Judul: Analisis Biomolekuler Gen Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) dalam Studi Filogenetik Zingiber loerzingii Valeton (Zingiberaceae)
Abstrak: Zingiberaceae consists of 50 genera and 1400 species distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. The center of the diversity of Zingiberaceae is South Asia and Southeast Asia. Zingiber loerzingii is only found in Sumatera. Unlike other species, this species has not been well studied so the information is still limited, whereas the clarity of plant identity is very crucial. The present study was aimed to determine phylogenetic relationship of Zingiber loerzingii and its relative based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene. DNA sample was isolated using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide based method of Doyle & Doyle modification. Amplification of ITS region resulted in ± 700 bp amplicon. Sequencing of ITS region of Zingiber loerzingii produced 813 bp DNA sequences that has high rate of evolution. Recontruction of phylogenetic tree was analysed using the Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony program. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that the genus of Zingiber formed a clade with bootstrap value of 61.9%. The clade consisted of two clades, clade I with bootstrap 62% and clade II with bootstrap 70.8%. Therefore, we conclude that the genus Zingiber is possibly monophyletic. Zingiber loerzingii is nested in clade I with the nearest or sister taxa: Zingiber rubens, Zingiber orbiculatum dan Zingiber fragile.
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Judul: Studi Morfologi dan Molekuler Boesenbergia angustifolia (Hallier f.) Schltr. dan Boesenbergia sp.
Abstrak: Zingiberaceae is the largest family of Zingiberales with 53 genera, over 1200 species and spread in the tropics. Boesenbergia is the one of Zingiberaceae genera, that has not been explored, and therefore, in this research morphological and phylogenetic studies were conducted using Boesenbergia angustifolia and Boesenbergia sp. of Sumatra. The method used in this study is the observation of morphological characters and molecular characters in based of variation in Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence are used for phylogenetic tree construction. DNA sample was isolated using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide based method of Doyle & Doyle modification. Amplification of ITS region resulted in ± 800 bp amplicon. Sequencing DNA of ITS region resulted in ± 788 bp amplicon from Boesenbergia angustifolia and ± 789 bp amplicon from Boesenbergia sp. Recontruction of phylogenetic tree was analysed using the Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony program. The morphological characters of Boesenbergia angustifolia and Boesenbergia sp have similar flowers and inflorescence character. Suggestion that they are of the same genera. This is also supported by ITS DNA sequence, both of these plant species have 17 bases difference. Phylogeneticly, these plant species also form branching close to the high level of confidence with 97% bootstrap value. They are of the same veriety.
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Judul: Closed Knight’s Tour pada Papan Catur Berbentuk Persegi Panjang dengan Ukuran Maksimal 8 × 8
Abstrak: Closed Knight’s Tour merupakan langkah kuda yang mengunjungi setiap kotak pada papan catur tepat satu kali dengan langkah kuda berawal dan berakhir pada kotak yang sama. Graf yang terbentuk dari closed knight’s tour dinotasikan sebagai graf G(m,n), dengan m adalah banyaknya baris dan n adalah banyaknya kolom. Graf tersebut memuat Hamiltonian cycle. Sebuah graf terhubung G adalah graf bipartite jika dan hanya jika graf tersebut tidak memiliki cycle dengan panjang ganjil. Papan catur yang memenuhi syarat cukup untuk memiliki closed knight’s tour adalah papan catur berukuran 5 × 6, 5 × 8, 6 × 6, 6 × 7, 6 × 8, 7 × 8, dan 8 × 8.
Keyword: bipartite, closed knight’s tour, hamiltonian cycle, knight’s tour, teori graf