Judul: Record of Mole Crab Hippa adactyla, Emerita emeritus, Emerita sp. (Crustacea; Hippidae) from Southern Coast of Sulawesi
Abstrak: Di Indonesia, undur-undur laut famili Hippidae terdistribusi dengan luas di sepanjang Pantai Barat Sumatera dan Pantai Selatan Jawa. Undur-undur laut terbagi atas tiga genera yaitu Hippa, Emerita, dan Mastigochirus. Keragaman undur-undur laut di Indonesia hanya sedikit yang telah diketahui, terutama pada kompleksitas karakteristik morfologi dan kesamaan struktur tubuh. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menghitung dan melaporkan keberagaman undur-undur laut (Crustacea; Hippiade) dari pantai selatan Pulau Sulawesi. Undur-undur laut dikumpulkan dari 7 lokasi pengambilan sampel di pantai selatan Pulau Sulawesi dengan menggali pasir disekitar wilayah sapuan ombak area intertidal. Sampel yang terkumpul telah diawetkan pada alkohol kemudian dibawa ke Bogor. Identifikasi spesies dilakukan berdasarkan karakteristik morfologi. Total undur-undur laut yang berhasil dikumpulkan yaitu 44 sampel. Undur-undur laut tersebut di klasifikasikan dalam dua genera, yaitu Hippa yang terdiri atas satu spesies (Hippa adactyla) dan Emerita yang terdiri atas dua spesies (Emerita emeritus dan Emerita sp.) Seluruh karakteristik morfologi Hippa adactyla dan Emerita emeritus dari Sulawesi mirip dengan spesies yang dilaporkan pada distribusi alaminya yaitu Pasifik Barat. Kedua spesies di Pantai Selatan Sulawesi ditemukan sebagai laporan distribusi baru. Sebagai tambahan pada laporan distribusi baru Emerita sp. diduga sebagai spesies novo bedasarkan bentuk karapas dengan antenula yang pendek.
Keyword: Hippa, Emerita, Sulawesi Selatan, Laporan Distribusi Baru, Spesies novo

Judul: Analisis Populasi Undur-Undur Laut Hippa adactyla Fabricius, 1787 (Crustacean: Hippidae) Berdasarkan Pendekatan Morfometrik dan Genetik di Pantai Berpasir Cilacap dan Kebumen
Abstrak: Mole crab (Hippa adactyla) lives in the intertidal zone of sandy beach ecosystems. Mole crab usually burries into substrate to cope with environmental stress. Indonesian coastal waters is one of the mole crab distribution area, especially families Hippidae, such as in the south coast of Central Java, especially in Cilacap and Kebumen sandy beach. Cilacap and Kebumen communities utilizing mole crab as bait fishing and food ingredients such as ‘rempeyek’. The samples was carried out on August 2014 at intertidal zone of Adipala sandy beach in Cilacap district and intertidal zone of Buluspesantren sandy beach in Kebumen district. Samples were caught using traditional fishing gear called ‘sorok’ along 3 km (1.5 km with one repetition). Total Hippa adactyla were 118 individuals which caught in Cilacap that consisted of 27 males (23%) and 91 females (77%); while 102 individuals that were caught in Kebumen consisted of 46 males (45%) and 56 females (55%). Carapace length to width ratio is above 1 in both population, it shows that the locomotion of H. adactyla is dominant in the vertical direction (backward locomotion). There were eight morphometric characters ratio that can be used as major factors to identify both populations based on discriminant analysis such as total length:carapace length (TL:CL), carapace width:carapace length (CW:CL), left and right coxa length:carapace length (LCo/RCo:CL), left merus length:carapace length (LM:CL), left and right propodus length:carapace length (LP/RP:CL), and left dactylus length:carapace length (LD:CL). Group centroid of morphometric characters in Cilacap (1.042) were separate to group centroid of morphometric characters in Kebumen (-1.205). 16S rRNA gene amplification of eight H. adactyla DNA by PCR machine at 450C annealing temperature. Composition of the nucleotide mtDNA 16S rRNA gene of H. adactyla shows rich of adenine (A) and thymine (T) (A-T rich). There are 54 mutations in the 16S rRNA gene between H. adactyla from Cilacap and Kebumen compared with H. adactyla (KF051307.1) from outside of Indonesia, consists of three sites of insertion, two sites of deletion, twenty nine sites of transition, and twenty sites of transversion. There are 26 specific sites on H. adactyla from Cilacap and Kebumen compared with H. adactyla from outside of Indonesia and Emerita talpoida (KF182557.1) data from GenBank. There is no genetic distance between species H. adactyla from Cilacap dan Kebumen that indicates there are estimated one population. Current pattern in Cilacap and Kebumen are important role in connectivity between H. adactyla from Cilacap and Kebumen.
Keyword: H. adactyla, discriminant analysis, 16S rRNA, Cilacap, Kebumen

Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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