Judul: Penentuan tarif optimal kendala individu rasional dan kesesuaian insentif pada perusahaan telekomunikasi
Abstrak: Ada dua perusahaan telekomunikasi yaitu perusahaan A dan perusahaan B. Masing-masing perusahaan memproduksi satu produk yang sama tetapi berbeda kualitas. Kualitas produk perusahaan B lebih baik dibandingkan kualitas produk perusahaan A sehingga harga produk perusahaan B lebih tinggi daripada harga produk perusahaan A. Pilihan konsumen untuk membeli produk pada suatu perusahaan hanya ditentukan oleh pendapatan konsumen dan harga produk perusahaan tersebut.
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Judul: Optimal Capital Structure, Investment Decision, Liquidity and Firm's Value in Telecommunication's Sector
Abstrak: Perusahaan mempunyai tujuan untuk meningkatkan nilai perusahaan karena semakin tinggi nilai perusahaan maka akan meningkatkan kemakmuran bagi para pemegang saham, sehingga para pemegang saham akan menginvestasikan modalnya kepada perusahaan tersebut. Nilai perusahaan merupakan persepsi investor terhadap tingkat keberhasilan perusahaan yang dikaitkan dengan harga saham karena harga pasar saham perusahaan mencerminkan penilaian investor atas keseluruhan ekuitas yang dimiliki. Semakin tinggi harga saham maka nilai perusahaan dan kemakmuran pemegang saham juga akan meningkat. Dalam penelitian ini faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi nilai perusahaan, struktur modal optimal dan variabel yang paling dominan dalam memengaruhi nilai perusahaan akan dipelajari. Populasi penelitian ini terdiri dari perusahaan telekomunikasi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia dalam periode 2009 hingga 2018. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa struktur modal dan keputusan investasi berpengaruh terhadap nilai perusahaan, sementara likuiditas, profitabilitas dan pertumbuhan perusahaan tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai perusahaan. Selain itu penggunaan komposisi struktur modal optimal berada pada kisaran 20% utang jangka panjang dan 80% saham biasa untuk perusahaan TLKM. Pada perusahaan ISAT komposisi struktur modal optimal berada pada kisaran 28% saham biasa dan 72% saham preferen. Pada perusahaan EXCL komposisi struktur modal optimal berada pada kisaran 53% utang jangka panjang dan 47% saham preferen. Pada perusahaan FREN komposisi struktur modal optimal berada pada kisaran 28% utang jangka panjang dan 72% saham preferen. Sementara pada perusahaan BTEL komposisi struktur modal optimal berada pada kisaran 52% utang jangka panjang dan 48% saham preferen, agar menghasilkan biaya modal yang minimum serta nilai perusahaan yang maksimum. Untuk variabel yang paling dominan memengaruhi nilai perusahaan adalah struktur modal dan keputusan investasi dengan kriteria inelastis., The company has a goal to increase the firm’s value because the higher the value of the company will increase prosperity for shareholders, so the shareholders will invest their capital in the company. Firm’s value is the investor's perception of the level of success of the company that is associated with stock prices because the market price of the company's shares reflects the investor's assessment of the overall equity owned. The higher the stock price, the value of the company and the prosperity of shareholders will also increase. In this research the factors that influence firm value, optimal capital structure and the most dominant variables in influencing company value will be studied. The population of this study consists of telecommunications companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period 2009 to 2018. The results showed that capital structure and investment decisions affect the firm’s value, while liquidity, profitability and company growth do not affect the firm’s value. In addition, the optimal use of the capital structure composition is in the range of 20% long-term debt and 80% ordinary shares for TLKM companies. In ISAT company the optimal capital structure composition is in the range of 28% common shares and 72% preferred shares. In the EXCL company, the optimal capital structure composition is in the range of 53% long-term debt and 47% preferred stock. In FREN company, the optimal capital structure composition is in the range of 28% long-term debt and 72% preferred stock. Meanwhile, for BTEL, the optimal capital structure composition is in the range
Keyword: Struktur Modal Optimal, Keputusan Investasi, Likuiditas, Nilai Perusahaan, Capital Structure, Investment Decision, Liquidity, Optimal Capital Structure

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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