Judul: Evaluasi dan Desain Peningkatan Kapasitas Instalasi Pengolahan Air Minum di PT. Krakatau Tirta Industri
Abstrak: PT. Krakatau Tirta Industri (PT KTI) has a rule as supplier of Cilegon Municipality’s water needs. Considering the demand for water supply continues to grow, PT. KTI intends to increase its capacity up to 2500 liters/sec. This study aims to evaluate current condition of water treatment plant of PT. KTI, and to review the increasing of installation capacity by process and design aspects. The study is conducted in two stages, namely collecting primary and secondary data and analyzing process and design calculations. Water treatment plant at PT. KTI are bar screen, sand trap, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection. Bar screen unit was designed with 40 pieces bar and width of 6 mm. Sand trap unit has minimum height of 4.30 m. Three pumps must have an efficiency of 90%. If the efficiency doesn’t reach that value, then the addition of at least one pump unit is needed. Coagulation unit design is carried out by hydraulic jump and mechanical mixing. Flocculation unit design is done by changing the impeller rotation to 32 rpm. On sedimentation units, plate settlers as much as 891 pieces is designed with inter-plate distance of 0.05 m and height of 1 m. Conclusions of this study are almost all units have parameters that don’t meet the design criteria, and design takes on the unit bar screen, and accelator.
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Judul: Evaluasi Kinerja Instalasi Pengolahan Air Bersih Unit 1 Sungai Ciapus di Kampus IPB Dramaga Bogor
Abstrak: Water is an important resource for human life needed continually in its daily activity. IPB uses river Cihideung and river Ciapus as the main water resource for fulfilling the campus water need. IPB has nine Water Treatment Plant (WTP). One of the WTP which is not optimally functioned enough is Unit 1 river Ciapus WTP with the capacity for about 20 liters/second. The aims of the research are to evaluate Ciapus WTP design criteria by comparing the design criteria based on SNI 6774-2008 concerning WTP package unit plan system. This research was carried out by collecting primary data, laboratory analysis, and based design criteria result evaluation. As a whole, it can be said that WTP performance still worked well enough because it had fulfilled the applicable criteria design, that is SNI 6774-2008. However, there were some units which had not yet fulfilled the criteria design, among others is coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation, therefore it caused the process of water treatment was not quite optimal and the parameter above the quality fixed standard was able to indicate that there was a decrease of capability in reducing concentration.
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Judul: Mitochondrial DNA Gene Organization and Phylogenetic Relationship of Naja siamensis
Abstrak: Naja siamensis is one of Asiatic cobra in the Family of Elapidae, known as a cryptic snake. It has many morphological variations that lead to misidentification. Misidentification can cause the wrong concept in developing antivenom types due to high snakebite cases occur in Thailand. Thus, an accurate species identification using a molecular approach is crucially required. Mitochondrial DNA has been used widely in snake molecular studies. These studies were aimed to determine the arrangement of the N. siamensis partial mitochondrial genes using reptile-oriented primers and to reveal the phylogenetic relationship among other species of Asian cobra. DNA extraction was carried out based on the standard DNA salting-out protocol and was conducted by bioinformatics analysis using BLASTn and MEGA 6 software. Gene annotation was performed against N. kaouthia complete genome. A total of 3121 bp of N. siamensis mtDNA genes were sequenced consisting of partial of six regions: 16S rRNA, ND1, tRNA-Ile, CRII region, tRNA-Leu, tRNA-Gln, and COI genes. The mtDNA gene organization of N. siamensis was predicted to has a similar pattern with the common Elapidae mtDNA gene organization. This study showed that there is a monophyletic form in Naja genus and N. kaouthia is the closest species with N. siamensis based on partial 16S rRNA and ND1 gene.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Elapidae, ND1, phylogenetic relationship