Judul: Quality of Raw Milk Based on Total Number of Microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacteriaceae From Dairy Farm in Pondok Ranggon
Abstrak: Susu merupakan produk hasil ternak perah yang bernilai gizi tinggi. Kandungan gizi yang tinggi pada susu memberi peluang bagi perkembangan bakteri, baik yang patogen maupun non patogen. Bakteri dapat menurunkan kualitas susu, sehingga dalam waktu yang sangat singkat susu menjadi tidak layak dikonsumsi bila tidak ditangani dengan tepat dan benar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan data tentang keberadaan jumlah total mikroorganisme, Staphylococcus aureus, dan Enterobacteriaceae serta mengetahui kualitas mikrobiologi susu kandang dan penampungan dari Peternakan Sapi Perah Pondok Ranggon, Jakarta Timur. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode simple random sampling. Sampel susu kandang diambil dari peternakan sapi perah Pondok Ranggon, Jakarta Timur dan susu penampungan diambil dari TPS, kemudian diuji di Laboratorium Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner, Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Hewan dan Kesehatan Masyarakat Veteriner, Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Variabel yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah Jumlah Total Mikroorganisme/Total Plate Count (TPC), S. aureus, dan Enterobacteriaceae. Pengujian sampel susu yang dilakukan yaitu isolasi, inkubasi, dan perhitungan jumlah koloni bakteri. Kualitas mikroorganisme susu segar di peternakan sapi perah Pondok Ranggon mempunyai rata-rata TPC 4,6 x 106 ± 6,8 x 106 CFU/mL, jumlah cemaran S. aureus 3,0 x 104 ± 7,8 x 104 CFU/mL, dan cemaran Enterobacteriaceae 1,1 x 105 ± 2,2 x 105 CFU/mL. Susu segar yang diproduksi dari peternakan sapi perah di Pondok Ranggon belum memenuhi standar Batas Maksimum Cemaran Mikroba (BMCM) yang telah ditetapkan., Milk is a dairy product with high nutrition value. The high nutrition value in milk provides an opportunity for bactery to grow, both pathogenic and nonpathogenic. Bactery can reduce the quality of milk, so that milk becomes unfit for consumption in a very short time if it not handled properly and correctly. The aim of this study was to obtain data on the presence of the total number of microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacteriaceae and to determine the microbiological quality of bulk milk and shelters from dairy farm Pondok Ranggon, East Jakarta. The samples were collected by using simple random sampling method. Bulk milk samples were collected at dairy farm Pondok Ranggon, East Jakarta and collected milk at TPS, then tested at the Veterinary Public Health Laboratory, Department of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health, FKH, IPB. The variables observed in this study were the total number of microorganisms/total plate count (TPC), S. aureus, and Enterobacteriaceae. Testing of milk samples carried out were isolation, incubation, and calculation of the number of bacterial colonies. The microorganisms quality of raw milk at dairy farm Pondok Ranggon has an average of TPC 4,6 x 106 ± 6,8 x 106 CFU/mL, number of S. aureus 3,0 x 104 ± 7,8 x 104 CFU/mL, and Enterobacteriaceae 1,1 x 105 ± 2,2 x 105CFU/mL. Fresh milk produced from dairy farms in Pondok Ranggon has not met the Maximum Microbial Contamination Limit (BMCM) standard.
Keyword: Enterobacteriaceae, fresh milk, S. aureus, TPC

Judul: Quality of Raw Milk from Dairy Farms in Pondok Ranggon Based on the Presence of Salmonella spp. and the amount of Escherichia coli
Abstrak: Salmonella spp. dan Escherichia coli merupakan mikroorganisme patogen yang dapat menjadi indikator keamanan pangan susu segar. Menurut SNI Nomor 7388 tahun 2009 tentang Batas Maksimum Cemaran Mikroba dalam Pangan pada susu segar, Salmonella harus negatif/25 ml dan E. coli <3 MPN/ml. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keamanan susu segar dari Peternakan Sapi Perah di wilayah Pondok Ranggon, Jakarta Timur berdasarkan keberadaan Salmonella spp. dan jumlah E. coli. Sebanyak 12 peternakan ditentukan secara purposif dan dipilih dengan cara simple random sampling. Sampel susu diambil dengan 3 kali ulangan, sehingga total sampel yang diperoleh sebanyak 36 susu segar. Pengujian keberadaan Salmonella spp. dan penghitungan jumlah E. coli menggunakan metode Most Probable Number (MPN) mengacu pada SNI Nomor 2897 Tahun 2008 tentang Metode Pengujian Cemaran Mikroba dalam Daging, Telur dan Susu, serta Hasil Olahannya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan tidak ditemukan adanya Salmonella spp. dalam susu segar dari 12 peternakan. Jumlah E. coli dalam susu segar 3,306 ± 1,344 MPN/ml dengn jumlah tertinggi 6,7 ± 4,619 MPN/ml dan terendah 2 ± 0 MPN/ml. Sebanyak 36,11% (13/36) sampel susu memiliki Jumlah E. coli yang melebihi batas maksimum cemaran mikroba, yaitu di atas <3 MPN/ml. Sebagian peternakan (6/12) telah menghasilkan susu yang memenuhi standar SNI berdasarkan keberadaan Salmonella spp. dan jumlah E. coli. Belum semua peternak menerapkan higiene dan sanitasi yang baik di peternakannya. Kata kunci : Escherichia coli, higiene, sanitasi, Salmonella, susu segar, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli are pathogenic microorganisms that can be the key to indicate the food safety of raw milk. According to SNI 7388:2009 concerning the Maximum Limit of Microbial Contamination in Food, the standard of raw milk is negative/25 ml for Salmonella and <3 MPN/ml for E. coli. This research aimed to determine the safety of raw milk from dairy farming in Pondok Ranggon, East Jakarta based on the presence of Salmonella spp. and the number of E. coli. A total 12 farms used as research objects were chosen purposively and were selected by simple random sampling. Samples of raw milk were taken from each farm with 3 replications, so the total sample examined were 36 raw milk. Identification the presence of Salmonella spp. and calculating the estimate number of E. coli were using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method based on SNI 2897:2008 concerning Testing Methods for Microbial Contamination in Meat, Eggs and Milk, and Processed Products. The results showed that the raw milk contained no Salmonella spp. The average number of E. coli in raw milk was 3,306 ± 1,344 MPN/ml, wich the highest amount obtained was 6,7 ± 4,619 MPN/ml and the lowest was 2 ± 0 MPN/ml. A total of 36.11% (13/36) milk samples had the amount of E. coli that exceeded the maximum limit of microbial contamination. Half of the farms (6/12) have produced milk that meets SNI standards based on the presence of Salmonella spp. and the number of E. coli. Not all dairy farmers have implemented good hygiene and sanitation on their farms. Keywords: Escherichia coli, hygiene, raw milk, sanitation, Salmonella
Keyword: Escherichia coli, higiene, sanitasi, Salmonella, susu segar

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4