Judul: Shallot Farming Income in Three Production Centers in Indonesia: A Comparative Analysis
Abstrak: Bawang merah merupakan tanaman sayuran jenis umbi-umbian semusim dengan tingkat produksi dan konsumsi yang relatif tinggi dalam lima tahun terakhir. Tiga daerah sentra penghasil bawang merah di Indonesia yaitu Provinsi Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur dan Nusa Tenggara Barat. Harga komoditas yang berfluktuatif dan kondisi agroklimat yang berbeda memengaruhi struktur biaya dan pendapatan usahatani bawang merah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik petani, struktur biaya, penerimaan, pendapatan dan balas jasa usahatani bawang merah di ketiga daerah sentra produksi. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dengan jumlah sampel petani bawang merah sebanyak 1.092 petani. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisis struktur biaya, penerimaan, pendapatan, R/C rasio, return to total capital, return to farm equity capital dan return to land. Hasil analisis menunjukkan rata-rata pendapatan usahatani bawang merah di ketiga daerah sentra bernilai positif dan nilai R/C rasio lebih besar dari satu yang menunjukkan usahatani layak untuk diusahakan. Begitu juga dengan hasil analisis return to total capital, return to farm equity capital dan return to land menunjukkan bahwa usahatani bawang merah di ketiga daerah sentra menguntungkan., Shallot are an annual root vegetable crop with relatively high production and consumption levels in the last five years. The three shallot producing centers in Indonesia are Central Java, East Java and West Nusa Tenggara. Fluctuating commodity prices and different agro-climatic conditions affect the cost structure and income of shallot farming. This study aims to determine the characteristics of farmers, cost structure, revenue, income and compensation for shallot farming in the three production centers. The data used is secondary data with a sample of 1,092 shallot farmers. The analytical method used is the analysis of the cost structure, revenue, income, R/C ratio, return to total capital, return to farm equity capital and return to land. The results of the analysis show that the average income of shallot farming in the three regional centers is positive and the R/C ratio is greater than one which indicates farming is feasible. Likewise, the results of the analysis of return to total capital, return to farm equity capital and return to land show that shallot farming in the three regional centers is profitable.
Keyword: shallot, central area, income, comparison

Judul: Farming Income Analysis Shallots in the province of East Java
Abstrak: Bawang merah merupakan komoditas hortikultura dengan laju konsumsi tertinggi di Indonesia. Terdapat beberapa daerah yang menghasilkan produksi yang tinggi salah satunya adalah Jawa Timur yang menduduki posisi tertinggi kedua setelah Jawa Tengah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pendapatan dan struktur biaya usahatani bawang merah di Provinsi Jawa Timur. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder yang bersumber dari Sensus Pertanian 2013: Survei Rumah Tangga Usaha Tanaman Hortikultura Tahun 2014 yang dilakukan oleh Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). Jumlah sampel petani bawang merah sebanyak 1.571 petani. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisis struktur biaya, penerimaan, pendapatan, dan R/C rasio usahatani bawang merah pada musim kemarau dan musim penghujan. Proporsi biaya produksi terbesar adalah biaya benih yakni mencapai 38,95 persen saat musim kemarau dan 39,60 persen saat musim penghujan. Pendapatan petani bawang merah, baik atas biaya tunai maupun atas biaya total, pada musim kemarau dan musim hujan bernilai positif. Pendapatan atas biaya tunai usahatani bawang merah di Jawa Timur pada musim kemarau (Rp47.467.450 per hektare) lebih besar dibandingkan pada musim penghujan (Rp29.817.750 per hektare). Begitu juga dengan return to total capital saat musim kemarau lebih besar (82,62%) dibandingkan saat musim penghujan (61,40%). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa usahatani bawang merah mampu memberikan imbalan bagi petani. Hasil analisis R/C rasio menunjukkan bahwa usahatani saat musim kemarau lebih efisien dibandingkan musim penghujan., Shallots is horticultural commodities with the highest consumption rate in Indonesia. There are several areas that produce high production, one of which is East Java which occupies the second highest position after Central Java. The purpose of this study was to analyze the revenue and cost structure of shallot farming in the province of East Java. The data is secondary data from Sensus Pertanian 2013: Survei Rumah Tangga Usaha Tanaman Hortikultura Tahun 2014 has been done by Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). There are 1.571 farmers who are the sample in this study. The analytical method consists of cost structure analysis, revenues, income, and the R/C ratio of shallot farming in two seasons (dry season and rainy season). The largest cost in shallot farming is the cost of seeds, reaching 38,95 percent in the dry season and 39,60 percent during the rainy season. The income of shallot farmers (both cash and total costs) in the both seasons is positive. The cash income of shallot farming in East Java in the dry season (Rp47.467.450/hectare) is greater than in the rainy season (Rp29.817.750/hectare). Likewise, the return to total capital in the dry season is greater (82,62%) than in the rainy season (61,40%). This means that shallot farming is able to provide rewards for farmers. The last point, R/C ratio shows that shallot farming in the dry season is more efficient than the rainy season.
Keyword: Cost Structure, Income, R/C Ratio, Shallot Farming

Judul: Metrik Einstein (Anti-) Self-Dual Berdimensi Empat dengan Metode Cartan
Abstrak: Gravitational field equation can be formulated in differential forms (differential geometry), which describes gravity as a manifestation of the curvature of space-time. Curvature of space-time is characterized by a metric that satisfies the gravitational field equation. With differential forms it can be formulated the (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation, which is a modification of the Cartan structure in (anti-) self-dual basis. Calculation of (anti-) self-dual metric with (anti-) self-dual Einstein equation is simpler than the calculation using Christoffel symbols.
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