Judul: Efficiency and Determinants of  Inefficiency of Exports of Malaysian Palm Oil to Major Destination Countries
Abstrak: Malaysia merupakan eksportir minyak sawit terbesar kedua di dunia setelah Indonesia. Industri kelapa sawit menjadi salah satu komponen penting di dalam sektor pertanian Malaysia, yang memiliki kontribusi sebesar 3,6 persen terhadap Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB) Malaysia di tahun 2020. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengestimasi nilai efisiensi ekspor serta menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor dan inefisiensi ekspor minyak sawit Malaysia ke negara tujuan utama. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model (SFGM) menggunakan data panel berupa nilai ekspor minyak sawit Malaysia ke 8 negara tujuan utama periode 2000-2022. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata nilai efisiensi ekspor minyak sawit Malaysia ke negara tujuan utama sebesar 30,91 persen. Variabel PDB riil negara mitra dagang signifikan berpengaruh positif, PDB riil Malaysia dan jarak ekonomi signifikan berpengaruh negatif terhadap ekspor minyak sawit Malaysia ke negara tujuan utama. Variabel nilai tukar riil dan liner shipping connectivity index signifikan berpengaruh negatif, trade openness dan government effectiveness tidak signifikan terhadap inefisiensi ekspor minyak sawit Malaysia ke negara tujuan utama. Optimalisasi ekspor minyak sawit Malaysia dapat dilakukan melalui peningkatan ekspor ke negara mitra dagang yang memiliki nilai PDB yang tinggi dan jarak yang dekat dengan Malaysia., Malaysia is the second-largest exporter of palm oil in the world after Indonesia. The palm oil industry is a crucial component of Malaysia's agricultural sector, contributing 3.6 percent to Malaysia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020. This study aims to estimate the value of export efficiency and analyze the factors affecting exports and inefficiency of Malaysian palm oil exports to major destination countries. The method used in this study is the Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model (SFGM, employing panel data representing Malaysian palm oil export values to 8 major destination countries for the period 2000-2022. The results indicate that the average efficiency value of Malaysian palm oil exports to major destination countries was 0.31. The real GDP variables of trading partner countries exhibit a significant positive effect, while Malaysia's real GDP and economic distance have a significant negative effect on Malaysia's palm oil exports to major destination countries. Real exchange rate and liner shipping connectivity index variables have a significant negative effect, trade openness and government effectiveness are not significant to the inefficiency of Malaysian palm oil exports to major destination countries. Optimizing Malaysian palm oil exports can be achieved by increasing exports to trading partner countries with high GDP values and close distance to Malaysia.
Keyword: Palm Oil, Malaysia, Stochastic Frontier Gravity Model, Export Efficiency

Judul: Analisis Daya Saing dan Perdagangan Produk Ekspor Kelapa Sawit Indonesia di Pasar Internasional
Abstrak: Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil products in the world, with a production of about 44.46 percent of the total world production. Exports of palm oil products driven from the demand side, namely the growth in world consumption is equal to 3 percent per year. Although the quantity of export of palm oil products showed an increase, but starting in 2011, a change in the composition of exports of Indonesian palm oil products, namely the export of processed products or Refinery Palm Oil (RPO) increased, whereas Crude Palm Oil (CPO) decreased. This happens due to the impact of the progressive establishment of export duty on palm oil products, which began in 2007. The trend of increasing exports of Indonesian palm oil products and increased consumption of palm oil world, demonstrates the potential exports of palm oil products market is still high in the international market. The volume of exports of palm oil products in the international market is determined by the competitiveness of export products of palm oil and other determinants. To that end, the purpose of this study are: (1) analyze the competitiveness and the level of competition Indonesian palm oil export products in the international market and (2) analyze the factors that affect the flow of trade in products of Indonesian palm oil exports as well as the potential for trade in the international market. Secondary data were used in the form of panel data is a merger between the data time series and cross section. The analysis method used in this study were: (1) descriptive analysis, (2) analysis of the competitiveness of the method of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), (3) Spearman rank correlation analysis, (4) analysis of panel data with gravity models, and ( 5) analysis of the ratio of trade potential. Research results indicate that the export product trade Indonesian palm oil in the international market has the highest comparative advantage for CPO (average value of 64.72 RCA) and the lowest for the RPO (average value of 32.37 RCA), although seen from the RCA all products Indonesian palm oil exports show has a comparative advantage. Based on the analysis of competitiveness, Indonesia has a negative correlation with Malaysia's CPO and RPO market. The variables that significantly influence the volume of Indonesian CPO exports include Indonesia's real GDP per capita, real GDP per capita of the country of destination, within the Indonesian economy with the country of destination and the exchange rate against the local currency unit (LCU). While the variables that are not significant to the CPO export volume is a progressive export tax on palm oil products. RPO model, the variables that significantly affect Indonesia's per capita real GDP, real GDP per capita of the country of destination, the rupiah against the LCU, and a progressive export tax. While the variables that are not significant to the export volume RPO is the distance of the Indonesian economy with the country of destination. Indonesian CPO trade potential ratio shows that the trade is still under trade and potentially increase in the future is the China, Netherland,
Keyword: competitiveness, exports, gravity models, palm oil

Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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