Judul: Kajian transfer DNA Bacillus licheniformis ke dalam sel Escherichia coli dengan penggunaan CaCl2
Abstrak: Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari kemung- kinan keberhasilan transformasi DNA antara spesies bak- teri yang berbeda dengan menggunakan metoda pembentukan spheroplas oleh CaCl₂, yaitu dengan menggunakan Bacillus licheniformis sebagai donor DNA dan Escherichia coli sebagai sel inang. Selain itu juga bertujuan untuk memperoleh sel hasil transformasi DNA yang mempunyai aktivitas proteolitik yang tinggi. Penelitian pendahuluan yang dilakukan meliputi isolasi DNA dari Bacillus licheniformis dan karakterisasi DNA yang diperoleh. DNA dari Bacillus licheniformis diperoleh dengan terlebih dahulu memecah dinding sel bakteri dengan menggunakan SDS 25% dan sonikasi. DNA yang tercampur dengan komponen-komponen lainnya diekstrak dengan menggunakan pelarut-pelarut organik yaitu kloro- form: isoamilalkohol (24:1). Karakterisasi DNA yang peroleh dilakukan dengan metoda karakterisasi di- secara spektrofotometri dimana DNA dilarutkan dalam buffer potasium fosfat dan diukur absorbansinya pada panjang gelombang 200 300 nm juga karakterisasi dengan menggunakan Etidium Bromida, yaitu DNA dilarutkan dalam larutan. Etidium Bromida kemudian dibandingkan fluoresensinya di bawah sinar ultra violet.
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Judul: Transfer DNA Bacillus licheniformis ke Dalam Sel Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mentransformasikan sifat genetik yang dimiliki oleh Bacillus Licheniformis ke dalam sel Saccharomyces cerevisiae dengan penggunaan LiCl dan PEG-4000. Mikroba hasil transformasi diharapkan memiliki sifat terutama dapat menghasilkan enzim protease ekstraseluler.
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Judul: The Effects of Variance of Interest rate to Variance of Annuity Future Values
Abstrak: Time value of money is a concept that refers to the difference of the value of money due to time difference. The value of money for present time would not be the same as the value of money in the future. The value of money for present time is called as Present Value (PV) of the money and the value of money for future time is called Future Value (FV) of the money. Determination the value of money, for present and future time, depends on the time and rate of return. The value of money is determined by several factors such as inflation, fluctuation of interest rates, and government policy in securities and taxation. Due to fluctuation of the value of money we need a FV formulation, it is useful for knowing whether an investment can be profitable or not, and this information is useful also in budget analysis. Annuity is defined as a series of payments made for a specific period. The payment, fixed or varied, can be made at the beginning or at the end of the period. Annuity paid at the beginning of the period is called annuity-due and annuity paid at the end of the period is called immediate annuity-certain. The accumulated value of the annuity after few years later is called as a final value or a future value. Burnecki et al. (2003) have discussed about the FV of a fixed-rate annuity in which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series. They have also examined FV for annuities in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest. This paper examines FV for annuity-due in which payments are made according to arithmetic or geometric series with interest rates as a random variable, which is normal distribution ,  . Future value formula is expressed in recursive form. FV for annuity-due which payments are made according to the arithmetic or geometric series with random rates of interest is calculated by theoretical way and simulation way. The random rates of interest is denoted as k k i  i  , where k i an independent random variable; i is a constant and k  is a random variable which has normal distribution ,  . By using the determined parameters, a sequence of random rates of interest are generated for theoretical calculation. Meanwhile for the simulation, the random rates of interest is generated 1000 times for the simulation. The generated data give mean value, variance, and standard deviation. Moreover, error of mean value, variance, and standard deviation from the theoretical and simulation results are calculated. Error calculation uses Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (SMAPE). The smaller the value of SMAPE is the more accurate the simulation. The interest rate variances are varied from 0.000036 to 0.0001 to study the relationship between variance of rates of interest and variance of future value. The theoretical and simulation results show that when the variance of random rates of interest increases, then the variance of FV increases linearly. FV of the annuity-due in
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