Judul: Modifikasi kandungan lignin kayu sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria (L.) Nielsen) melalui rekayasa Gen 4- coumarate CoA Ligase (4CL)
Abstrak: Separation of lignin from cellulose requires high input of chemicals and energy resulted in high cost production and high ecological risks. The presence of lignin in plant cells is a factor limiting the efficiency of processing lignocellulosic materials of wood-based industries including pulp and paper industry either chemically or biologically (biopulping) process using white rot fungi. Lignin content and composition affect the efficiency of pulping process. Low-lignin wood or wood containing more reactive lignin which means syringyl content is higher than guaiacyl are more easily separated from cellulose. Therefore, it would be advantage to improve the efficiency process of pulp and paper industry. Sengon (P. falcataria) as a fast growth species is useful as a raw material for pulp because its characteristic which possess good fiber dimensions, high quality of physical and mechanical properties of its paper sheets. This study was aimed at (1) isolating the cDNA encoding 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL) from sengon, (2) constructing a binary vector of 4CL gene, with antisense orientation sengon transformation, (3) producing transgenic sengon plants which have characteristics low-lignin or higher syringyl ratio by introducing binary vector construct containing 4CL gene fragment with antisense orientation. Modification of the content or composition of lignin through recombinant DNA technology (genetic engineering) has been carried out in several stages: (1) quantitative analysis and histochemical lignin of sengon (P. falcataria), (2) embryogenesis shoots induction of sengon (3) isolation and cloning of cDNA fragments of genes encoding 4-coumarate: Coenzyme A ligase from sengon, and (4) genetic transformation on sengon by using gene fragment of antisense 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL) via A. tumefaciens. Lignin content determination of sengon collected from several areas in Indonesia indicated that lignin content of sengon ranged low to moderate category (16.58-35.59%). Lignin histochemical assay of transverse section of stems by using phloroglucinol-HCl staining showed that the initiation of lignin deposition was noted in 2 weeks old seedling. Quantitative and qualitative assessment through histochemical assay showed that lignin content in trees was varied depending on heights and location. Shoots induction from cotyledon nodes was selected as the most appropriate regeneration system for genetic transformation to improve sengon wood quality for pulp and paper industry. The cDNA fragment of 342 bp in size was obtained using degenerate primer designed using CODEHOP technique. Blast analysis result showed that deduction amino acid sequences of one out of two RT-PCR products nucleotide was highly homologous with the 4CL conserved region from Rubbus ideaus, Oryza sativa, Populus tomentosa, Populus balsamifera, Betulla platyphilla, Nicotiana tabacum, and Arabidopsis thaliana with identity ranging from 78-90%. The 4CL fragment has been successfully constructed and cloned for antisense orientation in pCAMBIA 2301. Recombinant expression vector of antisense 4CL has been successfully introduced into sengon via Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Gene integration test by PCR method showed that 19 out of 112 transformed sengon seedlings which resistant to kanamycine were transgenic seedlings. Lignin content determination of transgenic seedlings stem including histochemical assay, Klason lignin content and FTIR analysis to determine the S/G ratio was indicated that two transgenic sengon seedlings namely 4CLAS-4 and 4CLAS-1 possessed lower lignin content (15:53%) and
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Judul: Variasi Gen Penyandi Enzim Biosintesis Lignin Tanaman Monokotil dan Karakterisasi Gen COMT pada Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
Abstrak: VINCENTIA ESTI WINDIASTRI. Variasi Gen Penyandi Enzim Biosintesa Lignin Tanaman Monokotil dan Karakterisasi Gen COMT pada Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Dibimbing oleh SINTHO WAHYUNING ARDIE dan SATYA NUGROHO. Lignin adalah bahan alam yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan mentah, di antaranya dalam industri papan partikel, kesehatan, dan bioenergi. Peningkatan produksi lignin mendorong tersedianya sumber lignin terbaharukan dan ramah lingkungan. Sorgum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) berpotensi digunakan sebagai sumber biomassa untuk produksi lignin. Produksi lignoselulosa dari sorgum per tahunnya mencapai 19-47 ton/ha. Meskipun demikian, untuk memanfaatan sorgum sebagai sumber lignin secara optimal diperlukan peningkatan kandungan total lignin pada tanaman sorgum. Rekayasa genetika dalam modifikasi kandungan lignin dapat menjadi jawaban. Namun, informasi mengenai gen biosintesis lignin pada sorgum masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan memperoleh informasi protein biosintesis lignin pada tanaman monokotil menggunakan pendekatan analisis in silico dan mengkarakterisasi gen penyandi enzim COMT (Caffeic acid O methyltransferase) pada sorgum. Analisis bioinformatika mengenai protein biosintesis lignin telah dilakukan menggunakan beberapa program bioinformatika; BLAST, Mega-X, Conserved Domain Database, InterPro, dan MEME. Analisis in silico yang dilakukan menggambarkan bahwa protein biosintesis lignin dari tanaman-tanaman monokotil membentuk klaster yang searah dengan arah divergensi taksonomi tanaman monokotil. Protein lignin dari sorgum mengelompok bersama Mischanthus, tebu dan jagung. Pohon kekerabatan protein COMT menghasilkan nilai bootstrap tertinggi untuk protein COMT sorgum (97) di antara pohon filogeni protein-protein yang lain. Hasil penyejajaran keluarga protein COMT sorgum (XP_002445083.1) dengan protein COMT dari Mischanthus, tebu, jagung dan Arabidopsis thaliana menunjukkan bahwa protein dengan nomor aksesi GenBank XP_002445083.1 mempunyai karakter fungsional yang saling mirip, sehingga dapat diduga bahwa XP_002445083.1 adalah protein penyandi COMT pada sorgum. Gen Bmr12 (BROWN MIDRIB12) diperkirakan mempunyai fungsi dalam penentuan kandungan total lignin pada sorgum karena mutasi gen bmr12 menyebabkan kandungan total lignin tanaman mutan tereduksi. Percobaan ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi variasi basa (single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP) pada coding DNA sequence (CDS) gen Bmr12 dari sorgum dengan kandungan lignin tinggi (aksesi KS, 4182, dan SMM) dan kandungan lignin rendah (aksesi Buleleng Empok, JP, dan Pahat) serta mempelajari pola ekspresi gen Bmr12 pada kedua kelompok sorgum tersebut. Gen Bmr12 berhasil di isolasi dari cDNA enam aksesi sorgum dengan panjang basa nukleotida 1.089 bp. Penyejajaran gen Bmr12 dari keenam genotipe sorgum dengan sekuen referensi (XM_002445038) menunjukkan terdapat 3 synonymous SNP (pada posisi basa ke-420, 675, 693) dan 3 non-synonymous SNP (pada posisi basa ke-266, 676 dan 905) pada aksesi KS. Ekspresi relatif gen Bmr12 pada daun sorgum di stadia heading menunjukkan ekspresi tertinggi pada aksesi 4183A, yaitu 25,59 kali lipat dari ekspresi aksesi Pahat. Ketiga aksesi lainnya, SMM, Buleleng Empok, JP mempunyai pola ekspresi yang hampir sama (11,36; 12,38; 14,57 kali lipat) dan KS sebesar 4,77 kali lipat., VINCENTIA ESTI WINDIASTRI. Variation of Genes Encoding Lignin Biosynthetic Enzymes in Monocots and Characterization of the COMT Gene in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench). Supervised by SINTHO WAHYUNING ARDIE and SATYA NUGROHO. As one of the natural products, lignin can be utilized as raw materials for industries, biofuel, and bioenergy. With the increasing demand for lignin, it is important to find a renewable and environmentally friendly source to produce lignin. Sorghum has the potential to be
Keyword: COMT, in silico, lignin biosynthetic protein, sorghum, total lignin content

Judul: Distemper Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Distemper merupakan penyakit infeksius pada bimbingan anjing yang menduduki tempet teratas dan penyakit ini tersebar di seluruh bagian dunia dimana terdapat anjing-anjing yang dipelihara, terutama pada anjing-anjing muda di kota-kota besar, pada kelompok-kelompok anjing atau pada situasi lain dimana banyak terdapat kontak antara anjing. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh virus yang termasuk dalam famili Paramyxoviridae dan genus Morbilivirus. Infeksi virus ini sering disertai oleh infeksi sekunder oleh kuman Staphylococcus, streptococcus, Brucella bronchiseptica dan kuman Salmonella, inilah yang kadang-kadang sebagai penyebab kematian.
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