Judul: Analisis Pemasaran Salak Pondoh di Kecamatan Madukara, Kabupaten Banjarnegara.
Abstrak: Harga salak yang fluktuatif dan perbedaaan harga pada tingkat petani dengan harga salak di tingkat konsumen yang relatif besar menyebabkan bagian yang diperoleh petani rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sistem pemasaran dan efisiensi pemasaran salak di Kecamatan Madukara. Data-data diperoleh dari 23 petani dan lembaga pemasaran yang menjadi responden berjumlah 14 orang yang terdiri dari pedagang besar lokal, pedagang pengumpul, dan pedagang pengecer. Lokasi penelitian dipilih secara purposive dan pencarian lembaga pemasaran dilakukan secara snowball sampling. Efisiensi pemasaran diukur menggunakan marjiin pemasaran, farmer’s share dan rasio keuntungan terhadap biaya. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa di Kecamatan Madukara terdapat tiga saluran pemasaran sebagai berikut: (1) petani-pedagang besar lokal-pedagang luar (Kramatjati); (2) petani-pedagang pengumpul-pedagang besar lokal-pedagang luar (Bandung) dan (3) petani-pedagang pengumpul-pedagang pengecer. Saluran pemasaran 1 dinyatakan lebih efisien dibandingkan dengan saluran pemasaran 2 dan saluran pemasaran 3.
Keyword: biaya pemasaran, efisiensi pemasaran, informasi, saluran pemasaran, salak

Judul: Analisis pemasaran salak (kasus di desa Cikondang, kecamatan Cineam, kabupaten Tasikmalaya, propinsi Jawa Barat)
Abstrak: Kabupaten Tasikmalaya merupakan salah satu daerah yang struktur perekonomiannya didominasi sektor pertanian. Salah satu komoditas pertanian yang banyak diusahakan masyarakatnya adalah buah salak, dan Desa Cikondang merupakan salah satu daerah sentra produksi salak tersebut. Berdasarkan studi pendahuluan di lokasi penelitian, permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam mengusahakan komoditas salak adalah tidak konsistennya jumlah pasokan, maupun ukuran buah salak yang dihasilkan. Selain itu harga yang diterima petani secara umum relatif rendah, berkisar antara Rp 300,- sampai dengan Rp 500,- per kilogram, dengan penetapan harga sepihak oleh pedagang perantara. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, maka dapat dirumuskan tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu (1) Menganalisis saluran pemasaran dan peran lembagalembaga pemasaran yang terlibat dalam sistem pemasaran buah salak; (2) Menganalisis struktur dan perilaku pasar yang terjadi pada pemasaran salak; (3) Menganalisis efisiensi dari sistem pemasaran buah salak tersebut.
Keyword: 

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
Keyword: