Judul: Persamaan regresi hubungan sifat fisiko-kimia produk hasil transesterifikasi minyak sawit dengan menggunakan katalis KNO3/atapulgit
Abstrak: The rapid human population growth has been associated with global energy need for industries, transportation, household, and etc. One of kind of energy that is used rnostly in the world is solar, fuel energy that is made from petroleum oil for diesel machine. On the other hand, biodiesel can be used as fuel energy alternative to fulfill the global need of solar. Biodiesel can be made by transesterification of palm oil and methanol mixture as raw material and catalyst. Catalyst plays important role to increase the rate of transesterification. One of potential catalyst is impregnated Potassium Nitrate to Attapulgite that acts as heterogeneous catalyst. However, because of silica, magnesium, and aluminu~n content, attapulgite can also be used as catalyst support. Transesterification of palm oil not only produces methyl ester (biodiesel) but also would change the properties of that oil, such as fiee glycerol, acid value, viscosity, and refractive index. By regression analysis of transesterification result product property change, the reaction mechanism of transesterification of palm oil using that catalyst would be understandable. The aims of the research are to determine regression analysis of relationship between properties of palm oil transesterification product with time and with one another. The step of the research are characterization of palm oil as raw material, determine the optimum of agitation rate, then determine the regression equation of relation between physical and chemical properties of palm oil transesterification product with time and with one another. Procedure of this research is started from catalyst preparation, then transesterification process using attapulgite impregnated with KNO3 as catalyst. The curve fitting least square analysis showed that the fitting mathematical model of the data regression analysis palm oil transesterification is in quadratic equation for the relation between free glycerol with reaction time, acid value with reaction time, refractive index with reaction time, and relation between kinematic viscosity with reaction time. However, the curve fitting least square analysis showed that relationship between inter-physical and chemical propelties of palm oil transesterification is in quadratic equation for the relation between free glycerol and acid value.
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Judul: Kinetika Transesterifikasi Minyak Kelapa Sawit menjadi Biodiesel Menggunakan Reaktor Sirkulasi
Abstrak: Kinetics of transesterification using circulation reactor is studied in this research. This research is committed by reacting palm oil and methanol with ratio 1:6 at temperature 50, 60, and 70 °C using KOH as catalyst with concentration 1% of oil weights. Kinetics of transesterification is observed by measuring amount of combined glycerol that is available in methyl esters. The reduction of combined glycerol amount per unit of time is reflection how much triglyceride is converted as methyl ester. The result showed that circulation reactor can produce suitable biodiesel with quality standard in fast time. Optimum condition is acquired at temperature 60 oC on 20th minute that followed pseudo first order reaction with constanta of reaction rate as big as 0,0068 minute -1, activation energy (Ea) as big as 0,0104 kJ mol -1 , and praeksponensial factor (A) as big as 0,2254 minute-1 .
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Judul: Psittacosis Sebagai Zoonosis Penting Yang Berasal Dari Burung
Abstrak: Psittacosis atau ornithosis adalah penyakit menular dari burung kepada manusia. Agens penyebab psittacosis termasuk ke dalam virus psittacosis-lymphogranuloma venereum group yang disebut Chlamydia psittaci. C. psittaci hanya dapat berkembang biak di dalam jaringan hidup tetapi peka terhadap antibiotik. Penyebaran penyakit ini sangat luas, terdapat hampir di seluruh dunia. Di Indonesia penyakit ini belum pernah di diagnosa, tetapi mengingat terdapat demikian banyaknya jenis burung maka diperkirakan psittacosis ini sudah ada. Kasus pada manusia pertamakali ditemukan oleh Ritter pada tahun 1879, di Eropa. Waktu itu dikenal sebagai pneumotyphus. Chlamydia psittaci tidak hanya sebagai penyebab infeksi pada burung, juga bisa menyebabkan infeksi pada mamalia diantaranya sapi, kerbau, kambing, domba, babi dan kucing. Pada kucing dikenal sebagai feline pneumonitis. Pada domba atau kambing mengakibatkan enzootic abortion. Pada burung, kalkun merupakan unggas paling rentan diikuti oleh burung psittacine dan burung lain di luar famili psittacidae. Virulensinyapun berbeda-beda. Yang berasal dari kalkun bervirulensi tinggi, sedangkan yang berasal dari burung merpati bisa bervirulensi tinggi bisa juga bervirulensi rendah. Penularan terjadi melalui kontak langsung maupun ti- dak langsung. Penularan melalui telur tidak terjadi. Umumnya penyakit ini memperlihatkan gejala klinis berupa deman, lesu, lemah, anorexia, kurus, diarrhea ber- warna kekuningan, discharge dari mata dan hidung, conjunc- tivitis. Gejala khas pada kalkun adalah istirahat dengan sternum sebagai dasarnya, karena adanya tekanan dari bagian perut yang sakit. Sedangkan pada manusia memperlihatkan adanya demam, kadang-kadang merasa dingin, lesu, sakit kepala yang hebat, sakit pada bagian belakang badan dan photophobia…dst
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