Judul: Estimasi Nilai Kerugian Ekonomi Akibat Banjir Luapan Sungai Cidurian pada Pertanian Padi Sawah di Kecamatan Kresek, Kabupaten Tangerang
Abstrak: The raise of rainfall intensity in the upper area of Cidurian watershed causes an increase water discharge and flood in Kresek subdistrict as a downstream areas. Cidurian river’s levee is damaged for about sixty meters, that makes the water overflows into the surrounding area. One of the sectors affected by the river flood is the agricultural sector, especially in rice planting area. The objectives of this study are to identify farmers' perceptions about the condition of their farmlands during flood periods, to estimate the economic losses of agricultural sector due to the flooding of Cidurian river, to analyze the factors that affect the magnitude of economic losses in the agricultural sector, and analyze the stakeholder’s role to overcome the problem of floods in Kresek subdistrict. The result shows that respondents have bad perceptions about the condition of post-flood of the agricultural sector. Flood disaster in Kresek subdistrict involves both governmental and non-governmental parties to overcome the flood problem. Based on the interview, each of them has a role and works together to solve the problem. The total economic losses of the subdistrict is estimated for about IDR 1 904 574 711 with the average loss of IDR 8 927 087.50 per landowner farmer while the total economic losses of the subdistrict is estimated for about IDR 2 081 848 142 with the average loss of IDR 6 994 231.27 per sharecropper. Moreover, the economic losses due to the flood are significantly influenced by the wide of affected land area, flood frequency, and age of the rice planting. The government has taken service action by spending IDR 1 385 989 000 to fix the broken levee. In addition, the improvement of environmental conditions, including the normalization of Cidurian River needs to be implemented in order to minimize the overflowing river.
Keyword: river flooding, paddy, Kresek Subdistrict, economic losses

Judul: Estimasi Kerugian Ekonomi Akibat Banjir Sungai Pesanggrahan Pada Sektor Komersil (Studi Kasus: Kelurahan Ulujami dan Kelurahan Kebayoran Lama Utara, Jakarta Selatan)
Abstrak: Ulujami and Kebayoran Lama Utara urban village are two villages in Southern Jakarta, that passed by the Pesanggrahan River. This urban village is a flood prone area. The objective of this research was to analize the risk perception, value of flood losses, reduction of flood losses from the JEDI program and business people strategy in facing the flood. This research using 40 businessman sample that choosen by purposive sampling method. Flood river that choosen was flood that was happen on 17 january till 19 january 2013. Flood caused by Pesanggrahan River overflow. As one of the flood risk management in order to reduce the impact of the upcoming flood damages, the government now is implementing Jakarta Emergency Dredging Initiave (JEDI) program. Commercial sector in Ulujami and Kebayoran lama Utara urban village is one of the sector of life support which was affected by flood of Pesanggrahan River. The method of this research was spearman correlation, stage damage function (SDF) and descriptive analysis. According to the result, risk perception analysis showed that respondents perception of the flood mitigation effort was lower than respondents perception of expectations of the government flood mitigation policy. According to the loss variables, the loss per business unit was Rp 22 761 173 and the total loss of two villages was Rp 1 229 103 342. Result of the flood estimation losses on commercial sector known that flood loss was affected by the flood depth, duration of the flood, building size and business unit revenue per day. Based on the government JEDI program, estimated losses would be reduced by 38% for the duration of flood reduce, 39% for flood depth reduce and 72% for both of assumption reduce. According to interview result and the observations, that known that business people strategy to facing flood was created table and chair to protect asset, created attic, add of the building floor, raised building floor, created flood dams and incidental strategy.
Keyword: jakarta emergency dredging initiative (JEDI), stage damage function, economy flood losses, riverine flood, pesanggrahan river

Judul: Synthesis of Apatite - Chitosan Composite Using Duck Eggshell and Chitosan with Temperature and pH Control
Abstrak: Composite of apatite-chitosan was prepared by using chitosan as polymer matrix. Calcium phosphate was prepared from CaO and (NH4)2HPO4, which the ratio Ca : P had to be 1.67. Chitosan is produced by deacetilase from biopolymer chitin. Duck eggshell (95% CaCO3) as starting material was converted to be calcium oxide (CaO) through calcinations with temperature 1000oC for 5 hours. In-situ and ex-situ methods were prepared from apatite and chitosan (dissolved with acetate acid 2%). Calcium phosphate prepared for bone implantation, but it is too fragile and brittle to be implant into the body. So addition of chitosan can decrease crystalinity and increase mechanic characteristic (tougher). Composite apatite-chitosan was resulted by fast precipitation. Fast precipitation was held in a breaker glass with nitrogen atmosphere, under controlled temperature at 37oC and pH 7, in order to increase amount of hydroxyapatite. Precipitation with CaO which was dropped by (NH4)2HPO4. Hydroxyapatite and chitosan were appearing at samples with in-situ and ex-situ methods which indicating by peak matching of XRD (closed lattice parameter, crystal size), overlapping at FTIR spectra and supporting by SEM picture (homogenous and agglomerated particle). However, it still needs further research to examine biocompatibility osteoconductive degree of sample by in-vivo and in-vitro test.
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