Judul: Ekologi Perilaku Berbiak Merak Hijau (Pavo muticus Linnaeus, 1766) di Taman Nasional Alas Purwo dan Baluran Propinsi Jawa Timur
Abstrak: Green peafowl is one of the protected birds in Indonesia. Habitat fragmentation and hunting have caused the decrease in habitat area and quality, which lead to population disperse with limited distribution. Because of its high threat, there is a possibility that the green peafowl will be extinct in a short time. In really, green peafowl still survive in several distribution locations. This indicates that there is a strategy related to behavior ecology of green peafowl with this habitat condition and sort of pressure. The most vulnerable period for green peafowl population development is from breeding to nursing period. The objectives of this research were: (1) to study and describe behavior ecology tht was related with green peafowl breeding and (2) to identify the strategy and mechanism of green peafowl breeding behavior related to its habitat in both national parks. This research was conducted from August to December 2007 in Alas Purwo National Park (August-October) and Baluran National Park (November- December). Behavior data were taken using ad libitum sampling method with continuous recording system from 5.00 am to 6.00 pm. Type of data taken included breeding behavior and daily behavior during breeding season. Data were analyzed using behavior rate, mean duration, mean, sample variance, F-test and chi-square (􀟯􀬶). In Alas Purwo NP, green peafowl breeds from September to November while in Baluran NP breeding occurs from October to December. Breeding season for green peafowl is characterized by a display activity brought by the male where it also produces a distinctive sound. Copulation process in green peafowl lasts for a short time, approximately 9-19 seconds. After mating, the female broods its eggs while the male sheds its fine feathers. Green peafowl carries out its eating behavior in open area. In dry season, water source for green peafowl is obtained from an artificial water tub provided in Alas Purwo and Baluran National Park. Preening activity is carried out in open area so it can monitor any disturbance either from competitors or from predators. Sunning activity is carried out in the morning (06.00-07.00 am), related to warm sun rays. Dusting is more often carried out by female green peafowl (Fmeasured > Ftable). Green peafowl encounters more interference in forest habitat. Fighting activity is carried out only by male. Sleeping tree is usually utilized also as a resting cite at day. Resting and eating the most time sending activities by green peafowl both in Alas Purwo and Baluran National Park. Open areas are important as places for dusting, sunning, and fighting while forest habitat is important for shelter, resting and sleeping. Habitat type in Alas Purwo NP is significantly influence the frequency and duration of preening, eating, sunning, take shelter and resting. Habitat type in Baluran NP is significantly influence the frequency of vocalization, preening, sunning, take shelter, resting and sleeping, also to the duration of preening behavior, sunning and take shelter.
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Judul: Ekologi merak hijau jawa (pavo muticus muticus) linnaeus 1758 pada beberapa tipe habitat di Ujung Timur Penyebarannya, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
Abstrak: The javan green peafowl status is protected bird in Indonesia base on SK Mentan No 66/Kpts/Um/2/1973 and Republic of Indonesia Regulation Law No 7 year 1999. According to ICBP (The International Council for Bird Preservation) has stated that the green peafowl as globally threatened bird in both population and their habitat. Meanwhile CITES has recorded at Appendix II and International of BirdLife (2007) has categorized as endangered bird Pressure to the population and habitat of javan green peafowl is quite big, so the populations have small size at every local site on their local distribution, habitat became fragmented event isolated. Pressure to population is caused by the poaching. But fact showed that javan green peafowl still exist in wild, so the phenomenon gave illustration that the bird have ecological strategy to adapt with the pressure at several habitat type. Ecology of the javan green peafowl (Pavo muticus muticus) Linnaeus 1758 at several habitat types eastern tip of their distribution in Alas Purwo and Baluran national park is the topic to analysis and synthesis of the ecological strategy adaptation at case several habitat types in both national park which the eastern tip of the javan green peafowl distribution. Observation of the javan green peafowl ecology at several habitat types eastern tip of their distribution conducted in three year (year 2006, 2007 and 2008) but intensively 10 month in Baluran national park (BNP) and Alas Purwo national park (APNP) The observation focused at several habitat types at savanna, monsoon forest and evergreen forest also beach forest of Bekol resort BNP and beach forest, grazing area, intercropping teak plantation forest and teak plantation forest Rowobendo resort APNP. The observation has been done at main plot with size 3 km X 4 km in resort Bekol BNP and in resort Rowobendo APNP. Observation of population and habitat of the javan green peafowl was focused at those habitat types. The javan green peafowl population was observed by call count transect method and concentration count and was analyzed on demographic population parameter such as number individual male and female bird, sex ratio, age structure, natality, mortality, survival and population growth at several habitat types. The javan green peafowl habitats were observed and analyzed the characteristic of feeding site and food species, drinking site, sunning and preening place, sheltering and resting site, covering site, roosting site, dancing place and nesting site at several habitat types. Besides that analysis, determinant habitat factors were analyzed by principle component analysis and habitat ideal for the javan green peafowl. Behavior ecology which has been observed and analyzed was the activities, mechanism and strategy of the javan green peafowl in group on feeding, drinking, sunning, sheltering and resting, covering, dusting, dancing, mating, fighting and calling behavior ecology in relation to the habitat types. The result showed that population size of the javan green peafowl at every habitat type in Baluran and Alas Purwo national park is small 24 – 44 individual. The biggest population abundance of the javan green peafowl at Baluran is at savanna habitat type, but in Alas Purwo more concentrated at
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Judul: Invers Drazin dari Matriks Toeplitz Singular
Abstrak: Matriks Toeplitz adalah matriks yang setiap unsur pada diagonal utama bernilai sama dan setiap unsur pada subdiagonal yang bersesuaian dengan diagonal utama juga bernilai sama. Matriks singular adalah matriks yang tidak bisa ditentukan inversnya. Akan tetapi, dapat diupayakan untuk ditentukan inversnya menggunakan invers matriks yang diperumum. Invers Drazin merupakan salah satu jenis invers matriks yang diperumum. Pada karya ilmiah ini ditentukan invers Drazin dari matriks Toeplitz singular dengan menggunakan metode Leverrier Faddeev. Kemudian, ditentukan invers Drazin dari matriks Toeplitz singular yang direpresentasikan sebagai penjumlahan segitiga bawah dan segitiga atas matriks Toeplitz berdasar pada teorema Gohberg dan Semencul., Toeplitz matrix is a matrix in with element on the main diagonal has the same value and on the subdiagonal corresponding to the main diagonal also has the same value. Singular matrix is a matrix that has no inverse. However, it can be attempted to determine the inverse using a generalized inverse matrix. Inverse Drazin is a type of generalized matrix inverse. This paper discussed the inverse Drazin for a singular Toeplitz matrix using the Leverrier Faddeev method. Then, the Drazin inverse of the singular Toeplitz matrix which is represented as a sum of products of lower and upper triangular Toeplitz matrix based on Gohberg and Semencul theorem.
Keyword: inverse Drazine, singular Toeplitz matrix