Judul: Morphological and molecular analysis of jatropha curcas l.related to aluminum stress as a preliminary study to develop transgenic plant
Abstrak: As a response to a progressive price increase of fossil based oil in the world, various initiatives to develop a reliable source of renewable energy become a major global attention. One potentially promising option is biofuel since these are derived from biomass. Biofuel crops should be planted on land that is considered marginal. A crop that is often cited as ideal for growing on marginal land including acid soil with high Al solubility, is the physic nut, Jatropha curcas. However, the major problem of the plant cultivation in acid soil is the decreasing productivity. Jatropha plants are not, by nature, tolerant to Al stress. A promising approach to overcome this limitation is to develop a transgenic Jatropha plant that can withstand to severe Alstress. Thus it is possible to use TaALMT (Triticum aestivum Al-activated malate transporter 1) gene which encodes the member of a novel membrane protein family that functions as an anion channel to mediate malate efflux from plant roots cells in the presence of extracellular Al3+. Investigating the physiology and molecular basis of Al-stress tolerance during seedling development is an essential prerequisite before developing Al-tolerant Jatropha plant by genetic engineering. Among six populations of Jatropha curcas L., IP-2P population could be categorized as slightly tolerant to Al stress, but it had uniform seed viability, and high productivity character which became the reason to use it as a plant material to develop transgenic Jatropha plant. For preliminary study, J. curcas IP-2P was choosen to be used for gene expression analysis by Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT PCR). To normalize mRNA expression in the gene expression analysis we used actin gene. Because there is no information of actin gene nucleotide sequence from J. curcas we isolated Jatropha actin (JcACT) by PCR. Three cDNA of actin genes from J. curcas L. IP-2P had been isolated. The analysis revealed that Al stress induced ALMT transcript accumulation both in roots and leaves of non transgenic J. curcas IP-2P. Low pH treatment alone could also induce transcript accumulation both in the root apices and leaf but at lower rates than that observed for Al. This result indicated that response of Jatropha seedlings were not specific to Al stress but also low-pH stress. The TaALMT gene was successfully introduced into Jatropha curcas L. IP-2P via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Two putative transformant shoots were regenerated following selection on the bispyribac-containing medium. The presence of the transgene in the genome of transgenic plants was confirmed by PCR. The results indicated that the exogenous TaALMT1 gene was successfully integrated into the genome of J. curcas IP-2P plants.
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Judul: Genetic analysis of morpho-agronomic characters of selectively-bred jatropha (Jatropha curcas L.) based on quantitative and molecular approaches.
Abstrak: The recent scarcity of fuel has stimulated many efforts to remove dependence on petroleum oil by finding alternative sources of new and renewable energy so that its availability can be predicted and renewable. Jatropha curcas L. has been chosen as a source of biofuel that has an important role as a petroleum oil substitute, especially for producing biodiesel, as Jatropha seeds have an oil content of up to 35% with oleic acid and linoleic as the main components. This renders Jatropha seeds suitable for use as a biofuel. Development of Jatropha as a biofuel is still hindered by the lack of variety which is economically profitable. Possible efforts for the development of Jatropha in Indonesia include: exploration of Jatropha plants from various regions of Indonesia, introducing the plants from abroad and plant breeding. The purpose of this study was to understand the genetic diversity of the parental and the first generation (F1) Jatropha plants based on morphological and molecular markers. More over was to investigate the correlation between morpho-agronomic traits on the seed productivity and the oil content of the second generation (F2), as well as to obtain potential candidates of Jatropha genotypes producing seeds with high content of oil and high seed productivity. The experiment was conducted at the Biotech Center, BPPT and Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University from November 2011 to January 2013. The study divided into three stages. The first stage was to formulate hypothesis on genetic diversity and heritability of morpho-agronomic characters of the parental and F1 Jatropha plants. The second stage was to analyze the genotypic similarity of the parental and F1 Jatropha plants based on molecular markers, and the third stage was to analyze the correlation of morpho-agronomic characters on the F2 Jatropha plants. There were 16 parental and F1 genotypes of Jatropha used in this study, with the experimental design was a complete randomized block. Five plants were used from each genotype, with three replications. Results of this study showed that genetic diversity of morpho-agronomic characters on the parental and F1 Jatropha plants was relatively narrow, with genetic diversity coefficient of 2.73% to 9.02%. The broad-sense heritability was high for all characters, ranged from 32.26% to 85.89%. In this study among the 16 parental and F1 genotypes of Jatropha had no morpho-agronomic characters which directly correlated to productivity and seed oil content. Characters that can be chosen as a selection criterion to obtain the total dry weight of a high seed were the number of fruit and the total seed number per bunch. Based on the similarity analysis of 15 genotypes of Jatropha against 33 loci of Random Amplified Polimorphic DNA (RAPD) marker, it demonstrated that vii similarity coefficient matrix was ranging from 0.36 to 1.00. The lowest coefficient value (0.36) was found between genotype LMPxPDI and JGY, as well as between LMPxPDI and JGY. While the highest coefficient value (1.0) was found between genotype KMRxKMR LMPxLMP. RAPD marker-based dendrogram classified the 16 Jatropha genotypes into four groups at the similarity coefficient of 0.72. Group I, III and IV consisted of only
Keyword: heritability, genetic variability coefficient, genetic variance, phenotypic diversity

Judul: Grup dan Homomorfisma Grup pada Rubik Revenge
Abstrak: Rubik cube is a kind of puzzle game. A player must arrange rubik sides, which have been disordered, back to the position where every side has the same colour. This paper does not focus on the settlement solution, but instead on proving the existence of a group homomorphism between rubik movement group and S96 symmetric permutation group in rubik revenge. Firstly, it has been proved that rubik movement set is a group. Then, it also has been proved that the M set, which contains numeric labels of 1 until 96 in cubinos sides, is S96 symmetric permutation group.
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