Judul: Penapisan bakteri penghasil senyawa antimikrob yang berasosiasi dengan spons Haliclona sp. dan deteksi gen penyandi poliketida sintase dan peptida sintase nonribosom
Abstrak: Sponges are classified in the Porifera phylum have the ability to symbiosis with microorganisms. The symbiont produced useful natural products such as polyketides and nonribosomal peptides that possessed antimicrobial activities. Each polyketide and non-ribosomal peptide are synthesized by the Polyketide Synthase (PKS) dan Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthase (NRPS) gene. Both of them are multifunctional enzymes that involved in the biosynthesis bioactive compounds that are important in pharmaceutical and other industries.The aims of study was to screened the bacteria producing antimicrobial compounds which is associated with sponge and detect the genes that play a role in the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds. A total of 18 isolates bacteria that associated with Haliclona sp. was tested their antimicrobial activity and finally 12 isolates bacteria that inhibited four pathogenic bacteria growth that consist of Staphylococcus aureus, Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio harveyi, and two non-pathogenic bacteria that consist of Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and the two pathogenic fungus Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. Detection of PKS and NRPS encoding gene performed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using specific primers, producing 700 bp and 1000 bp amplicon. One isolate that possessed the best antimicrobial activities and both of PKS and NRPS gene which is Iso 10 are selected for homology test. DNA fragment from Iso 10 KS genome (700 bp) that have been successfully cloned into plasmid pGEMT and sequenced and its homology with other KS domain sequences of about 49-51%.
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Judul: Antimicrobial Activity of Sponge-Haliclona sp.-Associated Bacteria and Their Genetics Analysis
Abstrak: Three marine bacterial isolates isolated from sponge-Haliclona sp. coded as HAL-13, HAL-74, and HAA-01 produced broad spectrum of antimicrobial compounds. Extraction of antimicrobial compounds has been performed using n-butanol and ethyl acetate solvent. Bacterial crude extracts from all of these isolates showed broad spectrum activity against bacterial and fungal test strains, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, enteropathogenic Escherichia coli K1-1, Candida albicans, and Candida tropicalis. Crude extract from HAL-13 showed the highest antimicrobial activity against bacterial and fungal test strain. Analysis of active spot from thin layer chromatography plate was conducted by bioautography technique. At least one spot from each bacterial crude extract has antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli K1-1. Purification of antimicrobial compounds from HAL-13 were performed using column chromatography with chloroform-methanol solvent system. Thirty-seven fractions were collected from column chromatography, five fractions of which have antimicrobial activity. DNA fragment of ketosynthase of polyketide synthase genes cluster from HAL-13, HAL-74, HAA-01 were amplified and successfully cloned into pGEMT-Easy. Sequences analysis showed that they had homology with PKS type of 1 B. subtilis BSN5 for HAL 13 and HAA-01, and PKS type 1 of B. amyloliquefaciens for HAL-74.
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Judul: Jagorawi Toll Highway's Traffic Accident (1996-1997
Abstrak: Jalan tol Jagorawi adalah jalan tol yang pertama dibangun di Indonesia, menghubungkan antara Jakarta, Bogor dan Ciawi. Jalan tol telah dirancang sedemikian rupa untuk memberi keamanan bagi pemakai jalan, namun kenyataan yang ada memperlihatkan jumlah kecelakaan lalu lintas yang terjadi cukup besar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran kecelakaan lalu lintas di jalan tol Jagorawi mengenai jalur dan ruas tempat kejadian, hari, waktu, serta cuaca saat kecelakaan terjadi. Hasil perhitungan memperlihatkan tingkat kecelakaan di jalur yang menuju arah Jakarta lebih tinggi daripada arah meninggalkan Jakarta. Pada setiap ruas di setiap jalur, tingkat kecelakaan yang mengakibatkan luka-luka jauh lebih tinggi daripada tingkat kecelakaan tanpa korban; namun belum bisa ditentukan ruas mana yang paling berbahaya karena belum ditemui adanya pola tertentu yang khas dari angka-angka hasil perhitungan tingkat kecelakaan per ruas yang ada. Frekuensi kecelakaan di hari Sabtu dan Minggu lebih tinggi dari hari-hari lain, untuk hari Sabtu frekuensi kecelakaan pada jalur yang meninggalkan Jakarta lebih tinggi sedangkan di hari Minggu lebih tinggi pada jalur menuju arah Jakarta. Kecelakaan lebih banyak terjadi pada siang hari, namun kecelakaan fatal lebih banyak terjadi di malam hari. Sebagian besar kecelakaan di jalan tol Jagorawi terjadi pada saat cuaca cerah, di alinemen jalan yang lurus dengan permukaan jalan yang kering.
Keyword: tingkat kecelakaan, statistika deskriptif, uji khi kuadrat