Judul: Gambaran Histopatologi Otak dan Paru-Paru Mencit Setelah Infeksi Toxoplasma gondii dan Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Jahe Merah
Abstrak: Zingiber officinale rubrum (Red Ginger) in Indonesia is used as an herbal medicinal plant to treat various diseases, one of which is anti-microbial. Toxoplasmosis is an intracellular obligate parasite that infects many pregnant women, causing miscarriage. Treatment using antibiotics can cause resistance so red ginger is used as a candidate for Spiramycin replacement. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of red ginger as an antibiotic to treat toxoplasmosis. Research using 12 mice was divided into 4 treatments into KN (Mice not infected and not treated), SP (Mice infected with T. gondii and given Spiramycin), EJ (Mice infected with T. gondii and given red ginger extract), and KP ( Infected and untreated mice. Mice were infected with Txoplasma at a dose of 1��104 /head intraperitoneally. On the 6th day mice were necropped and histopathic preparations were made with HE staining. The results showed that red ginger extract had an effect as an anti-Toxoplasma gondii, as evidenced by a decrease in the percentage of takhizoit, lymphocytes and macrophages in the brain organs of 89%, 18% and 15% respectively and the percentage decrease in takhizoite, lymphocytes and macrophages in skeletal muscles of 53%, 15% and 21% respectively.
Keyword: Brain, Lung, Red ginger extract, Spiramycin, Tachyzoites, Toxoplasma gondii

Judul: Histopatologi Hati dan Limpa Mencit yang Diinfeksi Toxoplasma gondii dan Diberikan Ekstrak Jahe Merah (Zingiber officinale rubrum).
Abstrak: Zingiber officinale rubrum yang dikenal dengan nama jahe merah adalah tanaman obat yang banyak digunakan dalam mengobati berbagai penyakit, termasuk diabetes. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melihat perbandingan efektivitas ekstrak jahe merah dengan spiramycin yang merupakan antibiotik yang umum digunakan dalam mengobati toksoplasmosis. Ekstrak jahe merah diberikan dua kali sehari. Organ hati dan limpa dievaluasi menggunakan metode histopatologi dengan pewarnaan Hematoxylin Eosin (HE). Pengamatan histopatologi organ hati dan limpa mencit menujukkan adanya efek anti Toxoplasma gondii dalam ekstrak jahe merah ditandai dengan penurunan jumlah takizoit, sel radang, fokus nekrotik pada hati dan megakariosit pada limpa. Ekstrak jahe merah efektivitasnya masih lebih rendah apabila dibandingkan dengan spiramycin.
Keyword: ekstrak jahe merah, hati, limpa, spiramycin, takizoit, Toxoplasma gondii

Judul: Hamiltonian formulation for linear waves motion in two layers fluid
Abstrak: The surface wave could be considered as a wave that separates two fluids, namely water and air. Based on this assumption, it is introduced the interfacial wave, a wave between two layers of fluid with different density. The formulation of interfacial waves motion begins with deriving the base equation of irrotational ideal fluid. Furthermore, according to irrotational fluid assumption, the base equation can be stated in velocity potential. In this derivation, the fluids domain is assumed to be restricted by rigid lid boundary conditions, both at the upper and lower limit. Therefore, the interfacial waves motion can be explained in a hamiltonian formulation. In the hamiltonian formulation, total energy is defined as the sum of kinetic and potential energy. The hamiltonian system is obtained from reduction of kinetic energy by using the Dirichlet Neumann Operator. The resulted kinetic energy equation is nonlinear. Therefore, this form is linearized by first part of the Taylor expansion. This linearization gives a dispersion relation of linear wave. Based on this dispersion relation, the phase speed of the linear wave depends on the density ratio of the two layers fluid.
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