Judul: Immune system and production of pacific white leg shrimp on the different stocking density and sediment redox potential
Abstrak: Pacific white leg shrimp is a desirable species for shrimp farmers, which has eral advantages such as the availability of specific pathogen free post larvae, i relatively fast growth, and high survival rate. Pacific white leg shrimp Li 'P,enaeus vannamei has become one of the most important species in aquaculture sectors, including in Indonesia. Indonesian shrimp production had en dramatically increased during the last decade, from 191 148 MT in 2003 to 593 280 MT in 2014 or about 213% increase. The increase of shrimp production is ostly due to new openings of farming area and by intensification by increasing the stocking density. However, despite the progressive increase in production, shrimp-farming industry still encounters some major challenges among which is disease outbreak. Disease outbreak and environmental quality in shrimp culture systems are closely related. It has been suggested that viral and bacterial diseases, together with poor soil and water quality, were the main causes of the reported shrimp mass mortality in several studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of stocking density and sediment redox potential on the shrimp production performance and non-specific immune response. This study consisted of three main research stages with the following objectives: first, to observe the behavioural activity of L. vannamei and its oxygen consumption, as well as sediment oxygen demand in relation to sediment redox condition; second, to evaluate the effect of shrimp density on the animals immune system and growth performance, as well as the water quality in the culture system; and third, to evaluate the effects of sediment redox potential and shrimp stocking density on the sediment and water quality parameters, shrimp production performance, and immune response and resistance upon white spot syndiome virus (WSSV) challenge The first experiment was conducted in semi outdoor laboratory using 18 units of aquarium with a dimension of 30 cm x 30 cm x 100 cm. Each aquarium was filled with filtered seawater and 5 cm deep soil substrate with different redox pote tial at the bottom of each tank. Shrimp were randomly distributed into the tank at a stocking density of 130 shrimps m·²• One hour after being transferred to the aguarium, the shrimp swimming behaviour was observed for 6 consecutive hours, during which no feed was given to the shrimp. At the initial and end of expe ·ment, dissolved oxygen was measured at different depth. The study showed that sediment redox potential did not influence L. vannamei behavioural profile. Shrimp stayed on the tank bottom for most of the time in all treatments and these demonstrate that these animals were unable to stay for a long time in the water co , . Dissolved oxygen decreased with the increase of the water depth incHcating that dissolved oxygen on the bottom was consumed by both shrimp and s i; ent with the more negative sediment redox potential the higher sediment en demand. In the second experiment, a completely randomized experimental design was applied with four different stocking densities, i.e. 50, 150, 300 and 600 shr· s m·2 with four repetitions. Eighteen units of
Keyword: Stocking, White leg shrimp, Sediment redox

Judul: Provision of Commercial Probiotics for Growth and Vitality of White Shrimp which are Maintained at Different Stocking Densities
Abstrak: Udang vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) merupakan salah satu komoditas budidaya yang dapat dibudidayakan melalui sistem intensif atau dengan kepadatan yang tinggi. Terdapat tiga sistem padat tebar yaitu ekstensif, semi- intensif dan intensif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efektivitas pemberian probiotik komersial terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan dan vitalitas udang vaname yang dipelihara dengan padat tebar berbeda. Perlakuan yang diberikan pada penelitian ini adalah (A) padat tebar 556 ekor/m3 + pemberian probiotik (Pro-W 200 g/ha dan Pro-2 1 g/kg), (B) padat tebar 278 ekor/m3 + pemberian probiotik (Pro-W 200 g/ha dan Pro-2 1 g/kg), (C) padat tebar 139 ekor/m3 + pemberian probiotik (Pro-W 200 g/ha dan Pro-2 1 g/k), (K) padat tebar 556 ekor/m3 + tanpa pemberian probiotik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinerja pertumbuhan (kelangsungan hidup,LPH dan RKP) udang vaname dengan pemberian probiotik lebih baik dan berbeda nyata (P<0.05) dibandingkan perlakuan tanpa pemberian probiotik. Efek probiotik komersial dalam pemeliharaan udang vaname dengan padat tebar tertinggi (556 ekor/m3) menunjukkan kinerja pertumbuhan terbaik dan vitalitas udang pada kepadatan tinggi dapat dipertahankan, White shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is one of the cultivated commodities that can be cultivated through an intensive system or at high density. There are three stocking density systems, namely extensive, semi-intensive and intensive. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of commercial probiotics on the growth performance and vitality of white shrimp reared with different stocking densities. The treatments given in this study were (A) stocking density of 556 fish/m3 + provision of probiotics (Pro-W 200 g/ha and Pro-2 1 g/kg), (B) stocking density of 278 fish/m3 + provision of probiotics ( Pro-W 200 g/ha and Pro-2 1 g/kg), (C) stocking density 139 fish/m3 + provision of probiotics (Pro-W 200 g/ha and Pro-2 1 g/k), (K) stocking density 556 fish/m3 + without giving probiotics. The results showed that the growth performance (survival rate, LPH and RKP) of white shrimp with the provision of probiotics was better and significantly different (P<0.05) than the treatment without probiotics. The effect of commercial probiotics in the maintenance of white shrimp with the highest stocking density (556 fish/m3) shows the best growth performance and the vitality of shrimp at high densities can be maintained
Keyword: Litopenaeus vannamei, probiotics, Vibrio sp

Judul: Cycle Hamilton pada Graf Lengkap, Graf Regular, dan Graf 2-Connected 4-Regular Berorder Kurang dari Sepuluh
Abstrak: Suatu graf disebut graf Hamilton apabila graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton, yaitu cycle yang melewati setiap vertex tepat satu kali. Menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada suatu graf dapat menggunakan syarat cukup yang berupa teorema-teorema yang telah diperkenalkan sejak tahun 1950-an. Beberapa syarat cukup yang dibahas dalam karya ilmiah ini adalah syarat cukup yang berhubungan dengan graf lengkap dan graf regular. Suatu graf lengkap berorder 𝑛������ ≥ 3 dan graf r-regular berorder 𝑛������ ≤ 2𝑟������ + 1 merupakan graf Hamilton, Karena kedua graf tersebut memuat cycle Hamilton. Selanjutnya, syarat cukup tersebut digunakan untuk menentukan keberadaan cycle Hamilton pada graf 2-connected 4- regular berorder kurang dari 10.
Keyword: graf Hamilton, graf regular, graf lengkap, graf 2-connected 4-regular