Judul: Analsis Status Hara Fosfor Pada Berbagai Lahan Pertanian Pangan di Pulau Jawa
Abstrak: Indonesia is an agricultural country that has the fourth largest population in the world with 237,6 million people and growth rate of 1,49%. One program that made by the government to fulfill the demands of food is agricultural intensification program. While using the improved varieties, fertilizing is one of the most important input to succed this program. In Indonesia, P fertilizer is the second most important after N fertilizer, especially on up land. Availability of phosphorus in the soil becomes very important because it has many roles in plants. However, in the soil, their availability relatively low because of binding by Al, Mn and Fe in acid soils, or by Ca, Mg in alkaline soil. Since it is easily fixed and the presence of P in the soil is limited but needed in large quantities, the role of P fertilizer is critical in maintaining the availability of P nutrient for plant growth. The phenomenon levelling off, which is the rate of increase in soil productivity is not in line with the rate of fertilizer is the main reason to evaluate the status of the current P nutrient in agricultural soils in Java. This study aimed to evaluate the status of the current P nutrient (available-P and potential-P) in agricultural lands in Java, and their association with some other soil chemical properties. There are 43 samples (locations) were taken from the island of Java, which consists of 23 samples of paddy field and 20 samples of up land agriculture. The methods that used to measure the potential-P is HCl 25% extraction and the available-P is Bray 1. The results based on the available criteria show that from 23 samples of paddy field, 19 samples have very high status of potential-P, two samples have high status and two other samples have low status of potential-P. In the paddy field available-P there are 21 samples that have very high status and two other samples that have high and low status of available-P. On up land agriculture, from 20 samples, 15 samples have very high status of potential-P, four samples have high status and one other sample have medium status. Available-P in up land agriculture entirely have very high status. For paddy field there are positive correlations between available-P with exch-Ca, and pH, meanwhile on up land agriculture, potential-P has positive correlations with total-C, total-N, and EC. From this study, it is concluded that the status of P in agricultural soil in Java is in general very high. In the future, it is worthed to consider how to harvest especially the potential-P for plant growth.
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Judul: Fraksionasi Fosfor Pada Tanah-tanah Sawah di Pulau Jawa
Abstrak: Statistical Resource Center data in 2008 showed that Java Island with 5.74 million hectare of harvested area contributed 55% from the total production of milled rice in Indonesia (BPS, 2009). Sixty precent of paddy field in Indonesia at located in Java Island (Kawaguchi dan Kyuma, 1976; Rayes, 2000). The increase of rice production is very important to fullfill the need of milled rice in Indonesia. One way to increase rice production is the use of fertilizers. One of them is Phosphorus (P). In general applied P fertilizers were transformed to be available P and not available P fractions in the forms of inorganic P and organic P as well. Reports about of P fraction distribution on paddy field in Java Island were still relatively few. The information of P fraction distribution in paddy field is needed to have good manajement of P fertilization on paddy field. The objective in this research was to evaluated the distribution P fraction on paddy field in the Java Island. The method that was used in P fractionation was the P Fractionation according to Tiessen and Moir method (1993). P fractions in the soils were determined sequentially using: (1) resin strip in bicarbonate form in 30 mL destilled water followed by 0.5 mol L-1 HCl extraction. This fraction is called Resin-Pinorganic (Resin-Pi). The fraction is interpreted as readily available to plant, (2) 0.5 mol L-1NaHCO3 pH 8.5. This fraction is called NaHCO3-Pi, -Porganic (NaHCO3-Pi, -Po). The fraction is interpreted as P which is strongly related to uptake by plants and microbes and bound to mineral surface or precipitated Ca-P and Mg forms, (3) 0.1 mol L-1 NaOH. This fraction is called NaOH-Pi and Po. The fractions is interpreted as P which is more strongly held by chemisorptions to Fe and Al components of soil surface, and (4) 1 mol L-1 HCl. This fraction is called HCl-Pi. The fraction is interpreted as Ca-P of low solubility. Residual-P is interpreted as occluded P and recalcitrant organic forms. Residual P is determined by subtracting from total P the sum of Resin-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi, -Po, NaOH-Pi, -Po and HCl-Pi. The result showed that in Java Island, HCl-Pi was dominant fraction followed by Residual-P, NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po, NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po and Resin-Pi respectively. In west Jawa, NaOH-Pi was dominant followed by NaOH-Po, Residual-P, HCl-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po and Resin-Pi respectively. In Central Java HCl-Pi was dominant fraction followed by Residual-P, NaOH-Pi, NaOH-Po, NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po and Resin-Pi respectively. In East Java HCl-Pi was dominant farction followed by Residual-P, NaOH-Po, NaOH-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi, Resin-Pi, and NaHCO3-Po respectively. The results suggested that different management P fertilization in West Java, Central Java and East Java should be implemented.
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Judul: Truncated Stop Loss as a Optimal Solution of Reinsurance Agreement in One-Period Model
Abstrak: Reinsurance is one of risk management efforts of an insurance company, which is called the cedent. Similar with insurance, reinsurance constitutes the cedent to pay the premium. We consider one-period reinsurance model and derive a rule which minimizes the ruin probability of the cedent for a fixed reinsurance premium. Therefore, it is needed to construct an optimal reinsurance agreement for the cedent. The premium is calculated according to four different principles, i.e. economic, generalized zero-utility, Esscher, and mean-variance principles. Stop loss is a reinsurance contract which protect the insurance company for losses that exceed a certain amount. The result of this research shows that a truncated stop loss is an optimal agreement in the class of all reinsurance contracts with various premiums calculated using above mentioned principles.
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