Judul: Model Kantong Plastik Belanja Ramah Lingkungan di Indonesia
(Studi Kasus: Kantong Plastik Biodegradable)
Abstrak: Plastic shopping bags have become a necessity because of its practical useful, as a container to carry grocery items and finally were used as trash carriers prior to final disposing into landfill. The use of plastic shopping bags in Indonesia increasingly exponential growth from year to year, making environmental problems such as flooding and landslides. The government has issued Law No. 18/2008 to address this issue. In line with the regulations for using of environmentally friendly plastic bags, some retailers and shopping centers has initiated the program by providing environmental friendly plastic shopping bags such as biodegradable and oxodegradable types. However, the component ingredients are added in processing of environmentally friendly plastic bag, so it makes price higher than the conventional one, which in turn is a burden on consumers. From FGD result, the issue of price is the problem in the using of environmentally friendly plastic shopping bags. The results of some AHP questionnaires which are filled by 36 respondents, and after processing the data with expert choice software, the highest choice is biodegradable (38.89%, followed by oxodegradable (36.11%), and conventional (25.0%). Distinguishing characteristics of the plastic shopping bags are conventional and biodegradable in the supermarket, both domestically and compare them with plastic shopping bags in supermarkets abroad. Many plastic shopping bags at the supermarket that is normally labeled biodegradable products in accordance with government regulations. There are also some plastic shopping bags that do not include a specific label, but to include eco-friendly and the like related to the environment. There needs to analyze the characteristics of various types of plastic bags labeled by using the apparatus to differentiate its characteristics. Bioplastics are plastics that are able to be degraded by microbes in the soil due to its starch content. Bioplastics are expected to be the solution of environmental problems caused by the plastic shopping bags waste which became an environmental burden. Commercially, bioplastics were already being produced with the variation of percentage cassava addition. However the problem regarding such matter is the price of the product is still expensive compared to conventional plastic bags, because the starches are still needed in food and energy sectors. In this study, bioplastic is made from extracted durian seeds starch to be mixed with LDPE plastic ores, with the variation addition of starch concentration by 0- 50%. For comparison, starch from sago is used, so that the physical characteristics such as color and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation and hardness can be compared. Decreasing of bioplastics weight was evaluated with burial in soil for 8 weeks. Anova test results showed that types of starch and % starch are added, give no significant difference (p> 0.05) on weight loss of plastic except in color. SEM analysis was conducted to compare the cavity between starch molecules and plastic polymer at 2500x magnification, which causes plastic strength reduced and becomes brittle when being pulled. Addition of 10% durian seed starch is proven as optimal polymer substitution without additives in making bioplastics, with mechanical characteristics that can be compared with sago and cassava starch.
Keyword: plastic shopping bags, oxodegradable, biodegradable, environmental friendly

Judul: Social, Economic and Environmental Impacts
Plastic Bags Restriction in Bogor City
Abstrak: Indonesia menghasilkan 67 juta ton sampah pada tahun 2019, jenis sampah yang dihasilkan didominasi oleh sampah organik sebesar 60 persen dan sampah plastik sebesar 15 persen dari total yang dihasilkan. Sampah plastik tidak dapat diurai secara alami oleh bakteri dalam tanah dan membutuhkan ratusan tahun sampai plastik dapat terurai dengan sendirinya. Sampah plastik biasanya dikelola dengan cara dibakar dan cara tersebut dapat menambah emisi gas rumah kaca di atmosfer bumi serta menimbulkan pencemaran lainnya. Pemerintah Kota Bogor menetapkan kebijakan pelarangan penggunaan kantong plastik untuk mengurangi sampah plastik melalui peraturan walikota. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan respon dan persepsi konsumen, mengestimasi besar manfaat dari pengurangan sampah kantong plastik dan mengevaluasi penerapan kebijakan pelarangan penggunaan kantong plastik terhadap perubahan ekonomi,sosial dan lingkungan di Kota Bogor. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Structural Equation Model (SEM), Analisis besar biaya dan manfaat dan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan setelah kebijakan diterapkan, lebih banyak konsumen yang membawa kantong belanja sendiri. Proses green marketing yang berpengaruh terhadap green behaviour secara signifikan adalah know your customer, empowering customer dan reassure the buyer. Pengurangan kantong plastik selama satu tahun akibat kebijakan tersebut sebanyak 292.000 Kg/tahun. Kondisi ini berimplikasi terhadap penghematan biaya angkut sebesar Rp 27.596.875/tahun. Manfaat intangible yang diterima dari pengurangan kantomg plastik mencangkup; pencegahan global warming dan penghematan sumberdaya penggunaan sumberdaya air, bahan bakar fosil, dan penggunaan lahan per tahun sebesar Rp 726.833.552 untuk kantong plastik HDPE dan Rp 1.225.786.414 untuk kantong plastik Biodegradable. Berdasarkan indikator evaluasi kebijakan maka dapat dikatakan tujuan dari kebijakan yang dibuat atau dilaksanakan telah tercapai.
Keyword: transportation costs, carbon emissions, policy evaluation, green marketing and green behavior

Judul: Infeksi leucocytozzon simondi (Mathis dan Leger, 1910) pada itik
Abstrak: Leucocytozoonosis pada itik adalah penyakit protozoer yang disebabkan oleh parasit darah Leucocytozoon simondi. Protozoa ini ditularkan oleh lalat penghisap darah (Simulium sp.). Di dalam tubuh induk semang antara (vektor) Simulium parasit mengalami tahap gametogoni yang kedua (pembentukan gamet dan pembuahan) dan sporogoni. Pembuahan makrogamet oleh mikrogamet terjadi segera sesudah vektor menghisap darah itik yang mengandung gametosit. Pembuahan menghasilkan zigot yang dapat bergerak (ookinet) yang masuk dinding usus vektor dan kemudian memasuki tahap sporogoni. Tahap sporogoni memerlukan waktu kira-kira 1 minggu (Fallis dan Desser, 1977) untuk menghasilkan sporozoit. Sporozoit bergerak menuju kelenjar ludah vektor, tempat mereka berkumpul. Sporozoit dipindahkan ke dalam tubuh itik pada saat vektor menghisap darah itik. Di dalam tubuh itik, parasit mengalami tahap skizogoni dan tahap gametogoni yang pertama (pembentukan gametosit). Sporozoit memasuki peredaran darah itik dan memasuki sel-sel parenkhim hati membentuk skizon hepatik (Fallis et al., 1974). Setelah 4 6 hari, skizon hepatik dewasa menghasilkan merozoit dan sinsitia. Merozoit dari skizon hepatik memasuki eritrosit dan eritroblas membentuk gametosit bundar, sedangkan sinsitia memasuki sel-sel RES di seluruh tubuh membentuk megaloskizon. Megaloskizon dewasa terbentuk dalam waktu 5 hari di dalam sel-sel itu dan menghasilkan merozoit. Merozoit dari megaloskizon memasuki limfosit dan leukosit lainnya membentuk gametosit memanjang. ...
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