Judul: Genome Shuffling Lactobacillus plantarum untuk Meningkatkan Toleransi Terhadap Asam dan Produksi Asam Laktat.
Abstrak: Asam laktat secara luas digunakan dalam industri pangan dan farmasi. Sekitar 85% kebutuhan asam laktat saat ini adalah untuk aplikasi di bidang pangan. Kebutuhan asam laktat Indonesia yang mencapai 1 juta kg/tahun (2001) dipenuhi dengan mengimpor dari negara lain. Upaya untuk mengurangi impor ini perlu membentuk industri asam laktat dan sebagai langkah awal diperlukan peningkatan produktivitas bakteri asam laktat. Fermentasi asam laktat adalah salah satu jenis biokonversi yang dihambat produk. Akumulasi dari asam laktat dalam bentuk tidak terdisosiasi menghambat pertumbuhan sel dan produksi asam laktat. Penambahan Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, NaOH atau NH4OH untuk menetralisir asam laktat akan meningkatkan biaya operasional industri, selain itu juga terbentuk hasil sampingan berupa limbah berbentuk gipsum (garam yang mengandung kalsium seperti CaSO4.2H2O). Hal ini dapat diatasi bila mikroorganisme mampu tumbuh dan dapat melakukan metabolisme pada pH rendah (pKa asam laktat yaitu 3.86). Peningkatan keunggulan strain dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik genome shuffling. Genome shuffling dapat digunakan pada bakteri yang informasi genetiknya sangat minim atau belum diketahui dengan jelas dan dapat meningkatkan beberapa sifat unggul secara simultan. Teknik ini didahului dengan melakukan mutasi atau adaptasi sehingga terbentuk keberagaman strain yang mempunyai keunggulan masing-masing. Selanjutnya dinding sel bakteri dilepaskan dengan menggunakan lisozim sehingga terbentuk protoplas. Fusi protoplas dilakukan untuk memperoleh kombinasi genetik yang beragam. Dan proses seleksi dilakukan untuk memperoleh strain dengan fenotip unggul yang kita inginkan. Penelitian ini terbagi dalam tiga bagian, yang pertama yaitu adaptasi bertahap L.plantarum pada pH rendah untuk mendapatkan strain yang dapat bertahan pada kondisi asam. Kedua, mutasi ultraviolet L.plantarum untuk mendapatkan strain yang mampu memproduksi asam laktat yang lebih tinggi dari wild type. Dan ketiga, genome shuffling untuk menggabungkan 2 sifat strain tersebut sehingga dapat meningkatkan toleransi terhadap asam dan produksi asam laktat. Proses adaptasi L.plantarum pada pH 5 sudah tercapai pada subkultur ke-13 dan diturunkan ke pH 4. Pada subkultur ke-35 proses adaptasi dihentikan. Mutasi ultraviolet pada L.plantarum telah diperoleh 10 mutan yang memiliki rasio luas zona bening terhadap luas koloni yang lebih besar dibanding wild type. Kondisi optimal yang diperoleh untuk pembentukan protoplas sebagai bagian dari genome shuffling yaitu waktu perlakuan selama 2 jam dengan konsentrasi lisozim sebesar 10 mg/ml. Genome shuffling sebanyak 3 putaran telah berhasil meningkatkan toleransi terhadap asam dan produksi asam laktat Lactobacillus plantarum. Lactobacillus plantarum F3-33 lebih toleran terhadap asam sebesar 153 % dan produksi asam laktat meningkat menjadi 164 % (11.43 mg/ml) dibandingkan dengan Lactobacillus plantarum wild type dalam 100 ml medium fermentasi pH 4 dengan agitasi 100 rpm selama 48 jam pada suhu 37oC.
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Judul: Seleksi dan Optimasi Bakteri Asam Laktat Penghasil Senyawa Antikapang
Abstrak: Silage is the forage preservation product through anaerobic fermentation by using lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The presence of oxygen may activate the other microbe that could be contaminate and interrupt the silage processing. Fungi is a microbe that often contaminate silage processing. In Indonesia, prevention of silage contamination by fungi is necessary in order to support livestock business. By using the inoculum that able to produce antifungal compounds, the fungi contamination could be prevented. This research was dedicated to screen LAB having antifungal properties, taxonomic study and optimization of antifungal production. Screening of antifungal producing LAB was initiated by growing LAB on de Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar (MRSA) against Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, and Penicillium by plate assay method (aerobic condition) and verified by deep tube technique (anerobic condition). The results showed that strain DR 1-6-2 could inhibit A. fumigatus and A. flavus in aerobic condition with percentage of inhibition was 41% and 32 %, respectively. In anaerobic condition, strain DR 1-6-2 could inhibit not only A. fumigatus, A. flavus, but also Penicillium. Identification of selected LAB was carried out using 16S rRNA gene sequencing with 27F and 1492R primer. Based on molecular analysis, strain DR 1-6-2 is belong to Lactobacillus plantarum with the degree of homology of 98%. Optimization of antifungal production by selected LAB was carried out using Response Surface Method (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD) on five variables (glucose, yeast extract, CH3COONa, K2HPO4, Tween 80) and five level combinations. From statistical analysis, the production of antifungal which is represented by the total lactic acid production of selected LAB is significantly influenced by glucose, combination of glucose and K2HPO4, combination of yeast extract and K2HPO4 and Tween 80. The optimum concentration of glucose is 2.91%, yeast extract 0.58%, K2HPO4 0.29% and Tween 80 0.19% with a maximum predicted lactic acid yield of 2.61%, which is increased by 59%. This result is confirmed when the optimum concentration of nutritions used. The production of lactic acid increased by 58%. Benefit of this research is utilization of indegenous LAB isolates as the silage inoculum and antifungi to prevention of contamination and to obtain a good silage quality. This LAB utilization is capable to trigger the silage production, which in turn could increase the silage utilization as animal feed, increasing the production of meat, and could support the government's efforts to achieve the national demand of meat product. In silage fermentation using L. plantarum DR 1-6-2, anaerobic condition is a requirement to be considered. Identification of other antifungal compounds produced by L. plantarum DR1-6-2 is need to be studied.
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Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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