Judul: Characterization of Biodiesel Quality from Palm Oil Based on Different Set of Temperature Level by Using Circulation Reactor
Abstrak: The characterization of biodiesel quality from palm oil based on different set of temperature level by using circulation reactor has been investigated. The research was done in 2 phases. The first experiment was done to characterize raw material to decide the following reaction step. The main research was done in 3 temperature conditions (50, 60, and 70 oC) with interval of 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Molar ratio of methanol to oil at 6:1 and KOH catalyst was 1% of oil weights. Data processing used split plot randomized complete design and continued by Duncan test as necessary. Biodiesel preparation was done with one transesterification step, since free fatty acid contents of palm oil was low (0,32%). The result indicated that the higher the temperature and reaction time the higher the biodiesel quality, based on the lower the acid value, viscosity, total and combined glycerol, and high on methyl esters content. The acid value on temperature 50, 60, and 70 oC was 0,44; 0,41; and 0,40 mg KOH/g, the value of total glycerol was 0,33; 0,29; and 0,26%, and combined glycerol was 0,32; 0,27; and 0,25%, the viscosity was 13,59; 12,34; and 11,94 cSt, the density was 864,5; 864,8; and 862,7 kg/m3, and methyl esters content was 99,05; 99,13; and 99,23%, respectively. Based on data analysis, the optimum condition of circulation reactor was 15 minutes for 70 oC, 20 minutes for 60 oC, and 30 minutes for 50 oC.
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Judul: Kinetika Transesterifikasi Minyak Kelapa Sawit menjadi Biodiesel Menggunakan Reaktor Sirkulasi
Abstrak: Kinetics of transesterification using circulation reactor is studied in this research. This research is committed by reacting palm oil and methanol with ratio 1:6 at temperature 50, 60, and 70 °C using KOH as catalyst with concentration 1% of oil weights. Kinetics of transesterification is observed by measuring amount of combined glycerol that is available in methyl esters. The reduction of combined glycerol amount per unit of time is reflection how much triglyceride is converted as methyl ester. The result showed that circulation reactor can produce suitable biodiesel with quality standard in fast time. Optimum condition is acquired at temperature 60 oC on 20th minute that followed pseudo first order reaction with constanta of reaction rate as big as 0,0068 minute -1, activation energy (Ea) as big as 0,0104 kJ mol -1 , and praeksponensial factor (A) as big as 0,2254 minute-1 .
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Judul: Infeksi cacing Ascarid pasa anjing dan kucing, serta hubungannya sebagai zoonosis
Abstrak: Ada tiga cacing Ascarid yang didapatkan pada anjing dan kucing, yaitu Toxocara canis pada anjing, Toxocara cati pada kucing dan Toxascaris leonina pada anjing dan kucing. Ketiganya mempunyai habitat di usus kecil (Soulsby, 1982). Manusia dapat bertindak sebagai induk semang paratenik dari kelompok ini, melalui anjing dan kucing yang menderita sebagai sumber infeksi, terutama anak- anak anjing dan anak-anak kucing (Brown, 1975). Dari kelompok Ascarid ini penyebab utama penyakit pada manusia adalah Toxocara canis (Soulsby, 1982). Penyakit pada manusia yang disebabkan oleh kelompok ini dikenal sebagai penyakit 'Visceral Larva Migrans' (Brown, 1975), Toxocariasis (Beaver, 1966). Penularan pada anjing dan kucing, dapat melalui telur infektif (langsung), induk semang paratenik seperti tikus, kecos, cacing Lanah dan lain-lain (tidak langsung), intrauterin, trans-mammary dan secara fecaloral. Pada manusia, penularan terjadi melalui telur infektif yang tertelan. Gejala klinis yang tampak pada anjing dan kucing yang terinfeksi oleh kelompok ini, adalah anjing kurus, pertumbuhan terhambat, gelisah, batuk, respirasi meningkat, keluar cairan dari hidung, muntah yang kadang kadang bercampur dengan cacing, icterus, diare, sakit pada abdomen, perut buncit dan kadang-kadang timbul gejala konvulsi (Kelly, 1977). Pada manusia tanda klinis yang umum terlihat, yaitu batuk, dispnoe disertai demam dan gejala umum lainnya. Kadang-kadang endopthalmitis, retinitis perifer, papilitis, dan konvulsi. Pemeriksaan darah terlihat eosinofilia, leukositosis, hiperglobulinemia dan pemerik saan yang lain memperlihatkan hepatomegali…dst
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