Judul: Review of Forage Potential Under The Shade of Oil Palm Plantations
Abstrak: Perkebunan kelapa sawit berpotensi sebagai penghasil hijauan pakan bagi ternak. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi potensi perkebunan kelapa sawit sebagai penghasil hijauan pakan dan mengidentifikasi hijauan yang ditemukan di bawah naungan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka dengan mengumpulkan berbagai artikel penelitian dari berbagai sumber seperti Google Scholar dan Research Gate tentang hijauan yang tumbuh di bawah naungan perkebunan kelapa sawit. Hasil penelitian telah ditemukan 184 jenis hijauan yang berbeda di bawah naungan perkebunan kelapa sawit dari 23 artikel penelitian. Hijauan yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott dengan INP 5,46, sedangkan hijauan dengan nilai INP paling tinggi adalah Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. dengan INP 24,73. Simpulan dari penelitian ini, yaitu hijauan yang tumbuh di bawah naungan perkebunan kelapa sawit sangat bervariasi. Hijauan yang tumbuh dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lingkungan dan umur kelapa sawit yang kemudian akan memengaruhi tingkat naungan. Terdapat 16 jenis vegetasi yang paling banyak ditemukan dari 184 jenis vegetasi yang ditemukan di bawah naungan perkebunan kelapa sawit., Oil palm plantations have the potential to produce forage for livestock. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of oil palm plantations as a producer of forage and to identify the forages that have been found under the shade of oil palm plantations. This research used the literature review method by collecting various research articles from various sources such as Google Scholar and Research Gate about forages that grow under the shade of oil palm plantations. The research results have found 184 different types of forage under the auspices of oil palm plantations from 23 research articles. The most commonly found forage was Nephrolepis biserrata (Sw.) Schott with an INP of 5.46, while the forage with the highest INP was Borreria alata (Aubl.) DC. with an INP 24.73. The conclusions from this research are the forage that grows under the shade of oil palm plantations varies greatly. The growth of the forage is influenced by environmental conditions and the age of the oil palm, which will influence the level of shade. There are 16 types of vegetation that are most commonly found out of the 184 types of vegetation found under the shade of oil palm plantations.
Keyword: forage, literature review, oil palm plantations

Judul: Potential Availability of Forage in Oil Palm Plantations in West Pasaman Regency
Abstrak: Hijauan pakan ternak bisa didapatkan dari berbagai sumber, salah satunya adalah dari perkebunan kelapa sawit. Perkebunan kelapa sawit memiliki potensi yang sangat besar untuk pengembangan peternakan ruminansia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui potensi hijauan yang ada di perkebunan kelapa sawit Kabupaten Pasaman Barat. Penelitian dilaksanakan di dua lokasi yang berbeda dengan luasan lahan masing-masing 2 ha. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara acak terencana, setiap lokasi diambil sebanyak 30 cuplikan sampel hijaun menggunakan kuadran 100 cm x 100 cm, untuk identifikasi hijauan, menghitung produksi hijauan dan kapasitas tampung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat 24 jenis hijauan yang bervariasi dengan proporsi hijauan yang ada meliputi rumput, legume, rumbah dan pelepah daun kelapa sawit. Produksi hijauan pakan di perkebunan kelapa sawit Pasaman Barat tahun 2020 yaitu 994 ribu ton tahun-1 dengan kapasitas tampung perkebunan kelapa sawit yaitu 436.000 ST tahun-1, sedangkan jumlah ternak yang ada adalah 22.648 ST, maka berdasarkan potensi biomassa hijauan di perkebunan sait dapat ditambah ternak sebanyak 413.352 ST., Forage fodder can be obtained from various sources, one of which is from oil palm plantations. Oil palm plantations have enormous potential for the development of ruminant livestock. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of forage biomass in oil palm plantations in the West Pasaman Regency. The research was carried out in two different locations with a land area of 2 ha each. Sampling was carried out randomly, each location is taken as many as 30 samples of forage samples using a 100 cm x 100 cm quadrant, for forage plant species identification, forage production, and storage carrying capacity. The results showed that 24 types of potential forage plant species were identified, including grasses, legumes, rumba (other indigenouse plant species), and oil palm leaf midribs. Potential forage biomass was 994 thousand tons year-1, which is possible to supply forage with carrying capacity 436.000 animal unit year-1. This number enable additional population of cattle with 22,648 animal unit in west pasaman regency in term of forage biomass potency in soil palm plantation.
Keyword: Forage, forage production, oil palm plantations, storage capacity

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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