Judul: Effect of Subchronic Toxicity Test of Soursop Leaf Endophytic Fungi Extract on Enzymes and Liver Histopathology of Sprague-Dawley Rats
Abstrak: Ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) diketahui memiliki aktivitas sebagai antikanker payudara, tetapi keamanannya terhadap kondisi hati pada uji toksisitas subkronis belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh pemberian ekstrak terhadap enzim dan histopatologi hati tikus Sprague-Dawley pada uji toksisitas subkronis selama 90 hari yang dilihat dari parameter kadar enzim hati (ALT dan AST), histopatologi, dan bobot hati. Pemberian ekstrak terhadap kadar enzim dan bobot hati tikus menunjukkan hasil yang tidak berbeda nyata antara kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol normal dan masih berada pada rentang normal. Kadar enzim hati pada kelompok satelit menunjukkan adanya efek reversible terhadap sediaan uji. Gambaran histopat hati pada seluruh kelompok tidak menunjukkan adanya kelainan yang spesifik. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak sampai dosis 240 mg/kgBB selama 90 hari pada tikus Sprague-Dawley terhadap enzim, histopatologi, dan bobot hati tikus tergolong aman karena tidak menimbulkan adanya tanda-tanda kerusakan hati., Ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungi of soursop leaf (Annona muricata L.) is known to have anticancer activity, but its safety against liver conditions in subchronic toxicity tests is unknown. This study aimed to examine the effect of the extract on enzymes and liver histopathology of Sprague-Dawley rats in the 90-day subchronic toxicity test, which was seen from the parameters of liver enzyme concentrations (ALT and AST), histopathology, and liver weight. Giving extracts to enzyme concentrations and liver weight of rats showed results that were not significantly different between the treatment group and the normal control group and were still in the normal range. Liver enzyme concentrations in the satellite group showed a reversible effect on the test preparation. Liver histopathology in all groups did not show any specific abnormalities. The conclusion of this study was that the administration of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi of soursop leaves up to a dose of 240 mg/kgBW for 90 days in Sprague-Dawley rats against enzymes, histopathology, and liver weight of rats was considered safe because it did not cause any signs of liver damage.
Keyword: endophytic fungi, liver, soursop leaf, subchronic toxicity

Judul: Sprague-dawley Rats Blood Chemical Profile in Subchronic Toxicity of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Soursop Leaf (Annona muricata L.)
Abstrak: Penelitian sebelumnya membuktikan bahwa ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) memiliki efek antikanker. Uji toksisitas akut sudah dilaksanakan dan hasilnya tidak menunjukkan dampak negatif pada parameter yang diamati. Agar bisa masuk ke fase uji klinis, perlu dilakukan uji toksisitas subkronis selama 90 hari untuk melihat keamanan pemberian ekstrak dalam waktu lama. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan konsentrasi glukosa, kolesterol, dan trigliserida darah tikus Sprague-dawley selama 90 hari pada pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak, pada uji toksisitas subkronis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada konsumsi pakan, bobot badan, serta konsentrasi glukosa, kolesterol, dan trigliserida darah antara kelompok normal dan kelompok yang diberi ekstrak kapang endofit daun sirsak dosis 20, 80, dan 240 mg/kgBB. Data kelompok satelit menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kelompok satelit dosis 240 mg/kgBB dan satelit normal. Sediaan uji aman dikonsumsi selama 90 hari tanpa adanya efek toksik yang tertunda., From previous study, soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaf endophytic fungi extract has been shown to have anticancer effects. Acute toxicity tests were carried out and the results showed no negative impact on the observed parameters. To submit the clinical trial phase, it is necessary to carry out a subchronic toxicity test for 90 days to see the safety of long-term consumption of the extract. This study aims to determine the concentration of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides in the blood of Sprague-dawley rats for 90 days after consumed the extract of soursop leaves endophytic fungi, in subchronic toxicity test. The results showed that there was no significant differences in feed consumption, body weight, and the concentration of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides in the blood between the normal group and the group given the soursop leaves endophytic fungi extract dose 20, 80, and 240 mg/kgBW. Satellite group data showed no significant differences between the satellite group at the dose of 240 mg/kgBW and the control satellite. The test preparation is safe for 90 days consumption without any delayed toxic effects.
Keyword: glukosa darah, kapang endofit, kolesterol, trigliserida, toksisitas, blood glucose, cholesterol, endophytic fungi, toxicity, triglyceride

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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