Judul: Introduksi Gen Penyandi Hormon Pertumbuhan untuk Menghasilkan Ikan Cupang, Betta imbellis Ladiges (1975) Generasi Pertama Berukuran Giant.
Abstrak: Ikan cupang Betta imbellis Ladiges (1975) merupakan salah satu spesies ikan hias air tawar endemik yang memiliki nilai ekonomis tinggi dan merupakan ekspor di Indonesia. Dalam kontes internasional, ikan cupang berukuran giant berharga sangat tinggi sehingga para breeder berlomba-lomba untuk memproduksinya. Upaya produksi ikan cupang giant telah dilakukan dengan teknologi seleksi. Sebuah metode terkini yang dikenal dengan istilah transgenesis dapat mengatasi kelemahan metode sebelumnya. Penggunaan teknologi transgenesis terbukti mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan spesies ikan budidaya sampai beberapa kali lipat. Pada penelitian ini, transgenesis digunakan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ikan cupang alam. Penelitian dilakukan melalui tiga tahapan, yaitu (1) optimalisasi konsentrasi transfektan dan DNA dan uji aktivitas promoter β-aktin ikan mas, (2) transfer gen pCcBA-PhGH dengan menggunakan metode transfeksi pada embrio dan deteksi keberhasilan transfer gen PhGH dan analisis ekspresi mRNA PhGH dan bobot ikan F0, serta (3) analisis transmisi dan ekspresi transgen pada ikan cupang generasi pertama (F1). Sebagai tahap awal produksi ikan cupang transgenik berukuran giant, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi DNA plasmid yang memberikan penetasan dan sintasan tinggi serta menghasilkan ikan cupang transgenik F0. Vektor ekspresi pCcBA-PhGH yang digunakan mengandung gen GH ikan patin (PhGH) dan dikontrol oleh promoter β-aktin ikan mas (CcBA). Induk ikan Betta imbellis dipijahkan secara alami, dan embrio dikoleksi 1-2 menit setelah memijah. Sebanyak 100 embrio direndam dalam dua mililiter larutan transfektan X-treme gene mengandung plasmid pCcBA-PhGH (50 μg/mL) pada suhu ruang selama 30 menit. Perlakuan dalam penelitian ini adalah rasio transfektan : DNA plasmid berbeda, yakni: A (0,75 μL : 0,25 μL); B (0,75 μL : 0,50 μL); C (0,75 μL : 0,75 μL); D sebagai kontrol-1 (tanpa transfektan, 0,25 μL DNA); E sebagai kontrol-2 (0,75 μL transfektan, tanpa DNA); dan perlakuan F sebagai kontrol-3 (tanpa transfektan dan tanpa DNA). Setiap perlakuan dibuat tiga ulangan. Embrio hasil transfeksi ditetaskan dalam wadah bervolume sekitar satu liter air. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daya tetas telur dan sintasan larva (umur empat hari pascatetas) perlakuan A adalah sama dengan kontrol, tetapi lebih tinggi daripada perlakuan B dan C. Analisis PCR dan RT-PCR masing-masing menunjukkan bahwa gen PhGH dan ekspresi dapat dideteksi pada embrio dan larva perlakuan A, B dan C. Dengan demikian, ikan cupang transgenik F0 dapat dibuat menggunakan metode transfeksi dengan transfektan 0,75 μL dan DNA 0,25 μL. Hasil terbaik pada penelitian pertama selanjutnya digunakan untuk tahap berikutnya. Ikan F0 yang positif membawa transgen PhGH di sirip ekor dibesarkan lebih lanjut hingga matang gonad, kemudian dipijahkan dengan non- transgenik untuk menentukan ikan F0 yang membawa transgen di gametnya. Analisis PCR dilakukan dengan templat DNA yang diekstraksi dari 30-50 embrio pooled sample hasil persilangan induk transgenik dan nontransgenik menunjukkan adanya beberapa induk F0 yang membawa transgen PhGH di gamet, sedangkan untuk kontrol (non-transgenik) tidak terdeteksi. Sebagian embrio digunakan untuk ekstraksi RNA total untuk analisis ekspresi mRNA PhGH. Berdasarkan analisis ekspresi gen pada embrio juga menunjukkan adanya ekspresi gen PhGH pada semua perlakuan dibandingkan dengan kontrol (embrio hasil persilangan nontransgenik × nontransgenik). Larva dari induk F0 yang membawa transgen PhGH di gamet, selanjutnya dipelihara lebih lanjut hingga dapat dilakukan analisis PCR untuk identifikasi ikan transgenik F1. Hasil analisis PCR menunjukkan bahwa
Keyword: transfer gen, gen penyandi hormon pertumbuhan, B. imbellis, transmisi, ekspresi

Judul: Growth hormone gene transmission and expression in  the second generation of transgenic betta fish (Betta imbellis)
Abstrak: Betta fish (Betta imbellis) is one of the endemic freshwater animals spread in several regions in Indonesia. B. imbellis fish is an ornamental fish commodity that has the potential to be cultivated. Betta fish fans prefer the larger size (giant) with a body length of > 6 cm than the regular size (approximately 5 cm). Betta fish giant size is still a favorite fish in international contests, and it is still difficult to get a fish that size. Giant-sized betta fish have a high market value, ranging from IDR 900,000 to IDR 950,000 per fish. One alternative method that can be applied to produce a giant betta fish is the transgenic method. Transgenic is a genetic engineering technique that is done by inserting foreign genes into the host genome, these genes are then expressed in certain phenotypes, and passed on to the next generation. Most transgenesis in fish use growth hormone (GH) encoding genes with the aim of increasing growth so that the maintenance time to reach selling size is shorter. Generally, GH transgenesis is also carried out in consumption fish. In ornamental fish, generally transgenic production is designed for color engineering. The G1 transgenic broodstock were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, then crossbreeding was carried out by the reciprocal method by crossing transgenic G1 broodstock and non-transgenic fish. DNA was extracted from the fin-clipped tail, then used in the analysis of gene transmission in the second generation (G2) using the PCR method. Total RNA was extracted from pituitary, muscle, liver and fins following the Tri-Reagent Kit procedure for gene expression analysis. Complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis was carried out using the Transcriptor First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit. Parameters of reproductive performance (fertilization rate and hatching rate), growth (absolute growth rate, specific growth rate), fish survival, percentage of transgene transmission and gene expression level were statistically analyzed by analysis of variance ANOVA using the SPSS software version 18.0. Further analysis was performed using Duncan's test at a 95% confidence interval. This study showed that fertilization and hatching rates varied among crosses, and survival was the same in all crosses. Transgenic crossbreed fish was more than 90% progenies carrying the PhGH transgene, identified with transgene transmission from G1 parent to G2 ranging from 90.0% to 96.6%. The growth performance of G2 transgenic betta fish was higher than that of non-transgenic fish, which was 1.4-1.9 times. The PhGH gene expression was only detected in transgenic fish, whereas BeGH gene expression was detected in transgenic and non-transgenic fish with the same level of expression. The IGF-1 gene expression level of G2 transgenic betta fish was higher than that of non-transgenic betta fish. The mean length and body weight of transgenic fish were 4.28±0.70 cm and 1.77 ± 0.05 g, while the non-transgenic fish were 3.40±0.20 cm and 1.40±0.04 g, respectively In conclusion, G2 offspring have inherited the percentage of PhGH transgene inherited to G2 progenies with a higher percentage of transgenic fish compared to their G1 generation. The PhGH gene was expressed in all G2 transgenic so that had a higher growth rate compared
Keyword: Betta imbellis, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1, transmission, transgenic

Judul: Land use discrimination based on textural characteristics
Abstrak: Environmental remote sensing is the measurement of earth featums from a distance. Many sensors have been built to identify, monitor and model the environmental condition. One of the largest applications of remote sensing is to identi land use. Land use data is overwhelmingly distributed and utilized by wide spread of users. In soil science domain, land use datais-used-in-pa~cutar for land evaluation or land management. Unknown or worst land use data prevent further sustainable land uses or inhibit government policy in managing their land.
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