Judul: Karakteristik Fermentasi Pulp Kakao dalam Produksi  Asam Asetat Menggunakan Bioreaktor
Abstrak: Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) merupakan salah satu komoditi ekspor nonmigas yang memiliki potensi yang sangat baik, sebab permintaan dalam negeri terus meningkat dengan semakin berkembangnya sektor industri yang memanfaatkan biji kakao sebagai bahan bakunya. Salah satu kelemahan kakao Indonesia adalah kemasaman biji kakao yang terlalu tinggi sehingga menghasilkan biji kakao yang kurang baik. Pengurangan jumlah pulp sebelum biji kakao difermentasi merupakan upaya menurunkan kemasaman biji kakao. Pulp kakao mengandung glukosa dan sukrosa antara 12-15%, asam-asam organik,beberapa asam amino dan selulosa. Komposisi demikian cukup baik digunakan dalam proses fermentasi untuk menghasilkan asam asetat.
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Judul: Pemanfaatan Pulpa Kakao Untuk Memproduksi Asam Asetat Dengan Menggunakan Ragi Roti Dan Aerasi
Abstrak: Kakao merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor non migas yang cukup bekontribusi bagi perekonomian Indonesia. Potensi pengembangan kakao di Indonesia cukup besar, baik dari sumberdaya yang dimiliki, teknologi yang dikuasai, maupun peluang pasar yang terus berkembang pada masa yang akan datang. Total ekspor kakao Indonesia tahun 2006 sebesar 612.123,53 ton dan nilainya mencapai 855.047,12 ribu US$ (Statistik dan Informasi 2007). Pengolahan kakao mempunyai hasil sampingan, yang belum diperhatikan oleh masyarakat dan cenderung dianggap sebagai sampah atau limbah. Salah satu hasil sampingan yang diperoleh dari proses pengolahan awal kakao adalah pulpa. Pulpa kakao mengandung glukosa dan sukrosa antara 12-15%, asam-asam organik dan beberapa asam amino (Effendi 2002 dan Opeke 1984). Komposisi demikian cukup baik digunakan dalam proses fermentasi untuk menghasilkan asam asetat.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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