Judul: Detection of Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Animals, Humans, and The Environment at IPB Educational Animal Hospital: The Concept of One Health
Abstrak: Staphylococcus aureus merupakan salah satu bakteri penyebab infeksi yang paling umum di dunia. S. aureus merupakan flora normal pada kulit, saluran pernafasan, dan saluran pencernaan pada manusia serta hewan dan dapat juga ditemukan di udara dan lingkungan. Penggunaan antibiotik yang meluas menyebabkan munculnya Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) yaitu S. aureus yang resistan terhadap antibiotik methicillin. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi keberadaan bakteri Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus pada hewan, manusia, dan lingkungan di Rumah Sakit Hewan Pendidikan Institut Pertanian Bogor dengan konsep one health. Sampel diambil dari usap kulit manusia berjumlah 15, usap kulit hewan berjumlah 15 dan permukaan benda berjumlah 15. Metode yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi adalah isolasi bakteri pada media selektif, pewarnaan Gram dan uji biokimiawi yang terdiri dari uji katalase dan uji fermentasi glukosa. Uji resistansi antibiotik dilakukan dengan metode Kirby-Bauer dengan antibiotik berupa cefoxitin. Hasil uji resistansi dibandingkan dengan standar kepekaan antibiotik dari Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Berdasarkan hasil identifikasi, terdapat MRSA sebanyak 20% dari total sampel yang diambil di RSHP IPB., Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common infection-causing bacteria in the world. S. aureus is normal flora of the skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract in humans and animals and can also be detected in the air and environment. The widespread use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which is S. aureus resistant to methicillin antibiotics. This study aims to detect the presence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in animals, humans, and the environment at the IPB University Teaching Animal Hospital with the concept of one health. Samples were taken from 15 human skin swabs, 15 animal skin swabs and 15 object surfaces. The methods used to identify are bacterial isolation on selective media, Gram staining and biochemical tests consisting of catalase test and glucose fermentation test. Antibiotic resistance test were conducted by Kirby-Bauer method with antibiotic in the form of cefoxitin. The results of the resistance test were compared with the antibiotic sensitivity standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Based on the identification results, there were MRSA as much as 20% of the total samples taken at RSHPIPB.
Keyword: identifikasi bakteri, resistansi, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus, one health

Judul: Isolation and Antimicrobial Resistance  Detection of Staphylococcus aureus from Pondok Ranggon Dairy Farm, East  Jakarta
Abstrak: Infeksi yang disebabkan oleh Staphylococcus aureus dapat ditularkan dari seekor sapi ke sapi lain dan dari puting yang terinfeksi ke puting yang normal atau sehat melalui tangan pemerah dan lingkungan. Keberadaan S. aureus berkaitan dengan manajemen higiene dan sanitasi yang buruk. Penggunaan antimikroba yang tidak tepat berpotensi meningkatkan resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik yang menjadi ancaman serius bagi kesehatan hewan dan masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi bakteri S. aureus dari tangan pemerah dan permukaan puting sapi serta mendeteksi resistensi bakteri S. aureus terhadap beberapa antibiotik. Pengujian diawali dengan isolasi dan identifikasi bakteri dan dilanjutkan dengan pengujian resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik menggunakan metode Kirby-Baurer disk diffusion. Antibiotik yang digunakan terdiri atas sepuluh jenis yaitu penisilin,amoksisilin-klavulanat, streptomisin, gentamisin, eritromisin, tetrasiklin, siprofloksasin, asam nalidiksat, trimetropim sulfametoksazol, kloramfenikol. Keberadaan S. aureus yang diisolasi dari tangan pemerah maupun dari puting sapi di Peternakan Sapi Perah Pondok Ranggon, Jakarta Timur masih cukup tinggi. Berdasarkan pengujian isolasi S. aureus dari sampel tangan pemerah diperoleh sebanyak 77,3% dan dari puting sapi sebanyak 72,9%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 44,2% isolat S. aureus yang diisolasi dari swab tangan pemerah dan puting sapi telah mengalami multi-drug-resistant (MDR). Kejadian resistensi pada S. aureus perlu menjadi perhatian karena berpotensi sebagai ancaman kesehatan pada hewan maupun manusia karena memiliki potensi zoonosis, Infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus can be transmitted from one cow to another and from the infected cow’s teat to the normal and healthy teat by milker’s hand and the environment. The presence of S. aureus is associated with poor hygiene and sanitation practices. Improper use of antimicrobials has the potential to increase bacterial resistance to antibiotics which are a serious threat to animal health and society. This study aims to identify S. aureus from milker’s hand and the surface of cow’s teat and to detect the resistance of S. aureus to several antibiotics. Testing begins with the isolation and identification of bacteria and continues with testing for bacterial resistance to antibiotics using the Kirby Baurer method. The antibiotics used consisted of 10 types, penicillin, amoxicillin clavulanate, streptomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and chloramphenicol. The presence of S. aureus isolated from the milker’s hand or the cow’s teat at Pondok Ranggon Dairy Farm, East Jakarta is still quite high. Based on the isolation test of S. aureus from milker’s hand sample, it was 77,3% and 72,9% from the cow's teat, with 44,2% of them showed multi-drug resistance (MDR). The incidence of S. aureus resistance needs to be a concern because it has zoonotic potential to human and animals.
Keyword: puting sapi, resistensi antibiotik, Staphylococcus aureus, tangan  pemerah

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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