Judul: Pengaruh Penambahan Lesithin, CMC, Pewarna dan Flavor pada Pembuatan Mentega terhadap Mutunya
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempeajari proses pembuatan mentega dengan memanfaatkan susu yang ditolak oleh koperasi peternak sapi perah sebagai bahan bakunya, tetapi karakteristiknya sebagai lemak pangan masih memenuhi syarat atau layak untuk dikonsumsi manusia, yaitu bilangan Asam maksimal 0.3 ml NaOH per 100 g dan bilangan Peroksida maksimal 1 mg oksigen per 100 gram.
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Judul: Karakteristik Mikrobiologis Mentega Probiotik dari Susu Kambing yang Diperkaya Serat dan Antioksidan
Abstrak: Produk olahan dari susu kambing belum begitu popular di masyarakat. Salah satu produk olahan susu yaitu mentega. Mentega adalah produk olahan susu yang terbuat dari krim susu. Fermentasi menggunakan bakteri probiotik Lactobacillus achidophilus dalam proses pembuatan dapat meningkatkan kandungan probiotik dalam mentega. Penambahan serat dari bayam (Amaranthus sp ) dan antioksidan dari wortel (Daucus carota L ) dalam mentega probiotik ini adalah salah satu inovasi dalam pembuatan mentega yang sehat. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis karakteristik mikrobiologi dan kandungan serat serta antioksidan yang ditambahkan dari tepung bayam (B) dan wortel (W). Terdapat 3 rasio perbandingan (B : W) dalam penelitian ini yaitu (P1) (B : W = 1:1), (P2) (B : W =2:1) and (P3) (B : W = 1:2). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam ANOVA. Hasil dari pengamatan karakteristik mikrobiologis menunjukkan terdapat cemaran patogen S. aureus, Salmonella dan E. coli. Penentuan formula terbaik produk berdasarkan karakteristik mikrobiologi, kadar serat pangan dan kadar antioksidan. Produk P1 (1:1) merupakan produk dengan formula terbaik berdasrkan karakteristik mikrobiologi, kadar serat pangan dan kadar polifenol.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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