Judul: Isolation and Molecular Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Reared on Different Substrates
Abstrak: Usage of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) in livestock is banned due to the negative impact on the livestock productivity and consumers. Probiotic is an alternative for AGP providing microorganisms that give a benefit for health of the host. This study aims to isolate and molecularly identify the Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from digestive tract of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae in broiler manure and palm kernel meal as substrates, as probiotic candidates, using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. The active carbohydrate enzyme and types of secondary metabolites are predicted. The LAB isolates were morphologically identified including color and diameter of colony. Probiotic potency is observed by using antimicrobial test against pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium), and hemolysis activity. Three selected isolates were molecularly identified followed by construction of phylogenic tree. Identification of predicted carbohydrate enzymes and secondary metabolite types was analyzed from the closer relationship that has a complete genome. The pH value and result of antimicrobial test against pathogenic bacteria were analyzed by T-test using SPSS 25.0. Five isolates from BSF larvae reared on chicken manure substrate and three isolates from BSF larvae reared on palm kernel meal substrate were identified as gram-positive bacteria. Those had the pH value around 4.34 – 4.6 and 4.1 – 4.4, respectively. Isolates of LAB from BSF larvae reared on chicken manure and palm kernel meal substrates had inhibition zones against pathogenic bacteria (E. coli and S. typhimurium) which were not significantly different. The inhibition zone of LAB isolates from BSF larvae reared on chicken manure and palm kernel meal substrates against E. coli are categorized as strong and medium, respectively. Category of inhibition zone of all LAB isolates from BSF larvae reared on different substrates against S. typhimurium are medium. All isolates showed no hemolysis activity. By using 16S rRNA gene sequencing 3 isolates (A3, A4, and B1) is Enterococcus faecalis with their percentage of similarities, are 99.90%, 99.79%, and 100%. Isolate A4 is predicted to have active enzyme groups including Glycoside Hydrolase, while isolate B1 have grouped active enzymes including Glycoside Hydrolase, GlycosylTransferase, and Carbohydrate Esterase. The species have secondary metabolite types including Lanthipeptide class II and Cyclic lactone autoinducer. In conclusion, three isolates of which the isolation result of digestive tract from The isolate A3, A4, and B1 are potentially used as probiotics., Penggunaaan Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) di bidang peternakan dilarang dikarenakan adanya dampak negatif yang menyebabkan penurunan produktivitas ternak dan berpengaruh pada konsumen yang mengonsumsinya, sehingga diperlukan adanya alternatif sebagai pengganti AGP. Probiotik merupakan salah satu alternatif AGP dengan pemberian mikroorganisme hidup yang dapat menguntungkan bagi kesehatan inang. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi Bakteri Asam Laktat (BAL) dari saluran pencernaan larva Black Soldier Fly (BSF) yang dipelihara dari media feses ayam broiler dan bungkil sawit sebagai kandidat probiotik, serta mengidentifikasi molekuler isolat BAL menggunakan primer gen 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) dengan teknik Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Penelitian ini juga bertujuan mengidentifikasi prediksi enzim aktif karbohidrat dan senyawa metabolit sekuender melalui pendekatan kekerabatan berdasarkan urutan nukleotida. Isolat BAL diidentifikasi secara morfologi yaitu
Keyword: 16S rRNA gene, BSF larvae, chicken manure, lactic acid bacteria, palm kernel meal

Judul: Pembuatan Probiotik Bakteri Asam Laktat Enkapsulasi Asal Larva Black Soldier Fly dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Daya Simpan
Abstrak: Bakteri asam laktat sebagai kandidat probiotik dapat diisolasi dari larva black soldier fly. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat probiotik enkapsulasi asam laktat asal larva BSF, serta mengetahui pengaruh enkapsulasi terhadap viabilitas probiotik selama penyimpanan 12 minggu pada suhu ruang dan 4°C. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan pada penelitian untuk pengujian daya simpan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial dengan dua faktor perlakuan yaitu suhu penyimpanan dan waktu penyimpanan. Parameter yang diamati pada pengamatan daya simpan yaitu jumlah sel dan tingkat ketahanan sel. Kurva pertumbuhan isolat BAL asal larva BSF menunjukkan bahwa kultur bakteri dapat dipanen pada umur 16 jam untuk diproduksi sebagai probiotik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses enkapsulasi dapat mempertahankan viabilitas probiotik selama proses produksi. Probiotik BAL asal larva BSF yang dienkapsulasi memiliki populasi sebanyak 107 CFU g-1. Probiotik mampu mempertahankan viabilitas yang lebih baik pada penyimpanan suhu 4°C selama 4 minggu., Lactic acid bacteria as probiotic candidates can be isolated from black soldier fly larvae. The purpose of this study was to make lactic acid encapsulated probiotics from BSF larvae, and to determine the effect of encapsulation on probiotic viability during 12 weeks of storage at room temperature and 4°C. The experimental design used in the study to test storability was a factorial completely randomized design with two treatment factors, that is storage temperature and storage time. The parameters observed in the observation of storability are the number of cells and the level of cell resistance. The growth curve of LAB isolates from BSF larvae showed that bacterial cultures could be harvested at 16 hours of age to be produced as probiotics. The results showed that the encapsulation process could maintain the viability of probiotics during the production process. LAB probiotics from encapsulated BSF larvae had a population of 107 CFU g-1. Probiotics were able to maintain better viability at temperature of 4°C for 4 weeks of storage.
Keyword: BSF larvae, encapsulation, probiotic, storage, viability

Judul: Penggunaan Teorema Homeomorphy 2-Manifold dan Teorema Euler Poincare pada Torus 𝑇�� dan Simplicial Complex 𝐾��
Abstrak: Two dimensional topological spaces are said to be homeomorphic if they have the same topological invariant, where one of topological invariant used is an Euler characteristic. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem and Euler Poincare’s Theorem are used to distinguish two topological spaces. Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem uses Euler characteristic to identify two dimensional topological spaces. Euler Poincare’s Theorem is an alternative way to find Euler characteristic with Betti number, which is topological invariant as well. The objective of this paper is to investigate the homeomorphism of torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾�����. Topological space torus and simplicial complex 𝐾����� have the same Euler characteristic, which is two. Based on Homeomorphy 2-Manifold’s Theorem topological space torus 𝑇����� and simplicial complex 𝐾����� is homeomorphic.
Keyword: simplicial, torus, Euler, homeomorphism, topology