Judul: Bakteri Asam Laktat Asal Bekasam sebagai Kandidat Probiotik
Abstrak: Explotary studies of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that have the potential as probiotic are continously conducted. One source of LAB which has potential as probiotic candidate is bekasam. The aims of this study were to select and evaluate LAB of bekasam origin as probiotic candidate. Three isolates of LAB of bekasam origin have isolated, selected, and evaluated their probiotic properties by in vitro method, then characterized, and identified with API 50 CHL. The result showed that all isolates well grown in gastric juice pH and small intestines pH with 0.5% bile salt (SR ≥50%). Three isolates showed antimicrobial activity to Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028. Characteristics of three LAB isolates candidate as probiotic were Gram-positive rod shaped, non motile, negative catalase, and homofermentative. The results of the identification found that SK(5) and NS(9) were Lactobacillus plantarum 1 with 99.9% and 99.5% similarities, while BP(10) was Lactobacillus pentosus with 99.9% similarities.
Keyword: probiotic candidate, lactic acid bacteria, in vitro, bekasam

Judul: Seleksi Dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Asam Laktat Asal Bekasam Sebagai Probiotik
Abstrak: Bekasam merupakan salah satu produk fermentasi ikan Indonesia. Produk fermentasi mengandung bakteri asam laktat (BAL) dan beberapa diantaranya berpotensi sebagai probiotik. Bekasam terbuat dari ikan air tawar, misalnya ikan sepat dan nila, memiliki bentuk seperti ikan segar namun daging ikan lebih kenyal, rasa asam, asin dan aroma yang khas. Penelitian produk fermentasi ikan di Indonesia masih sangat kurang khususnya bekasam. Bakteri asam laktat telah diisolasi dari bekasam dan menghasilkan 62 isolat BAL, tiga isolat diantaranya telah diteliti potensinya sebagai probiotik, namun baru sebagai kandidat dan masih terdapat 59 jenis isolat yang belum diketahui potensinya sebagai probiotik. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka perlu diteliti lebih lanjut mengenai BAL probiotik pada bekasam. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menseleksi isolat BAL asal bekasam, menentukan karakteristik BAL yang berpotensi sebagai probiotik, dan identifikasi isolat BAL probiotik. Penelitian dibagi menjadi dua tahap. Tahap pertama yaitu seleksi BAL sebagai probiotik. Lima isolat BAL asal bekasam yaitu BP(25), NS(5), SS(3), BP(8) dan NS(6) diseleksi berdasarkan pH lambung (pH 2.0), pH usus (pH 7.2), garam empedu (0.5% oxgal), aktivitas antibakteri, kemampuan penempelan pada usus tikus (ileum) secara in vitro. Tahap kedua yaitu karakterisasi BAL probiotik meliputi pewarnaan Gram dan spora, pengamatan sifat fisiologis meliputi motilitas, katalase, uji tipe fermentasi, amilolitik, lipolitik, serta pengamatan pertumbuhan pada suhu, pH dan kadar NaCl yang berbeda, dan identifikasi menggunakan API 50 CHL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolat NS(5), SS(3) dan BP(8) dapat bertahan pada pH 2.0, 7.2 dan garam empedu (oxgal), memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 dan Escherichia coli, memiliki kapasitas penempelan pada permukaan usus (ileum) 10.43–15.40%. Pembuktian penempelan dengan pembuatan preparat histopat menunjukkan ketiga bakteri dapat melekat pada sel epitel usus. Ketiga isolat memiliki karakteristik bakteri Gram-positif, berbentuk batang (NS(5) dan SS(3)) dan bulat (BP(8)), non-endospora, katalase negatif, homofermentatif, non motil, memiliki aktivitas amilolitik dan lipolitik, dapat tumbuh pada 30oC–37oC, kadar NaCl 2%-7% dan pH 4.4–9.6. Isolat NS(5) adalah Lactobacillus plantarum 1 (99.9% ID), SS(3) adalah L. pentosus (99.9% ID), dan BP(8) adalah Pediococcus pentosaceus 1 (99.9% ID). Isolat BP(25) dan NS(6) tidak termasuk probiotik karena tidak dapat bertahan pada kondisi pH lambung, pH usus dan garam empedu (oxgal).
Keyword: bekasam, bakteri asam laktat (BAL), probiotik

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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