatkan interaksi elektromagnetik dan keadaan spin disebut sebagai persamaan Schrodinger-Pauli atau persamaan Pauli. Asumsi pemisahan distribusi probabilitas untuk keadaan spin-up dan spin-down dapat digunakan untuk merekonstruksi persamaan Pauli. Proses formulasi persamaan menggunakan aksioma ontic extension dan epistemic restriction dalam interpretasi kuantum BR serta menggunakan prinsip konservasi, yaitu konservasi energi rata-rata dan kontinuitas probabilitas. Formulasi ini juga dapat digunakan untuk mendapatkan persamaan dinamika dan representasi kuantum entanglement dua partikel, namun menggunakan asumsi pemisahan distribusi probabilitas yang berbeda, yaitu untuk masing-masing keadaan yang mungkin dari dua partikel tersebut. Dalam formulasi ini, spin sebagai intrinsik momentum sudut tidak dapat dinyatakan dalam epistemic restriction, melainkan menggunakan definisi operator.
Keyword: Budiyono-Rohrlich, entanglement, epistemic, ontic, Pauli, spin