Judul: In Silico Analysis of Bioactive Compounds in Black Cumin Seed as Inhibitor of Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme (ACE)
Abstrak: ACE merupakan salah satu reseptor utama dalam regulasi tekanan darah serta paling umum dihambat untuk mengatasi hipertensi. Biji jintan hitam dipercaya memiliki banyak manfaat, salah satunya menurunkan tekanan darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi interaksi molekuler serta menyeleksi dan memprediksi potensi inhibisi senyawa bioaktif biji jintan hitam terhadap ACE sebagai obat antihipertensi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan penapisan virtual 97 ligan uji menggunakan PyRx Virtual Screening Tool dan penambatan molekuler menggunakan AutoDock Tools. Hasil analisis interaksi ligan-reseptor menunjukkan 14 dari 20 ligan yang diuji pada tahapan tersebut memiliki potensi sebagai inhibitor ACE. Epicatechin menjadi ligan dengan potensi terbaik (ΔG -7.00 kkal/mol; BSS 62.50%) serta memenuhi pendekatan keberadaan interaksi terhadap Zn. Meskipun tidak menjadi ligan terbaik, terdapat tiga senyawa khas biji jintan hitam yang diidentifikasi juga berpotensi sebagai inhibitor ACE, yaitu trans-4-methoxy-thujane (ΔG -5.20 kkal/mol; BSS 68.75%) yang memenuhi pendekatan keberadaan interaksi terhadap Zn serta thymoquinone (ΔG -5.50 kkal/mol; BSS 43.75%) dan thymohydroquinone (ΔG -5.20 kkal/mol; BSS 50.00%) yang memenuhi pendekatan keberadaan ikatan hidrogen pada sisi aktif., ACE is one of the main receptors in the regulation of blood pressure and is the most commonly inhibited to treat hypertension. Black cumin seeds are believed to have many benefits, one of them is lowering blood pressure. This study aims to identify molecular interactions as well as to select and predict the ACE inhibition potential of bioactive compounds from black cumin seeds as an antihypertensive drug. The research began with virtual screening of 97 ligands using the PyRx Virtual Screening Tool and molecular docking using AutoDock Tools. The results of the ligand-receptor interaction analysis showed that 14 of the 20 ligands tested at that step had potential as ACE inhibitors. Epicatechin became the ligand with the best potency (ΔG -7.00 kcal/mol; BSS 62.50%) and qualify to the approach of the presence of an interaction with Zn. Although not the best ligand, there are three unique ligands of black cumin seeds that were identified as potential ACE inhibitors, those are trans-4-methoxy-thujane (ΔG -5.20 kcal/mol; BSS 68.75%) which qualify to the approach of the presence of an interaction with Zn, also thymoquinone (ΔG -5.50 kcal/mol; BSS 43.75%) and thymohydroquinone (ΔG -5.20 kcal/mol; BSS 50.00%) which qualify the approach of the presence of hydrogen bonds on the active site.
Keyword: ACE, Black cumin seed, Hypertension, Molecular docking

Judul: Inhibisi in-vitro Ekstrak Ciplukan, Beluntas, Asam Gelugur, dan Alang-alang terhadap Aktivitas Angiotensin Converting Enzyme.
Abstrak: Hipertensi adalah peningkatan abnormal tekanan darah, baik tekanan darah sistolik maupun tekanan darah diastolik. Antihipertensi dapat berupa obat sintetik atau isolat senyawa kimia dari tanaman yang berfungsi sebagai inhibitor angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). Penelitian ini memanfaatkan tanaman obat herba ciplukan, daun beluntas, daun asam gelugur, dan alang-alang sebagai inhibitor ACE secara in vitro untuk melihat potensinya sebagai antihipertensi. Sampel diekstraksi lewat maserasi dengan pelarut air dan etanol 30% dan diuji kandungan metabolit sekundernya melalui uji fitokimia, toksisitas, dan daya inhibisi ACE. Daya inhibisi terbaik ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak etanol 30% daun asam gelugur menghasilkan nilai IC50 terkecil, yaitu 63 mg/mL. Berdasarkan hasil ini ekstrak tersebut berpotensi untuk pengobatan antihipertensi melalui mekanisme penghambatan ACE.
Keyword: alang-alang, angiotensin converting enzyme, asam gelugur, beluntas, ciplukan

Judul: Biology and ecology of the buffalo fly, haematobia exigua de meijere (diptera:muscidae)
Abstrak: The life history of the buffalo fly was observed at room temperature of 27°-29.5°C and at a relative humidity of 48-68 percent. The eggs hatched after 17-22 hours, with an average of 18 hours. First instar larvae measured 1.25 + 0.16 mm long and 0.27 + 0.037 mm wide. reach the second larval stage. It took 6-12 hours to the second instar larvae measured 2.676 +0.187 mm long and 0.353 +0.028 mm wide. The second instar took about 12-24 hours to reach the third larval stage. The third instar measured 6.833 + 0.189 mm long and 0.919 + 0.051 mm wide. It took about 2-3 days for the third instar to become pupae. Duration of the pupal stage was about 5-7 days before the adults emerged. Under laboratory condition, the buffalo fly completed its life cycle in 9.5 to 10.5 days, whereas under field condition it took 9-14 days with an average of 10.5 days. The growth ratio which was based on the measurements of the cephalo-pharyngeal skeleton of each instar was 1.797. The preoviposition period was 8-12 days and mating usually occurred on the 6th or 7th day. The longevity of the male was 29 days, whereas it was 32 days in the female. The range of egg production under laboratory condition was between 20-139 per female fly. The belly and hind legs of the carabao were the most preferred habitat either during cloudy and cool dry or shiny and warm day. When the weather was clear and the carabao was in the shade, the flies tended to be more distributed particularly on the shoulder, dewlap, back and horns. The carabaos had relatively fewer Musca sp. and Stomoxys calcitrans than cattle; never the less carabaos had a higher infestation of buffalo fly than cattle. Oviposition occured either during the day or night but the buffalo flies were more active during the night than in the day time. The effect of various lengths of exposure time of manure in relation to the oviposition was profound. observed, the maximum number of the buffalo flies was occurred when the dung was exposed for 30 minutes. With increasing time of exposure the number and variety of insects also increase. It was evident that Sepsidae and psychodidae were the most dominant insects emerging from the dung. The number of buffalo flies also increased with increasing
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