Judul: Synthesis of Chicken Eggshells-Based β-Tricalcium Phosphate Bioceramics and Their Biocompatibility Test as A Tooth Filler
Abstrak: Preservation of alveolar bone following tooth extraction is an important step in dental practices before dental implant placement. This study reported synthesis of β-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP) bioceramics and its biocompatibility test as a tooth filler to maintain the desired alveolar ridge dimension and stimulate the bone healing processes in the area of tooth loss. β-TCP bioceramics was resulted directly from precipitation of calcinated chicken eggshells as calcium source and phosphoric acid. The corresponding β-TCP was mixed with chitosan 2% to get β-TCP pellet for biocompatibility testing. Biocompatibility testing of β-TCP on lower incisor was performed in rabbits and sheep as animal model. In this study, the x-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles showed that 1000 oC calcinated chicken eggshells correspond to calcium oxide (CaO). There was also transformation phase of CaO into Ca(OH)2 observed after more than three months stored. The XRD profiles proved that obtained β-TCP bioceramics by precipitation has the same pattern with that of reference data base and commercial β-TCP. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were completely consistent with the result of crystallization processes observed by XRD measurements. Moreover, the purity of the product shown by the atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) resulted in Ca/P ratio of 1.48 which was closed to that of standard β-TCP ceramics. The repeatable XRD peaks patterns and FTIR spectra obviously showed the sample reproducibility. Sheep’s alveolar socket that is filled with the corresponding β-TCP demonstrated the expected results. The x-ray radiograph of sheep’s jaw indicated no change on mesio-distal of the edentulous area. Moreover, the histological results were completely consistent with the x-ray radiograph and macroscopic result which is proved by the formation of new bone. In the contrary with sheep’s result, histological results showed no tooth growth on rabbit proved by the presence of lipid and collagen on the extraction site. This result did not correspond to the x-ray radiograph and macroscopic results that demonstrated the tooth growth and erupted tooth. It is clear that the corresponding β-TCP could minimize the bone loss and maintain the dimension of alveolar ridge.
Keyword: β-tricalcium phosphate, chicken eggshells, rabbit, sheep, tooth filler

Judul: Characterization of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate with Ratio of 70/30 Before and After Implanted into Sheep’s Bone
Abstrak: Nowadays, biphasic calcium phosphate is used for biomaterial to cure bone damage. This study focuses only on mixing ratio of 70% mass of hydroxyapatite and 30% mass of tricalcium phosphate with chitosan and acetic acid as the hardening. Pure HA had done by wet precipitation in sintering process at temperature of 900 oC while β-TCP is at temperature of 1000 oC. Mechanical method of BCP is proven to be a non toxic material and could absorb by the mineral body. Implanted BCP was characterized with XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS and bone characterization with Vickers Hardness. In XRD analysis, the result is adding chitosan makes BCP less accuracy of pure HA and β-TCP. FTIR shows composition of BCP sample with HA, TCP, H2O, AKB, and N-H bending. SEMEDS releases ratio Ca/P of implant in post operation has irregularity caused by interaction with bone that supported by Vickers Hardness number. HV for 1 month of post operation have larger number for both implanted and control bone.
Keyword: β-TCP, HA, BCP

Judul: Variabilitas Transpor Arlindo Laut Flores dan Kaitannya dengan ENSO
Abstrak: Air Arlindo yang masuk ke Indonesia sebagian besarnya dilewatkan Laut Flores. Variasi volume transport Arlindo dipengaruhi oleh fenomena anomali iklim interannual seperti El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Hasil studi terdahulu menyimpulkan terjadinya La Nina meningkatan jumlah transport Arlindo, sedangkan El Nino melemahkan transport Arlindo. Untuk memahami lebih lanjut keterkaitan ENSO dengan variabilitas transport Arlindo dilakukanlah penelitian menggunakan data hasil model INDESO dan hasil observasi satelit dengan rentang waktu 2008 hingga 2015. Penelitian dilakukan di Laut Flores dengan mengkaji bagian barat (119.5oBT) dan bagian timur (123oBT) untuk melihat volume Arlindo yang masuk ke dan keluar dari Laut Flores. Analisis sirkulasi dilakukan dengan menghitung rataan komponen arus dan suhu permukaan laut secara tahunan dan pada rentang tahun ENSO untuk melihat pola sirkulasi perairan. Estimasi volume transpor dihitung dari transek di pintu barat dan pintu timur. Deret waktu volume transpor Arlindo Flores kemudian dianalisis variabilitasnya dengan analisis penapisan lolos-pita(band-pass filter) dan transformasi wavelet sinambung (Continous Wavelet Transform). Hasil penting studi ini menunjukkan bahwa sumber utama Arlindo Flores berasal dari pembelokan Arlindo Makassar dan Arlindo pintu timur Indonesia yang masuk melalui terusan Lifamatola. Kecepatan Arlindo Flores di lapisan tercampur menguat pada musim barat sebaliknya di lapisan termoklin Arlindo Flores menguat pada musim timur. Sumbu utama Arlindo Flores didominasi oleh komponen arus zonal serta mengalami intensifikasi dan bergerak menyusur bagian utara Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara. Fluktuasi Arlindo Flores pada skala-waktu interannual menunjukkan volume transport maksimum terjadi pada tahun La Nina (November 2008-Maret 2009), sedangkan volume transpor minimum terjadi pada tahun El Nino (November 2014-Desember 2015). Struktur menegak Arlindo lebih kuat di kedalaman antara permukaan sampai 400 m. Variabilitas Arlindo Flores menandakan adanya fluktuasi pada periode intraseasonal, semi-annual, dan annual. Fluktuasi Arlindo skala interannual muncul jelas dari hasil penapisan lolos-pita, dimana fluktuasinya terlihat signifikan di kedalaman termoklin.
Keyword: Arus Lintas Indonesia, Laut Flores, ENSO, INDESO model, variabilitas volume transpor