Judul: Positive Reinforcement Training sebagai Upaya Refinement Pemeriksaan Fisik Macaca nemestrina Usia Muda di Kandang Koloni
Abstrak: Beruk (Macaca nemestrina) merupakan satwa primata yang dapat berperan sebagai hewan model dalam penelitian biomedis. Penerapan kesejahteraan hewan dalam pemeliharaan dan penggunaan beruk dapat diterapkan melalui positive reinforcement training (PRT) sebagai upaya refinement dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan, termasuk mendukung tindakan pemeriksaan fisik. Penelitian ini bertujuan membentuk tingkah laku kooperatif pada beruk usia muda untuk memudahkan pelaksanaan pemeriksaan fisik. Penelitian dilakukan pada empat ekor beruk jantan di kandang koloni, dengan melakukan proses habituasi, temperament assessment (TA), pengamatan perilaku dengan metode focal sampling (FS), menggunakan novel object untuk mengidentifikasi potensi hewan untuk dilatih, dan PRT untuk membentuk perilaku yang mendukung pemeriksaan fisik berupa palpasi. Penilaian TA dilakukan untuk mengategorikan temperamen beruk sebagai temperamen open, moderate, dan inhibited sehingga dapat mengkaji potensi hewan untuk dilatih. Tahapan PRT meliputi enam tahap target training, dilanjutkan dengan dua tahap position training. Hasil TA menunjukkan bahwa dua ekor beruk memiliki temperamen open, satu ekor temperamen moderate, dan satu ekor temperamen inhibited. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tiga ekor beruk dengan temperamen open dan moderate berhasil mencapai tahap akhir PRT dan satu ekor beruk temperamen inhibited tidak berhasil menyelesaikan PRT. Namun, terlihat adanya inkonsistensi karena sifat beruk usia muda yang playful dan pengaruh faktor distraksi dari sekitar kandang., Pigtailed-macaque (Macaca nemestrina) is a nonhuman primate that is distributed in Southeast Asia. These primates serve as an animal model in biomedical research. Implementation of animal welfare in the care and use of this animal may be through positive reinforcement training (PRT) as a refinement for conducting physical examinations. The objective of this research was to form cooperative behavior in adolescent pigtailed macaques by PRT to facilitate the implementation of physical examinations without restraint. The study was performed on four adolescent male pigtail macaques housed in colony setting. The study comprised of a habituation process, behaviour observation using focal sampling and temperament assessment using novel objects to identify trainability of animals, and PRT to shape behavior that will support palpation examination without restraint. Temperament assessment categorized animals into open, moderate, and inhibited. The result showed that the temperaments of two were open, one was of moderate temperament, and one of inhibited temperament. The training stages in PRT include six stages of target training followed by two stages of position training. The study resulted in three macaques (of open and moderate temperament) completed all training stages where as one macaque (inhibited temperament) did not. The PRT process in adolescent macaques showed inconsistent progress, which may be due to the playful nature of pigtailed macaques at this age and other factors relevant to social grouping setting of the animals.
Keyword: kesejahteraan hewan, positive reinforcement training, refinement, pemeriksaan fisik, beruk

Judul: Positive Reinforcement Training as a  Refinement Auscultation for Male Macaca fascicularis in Colony Enclosures
Abstrak: Monyet ekor panjang (MEP; Macaca fascicularis) memiliki kemiripan dengan manusia baik secara anatomis maupun fisiologis, sehingga satwa ini sering dijadikan hewan model untuk pengembangan terapi serta penyembuhan berbagai penyakit. Pemeliharaan dan penggunaan MEP di bidang biomedis melibatkan program kesehatan hewan untuk mendukung upaya menjamin kesejahteraan hewan. Tindakan medis untuk menunjang kesehatan hewan seperti auskultasi, palpasi serta injeksi, harus dilakukan dengan meminimalkan rasa tidak nyaman, takut, dan stres hewan. Upaya refinement diperlukan untuk meniadakan atau mengurangi hal-hal yang bertentangan dengan prinsip kesejahteraan hewan, salah satunya dengan melakukan Positive Reinforcement Training (PRT). Pengamatan perilaku MEP jantan usia tua di kandang koloni dilakukan dengan focal animal sampling serta temperament assessment untuk mengidentifikasi MEP yang dapat dilatih. Prosedur PRT dilakukan terhadap empat MEP dengan tujuan membentuk perilaku yang mendukung prosedur auskultasi agar dapat dilakukan tanpa restraint. Hasil temperament assessment menunjukkan terdapat empat MEP yang dipilih untuk dilatih dengan pendekatan PRT. Dari keempat MEP tersebut juga menunjukkan hasil focal sampling yang sama, yaitu memiliki temperamen neutral. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa seluruh MEP yang dilatih dengan PRT dapat menyelesaikan tahap target training namun hanya satu MEP dengan temperamen moderate dan perilaku neutral yang berhasil mencapai tahap akhir PRT. Selain temperamen, tingkat keberhasilan PRT juga kemungkinan ditentukan oleh jumlah personil di fasilitas hewan, aktivitas MEP dan urutan hierarki MEP di dalam koloni., Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis, MEP) have many similarities with humans both anatomically and physiologically, and therefore serve as animal model for the development of therapies for various diseases. The care and use of MEP in biomedical research involves veterinary care programs to support efforts to ensure animal welfare. Medical procedures carried out to support animal health, such as auscultation, palpation, and injection, must be achieve while minimizing discomfort, fear and stress. Refinement efforts are needed to support animal welfare, one of which is by carrying out Positive Reinforcement Training (PRT). Behaviour observation was performed in old male MEPs housed in the colony enclosure, using focal animal sampling and temperament assessment to determine the temperament of each individual and their trainability, PRT was carried out an fourMEPs to shape behaviour that supports voluntary auscultasion without restraint. Temperament assessment results showed that there were four MEPs selected to be trained with PRT. They also showed the same focal sampling results, that is, have a neutral temperament. The study showed that all MEPs were able to complete the target training stage, but only one MEP with moderate temperament and neutral behaviour managed to reach the final stage of PRT. Other than temperament, the success rate of PRT is also probably determined by the number of personnel in the animal facility, MEP activity and the hierarchical order of MEPs within the colony.
Keyword: kesejahteraan hewan, macaca fascicularis, positive reinforcement training, refinement, macaca fascicularis, positive reinforcement training, refinement, Auskultasi, Auscultation, animal welfare

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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