Judul: Competitiveness of Indonesia Crude Palm Oil (CPO) Exports in Main Destination Countries
Abstrak: Kelapa sawit adalah salah satu komoditas sub sektor perkebunan yang memiliki peran penting dalam perekonomian nasional. Kelapa sawit menghasilkan produk utama yaitu CPO (Crude Palm Oil). Indonesia merupakan negara dengan produksi CPO terbesar di dunia. Seiring dengan pergeseran konsumsi minyak nabati dunia kepada minyak sawit, volume ekspor CPO di pasar dunia juga semakin meningkat. Adanya kebijakan bea keluar tahun 2008 menyebabkan perubahan komposisi ekspor produk kelapa sawit yang awalnya berupa minyak sawit mentah menjadi produk turunannya. Malaysia merupakan negara pesaing yang melakukan ekspor CPO di dunia. Negara tujuan utama ekspor CPO Indonesia adalah India, Belanda, Malaysia, Italia, dan Singapura. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis kinerja ekspor CPO Indonesia di pasar dunia dan menganalisis daya saing ekspor CPO Indonesia di pasar dunia terutama negara tujuan utama. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) untuk menghitung keunggulan komparatif CPO Indonesia dan Market Share Index (MSI) untuk menghitung pangsa pasar CPO Indonesia di negara tujuan utama dibandingkan dengan negara pesaing. Hasil dari analisis RCA menunjukkan bahwa CPO Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif di negara tujuan utama ekspor sedangkan analisis MSI menunjukkan jika CPO Indonesia memiliki pangsa pasar yang besar di India, Italia, dan Singapura. Hasil dari kedua analisis tersebut menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia memiliki daya saing yang kuat di negara tujuan ekspor., Oil palm is one of the plantation sub-sector commodities that has an important role in the national economy. Palm oil produces the main product, namely CPO (Crude Palm Oil). Indonesia is a country with the largest CPO production in the world. In line with the shift in world vegetable oil consumption to palm oil, the volume of CPO exports on the world market is also increasing. The export duty policy in 2008 caused a change in the export composition of palm oil products from crude palm oil to its derivative products. Malaysia is a competitor country that exports CPO in the world. The main export destinations for Indonesian CPO are India, the Netherlands, Malaysia, Italy and Singapore. The purpose of this research is to analyze the performance of Indonesian CPO exports in world markets and to analyze the competitiveness of Indonesian CPO exports in world markets, especially the main destination countries. The methods used in this research are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) to calculate the comparative advantage of Indonesian CPO and Market Share Index (MSI) to calculate the market share of Indonesian CPO in the main destination countries compared to competing countries. The results of the RCA analysis show that Indonesian CPO has a comparative advantage in the main export destination countries, while MSI's analysis shows that Indonesian CPO has a large market share in India, Italy and Singapore. The results of the two analyzes indicate that Indonesia has strong competitiveness in export destination countries.
Keyword: export duty, comparative advantage, market share, export potential, RCA

Judul: Increasing Competitiveness of Indonesian Crude Palm Oil (CPO) against Malaysia in International Trade
Abstrak: Crude Palm Oil (CPO) telah menjadi salah satu komoditas ekspor penting Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis daya saing ekspor CPO Indonesia terhadap Malaysia di pasar internasional. Keunggulan komparatif CPO Indonesia dianalisis menggunakan Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). Keunggulan kompetitif CPO Indonesia dianalisis menggunakan Export Competitiveness Index (ECI). Posisi daya saing CPO Indonesia dianalisis menggunakan Indeks Spesialiasi Perdagangan (ISP). Kemudian, Berlian Porter digunakan untuk menganalisis daya saing industri CPO Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa CPO Indonesia memiliki keunggulan komparatif yang tinggi dibandingkan Malaysia. CPO Indonesia dan Malaysia memiliki tren daya saing yang meningkat. Berdasarkan posisi daya saing, Indonesia telah berada pada tahap pematangan. Sementara, Malaysia masih berada pada tahap pertumbuhan. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa CPO Indonesia memiliki daya saing yang kuat dalam perdagangan dunia dibandingkan dengan Malaysia., Crude Palm Oil (CPO) has become one of Indonesia's important export commodities. This study aims to analyze the exports competitiveness of Indonesian CPO against Malaysia in international market. The comparative advantage of Indonesian CPO was analyzed using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA). The competitive advantage of Indonesian CPO is analyzed using the Export Competitiveness Index (ECI). Indonesia's CPO competitiveness position is analyzed using the Specialization Index (ISP). Then, Porter’s Diamond Model is used to analyze the competitiveness of the Indonesian CPO industry. The results showed that Indonesian CPO has a high comparative advantage compared to Malaysia. Indonesian and Malaysian CPO have an increasing trend of competitiveness. Based on the position of competitiveness, Indonesia is at the stage of maturation. Meanwhile, Malaysia is still in the growth stage. This condition shows that Indonesian CPO has strong competitiveness in international trade compared to Malaysia.
Keyword: CPO, comparative advantage, competitiveness, competitive advantage, export

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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