Judul: Effect of Subchronic Toxicity Test of Soursop Leaf Endophytic Fungi Extract on Enzymes and Liver Histopathology of Sprague-Dawley Rats
Abstrak: Ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) diketahui memiliki aktivitas sebagai antikanker payudara, tetapi keamanannya terhadap kondisi hati pada uji toksisitas subkronis belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh pemberian ekstrak terhadap enzim dan histopatologi hati tikus Sprague-Dawley pada uji toksisitas subkronis selama 90 hari yang dilihat dari parameter kadar enzim hati (ALT dan AST), histopatologi, dan bobot hati. Pemberian ekstrak terhadap kadar enzim dan bobot hati tikus menunjukkan hasil yang tidak berbeda nyata antara kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol normal dan masih berada pada rentang normal. Kadar enzim hati pada kelompok satelit menunjukkan adanya efek reversible terhadap sediaan uji. Gambaran histopat hati pada seluruh kelompok tidak menunjukkan adanya kelainan yang spesifik. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak sampai dosis 240 mg/kgBB selama 90 hari pada tikus Sprague-Dawley terhadap enzim, histopatologi, dan bobot hati tikus tergolong aman karena tidak menimbulkan adanya tanda-tanda kerusakan hati., Ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungi of soursop leaf (Annona muricata L.) is known to have anticancer activity, but its safety against liver conditions in subchronic toxicity tests is unknown. This study aimed to examine the effect of the extract on enzymes and liver histopathology of Sprague-Dawley rats in the 90-day subchronic toxicity test, which was seen from the parameters of liver enzyme concentrations (ALT and AST), histopathology, and liver weight. Giving extracts to enzyme concentrations and liver weight of rats showed results that were not significantly different between the treatment group and the normal control group and were still in the normal range. Liver enzyme concentrations in the satellite group showed a reversible effect on the test preparation. Liver histopathology in all groups did not show any specific abnormalities. The conclusion of this study was that the administration of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi of soursop leaves up to a dose of 240 mg/kgBW for 90 days in Sprague-Dawley rats against enzymes, histopathology, and liver weight of rats was considered safe because it did not cause any signs of liver damage.
Keyword: endophytic fungi, liver, soursop leaf, subchronic toxicity

Judul: Effect of Soursop Leaf Endophytic Mold Extract on Rat Liver Condition in Subchronic Toxicity Test
Abstrak: Ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak telah terbukti memiliki aktivitas antikanker payudara. Tahapan uji toksisitas subkronis perlu dilakukan agar ekstrak tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai obat. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis perubahan atau efek toksik akibat pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak selama 30 hari terhadap kondisi hati tikus berdasarkan pengukuran bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, kadar aspartat aminotransferase (AST), dan kadar alanin aminotransferase (ALT) tikus. Sebanyak 40 ekor tikus betina dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok yang terbagi atas kelompok kontrol (tidak diberi ekstrak), kelompok yang diberi ekstrak secara peroral dengan dosis 20 mg/kg BB, dosis 80 mg/kg BB, dan dosis 240 mg/kg BB. Pemberian ekstrak dilakukan setiap hari selama 30 hari. Pemberian ketiga dosis uji tidak berefek toksik terhadap hati yang ditunjukkan dengan tidak adanya pengaruh signifikan pemberian ekstrak terhadap bobot badan, konsumsi pakan, kadar AST, dan kadar ALT tikus., Ethyl acetate extract of endophytic mold from soursop leaf has been shown to have anti-breast cancer activity. Subchronic toxicity testing needs to be done so that the extract can be used as medicine. This study aimed to analyze the changes or toxic effects due to administration of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic mold of soursop leaves for 30 days on the liver condition of rats based on measurements of body weight, feed consumption, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels of rats. A total of 40 female rats were grouped into four groups which were divided into a control group (not given the extract), a group given the extract orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW, a dose of 80 mg/kg BW, and a dose of 240 mg/kg BW. The extract was administered every day for 30 days. The administration of the three test doses had no toxic effect on the liver as indicated by the absence of a significant effect of the extract on body weight, feed consumption, AST levels, and ALT levels of rats.
Keyword: aminotransferase, daun sirsak, ekstrak, kapang endofit, toksisitas subkronis

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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