Judul: Antioxidant Analysis of Endophytic Fungus Extract of Soursop Leaf Phomopsis sp. on Liver Function of DMBA-Induced Sprague-Dawley Rats.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan efek senyawa 7,12-dimetilbenz(a)antrasena (DMBA) pada tikus betina galur Sprague-Dawley dan efektivitas Phomopsis sp. sebagai antioksidan. Metode penelitian melibatkan pengukuran kadar malondialdehida (MDA), dan aktivitas enzim hati (ALT dan AST). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa DMBA meningkatkan kadar radikal bebas yang ditandai dengan meningkatnya kadar MDA secara signifikan menjadi 27,25 ± 6,11 nm/g hati (Kontrol negatif), dan terbukti bahwa Phomopsis sp. mampu menurunkan kadar MDA sampai 11,71 ± 1,42 nm/g hati dengan dosis 40mg/kg bb. Aktivitas enzim ALT dan AST juga meningkat walau tidak signifikan pada kelompok yang diinduksi DMBA sebesar 38,89 ± 7,66 U/L dibandingkan Kelompok Normal sebesar 34.97 ± 3.35 U/L . Sementara itu, Phomopsis sp. dosis 40mg/kg bb berbeda signifikan dengan nilai ALT mencapai 67,97 ± 11,79 U/L dan AST mencapai 75,66 ± 1,53 U/L. Namun, pemberian Phomopsis sp. dosis 10mg/kg bb dan 20mg/kg bb dapat menurunkan aktivitas enzim ini. Simpulan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Phomopsis sp. memiliki potensi sebagai antioksidan yang efektif dalam mengurangi stres oksidatif akibat paparan DMBA., This study aimed to determine the effects of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) compound on female Sprague-Dawley rats and the effectiveness of Phomopsis sp. as an antioxidant. The research methods involved the measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and liver enzyme activities (ALT and AST). The results showed that DMBA increased the levels of free radicals characterized by increasing MDA levels significantly to 27,25 ± 6,11 nm/g liver from the Negative Control, and it was proven that Phomopsis sp. was able to reduce MDA levels to 11,71 ± 1,42 nm/g liver at a dose of 40mg/kg bw. ALT and AST enzyme activities also increased although not significantly in the DMBA-induced group at 38,896 ± 7,661 U/L compared to the Normal Group at 34,96 ± 3,35 U/L . Meanwhile, Phomopsis sp. with 40mg/kg bw dosage was significantly different with values reaching 67,97 ± 11,79 U/L and AST reaching 75,66 ± 1,53 U/L. However, the administration of Phomopsis sp. 10mg/kg bw and 20mg/kg bw can reduce the activity of these enzymes. The conclusion of this study shows that Phomopsis sp. has the potential as an effective antioxidant in reducing oxidative stress due to DMBA exposure.
Keyword: MDA, ALT, AST, DMBA, Phomopsis sp.

Judul: Effect of Subchronic Toxicity Test of Soursop Leaf Endophytic Fungi Extract on Enzymes and Liver Histopathology of Sprague-Dawley Rats
Abstrak: Ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak (Annona muricata L.) diketahui memiliki aktivitas sebagai antikanker payudara, tetapi keamanannya terhadap kondisi hati pada uji toksisitas subkronis belum diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh pemberian ekstrak terhadap enzim dan histopatologi hati tikus Sprague-Dawley pada uji toksisitas subkronis selama 90 hari yang dilihat dari parameter kadar enzim hati (ALT dan AST), histopatologi, dan bobot hati. Pemberian ekstrak terhadap kadar enzim dan bobot hati tikus menunjukkan hasil yang tidak berbeda nyata antara kelompok perlakuan dengan kelompok kontrol normal dan masih berada pada rentang normal. Kadar enzim hati pada kelompok satelit menunjukkan adanya efek reversible terhadap sediaan uji. Gambaran histopat hati pada seluruh kelompok tidak menunjukkan adanya kelainan yang spesifik. Simpulan dari penelitian ini adalah pemberian ekstrak etil asetat kapang endofit daun sirsak sampai dosis 240 mg/kgBB selama 90 hari pada tikus Sprague-Dawley terhadap enzim, histopatologi, dan bobot hati tikus tergolong aman karena tidak menimbulkan adanya tanda-tanda kerusakan hati., Ethyl acetate extract of the endophytic fungi of soursop leaf (Annona muricata L.) is known to have anticancer activity, but its safety against liver conditions in subchronic toxicity tests is unknown. This study aimed to examine the effect of the extract on enzymes and liver histopathology of Sprague-Dawley rats in the 90-day subchronic toxicity test, which was seen from the parameters of liver enzyme concentrations (ALT and AST), histopathology, and liver weight. Giving extracts to enzyme concentrations and liver weight of rats showed results that were not significantly different between the treatment group and the normal control group and were still in the normal range. Liver enzyme concentrations in the satellite group showed a reversible effect on the test preparation. Liver histopathology in all groups did not show any specific abnormalities. The conclusion of this study was that the administration of ethyl acetate extract of endophytic fungi of soursop leaves up to a dose of 240 mg/kgBW for 90 days in Sprague-Dawley rats against enzymes, histopathology, and liver weight of rats was considered safe because it did not cause any signs of liver damage.
Keyword: endophytic fungi, liver, soursop leaf, subchronic toxicity

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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