Judul: Anatomi saluran pencernaan rayap bagian tengah dan belakang pada rayap Macrotermes gilvus
Abstrak: Termites are social insects that live in colonies. Termite colony consists of three castes, soldiers caste, worker, and reproductives. This study used ground termites of worker caste Macrotermes gilvus because there is no data on the digestive tract of this termites yet. The aim of this study was to examine the worker midgut and hindgut of M. gilvus. Observations in the digestive tract of termites using parafin embedding method. This study observed enteric valve in the middle of midgut and hindgut. The enteric valve show four folded into the lumen forming a valve. Midgut of M. gilvus consisted of epithlial cells, muscle cells and lumen in the middle. There is no gastric caecum found in termites.
Keyword: Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), gastric caecum, enteric valve, alimentary canal, Ground termites

Judul: Struktur Dan Anatomi Saluran Pencernaan  Rayap Kasta Prajurit Neotermes Bosei
Abstrak: Termites are social insects, that consist of reproductives (drone and queen) and nonreproductives (soldiers and workers) caste. Reproductives, soldiers, and nymphs obtain their food from the workers through trophallaxis in term of stomodeal and proctodeal food. Those kind of food had been digested by the workers. Hence, one can assume that there are differences on termite alimentary canal for each caste. The aim of this study is to examine the soldier’s alimentary canal of Neotermes bosei. Observations and measurements were carried out for the alimentary canal. Those are histology of the gut, the length, perimeter, and area of each canal region. The total length of the alimentary canal from crop to anus is 13.01±1.19 mm, which is divided into 13, 29, and 58% for foregut, midgut, and hindgut, respectively. Every region of the alimentary canal has different characteristics. Epithelium of the alimentary canal are varies from columnar to transtitional. Ventriculus has regenarative crypts. Oesophagus, crop, proventriculus, and rectum have thick muscular tissue. Proventriculus has thick intima. There is no gastric caeca at the midgut. Area with the largest outer perimeter value is the paunch. There are variations in outer and inner perimeter of the alimentary canal. There are several differences between soldiers and workers alimentary canal, such as muscular tissue thicknest, cells structure and their parameters.
Keyword: 

Judul: Clustering Saham Pasca Pandemi COVID-19 Menggunakan Metode Probabilistic Distance Clustering Adjusted for Cluster Size
Abstrak: Pada tahun 2020, pandemi COVID-19 mengakibatkan penurunan drastis harga saham di pasar saham yang menyebabkan investor mengalami kerugian besar. Dalam menghadapi perubahan ini, investor membutuhkan strategi baru untuk mengurangi risiko dan meningkatkan return investasi. Clustering saham menggunakan metode Probabilistic Distance Clustering Adjusted for Cluster Size (PDQ) dapat menjadi suatu alat untuk menganalisis pasar saham yang merupakan langkah penting untuk mengurangi risiko dan meningkatkan return investasi. Dalam penelitian ini, digunakan data 300 saham yang diperdagangkan di bursa efek NASDAQ dan NYSE pada tahun 2023 dengan variabel nilai beta, return saham, dan Earning per Share (EPS). Berdasarkan hasil clustering, terdapat dua cluster yang terbentuk. Cluster pertama memiliki rata-rata return saham yang lebih tinggi dengan risiko yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan saham pada cluster kedua. Kemudian, cluster kedua memiliki rata-rata nilai beta yang lebih rendah dengan EPS yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan cluster pertama, yang menunjukkan bahwa saham pada cluster kedua lebih tidak sensitif terhadap perubahan pasar dan memiliki nilai valuasi perusahaan yang lebih tinggi.
Keyword: clustering