Judul: Imbibition Method and The Determination of the Tetrazolium Assay Staining Pattern for the Detection of Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri) Seed Viability
Abstrak: Uji tetrazolium (TTZ) merupakan pengujian cepat viabilitas yang sudah banyak digunakan pada benih komoditas pertanian. Pada benih porang masih belum dilakukan pengujian tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan metode imbibisi dan lama inkubasi pengujian TTZ benih porang. Pola warna ditentukan melalui klasifikasi berdasarkan topografi pada benih yang diketahui sangat berpengaruh terhadap viabilitas benih porang. Percobaan pertama dilakukan dengan menentukan metode imbibisi dan lama inkubasi. Metode imbibisi yang digunakan adalah pelembaban dan perendaman selama 24 jam. Benih dibelah menjadi dua bagian tidak sampai terputus sebelum diinkubasi. Inkubasi dalam larutan TTZ dilakukan dalam konsentrasi 1% pada suhu 40 0C selama 1 jam, 2 jam, 3 jam dan 4 jam. Percobaan kedua bertujuan mengetahui laju imbibisi benih porang selama pelembaban. Percobaan ketiga bertujuan mengevaluasi uji TTZ untuk uji viabilitas benih porang pada beberapa lot benih. Percobaan ketiga menggunakan tiga lot benih yakni lot Madiun 1, Madiun 2 dan Purwokerto. Ketiga lot diuji secara fisiologis dan uji TTZ yang kemudian dikorelasikan. Metode terbaik untuk uji TTZ adalah pelembaban dengan aquades selama 24 jam dan inkubasi dalam larutan TTZ selama 4 jam. Evaluasi pola pewarnaan untuk deteksi viabilitas didapatkan masing-masing 9 pola warna benih viabel dan 9 pola warna benih non-viabel. Hasil pengujian menggunakan pola warna yang didapat belum menunjukkan korelasi erat dengan mutu fisiologis., The tetrazolium test (TTZ) is a rapid viability test that has been widely used in agricultural commodity seeds. The test has not yet been carried out on porang seeds. This study aims to determine the imbibition method and the incubation period for porang seed TTZ testing. The color pattern is determined through a classification based on the topography of the seeds which are known to greatly affect the viability of porang seeds. The first experiment was carried out by determining imbibition method and incubation time. The imbibition method used was moistening and soaking for 24 hours. Seeds are split into two halves before incubation. Incubation in TTZ solution was carried out in a concentration of 1% at 40 0C for 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours and 4 hours. The second experiment aimed to determine the imbibition rate of porang seeds during moistening. The third experiment was aimed at evaluating the TTZ test to test the viability of porang seeds in several seed lots. The third experiment used three seed lots, namely Madiun 1, Madiun 2, and Purwokerto lots. All three lots were tested physiologically and the TTZ test were then correlated. The best method for the TTZ test is moistening with distilled water for 24 hours and incubation in TTZ solution for 4 hours. Evaluation of staining patterns for viability detection obtained 9 color patterns of viable seeds and 9 color patterns of non-viable seeds respectively. The test results using the color patterns obtained have not shown a close correlation with physiological quality.
Keyword: mutu benih, laju imbibisi, lama inkubasi, poliembrioni, struktur benih

Judul: Staining Pattern on Tetrazolium Test of Sesame Seed (Sesamum indicum L.) for Viability and Vigor Detection
Abstrak: Penelitian pola pewarnaan pada uji tetrazolium benih wijen yang sudah dilakukan terbatas pada kriteria viabel dan non viabel. Uji tetrazolium untuk deteksi vigor benih wijen saat ini belum dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menentukan pola-pola pewarnaan struktur internal benih wijen pada uji tetrazolium untuk menduga benih akan berkecambah dengan kriteria normal kuat, normal lemah, abnormal, dan mati dalam mendeteksi vigor benih. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober 2022 hingga Maret 2023 di Laboratorium Ilmu dan Teknologi Benih, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Fakultas Pertanian, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Penelitian terdiri atas dua percobaan. Percobaan pertama menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak dua faktor yaitu faktor pertama adalah lama imbibisi (15 jam, 17 jam, 19 jam) dan faktor kedua adalah perendaman larutan tetrazolium (5 jam, 6 jam, 7 jam). Percobaan kedua menggunakan rancangan kelompok lengkap teracak dengan satu faktor perlakuan yang terdiri atas lima tingkat viabilitas benih. Waktu yang optimal dalam uji tetrazolium adalah 15 jam imbibisi dengan akuades dan 5 jam perendaman dalam larutan 1% tetrazolium. Pengujian ini menghasilkan 17 pola pewarnaan yang dikelompokkan menjadi empat kelompok yaitu satu pola normal kuat (NK), lima pola normal lemah (NL), empat pola abnormal (Ab) dan tujuh pola mati (M). Nilai koefisien korelasi erat (r=0,843) dan sangat nyata (P-value < 0,01) diperoleh antara daya berkecambah dengan pola pewarnaan normal (NK+NL) pada uji tetrazolium. Nilai R2 antara daya berkecambah dengan pola pewarnaan normal sebesar 0,711. Pola pewarnaan yang dihasilkan dapat digunakan untuk menguji viabilitas benih yaitu daya berkecambah, namun belum dapat digunakan untuk menguji vigor benih wijen., Research on staining patterns in sesame seed tetrazolium tests that have been carried out is limited to viable and non-viable criteria. The tetrazolium test for vigor detection of sesame seeds has not currently been performed. This study aims to determine the staining patterns of the internal structure of sesame seeds in the tetrazolium test to suspect that seeds will germinate with normal strong, normal weak, abnormal, and dead criteria in detecting seed vigor. The research was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023 at the Seed Science and Technology Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University. The study consisted of two experiments. The first trial used a two-factor randomized complete group design: the first factor was the length of imbibition (15 hours, 17 hours, 19 hours) and the second factor was the soaking of tetrazolium solution (5 hours, 6 hours, 7 hours). The second experiment used a randomized complete group design with one treatment factor consisting of five levels of seed viability. The optimal time in the tetrazolium test is 15 hours of imbibition with aqueous and 5 hours of immersion in 1% tetrazolium solution. This test produced 17 coloring patterns grouped into four groups, namely one high vigor pattern (NK), five low vigor patterns (NL), four abnormal patterns (Ab) and seven dead patterns (M). The value of the close correlation coefficient (r = 0.843) and very real (P-value < 0.01) was obtained between germination and normal staining pattern (NK + NL) in the tetrazolium test. The R2 value between germination and the normal staining pattern is 0.711. The
Keyword: germination test, low vigor, staining pattern

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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