Judul: Kajian Keberadaan Virus Avian Influenza pada Unggas di Pasar Burung Pramuka, Jakarta
Abstrak: Avian Influenza (AI) which is caused by influenzavirus A of the family Orthomyxoviridae cause an important impact, including in health, social and economic sectors. AI viruses (AIV) can infect various birds and mammals, therefore bird market as a meeting place for human and poultry can potentially transmit AI virus among birds or from birds to human. Indonesia is a habitat of various bird species; therefore research about AIV on bird, especially which are sold in the Pramuka Bird Market, as the biggest bird market in Jakarta, is urgently needed. In general, the aim of this study was to examine the presence of AIV in various bird species sold in Pramuka Bird Market, Jakarta. Specifically, the aims of this study were: (1) to assess the presence of H5 AI virus in oropharyngeal swab, cloacal swab, and fecal samples of various bird species using real time Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR); (2) to detect the presence of antibodies against AIV (H5) in various bird species using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test, and (3) to determine the relationship among weather and geographic origin of birds to the prevalence of AIV. During April until September 2011, a number of 862 field samples from 28 families and 96 bird species were collected in Pramuka Bird Market, Jakarta. These field samples consisted of 649 fecal samples, 114 cloacal swab samples, and 99 oropharyngeal swab samples. As many as 7 of 649 faecal samples (1.08%) were positive AI. However, none cloacal or oropharyngel swab were positive AI. Positive fecal samples were detected in four bird species, which are three magpie-robins (Copsychus saularis, family Turdidae), two white-eyes (Zosterops palpebrosus, family Zostropidae), a yellow-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus goiavier, family Pycnotidae), and a robin (Leiothrix lutea, family Sylviidae). In addition to field samples, during April until September 2011, 178 birds from 21 families and 47 species were purchased from the same bird market. From 178 birds, two birds (1.12%), which were two white-eyes (Zosterops palpebrosus, family Zostropidae), were positive AI. The whole positive samples were from Passeriformis order. However, based on rRT-PCR result, there were no H5 positive samples. A number of 163 serum samples were collected from 178 purchased birds from Pramuka Bird Market. Based on HI test using antigen A/Legok/IPB-SGT/1/2004 (H5N1) and A/Ck/West Java/PWT-Wij/2006 (H5N1), seven of 163 birds (4.29%) had positive antibodies to AI. There were differences in HI titers between the two antigens. By using A/Legok/IPB-SGT/1/2004 (H5N1) antigen, two sample were strongly positive (titers ≥ 24), while the other five samples were weakly positive (titers <24). Strongly positive results were obtained from two scooty-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster, family Pycnotidae). While the weakly positive results were obtained from a swan (Cygnus sp., family Anatidae), a duck (Anas sp., family Anatidae), a munia (Lonchura maja, family Ploceidae), a spotted-dove (Streptopelia chinensis, family Columbidae), and a black-crowned iv night heron (Nyctorax nyctorax, family Ardeidae). By using A/Ck/West Java/PWT-Wij/2006 (H5N1) antigen, the average HI titer obtained was higher. Five samples were strongly positive (Lonchura maja, Cygnus sp., Nyctorax nyctorax, and two Pycnonotus aurigaster), while samples from Anas sp. and Streptopelia chinensis were weakly positive.
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Judul: Penilaian Risiko Kualitatif Pemasukan Virus Avian Influenza (H5N1) ke Pasar Burung Pramuka Jakarta Melalui Unggas
Abstrak: Traditional market or poultry/live birds market was identified as one of avian influenza (AI) virus spot circulation and very potential to contribute on virus spreading to human. Virus infection at the market could not be defined, but the risk value for virus infection can be estimated due to understand well its likelihood and risk factors need to be managed. Qualitative risk assessment had been known as a way to estimate its risk value. Qualitative risk assessment was conducted at Pramuka Birds Market with the purpose to identify biological risk pathways of the entering of Avian Influenza virus (H5N1) and to estimate its risk level through birds. Risk assessment had been done based on the qualitative risk assessment method published by Organization of Internationale Epizootica (OIE) on 2009. The research was conducted on February-June 2012 with primary and secondary data support. Primary data were collected through field observation and questionnaire for 30 sellers and 30 consumers respondents, and through indepth interview with 17 expert respondents, three middlemans and three intstitutions who concern with bird trading. The result of this study identified that there were six pathways of birds supplies to the market defined as risk biological pathways, which are entering of (1) domestic waterfowl, (2) chickens (kampoong, ornamental, or hobbies/pet chickens, (3) wetland birds, (4) “bridges species” birds, (5) songs birds, and (6) exotic birds. Critical control points had been identified in each birds supplies chain are birds collecting fascilities in catcher or collector level, kiosks or sale fascilities, farms, and entry/exit point. Source of birds for the market were (1) nature (capturing from nature), (2) farm, and (3) other country (through importation process). Generally, all groups of birds were important for bringing risk of AI virus entering to PB Pramuka, but both domestic waterfowl and chickens had identified as very import group to bring the risk. Risk estimation value of entering of AI virus (H5N1) to PB Pramuka Jakarta through six groups of poultry/birds originally come from nature, farm and other country was moderate, with the moderate uncertainty. Moderate risk estimation means that before some commodities to be approved for entering the area, it was mandatory to do assessment on risk management implementation, included on its visibility, effectivity, and mechanism of its verification. Based on risk management point of view, moderate risk estimation needed an efforts for risk management implementation to achieve the appropiate level of protection (ALOP) at “negligible” level. This ALOP’s level determined based on characteristic of AI which were zoonotic and had big risk included death both for animal and human. With AI endemic status for Indonesia, still known that AI virus potentially active for mutation, and the findings of high number on entering or selling birds at the market, implementation of applicable risk management must be applied on the birds supplies chain, from the origin until entry the market. Continous surveillance program, development and implementation of operational standard procedures and diseases early warning system, providing appropiate biosecurity fascilities at the market, and better implementation of biosecurity practices with law enforcement support are recommended as risk management actions that
Keyword: assessment, birds, Pramuka Bird Market, qualitative, risk

Judul: Aproksimasi Fungsi Sinus dan Kosinus sebagai Kombinasi Linear dari Fungsi Eksponensial
Abstrak: Salah satu gagasan yang menarik dalam matematika adalah aproksimasi suatu fungsi oleh fungsi lain. Sebagai contoh, fungsi polinom dapat diaproksimasi menggunakan deret Taylor atau fungsi persamaan diferensial dapat diaproksimasi menggunakan deret Fourier. Adapun fungsi yang dapat mengaproksimasi fungsi lain salah satunya adalah fungsi eksponensial. Kemungkinan mengaproksimasi fungsi dengan kombinasi linear dari fungsi eksponensial dari bentuk eˣ, e²ˣ, ... dianggap sebagai perkembangan sejajar dengan gagasan Deret Taylor yang mengaproksimasi fungsi dengan kombinasi linear dari segi fungsi kuadrat. Fungsi sin x dan cos x digunakan sebagai target untuk menilai seberapa baik aproksimasi yang dilakukan oleh fungsi yang diberikan. Aproksimasi fungsi sinus dan kosinus menggunakan hampiran Taylor lebih akurat dibandingkan dengan aproksimasi menggunakan fungsi eksponensial.
Keyword: Aprosimaksi eksponensial, aproksimasi fungsi, aprosimaksi Taylor, fungsi eksponensial