Judul: Evaluation of The Ability of Influenza-Specific Immunoglobulin Y in Face Mist to Bind Influenza Antigen
Abstrak: Influenza adalah penyakit pernapasan akut yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus influenza A dan B. Pemanfaatan Imunoglobulin Y (IgY) sebagai agen pencegah penyakit dapat diimplementasikan dalam kosmetik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kemampuan IgY spesifik influenza dalam cairan penyegar wajah untuk mengikat antigen influenza secara in vitro. Pada penelitian ini IgY dicampur dengan cairan penyegar wajah komersil dengan dua konsentrasi, yaitu : (P1) 5% dan (P2) 10% b/v, dan sebagai kontrol IgY dicampur dengan akuades pada konsentrasi yang sama (K1 & K2) dan disimpan pada suhu ruang selama 6 minggu, tiap perlakuan dilakukan duplo. Observasi organoleptik dilakukan dengan melihat perubahan pada kekeruhan, aroma, dan warna larutan. Ketahanan antibodi dievaluasi dengan uji ELISA kompetitif dan uji SDS-PAGE. Observasi dan sampling produk dilakukan satu kali setiap minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perubahan aroma, warna dan kekeruhan pada P1 & P2 pada minggu pertama, yaitu aroma penyegar wajah mulai berkurang, warna tetap dan sedikit keruh, sedangkan pada K1 & K2 aroma telur yang semakin pekat teramati sampai akhir observasi, warna semakin putih dan kehijauan serta semakin keruh. IgY spesifik influenza pada P1 & P2 dapat terdeteksi sampai minggu ke-5, sedangkan pada K1 & K2 masih dapat terdeteksi sampai minggu ke-6. Pada semua perlakuan konsentrasi IgY terus menurun. Uji SDS-PAGE menunjukkan pita protein IgY utuh, fragmen Fab, rantai berat dan rantai ringan masih terdeteksi pada K1 & K2, sedangkan pada P1 & P2 hanya terdeteksi pita protein fragmen Fab, serta rantai berat dan ringan., Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by influenza A and B viruses infection. Utilization of yolk immunoglobulin (IgY) as a disease-preventing agent can be implemented in cosmetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro binding activity of influenza-specific IgY with influenza antigen in face mist. In this study, IgY were mixed with commercial face mist with two concentrations : (P1) 5% and (P2) 10% w/v, and as a control, IgY were mixed with distilled water at the same concentration (K1 & K2) and stored at room temperature for 6 weeks, each treatment was carried out in duplicate. Organoleptic observations were carried out by observing changes in aroma, color, and cloudiness of the solution. Antibody presence was evaluated by competitive ELISA and SDS-PAGE assay. Observation and product sampling were carried out once a week. The results showed changes in aroma, color and turbidity in P1 & P2 began in the first week, whereas the aroma of face mist began to decrease, the color remained and slightly cloudy. Whilst at K1 & K2, a more concentrated egg aroma was observed until the end of observation, the color getting whiter and greener and getting cloudier. Influenza-specific IgY in P1 and P2 were detected until the 5th week of observation, while IgY in the K1 and K2 controls were detected until the 6th week. In all treatments, IgY concentration was decreasing. The SDS-PAGE result showed that protein bands of whole IgY, Fab fragments, heavy and light chains were still detected in K1 & K2, while in P1 & P2 only Fab fragment, as well as heavy and light chains were detected.
Keyword: antibody, imunoglobulin Y, influenza, penyegar wajah

Judul: Durability of Biologically Active Influenza and Covid-19 Specific Immunoglobulin Y Inserted in Handcream
Abstrak: Pemanfaatan imunoglobulin (Ig) Y spesifik dalam sediaan kosmetik merupakan salah satu upaya pencegahan infeksi virus yang dapat dikembangkan. Penelitian ini mempelajari ketahanan aktivitas biologis IgY spesifik influenza dan COVID-19 dalam handcream sebagai pencegahan infeksi virus. Konsentrasi IgY yang digunakan adalah 0,1% dan 0,25%, dengan tiga perlakuan: kontrol (K), handcream dengan 0,1% IgY (P1), dan handcream dengan 0,25% IgY (P2). Produk disimpan pada suhu ruang selama 5 minggu dan dilakukan duplo. Pengamatan organoleptik dilakukan dengan melihat perubahan aroma, warna, dan konsistensi. Peneliatian ini mengevaluasi aktivitas IgY dalam handcream menggunakan ELISA dan uji netralisasi. Pengamatan organoleptik menunjukkan tidak ada perubahan pada K dan P1, tetapi terjadi perubahan aroma pada P2 mulai minggu ke-2 dan perubahan konsistensi pada minggu ke-5. Hasil uji ELISA terhadap influenza A, influenza B, dan SARS-CoV-2 sebagian besar menunjukkan hasil negatif atau dubius pada kedua perlakuan, sementara uji netralisasi menunjukkan penghambatan pada sampel P1 sepanjang 5 minggu pengamatan dan pada minggu pertama untuk P2. Meskipun stabilitas IgY belum optimal pada suhu ruang, uji netralisasi menunjukkan potensi IgY spesifik sebagai bahan aktif antiviral dalam kosmetik. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengoptimalkan stabilitas dan efektivitasnya., The utilization of specific immunoglobulin (Ig)Y in cosmetic preparations is one of the efforts to prevent viral infections that can be developed. This research studies the durability of influenza-specific IgY and COVID-19 in handcream for preventing viral infections. The IgY concentrations used were 0.1% and 0.25%, with three treatments: control (K), handcream with 0.1% IgY (P1), handcream with 0.25% IgY (P2), and all done in duplicates. Organoleptic observations were made by looking at changes in aroma, color, and consistency. The study evaluated IgY activity in the handcream using ELISA and neutralization test. After 5 weeks of storage at room temperature, organoleptic observations showed no change in K and P1, but aroma changes were noted in P2 from week 2 and consistency from week 5. ELISA test results against influenza A, influenza B, and SARS-CoV-2 mostly showed negative or dubious results in both treatments. The neutralization test showed inhibition in P1 throughout the 5 weeks and in the first week for P2. Although IgY stability at room temperature is suboptimal, it holds potential as an antiviral ingredient in cosmetics. Further research is needed to optimize its stability and effectiveness.
Keyword: antibody, covid-19, handcream, immunoglobulin Y, influenza

Judul: Penyelesaian Stacker Crane Problem dengan Algoritme Largearcs dan Smallarcs
Abstrak: In graph theory, the Rural Postman Problem (RPP) aims to determine the shortest route with minimum cost, in which only certain edges or arcs are necessarily traversed. One type of RPP is Stacker Crane Problem (SCP) which deals with a mixed graph but only arcs are necessarily traversed. SCP can be solved by using two heuristic algorithms, i.e. Largearcs and Smallarcs algorithms, which include other algorithms in their steps, such as: Dijkstra algorithm to determine shortest route, Hungaria method to determine minimum bipartite matching, Prim algorithm to determine minimum spanning tree, and van Aardenne-Ehrenfest & de-Bruijn algorithm and Fleury algorithm to determine Euler circuits. The shortest Euler circuit resulted from two heuristic algorithms can be used to find a solution of SCP. The application of SCP is illustrated in establishing the minimum distance route of catering delivery.
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