Judul: The Effect of Rural Transformation on Rural Income Inequality in Indonesia
Abstrak: Transformasi perdesaan adalah suatu proses di mana terjadi perubahan struktur pertanian dari komoditas bernilai rendah ke komoditas bernilai tinggi serta terjadi perubahan struktur tenaga kerja perdesaan dari sektor pertanian ke sektor non-pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kondisi ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan, faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan dan bagaimana pengaruh transformasi perdesaan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan di Indonesia masih berfluktuasi dengan Provinsi Papua menjadi provinsi dengan rasio gini perdesaan tertinggi pada 2000-2018. Variabel institusi, kebijakan pemerintah dan investasi (IPIs) berpengaruh negatif, akan tetapi hanya dana desa dan KUR sebagai perangkat kebijakan pemerintah yang berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan, sedangkan transformasi perdesaan berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan perdesaan di Indonesia., Rural transformation is a changing process of economic structure from low value agriculture to high value agriculture and also there are shifting of rural employment structure from agricultural sector to nonagriculture. This study aims to analyze the condition of rural income inequality on rural transformation, factors that affect rural income inequality, and the impact of rural transformation to rural income inequality in Indonesia. The result showed that rural income inequality still fluctuated with Papua Province which had the highest rural gini ratio in 2000-2018. Institutions, policies, and investments (IPIs) variables had a negative effect, but only Dana Desa and KUR, which are part of policy have a significant effect on rural income inequality, while rural transformation had a significant negative effect on rural income inequality in Indonesia.
Keyword: non-agriculture employment, panel data, rural income inequality, rural transformation

Judul: Structural Transformation and Its Implications on The Level of Non-Agricultural Workers in Rural Areas of Indonesia
Abstrak: Salah satu implikasi transformasi struktural dan transformasi perdesaan adalah meningkatnya kontribusi sektor non pertanian pada output dan penyerapan tenaga kerja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implikasi transformasi struktural terhadap tingkat pekerja non pertanian di wilayah perdesaan periode tahun 2000-2020. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan analisis regresi data panel. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi proses transformasi struktural di wilayah perdesaan. Namun hasil analisis antarwilayah menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pekerja non pertanian tidak selalu berhubungan positif dengan pendapatan perdesaan dan tingkat upah. Hasil estimasi regresi menunjukkan bahwavariabel tingkat PMA dan PMDN sektor non pertanian, angkatan kerja dengan pendidikan tertinggi yang ditamatkan SMTA, upah rata-rata sektor non pertanian, belanja pemerintah desa untuk sektor pembangunan desa, dan kontribusi PDRB sektor non pertanian berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap tingkat pekerja non pertanian. Sementara belanja pemerintah untuk sektor pemberdayaan masyarakat dan upah riil rata-rata sektor pertanian tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan. Perbaikan pada struktur upah dan upaya peningkatan kualitas tenaga kerja diperlukan untuk mencapai kondisi optimum di kedua sektor, One of the implications of structural transformation and rural transformation is the increasing contribution of the non-agricultural sector to the output and absorption of labor. This study aims to analyze the implications of structural transformation to the level of non-agricultural workers in rural areas in the period 2000-2020. The analysis methods used are descriptive analysis and regression analysis of panel data. The results of descriptive analysis show that there has been a process of structural transformation in rural areas. But interregional analysis shows that the level of non-farm workers is not always positively related to rural income and wage levels. The results of the regression estimates show that variable levels of PMA and PMDN in the non-agricultural sector, the labor force with the highest education ended by SMTA, the average wage of the non-agricultural sector, village government spending for the village development sector, and the contribution of non-agricultural sector GDP positively and significantly to the level of non-agricultural workers. While government spending for the community empowerment sector and the average real wage of the agricultural sector don’t have a significant influence. Improvements to the wage structure and efforts to improve the quality of labor are needed to achieve optimum conditions in both sectors
Keyword: Data Panel, Non Pertanian, Perdesaan, Tenaga Kerja, Transformasi

Judul: Hydroxyapatite-Chitosan Composite Coating on Stainless Steel 316 to Improve Corrosion Resistance
Abstrak: Metals that were used in bone implantation should have good corrosion resistance that were not easily corroded when implanted into the body. Metal corrosion resistance of stainless steel 316 can be enhanced through the metal coating by hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite with composition ratio of hydroxyapatite (gram) and chitosan 3% (mL) 0.2:0, 0.2:0.1, 0.2:0.5, 0.2:1.0, and 0.2:1.5. Besides improving the corrosion resistance of metal, the presence of chitosan also maintain the position of hydroxyapatite on metal surfaces. Corrosion resistance increases with increasing amount of chitosan added and the best composition of hydroxyapatite-chitosan composite was 0.2:1.0.
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