Judul: Penyusunan Kriteria Kesesuaian dan Kajian Dampak Pengembangan Dam Parit terhadap Kondisi Hidrologis DAS Ciliwung Hulu
Abstrak: Channel reservoir is constructed to store and distribute water to the irrigated target area. The objectives were: a) characterize the parameters quality of the channel reservoir development, b) created design criteria for the suitability of the position and dimensions of individual channel reservoir in micro catchment, c) hydrological analysis for the determination of the channel reservoir capacities, quantity and distribution in watershed area, and d) to analysis the impacts of the channel reservoir development to the hydrology condition, land productivity and farmer’s income. Geologically the Cibogo sub watershed is dominated by volcanic rocks as the results of eruption of Gede-Pangrango Mountains. Physiographically the study area is classified into plated volcanic systems while the elongated hills is the dominant topography. The land use consist of: rice fields, settlements, mixed farms, tea gardens, dry land, scrub, pine forest and mixed forest. The soil is classified into Udhorthents, Hapludands, Eutrudepts, Dystrudepts, and Flufaquents. Soil Groups. Hydrologically Cibogo sub watershed has a network of rivers to upto 3th order, with a parallel drainage pattern, consists of four branches. The position and dimensions of individual channel reservoir have been prepared on the synchronization (matching) among quality/ characteristic parameters with the criteria for determining parameters. The position of channel reservoir is determined by 6 parameters: a) water availability, b) construction stability, c) accessibility, d) water distribution, e) water utilization, and 6) social condition. While the dimension is determined by: a) river cross-section, dimension of irrigation channel and irrigation target area. To simplify the process of evaluation the level of suitability and limiting factors in determining the position and dimensions DSS soft ware was developed. The soft ware is named “Expert System for the Position and Dimensions Suitability of the Individual Channel Reservoir Development (ESPADS-ICRD)”. Base on field investigation found that individual channel reservoir its influence to reducing the peaks discharge volume which between 13.2% - 48.5%, increase the land productivity from 1.5 to 2.0 to 3.0 of cropping index, and increasing the farmers income as much as 16.9 million rupiahs/ha/year. Base on historical 50 years record data of rainfall and Ciliwung river discharge’s, there are + 68 mm rain fall its equivalent to 23.4 m3 discharge with total volume 10,591,593 m3 of water must be harvested by channel reservoir construction. Its volume can be satisfied by constructing of + 663 units channel reservoirs which are spread on the second, third and fourth rivers order of upper Ciliwung watershed.
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Judul: Pengaruh Perubahan Penutupan/Penggunaan Lahan terhadap Karakteristik Hidrologi Sub DAS Ciliwung Hulu
Abstrak: Watershed is an ecosystem consisting of upstream, middle and downstream. Upstream watershed ecosystem is play an important role, because its function to regulate hydrologic characteristics of the watershed. Ciliwung watershed is one of the superpriority watershed that must be taken high priority effort to rehabilitation. According to Suripin (2002), hydrological components affected by development activities in the watershed includes surface flow coefficient, coefficient of discharge regim river, the ratio between maximumminimum river discharge, mud content or sedimentary deposits in the river, the rate of frequency and period of floods, and also the state of groundwater. The aim of the research is to analyze land use/cover, changes of land use/cover in upstream ciliwung watershed and to analyze its influence on watershed hydrology (flood and maximum-minimum river discharge). In this research landsat image of 1990, 2001 and 2010 was used to analyze the land use/cover changes. After that the condition of land use changes and characteristics of watershed hydrology were compared and evaluated. Based on image interpretation of land cover in 1990 and 2001, the area dominated respectively by dense jungle, mixed farms and tea plantation. While land use in 2010 is dominated respectively by dense jungle, tea plantation and settlement. Patterns of land use/cover change at period 1990-2001 indicates substantially conversion of agriculture land such as the rice field, dryland farming and mixed farms into settlements. Area that converted respectively are 238.8 ha, 238,5 ha and 127,8 ha. Bush land is transformed into agriculture land as well, which are tea plantation (180,1 ha), mixed farms (140,7 ha) and other agricultural cultivation. Mixed farms is the most intensively converted land into dryland farming (411,3 ha). In the period 2001-2010, pattern of landuse/cover changes that occured is not too different but in a much larger scale. Large conversion of agriculture land occurred toward settlement (rice field 231,3 ha, mixed farms 176,2ha and dryland farming 128,9 ha). Mixed farms was converted into dryland v farming are 329,5 ha and rice field 212,8 ha. Amount of bush land converted to tea plantation, rice field and dryland farming were respectivally 107,1 ha, 144,9 ha and 108,4 ha. A decline in the quality of the upstream ciliwung watershed hydrology can be seen from characteristic of flood frequency, the quality of a flood, maximum-minimum river discharge and the ratio between maximumminimum river discharge. Increase of settlement and dryland farming area in the upstream ciliwung watershed contribute to declining of upstream ciliwung sub watershed hydrology characteristics.
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Judul: Transisi Fasa Materi Hadronik ke Materi Kuark pada Inti Bintang Neutron.
Abstrak: Bintang neutron terdiri dari beberapa lapisan yang disusun oleh materi nuklir yang berbeda dengan kerapatan yang semakin tinggi ketika mendekati pusat bintang. Inti luar bintang neutron disusun oleh materi hadronik (nukleon, lepton, dan hyperon), sedangkan inti dalam bintang neutron disusun oleh kuark-kuark bebas (up, down, strange) yang saling berinteraksi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari bagaimana transisi dari inti luar ke inti dalam bintang neutron dengan menggunakan pendekatan RMF (Relativistic Mean Field) untuk materi hadronik dan CIDDM (Confined Isospin Density Dependent Mass) untuk materi kuark. Tekanan transisi diperoleh ketika potensial kimia barion materi hadronik dan materi kuark bernilai sama. Nilai tekanan transisi dengan parameter SU6-TM1 sekitar 87 MeV/fm3 dan diperoleh massa maksimum bintang neutron yaitu 1.92M dengan jari-jari sekitar 8.62 km. Nilai tekanan transisi dengan parameter SU6-G2 sekitar 53 MeV/fm3 dan massa maksimum bintang neutron yaitu 1.88M dengan jari-jari sekitar 8.16 km. Jenis transisi fasa adalah orde satu ditandai dengan diskontinuitas dalam kerapatan energi (adanya mixed phase). Parameter-parameter pada model nuklir yang digunakan menyebabkan perbedaan kekakuan persamaan keadaan (EOS) dari materi hadronik dan materi kuark sehingga nilai tekanan transisi dari fasa hadronik ke fasa kuark juga berbeda.
Keyword: bintang neutron, persamaan keadaan, transisi fasa