Judul: The Use of Trichoderma hamatum and Fluorescent Pseudomonad BJ10-86 in Controlling Phytophthora capsici on Chili (Capsicum
Abstrak: Phytophthora capsici is an important plant infecting oomycete with a worldwide/cosmopolitan distribution. The pathogen has a wide host range, especially capsicums and cucurbits, and attacks nearly all plant parts and at all growth stages. Chemical control is proofing no longer effective due to reported pathogen resistance development, not to mention the related environmental concerns and the consumer demands for low, if not zero, use of fungicides. Biological control is a sustainable option. Several biocontol agents have been reported effective against this pathogen. In this research, the biocontrol activities of Trichoderma hamatum and fluorescent pseudomonad BJ10-86 against P. capsici were studied in order to propose an optimization of their application. The objectives of the biological control application were to improve chili pepper seed germination, reduce damping off disease incidence, and improve the growth of the seedlings. The studies were done in vitro as well as seed treatment assays and polybag application experiments. Fluorescent pseudomonad isolate BJ10-86 was subjected to molecular identification by amplifying the 16S rRNA region and sequencing the nucleotides before searching for similar sequences in the BLAST search engine. The isolate was identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and deposited in the GenBank under the accession number KM102771 as P. aeruginosa BJ10-86. The in vitro experiments involved plating the micro-organisms in dual and triple culture assays on agar media. The results showed that both biocontrol agents were compatible and increased the inhibition of P. capsici. Chili pepper seeds treated with the biocontrol agents, individually or in combination, were sown in commercial nursery media that had been pre-inoculated with P. capsici zoospores. Results of data collected over a period of 35 days indicated that seed treatment significantly (P=0.008) reduced damping off disease incidence. Combined application of T. hamatum and fluorescent pseudomonad BJ10-86 was the best biocontrol treatment with an area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) of only 36.61 units compared to 92.87 units in the control treatment. This combination was seen to increase biocontrol efficacy to 60.58%. Both organisms evidently had a synergistic interaction. Seed treatment had no effect on seed germination and seedling growth. In further experiments, the objective was to utilize synergism between T. hamatum and fluorescent pseudomonad BJ10-86 in order to reduce root and collar rot caused by P. capsici and promote chili pepper plant growth under field conditions. The treatments involved individual and combined polybag application of the biocontrol agents as conidial and bacterial cell suspension as soil drench. These were either administered 14 days before transplanting or during the transplanting day. The results indicated that fluorescent pseudomonad BJ10-86 increased the chili pepper plant height and number of leaves. Combined T. hamatum and fluorescent pseudomonad BJ10-86 had synergistic effects against root and collar rot disease incidence through delaying the disease onset. For better effects, these combined application of biocontrol agents should be at least 14 days before transplanting. Based on these findings, it is proposed that chili pepper seeds should be treated with a combination of both organisms. These organisms are effective at concentrations of 2×108 CFU ml-1 and 9.4×105 spores ml-1 for P. aeruginosa BJ10-86 and T. hamatum respectively.
Keyword: biological control, damping off, collar rot, synergism, growth promotion

Judul: Perlakuan Benih Cabai (Capsicum annuum L.) dengan Rizobakteri secara Tunggal ataupun Kombinasi untuk Mengendalikan Phytophthora capsici dan Meningkatkan Pertumbuhan Tanaman.
Abstrak: Seed treatment of hot pepper using rhizobacteria is an alternative to fungicide in controlling phytophthora blight disease that caused by Phytophthora capsici fungus pathogen. The objectives of this research were to evaluate: (1) the effectiveness of rhizobacteria isolates in inhibiting P. capsici growth, and (2) the effect of seed treatment using rhizobacteria on seed vigor and plant growth, and incidence of phytophthora blight disease. This research consisted of three experiments, all experiments were arranged in completely randomized design using one factor. The first experiment (in vitro) consisted of nine levels i.e. seven combination isolates of rhizobacteria, metalaxyl and untreated control. The second experiment (on the seedbed) consisted of five levels of seed treatments i.e. ST116B rhizobacteria, CM8 rhizobacteria, ST116B + CM8 rhizobacteria, metalaxyl and control. The third experiment (in the green house) consisted of six levels of seed treatments i.e. ST116B rhizobacteria, CM8 rhizobacteria, ST116B + CM8 rhizobacteria, metalaxyl, positive and negative control. Results of in vitro experiment showed that all rhizobacteria, single or combinations, were able to inhibit P. capsici growth. The highest inhibitions were shown by CM8, ST116B, and ST116B + CM8 consequtively. Seed treatments of hot pepper using ST116B, CM8 and ST116B + CM8 rhizobacteria did not increase seed vigor but increased the number of leaves 6 weeks after transplanting, and reduced the incidence of phytophthora blight disease. There were no significant differences whether the rhizobacteria was applied singly or in combination of the two isolates. Rhizobacteria ST116B is suggested to be used in hot pepper seed treatment before planting.
Keyword: biological agents, metalaxyl, phytophthora blight disease, rhizobacteria isolates

Judul: Eksistensi Nikah Siri di Masyarakat dan Posisi Perempuan
Abstrak: Nikah siri bukanlah merupakan fenomena baru di Indonesia, namun sudah ada sejak puluhan tahun silam, sebelum ada pencatatan pernikahan maka nikah siri adalah pernikahan yang sah menurut agama dan masyarakat, karena moda sosial ekonomi dan strategi nafkah berubah maka hak civil juga berubah dengan berbagai dampak negatif yang ditimbulkan oleh nikah siri terutama bagi perempuan dan anak. Secara umum penelitian ini untuk mengungkap : (1) Tipologi nikah siri yang ada di Desa Warurejo dan aktor-aktor yang terlibat, fungsi manifes dan laten nikah siri pada masyarakat dan aktor-aktor yang menikmati fungsi manifes dan laten nikah siri. (2) Sistem nilai dan norma yang berlaku pada masyarakat, mengungkap pengaruh struktur terhadap posisi perempuan yang menikah siri, mendiskripsikan pemahaman agama Islam oleh masyarakat dan individu terhadap nikah siri. Pandangan individu, tokoh agama Islam, budaya, sosial dan masyarakat secara umum terhadap nikah siri. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa (1) terdapat empat tipologi nikah siri pada masyarakat Warurejo, yaitu: perjodohan antar kerabat, perjodohan oleh orangtua dan broker, menikah siri dengan batuan broker dan menikah siri atas kemauan sendiri. Nikah siri tidak hanya berdampak negatif tetapi memiliki fungsi positif yaitu mampu meningkatkan kehidupan ekonomi individu, jaringan nikah siri, Kyai dan infra struktur masyarakat. Pernikahan siri merupakan mekanisme untuk meringankan beban ekonomi orangtua. Mengawinkan anak dibawah umur walaupun dengan cara siri berarti pula meringankan beban ekonomi keluarga. Anak perempuan yang sudah menikah bukan lagi tanggungjawab orangtua, namun tanggungjawab seorang suami. Struktur berpengaruh terhadap posisi perempuan nikah siri, perempuan yang menikah walaupun siri, lebih dihormati dan dihargai dalam masyarakat daripada perempuan janda atau perawan yang belum menikah walaupun cukup umur. Selain itu, Kyai memiliki kekuasaan untuk menginterpretasikan hukum Islam untuk merasionalisasikan dan melegitimasi nikah siri, daripada melakukan perbuatan yang dilarang agama yaitu berzina dan berdosa. Interpretasi hukum agama disosialisasikan oleh Kyai bahwa sahnya suatu pernikahan dalam hukum Islam ditandai oleh adanya ijab qobul, sedangkan perayaannya merupakan sunnah yang boleh saja tidak dilaksanakan. Karena hukum agama Islam, memperbolehkan seorang laki-laki memiliki isteri lebih dari satu, sehingga terbentuk pola berupa aturan-aturan dan norma-norma untuk melegalkan nikah siri.
Keyword: Nikah siri actors, nikah siri network, economy, religious norms