Judul: Lignin Terlarut Asam dan Delignifikasi pada Tahap Awal Proses Pulping Alkali. Skripsi. Departemen Hasil Hutan, Fakultas Kehutanan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Abstrak: Dalam proses pulping, kemudahan suatu kayu untuk diproses menjadi pulp sangat bergantung pada jumlah lignin yang terdapat dalam bahan baku dan reaktifitasnya. Kadar lignin secara kuantitatif merupakan faktor yang banyak berpengaruh terhadap konsumsi bahan kimia selama proses pulping, sementara itu tingkat reaktifitas lignin dapat diduga melalui pendekatan terhadap karakteristik molekul kimia lignin. Hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang kuat antara rasio siringil-guaiasil dengan pembentukan lignin terlarut asam. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, muncul dugaan bahwa lignin terlarut asam sangat dimungkinkan bisa menjadi parameter penduga laju delignifikasi serta menduga kemudahan kayu tersebut untuk diproses pulping. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur kadar lignin terlarut asam enam jenis kayu daun lebar (tiga jenis kayu Eukaliptus dan tiga jenis kayu Akasia) dan hubungannya dengan kelarutan lignin dan polisakarida kayu selama delignifikasi pada tahap awal proses pulping alkali.
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Judul: Delignifikasi Jenis Kayu Tropis Yang Berbeda Kadar Lignin
Abstrak: Kelarutan lignin kayu selama proses pulping alkali dipengaruhi oleh kadar dan reaktifitas lignin. Tujuan penelitian ini ialah menganalisis kelarutan lignin pada pemasakan alkali dalam hubungannya dengan kadar lignin kayu. Sampel kayu yang diuji terdiri atas dua jenis kayu daun jarum dan delapan jenis kayu daun lebar. Kadar lignin diukur dengan metode Klason dan reaktifitas lignin diduga dengan kadar lignin terlarut asam. Pengujian kelarutan lignin dilakukan dalam larutan natrium hidroksida dengan alkali aktif 20% pada suhu 150 oC selama 90 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kayu daun lebar memiliki kadar lignin klason lebih rendah dan kadar lignin terlarut asam yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan kayu daun jarum. Lignin kayu daun lebar lebih mudah didelignifikasi dibandingkan dengan lignin kayu daun jarum, yang ditunjukkan oleh lebih tingginya kelarutan lignin kayu daun lebar dibandingkan dengan lignin kayu daun jarum pada kondisi pemasakan alkali yang sama. Pada jenis kayu daun lebar terdapat korelasi negatif antara kelarutan lignin dengan kadar lignin klason, sedangkan korelasi positif ditunjukkan antara kelarutan lignin dengan kadar lignin terlarut asam.
Keyword: delignifikasi, lignin klason, lignin terlarut asam, pulping alkali

Judul: Characteristic of Overshooting Top (OT) Based on  Himawari  8  Satellite  as  a  Convective  Cloud  Feature  that  Generates  Extreme Weather in the Java Island Region
Abstrak: Overshooting Top (OT) is a feature at the top of a convective cloud that is associated with extreme weather. Research on OT in tropical Indonesia is still very limited. The existence of geostationary satellites with wide area coverage and fast frequency observations is useful for observing the fast dynamics of the OT life cycle. Therefore, this study intends to analyze the relationship between OT and extreme weather, updraft and thermodynamic conditions of OT when extreme weather occurs, the best objective method for detecting OT in the day time and night time, and the spatiotemporal distribution of OT in the tropical region of Java Island during the 2018-2021 period. Based on visual analysis using visible channel and Himawari 8 sandwich products, 87% of extreme weather events in Java were accompanied by the appearance of OT. It indicates that the presence of the OT pattern is a convection cloud pattern or feature that is closely related to extreme weather events for the Java Island region. The existence of a time lag between the appearance of OT and extreme weather events on Java Island indicates that the OT of convection cloud can be used as a precursor or nowcasting for the appearance of extreme weather. Most of the convective cloud OT features during extreme weather events on Java Island have altitude that were only able to exceed the altitude of the equilibrium level and few were able to exceed the tropopause level of 9 km – 16 km. The difference in atmospheric conditions during extreme weather events on Java Island, which is in the tropics and subtropics, is a strong and unstable convective energy condition characterized by a larger CAPE, as well as unstable KI, LI, SI and TTI values. It is offset by kinematic factors in the form of a weak vertical wind shear (bulk wind shear 0-6 km) and a higher freezing point height. The difference between extreme weather events in the Java Island region and other tropical regions compared to subtropical regions is the strong updraft speed of convection clouds. The IRW Texture COMB algorithm based on the IRW-Texture Gradient modification and the COMB algorithm shows a significant increase in quality for detecting OT and non-OT pixels in Java. Rainy days with rainfall > 50 mm/day are very common in areas with an altitude of > 500 m. On the other hand, the level of convection activity which is indicated by the presence of OT and lightning is significantly reduced in this area. OT of convective clouds appear more frequently during the DJF season and less frequently during the JJA season. OT often appears during the day time and rarely at night time. Most OTs appear in the central part, away from the south and north coasts of Java Island during the day, while OTs that appear near the south and north coasts of Java Island can appear in the morning or afternoon.
Keyword: convective clouds, extreme weather, Overshooting Tops, Himawari 8 Satellite