Judul: Impact Analisys of ASEAN’s +3 Non Tariff Measures (NTM) on the Performance of Indonesian Horticulture Exports
Abstrak: Agricultural trading nowadays is facing the tariff and non tariff barriers. WTO has been set the tariff rate which applied to trade commodities for in entire countries either developed or developing countries. The existence of tariff limitation that already occurred into global trading imposes the country to conduct non-tariff measures (NTM). One of the main point of NTM is the protection of domestic producers facing import competition with foreign products. Utility of NTM that most widely applied NTM is Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT). The implementation of SPS and TBT are also commonly occurred in Asia. One of the extending regional cooperation is ASEAN +3 which is led by ASEAN countries, China, Japan, and Korea. Indonesia as one of the ASEAN countries which has a huge potential in agricultural sector. Indonesia has a positive balance of trade on horticulture towards ASEAN +3 countries due the positive balance Indonesian export horticulture of the global trading, regardless there are some negative exports trade with others countries which still exist. Furthermore, potential horticulture production is still able to being developed. Thus, it is necessary to exploring the research about impact of NTM for Indonesian horticultural exports towards the ASEAN +3 countries. This research is expected to provides knowledge about trade policy by NTM system. The aim of this study are describing the performance of the export trade of horticultural subsector in Indonesia; describing the application of NTM in the horticultural subsector in the ASEAN +3 countries; analyzing and estimating the impact of the implementation of the NTM on the performance of horticultural exports which is NTM was about SPS and TBT. Horticultural consists of several groups of floriculture/ornamental plants, vegetables, fruits, and medical herbs. The data used in this research is a secondary data with a period of last three years that occurred on 2010-2012 and focused on the Indonesian horticultural exports towards the ASEAN +3 countries. The approach used in this study is a descriptive approach and data analysis with gravity models. Indonesia’s trade balance to ASEAN +3 countries showed deficit for China and Thailand either in the group of vegetable or fruit while other countries (Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philipina, and Singapore) derived surplus. Non tariff measures such as SPS and TBT which is imposed by ASEAN +3 countries have been applying 200 and 43 policies. The country which is not imposing the products NTM horticulture is Singapore. The approach used to measure the amount of NTM in this study is the frequency index and the coverage ratio. In general, for the SPS and TBT as seen from frequency index during the period 2010-2012 at the ASEAN +3 countries have increased, especially with the destination country of China and Malaysia. Country of the most imposing NTM is Malaysia and Singapore the lowest is completely not impose NTM. Based on the coverage ratio of SPS and TBT in each ASEAN +3 shows almost the same value that is equal to 100%. Horticulture group most affected NTM is ornamental plants and vegetables. The results of the analysis of the gravity panel
Keyword: ASEAN +3, export, horticulture, NTM, SPS and TBT

Judul: Analisis Dampak Non Tariff Measures (NTMs) terhadap Ekspor Manggis Indonesia ke Negara Tujuan Utama
Abstrak: Manggis merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor unggulan subsektor tanaman hortikultura yang berpengaruh terhadap nilai PDB Indonesia dimana ekspor komoditas manggis berkontribusi sebanyak 81 juta USD pada tahun 2021. Namun, ekspor manggis Indonesia masih terhalang dengan hambatan non tarif atau Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs). Kebijakan yang paling banyak diterapkan pada komoditas manggis adalah Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures dan Technical Barrier to Trade. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pemberlakuan NTMs pada ekspor manggis Indonesia di negara tujuan utama, yaitu Cina, Hong Kong, Uni Emirat Arab, Malaysia, dan Singapura serta menganalisis pengaruh NTMs yang diterapkan oleh negara tujuan terhadap ekspor manggis Indonesia. Hasil inventory approach yang telah dilakukan adalah Uni Emirat Arab merupakan negara yang memberlakukan NTMs terbanyak, yaitu 81 kebijakan dengan nilai frequency index dan coverage ratio yang paling beragam. Berdasarkan hasil regresi data panel yang dilakukan kebijakan SPS tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan dan memiliki hubungan negatif terhadap volume ekspor manggis Indonesia sedangkan kebijakan TBT berpengaruh secara signifikan dan memiliki hubungan negatif terhadap volume ekspor manggis Indonesia., Mangosteen is one of the leading export commodities in the horticulture cub-sector which has an impact on Indonesia’s GDP value, where mangosteen commodity exports contribute as much as USD 81 million in 2021. However, Indonesia’s mangosteen exports are still hampered by Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs). The policies most widely applied to mangosteen commodities are Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical Barriers to Trade. This study aims to analyze the application of NTMs to Indonesian mangosteen exports in the main destination countries and to analyze the effect of NTMs applied by destination countries on Indonesian mangosteen exports. The result of the inventory approach that has been carried out is that the United Arab Emirates is the country with the most NTMs, namely 81 policies with the most diverse frequency index and coverage ratio values. The results of the panel data regression carried out by the SPS policy have no significant effect and have a negative relationship to Indonesia's mangosteen export volume, while the TBT policy has a significant effect and has a negative relationship to Indonesia's mangosteen export volume.
Keyword: Inventory approach, SPS, TBT, Mangosteen

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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