Judul: Manfaat Kulit Biji Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ayam Ras Pedaging
Abstrak: Bila ditinjau dari segi biaya produksi dalam suatu usaha peternakan, maka biaya makanan dapat mencapai 70% dari seluruh biaya produksi. Oleh karena itu perlu dicari alternatif baru dalam penggunaan bahan makanan ternak. Limbah kakao merupakan bahan makanan non konvensional yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku industri makanan ternak. Limbah kakao diantaranya terdiri dari kulit buah dan kulit biji kakao. Kulit biji kakao Mempunyai kandungan protein kasar 16,60% dan serat kasarnya 25.10%. Meskipun mempunyai kandungan nutrisi yang tinggi tetapi kulit biji kakao mempunyai faktor pembatas yaitu suatu senyawa alkaloid yang disebut theobromin (3,7 dimethyl zanthine)
Keyword: 

Judul: Pengaruh kulit biji kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) terhadap bobot hidup, bobot karkas dan persentasenya pada ayam buras jantan dan ras jantan petelur
Abstrak: Kulit biji kakao merupakan hasil limbah industri per- kebunan yang tersedia cukup banyak yaitu 120.278,6 ton pada tahun 1990, dan menurut hasil analisa laboratorium mempunyai kandungan nutrisi yang cukup baik (Protein 14,5 16,6%), tetapi limbah ini belum dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Balai Penelitian Ternak, Ciawi, Bogor pada awal bulan Januari sampai akhir Februari 1993. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh infor- masi mengenai pengaruh pemberian kulit biji kakao dalam ransum terhadap bobot hidup, bobot karkas, persentase karkas, bobot hati dan rempela serta persentase hati dan rempela ayam buras jantan dan ayam ras jantan petelur. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial 2 x 3 dengan empat ulangan. Faktor pertama adalah jenis ayam yaitu ayam buras jantan dan ayam ras jantan petelur umur 10 minggu. Jumlah ayam yang digunakan 48 ekor, dengan jumlah masing- masing jenis ayam adalah 24 ekor. Faktor kedua adalah taraf pemberian kulit biji kakao dalam ransum yaitu 0, 10, dan 20% dari total ransum. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh perlakuan baik jenis ayam maupun taraf pemberian kulit biji kakao dan interaksinya terhadap bobot hidup, bobot karkas, bobot hati dan rempela serta persentase hati dan rempela tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata. Interaksi antara taraf pemberian kulit biji kakao dengan jenis ayam terhadap persentase bobot karkas menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata (P<0,05), tetapi tidak berbeda nyata untuk perlakuan jenis ayam dan taraf pemberian kulit biji kakao....
Keyword: 

Judul: Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Tropical Cyclone over Western North Pacific Ocean: A Case Study of Typhoon Songda (Chedeng) 2011
Abstrak: The frequent occasion of Tropical Cyclone (TC) over Western North Pacific (WNP) Ocean lies from 10˚N to 26˚N and 121˚E to 170˚E. Sources of TC development come from warm ocean temperature where latent heat is released during condensation processes and subsequently concentrated in the boundary layer. Relative humidity at 850-700 hPa is responsible to produce the most intense storm. Meanwhile, weak vertical wind shear between 850-200 hPa is one of the dynamical factors that lead to the development of TC. Pressure level of 850-200 hPa is chosen to minimize the thermodynamic effect in the lower troposphere. Typhoon Songda (Chedeng in the Philippines) or TSC lasted from May 18th to 30th, 2011 and strengthened into powerful Super Typhoon stage between May 24th and 27th. Long curving track and the exhibition of all sequences of TC life cycle, TSC is then considered as an ideal case of TC. The objective of the study with case of TSC is to investigate the role of thermal characteristics and dynamics on TC intensity. The research is carried out by using Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF ARW model) version 3.3. Two domains are employed in the model. The first domain situate from 02˚N to 40˚N and 118˚E to 149˚E and cover spatial resolution () of 33.1 km. The second domain situate from 09˚N to 27˚N and 119˚E to 132˚E with of 11 km. Timestep of the model () is 120 seconds. The model is supported by the following physical parameterization, i.e., Yonsei University Scheme (YSU) in the boundary layer, Kain-Fritsch scheme (KF) in the cumulus, and WRF Single-Moment 3-class scheme in the microphysics. Initial meteorological condition prior to the formation of the cyclone is generated using WRF ARW standard-release model. Sensitivity of the model output is obtained from a selected single-parameter change scenarios, namely, 10 % to 20 % decrease and increase of wind shear initial data at 850-200 hPa, and by 10 % to 20 % decrease of relative humidity initial data at 850-700 hPa. The result showed that the negative correlations between wind shear and intensity are found in wind shear scenarios. Wind shears of 10 ms-1 which lead to strengthening of the wind intensity in the early period of Typhoon development are found in wind shear scenarios. The effect of wind shear changes on wind intensity is statistically significant in the 20 % wind shear scenarios. During mature stage, weak wind intensity occurred when wind shear increase as given in the WRF standard-release and the 20 % decreasing scenario. Different situation is found in the 20 % increasing scenario where wind shear tend to weak and lead to strong wind intensity at this stage. Meanwhile, the reduction of moisture supply at 850-700 hPa resulting from 20 % decreasing relative humidity play a major role in the weakening of wind intensity and reduces mechanical energy of the cycle process as much as 300 J kg-1.
Keyword: