Judul: Modifikasi Pati Sagu dengan Teknik Heat Moisture Treatment (HMT) dan Aplikasinya dalam Memperbaiki Kualitas Bihun
Abstrak: Maize is a strategy commodity in the development of Indonesian agriculture and economic since it’s multifunction as food and feed. However, maize crop cultivated by farmer at the present time is lack for the low protein quality. Therefore a breeding program for improving protein quality is essential to be conducted, especially for lysine and tryptophan. The objectives of this research are to identify and select QPM lines which are tolerant to downy mildew (Peronoscelrospora maydis) and soil acidity. Genetic material used was derived from a cross breeding between QPM lines (SK-1_QPM) and lines which is resistant to downy mildew and tolerance to acidic soil (SMRG). The research was conducted in four stages. The first stage was development of F2 population and identification of opaque-2 gene in F1 population using SSR specific marker phi057, conducted in ICERI Molecular laboratory from February until March 2008. The second stage was screening of F2 population selected using SSR marker to downy mildew, conducted at Maros Experimental Station from June until August 2008 and arranged in Augmented Design. The third stage was the screening of F2 population selected using SSR marker to alumunium toxicity in nutrient solution containing 10 ppm Al3+ and haematoxylin, conducted at ICERI Plant Breeding Laboratory from July until September 2008 and was arranged in Randomized Complete Design with two replications. The fourth stage was evaluation of F2 population on the acidic soil, conducted in Barambai Experimental Station, South Kalimantan from July until November 2008 and was arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design with two replications. The research result showed that there were 210 F2 plants carrying opaque-2 gene from the F2 population analysed, subsequently they were evaluated separately to downy mildew (Peronosclerospora maydis), alumunium toxicity (in the nutrient solution), and soil acidity. The evaluation for resistance to downy mildew revealed 19 plants were very resistant, 53 resistant plants, 62 moderately-resistant plants, and 76 susceptible plants. Evaluation at seedling stage to alumunium toxicity resulted 3 very tolerant plants, 5 tolerant plants, 12 moderately- tolerant plants, and 24 susceptible plants. None of the plants being analysed showed resistance to downy mildew and also tolerance to aluminium toxicity. Furthermore, we found one resistant to downy mildew and tolerant to aluminium toxicity, 5 plant moderately resistant and moderately tolerant, and 5 plant suceptible to both stresses. Evaluation of F2 population tolerance to soil acidity indicated that in general, maize character showed different responses. The principle component analysis (PCA) was clustering the tolerance genotypes to soil acidity into four clusters, namely 60 very tolerant plants, 55 tolerant plants, 47 moderately- tolerant plants, and 59 susceptible plant. There were 4 plants that very resistant to downy mildew, very tolerant to soil acidity and also have higher yield than Bima-2, Bima-3 and SMRG. Moreover, there were 5 tolerant plants, 7 moderately tolerant plants, and 27 susceptible plants to downy mildew and soil acidity.
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Judul: Identifikasi dan seleksi jagung Quality Protein Maize (Qpm) resisten penyakit bulai (Peronosclerospora Maydis) dan toleran kemasaman tanah
Abstrak: Jagung merupakan komoditas strategis dalam pembangunan pertanian dan perekonomian Indonesia, karena komoditas ini mempunyai fungsi yang multiguna, baik sebagai pangan maupun pakan. Namun demikian kekurangan jagung yang umum ditanam petani saat ini adalah mutu protein yang rendah,sehingga diperlukan kegiatan pemuliaan yang mampu meningkatkan mutu protein khususnya lisin dan triptofan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menyeleksi progeni jagung QPM yang toleransi terhadap penyakit bulai dan kemasaman tanah. Materi genetik yang digunakan adalah persilangan antara galur QPM (Srikandi Kuning-1) x galur agak resisten penyakit bulai dan agak toleran kemasaman tanah (Sukmaraga). Penelitian berlangsung dalam empat tahap.Tahap pertama : pembentukan populasi F2 dan identifikasi gen opaque-2 pada populasi F1 dengan marka penyeleksi phi057, di Laboratorium Molekuler Balitsereal pada bulan Februari – Maret 2008. Tahap kedua : skrining populasi F2 hasil seleksi SSR terhadap penyakit bulai, dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Maros, Balitsereal Juni – Agustus 2008 dengan menggunakan rancangan perbesaran (Augmented Design). Tahap ketiga : skrining populasi F2 hasil seleksi SSR terhadap cekamam alumunium (Al3+) dengan menggunakan hematoxilyn dan larutan hara+Al3+10 ppm, di Laboratorium Pemuliaan Tanaman, Balitsereal, pada bulan Juli – September 2008 dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap 2 ulangan, dan Tahap keempat : evaluasi toleransi populasi F2 hasil seleksi SSR terhadap kemasaman tanah dilaksanakan di KP Barambai di Kalimantan Selatan pada bulan Juli – November 2008 dengan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok 2 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari populasi F1 yang diseleksi, diperoleh 210 individu tanaman yang membawa gen opaque-2,selanjutnya populasi tersebut dievaluasi ketahanannya terhadap penyakit bulai (peronosclerospora maydis), aluminium pada larutan hara+Al3+10 ppm serta ketahanannya terhadap kemasaman tanah. Evaluasi terhadap penyakit bulai memperlihatkan bahwa persentase serangan penyakit bulai tertinggi pada pengamatan hari ke 28 dan terdapat 19 tanaman sangat resisten, 53 tanaman resisten, 62 tanaman agak resisten dan 76 tanaman populasi F2 yang rentan terhadap penyakit bulai. Uji lanjut LSI terlihat bahwa terdapat 17 genotipe tanaman sangat resisten dibandingkan dengan NP6215, 50 genotipe tanaman resisten dibandingkan dengan NP6645, 121 genotipe tanaman agak resisten dibandingkan dengan tetua agak resisten dan 170 genotipe tanaman rentan dibandingkan dengan tetua rentan. Resistensi tanamana jagung QPM terhadap penyakit bulai diduga mempunyai aksi gen parsial dominan dengan hertabilitas tinggi. Evaluasi dengan hematoxilyn dan larutan hara + Al3+ 10 ppm mengelompokkan 3 tanaman sangat toleran, 5 tanaman toleran, 12 tanaman agak iv toleran dan 24 tanaman peka. Karakter yang dapat digunakan sebagai karakter seleksi adalah panjang akar, panjang tajuk dan jumlah cabang akar. Tidak terdapat tanaman yang resisten terhadap penyakit bulai dan toleran terhadap cekaman aluminium pada larutan hara + Al3+ 10 ppm, 1 tanaman resisten dan toleran, 5 tanaman agak resisten dan agak toleran dan 5 tanaman rentan terhadap penyakit bulai dan toleran cekaman aluminium pada larutan hara + Al3+ 10 ppm. Evaluasi toleransi populasi F2 terhadap kemasaman tanah menunjukkan bahwa umumnya karakter memberikan respon yang berbeda dan karakter yang dapat digunakan sebagai karakter seleksi adalah bobot tongkol kupasan basah, aspek tanaman, jumlah biji/baris dan hasil. Berdasarkan ketiga karakter seleksi tersebut, populasi F2 toleransinya dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok yaitu 60 tanaman sangat toleran, 55 tanaman toleran, 47 tanaman agak toeran dan 59 tanaman peka. Terdapat 4 tanaman yang resisten
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Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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