Judul: Analisis Dampak Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) terhadap Ekspor Kopi Indonesia ke Negara Tujuan Ekspor Utama
Abstrak: Dewasa ini, perdagangan internasional mengalami hambatan baik tarif maupun non tarif. Negara- negara pelaku perdagangan cenderung memberlakukan tindakan Non Tarif Measures (NTMs). Kebijakan NTMs yang paling banyak diberlakukan adalah Sanitary and Phitosanitary (SPS) dan Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT). Salah satu ekspor potensial Indonesia yang menghadapi hambatan NTMs yaitu komoditi kopi. Beberapa negara tujuan utama ekspor kopi antara lain Amerika Serikat, Kanada, Jepang, Thailand, Singapura, China, dan Malaysia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak NTMs terhadap ekspor komoditi kopi Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan yakni pendekatan inventory (coverage ratio dan frequency index) dan model gravity. Hasil pendekatan inventory menunjukkan Amerika Serikat sebagai negara yang memberlakukan NTMs terbanyak. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan SPS dan TBT berpengaruh nyata terhadap ekspor kopi dengan koefisien negatif sebesar 0.001 dan 0.004.
Keyword: kopi, model gravity, NTMs, SPS, TBT

Judul: Analysis of Non-Tariff Measures and Factors  Affecting Indonesian Coffee Exports to Destination Countries
Abstrak: Kopi merupakan salah satu komoditas ekspor unggulan subsektor perkebunan di Indonesia namun pertumbuhan ekspor kopi menunjukkan kecenderungan yang menurun. Negara-negara tujuan ekspor aktif memberlakukan tindakan Non Tarif Measures (NTMs) berupa kebijakan Sanitary and Phitosanitary (SPS) dan Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) yang disinyalir menjadi hambatan perdagangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kinerja ekspor kopi Indonesia dan pemberlakuan NTMs serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi ekspor kopi Indonesia ke negara tujuan. Metode yang digunakan yaitu analisis pendekatan inventory dan model gravity dengan series tahun 2010-2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kinerja perdagangan kopi Indonesia berfluktuatif dan tidak menunjukkan peningkatan pertumbuhan ekspor yang signifikan. Pemberlakuan tindakan NTMs terbanyak adalah SPS. Hasil estimasi gravity panel menunjukkan bahwa GDP negara pengekspor, nilai tukar, jarak ekonomi, dan coverage ratio SPS berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan. Sedangkan GDP negara pengimpor, populasi negara pengekspor, populasi negara pengimpor, dan coverage ratio TBT berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap ekspor kopi Indonesia., Coffee is one of the leading export commodities of the plantation sub-sector in Indonesia, however coffee export growth shows a downward trend. Export destination countries actively impose Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) in the form of Sanitary and Phitosanitary (SPS) and Technical Barrier to Trade (TBT) policies which are alleged to be trade barriers. This study aims to analyze the performance of Indonesian coffee exports and the application of NTMs and the factors that influence Indonesian coffee exports to destination countries. The method used is an analysis of the inventory approach and gravity model with the 2010-2019 series. The results showed that the performance of the Indonesian coffee trade fluctuated and did not show a significant increase in export growth. The most NTMs were enforced by SPS. The estimation results of the gravity panel show that the GDP of the exporting country, the exchange rate, economic distance, and the SPS coverage ratio have a negative and significant effect. Meanwhile, the GDP of the importing country, the population of the exporting country, the population of the importing country, and the TBT coverage ratio have a positive and significant effect on Indonesia's coffee exports
Keyword: ekspor, kopi, model gravity, NTMs, pendekatan inventory, export, coffee, gravity model, NTMs, inventory approach

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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