Judul: Cocoa Production Efficiency of Small-scale Cocoa Farmers in Bali: Stochastic Frontier Approach
Abstrak: The total cocoa planting area has increased sharply in the last decade. However, it was not followed by the sharp increase in production. Small-scale cocoa farmers still have a relative low productivity and quality. Low quality of cocoa beans was mainly due to the non fermented process. As a result, the cocoa beans produced by small-scale farmers were bought at a cheap price. Tabanan District is a cocoa production center in Bali which is dominated by small-scale farmers who have low productivity. Farmers in this area had implemented the fermentation process of cocoa beans in order to increase their income, however, this technology had been left by farmers. The objectives of this study are: (1) to analyze the factors affecting the production of cocoa beans in Bali, and (2) to analyze the production efficiency of cocoa farmers in Bali and (3) to analyze cocoa farm income in Bali who implemented the fermentation technology. A questionnaire survey was conducted to 100 cocoa farmers whereas 60 farmers implemented fermentation technology and 40 farmers did not. Frontier 4.1. was employed in order to estimate the stochastic frontier production. The results showed that labor, pesticides and land area had the positive correlation in increasing cocoa production. In contrast, plant age had the negative correlation. Small-scale cocoa farmers were efficient in general. However, the farmers who implemented the fermentation technology seemed to be less efficient compared to farmers who did not implement the fermentation technology. In terms of farm income, due to higher price of fermented cocoa beans the farmers who implemented fermentation technology were able to earn higher income.
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Judul: Produksi Biji Kakao Terfermentasi dan Faktor – Faktor yang Memengaruhinya (Kasus : Petani Binaan Nestle Cocoa Plan di Kecamatan Kalukku, Kabupaten
Abstrak: Indonesia is one of the world's largest cocoa producer. However, Indonesian cocoa beans have lower quality than cocoa beans from other country because Indonesia they are not fermented. The objectives of this research were to describe how the production of fermented cocoa beans supported by Nestle Cocoa Plan Program at Kalukku Sub District, Mamuju District, West Sulawesi, to compare farmer’s income by doing postharvest of cocoa beans with and without fermentation, and to identify the determinants that influence farmers decision to produce fermented cocoa beans. This research used binary logistic regression and postharvest income analysis to answer research objectives. The income over total cost of postharvest cocoa bean with fermentation is greater than without fermentation. The difference of postharvest income with and without applied fermentation was Rp 1 656.38 per kilograms. The factors that significantly influence decision of farmers to produce fermented cocoa beans is price difference, information access to fermentation technique, and the distance of farmer with BT Cocoa purchasing unit.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), postharvest income, binary logistic regression, fermentation, cocoa

Judul: Penggunaan Teorema Homeomorphy 2-Manifold dan Teorema Euler Poincare pada Torus 𝑇�� dan Simplicial Complex 𝐾��
Abstrak: Two dimensional topological spaces are said to be homeomorphic if they have the same topological invariant, where one of topological invariant used is an Euler characteristic. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem and Euler Poincare’s Theorem are used to distinguish two topological spaces. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem uses Euler characteristic to identify two dimensional topological spaces. Euler Poincare’s Theorem is an alternative way to find Euler characteristic with Betti number, which is topological invariant as well. The objective of this paper is to investigate the homeomorphism of torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾�����. Topological space torus and simplicial complex 𝐾����� have the same Euler characteristic, which is two. Based on Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem topological space torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾����� is homeomorphic.
Keyword: simplicial, torus, Euler, homeomorphism, topology