Judul: Estimasi Hambatan Nontarif dan Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Ekspor Kopi Indonesia ke Negara Tujuan Utama
Abstrak: Salah satu hasil perkebunan yang memiliki potensi ekspor tinggi adalah kopi. Kopi mengalami penurunan daya saing diduga karena adanya hambatan tarif maupun nontarif. Berdasarkan WTO, hambatan tarif kopi rata-rata di angka 0% maka dari itu ada indikasi hambatan nontarif yang besar. Dari fakta tersebut, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor kopi Indonesia ke negara tujuan ekspor utama dan mengestimasi besaran hambatan nontarif dalam ekspor kopi Indonesia. Periode analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu dari tahun 2009 sampai 2014 dengan menggunakan metode kuantitatif yaitu gravity model. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder yang diperoleh dari Trademap, CEPII, UNCTAD, I-TIP dan WTO. Hasil estimasi gravity model menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor kopi Indonesia ke negara tujuan ekspor utama adalah jarak, GDP riil perkapita Indonesia, GDP riil perkapita negara tujuan, harga ekspor, populasi negara tujuan, dan tarif. Hasil perhitungan hambatan nontarif menunjukan Australia memiliki hambatan nontarif paling besar.
Keyword: gravity model, hambatan nontarif, kopi

Judul: Analysis of Non-Tariff Measures and Factors  Affecting Indonesian Coffee Exports to Destination Countries
Abstrak: Kopi merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor unggulan subsektor perkebunan di Indonesia namun pertumbuhan ekspor kopi menunjukkan kecenderungan yang menurun. Negara-negara tujuan ekspor aktif memberlakukan tindakan Non Tarif Measures (NTMs) berupa kebijakan Sanitary and Phitosanitary (SPS) dan Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) yang disinyalir menjadi hambatan perdagangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kinerja ekspor kopi Indonesia dan pemberlakuan NTMs serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor kopi Indonesia ke negara tujuan. Metode yang digunakan yaitu analisis pendekatan inventory dan model gravity dengan series tahun 2010-2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinerja perdagangan kopi Indonesia berfluktuatif dan tidak menunjukkan peningkatan pertumbuhan ekspor yang signifikan. Pemberlakuan tindakan NTMs terbanyak adalah SPS. Hasil estimasi gravity panel menunjukkan bahwa GDP negara pengekspor, nilai tukar, jarak ekonomi, dan coverage ratio SPS berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan. Sedangkan GDP negara pengimpor, populasi negara pengekspor, populasi negara pengimpor, dan coverage ratio TBT berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ekspor kopi Indonesia., Coffee is one of the leading export commodities of the plantation sub-sector in Indonesia, however coffee export growth shows a downward trend. Export destination countries actively impose Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) in the form of Sanitary and Phitosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) policies which are alleged to be trade barriers. This study aims to analyze the performance of Indonesian coffee exports and the application of NTMs and the factors that influence Indonesian coffee exports to destination countries. The method used is an analysis of the inventory approach and gravity model with the 2010-2019 series. The results showed that the performance of the Indonesian coffee trade fluctuated and did not show a significant increase in export growth. The most NTMs were enforced by SPS. The estimation results of the gravity panel show that the GDP of the exporting country, the exchange rate, economic distance, and the SPS coverage ratio have a negative and significant effect. Meanwhile, the GDP of the importing country, the population of the exporting country, the population of the importing country, and the TBT coverage ratio have a positive and significant effect on Indonesia's coffee exports
Keyword: ekspor, kopi, model gravity, NTMs, pendekatan inventory, export, coffee, gravity model, NTMs, inventory approach

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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