Judul: In Vitro Digestibility and Ruminal Fermentation in Dairy Cattle Rations Based on NFC from Cassava Meal and Protected Soybean by Formaldehyde
Abstrak: Rasio Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) dan Rumen Undrgradable Protein (RUP) yang ideal diketahui mampu meningkatkan produktivitas ternak sapi perah. Kedelai merupakan salah satu bahan pakan konsentrat yang memiliki kandungan protein kasar tinggi dan asam amino yang lengkap, namum karena sifatnya yang mudah terdegradasi dalam rumen dibutuhkan upaya untuk memproteksi protein pada kedelai, salah satunya dengan penambahan formaldehid. Ketersediaan energi juga harus diperhatikan untuk digunakan dalam proses sintesis protein mikroba. Mineral sulfur dibutuhkan untuk mensintesis asam amino bersulfur seperti metionin dan sistein. Penelitian bertujuan mengevaluasi tingkat kecernaan dan fermentabilitas ransum yang menggunakan komponen Non-Fiber Carbohydrates (NFC) asal gaplek dan kedelai terproteksi menggunakan formaldehid 1% secara in vitro menggunakan metode Tilley dan Terry (1963). Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan, pengelompokkan berdasarkan waktu pengambilan cairan rumen dijadikan sebagai ulangan. Data dianalisis dengan analisis varian (ANOVA) dan uji kontras ortogonal menggunakan aplikasi SPSS versi 25. Hasil evaluasi ransum secara in vitro menunjukkan bahwa penambahan NFC asal gaplek, kedelai terproteksi formaldehid, dan suplementasi sulfur dalam ransum tidak memberikan pengaruh yang nyata (P>0,05) terhadap fermentabilitas rumen in vitro. Kecernaan bahan kering dan bahan organik meningkat (P<0,05) pada ransum yang ditambahkan NFC asal gaplek., An ideal ratio of Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) and Rumen Undegradable Protein (RUP) is known to increase the productivity of dairy cattle. Soybean contains high crude protein and complete amino acid, besides that most of the protein components in soybeans degraded quickly in rumen so we need to protect the protein. Energy availability is required to support the microbial protein synthesis process. Sulfur also needed to synthesize sulfuric amino acids like methionine and cysteine. This study aimed to evaluate the digestibility and fermentability of dairy cattle ration with the addition of Non-Fiber Carbohydrates (NFC) sources from cassava meals and protected soybeans by formaldehyde using Tilley and Terry’s (1963) in vitro method. The experimental design was a randomized block design with 5 treatments and 4 repeats, grouping based on the rumen fluid collection time. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and contrast’s multiple range test using the SPSS 25th version. The result of the in vitro rations evaluations showed that the addition of NFC, protected soybean, and sulfur supplementation in rations had no significant effect (P>0.05) on rumen fermentability. Dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility increased (P<0.05) in the ration that was added with NFC from cassava meals.
Keyword: formaldehid, gaplek, kedelai, sulfur, cassava meal, formaldehyde, soybean, sulfur

Judul: In Vitro Evaluation of Dairy Cattle Feed with Autoclave Protected Soybean Addition, Cassava as NFC Source, and Sulfur
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi secara in vitro pengaruh proteksi kedelai menggunakan autoclave yang disertai dengan suplementasi gaplek sebagai sumber non fiber carbohydrate (NFC) dan sulfur terhadap fermentabilitas, kecernaan ransum, dan populasi mikroba rumen. Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan 5 perlakuan ransum dan 4 kelompok berupa frekuensi pengambilan cairan rumen. Perlakuan terdiri atas P1 (ransum kontrol tanpa gaplek dan kedelai), P2 (ransum P1+sumber NFC gaplek), P3 (ransum P1+sumber NFC gaplek dan kedelai), P4 (ransum P1+sumber NFC gaplek dan kedelai terproteksi autoclave), dan P5 (ransum P1+sumber NFC gaplek, kedelai terproteksi autoclave, dan Na2SO4). Peubah yang diamati adalah pH, produksi VFA total, konsentrasi amonia, populasi protozoa dan bakteri total, serta kecernaan (KcBk dan KcBO). Data dianalisis dengan sidik ragam (ANOVA) dan uji lanjut berupa uji kontras ortogonal dan Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan nyata menurunkan produksi VFA total (P<0,05), namun tidak memengaruhi peubah lainnya. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah proteksi autoclave terhadap kedelai yang disertai dengan suplementasi gaplek dan sulfur efektif dalam mencegah terjadinya degradasi oleh mikroba di dalam rumen, sehingga diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi terhadap kecukupan protein asal ransum yang diserap dalam alat pencernaan pasca rumen., This study aimed to evaluate in vitro the effect of soybean protection using an autoclave accompanied by cassava supplementation as a source of non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) and sulfur on the fermentability, digestibility of the ration, and rumen microbial population. Randomized Block Design (RBD) was used in this study with 5 ration treatments and 4 groups in the form of the frequency of rumen fluid collection. The treatments consisted of P1 (control diet without cassava and soybeans), P2 (P1 ration+cassava NFC source), P3 (P1 ration+cassava and soybean NFC source), P4 (P1 ration+autoclave protected cassava and soybean NFC source), and P5 (ration P1+source of NFC cassava, autoclave protected soybeans, and Na2SO4). The observed variables were rumen fluid pH value, total VFA concentration, ammonia concentration, protozoa population, and DMD and OMD. Data were analyzed using variance (ANOVA) and further tests in the form of Duncan's test and orthogonal contrast. The results showed that the treatment significantly reduced the total VFA production (P<0.05), but had not affected the other variables. The conclusion of this study is that autoclave protection against soybeans accompanied by cassava and sulfur supplementation is effective in preventing degradation by microbes in the rumen, so it is expected to contribute to the adequacy of protein from the ration absorbed in the post-rumen digestive tract.
Keyword: autoclave, in vitro, protein protection, rumen degradable protein, soybean

Judul: Penggunaan Teorema Homeomorphy 2-Manifold dan Teorema Euler Poincare pada Torus 𝑇�� dan Simplicial Complex 𝐾��
Abstrak: Two dimensional topological spaces are said to be homeomorphic if they have the same topological invariant, where one of topological invariant used is an Euler characteristic. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem and Euler Poincare’s Theorem are used to distinguish two topological spaces. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem uses Euler characteristic to identify two dimensional topological spaces. Euler Poincare’s Theorem is an alternative way to find Euler characteristic with Betti number, which is topological invariant as well. The objective of this paper is to investigate the homeomorphism of torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾�����. Topological space torus and simplicial complex 𝐾����� have the same Euler characteristic, which is two. Based on Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem topological space torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾����� is homeomorphic.
Keyword: simplicial, torus, Euler, homeomorphism, topology