Judul: Process design and scale up of the biological extraction of chitin from shrimp shells
Abstrak: Biologically chitin extraction was conducted by mic robial process for deproteinization and demineralization. Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 116 was used for demineralization and Bacillus licheniformis F11.1 for deproteinization. The aim of the experiment was to design the biologi cal extraction process of chitin from shrimp shells and to obtain the best sc aling up criteria for the biological chitin extraction. The result of design of the biologically chitin extraction process from shrimp shells was as follow : The Shrimp shells was ground into pieces of 5 – 10 mm and followed by dem ineralization that was conducted by subsequent batch fermentation., Biologically chitin extraction was conducted by mic robial process for deproteinization and demineralization. Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 116 was used for demineralization and Bacillus licheniformis F11.1 for deproteinization. The aim of the experiment was to design the biologi cal extraction process of chitin from shrimp shells and to obtain the best sc aling up criteria for the biological chitin extraction. The result of design of the biologically chitin extraction process from shrimp shells was as follow : The Shrimp shells was ground into pieces of 5 – 10 mm and followed by dem ineralization that was conducted by subsequent batch fermentation.
Keyword: microbial process, deproteinization and demineralization, Lactobacillus acidophilus FNCC 116, chitin content

Judul: Bioextraction of Chitin from Vaname Shrimp Waste (Litopenaeus vannamei) Using Lactic Acid Bacteria
Abstrak: Industri pembekuan udang menghasilkan banyak karapas berupa kulit dan kepala udang. Hasil samping pengolahan udang dapat diolah lebih lanjut menjadi kitin. Kitin dapat diekstraksi menggunakan metode kimia dan biologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan pengaruh lama fermentasi berbeda pada ekstraksi kitin dari karapas kulit dan kepala udang secara biologis menggunakan starter campuran bakteri L. plantarum SK (5), L. plantarum NS (9) dan P. pentosaceus BP (20). Kitin diperoleh melalui proses fermentasi. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 5, 10 dan 15 hari. Kadar protein dan kadar abu diamati pada 5, 10 dan 15 hari. Analisis gugus fungsi FTIR dilakukan pada hari ke 15 fermentasi. Ekstraksi kitin karapas udang menggunakan bakteri asam laktat menghasilkan kitin dengan derajat deproteinasi sebesar 31,29% dan derajat deasetilasi sebesar 36%. Ketiga isolat BAL (L. plantarum SK(5), L. plantarum NS(9) dan P. pentosaceus BP(20)) dapat digunakan dalam proses bioekstraksi kitin karapas udang dengan fungsi utama untuk deproteinasi., The shrimp freezing industry produces a lot of carapace in the form of shells and heads of shrimp. The by-product of shrimp processing can be further processed in the form of chitin. Chitin can be extracted using chemical and biological methods. This study aims to determine the effect of different fermentation times on the biological extraction of chitin from shell carapace and shrimp heads using a mixed starter of L. plantarum SK (5), L. plantarum NS (9) and P. pentosaceus BP (20) bacterial starter. Chitin is obtained by bio-extraction method through a fermentation process. Fermentation was carried out for 5, 10 and 15 days. Protein content and ash content were observed at 5, 10 and 15 days. FTIR analysis was performed on the 15th day of fermentation. Extraction of shrimp carapace chitin using lactic acid bacteria produced chitin with a degree of deproteination of 31.29% and a degree of deacetylation of 36%. The three LAB isolates (L. plantarum SK(5), L. plantarum NS(9) and P. pentosaceus BP(20)) can be used in the bioextraction process of shrimp carapace chitin with the main function of deproteination.
Keyword: chitin, fermentation, lactic acid bacteria, starter bacteria

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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