Judul: Peningkatan Kemampuan Antagonis Ralstonia pickettii terhadap Rhizoctonia solani dengan Metode Transposon Mutagenesis
Abstrak: Padi (Oryza sativa Linn.) merupakan tanaman pangan penting di Indonesia, tetapi tingkat produksinya terus mengalami fluktuatif. Saat ini, hama dan penyakit menjadi permasalahan utama pada pertanaman padi. Hawar pelepah padi adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Rhizoctonia solani, yang merupakan salah satu penyakit penting pada pertanaman padi. Ralstonia pickettii dapat digunakan sebagai agen hayati dari penyakit hawar pelepah padi saat ini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan potensial dari R. pickettii sebagai agen hayati dari R. solani dengan menggunakan metode transposon mutagenesis pUT Mini-Tn5Km1. Transposon mutagenesis pUT Mini-Tn5Km1 merupakan salah satu teknologi dari mutagenesis untuk membentuk mikroorganisme yang memiliki kekuatan melebihi mikroorganisme tipe liarnya. Penyisipan transposon mutagenesis ini mengekspresikan perbedaan perubahan bentuk dari bakteri transkonjugan jika dibandingkan dengan R. pickettii tipe liar. Perubahan bentuk ini meliputi perubahan pada warna, bentuk, tepian, dan elevasi koloni. Ada sekitar 10 transkonjugan R. pickettii melebihi kemampuan persentase penghambatan dari R. pickettii tipe liar, berkisar antara 7.51% hingga 62.32%. RPM 38 memiliki persentase penghambatan tertinggi sekitar 62.32%. Konfirmasi penyisipan sekuens Tn5Km1 pada genom transkonjugan R. pickettii belum dapat dibuktikan menggunakan PCR reguler.
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Judul: Studi molekuler dan uji ketahanan padi transgenik terhadap Rhizoc tonia solani khun dan pyricularia oryzae cav
Abstrak: Padi transgenik yang diuji di sini adalah tanaman padi yang mengalami peningkatan akumulasi asam salisilat (AS). AS menyebabkan terekspresi gen-gen ketahanan tanaman, dan ketahanan yang diperoleh secara systemic (Systemic Acquire Resistance, SAR). AS di dalam tanaman berperan dalam pusat pertahanan melawan serangan patogen.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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