Judul: Variasi Gen Cyt b Mitokondria pada ikan belida
Abstrak: Knife fish is freshwater fish belonging to the Notopteridae famili distributed across India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Thailand and western part of Indonesia. This fish is very popular for consumption and ornamental fish. Studies of freshwater fishes, especially in the protected freshwater fish form is an important aspect of biogeographical studies, because they do not disperse easily through saltwater areas, and thus their evolution may be tightly linked to the geological histories. This study aimed to analyze cyt b gene sequence variation of knife fish from the Mahakam River (Borneo) and Indragiri River (Sumatra) as a base for studying their population and phylogenetic position. Samples of 38 fish samples taken from two rivers, nine samples from the Mahakam River and 29 samples from the Indragiri River. Cyt b gene amplification succeeded in seven samples (KALTIM02, TU02, TU06, TU07, KCO001, KCO005, dan PP03). Phylogeny analysis performed using Kimura-2-parameter based on the first two bases of each codon and amino acid. Both topography show that six samples are in the same clade with Chitala lopis, whereas one sample of the Indragiri River separate from the other. The knife fish from Indragiri River have higher diversity than Mahakam River and closest intrapopulation relationship found in Mahakam River population.
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Judul: Kebijakan pengembangan perikanan tangkap di kawasan perbatasan Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud, Genetic differentiation among populations of chromobotia macracanthus bleeker from Sumatra and Kalimantan based on sequencing gene of mtDNA cytochrome b and nucleus DNA RAG2
Abstrak: The research on genetic differentiation among populations of Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker from Sumatra and Kalimantan based on sequencing gene of mtDNA Cytochrome b and nucleus DNA RAG2 has been done. The objectives of the study are to obtain the representation of genetic differentiation among population of clown loach fishes or botia (Chromobotia macracanthus) from Sumatra and Kalimantan and to estimate the time divergence of both population group of botia. Sample of botia population were taken from 3 rivers in Sumatra namely Batanghari, Musi, and Tulang Bawang and one river from Kalimantan namely Kapuas. The genetic analysis is based on the sequencing of mtDNA Cytochrome b and nucleus DNA RAG2. The statistical analysis was made by using APE packages on R language. The parameters observed are: nucleotide diversity, genetic distance, and neighbor-joining tree. The results showed that the highest nucleotide diversity is population of Musi, while the two populations namely Tulang Bawang (Sumatra) and Kapuas (Kalimantan) considered as the lowest genetic diversity especially based on Nucleus DNA RAG2 sequencing. Based on mtDNA Cytochrome b sequencing, the most distinct population among those populations based on its genetic distance are population of Musi and Kapuas. According to result of neighbor-joining tree analYSiS, the population of botia were classified into two group namely group of Sumatra and group of Kalimantan. The estimation of time divergence among group of population of Sumatra and Kalimantan based on mtDNA Cytochrome b is about 9,25-9,46 million years (Miocene era). The big genetic differences between population group of Sumatra and Kalimantan suggest that the effort of restocking of botia from Sumatra into Kalimantan has to be done carefully, because it may disturb the original population of botia.
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Judul: Katalis Eterifikasi Gliserol Berbasis Poli–(asam stirena sulfonat) dari Limbah Styrofoam.
Abstrak: Styrofoam waste can be converted to poly–(sulfonate styrene acid) (PSSA) that can be used as catalyst. The objective of this research is to get PSSA that can catalyze the etherification of glycerol and benzyl alcohol. The styrofoam waste was converted to PSSA by reacting with H2SO4 98% (as sulfonation agent) and P2O5 (as sulfonation catalyst) at 40 °C for 6 hours. Characterizations of PSSA included functional groups, sulfonation levels, water swelling, and thermal stability. The yield of PSSA was 40-55%. The success of sulfonated polystyrene was shown by –SO3H group absorption at 1157.29 cm-1. Etherification of glycerol and benzyl alcohol using PSSA catalyst was conducted at 110 °C for 12 hours. The conversion in producing mono–benzyl ether glycerol was 8.10%, 1,3–dibenzyletherglycerol 2.60%, and dibenzyl ether 9.80%. Therefore, the PSSA can be used as etherification catalyst.
Keyword: benzyl alcohol, etherification, glycerol, polystyrene, PSSA