Judul: Physiological, morphological, and molecular responses of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) to different heat stress environments
Abstrak: Peningkatan suhu global menimbulkan banyak permasalahan di industri peternakan karena mengakibatkan ternak mengalami gangguan efisiensi produksi, reproduksi, kesehatan, dan peningkatan jumlah kematian. Strategi yang dapat mengurangi stres panas dapat dilakukan dengan pendinginan, penyiraman, pemberian air, modifikasi pakan, dan modifikasi kandang. Akan tetapi, cara ini hanya merupakan solusi jangka pendek, mahal, dan tidak berkelanjutan. Seleksi ternak yang tahan panas adalah lebih mungkin untuk dilakukan dan lebih berkelanjutan. Sapi Bali sebagai ternak indigenos yang telah lama hidup, beradaptasi, dan berevolusi di habitat stres panas memiliki potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai bangsa sapi yang unggul dalam sifat ketahanan panas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi informasi sapi Bali yang tahan panas melalui informasi fenotipe dan genetikanya. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara bertahap mulai pada bulan Agustus – Oktober 2019 untuk perlakuan altitud, pada bulan September – November 2021 untuk perlakuan sistem pemeliharaan, dan pada bulan Januari – Maret 2022 untuk uji laboratorium. Lokasi stres panas dipilih dengan alasan merupakan habitat alami sapi Bali yang banyak ditemui di sistem pemeliharaan di Indonesia. Pemilihan sapi Bali menggunakan teknik purposive sampling yang sehat dan telah mencapai dewasa kelamin dan dewasa tubuh pada usia ≥2 tahun. Perlakuan altitud menggunakan 116 ekor sapi Bali dewasa sehat yang terdiri atas 40 ekor di Pangyangan, 41 ekor di Serading, dan 35 ekor di Sembalun. Perlakuan sistem pemeliharaan (sispem) menggunakan 82 ekor sapi Bali jantan dewasa sehat dengan 30 SPP (stres panas dan pakan), 32 SP (stres panas), dan 20 TN (temperatur nyaman). Data fenotipe didapatkan pada pengukuran lapang secara langsung pada saat ternak masuk kandang jepit. Data fenotipe yang diukur berupa profil morfologi sapi Bali serta respons temperamen dan fisiologi pada pagi dan siang hari. Analisis keragaman gen didapatkan menggunakan teknik sequencing Sanger dan ekspresi gen menggunakan qRT-PCR. Analisis fenotipe dan asosiasi dengan gen HSP70 dilakukan menggunakan general linear model satu atau dua faktor. Data ekspresi gen dianalisis dengan uji T-student. Hasil penelitian ini mendapatkan informasi profil fenotipe, genetika, dan asosiasinya pada sapi Bali. Pada peningkatan 1 km altitud di Sembalun mampu menurunkan suhu lingkungan hingga 4-7 °C. Selain itu, penggunaan kanopi di sispem TN dapat mengurangi suhu hingga 3-4 °C. Sapi Bali yang dipelihara di altitud rendah dan sistem pemeliharaan ekstensif memiliki indeks stres panas yang lebih tinggi (p<0.001). Meski demikian, indeks toleransi panas yang ditunjukkan BCA dan DSI menunjukkan nilai respons fisiologi sapi Bali berada dalam batas normal, bahkan pada suhu lingkungan mencapai 35 °C di Serading. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa sapi Bali memiliki plastisitas fisiologi termal yang baik meskipun dipelihara pada perbedaan lingkungan stres. Sementara, sifat fisik tidak cukup plastis dalam menghadapi berbagai stresor lingkungan. Pengaruh stres pada altitud di Sembalun dan Serading tidak mampu memengaruhi (p>0,05) perbedaan bobot badan dan BCS sapi Bali. Akan tetapi, pada kondisi stres, sapi Bali memiliki tingkat asimetrisitas yang lebih tinggi (p<0,01). Pengaruh stres pada sistem pemeliharaan mampu menimbulkan perbedaan sifat pertumbuhan dan morfologi yang signifikan (p<0.05) pada SP dan TN. Dengan demikian, sifat fisik sapi Bali cukup konsisten dalam berbagai kondisi stres panas. Akan tetapi, dalam kondisi perbedaan stres pakan, seperti pada sapi Bali di Pangyangan dan Serading pada faktor altitud dan di SP dan
Keyword: altitude, Bali cattle, fluctuating asymmetry, heat tolerance, HSP70

Judul: Physiological Response of Bali Cattle and Bali Angus Cross Cattle during Long Distance Transport
Abstrak: Selama penanganan dan transportasi, ternak sapi mengalami berbagai keadaan yang berpotensi menyebabkan stres seperti dingin, panas, buruknya kualitas udara, kebisingan, dan getaran. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi respon fisiologis sapi bali dan silangan bali angus pada proses transportasi jarak jauh. Penelitian ini menggunakan sapi bali dan sapi silangan bali angus masing-masing sebanyak 5 ekor berjenis kelamin jantan umur I0 sampai I3. Bobot hidup rataan sapi bali sebesar 214,7 ± 24,9 kg dan silangan bali angus sebesar 301,6 ± 67,7 kg. Peubah yang diamati meliputi, suhu lingkungan, kelembaban, dan Temperature Humidity Index (THI), penyusutan bobot hidup, suhu permukaan tubuh, dan respon fisiologis. Respon fisiologis yang diamati yaitu suhu rektal, denyut jantung, dan frekuensi nafas. Rataan suhu dan kelembaban lingkungan selama proses transportasi yaitu 29,5 oC dan 84,3%. Selanjutnya skor THI pada lingkungan penelitian menunjukkan ternak dalam kondisi stres ringan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata pada parameter denyut jantung dan suhu rektal pada kedua bangsa setelah perjalanan (P<0,05). Rata-rata denyut jantung sapi bali dan sapi silangan bali angus sebesar 56,8 ± 3,3 dan 50 ± 18,4. Suhu rektal sapi bali 37,9 ± 0,4 dan sapi silangan bali angus 37,9 ± 0,23. Pengukuran frekuensi pernafasan pada kedua bangsa tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan setelah perjalanan dengan rataan frekuensi pernafasan sapi bali dan sapi silangan bali angus berturut-turut sebesar 18 ± 3,6 dan 25,4 ± 14,9. Rata-rata penyusutan bobot badan sapi bali dan silangan bali angus yaitu sebesar sebesar 7,08%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sapi bali dan sapi silangan bali angus pada proses transportasi mengalami kondisi stres ringan, During handling and transportation, cattle are subjected to various potentially stressful conditions such as cold, heat, poor air quality, noise, and vibration. This study aims to evaluate the physiological response of bali cattle and bali angus crosses in the long-distance transportation process. This study used bali cattle and bali angus cross cattle each as many as 5 male sexes aged I0 to I3. The average live weight of bali cattle was 214,7 ± 24,9 kg and bali angus crosses were 301,6 ± 67,7 kg. The observed variables included ambient temperature, humidity, and Temperature Humidity Index (THI), live weight loss, body surface temperature, and physiological responses. The physiological responses observed were rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate. The average temperature and humidity of the environment during the transportation process were 29,5 oC and 84,3%. Furthermore, the THI score in the research environment showed that the cattle were under mild stress conditions. The results showed that there were significant differences in heart rate and rectal temperature parameters between the two nations after the trip (P<0,05). The average heart rate of bali cattle and bali angus crosses was 56,8 ± 3,3 and 50 ± 18,4. The rectal temperature of bali cattle was 37,9 ± 0,4 and bali angus crosses were 37,9 ± 0,23. The measurement of respiratory frequency in the two breeds did not show any difference after the trip with the average respiratory frequency of bali cattle and bali angus crossbreeds of 18 ± 3,6 and 25,4 ± 14,9, respectively. The average weight loss of bali cattle and bali
Keyword: Bali angus cross, Bali cattle, Physiology response, transportation

Judul: The construction of a rule to combine sentence graphs
Abstrak: Nowadays, people prefer to read an electronic article or text and it requires a short time to understand the content or substance of the text. This is due to time constraints and other activities are more important than reading. However, reading remains an important thing to do. This can be solved by making a summary of the text. Summary text is done by using the Knowledge Graph and carried through two stages, namely representation and simplification or simplification results representation. Representation of a text is carried out in stages because the text has several elements, ie words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs. Representation of text elements that have been researched are words, phrases, and clauses. The representation can be used to generate a representation of the sentence. Representation of sentences requires a rule so that everyone produces the same representation. Therefore, the authors conducts a study on a representation of the meaning of the sentence. This research aims are to create a rule to construct a sentence graph and a rule to combine sentence graphs. The benefit of this research is to provide the rules for constructing a sentence graph thus eliminating the ambiguity of the sentence. Knowledge Graph method is a way to describe or represent of human language that is more centered on the semantic aspects of the syntactic aspect. The Knowledge Graph consists of two components, namely concept and relationship. Concept consists of three elements, namely token, type, and name. Token is a concept that is understood by a person according to their perspectives; this affects token to be subjective. Type is a concept that has been agreed and it is considered as general information so that affect type to be objective. Name is an individualized concept and unique. Relationship consists of several types of relations, namely ALI, CAU, SUB, DIS, ORD, PAR, EQU, and SKO. ALI relation is used to connecting the token with the type. CAU relation is used to connecting the two concepts that have a causal relationship. SUB relation expresses a concept as a part of another concept. DIS relation is used to presenting two concepts are not the same. ORD relation is stated that two things have a certain order to each other. PAR relation is stated that a thing is an attributes (properties) of the other things. EQU relation is used to connecting the two equal or similar concept. SKO relation expresses dependency relationship between two concepts. This study uses a sentence that has a type based on the basic structure of the sentence, which is the structure of subject-predicate sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-object sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-adverb sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-complement sentence, the structure of subject-predicate-object-adverb sentence, and the structure of subject-predicate-object-complement sentence. Chronology of the research is as follows, (1) studying literature which is about the types of sentences, the Knowledge Graph methods, the application of the Knowledge graph methods, and the standard procedures for Indonesian language. (2) creating rules to construct a sentence graph, with the following steps, (2a) construct a sentence graph, (2b) test rules to
Keyword: a rule to combine sentence graphs, a rule to construct a sentence graph, Knowledge Graph, Sentence Graph