Judul: Analysis Competitiveness and Impact of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) of Indonesian Refined Palm Oil Exports to Main Destination Countries
Abstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara pengekspor produk kelapa sawit terbesar dalam bentuk Refined Palm Oil (RPO) di dunia. Namun, sepanjang tahun 2013-2022 nilai ekspor RPO Indonesia cenderung berfluktuasi. RPO Indonesia merupakan salah satu komoditas yang terkena pemberlakuan hambatan non tarif atau Non Tariff Measures (NTMs) oleh negara tujuan ekspornya berupa kebijakan Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) dan Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT). Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk menganalisis daya saing dan dinamika ekspor RPO Indonesia serta dampak pemberlakuan NTMs terhadap ekspor RPO Indonesia ke negara tujuan utama pada tahun 2013-2022. Metode analisis secara deskriptif dengan pendekatan inventory dan kuantitatif dengan metode Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), X-Model, dan regresi data panel. Hasil analisis menunjukkan RPO Indonesia berdaya saing kuat dan sebagian besar negara tujuan ekspor pasarnya pada kondisi rising star. Hasil pendekatan inventory menunjukkan Uni Emirat Arab adalah negara yang paling sering menerapkan dan menunjukkan cakupan tertinggi kebijakan SPS. Sementara negara yang paling sering menerapkan dan menunjukkan cakupan tertinggi kebijakan TBT adalah Afrika Selatan. Hasil estimasi regresi data panel menunjukkan kebijakan SPS dan TBT berpengaruh negatif terhadap nilai ekspor RPO Indonesia. Faktor-faktor lain yang berpengaruh terhadap RPO Indonesia adalah GDP per kapita negara tujuan, nilai ekspor, jarak ekonomi, dan nilai RCA., Indonesia is the world's largest exporter of palm oil products in the form of Refined Palm Oil (RPO). However, throughout 2013-2022, the value of Indonesia's RPO exports tended to fluctuate. Indonesian RPO is one of the commodities subject to Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) imposed by its export destination countries, including Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) policies. The purpose of this study is to analyze the competitiveness and export dynamics of Indonesian RPO as well as the impact of NTMs on Indonesian RPO exports to main destination countries from 2013-2022. The analysis method are descriptive using inventory approach and quantitative methods using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Export Product Dynamic (EPD), X-Model, and panel data regression. The analysis results indicate that Indonesian RPO has strong competitiveness, and most of the export destination markets are in a rising star conditions. The inventory approach results show that the United Arab Emirates is the country that most frequently applies and shows the highest coverage of SPS policies. Meanwhile, the country that most frequently applies and shows the highest coverage of TBT policies is South Africa. Panel data regression estimates indicate that SPS and TBT policies negatively affect the value of Indonesia's RPO exports. Other factors affecting Indonesian RPO are GDP per capita of main destination countries, export value, economic distance, and RCA value.
Keyword: panel data regression, competitiveness, refined palm oil, Non-tariff measures

Judul: Analisis Daya Saing dan Determinan Ekspor Produk Kelapa Sawit (CPO dan RPO) Indonesia ke Negara Tujuan Utama
Abstrak: Indonesia adalah negara eksportir terbesar kelapa sawit di dunia. Namun, volume ekspor CPO Indonesia cenderung menurun sedangkan volume ekspor RPO meningkat periode 2006-2021.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi daya saing dan determinan ekspor produk kelapa sawit Indonesia CPO (HS 151110) dan RPO (HS 151190) ke negara tujuan utama. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah RCA, EPD, X-Model, dan regresi data panel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan CPO dan RPO memiliki daya saing yang kuat. Hasil EPD adalah CPO Indonesia memiliki pangsa pasar rising star, lost opportunity, falling star, dan retreat sedangkan RPO rising star pada delapan negara tujuan. Hasil regresi data panel pada CPO menunjukkan bahwa harga ekspor, jarak ekonomi, nilai tukar riil, dan populasi negara tujuan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap volume ekspor CPO Indonesia. Variabel harga ekspor, nilai tukar riil, populasi, dan dummy hilirisasi kelapa sawit memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap volume ekspor RPO Indonesia., Indonesia is the largest exporter of palm oil in the world. However, the volume of Indonesian CPO exports tends to decrease while the volume of RPO exports increases in the 2006-2021 period. The aim of this research is to identify the competitiveness and determinants of exports of Indonesian palm oil products CPO (HS 151110) and RPO (HS 151190) to the main destination countries. The methods used in this research are RCA, EPD, X-Model, and panel data regression. The research results show that CPO and RPO have strong competitiveness. The results of the EPD show that Indonesian CPO has a rising star market share, lost opportunity, falling star and retreat, while RPO is a rising star in eight destination countries. The panel data regression results on CPO show that export prices, economic distance, real exchange rates, and populations of destination countries have a significant effect on Indonesia's CPO export volume. The variables of export prices, real exchange rates, population, and dummy palm oil downstream have a significant influence on the export volume of Indonesian RPO.
Keyword: competitiveness, CPO, export, panel data, RPO

Judul: Morfologi Organ Reproduksi Betina Walet Linchi (Collocalia linchi)
Abstrak: This research is aimed to describe the morphology of the female reproductive organs of the cave swiftlets (C. linchi ) macroscopic and microscopically. Four female reproduction organs were used in this study. Microscopic observation was done using Hematoxilin – eosin (HE), alcian blue (AB) pH 2.5 and periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining methods. The reproductive organs were consisted of ovarium and oviduct. The oviduct has five parts: infundibulum, magnum, isthmus, uterus and vagina. The mucosa of oviduct has mucosal folds and lined with columnar ciliated epithelial cells. Glandular glands were found in the lamina propria of oviduct, except in the vagina. The thick muscle of sphincter uterovagina was found in the border between uterus and vagina. Using AB-PAS staining methods, it was detected that oviduct contained neutral and acid carbohydrate, especially in the secrete glands of oviduct.
Keyword: oviduct., ovarium, Collocalia linchi