Judul: Pengaruh Kuersetin, Rutin, Morin, dan Karmin pada  Fibrilasi Protein Prion Pendekatan In Vitro
Abstrak: The conversion of the α-helical, cellular isoform of the prion (PrPC) to the insoluble, β-sheet-rich, infectious, disease-causing isoform (PrPSc) is the fundamental event in the prion diseases which is related Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. Natural compounds are major sources of small molecule amyloid inhibitors and have been identified with great bioactivities. This study purposed to identify the effects of quercetin, morin, rutin, and carmine as natural compounds on the process of protein fibrillation in a neurodegenerative disease. Thioflavin T (ThT) was used as extrinsic fluorophore on fibrillation detection to determine the effect of bioactive compounds to the fibrillation, followed by Tryptophan as residue that used as intrinsic fluorophore (ITF) and Congo Red as chromophore. This study showed that quercetin has the greatest effect on protein fibrillation both in preincubated and incubated, in ratio 1:5 and 3:5 with around 41% and 44% reduction, respectively, compared to other natural compounds. In conclusion, the role of natural compounds on protein fibrillation showed that quercetin, rutin, morin, and carmine, which have been shown to be effective, may be used in the future development to prevent and disaggregate prion fibrillation in neurodegenerative diseases.
Keyword: Congo Red, neurodegenerative disease, prion (PrPC ), ThT

Judul: The Effect of PfDHFR-TS 3D Protein Structure Mutations on Binding of Drug Candidates: Molecular Docking Study
Abstrak: Plasmodium falciparum adalah jenis parasit malaria yang menyerang manusia dengan infeksi paling parah. Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (PfDHFR-TS) adalah pasangan enzim yang bertanggung jawab atas infeksi di dalam sel darah manusia. Mutasi double dan quadruple asam amino pada domain protein DHFR menyebabkan resistansi terhadap pyrimethamine dan cycloguanil sebagai antifolat. Penambatan molekul digunakan pada antifolat untuk mengkaji pengaruh mutasi protein PfDHFR. Penambatan molekul digunakan pula pada 137 senyawa aktif tanaman untuk memperoleh senyawa yang memiliki potensi menghambat protein yang belum termutasi (wild-type) dan telah termutasi (mutan). Penambatan molekul menggunakan parameter seperti energi bebas Gibbs, ikatan hidrogen dan interaksi hidrofobik untuk menentukan afinitas pengikatan senyawa aktif pada protein. Enam senyawa aktif yaitu korupensamine a, dihydrousambarensine, cryptoquindoline, lactupicrin, cryptolepicarboline dan artoindonesianin a-2 memiliki pengikatan kuat pada protein wild-type dan mutan PfDHFR., Plasmodium falciparum is a type of malaria parasite that attacks humans with the most severe infection. Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (PfDHFR-TS) is an enzyme pair responsible for infection in human blood cells. Double and quadruple amino acid mutations in the DHFR protein domain cause resistance to pyrimethamine and cycloguanil as antifolates. Molecular docking was carried out on antifolates to study the effect of mutations in the PfDHFR protein. Molecular docking was also carried out on 137 plant active compounds to obtain compounds that have potential to inhibit wild-type and mutant protein. Molecular docking uses parameters such as Gibbs free energy, hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interaction to determine the binding affinity of the active compounds to the protein. Six active compounds such as korupensamine a, dihydrousambarensine, cryptoquindoline, lactupicrin, cryptolepicarboline and artoindonesianin a-2 have strong binding to wild type and mutant PfDHFR protein.
Keyword: binding affinity, molecular docking, mutation, Plasmodium falciparum

Judul: Ornithonyssus Bursa (Berlese, 1888) Famili Macronyssidae yang Menyerang Unggas Dan Penaggulangannnya
Abstrak: Ornithonyssus bursa adalah tungau penghisap darah pada unggas di daerah tropis dan subtropis. Tungau ini relatif kecil, dengan panjang tubuh antara 700-1000 mikron dan lebarnya 250-490 mikron. Tubuhnya bulat berwarna coklat kekuningan sebelum menghisap darh dan berwarna merah setelah menghisap darah dari induk semangnya.
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