Judul: N2 fixation and methane oxidation activity of mixed of culture of Azotobacter sp., Azospirillum sp., and Methanotrophic Bacteria
Abstrak: Metanotrophs bacteria are methane oxidizing bacteria. Methanotrophic bacteria especially type II and type X were also able to fix nitrogen using nitrogenase enzyme. This reasearch was conducted to determine activity of methane oxidation and nitrogen fixation of four isolates of methanotropic bacteria i.e. BGM 1, BGM 5, BGM 9, and SKM 14 which were combined with nitrogen-fixing bacteria (Azotobacter sp. and Azospirillum sp.). Six combinations were cultured and then inoculated into nitrogen free NMS medium. Activity of methane oxidation and nitrogen fixation activity was analysed. The highest methane oxidation activity was found in the mixed culture of BGM 9, BGM 5, Azotobacter sp., and Azospirillum sp. isolates. The activity was 184.5 x 10-8 ìM/cell /day. The highest accumulation of ammonium was found in the mixed culture of BGM 5, BGM 9, and Azotobacter sp. isolates. The concentration of accumulated ammonium was 4.075 ìM. Methane oxidation activity and ammonium accumulation of methanotrophic bacteria showed higher result when they were combined with nitrogen fixing bacteria.
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Judul: Aktivitas fiksasi nitrogen dan oksidasi metan kultur campuran bakteri metanotrof pada lumpur sawah
Abstrak: Metanotroph bacteria are methane oxidizing bacteria. Besides, type II and type X of methanotrophic bacteria were also able to fix nitrogen using nitrogenase enzyme. This reasearch was conducted to test the activity of nitrogen fixation and methane oxidation of five isolates of methanotropic bacteria i.e. BGM 1, BGM 3, BGM 5, BGM 9, and SKM 14 which combined with one another. Seven combinations (SKM 14/BGM 1; SKM 14/BGM 3; SKM 14/BGM 5; SKM 14/BGM 9; BGM 9/BGM 1; BGM 9/BGM 3; BGM 9/BGM 5) were cultured and inoculated into NMS medium mixed with slurry of mud, then the activity of methane oxidation, nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase enzyme activity was tested. The highest accumulation of ammonium in the mud sterile treatment (35.489 μM) was higher than that of in non-sterile mud treatment (26.617 μM). Formulation 6 (BGM 9/BGM 3) in sterile mud treatment and formulation 4 (SKM 14/BGM 9) in non-sterile mud treatment has the highest nitrogenase enzyme activity, it was 5,16 mmol/h/ml culture and 75,85 mmol/h/ml culture respectively. Formulation 1 (SKM 14/BGM 1) and formulation 2 (SKM 14/BGM3) had the higest activity of methane oxidation in sterile and non sterile mud treatment i.e. 17428 and 16759 ppm /ml culture /day respectively.
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Judul: Truncated Stop Loss as a Optimal Solution of Reinsurance Agreement in One-Period Model
Abstrak: Reinsurance is one of risk management efforts of an insurance company, which is called the cedent. Similar with insurance, reinsurance constitutes the cedent to pay the premium. We consider one-period reinsurance model and derive a rule which minimizes the ruin probability of the cedent for a fixed reinsurance premium. Therefore, it is needed to construct an optimal reinsurance agreement for the cedent. The premium is calculated according to four different principles, i.e. economic, generalized zero-utility, Esscher, and mean-variance principles. Stop loss is a reinsurance contract which protect the insurance company for losses that exceed a certain amount. The result of this research shows that a truncated stop loss is an optimal agreement in the class of all reinsurance contracts with various premiums calculated using above mentioned principles.
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