Judul: Application of Electro-osmosis for Dewatering of Sludge from Leachet Water of Final Disposal and Sludge from Drinking Water Treatment.
Abstrak: Liquid waste as part of residual activities of human life bring many problems that necessary to be treated within a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) before released to the environment. However the liquid waste treatment still produces a semi-solid residue which known as sludge. As a semi-solid material and derived from a variety of mixed waste, sludge is difficult to be transported and still contains harmful substances to the environment. Therefore, it needs a technology to reduce the water content in sludge to make it easily transported and to reduce the levels of the harmful substances. One method that has been introduced is electro-osmosis. Basic principle of this technology is to provide an electrical current in a water-saturated media. It will attract water molecules that cover the cations or anions in the media toward the opposite pole. The dewatering research with an electro-osmosis technique used two types of sludges, one taken from the WWTP of Final Disposal Bantar Gebang and the other one from the Bogor Regional Water Company. This study was designed at a bench scale with two different treatments that is pair of electrodes and voltage. The instruments that used consist of: (1) box from acrylic material with length, width and height of 30 x 10 x 8 cm and 0.5 mm thick, (2) the positive electrode is graphite material and the negative consist of copper, stainless steel and stainless steel gauze, (3) cable connecting the electrical current and (4) a power supply with voltage of 20, 30, and 35 V. Sludge was placed in the acrylic box. After electroosmosis treatment finished, slugde was cut crosswise into 4 cm thick slices, and be analyzed chemically. The dewatering process with electro-osmosis method can be conducted on the type of final disposal sludge but not on the type of Regional Water Company sludge. Electro-osmosis can lower the water content of sludge from 1200% to 400-600% within 50 hours. The most effective voltage in dewatering with electroosmosis is within 30 volts. Pair of graphite electrodes and copper have an equal ability to the pair of graphite and stainless steel electrodes, and still more superior than graphite electrode and stainless steel gauze pair. Electro-osmosis process can reduce levels of the unsure in the sludge.
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Judul: Pengomposan Lumpur Pengolahan Air dengan Limbah Pertanian
Abstrak: Water treatment sludge (WTS) contains organic and inorganic solids including algae, pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, sand, clay, and sediment of chemicals that were formed during processing. The main concerns of direct disposal of WTS is the potential toxicity of iron and aluminum from alum and ferric chloride as the primary coagulant used, and also heavy metals content such as Pb, and Zn. Organic and inorganic materials, especially metals contained in sludge are generally labile / unstable which is a concern when exposed to the water bodies or soil. The purposes of this study were (1) to apply composting techniques to WTS as an alternative of sludge handling and to minimize negative impacts on the environment, (2) to analyze the influence of composting process on the quality of sludge in the form of compost material produced, (3) to analyze the quality of the produced compost based on national compost standard of SNI 19-7030- 2004. The composting process used three different WTS from three different water treatment plants. Natural static pile composting method that carried out for 60 days was used in this study. Temperature changes of compost piles which were monitored daily showed that the compost pile undergoing a process of well degradation by microorganisms. This degradation process was stabilizing the concentration of macro and micro elements including heavy metals in the compost pile. Those were shown by the increase and stabilization of macro elements such as C, N, K, and P. The results also showed that composting process can be used to decrease the concentration of metal such as Fe, Al, and Pb. The composting process worked well and produced composts which comply with the compost quality standard. Based on the results obtained, the produced compost can be justified to contain nutrient which is applicable as soil conditioner.
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Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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