Judul: Produksi Dan Aplikasi Ekstrak Protein Kacang- Kacangan Dan Produk Laut Sebagai Reagen Uji Alergi Makanan Dengan Metode Skin Prick Test (Spt)
Abstrak: Alergi pangan merupakan reaksi abnormal sistem kekebalan tubuh dalam merespon protein alergen dari makanan dan termasuk reaksi hipersensitivitas yang diperantarai oleh antibodi IgE (IgE-mediated). Alergen memicu sistem imun mensintesis imunoglobulin E (IgE), kemudian IgE terikat pada permukaan sel mastosit. IgE yang terikat pada sel mastosit membentuk ikatan silang dengan alergen yang sama pada paparan selanjutnya dan merangsang degranulasi sel melepaskan mediator patologik seperti histamin, protease dan leukotrien. Mediator-mediator ini menyebabkan gatal, bentol, bengkak, sesak nafas, batuk, dan reaksi yang terberat disebut syok anafilaksis. Sampai saat ini pengobatan dan pencegahan alergi makanan yang terbaik adalah menghindari semua penyebab alergi. Menghindari konsumsi makanan tertentu sebaiknya berdasarkan uji alergi seperti SPT (Skin prick test) dan uji tantangan (food challenge). Skin prick test (SPT) atau uji cukit kulit merupakan uji klinis yang umum digunakan untuk menentukan alergen penyebab alergi. Bahan utama SPT disebut dengan reagen SPT yaitu ekstrak protein yang dicukitkan pada lapisan epidermis kulit lengan bagian volar. Penelitian ini bertujuan memproduksi ekstrak SPT dari kacang kedelai, kacang tanah, kacang bogor, udang jerbung, ikan tongkol dan kerang hijau yang berasal dari bahan pangan lokal. Ekstraksi protein kacang-kacangan dilakukan dengan metode pengendapan pada titik isoelektrik dan produk laut dengan larutan bufer fosfat. Kemudian ekstrak dilarutkan dengan phospat buffer saline (PBS) dan diencerkan dengan larutan gliserol-saline mengandung fenol steril, dikemas dalam botol vial 5 mL dan disebut dengan reagen SPT. Spesifikasi reagen SPT mengacu pada standar European Pharmacopoeia Monograph on Allergen Products 2010:1063 meliputi kadar protein dengan metode Bradford, profil protein dengan metode Sodium dodcylsulfate polyacrilamine gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), immunoblotting untuk menentukan berat molekul protein alergen dan IgE spesifik dengan metode Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reagen SPT diujikan pada 40 subjek alergi dan non alergi makanan. Hasil SPT dan IgE spesifik digunakan untuk menghitung sensitivitas dan spesifitas reagen SPT. Protokol penelitian ini sudah lolos kaji etik penelitian oleh Komisi Etik Penelitian Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Diponegoro No.190/EC/FKM/2014. Rendemen dan recovery ekstrak protein kacang kedelai adalah 53.10% dan 23.50 g/100g kacang kedelai. Analisis SDS-PAGE mengidentifikasi sebanyak 14 pita protein dengan berat molekul:147 kDa, 102 kDa, 91 kDa, 82 kDa, 76 kDa, 66 kDa, 56 kDa, 30 kDa, 28 kDa, 23 kDa, 22 kDa, 20 kDa, 18 kDa dan 17 kDa. Sebanyak 14 subjek positif SPT dan hasil perhitungan sensitivitas dan spesifitas didapatkan sebesar 100%. Uji immunoblotting menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak protein kacang kedelai mengandung protein alergen dengan kisaran berat molekul antara 17 kDa sampai 61 kDa. Rendemen dan recovery ekstrak protein kacang tanah adalah 74.98% dan 30.43g/100g kacang tanah. Jumlah pita protein yang terdeteksi pada ekstrak kacang tanah sebanyak 10 pita dengan berat molekul: 122 kDa, 70 kDa, 57 kDa, 41 kDa, 37 kDa, 31 kDa, 20 kDa, 19 kDa, 18 kDa dan 17 kDa. Protein alergen kacang tanah ditunjukkan oleh pita dengan kisaran berat molekul antara 10 kDa sampai 49 kDa. Besarnya sensitivitas dan spesifitas reagen SPT kacang tanah adalah 90.9% dan 100% dengan tingkat kesalahan negatif 9.1%. Rendemen esktrak protein kacang bogor sebesar 53.58% dengan recovery sebesar 12.53g/100g kacang bogor. Sebanyak 14 pita protein ditemukan pada ekstrak kacang bogor dengan berat molekul:159 kDa, 115 kDa, 60 kDa, 51
Keyword: Kacang kedelai, kacang tanah, kacang bogor, udang jerbung, ikan tongkol, kerang hijau, IgE spesifik, skin prick test

Judul: Produksi dan Aplikasi Ekstrak Protein Kacang- Kacangan dan Produk Laut sebagai Reagen Uji Alergi Makanan dengan Metode Skin Prick Test (SPT)
Abstrak: Food allergy is an abnormal immune response of a sensitive person to food proteins that was known as allergen. Most of them have a protein or glycoproteins structure. The reaction of food allergies are mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. The allergen may stimulate the immune system to produce a large amounts of immunoglobulin E antibodies of allergic individuals, then bind to their receptor on the surface of mast cells. These IgE could cross-linked with the same allergens on subsequent exposure. The cross-linked of IgE and allergen could be activated mast cells and the subsequent release rapidly pathological mediators such as histamine, proteases and leukotrienes. These mediators are causing itching, bumps, swelling, shortness of breath, cough, and anaphylactic shock. To date, there is no cure for food allergies except avoiding allergenic foods. Avoiding food should be established according to the result of allergy tests, such as skin prick test and double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges (DBPCFC). Skin prick tests (SPTs) are widely used for detecting allergen that caused IgEmediated food hypersensitivity. The main component on skin prick test was known as SPT reagent which were extracted from food. A miniscule amount of SPT reagent was pricked into the skin by gently. The aim of study are extraction protein of soybean, peanut, bambara nut, shrimp, tuna and asian green mussel Indonesian local then making them as SPT reagents. The protein extract of nuts were prepared by isoelectric precipitation method and phosphat buffer extraction for seafood product. Autoclaved glycerol and phenol were mixed with the protein extracts then packed on 5 ml sterile vial bottles. The specification of food allergen extracts (SPT reagents) referred to the European Pharmacopoeia Monograph on Allergen Products 2010:1063. Characterization of protein extract was performed using electrophoresis, indirect ELISA method was done to detect specific IgE. Immunoblotting method was done to identify allergen proteins. The study was approved by Ethics Committee of Faculty of Public Health, University of Diponegoro No. 190/EC/FKM/2014. SPT reagent have been tested on forty subjects allergic and non-allergic food. They gave written informed consent before joint with the study as participants. Sensitivity and specificity of SPT reagent were calculated based on SPT and specific IgE results. The yield of soybean extract was 53.10% and 23.50g /100g sample as recovery value. The results of SDS-PAGE showed that numerous molecular weight were detected: 147 kDa, 102 kDa, 91 kDa, 82 kDa, 76 kDa, 66 kDa, 56 kDa, 30 kDa, 28 kDa, 23 kDa, 22 kDa, 20 kDa, 18 kDa, and 17 kDa. Sensitivity and specificity of soybean protein extract were 100%. Immunoblotting test shown that extract protein of soybean contain protein allergenic, they have molecular weight between 17 kDa and 61 kDa. The yield and recovery of peanut extract were 74.98% and 51.31g/100g sample respectively. Ten bands were detected on protein peanut extract by SDSPAGE method with molecular weight are: 122 kDa, 70 kDa, 57 kDa, 41 kDa, 37 kDa, 31 kDa, 20 kDa, 19 kDa, 18 kDa and 17 kDa. Potential allergenic protein were shown by molecular weight between 10 kDa and 49 kDa. The sensitivity and specificity
Keyword: soybean, peanut, bambara nut, shrimp, tongkol, asian green mussel, sensitivity, skin prick test

Judul: Dynamics Model for Rural and Urban Economic Growth
Abstrak: Lewis theory of structural change has focused on mechanisms that allow countries to transform their domestic economic structure to a more modern economy. The proposed model deals with the mechanism of interaction between rural and urban Economic. This model is concerned with the process of labor transfer from rural to urban areas. This study aims to model the dynamics of economic growth in rural and urban areas, including determining the equilibrium solution and to carry out simulation of the model. The simulation results show that the transfer of labor from rural to urban areas will increase the rate of change of capital so that structural changes can be realized. In addition, increased propensity to save in rural areas will also accelerate structural change
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