Judul: Karakterisasi Gen hdc Pengkode Histidin Dekarboksilase Isolat Bakteri Ikan Tongkol dan Tenggiri dengan Metode Berbasis PCR
Abstrak: Ikan tongkol (Euthynnus sp.) dan tenggiri (Scomberomorus commersonii) merupakan jenis ikan yang berasal dari famili Scombridae sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan Scombrotoxin. Informasi genetika dari sejumlah bakteri yang diduga memiliki histidin enzim dekarboksilase untuk pendeteksian histamin sejak dini diperlukan sebagai langkah awal untuk mewujudkan marka molekuler serta alat pendeteksi histamin sejak dini dalam bentuk kit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memperoleh isolat bakteri yang berpotensi menghasilkan enzim histidin dekarboksilase pada ikan tongkol dan tenggiri; memperoleh ekstrak genom DNA bakteri dari isolat ikan tongkol dan tenggiri; karakterisasi molekuler isolat bakteri dari ikan tongkol dan tenggiri; serta karakterisasi gen pengkode histidin dekarboksilase pada isolat DNA bakteri. Penelitian ini terdiri dari beberapa tahapan, yaitu isolasi dan karakterisasi bakteri dengan menggunakan metode cawan gores dan pewarnaan Gram, ekstraksi DNA bakteri dengan metode CTAB 10%, pengukuran konsentrasi DNA menggunakan spektrofotometer, amplifikasi DNA dengan teknik PCR, elektroforesis, dan uji formalin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa isolat bakteri yang berasal dari bahan baku merupakan kelompok bakteri Gram negatif dengan bentuk umum batang, hanya satu sampel yang berbentuk bulat (TL 6B). Konsentrasi DNA bakteri yang diperoleh berkisar antara 48-1488 μg/ml dengan rasio 1,67-2,34. Hasil visualisasi produk PCR dengan primer 106 dan 107 menunjukkan hasil negatif, sehingga memperkuat dugaan bahwa bahan baku (ikan) yang digunakan mengandung formalin.
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Judul: Karakterisasi Gen hdc Pengkode Enzim Histidin Dekarboksilase pada Isolat Bakteri Ikan Tuna (Thunnus sp) dan Cakalang (Katsuwonus pelamis)
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan salah satu produsen ikan tuna di dunia. Laporan Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) Uni Eropa pada tahun 2007 mencatat terdapat 22 kasus impor tuna Indonesia yang mengandung histamin melebihi batas keamanan pangan. Food and Drugs Adminsitration Amerika serikat (US-FDA) melaporkan terdapat 7 kasus pada tahun 2007 dan 13 kasus pada tahun 2008 tentang penolakan tuna Indonesia akibat kadar histamin yang melebihi ambang batas keamanan pangan. Ikan-ikan golongan scombridae seperti tuna dan cakalang secara alami memiliki kandungan histidin dalam jumlah yang tinggi yang dapat diubah menjadi histamin oleh bakteri pembentuk histamin yang memiliki enzim histidin dekarboksilase. Untuk dapat mengembangkan metode yang dapat mendeteksi adanya histamin secara dini dan akurat, maka perlu dilakukan isolasi gen pengkode enzim histidin dekarboksilase dengan metode berbasis PCR-sequencing. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan isolat bakteri dari ikan tuna dan cakalang; mendapatkan gen pengkode enzim histidin dakarboksilase dari isolat bakteri ikan tuna dan cakalang dan karakterisasi gen pengkode enzim histidin dekarboksilase dari isolat bakteri ikan tuna dan cakalang.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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