Judul: Telaahan Keefektifan Kelompok Tani dalam Pelaksanaan Program Penghijauan di WKBPP Cibadak, Sukabumi
Abstrak: Praktek Lapang ini dilaksanakan di Wilayah Kerja Penyuluhan Konservasi Tanah (WKPKT) yang termasuk dalam Wilayah Kerja Balai Penyuluhan PErtanian (WKBPP) Cibadak, Sukabumi. PEmilihan WKPKT tersebut dilakukan dengan sengaja berdasarkan petunjuk Kepala Cabang Dinas PErtanian Cibadak. Praktek Lapang ini dilaksanakan sejak 3 Maret sampai dengan 3 JUni 1986, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor di dalam kelompok yang berpengaruh terhadap keefektifan kelompok tani sebagai media pelaksana program penghijauaan, serta faktor-faktor lain yang berpengaruh terhadap pelaksanaan program penghijauan itu.
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Judul: Organisasi Kelembagaan Penyuluhan Pertanian dan Proses Difusi Inovasi Pertanian dalam Kelompok Tani (Kasus di WKBPP PAnjalu, Kabupaten Ciamis, Jawa Barat)
Abstrak: Praktek lapang yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret-Juni 1986 ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metoda studi kasus. Data Primer diperoleh dari wawancara dengan responden (PPL, Kontak Tani, Petani) dan data sekunder dari catatan/arsip berbagai instansi penyuluhan pertanian. Dari data yang terkumpul diharapkan dapat dicapai tujuan praktek lapang yang meliputi: (1) melihat pengorganisasian dan penyelenggaraan penyuluhan pertanian di WKBPP Panjalu dan (2) mempelajari proses difusi inovasi pertanian dalam kelompok tani.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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