Judul: Natrium lignosulfonat sebagai agen pendispersi pada mortar
Abstrak: Lignosulphonate, a modification product of lignin waste from pulp and paper industry can be used as water reducer in mortar mixture. This substance can influence the mechanical characteristic of mortar such as diameter of flow, flexural strength, compressive strength, and setting time of cement paste. Lignosulphonate shows it function as dispersant on cement hydration at 3 days that analyzed with x-ray difractometer. Research result show that flow of fresh mortar rise with increase concentration (from weight of cement) of synthetic sodium lignosulphonate (NaLS). It show that mortar homogenity also increasing. The result of flexural strength and compressive strength test use synthetic NaLS 0.1-0.3% from weight of cement show that addition synthetic NaLS 0.2% is the best result because it has the biggest of flexural strenght and compressive strength value. Initial setting time of cement paste increase, about 50% with addition of synthetic NaLS 0.2%. Whereas the final setting time decrease, about 8%. Cement hydration test show increase hydration product peak, Ca(OH)2 dan calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H).
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Judul: Pemanfaatan Karet Alam Sebagai Aditif Pada Mortar Untuk Meningkatkan Mutu Jalan Semen Beton
Abstrak: Nowadays, natural rubber consumption in Indonesia is relatively low. By diversification of natural rubber uses as additional mixture for concrete road is expected to increase its consumption. At this time, concrete road doesn’t use latex, so it will less flexible and susceptible to crack. Also this matter can’t make concrete road comfortable to use. Therefore, with admixture of latex to the cement may be able to increase flexural strength. The objectives of this research were to know type and dose of stabilizing agent for suitable admixture of latex and cement, and to know the effect of type of latex and rubber dose as additional mixture for mortar. This research consisted of two steps. First step was preliminary research which used type (Emal, Emulgen and Casein) and dose (1, 3, 5 and 7%) of stabilizing agents to determine a suitable admixture of latex and cement. Second step was main research where the effects of latex on mortar was determined. Types of latex tried were Centrifuge Latex (LP), Double Centrifuge Latex (LDS) and Deproteinized Natural Rubber Latex (LDPNR). Rubber doses of 0 (control), 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 were used. When latex was mixed with cement, it agglomerated. Therefore, suitable type and dose of stabilizing agent was needed. The best stabilizing agent was Casein of 7% because it could maintain the setting time to almost 210 minutes. This combination was used in main research. The highest initial weight was obtained from LDS, i.e. 261.25 g, whereas final weight, i.e. 266.70 g. Rubber dose of 1% gave the highest initial weight, i.e. 268.70 g and final weight, i.e. 272.83 g. Final weight would be heavier than initial weight. The more rubber dose used in mixture mortar, the less weight of mortar produced. Mortar added by latex showed lighter weight than its control. LDS gave a significant effect on mortar’s compressive strength, whereas LDPNR didn’t have significant effect. LDS gave the highest compressive strength, i.e. 176.60 kg/cm2. Rubber dose of 1% gave the highest compressive strength, i.e. 200.67 kg/cm2. The more rubber dose used, the less compressive strength of mortar produced. LDS gave highest flexural strength than LP and LDPNR, i.e. 33.62 kg/cm2. Rubber dose of 1%, i.e. 36.77 kg/cm2 gave the highest flexural strength. LDS dose of 7% gave the highest flexural strength, but its compressive strength was low. Therefore, to produce strong and flexible mortar could be used LDS with dose of 1%.
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Judul: Ragam jenis ektoparasit burung tekukur (Streptopelia chinensis) dan burung puter (Streptopelia bitorquata) di penangkaran
Abstrak: Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove are the bird species that are easily raised in captivity. Nevertheless, good management is required to successfully breed and raise the birds in captivity; otherwise, the condition may endanger the sustainability of the two bird species. Information on ectoparasites on the bodies of this bird as well as their captivity breeding has not been available, although admittedly taking ectoparasites from these bird families has much been done so that a research is obviously needed. This study aimed to find out various kinds of Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove ectoparasites and to learn various kinds of parasitic insects around the Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove cages. The study was conducted from April to June 2010. The methods of data collection included the general condition of the location, collection of ectoparasites specimens, processing and specimens identification. The data analysis was done descriptively and tabulated with the degree of infestation. The kinds of ectoparasites from the class of insects found in the body of Spotted dove were Goniocotes sp. and Columbicola columbae of phthiraptera order and Pseudolynchia canariensis of diptera order, and arachnida class, that is, tungau from the pterolichidae family. In terms of ectoparasites, Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove were similar, except that Javan turtle dove had no Pseudolynchia canariensis. Goniocotes sp. and Columbicola columbae were mallopaga order (biting lice) and were obligate. The kinds of parasitic insects in the vicinity of Spotted dove and Javan turtle dove cages were from the Ordo Diptera. The diptera classified as parasites included Anopheles, Culex, Psychodidae, Culicoides and Simulium, most of them vectors of disease. The presence of ectoparasites was closely related to how a breeding place is managed.
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