Judul: Protein Fractionations of Beans and Their Digestibility Partition using in vitro
Abstrak: Sebagian besar penelitian pakan ternak di Indonesia masih menggunakan protein kasar sebagai indikator pakan ternak karena diyakini protein kasar yang tinggi dalam bahan pakan dapat menyediakan asam amino yang akan diserap di usus halus. Hal tersebut tidak sepenuhnya benar sebab protein kasar masih terdiri atas beberapa fraksi yang dibagi berdasarkan kelarutan dan laju degradasinya di dalam rumen ternak ruminansia. Fraksinasi protein merupakan pembagian protein kasar menjadi 5 fraksi yang didasarkan pada kelarutan dan laju degradasinya di dalam rumen. Kelima fraksi tersebut antara lain fraksi A, fraksi B1, fraksi B2, fraksi B3 dan fraksi C. Fraksi A merupakan fraksi protein yang dapat langsung digunakan oleh mikroba rumen, fraksi B1 merupakan fraksi protein yang dapat didegradasi dengan cepat oleh mikroba rumen, fraksi B2 merupakan fraksi protein yang didegradasi lebih lambat daripada fraksi B1 sehingga bagian protein yang tidak didegradasi lolos dari rumen dan dapat mencapai usus halus, fraksi B3 merupakan fraksi protein yang didegradasi secara lambat di rumen karena mengandung protein kasar yang masih berikatan dengan dinding sel sehingga resisten terhadap degradasi mikroba rumen, oleh karena itu, dapat menyediakan asam amino untuk diserap di usus halus, fraksi C merupakan fraksi yang tidak dapat didegradasi oleh mikroba rumen. Protein banyak dikandung oleh kacangkacangan yaitu mencapai 20 sampai 40%. Kacang-kacangan yang banyak tumbuh dan berproduksi serta mudah diperoleh di Indonesia menjadi salah satu alasan kacang-kacangan tersebut digunakan dalam penelitian ini, supaya ketersediaannya berkesinambungan. Selain itu, kacang-kacangan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan sumber protein yang nantinya akan diteliti golongan fraksi dan kecernaanya di dalam rumen ternak ruminansia sehingga dapat menggambarkan sistem pencernaan protein ternak ruminansia terhadap jenis kacang-kacangan., Mainly of the animal nutrition’s study in Indonesia were still using the crude protein as an indicator of animal diet as it was believed that high crude protein in diet could be provide the amino acids to be absorbed in the small intestine. It was not entirely true since the crude protein was composed of several factions that were divided by the solubility and degradibility rate in the rumen of ruminants. Fractionation of protein is a classification of crude protein into 5 fractions based on the solubility and degradability rate in the rumen. The fractions are including A fraction, B1 fraction, B2 fraction, B3 fraction and C fraction. The beans were containing the protein about 20–40%. Beans were growth, produce and available easily in Indonesia, that’s why as one of the reasons that the beans were used in this study. The beans which used in this study were a source of protein that will be observed both of fractions classification and digestibility in the rumen of ruminants that can be describe the digestion protein system of ruminant to the varieties of beans.
Keyword: beans, in vitro, partial VFA, protein fractionations

Judul: Karakteristik Fermentasi dan Sintesis Protein Mikroba dengan Pemberian Daun Sumber Protein Berbeda
Abstrak: Produksi ternak dan populasi mikroba dalam rumen dapat dipengaruhi oleh nutrien pakan diantaranya yaitu karbohidrat, protein, vitamin dan mineral. Protein pakan akan didegradasi menjadi peptida dan asam amino kemudian difermentasi menjadi amonia yang dapat digunakan untuk mendukung sintesis protein mikroba, sedangkan beberapa asam amino akan diubah menjadi asam lemak rantai cabang yang akan digunakan sebagai kerangka karbon dalam sintesis protein mikroba. Di Indonesia terdapat beberapa tanaman yang berpotensi sebagai pakan ternak diantaranya yaitu daun singkong (Manihot esculanta), daun lamtoro (Leucaena leuccocephala cv Tarramba) dan daun Indigofera zollingeriana. Ketiga tanaman tersebut memiliki kandungan protein dan asam amino yang bervariasi serta dikenal sebagai tanaman yang toleran terhadap kekeringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kualitas protein yang terdapat pada ketiga jenis daun sumber protein terhadap karakteristik fermentasi dan sintesis protein mikroba. Kemudian menentukan tanaman terbaik yang dapat mendukung pertumbuhan bakteri rumen. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan (kelompok). Perlakuan terdiri dari daun singkong (P1, PK 23%), daun lamtoro (P2, PK 25,86%), daun indigofera (P3, 27,76%) dan konsentrat (P4, PK 16,42%). Pengelompokkan dilakukan berdasarkan waktu pengambilan cairan rumen yang berbeda. Peubah yang diamati meliputi produksi gas total, kinetika produksi gas, fermentabilitas rumen (pH rumen, konsentrasi NH3, VFA total dan VFA parsial), sintesis protein mikroba (SPM), kecernaan bahan kering (KcBK), kecernaan bahan organik (KcBO), kecernaan protein kasar (KcPK), populasi protozoa dan populasi bakteri. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam (ANOVA) untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan dan jika terdapat perbedaan yang nyata maka dilanjutkan dengan uji lanjut Duncan. Berdasarkan analisis ragam menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pakan sumber protein yang berbeda berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap produksi gas total, kinetika produksi gas, konsentrasi NH3, VFA total, VFA parsial, proporsi asetat propionat, gas metan (CH4), KcBK, KcBO dan KcPK. Tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap pH rumen, sintesis protein mikroba (SPM), populasi protozoa dan populasi bakteri. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan daun singkong, daun lamtoro dan daun indigofera memberikan profil fermentasi yang baik, dan daun indigofera adalah daun yang terbaik dari ketiga daun yang diuji. Hal ini ditunjukkan pada nilai NH3 dan VFA yang tinggi sehingga meningkatkan kecernaan bahan kering dan kecernaan bahan organik, Livestock production and microbial populations in the rumen can be affected by feed nutrients including carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals. Feed protein will be degraded into peptides and amino acids and then fermented into ammonia which can be used to support microbial protein synthesis, while some amino acids will be converted into branched chain fatty acids which will be used as a carbon framework in microbial protein synthesis. In Indonesia, there are several plants that have the potential to be used as animal feed, including cassava leaves (Manihot esculanta), lamtoro leaves (Leucaena leuccocephala) and Indigofera zollingeriana leaves. These three plants have varied protein and amino acid content and are known as drought tolerant plants. This study aims to evaluate the quality of the protein found in the three types of leaves as a source of protein on the characteristics of fermentation and protein synthesis of microbes. Then determine the best plants that can support the growth of rumen bacteria. This study used
Keyword: microbial protein synthesis, protein source leaves, rumen fermentation

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
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