Judul: Metode Single Drop pada Pembuatan Hidroksiapatit Berbasis Cangkang Telur
Abstrak: Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis hidroksiapatit dengan metode single drop. Prekursor kalsium yang digunakan berasal dari cangkang telur ayam, bebek, dan puyuh, serta untuk sumber fosfat menggunakan (NH4)2HPO4. Pada metode single drop dilakukan variasi waktu stirring yaitu 3 jam, 6 jam, 12 jam, 18 jam, dan 24 jam. Fasa dan struktur kristal dari hidroksiapatit dianalisa menggunakan X-Ray Diffractometer. Sampel yang disintesis dengan menggunakan metode single drop telah membentuk fasa hidroksiapatit, dan begitu pula sampel yang disintesis dengan metode kontrolnya, wise drop. Hidroksiapatit yang disintesis dengan metode single drop mempunyai nilai parameter kisi yang mendekati data JCPDS. Parameter kisi yang dihasilkan dari semua sampel hidroksiapatit mencapai nilai ketepatan lebih dari 99%. Ukuran kristal terbesar didapatkan dari sampel hidroksiapatit dengan sumber kalsium cangkang telur ayam yang dilakukan stirring selama 3 jam yaitu pada bidang (0 0 2) sebesar 50,63 nm, dan bidang (3 0 0) sebesar 51,78 nm. Lamanya waktu stirring memberikan pengaruh yang tidak signifikan terhadap pembentukan fasa dan struktur kristal hidroksiapatit. Kandungan gugus kompleks hidroksiapatit diidentifikasi menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Gugus yang terdapat dalam hidroksiapatit tersebut berupa OH-, PO43-, dan CO32-. Munculnya gugus CO32- diindikasikan adanya apatit karbonat tipe-B pada sampel.
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Judul: Sintesis Hidroksiapatit dari Cangkang Telur Ayam dalam Skala Massive menggunakan Metode Single Drop
Abstrak: This research was focused on the synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HA) in a massive scale using single drop method from eggshells and (NH4)2HPO4. Volume in single drop method was varied into 100 ml, 400 ml, 500 ml and 600 ml. The phase and crystaline structure of sample were characterized using XRD. Sample synthesized by single drop method formed hydroxyapatite phase with lattice parameter’s value close to JCPDS data with accuracy of more than 99%. Volume variation had no significant influence on the formation of hydroxyapatite phase. The content of hydroxyapatite functional groups were analyzed using FTIR and the functional groups observed in the sample were OH- , PO43-, and CO32-. CO32- were not member of HA forming groups. These groups appeared in the range of wave length of 1400-1460 cm-1. Therefore they were included into carbonate-apatite type B (CAB). CAB formation it self was caused by replacement of PO43- group by CO32- group while at low presipitation temperature. Massive production of HA can be conducted in volume of 600 ml which has the same phase as volume of 100 ml.
Keyword: volume, single drop, eggshells, Hydroxyapatite

Judul: Basis of Social Theories for Social Enterprises: Integrative Literature Review
Abstrak: Social enterprise is a hybrid organization aiming to achieve economic and social values that exist as an effective mechanism for creating value in the form of society, economy and environment. The development of social enterprise is considered to have contributed in increasing innovation as well as being a mechanism for ensuring economic development that is in line with social justice. However, the development of theory and study of social enterprise is still lagging behind in practice. The social enterprise conception is a conception that is still considered as a "young term" category in the social sciences and has not shown clear consistency linking social theories to the development of social enterprise. This study aims to identify the basic theories of social enterprise and social theories for social enterprise with used an integrated literature review approach with data sources from Scopus and ProQuest. The results of the study found that socio-economic theory is the basis for social enterprise theory. This study also found the linkages of 7 social theories for social enterprise and the mapping of social theory architecture for social enterprise which is studied on classical and contemporary social theories.
Keyword: integrative literature review, social economic, social enterprise, social theory