Judul: Differential Leukocyte Percentage of Mice After Infection of Plasmodium Berghei Treated with Combination of Strychnos ligustrina Extract and Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine Phosphate (DHP)
Abstrak: Plasmodium berghei merupakan hemoprotozoa yang menyebabkan penyakit malaria pada mencit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak bidara laut dan dihidroartemisinin piperakuin fosfat (DHP) terhadap persentase diferensial leukosit mencit yang diinfeksi Plasmodiium berghei. Penelitian ini menggunakan 100 ekor mencit yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelompok yang terdiri atas kelompok kontrol, kelompok infeksi, kelompok yang diobati dengan 0,2 ml DHP 2%, kelompok yang diobati dengan 0,2 ml ekstrak bidara laut 3%, dan kelompok yang diobati dengan kombinasi 0,1 ml DHP 2% dan 0,1 ml ekstrak bidara laut 4%. Obat dan perlakuan diberikan setelah parasitemia mencapai 5% atau enam hari setelah infeksi (s.i). Ulas darah dibuat setiap dua hari sekali sampai 20 hari s.i. Parameter yang diamati adalah persentase parasitemia, penghambatan, dan diferensial leukosit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemberian kombinasi ekstrak bidara laut dan DHP memengaruhi persentase parasitemia, penghambatan, neutrofil, limfosit, dan monosit. Persentase parasitemia mengalami penurunan menuju normal dimulai hari ke-6 s.i. persentase penghambatan mengalami peningkatan dari ke-6 sampai dengan hari ke-14 s.i. Persentase neutrofil dan limfosit mulai kembali normal dari hari ke-6. Persentase monosit meningkat dari hari ke-2 sampai dengan hari ke-10 s.i. persentase eosinofil dan basofil tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh setelah pemberian perlakuan. Pemberian kombinasi ekstrak bidara laut dan DHP menunjukkan hasil yang tidak berbeda dibandingkan dengan pemberian tunggal ekstrak bidara laut dan DHP., Plasmodium berghei is a hemoprotozoa that causes malaria in mice. This study aimed to determine how a combination of Strychnos ligustrina extract and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine phosphate (DHP) affected the differential leukocyte percentage in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. In this study, 100 mice were divided into five groups, i.e., healthy mice, infected-untreated mice, mice receiving the standard drug treatment with 0.2 ml DHP 2%, mice receiving the standard drug treatment with 0.2 ml S. ligustrina extract 3%, and mice receiving a combination of treatments (0.1 ml DHP 2% and 0.1 ml S. ligustrina extract 4%). Treatments were initially started after reaching 5% of parasitemia or six days post-infection (p.i). Blood smears were made every two-day until 20 p.i. The parameters were observed for the percentage of parasitemia, growth inhibition, and differential leukocyte percentage. The findings demonstrated that DHP and S. ligustrina extract had an effect on neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte numbers as well as the percentage of parasitemia and inhibition. The percentage of parasitemia decreased to normal starting on the 6th day p.i. The percentage of growth inhibition increased from the 6th to the 14th day p.i. The percentage of neutrophils and lymphocytes starting recovery on the 6th day p.i. The percentage of monocytes increased from the 2nd to the 10th day p.i. No effects of the treatments on the percentage of eosinophils and basophils. The combination S. ligustrina extract show no significantly different compared to the single administration of S. ligustrina extract and DHP.
Keyword: DHP, differential leukocytes percentage, mice, Plasmodium berghei, Strychnos ligustrina extract

Judul: Differential Leukocyte in Mice Infected  with Plasmodium berghei and Treated with Strychnous Ligustrina Extract
Abstrak: Plasmodium berghei merupakan hemoprotozoa penyebab penyakit malaria pada mencit. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekstrak air bidara laut terhadap gambaran diferensial leukosit pada mencit yang diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei. Penelitian ini menggunakan 49 ekor mencit Balb/c, yang dibagi menjadi 7 kelompok. Pembagian kelompok perlakuan yaitu kelompok I adalah kontrol normal (KN), kelompok II kontrol infeksi tanpa perlakuan (KI), kelompok III kontrol infeksi yang diberikan perlakuan obat kombinasi dihidroartemisinin 25mg/kgbb dan piperakuin fosfat dosis 197mg/kgbb (K0) dan kelompok berikutnya adalah kelompok mencit yang diinfeksi dan diberikan perlakuan ekstrak. Masing-masing ekstrak air bidara laut diberikan dalam empat dosis yang berbeda yaitu kelompok EAa (ekstrak akuades), EAb (ekstrak akuades : DHF = 1:1), EAc (ekstrak akuades : DHF = 1:2), EAd (ekstrak akuades : DHF = 2:1). Kecuali kelompok KN, semua kelompok mencit diinfeksi Plasmodium berghei sebanyak 1 x 106/ml secara intraperitoneal. Setiap hari diambil darah dari ekor mencit, dibuat hapusan tipis di atas gelas objek dan dilakukan pewarnaan dengan Giemsa 10%, kemudian dilakukan perhitungan diferesnsial leukosit. Nilai rata-rata persentase diferensial leukosit diolah dengan menggunakan uji Analysis of variance (ANOVA) dan perbedaan hasil persentase pada masing-masing kelompok perlakuan diketahui dengan menggunakan uji Duncan menggunakan software SPSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan pada kelompok EAa dan EAd mengalami penurunan persentase neutrofil dan meningkatkan persentase limfosit pada hari ke 6 setelah infeksi. Persentase monosit, eosinofil dan basofil tidak mengalami perubahan yang signifikan. Pengobatan ekstrak air bidara laut dan DHF berpotensi sebagai obat antimalaria dengan menurunkan tingkat parasitemia dan meningkatkan persentase limfosit., Plasmodium berghei is a hemoprotozoan parasite that causes malaria in mice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Strychnous ligustrina extract on the differential leukocyte number in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The study used 49 Balb/c mice, divided into 7 groups. The treatment groups were as follows: Group I served as the normal control (KN), Group II as the infection control without treatment (KI), Group III as the infection control treated with a combination of dihydroartemisinin 25mg/kgbw and piperaquine phosphate 197mg/kgbw (KO), and the subsequent groups as mice infected with Plasmodium berghei and treated with different doses of Strychnous ligustrina extract (EAa (aquades extract), EAb (aquades extract : DHF = 1:1), EAc (aquades extract: DHF = 1:2) ,EAd (aquades extract : DHF = 2:1). Except for the KN group, all mice in the other groups were infected with Plasmodium berghei at a dose of 1 x 106/ml intraperitoneally. Blood samples were taken from the mice every day, and stained with Giemsa 10%, and then the differential leukocyte count was performed. The average percentage of differential leukocyte count was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and the differences in the percentage results among the treatment groups were determined using Duncan's test with SPSS software. The findings demonstrated that EAa and EAd treatments reduced neutrophils and increased lymphocytes on day 6 following infection. The proportion of monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils did not significantly change. The treatments of Strychnous ligustrina extract and DHF has the potential as an antimalarial candidate by reduced level of parasitemia and stimulated lymphocytes production
Keyword: differential leukocyte, mice, Plasmodium berghei, Strychnous ligustrina extract

Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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