Judul: Sistesis Dan Apilkasi Poligliserol Sebagai Bahan Pengental (Thickening Agent) Pada Pembuatan Shampoo
Abstrak: Glycerol is a constituent molecule of oil and fat from animal and vegetable that are generally obtained as co-product from making soap and bio-diesel (Kern, 1966; Bursche, 1999). Glycerol is modified to poly-glycerol in gaining the suitable viscosity. From 730 000 tons glycerol's consumption in 1999, glycerol were consumed about 202 000 tons for the production of cosmetic and personal care product; and 89 000 tons for poly-glycerol (Tyson et at., 2004). Thickening agent is a substance that added to shampoo's formulation in order to increase viscosity and prevent suspending action of its active substance. Glycerol's application as thickening agent in shampoo is one of the alternative uses of thickening agent in getting suitable viscosity. This research is aimed to gain characteristics of poly-. glycerol that are polymerized at temperature level of 230° C and 2400 C; and shampoo's characteristic which uses polyglycerol as thickening agent. Research began with polymerization of glycerol that carried out at 2300 C and 2400 C for eight hours with alkaline catalyst, NaOH. After that, research continued with characterized of polyglycerols. Polymerization products are PG1 (polyglycerol that synthesized at 2300 C) and PG2 (polyglycerol that synthesized at 2400 C). PG1 is a viscous liquid; pH 8,15; and number of viscosity is 9200 cPs. Meanwhile PG2 is a viscous liquid; pH 8,19; and number of viscosity is 12 300 cPs. The presence of ether group (C-O-C) is shown by the absorption peak at 1113,58 cm-l for PG1 and 1092,37 cm-1 for PG2. Next, PG1 and PG2 are added to formulation of shampoo with concentration of 20% and 30%. The results are 20% PG1 (AIB1), 20% PG2 (A2B 1), 30% PG1 (A2B1), and 30% PG2 (A2B2). Then, shampoo was analyzed for number of pH, number of viscosity, total of microbe, free alkaline content, and hedonic test (smell, viscosity, foaming, and impression). Experimental design that used for shampoo's characteristic is Nested Test; meanwhile hedonic test results used KruskalI-Wallis Test. Nested test shows that of polyglycerol's type doesn't influence the number of pH but influences number of viscosity. Shampoo with addition 30% of PG2 (A2B2) has the highest viscosity among the others. Nested Test was not done for total of microbe and free alkaline content since the four samples give the zero number. KruskaIl-Wallis Test shows that type of polyglycerol and concentration of each polyglycerol don't influence the hedonic test results. Scoring's Subjectively Method was done to determine best formulation from each sample that used different type of polyglycerol and concentration. Scoring's result shows that AlBI (20% PGl) reached the highest score. This result means AIB1 has the best formulation of shampoo among the others.
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Judul: Aplikasi Surfaktan Sodium Lauril Eter Sulfat (SLES) dan Alkil Poliglikosida (APG) dalam Formulasi Sabun Cair
Abstrak: Surfactant is a surface active agent, which have application as clotting, wetting, and foaming agent, emulsifier, or adhesive mater component and already used widely on various industries. The world market demand for surfactant now is very large, especially for cleaning and washing. Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfates (SLES) is an anionic surfactant that most widely being used for foaming and cleaning product but they have high irritation value. Therefore, that should be covered by combining them with the other mildness secondary surfactant. Alkyl Polyglycosides (APG) is surfactant that synthesized from fatty alcohol of coconut oil or palm oil and sago or cassava starch and can be used to secondary surfactant. The usage of liquid soap is still popular. Therefore, application of surfactant SLES and APG in liquid soap has opportunity to be developed in order to produce the better formulation of liquid soap than the previously formulation, This research purposes are to find out the best formula of liquid soap that used surfactant SLES and APG according to characteristic of liquid soap and acceptances of the consumer. The research started with characterization of SLES and APG and then the main research was formulation of liquid soap that used surfactant SLES and APG. The experiment design in liquid soap formulation was completely random design with 2 factors and twice of repetition. The research treatments were SLES concentrations (25%, 30%, and 35%) and APG concentrations (3%, 5%, and7%). After that, the product are examined for their characteristics include the pH value, density, microorganism soiled, viscosity, surface tension, interface tension, foam stability, and the detergency. The consumer acceptances examination contained of acceptances to color, odor, viscosity, foam quantity, and the trace after using. SLES and APG could be applied each as primary and secondary surfactant in liquid soap formulations. The variation of SLES and APG concentrations gave significant effect to liquid soap characterizations. The color of liquid soap products was brown, transparent, looked like the colors of APG. These products had neutral pH value (about 6,63-7,2), and these values appropriated with the quality standard of SNI 1996 (6-8). The density values were about 1,039-1,095 g/ml, and these values appropriated with the quality standard of SNI 1996 (1,00-1,10 g/ml). The soiled microorganisms were about 0-4,3x103 coloni/g, these values were still under the quality standard limit of SNI 1996 (1x105 coloni/g). The viscosity values were about 42,5-12.200 cP, according to Spiess (1996), the best viscosity values of liquid foaming product are about 400-4000 cP. The research products were able to reduced the water surface tension about 46,39-50,04% while the commercial products were able to reduce the water surface tension about 54,93% and 54,44%. The water:xylen interface were reduced about 55,99-60,04% by liquid soap addition while the commercial product were able to reduce the water:xylen interface tension about 68,31% and 64,79%. The foam stability values were about 57,85-75,19% while the commercial products had foam stability about 84,62% and 85,71%. The detergency values were about 27,5-41,5 ftu turbidity while the commercial products had a detergency about 182 and 184 ftu turbidity. The consumer acceptance values for the color of product
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Judul: Infeksi Cacing Jantung Dirofilaria Immitis, Railliet & Henry, 1911 Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Cacing Dirofilaria immitis dewasa yang tinggal dalm ventrikel kanan jantung anjing, sering kali menimbulkan gejala klinis yang cukup berat. Cacing Tersebut menghasilkan mikrofilaria yang selanjutnya berkembang menjadi larva infektif dalam saluran malphigi induk semang entara, yaitu nyamuk dari genus Culex, Aedes dan Anopheles.
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