Judul: Minyak Atsjri Daun Sirih Sebagai Antibakteri Streptococcus Inutans Dalam Pasta Gigi
Abstrak: Fluor dalam bentuk natrium fluorida (NaF) merupakan bahan antibakteri pada pasta gigi. Namun penggunaan fluoi' yang berlebihan dapat mengakibatkan fluorosis email sehingga perlu bah an antibakteri alternatif yang dapat menggantikan fluor. Salah satunya adalah daun sirih yang selama ini digunakan menginang dengan kepercayaan bahwa daun sirih dapat menguatkan gigi. Hasil analisis kimia menunjukkan bahwa daun sirih mengandung minyak atsiri yang komponen utamanya merupakan senyawa fenol dan turunannya yang bel'potensi sebagai antibakteri. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan destilasi daun sirih menggunakan uap air, penentuan sifat fisik minyak atsiri, penentuan koefisien fenal dan uji pendahuluan aktivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri terhadap Streptococcus mu(ans. Untuk membandillgkan dellgan fluor, dilakukan pula uji pendahuluan aktivitas anribakteri pada NaF. Selanjutnya minyak atsiri dan NaF diformulasikan dalam pasta gigi dan dilakukan uji aktivitas antibakteri. Pad a pasta gigi yang mengandung daull sirih juga dilakukan penambahan vitamin E untuk menghilangkan warna caklat yang timbul .kibat reaksi oksidasi. Dalln sirih yang didestilasi pada penelitinn ini menghasilkan minyak alsiri dcngall rClldcmcn 0,2132%. Minyak berwarna kuning jernih, berbau kilas sirih, larut dalam alkohol 85%, memiliki bobot jenis sebesar 0,9898 glml, indeks bias sebesar 1,5026°. dan rotasi optis spesifik sebesar-145,47° Minyak atsiri daun sirih memiilki koefisien fenol sebesar tiga. Minyak atsiri dan NaP memiliki aktivitas antibakteri pada konsentrasi rendah (0, I % biv) dengan aktivitas minyak atsiri yang lebih besar dibanding NaF. Daya antibakteri minyak atsiri bersifat bakterisidal sedangkan NaF bersifat bakteriostatik. Pasta gigi yang mengandung NaF menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri pad a konsentrasi 0.75% (bib) sedangkan pasta gigi yang mengandung minyak atsiri dan minyak atsiri yang diberi vitamin E pada konsentrasi 0, I % (bib).
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Judul: Penambahan Vitamin E dan Detergen Terhadap Sifat Fisik dan Daya Antibakteri Pasta Gigi Minyak Atsiri Daun Sirih
Abstrak: Minyak atsiri daun sirih telah dipakai dalam formula pasta gigi, yaitu sebagai bahan alami altematif yang diharapkan dapat menambah kahasiat pasta gigi. Pada penelitian ini, pasta gigi minyak atsiri dam sirih ditambah vitamin E dan detergen untuk memeperbaiki sifat fisik dan meningkatkan daya antibaktcrinya.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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