Judul: Butterfly’s Daily Activities of Troides helena (Linn.) in Insects Museum and Butterflies Park of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
Abstrak: Troides helena (Linn.) is one of butterflies from Family Papilionidae which protected by law in Indonesia. Illegal export and increasing demand of this species caused an exploitation of its population in nature. Thus, need a conservation effort to guarantee its sustainability. Conservation success, mainly in preservation and utilization, need information about time utilization pattern of T. helena’s daily activities. Insects Museum and Butterflies Park of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah (TMII) provide artificial habitats of butterflies. Butterflies function in this park is as live butterflies demonstration and educational means of their life. Purpose of this study is to knowing about time utilization pattern of T. helena’s daily activities. Result of this research is useful to provide information about daily’s time utilization pattern of T. helena and provide time selection reference of butterflies demonstration as tourist attraction. This study conducted from July to November 2009 in Insect Museum and Butterflies Park of Taman Mini Indonesia Indah. Equipments used in this research were dry-wet thermometer, stopwatch, digital camera, butterflies and plants identification books, and butterflies marker. The method used is by focal animal sampling which done to 5 male and 5 female T. helena. Activities observation started at 07:00 WIB to 17:00 WIB with 5 minutes time interval. Data analyzed by T test. Highest time allocation of daily activities were roosting (515.46 minutes), flying (45.86 minutes), nectar-feeding (3.94 minutes) and interaction (1.65 minutes), respectively. Comparison between male and female T. helena based on T test’s result different significantly in interaction and descending activities. It’s caused by male activity which more active to seek couple than female. Active time of T. helena was in the morning and reach its peak at 10:00 to 11:00 WIB. Most of flying activity did at 09:00 to 10:00 WIB. Most of nectar-feeding activity did at 08:00 to 09:00 WIB. Most of interaction did at 10:00 to 11:00 WIB. Most of roosting activity started at 13:00 to 17:00 WIB. Copulation activity, averaged, did for 2 to 3 hours. Egg-laying of female couldn’t observed caused of that butterfly die. Factors of T. helena’s mortality in Butterflies Park were damaged wing and predation by predator such as chameleon, lizard, ant and spider. Best time for visiting to watch T. helena’s activity start from 09:00 to 13:00 WIB. Checking of Butterflies Park and expulsion of butterfly’s predator, critically needed to decrease mortality risk of butterflies.
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Judul: Biologi Troides helena helena dan Troides helena hephaestus (Papilionidae) di Penangkaran
Abstrak: Troides helena is one of butterflies favored by collectors due to its large size and beautiful color of its wings. T. helena of Indonesia is protected by laws and recorded in Appendix II CITES. The trade has to be drawn from domestication sites. T. h. helena and T. h. hephaestus are subspecies of T. helena restrictedly distributed in Indonesia. The domestication has to be socialized for conservation of T. helena in Indonesia. The research were aimed to study domestication technique and biology of T. h. helena and T. h. hephaestus. Pupae of T. h. helena were obtained from Cilember (West Java) and T.h. hephaestus were from Bantimurung (South Sulawesi). Both larvae were fed by Aristolochia tagala leaves. Egg, larvae, and pupae were treated at the laboratory and imago were treated in the domestication dome of IPB. Results indicated that domestication was run well. A life cycle of T. h. helena from egg to imago was about 70 days, while T. h. hephaestus was 64 days. Lowest survival of T. h. helena occured at the egg stage, on the other hand, in T. h. hephaestus occured at the stages of pupae and imago. Sex ratio of male to female was 2:3 for T. h. helena and 5:6 for T. h. hephaestus. In average, egg production of T. h. helena and T. h. hephaestus was 100 eggs. Predators (house lizard, lizard, and spider) were one of the limiting factor for butterfly development.
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Judul: Construction of Strongly Optimal Binary Linear Code with Minimum Distance 9 and 11
Abstrak: A binary linear code of length n over q F is a subspace of n q F . A code has three parameters that attached to it, namely length, dimension, and minimum distance. A code with length n, dimension k and minimum distance d is often called [n, k, d ]-code. Usually, when two parameters are given, then we want to find a code that has the best value for the last parameter. Based on Gilbert- Varshamov bound, if a [n, k, d ]-code exists and can not be expanded, we call it a strongly optimal code. In this paper, we construct strongly optimal code with minimum distance 9 and 11. In constructing the code, we created a theorem and algorithm based on Gilbert-Varshamov bound before we implement the algorithm to MAPLE programming language. Because of computational limitations, the program can only construct up to k = 10 for d = 9 and k = 12 for d = 11.
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