Judul: Contract Farming Pattern In Salt Farming (Case Study Sumenep, Madura-East Java)
Abstrak: Salt is one of the strategically important commodity, because it is used as an industrial raw materials and foodstuffs needed by almost all people. Geographically, Indonesia has natural resources that support the needs of national salt. Indonesia is a maritime country with a vast ocean of 70 percent (5.8 million km2) of the total area. In addition, Indonesia is also a country with the second longest coastline in the world along 95 181 km and has the potential land that could be used as a salt pond area of 34 000 hectares (Balitbang KKP, 2012), is currently only 20 000 hetares are being used. The fundamental problem for most salt farmers in Sumenep is salt production and the quality is still low. Of course this affects the position of farmers in determining the quality and price of the salt it self (Suherman et al, 2011). This was caused by several factors there are limitations of technology used, methods applied, access to capital and market information is still very minimal. Position of farmers that only as a producer, it caused the midlle men dominate in the salt marketing. Relationship between farmers and middle men are not only in marketing, but also in the capital. Therefore, farmers rely on merchants collectors, this reliance made salt farmers do not have a good bargaining position. The impacts of inequality occurs no one benefit and the other one gets lose. One of way that can be done to increase the bargaining power of farmers is through building institutional contract farming (Vermulen and Cotula, 2011). This study aims to (1) To analyze the pattern of cooperation has been carried out by salt farmers with some related sides, (2) Formulate and recommend an appropriate model of contract farming institutions in order to increase the bargaining position dan the welfare of salt farmers. Sampling methods are done intentionally (purposive sampling). The analysis of the data used, is descriptive analysis that aims to describe how the characteristics of the doers, described the mechanism of the existing pattern of cooperation, and the costs incurred for the creation of contract farming pattern. For describe statistical describe of the average amount of salt production and data of average price of sales price of salt by using tabulation. Revenue analysis is done to measure the success of farm. Total farm income is the difference between the total revenue expenditure total. To know whether the models contract farming are built worth or not worth doing analysis Benefit-Cost Ratio (B/C). To measure efficiency levels used transaction cost analysis. Transaction costs are the costs incurred in conducting economic transactions. Generally, according to the North & Thomas in Anggraini (2005), the general components of transaction costs that will be taken into account in the salt business includes: (1) the cost to get information, such as information about the price, salt quality and variance of salt that based on quality, (2) contracting costs, how much it cost to legalize the contract, (3) the cost of implementation, cost incurred to do a contract/transaction. The result showed that the forms of cooperation
Keyword: Salt farming, Bargaining position, Contract farming

Judul: Marketing analysis of salt in Sumenep Dsitrict, East Java
Abstrak: Sumenep District is one of salt producing areas in Indonesia. Salt plays an important role in almost all industrial processes and production because salt does not have a substitute good, therefore salt becomes a strategic commodity. So far, the link of the salt chain trade system is controlled by several companies, where downstream activities are dominated by large -scale industry with strong network while upstream activities are dominated by salt management activities with simple technology (Ministry of Marine and Fisheries, 2012). In the marketing process, farmers are conditioned as marginal salt producers which cannot contribute, both in price determination and the technical determination of the quality of the salt produced. This is due to the limited access for farmer to get the information about quality and price developments that make the majority of farmers to have weak bargaining position then finally have the tendency to be the price taker. This condition then becomes worse because of other factors such as limited facility and infrastructure, limited access to capital, and limited access to enter the market that lead farmers to limitation choice for marketing channels. Based on the condition above, author expects that the salt marketing in Sumenep today is inefficient. Therefore, Analysis of salt marketing by using structure, conduct and performance (SCP) approach is needed. This study aims to analyze the structure, conduct and performance of salt market in Sumenep. Research locations were selected intentionally (purposive), while respondents were randomly selected (simple random sampling) through their marketing chain. The analysis showed that the salt marketing in Sumenep is inefficient, unfair and not transparent. It is concluded by structure, conduct, and performance approach of the salt market. Structure analysis indicated that the market structure of the salt industry in Sumenep tends to be oligopsonistic. It is inferred from several indicators: (a) the unbalanced number of participants (between sellers and buyers) in the market, (b) high market concentration which dominated by few competitors, (c) the existence of barriers to entry the market, from the capital, networks, licensing to technology. Conduct analysis for the market suggested that there is a dominant institution for marketing activities; the processing company. Cooperation and dishonest practices also occur in the marketing process. Dishonest practices can be seen from (a) the collective traders are also agents (accomplices) of a company, ( b) the salt sale does not accompanied by accurate weighing (c) dominant price is determined by these marketing agencies. Market performance analysis showed that the salt marketing is not yet efficient. Uneven profit with the remuneration in the marketing functions performed, the low farmer share in all channels (≤20%), and also the unintegrated market, both in the short run and long run become the causal factor why the increasing price in the retail level can not be transmitted to the farm level.
Keyword: small holding salt farmers, structure, conduct, performance

Judul: Infeksi Virus Parainfluenza Pada Anjing
Abstrak: Virus parainfluenza anjing termasuk famili Paramyxoviridae, berbentuk pleomorf dengan ukuran bervariasi (bergaris tengah antara 100-500 nm), berpembungkus peka ether, berisi genom RNA dan secara serologis mempunyai kesamaan dengan virus SV-5 kera; dikenak sebagai salah satu kausa penting dari sindrom "kennel cough". Infeksinya dapat mengenai anjing semua umur yang belum pernah terinfeksi atau mendapatkan vaksinasi mengakibatkan gejala klinis ringan yang terbatas pada traktus respirasi atu infeksi yang secara klinis tidak memperlihatkan gejala nyata. Gejala klinis yang nampak setelah masa inkubasi (1-5 hari) terlewati berupa batuk yang tidak berat selama beberapa hari, berbagai tingkat tonsilitis dan pharyngitis dan kadang-kadang ditemukan kenaikan temperatur rektal antara 1-2 derajat C dari temperatur normal rat-rata. Anjing terinfeksi mengandung virus pada traktus respirasi bagian atas dan bawah serta limfonoduli sampai hari ke 9 setelah infeksi. Penyebaran virus antar anjing terjadi secara aerogen.
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