Judul: Analysis of Dominant Bacteria  Various Fermented Milk Products Using 16S rRNA Sequencing
Abstrak: Yogurt, Yakult, dan kefir merupakan produk fermentasi berbahan dasar susu, diproduksi melalui proses fermentasi oleh berbagai jenis bakteri asam laktat. Namun, selama proses fermentasi dominasi bakteri dalam produk dapat berubah. Kemungkinan bakteri pembusuk lain dapat mendominasi produk, kemungkinan ini bergantung pada berbagai faktor proses pasca produksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bakteri dominan pada berbagai produk susu fermentasi menggunakan sekuensing 16S rRNA. Total DNA genomik langsung diekstraksi dari produk dan digunakan sebagai template untuk amplifikasi gen 16S rRNA menggunakan primer 9F dan 1541R. Amplikon diurutkan dan dianalisis menggunakan server BLAST. Sebagai data pendukung, nilai pH masing-masing produk juga diukur. Hasil menunjukan bahwa nilai pH produk ditemukan berbeda nyata (P<0,05). Analisis sekuens 16S rRNA yogurt adalah Streptococcus thermophilus strain ATCC 19258 dan pada kefir adalah Lactococcus cremoris strain NCDO 607 dan L. cremoris strain NBRC 100676. Sementara, amplikon 16S rRNA dari produk yogurt B tidak dapat diurutkan karena kualitasnya yang rendah., Yoghurt, Yakult, and kefir are milk-based fermented products, produced through fermentation process by different types of lactic acid bacterial. Nevertheless, during fermentation process, domination of bacteria in product might changed. The possibility of other spoilage bacteria can dominate the products, this possibility depend on various factors of post-production process. This study was aimed to investigate the dominant bacteria in different fermented milk products using 16S rRNA sequencing. The total genomic DNA directly extracted from products and used as a template for 16S rRNA gene amplification using 9F and 1541R primers. The amplicon was sequenced and analyzed using BLAST server. To supporting data, pH value of each product also be measured. The results showed that pH values of products were found significanly different (P<0.05). Sequence analysis 16S rRNA revaled that yoghurt is dominated by Streptococcus thermophilus strain ATCC 19258 and for kefir is Lactococcus cremoris strain NCDO 607 and L. cremoris strain NBRC 100676. Meanwhile, 16S rRNA amplicon from yoghurt B product was unable to be sequence due to low quality.
Keyword: 16S rRNA, Dominant bacteria, Susu fermentasi, Sekuensing

Judul: Analysis of Dominant Bacteria in Cow's Milk During Storage at Refrigerator Temperature Using 16S rRNA Sequencing
Abstrak: Susu sapi selain sebagai sumber nutrisi yang baik untuk dikonsumsi, juga merupakan media yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan bakteri. Kajian mengenai profil bakteri di dalam susu erat kaitannya dengan kualitas mikrobiologi susu sapi, tetapi terbatas pada profil bakteri yang bisa dikulturkan (cultivable) saja. Pendekatan molekuler identifikasi menggunakan 16S rRNA saat ini memungkinkan untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri pada susu tanpa proses kultivasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dominan bakteri yang ada pada susu sapi selama penyimpanan pada suhu refrigerator dengan menggunakan metode 16S rRNA sekuensing. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pH sampel susu sapi berkisar antara 6,47–6,67. Konsentrasi dan kemurnian total DNA bakteri cenderung fluktuatif pada setiap sampel. Total DNA genomik kemudian diekstraksi dan digunakan sebagai template amplifikasi gen 16S rRNA menggunakan primer 9F dan 1541R. Hasil analisis sekuens 16S rRNA menunjukkan bahwa bakteri dominan sampel susu sapi S0 adalah Bifidobacterium sp., bakteri dominan sampel susu sapi S3 adalah Acinetobacter sp., dan bakteri dominan sampel susu sapi S7 adalah Enterococcus sp.., Apart from being a good source of nutrition for consumption, cow's milk is also a suitable medium for bacterial growth. The study of the bacterial profile in milk is closely related to the microbiological quality of cow's milk but is limited to the profile of cultivable bacteria only. Molecular identification approaches using 16S rRNA currently allow the identification of bacteria in milk without a cultivation process. This research aims to analyze the dominant bacteria in cow's milk during storage at refrigerator temperature using the 16S rRNA sequencing method. The research results showed that the pH of cow's milk samples ranged from 6,47–6,67. The concentration and purity of total bacterial DNA tend to fluctuate in each sample. Total genomic DNA was then extracted and used as a template for 16S rRNA gene amplification using primers 9F and 1541R. The results of 16S rRNA sequence analysis showed that the dominant bacteria in cow's milk sample S0 was Bifidobacterium sp., the dominant bacteria in cow's milk sample S3 was Acinetobacter sp., and the dominant bacteria in cow's milk sample S7 was Enterococcus sp..
Keyword: 16S rRNA, bacteria, cow's milk, sequencing

Judul: Elektrodeposisi Film Tipis Semikonduktor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) pada Substrat Kaca ITO
Abstrak: Semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin film that can be used as absorber layers on solar cell module was made via electrodeposition method. CZTS thin film was electrodeposited on the surface of a silicate glass coated with a thin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO). Deposition process was done using potentiostatic mode at room temperature with a potential of 1.05 V for 30, 45, and 60 minutes, followed with annealing the film at 2 different temperatures, 500 ºC using furnace and 180 ºC using hot plate, both treatments for 45 minutes in N2/H2S atmosphere. The X-ray difractograms were analyzed using Match 2 program and showed that the CZTS thin films had kesterit crystalline structure, with a low percentage of CZTS phase. The thin film also contained secondary phases such as Cu2S, ZnS, and SnS. The obtained CZTS thin films had a thickness between 1.039 and 1.676 μm. Absorption study showed that the band gap energy of CZTS thin films which was annealed using furnace ranged from 1.50 to 1.52 eV, whereas that annealed using the hot plate was not observed. The band gap energy value showed that CZTS thin films can be used as sunlight absorber layers on solar cell. The formation of CZTS crystal film on this investigation was effectively performed using furnace annealing process at a temperature of 500 ºC with deposition time of 45 minutes.
Keyword: Thin film, Electrodeposition, Cu2ZnSnS4