Judul: Prakondisi Pembentukan KUD di Desa Hegarmanah Kecamatan Cimaragas, Kabupaten Ciamis
Abstrak: Banyak usaha pemerintah untuk menaikkan pendapatan petani di pedesaan, salah satunya adalah pengembangan Koperasi Unit Desa (KUD). Pembentukan KUn selama i n i datangyan dari atas .(perner r i n t a h ) , sebagai bagjLan dari s t r a t e g i pembangurran pedesaan. Pembentukan KUD y ang tergesa-gesa, ternyata kebanyakan mengalami kegagalan sehingga merugikan gerakan koperasi. Karena i t u diperlukan penelaahan prakondisi pembentukan KUD, sebelum KUD tersebut didirikan. Prakondisi artiny a persyaratan-persyaratan minimum (KUD sebagai perkump u l a orang, sebagai perusahaan dan faktor-faktor ekstern) yang harus dipenuhi agar KUD memperoleh kesempatan yang wajar dan berhasil. Pemerintah telah b e r i n i s i a t i f mendirikan KUD di Desa Hegarmanah, dengan mendirikan GLK (gudang Lantai ~ i o s )pa - $.a- tahun 1982. Akan t e t a p i sampai Juni 1986, di Desa Hegarmanah belurn ada KUD.
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Judul: Analisis keragaan KUD sebagai suatu wadah kegiatan ekonomi pedesaan (studi kasus di KUD Pakuhaji, kecamatan Sepakan, kabupaten Tangerang)
Abstrak: Koperasi merupakan salah satu lembaga ekonomi yang paling sesuai dengan perekonomian Indonesia (pasal 33 UUD 1945). KUD sebagai lembaga ekonomi dan pusat pelayanan pedesaan (Inpres No. 4/1984) diharapkan mampu berperan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan, dengan memberikan pelayanan yang baik kepada anggota dan masyarakat di wilayah'kerjanya. Namun kenyataannya masih banyak KUD yang belum dapat berperan seperti yang diharapkan, karena kurang mampu melaksanakan pengelolaan organisasi dan usaha dengan baik serta kurangnya partisipasi anggota.
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Judul: Phylogeography and Species Limits in the Papuan White Snake (Micropechis ikaheka) (Reptilia: Serpentes: Elapidae)
Abstrak: Papua white snake, Micropechis ikaheka, has been distingushed into two subspecies M.i. ikaheka and M.i. fasciatus. However, due to lack of data on their morphology, distribution and ecology, both subspecies often ignored in scintific discussions and refers only byas , Micropechis ikaheka. This study was designed to document the differences between M.i. ikaheka and M.i fasciatus by using scales characteristics and reproductive organ or hemipenes. The study also examine, zoogeography, habitat, diet and cannibalism of both subspecies to better understanding the the ecology of one of the most venomous snakes in the world. This study consists of three topics with method and also different in the size samples, respectively. The first study is the histology and microtopography of the skin were studied using paraffin method and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The second is the hemipenis were examined by following Myers and Cadle (2003), and Zaher and Prudente (2003). The third is the abdominal surgery was carried out to document diet type and the investigate phenomenon of cannibalism in the snake. Specimens for this study came from the collection from Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (MZB) and Universitas Negeri Papua’s Laboratory (LZU). The research result also indicated that the markers of skin and hemipenis described the same structure and microornamentation in all M. ikaheka groups being compared. Based specimens examined morphological descriptions do not s support the further differentiation in Micropechis. In short, two markers that used in this study could not sufficiently indicate the differences in the level of species and subspecies of M. ikaheka. The study, however, were able to delineate zoogeography and skin color patterns, which fall into four groups: M. i. ikaheka; M. i. fasciatus. M. i. ssp. “intermediate”; and M. i. ssp “black”. This study also revealed that color variations did not overlap in their geographic distribution. It is therefore, it suggested that environmental factors may contribute to the skin color variations. It also assumed that habitat discontinuous and biogeography factors may also cause the loss of the connection between the original populations (vicarians) or follow colonization events (dispersal). The examined of 22 stomach contents of M. ikaheka shows this species is carnivorous, and prey on vertebrates such as amphibians, fish, reptiles, and Mammals. These snakes are opportunistic predators since they prey on all that can be captured, but mainly reptiles (61.5%), followed by mammals and fish (both 15.4%), and amphibians (7.7%). Although categorized as terrestrial animal, the diet study showed that M. ikaheka snakes often go into the water to hunt for fish (the sample from Yapen island), including eel (the sample from Aru island). Based on prey items indentified, there is evidence that M. ikaheka is cannibal. At this time, there still no record on reason for cannibalism, but it is assumed that cannibalism was due to competition between populations and means to control population.
Keyword: geographic variation, white snake, papua