Judul: Pengaruh Jenis Litter Terhadap Cedera dan Performa Produksi Ayam Broiler.
Abstrak: Pemeliharaan ayam broiler umumnya menggunakan sistem kandang dengan alas litter. Jenis bahan litter yang digunakan diduga dapat mempengaruhi performa produksi ayam broiler, seperti konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan, dan mortalitas. Kelemahan penggunaan alas litter, diantaranya sering terjadi Foot Pad Lesion (FPL) dan Breast Blister (BB). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan jenis litter yang tepat dalam pemeliharaan ayam broiler. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji pengaruh jenis litter terhadap tingkat cedera dan performa produksi ayam broiler. Penelitian terdiri atas tiga jenis bahan litter, yaitu P1: litter sekam padi; P2: litter jerami padi; dan P3: litter serutan kayu. Masing-masing perlakuan terdiri atas tiga ulangan. Tiap ulangan terdiri atas delapan ekor ayam broiler. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan Sidik Ragam (Analysis of Variance) dan Uji Tukey (Tukey Pairwise Comparisons) untuk mengetahui beda antar perlakuan dengan software Minitab 18. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis litter berpengaruh terhadap tingkat kejadian cedera Foot Pad Lesion (FPL) dan bobot akhir, namun tidak berpengaruh pada Breast Blister (BB), konsumsi pakan, dan mortalitas ayam broiler. Tingkat kejadian FPL terendah terjadi pada perlakuan P3 (litter serutan kayu) dan bobot akhir tertinggi terjadi pada perlakuan P1 (litter sekam padi)., Effect of Litter Types on Injuries and Production Performance of Broiler Chicken. Supervised by RUDI AFNAN and RUKMIASIH. Maintenance of broiler chickens generally uses a cage system with a litter base. The litter material will affect the production performance of broiler chickens, such as feed consumption, body weight gain, and mortality. Weakness of litter use for broiler bedding are the frequent occurrence of Foot Pad Lesion (FPL) and Breast Blister (BB). Therefore, it is necessary to have a suitable type of litterin the maintenance of broilers. This study aims to examine the effect of litter type on injury and production performance of broiler chickens. There are three types of litter material treatment, namely P1: rice husk litter; P2: rice straw litter; and P3: wood shavings litter with three repetitions. Each repetition consisted of 8 broilers. The data obtained were analyzed by variance (Analysis of Variance). The difference between treatments was subjected to the Tukey's Test (Tukey Pairwise Comparison) using Minitab 18 software. The results showed that the type of litter affected the incidence of Foot Pad Lesion (FPL) injury and final weight, but had no effect on Breast Blister (BB), feed consumption, and mortality of broiler chickens. The lowest incidence of FPL occurred in the P3 treatment (wood shavings litter) and the highest final weight occurred in the P1 treatment (rice husk litter).
Keyword: broiler, chickens, injury, performance, litter,

Judul: Effect of Litter Type on Cage Air Quality and Broiler Chicken Performance
Abstrak: Kandang menggunakan sistem litter dengan bahan litter yang tidak baik dan manajemen pengelolaan litter yang tidak baik dapat berdampak buruk terhadap ayam. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi penggunaan bahan litter terhadap kualitas udara dalam kandang dan kejadian penyakit saluran pernafasan pada ayam broiler. Penelitian ini menggunakan 72 ekor DOC ayam broiler. Kandang yang digunakan sebanyak 9 petak dengan ukuran 1 m x 1 m untuk setiap petak. Kandang beralaskan bahan litter yang berbeda dengan ketebalan setiap perlakuan yaitu 5 cm. Perlakuan yang diberikan pada penelitian ini, yaitu P1 = litter dari sekam padi, P2 = litter dari pasir, dan P3 = litter dari daun alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica). Variabel yang diukur adalah suhu, kelembapan, kadar amonia, konsumsi pakan, bobot badan, penyakit CRD (Chronic respiratory disease), dan mortalitas. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Penggunaan jenis liter yang berbeda berpengaruh menurunkan kadar amonia, meningkatkan bobot badan dan menurunkan dugaan penyakit saluran pernapasan CRD, namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap suhu, kelembapan, konsumsi pakan dan mortalitas. Perlakuan P2 (litter pasir) lebih baik dalam menurunkan kadar amonia 1,7±0,8 ppm, dan meningkatkan bobot badan 1932,5±10,7 g., A litter system stable with bad litter materials and poor litter management can harm broiler chickens. The study was conducted to evaluate the use of different litter on air quality in the stable and the incidence of respiratory disease in broiler chickens. This study used 90-day old chick (DOC) broilers. The stable consisted of 9 pens with a size of 2 m x 2 m for each pen. Stable used different litter materials with a thickness of 5 cm for each treatment. The treatments given in this study were P1 = rice husks litter, P2 = sand litter, and P3 = reed litter (Imperata cylindrica). The variables measured were temperature, humidity, ammonia levels, feed consumption, body weight, CRD (chronic respiratory disease), and mortality. The obtained data were analyzed using a completely randomized design. The use of different types of liters affected reducing ammonia levels, increasing body weight, and reducing CRD respiratory disease. However, it did not affect the temperature, humidity, feed consumption and mortality. Based on that, P2 (sand liter) is better in reducing ammonia levels by 1,7±0,8 ppm and increasing body weight by 1932,5±10,7 g.
Keyword: ammonia, Chronic Respiratory Disease, humidity, litter, temperature

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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