Judul: Utilization of Active Fraction of Jatropha curcas Herb Extracts as Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Agents in Cosmetic
Abstrak: Crude extract of Jatropha curcas herbs exhibit antimicrobial and antioxidant activity that may be used in cosmetic product. Extract fractionation was done by solvent partition with hexane and ethyl acetate successively to produce low and medium polarity fractions. The objective of this research was to obtain active fraction from leaves, seedcakes, and stem barks of Jatropha curcas as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in cosmetics product. Furthermore, this research examined the toxicity of the selected fractions and its cosmetics product i.e. hand and body cream. Crude extract and/or its fractions were analyzed for antioxidant activity by DPPH scavenging test, antimicrobial activity, total phenol, phorbol ester, skin irritation testing by Draize test, and chemical composition by GC-MS. Results of this study showed that methanol fraction of leaf extract was the most potential antioxidants with DPPH scavenging activity of 89.42%, while ethyl acetate fraction from the same extract was potentially used as an antimicrobial agent with zone of inhibition of 12,5 mm. Total phenol content for methanol and ethyl acetate fractions was 32,76 and 88,53 mg tannic acid/g sample, respectively. Primary irritation testing using New Zealand white rabbits revealed that application of methanol fraction (0,064%-1%) did not induce erythema or edema formation, meanwhile the cream containing this fraction induced mild irritation. Application of ethyl acetate fraction of 1.25% did not caused skin irritation, meanwhile the cream containing this fraction induced mild irritation. Crude extract and ethyl acetate fractions of leaf extract were classified as slight irritant; meanwhile methanol fraction was considered as non irritant. Allergenic reaction using human IgE showed that crude extract of leaves, seedcakes and stem barks may react with human IgE that may induce allergy reaction. Key words: antimicrobial, antioxidant, skin irritation, Jatropha curcas,
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Judul: Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Antimikroba Fraksi Ekstrak Daun dan Ranting Jarak Pagar ( Jatropha curcas L. ) serta Pemanfaatannya pada Produk Personal Hygien
Abstrak: The development of jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L) in Indonesia need to be followed by the optimum utilization of all parts of the plants, including the leaves and twigs. Assessment of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of leaves and twigs extract/extract fraction of Jatropha curcas L and their use in personal hygiene products, is an effort to increase added value of Jatropha curcas’s leaves. Extract of Jatropha curcas in this study were obtained trough a solvent extraction process using ethanol 96% by the method of soxhlet and maceration. Extract fraction obtained by performing advanced stages in the extract called fractination. Antioxidant activity was analized by using DPPH method at concentration of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 20 ppm. While the analysis of antimicrobial activity performes by well diffusion method against Candida albicans, Microsporum gypseum, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at the concentration of extract/extract fraction 1, 2, and 3%. The result showed that crude extract of maceration and ethyl acetate fraction of soxhlet have the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 7.2 and 7.8 ppm where this values were not significantly different. In other side, the result of antimicrobial activity indicated the present of antimicrobial inhibitory of maceration crude extract against Microsporum gypseum. It proved by the formation of clear zones of inhibition around the wells with diameter of 12, 14, and 20 mm for concentration 1, 2, and 3%. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the inhibitory against Microsporum gypseum only at concentration of 3% extract with diameter of inhibitory zones 14 mm. The extract/extract fraction showed no inhibitory activity against other microbes. Utilization of selected extract fraction applied to one of personal hygiene product, transparent soap, by utilizing its antioxidant activity. Soap with the addition of ethyl acetate fraction of Jatropha curcas at a concentration level of 1.0% produces soap with antioxidant activity of 37.25% and the rate of foam stability about 83.23%.
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Judul: Karakteristik Anatomi Skelet Kepala Buaya senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii).
Abstrak: Buaya sepit atau senyulong (Tomistoma schlegelii) merupakan jenis buaya asli Indonesia yang berhabitat di sungai-sungai Sumatera, Kalimantan, dan juga pedalaman Sulawesi. Salah satu ciri khas buaya senyulong adalah bentuk moncong yang runcing dan sempit, namun hingga saat ini informasi mengenai struktur skelet kepala buaya senyulong sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik anatomi skelet kepala buaya senyulong yang dikatikan dengan fungsi dan perilakunya. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksploratif dengan melakukan pengamatan, pencatatan, dan pengambilan gambar dari skelet kepala buaya senyulong. Skelet kepala berukuran panjang 70 cm, lebar 29 cm, dan tingggi 17 cm dengan permukaan kasar pada os nasale, os frontale, os maxilla, os mandibula, os lacrimale, os jugale. Jumlah gigi pada buaya ini sebanyak 78 buah, terdiri dari 4 buah gigi premaxila, 16 buah gigi maxila, dan 19 buah gigi mandibula. Pada regio orbitalis ditemukan dua pasang fenestrae temporales yang berkembang baik. Fenestra supratemporale merupakan lubang oval yang membentang di sepanjang os parietale. Fenestra infratemporale berbentuk segitiga dan dibatasi oleh os squamosum, os postorbitale, os jugulare, dan os quadratum. Os mandibula hewan ini mempunyai symphysis mandibularis yang panjang yaitu garis yang melintang di corpus mandibulae. Secara fungsional ukuran symphysis mandibularis berkaitan dengan adaptasi hewan terhadap diet makan.
Keyword: kepala, moncong, Tomistoma schlegelii