Judul: Is there Any Anomali between Economic Growth and Employment Rate?
Abstrak: Economic growth expands the material base for the fulfillment of human needs. The extent to which these needs are met depends on the allocation of resources among people and uses and the distribution of opportunities, particularly employment. This research examines whether there is anomaly links between economic growth and employment rate for provinces in Indonesia with various economic performance over 2002-2009 periods. Using panel data models, economic growth, and employment rate as expressed in the econometric function of regional GDP, macroeconomic indicators, educational level and regional minimum wage. The main result is the long run coefficient of regional GDP has positive impact to the strong and week links provinces categories (quadrants I and III) and the unbalanced links (quadrants II and IV). It explains that economic growth has links to employment rate and indicating that there is a key link back. The link between them is not automatic. The link can be strengthened through sensible policy actions that can make them mutually reinforcing. When the links are strong, they contribute to each other,but when the links are weak or broken, they can become mutually stifling as the absence of one undermines the other. Unbalanced links are the results of rapid employment rate with little growth or of fast growth with slow employment rate. In the long run, economic growth and employment rate generally move together and tend to be mutually reinforcing. This research also analyzes the response of contribution of sectors to the regional GDP and educational level affected to employment rate, and indicating a change in trend of employment rate. Hence, when the economic growth is positive and inelastic, it means the response of economic growth to change employment rate is relatively low. However, the estimation results are also show that the labor elasticity is positive and tends to decrease over time. Here, the estimation value of economic growth varies across provinces where the strong and weak links have higher elasticity then the unbalanced links.
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Judul: Pengangguran di Indonesia 1984-2008
Abstrak: Unemployment is a common problem in most countries. Generally the national unemployment rate rose from average 4.83 percent in 1992-1999 to 9.08 percent in 2000-2008. An increase in the unemployment rate not only implies a serious underutilization of manpower, but also may likely generate a series of social problems in the long run. As such, dealing with the upsurge in the unemployment rate has become the top priority in the governments policy agenda. Aside from the rise of the aggregate unemployment rate, the regional unemployment rate in Indonesia shows wide variability of the unemployment rate among 26 provinces, moreover this unemployment rate seems to persist over time. This study intended to identify the persistence of regional unemployment and to explore the sources of this regional unemployment across Indonesian provinces. Using time series data from 1984 through 2008 it identified the existence of regional persistence with two approaches: Im Pesharan Shin panel unit root test and panel method to get the ‘near unit root’ coefficient. Thus, to analyze factors affecting regional unemployment, panel data analysis was used. Panel unit root test showed that panel data in this period was stationary and this study found the coefficient was a near unit root process (0.87). A cross-regional panel study showed that the variables contributing to unemployment rate were the share of the labor force (15-24), minimum wage province, the percentage of the labor force that is male, and the share of labor force with a higher education. Real GDRP per capita, dependency ratio, and industry composition (the share of manufacturing and agriculture sectors to GDRP) negatively effected the dependent variable. Related to industry composition, even though both sector have a negative effect which reduced regional unemployment but the result showed that agriculture has the largest employment elasticity.Understanding the sources of regional unemployment is helpful to determine the appropriate policies to mitigate the unemployment rate across regions. This study provides important implications for government to make a new reorientation so that sector which has relatively high growth can also create employment. Second, this study recommends the promotion of a vocational education and training as a transition for young person to enter labor market. Third, it also suggests development of agriculture in rural area. Fourth, the government in region must have a specific unemployment program depending on potential characteristics of the regions and promotes new investments to create employment. Fifth, UMP is still needed as a reference in setting the workers wage, but the criteria of minimum wage should be determined not only refers to inflation rate but also includes employment growth, financial capability of company, and macroeconomic stability.
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Judul: Sintesis Flavon dari Fenol dan Benzoil Klorida
Abstrak: Flavone is a class of flavonoid, commonly found in plants with wide bioactivity spectrum. A widely used flavone synthesis route is through acidcatalyzed oxidative cyclization of β-diketone. In this study, unsubstituted flavone had been synthesized via 5-step from phenol, with 22% yield and successfully increased the yield of previous study on Fries rearrangement of phenyl acetate and benzoylation of o-HAP steps. Phenol was acetylated resulting 93% phenyl acetate. AlCl3-catalyzed Fries rearrangement in 1.5 hour and at 120 °C converted phenyl acetate into o-hydroxyacetophenone (o-HAP) with 40% yield. AlCl3 as catalyst produced o-HAP with higher and reproducible yield compared with BF3·Et2O and ZnCl2. Benzoylation of o-HAP followed by Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement of the ester product using KOH in dried pyridine produced β-diketone 1-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropane-1,3-dione. The yield of ester and β-diketone were 71% and 85%, respectively. Finally, oxidative cyclization of β-diketone with sulphuric acid as catalyst produced 99% of flavone. The flavone product had been characterized spectroscopically and its melting point as well.
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