Judul: Deteksi dan Karakterisasi Megalocytivirus pada Budidaya Ikan di Beberapa Daerah di Indonesia
Abstrak: Megalocytivirus termasuk ke dalam anggota famili Iridoviridae dan menyebabkan kerugian ekonomi yang sangat tinggi pada budidaya ikan. Megalocytivirus memiliki tiga spesies yaitu Infectious Spleen and Kidney Necrosis Virus (ISKNV), Red Sea Bream Iridovirus (RSIV) dan Turbot Reddish Body Iridovirus (TRBIV). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeteksi dan mengkarakterisasi spesies ISKNV, RSIV dan TRBIV yang diambil di beberapa daerah di Indonesia sehingga diperoleh informasi terbaru tentang daerah yang terinfeksi Megalocytivirus. Sampel diambil dari ikan air laut antara lain kerapu, kakap dan bawal bintang, sedangkan sampel ikan air tawar yaitu gurami, nila dan ikan hias air tawar dari beberapa provinsi di Indonesia. Seluruh sampel ikan menunjukan gejala klinis infeksi virus seperti warna tubuh ikan terlihat gelap, nafsu makan berkurang, kematian diatas 40%, kurang aktif berenang dan memisahkan diri dari kelompok ikan lain. Metode untuk deteksi virus menggunakan kit koagglutinasi dan histopatologi, sedangkan identifikasi spesies menggunakan metode Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) dengan gen target Major Capsid Protein (MCP) serta identifikasi kekerabatan menggunakan metode sekuensing DNA. Seluruh sampel dari Provinsi Sumatera Utara menunjukan hasil negatif baik secara serologi maupun PCR, lesio pada semua sampel dari provinsi tersebut kemungkinan bukan disebabkan oleh Megalocytivirus. Sampel yang berasal dari 11 provinsi lainnya memberikan hasil yang bervariasi. Semua sampel ikan air tawar terinfeksi ISKNV, sedangkan ikan air laut terinfeksi ISKNV dan RSIV. Virus TRBIV tidak terdeteksi pada semua sampel. Semua isolat ISKNV yang ada di Indonesia memiliki hubungan kekerabatan yang sangat dekat, begitu juga dengan RSIV. Megalocytivirus sudah menyebar dibeberapa provinsi di Indonesia.
Keyword: ISKNV, Megalocytivirus PCR, RSIV, TRBIV

Judul: Pengembangan Kultur sel dan Vaksin Inaktif untuk Pencegahan Infeksi Megalocytivirus pada Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus goramy).
Abstrak: Megalocytivirus of family Iridoviridae is a known pathogen that caused fatal systemic infection lead to massive death and significant economic losses of numerous fish species in marine, fresh water and ornamental fish industries. In Indonesia, since 2011 megalocytivirus had been found as main pathogen in some cases of giant gourami outbreak especially in West Java, Central Java and Bali. Rapid expansion and intensification in aquaculture has led to many cases of disease outbreaks. Mortality rates of fish due to viral infections is high and up to now there’s no effective treatment methods to overcome the problem. Prevention is a better choice than treatment although efforts to prevent and control diseases caused by viral infections are still difficult to do. The aim of this study was to develop a primary cell culture and an inactivated vaccine for megalocytivirus infection in giant gourami. The first stage of this study was conducted to identify and characterized megalocytivirus in cultured giant gourami. The virus was identified using universal and spesific primers for megalocytivirus and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV). Sequencing and BLAST analysis were used to develop phylogenetic tree. The result showed that phylogenetic analysis of major capsid protein (MCP) gene unveiled a new megalocytivirus strain, designated as giant gourami iridovirus (GGIV). GGIV formed cluster belonged to ISKNV and has 100% homology to ISKNV complete genome. Artificial infection by intraperitoneally injection with supernatant homogenate from spleen and kidney of naturally infected fish were showed 93% mortality in 12 days. Fish showed clinical sign of infection as lethargic, loss of appetite, pale or darken body color and haemorrhages. Internal organ on death fish showed swollen spleen and kidney and also pale liver. Quantitative PCR analysis on internal organs showed spleen had the highest viral DNA copy number followed by kidney, gill and liver. Histopathological analysis showed hemorrage in these organs and many abnormally hypertrophied cells which is typical histopathological characteristic of megalocytivirus infection. On the second stage of this study was to develop primary cell cultures from its spleen as target organ for propagating megalocytivirus in vitro. We developed primary cell from spleen by enzimatic dissociation. The result showed that primary cell (GPs cell) can grow well at 27 oC and 10% serum in L-15 medium was sufficient for cells growth. GPs cells were infected with giant gourami iridovirus (GGIV) showed enlargement and rounding cells. Virus propagated in GPs cells was highly virulent when injected to giant gourami in artificial infection. Intraperitoneal injection experiments of diluted virus supernatant showed 100% mortality within 7-11 dpi and 97% mortality in 21 days by cohabitation with abnormalities were observed in spleen and kidney. GPs cell was successfully subcultured for more than 30 passages and was found to be susceptible to GGIV as a pathogen of ISKNV infection in cultured-giant gourami. GGIV was propagated in GPs cells for megalocytivirus vaccine development for giant gourami. On the third stage of this study was to develop an effective vaccine and measure its efficacy using relative percent survival (RPS), serological parameters (antibody titers), and molecular (relative expression of gouramy immune genes). The
Keyword: inactivated-vaccine, megalocytivirus, primary cell culture, Osphronemus goramy

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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