Judul: Perencanaan lndustri Pengolahan Papain di Kabupaten Bogor
Abstrak: Pepaya (Carica papaya) menghasilkan getah yang mengandung enzim pemecah protein yang disebut papain. Aktivitas enzimatik papain bersifat sebagai aktivitas fungsional yang berarti papain akan mengkatalis suatu reaksi kimia yang substratnya mempunyai gugus fungsional amino dan karboksil yang terikat dalam ikatan peptida. Hal ini menyebabkan papain banyak dipakai di dalam industri yang melibatkan senyawa protein seperti industri makanan dan minuman, industri farmasi, industri kosmetik, industri kimia, dan lain-lain
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Judul: Studi Kelayakan Pendirian Pabrik Bahan Pengempuk Daging Dari Enzim Papain di Kabupaten Bogor
Abstrak: Papain adalah salah satu enzim proteolitik yang terdapat dalam getah pepaya. Umur buah yang baik untuk disadap adalah antara 2.5 sampai 3 bulan. Penyadapan dilakukan dengan lima goresan setiap buah selama 13 kali penyadapan dengan selang waktu empat hari. Penggunaan papain sebagian besar untuk industri pengolahan daging dan industri bir. Industri pengolahan daging menggunakan papain sebagai bahan baku utamanya. Pada masa mendatang papain dapat digunakan dalam industri penyamakan kulit, industri tekstil, industri farmasi dan lain-lain. Kapasitas produksi proyek bahan pengempuk daging yang direncanakan adalah 3000 kilogram setiap bulan. Produksi tersebut memerlukan perkebunan pepaya seluas 25 hektar. Penyediaan bahan baku sebagian berasal dari perkebunan rakyat dan sebagian lagi diusahakan oleh perusahaan. Luas perkebunan yang diusahakan oleh perusahaan adalah 12 hektar. Produk samping yang dihasilkan adalah 21 000 kilogram buah pepaya untuk setiap tiga hektar pertanaman pepaya, yang akan menghasilkan 137.6 kilogram pektin dan 9 528.2 kilogram asam cuka. ...
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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