Judul: Analysis of production function and technical efficiency of soybean farms in Indonesia
Abstrak: Soybean is a main source of protein for Indonesian. Demand for soybean increased rapidly over the years, but the production grow slowly. In such situation, it is not surprising that Indonesia always imports large numbers of soybean in order to meet the national consumption. To overcome these problems, the Indonesian government has targeted to increase soybean production to achieve self-sufficiency in 2014. Increase in soybean production can be performed by increasing the number of factor production used. In soybean farming, the factors of land, seed, fertilizer, pesticides, and labor are considered as factors affecting the soybean production. Soybean production not only determined by factors production used but also by the farmers technical efficiency levels. There are three objectives in this study: (1) to identify factors that influence the production of soybean production in Java and outside Java, (2) to determine the technical efficiency of soybean farmer in Java and outside Java, and (3) to identify the factors affecting technical efficiency in the Java and outside Java. This study uses cross section data obtained from the farmer cost structure survey held by BPS in 2011. The analytical tool used to determine the factors affecting the production and measure farmers' technical efficiency is the stochastic frontier production function. The results of analysis show that soybean production in Java influenced by land, seed, KCl fertilizer, pesticides, and labor. Factors affecting production outside Java are land, seed, urea fertilizer, TSP/SP36 fertilizer, KCl fertilizer, pesticides, and labor. The average value of technical efficiency of soybean farmers in Java is 0.41. Farmer age, education level, seed aid, the use of tractors, and the use of quality seeds proved to have an influence on the technical inefficiency in Java. The average value of technical efficiency of soybean farmers outside Java is 0.6. Factors affecting the level of technical inefficiency outside Java are farmer age, education level, seed aid, fertilizer aid, counseling, and the use of quality seeds. Efforts that can be suggested to increase soybean production in Java are promoting agricultural intensification strategy. This is because the elasticity of seed, KCl fertilizer, and labor in Java is greater than outside Java. Efforts that can be suggested to increase soybean production outside Java are promoting agricultural ekstensification strategy. This is because the elasticity for land outside Java is greater than Java. Technical efficiency of farmers in Java can be improved by reducing the seed aid, introducing land preparation technology using tractors, and also increasing the use of quality seeds. Outside Java, technical efficiency improvement can be reached by reducing the seed aid, increasing fertilizer aid, optimizing counseling, and also increasing the use of quality seeds.
Keyword: soybean, production function, stochastic frontier, technical efficiency

Judul: Technical Production Efficiency of Shallot Central Production in Java and Outside Java
Abstrak: The community's need for shallots according to the results of SUSENAS (2021) states that the participation rate for household consumption is 93.08 percent. The central government seeks to increase shallot production by extensification and intensification in all potential areas in Indonesia, especially areas outside Java. In addition, the government projects that Indonesia will have a surplus of shallots in 2024. The increase in shallot production is inseparable from the expansion of central production areas. The Java region has a land area of only 6% of Indonesia's territory and is larger outside Java but can contribute around 90% of national production. Seeing the conditions in Java, increased production can be directed towards expanding production areas outside Java by utilizing red onion production areas. Based on these problems, in an effort to increase shallot production it is necessary to analyze how potential shallot production areas are in Java and Outside Java, what factors affect the technical efficiency of shallots in Java and Outside Java. In general, this study aims to (1) identify the technical efficiency of shallot production in Java and Outside Java, (2) determine the factors that influence the technical efficiency of shallot production. In this study, there are two production functions that are used separately, namely for the production function of Java and Outside Java. The analytical method used is the Stochastic Frontier with the Cobb Douglas production function model which is carried out simultaneously with technical inefficiency factors using Stata 15 software. The data used is the 2014 Horticultural Crop Household Survey data from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). Based on the results of the analysis it is known that the production function in Java shows all variables, namely, Harvested Area, Labor, Seeds, Fertilizers, Pesticide, Season¸ dummy and Land Type dummy significantly affect shallot production. While the production function outside Java, the only variables that are efficient are harvested area, labor, seeds, and fertilizers which have a significant effect on shallot production. Furthermore, the average value of technical efficiency outside Java is higher than in Java. Meanwhile, the factors that significantly increase the technical efficiency of shallot farming in Java are the role of farmer groups and the factors that influence outside Java, namely KUD participation in cooperatives.
Keyword: bawang merah, efisiensi teknis, stochastic frontier analysis

Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf