Judul: Optimasi Beberapa Metode Eliminasi Virus pada Apeks dan Meristem Tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.)
Abstrak: Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is the main sugar-producing plant, vegetatively propagated by using its cutting node and potentially spreading viral diseases. Mosaic disease may reduce 20-30% sugar yield. These research, performed optimization methods that can be applied for virus elimination. In this study, several methods have been optimized to support virus elimination efforts through application of hot water treatment (HWT), antiviral, and freezing on apex and meristem tissues. The objectives of this study were to know the effect of temperature and antiviral agent on the survival and regeneration rate of apexes and meristems of sugarcane PS864, to know the effect of pre-culture, loading treatment and duration of dehydration in PVS2 to the survival and regeneration rate of sugarcane apexes of PS864 after freezing in liquid nitrogen. This study consisted of five experiments: 1) the optimization of HWT (direct thermotherapy, indirect thermotherapy with and without using metal sieve filter), 2) the optimization of HWT (25, 30, 40, 50, and 60 oC) and antiviral agent ribavirin (0, 15, 20, 25 μg l-1) on apexes, 3) the optimization of HWT (25 and 50 oC) and antiviral agent ribavirin (0, 15, 20, 25 μg l-1) on meristems, 4) the optimization of dehydration treatment (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minute), and 5) the optimization of freezing method by vitrification technique with preculture treatment (0, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 M sucrose for 5 days) and loading treatment with LS solution (0, 10, 20, dan 30 minutes). The result showed that indirect HWT by using metal sieve filter was the best method. This method could decrease heat shock effect so that the apexes could grow after 50 oC treatment (25%) with regeneration rate of 4 shoots/explant. There was no interaction betwen HWT and antiviral agent. It showed that apexes could survive and grow after 50 oC (5%) or ribavirin treatment of 25 μg l-1 (57.97%) and could normally multiply on ribavirin containing media as well as their regeneration medium. However, combined treatment of HWT and antiviral agent showed no different response and interaction for survival, growth, and shoot number of meristem. Injury during isolation and high content of phenolic compound was assumed as the cause of low rate regeneration of meristem after treatment. Necrosis symptom of apexes was relatively low (< 3%) found in the ribavirin treatment of 20 and 25 μg l-1. Similar symptom did not appear on the meristem. On dehydration experiment, duration for 30 minutes was the best treatment. It was the longest periode that provide high level survival rate (74%). Post-freezing, the survival of apexes were affected by sucrose concentration on pre-culture medium. Pre-culture treatment with 0.3 M sucrose for 5 days and loading treatment for 10 minutes in LS and dehydration with PVS2 for 30 minutes was the optimal freezing method and resulted 40% survival rate.
Keyword: S. officinarum L, apex, meristem, HWT, antiviral, and freezing

Judul: Optimasi Transformasi Eksplan Tebu menggunakan Gen P5CS melalui Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Abstrak: Genetic transformation is one of the attempt in generating sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) that are tolerant to drought stress. P5CS gene has a role in prolin biosynthesis, the amino acid that accumulating in water stress condition. Transformation of a P5CS gene construct into plant cells in conjunction with regeneration for transgenic plantlets should develop sugarcane tolerant to drought stress. The aim of this research is to generate drought-tolerant sugarcane through optimization transformation which includes the strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a good source of sugarcane eksplant and varieties. This study was done through verification of IBRIEC (Indonesian Biotechnology Research Institute for Estate Crops) P5CS gene collection A. Tumefaciens transformation (Wang 2006), sugarcane explants transformation (Sain 1994) and sugarcane transformant regeneration. Verification of P5CS gene collection was PCR analysed by specific primers P5CS full lenght. PCR and gel electrophoresis showed a single band agarose and the same size of 2.4 kb with positive control. It is convinced that the P5CS gene has been isolated and transformed into A. tumefaciens. IBRIEC collection P5CS genes in plasmid pBI121 were arranged in a recombinant construct of PBI-P5CS transformed into A. tumefaciens strain GV3101, LBA4404 and AGL1. Recombinant constructs PBI- P5CS from Vigna aconitifolia (V. aconitifolia) successfully transformed into cell A. tumefaciens were grown with appropriate antibiotics. Strain GV3101 and LBA4404 used 50 ppm kanamycin and rifampicin respectively, while antibiotics were added in AGL1 strain is 50 ppm kanamycin, rifampicin and ampicillin respectively. The existence of P5CS gene in A. tumefaciens was tested by observing the growth of transformed colonies in media selection and colony PCR analysis using specific primers P5CS full lenght. The results showed that A. tumefaciens transformants were grown in selection media. PCR and gel electrophoresis analysis showed a single band agarose and same size of 2.4 kb with positive control. This showed the success of the transformation A. tumefaciens and used to explants sugar cane transformation. Sugarcane explants used in this research was included calli grown in solid medium, embryogenic calli and somatic embryos with MS medium derived from Temporary Immersion System (TIS) culture with three varieties Kidang Kencana, PS 881 and PS 891. Co-cultivation medium used solid MS medium with acetosyringon in room temperature for two days. Transgenes selection was done in solid MS with antibiotics 50 ppm kanamycin and 500 ppm cefotaxime. Explants were not transformed cultured in MS media as positive control negative control while planted in the media selection. Observation of sugarcane transforman in selection media was calculated the percentage growth in 16th weeks and 32th weeks. The existence of P5CS gene in transgenic shoots was tested with GUS histochemical assay, PCR using conserved regions of specific primers P5CS and NPTII. GUS histochemical test for the presence of P5CS gene constructs showed positive results in the presence of blue staining. DNA amplification showed that expected bent size at 1.2 kb and 700 bp for primers NPTII. The results of this examination proved that both transgenes were inserted in the sugarcane genomes. The test results are stable sugarcane transformants through histochemical GUS test and PCR analysis showed stable transformants sugarcane. Growth
Keyword: 

Judul: Peranan Pemiimpin Formal dalam Menggerakkan Partisipasi Masyarakat terhadap Pusat Kegiatan Belajar Masyarakat (PKBM)
Abstrak: Hasil penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Dewan lnternasional Pengembangan Pendidikan (me International Central of Educational Development) da n UNESCO mengungkapkan bahwa negam-negara berkembang umumnya mernpunyai masalah yang terkait dengan peningkatan dan pendapatan yang menjadi dasar penting bagi pendidikan masyarakat. Dengan dernikian perlu diadakannya program pernbangunan pendidikan baik melalui pendidikan fomal maupun pendidikan nonformal. Dalam hal ini lebih ditekankan kepada pendidikan non formal, sehingga memunculkan ide Community Learning centre (CLC).
Keyword: