Judul: Delineation of Potential and Actual Rice Planting Scheduling in Lampung and West Kalimantan
Abstrak: Rice is the staple food for 95% Indonesian. As the population growth, the demand for rice is expected to increase at a rate of 2.5% per year (BPS, 2006). To meet this increasing demand, Government of Indonesian has planned and conducted intensification and extensification programs. However, inter annual variability of rice production is relatively high due the occurrence of extreme climate events. One approach to minimize the impact of extreme climate events is to determine appropriate cropping pattern and planting time as well as total area planting under different extreme climate condition. This study assessed appropriate cropping pattern, planting time, and optimal planting area for rainfed rice under dry, normal and wet years. The study was conducted in two main rice growing area of Indonesia, i.e. Lampung and West Kalimantan. The two districts contribute to about 3.9% and 2% of national rice production, respectively. Cropping system in lampung and west kalimantan depend on water availability, mainly is rice - rice – fallow. Based on 25 years of rainfall record, these two districts are sensitive to ENSO. The extreme climate events such as drought and flood are commonly associated with ENSO. This study classified the climate condition under three conditions, dry, normal, and wet years. Based on 30 years average rainfall data, wet year is a year when the rainfall is higher than 115% of the average. Normal year is a year when the rainfall is between 85% and 115% of the average, and dry year is a year when the rainfall is below 85% of the average. The classification is shown as isohyet, potential first planting , and cropping index maps. The isohyet map is used to determine the potential paddy plantation period during one year, the potential first planting map is used to determine the first time of paddy planting, and cropping index map is used to determine the crop rotation potential during one year. The first planting of paddy is based on water availability, when the rainfall during three decad is more than 150 mm. The three maps are then overlaid with land use map. The result is a database of potential planting scheduling of wet year, normal year, and dry year. This database is compared by the actual condition based on field research. Based on the potential and actual planting scheduling analysis in Lampung, it is concluded that the planting area in normal and wet years have not met its optimum area. Meanwhile, in dry years it has exceeded its optimum area. The actual annual cropped land is 64023 Ha, in wet years it increases to 130440 Ha, in normal years it 122133 Ha, and dry years is 56377 Ha. Lampung and West Kalimantan’s rainfall are sensitive to climate anomaly. It is concluded from the changing in first planting period and cropped land area potency during wet, normal, or dry years. The planting scheduling can increase agricultural production yield by giving information for first planting period, cropped land width potency, and crop rotation.
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Judul: Determination of The Rice Cropping Calendar based on ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) and IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole) phenomena in Monsoon and Equatorial Regions.
Abstrak: Increasing fluctuation and more frequent climate anomaly in the last decade due to ENSO and IOD phenomena has severe implications on food crops. Therefore, a sound planting season adaptation strategy is needed in the efforts to enhance sustainable food security. Research has been conducted in West Java (Monsoon rainfall pattern) and West Sumatera (Equatorial rainfall pattern)province. Analysis of the correlation between ENSO and the IOD with rainfall has been carried out to find the relationship between ENSO and the IOD with rainfall in the period from December to February, March to May, June to August, and September to November. Water Satisfaction Index and irrigation rice-field water balance was used to obtain optimal planting time. Artificial Neural Network was used to rainfall prediction for improvement of cropping pattern planning. Interviews with farmers to study the adaptation measures of farmers against the impact of drought. The spatial distribution of partial correlations between rainfalls with ENSO and IOD over West Sumatera and West Java indicated a significant impact on rainfall anomalies along the period of September – November. The ENSO and IOD events had a wider impact in West Java, which was known as a monsoon rainfall pattern especially over northern part of West Java. On the other hand, there was only a little impact of the ENSO and IOD on rainfall anomalies in the south-western West Sumatera. In the period of June-November the impact to rice- field in West Sumatera was only about 20% while, the impact in West Java could reach up to 80%. In the region affected by strong ENSO and IOD like Indramayu, impact of ENSO and IOD has delayed the peak of early planting by more than 6 dekads. The peak of early planting occurred in November III/ December I could reach up 30% due to ENSO and 35% due to IOD. The period-stratified ENSO variability had delayed planting time by 2 to 5 dekads in monsoon rainfall pattern (West Java) and 1 dekads in equatorial pattern (West Sumatera). Meanwhile, the period-stratified IOD variability in West Sumatera and West Java had delayed planting time by 1 to 2 dekads. Result of the prediction showed that the period of September 2010 to February 2011 was above normal. Wet conditions resulted in the potential of planting time 1 dekads earlier on rain-fed land and 2 dekads earlier on irrigated land than in normal conditions. Adaptation by farmers to climate anomalies was more apparent in a monsoon rainfall pattern area with various efforts in the utilization of water resources, i.e. pumping technology, the adjustment of planting time by 2-3 dekads and changing crop rotation from paddy-paddy-palawija into paddy-palawija.
Keyword: Curah Hujan

Judul: Studi Kasus: Patomorfologi Trakheobronkhitis Supurativa Pada Kucing (Felis Catus).
Abstrak: Trakheobronkhitis merupakan penyakit saluran respirasi yang sering terjadi pada hewan kecil, terutama anjing dan kucing. Penelitian berupa studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari patomorfologi trakheobronkhitis supurativa pada kucing. Perubahan patologi anatomi berupa eksudat purulen pada lumen trakhea dan warna paru-paru yang tidak homogen, warna lebih gelap pada salah satu lobus, dan permukaan paru-paru lebih menonjol. Perubahan histopatologi berupa badan inklusi amfofilik-eosinofilik intranuklear yang dikelilingi oleh clear halo dan titik-titik kromatin ditepinya pada epitel kelenjar trakhea dan epitel bronkhiolus. Badan inklusi ini merupakan ciri dari FHV-1 dan adenovirus. Pada trakhea juga ditemukan koloni bakteri berbentuk coccobacillus sebagai infeksi sekunder. Bakteri tersebut diduga Bordetella sp. yang sering menginfeksi saluran respirasi kucing. Deskuamasi terjadi pada epitel trakhea dan bronkhiolus. Selain itu, ditemukan juga sel radang limfosit, makrofag, sel plasma, dan neutrofil. Pada paru-paru ditemukan lesio bronkhiolitis. Ditemukan juga bronkhopneumonia yang ditandai infiltrasi sel radang neutrofil dan sel nekrosis pada lumen bronkhiolus. Paru-paru juga mengalami emfisema dan edema pulmonum. Hiperemia dan hemoragi juga ditemukan pada kapiler paru-paru. Pada kasus ini, trakheobronkhitis supurativa diduga disebabkan oleh FHV-1, adenovirus, dan bakteri jenis Bordetella sp.
Keyword: badan inklusi amfofilik-eosinofilik intranuklear, infeksi bakteri, kucing, patomorfologi