Judul: Potency α-Glucosidase Inhibitor from Streptomyces tendae Crude Extract as a Blood Glucose Lowering Level on Sprague Dawley Rats Diabetes
Abstrak: Diabetes is a dissease due to impaired insulin function or insulin deficiency cause high glucose level (hyperglycemia). One form of impaired insulin function is insulin resistance which cause type 2 diabetes. Hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance is associated with impaired glucose absorption in peripheral tissue while glucose absoption from intestine and liver production still occurred. Therefore, one of treatment for diabetes type 2 is using α-glucoside inhibitor. Medicinal plant, Ficus deltoidea or known as tabat barito, commonly grown in Kalimantan. Local people in that area traditionally used brewed water leaves of F. deltoidea to treat diabetes. Previous research discovered that F. deltoidea leaves extract has the ability to lower blood glucose level and it was also known that endophytic microbes of F. deltoidea produces α-glocoside inhibitor. The IC50 of water extract from F. deltoidea has a value of 647.31 µg/mL while endophyte producing inhibitor, Streptomyces tendae had a value of 159.25 µg/mL. Diabetes treatment with α- glucosidase inhibitor may provide significant result in lowering blood glucose levels. Potency metabolites as α-glucosidase inhibitors obtained from S. tendae was in vitro assay, however in vitro frequently may not in line with in vivo. This study aimed to determine potency of S. tendae crude extract as α-glucosidase inhibitor and antihyperglicemic in Sprague Dawley rats type 2 induced by low dose streptozotocin. This reasearch was started by reculturing of S. tendae provided by Microbiology Laboratory, Biology Department, IPB into International Project Streptomyces (ISP) 2 broth for 14 days. The growth culture was separated from medium to obtain cell-free supernatant (cfs), cfs then evaporated and solid yield was obtained. Yield obtained was measured for IC50. The IC50 activity was used as base to determining dose in rats using oral glucose toleance test (OGTT) and determine its effectiveness as antihyperglymic in diabetic rats induced by low dose streptozotocin. The IC50 of S. tendae crude extract had decreased activity from 159.25 µg/mL to 8,512 µg/mL. The result of TTGO showed increasing distribution and elimination phase of blood glucose in Sprague Dawley rats diabetes. Dose1 of 157.5 mg/200g can significanly reduce blood glucose levels. Based on these data, S. tendae crude extract has potency as an antihyperglycemic through a mechanism other than inhibit enzyme and has the posibility to stimulate glucose intake to peripheral tissue.
Keyword: Actinobacteria, Endophyte, Ficus deltoidea, IC50, OGTT

Judul: Potensi Aktinobakteri Endofit Tabat Barito ('Ficus deltoidea Jack) sebagai Penghasil Inhibitor a-Glukosidase
Abstrak: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic and serious metabolic disorder that is t revalent in the world. Diabetes mellitus occurs due to insulin deficiency and inswli resistance. This condition causes high blood glucose levels or called hYN.. rglycemia condition. One therapeutic approach to treat diabetes is to retard the abs" tion of glucose via inhibition of enzymes, such as a-glucosidase, in the small tinal. Inhibition of this enzyme slows the elevation of blood glucose following · rl:hohydrate meal. The a-glucosidase inhibitor is a bioactive compounds i8uted widely in plants and microorganisms including actino bacteria. }\ctinobacteria are Gram positive bacteria widely distributed in nature. They produce numerous metabolic products, most of which are bioactive compound with applications in many therapeutic areas. Actinobacteria are predominantly free living and are found in diverse environments including plants tissue. Microbes that live on plant tissues without causing harmfull to the host are called endophytes. Such icrobial endophytes are beginning to pay attention ofresearchers due to their abilit)1 to produce various compounds of pharmacological value similar to their li.osts. Previous reports showed that endophytic actinobacteria have a-glucosidase mhibi or activity such as Tinospora crispa (Brotowali) and Datura stramonim L (Kecubung). lf abat barito (Ficus deltoidea Jack) is a medicinal plant originating from Southeast Asia. In Indonesia, tabat barito has the most distribution in Borneo island. Tabat barito was used traditionally to treat diabetes. On another hand, several studies have shown that tabat barito has an a-glucosidase inhibitor activity. The abilit)1of tabat barito to produce a-glucosidase inhibitors is suggested to be related to the presence of endophytic microbes including actinobacteria. Previous studies showed that the abundance of actinobacteria in the tabat barito plant tissue is quite umer:ous and varied. Based on these reports, it is expected that the capability of abat barito on producing a-glucosidase inhibitors is related to the presence of actinobacteria. In this study, it was proven that endophytic actinobacteria from tabat barito <t:ould produce a-glucosidase inhibitors. Screening using a-glucosidase from rat intestine is recommended for in vitro a-glucosidase inhibitor because the homology sequeroce of catalytic side closer to enzymes in the human intestine. In this study endophytic actinobacterial isolates more inhibited a-glucosidase from rat intestines according to acarbose which only inhibit mammalian a-glucosidase. Screening of 40 enoophytic actinobacteria isolates using yeast a-glucosidase showed that 25 sG).}ates (62%) of isolates had a-glucosidase inhibitors activity. Whereas screening msm rat intestinal enzymes from 40 isolates, 31 isolates (77%) had a-glucosidase lnor activity. Aqueous extract and n-hexane ofTBL 7 isolates were the best extracts for a­ sidase inhibition, IC₅₀ value of 159.25 µg mL-¹ (aqueous extract) and 118.52 mIL-1 (n-hexane extract). Based on the 16S rRNA gene TBL 7 showed was similar to Streptomyces tendae (99.91%). The ISP 2 medium with 10 days incubation period is the best condition to produce a-glucosidase inhibitor compound. After fractionation, AF 2 from aqueous crude extract has ICso value of 58.8 µg mL-I, higher than acarbose as positive control (ICso = 90.4 µg mL-I). The LC-MS analysis showed that the fraction of AF 2 had bioactive compounds similar t phenylpropynal, butyric acid, solketal, p-coumaric
Keyword: Actinobacteria, Diabetes mellitus, Endophytes, Tabat barito

Judul: Rekonstruksi Persamaan Pauli dan Representasi Kuantum Entanglement Berdasarkan Interpretasi Kuantum Budiyono-Rohrlich.
Abstrak: Mekanika kuantum merupakan teori fundamental yang telah memberikan kontribusi besar dalam perkembangan sains dan teknologi hingga saat ini. Namun masih banyak masalah fundamental terkait realita fisis postulat-postulat dan perumusan mekanika kuantum yang menimbulkan pertanyaan. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan banyak perdebatan dan interpretasi yang berbeda mengenai fundamental teori mekanika kuantum. Salah satu interpretasi mekanika kuantum yang menggunakan dasar mekanika statistik klasik adalah interpretasi Budiyono-Rohrlich (BR). Interpretasi kuantum BR merupakan interpretasi mekanika statistik klasik yang menggunakan aksioma ontic extension dan epistemic restriction serta memuat tiga teorema untuk menjelaskan kuantum entanglement, prinsip ketidakpastian Heisenberg dan merekonstruksi persamaan Schrodinger. Namun, interpretasi kuantum BR belum melibatkan spin dalam perumusannya. Persamaan Schrodinger yang melibatkan interaksi elektromagnetik dan keadaan spin disebut sebagai persamaan Schrodinger-Pauli atau persamaan Pauli. Asumsi pemisahan distribusi probabilitas untuk keadaan spin-up dan spin-down dapat digunakan untuk merekonstruksi persamaan Pauli. Proses formulasi persamaan menggunakan aksioma ontic extension dan epistemic restriction dalam interpretasi kuantum BR serta menggunakan prinsip konservasi, yaitu konservasi energi rata-rata dan kontinuitas probabilitas. Formulasi ini juga dapat digunakan untuk mendapatkan persamaan dinamika dan representasi kuantum entanglement dua partikel, namun menggunakan asumsi pemisahan distribusi probabilitas yang berbeda, yaitu untuk masing-masing keadaan yang mungkin dari dua partikel tersebut. Dalam formulasi ini, spin sebagai intrinsik momentum sudut tidak dapat dinyatakan dalam epistemic restriction, melainkan menggunakan definisi operator.
Keyword: Budiyono-Rohrlich, entanglement, epistemic, ontic, Pauli, spin